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tomekkorbak

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pile-pii-scrubadub

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[ "Q:\n\nHow did Batman end up in Alfred's car\n\nIn the movie Batman Begins, Batman goes into the Narrows to check where the drugs are going. ", "He gets into a fight with Dr.Crane dressed with scarecrow mask and Batman is given the hallucinogenic spray by crane and is also set on fire.", "\nAfter this Batman with great difficulty manages to reach the roof top and after that he calls Alfred for help and the next scene he is in Alfred's car. ", "My question is.", "\n\nHow did Alfred get Batman out of the Narrows even where cops go with force.", "\nAny theory will be welcome.", "\n\nA:\n\nAlfred is an ex-military man who acquired a number of advanced and practical skills. ", "Considering his capability with mechanics and engineering, it stands for reason that he is able to locate and retrieve wounded individuals.", "\nHowever... this scene is glossed over in the movie for theatrical purposes.", "\n\nA:\n\nThere's no help in the script or the novelisation. ", "I assume the missing scene (where Alfred parks the car, heads up to the roof, spends some time looking for Bruce, then helps him down to the car) was ignored because it's trivial and doesn't advance the plot.", "\nIn the screenplay he simply calls Alfred and in the next scene he's in the car. ", "\n\nBatman smashes through the window, cloak ablaze … Falling … Tries to activate his cloak – but only gets one side to pop open … the deployed wing causes him to spiral.", "\nInsert cut: Young Bruce falling, falling in the well shaft –\n Batman plummets, trailing flame, unopened wing fluttering with the violent flapping of –\nBats: screeching, flapping, fluttering darkness …\n Batman’s stiff wing hooks a railing – slows him with a jolt – rips – dropping him to the ground with a crash …\n Young Bruce hits the dirt at the bottom of the shaft –\n – and a sizzle, as wet pavement damps the flames. ", "Groaning, Batman rolls his burning Batsuit along the asphalt.", "\n Two Men at a hole-in-the-wall store stare at Batman, astonished.", "\nBatman, smoldering, looks up: the two Men loom, menacing. ", "Batman lurches into an alley … the two Men look at each other, dumbfounded. ", "Batman raises his grapnel-gun, fires up at the enclosed roof – rides up – punches his way through wire and metal, crawls onto his back, staring up at the skyscrapers of Gotham. ", "Rain blurring his vision.", "\nInsert cut: Young Bruce watches his father crumple.", "\n Batman fumbles at his belt. ", "Pulls out a tiny phone.", "\n BATMAN: (hoarse) Alfred?! ", "Alfred?! ", " \nINT. ", "ROLLS – LATER 148 \nAlfred drives, looks through the rear-view mirror at Batman, who lies in the back, flinching at invisible antagonists.", "\n\nInterestingly, in the novel he doesn't use his grapnel gun at all, he just lies in the alley waiting for Alfred to arrive which actually makes more sense (but is less cool):\n\nBatman stepped into the light of a streetlamp—a gaunt, black figure with smoke rising from it.", "\n “Never mind,” the man said, and he and his companion ran.", "\n Batman limped into an alley and from his utility belt pulled out a tiny phone. ", " He pressed a button, and in a hoarse whisper said, “Alfred?”", "\n Forty minutes later, Batman lay sprawled on the rear seat of Alfred’s Bentley as Alfred turned toward the manor. ", "The smell of scorched fabric filled the car.", "\n\nPurely as a matter of interest, in many prior versions, both Batman and Robin's belts contains a tracker device that allows Alfred to locate them in emergencies.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "About Me\n\nI was a reporter and columnist for 40 years for a chain of newspapers in the suburbs of Chicago. ", "I'm a military veteran having served in the United States Army Combat Engineers (Cpl. ", "E-4) and a Korean War veteran with an Honorable Discharge from the Armed Forces of the United States of America\n\nhttp://warnewstoday.blogspot.com/Baghdad:#1: Also Thursday, a roadside bombing in central Baghdad killed two police officers and wounded six people, an Interior Ministry official said. ", "The bombing, in Andalus Square, targeted a police patrol about 8 a.m. Three of the wounded were police and the other three were civilians.#2: Two civilians were injured in an IED explosion in Ghadeer neighborhood east Baghdad around 4,00 pm.#3: A civilian was injured in an IED explosion in Zafaraniyah district southeast Baghdad around 4,30 am.#4: Police found three anonymous bodies in Baghdad today. ", "Two bodies were found in Doura neighborhood in Karkh, the western side of Baghdad while the third body was found in Ma’amil neighborhood in Rusafa, the eastern side of Baghdad.", "Mahaweel:#1: A roadside bomb targeting a police patrol killed one civilian and wounded two others in Mahaweel, 75 km (45 miles) south of Baghdad, police said.", "Iskandariya:#1: One body was found in the town of Iskandariya, 40 km (25 miles) south of Baghdad, police said.", "Samarra:#1: Gunmen abducted seven oil tanker drivers on Wednesday near Samarra, 100 km (60 miles) north of Baghdad, police said. ", "The drivers were transporting oil from the Baiji oil refinery to western Anbar province.", "Delouyia:#1: Gunmen on Thursday targeted a patrol of Delouyia awakening council in al-Mashru’a village, east of Delouyia, leaving four of the council members wounded”, Hameed al-Ahmed, the chief of Delouyia awakening council, told Aswat al-Iraq-Voices of Iraq (VOI).He added “the awakening council fighters and police forces, backed by U.S. helicopters, conducted a blitz in the accident site, clashing with the gunmen”.", "The tribal official pointed out “three gunmen were killed and two others arrested”.", "Mosul:#1: A suicide bomber killed Nineveh province's director of police in the northern Iraqi city of Mosul on Thursday, the U.S. military said. ", "The bomber struck at the site of another deadly explosion the day before, killing the provincial police official and two other Iraqi officers, the U.S. military said. ", "An Iraqi army soldier and a coalition forces soldier were also wounded in the attack.", "A suicide bomber disguised as a policeman killed Mosul's police chief and two other officers on Thursday as they visited the scene of an earlier blast, Iraqi officials and the US military said. ", "They said five policemen and a journalist were wounded in the attack, which prompted authorities in Iraq's main northern city to impose an immediate and indefinite ban on vehicle traffic. \"", "Two Iraqi police were killed in the blast, and one Iraqi army and one coalition force soldier was injured. \"", "Brigadier General Salah, the provincial director of police, was also killed in the blast.#2: (update) The death toll from a bomb blast which obliterated a building in Iraq's main northern city of Mosul has risen to 34, with at least 217 people wounded, a provincial official said on Thursday. \"", "More than 100 houses were damaged,\" Hisham al-Hamdani, head of the provincial council of Nineveh, of which Mosul is the capital, told AFP.Al Anbar Prv:Khalidiya:#1: Police forces killed a suicide bomber trying to blow up himself outside the police station in Khalidiya town of Anbar province on Thursday, a security source said.", "Afghanistan:#1: At least eight policemen were killed Thursday during an operation by U.S.-led coalition troops in central Afghanistan, an Afghan official said. ", "The officers died in the village of Ghariban in Ghazni province during an operation that included U.S. ground forces and airstrikes, said the deputy head of Ghazni's provincial council, Habeb-ul Rahman. ", "It was unclear whether Afghan troops also took part in the raid. ", "Two other villagers, including a woman, were killed in the clash, Rahman said. ", "It was not immediately clear how the officers and civilians were killed. ", "Afghan police officials in Ghazni province, who spoke on condition of anonymity since they were not authorized to speak to the media, said that policemen appeared to have been killed by airstrikes, which also destroyed several houses.", "Nine police and two civilians were killed in an air strike by U.S.-led troops in Afghanistan, a provincial doctor said on Thursday, but the coalition said Taliban fighters had been killed. \"", "Nine police, including an officer, two civilians, one of them a woman, were killed in the raid,\" he told Reuters. ", "Five police were wounded, he said, adding they were in a vehicle patrolling the area when it was hit in the air strike.#2: Separately, a soldier from the NATO-led force was killed and two were wounded when a blast hit their vehicle in southern Afghanistan, an alliance spokesman said on Thursday. ", "He did not identify the victims of Wednesday's attack.", "At approximately 1:40 p.m. local time (in Kandahar) today, one Canadian soldier who was part of a convoy was killed when the armoured vehicle he was in struck a suspected Improvised Explosive Device (IED), 35 km South-West of Kandahar City. ", "Two Canadian soldiers were also injured.#3: A Kiwi soldier has been injured in a helicopter accident in Afghanistan but the crash was not the result of enemy fire, according to the New Zealand Defence Force. ", "The soldier, a member of the New Zealand peacekeeping force stationed in the troubled country, received minor injuries in the helicpoter crash, Captain Zac Prendergast said. ", "No one else was injured in the accident.", "Casualty Reports:\n\nBrad Thomas, 22, suffered a serious head wound and other injuries Saturday from a roadside bomb during combat operations in Iraq. ", "He was airlifted to American medical facilities in Germany, and his family remains hopeful he will pull through.", "\n\nSpecialist James Robak and his unit were searching homes in Sinsil, Iraq looking for bombs and Al Qaeda members. ", "Along with Gaul, and four others, the explosion also killed sergeant first class Matthew Pionk of Eveleth, Minnesota. ", "Robak was wounded as his sniper unit searched a suspected Al Qaeda compound for weapons. \"", "I was on the roof along with two other guys, something set off the house and the whole house exploded,\" he said, \"We lost six guys and four were injured and our [interpreter] was killed.\" ", "Robak survived with a wounded leg and some minor cuts. ", "For his father worrying comes with the job, but he was aware of the danger his son was facing before the explosion.", "\n\nIt is hard for me to believe the media in our country could ignore a story like I reported, and you commented on, and yet the media in the U.S. no longer is interested in reporting on the war.", "\n\nIncidentally, you will be interested to know I installed a stat counter for the blog and it records the \"hits\" and \"page views.\" ", "There have been over 300 page views in just four day since the counter was installed.", "\n\nWhat I found interesting, as well as gratifying, is I'm getting visitors to my blog from Austraila, 15 of them, Oslo, Norway, Brussels, Belgium, Milan, Italy and this morning one from the United Kingdom.", "\n\nHere is something else you might want to checkout. ", "Somebody sent this to me about google and my blog and even stuff I wrote for NH.", "\n\nHere is the link which you may have to cut and paste: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Bill+Corcoran+Iraq+War&btnG=Google+Search\n\nWOKE and TR: You might want to checkout what has been going on at NH by going to the Johnny$ website and reading the comments from NChomsky under \"New Lies, Same old Lies\" http://homepage.mac.com/mkoldys/blog/jdp.html\n\nApparently someone is up to stealing my identity AGAIN to post on their site and Ellen is threatening me AGAIN.", "\n\nIMO Ellen has destroyed that site with the way she rolls over everyone who doesn't think the same way she does.", "\n\nMore than once, she ripped into me when I simply posted a comment on her little post, and I do mean \"little,\" and she took exception to what I said and flew into me.", "\n\nI'm so glad I'm out of that mess.", "\n\nThis blog may not be getting a lot of comments, but it is amazing how many page views I'm getting. ", "And from all over the world. ", "I had page views from London, Brussels, Oslo, Norway and Austalia today alone plus scores of others from all over the U.S.\n\nMost people don't want to register to make a comment, and I understand that. ", "I don't like to do it either.", "\n\nBut it is really gratifying to see the \"hits\" and \"page views\" from all over the world and the U.S." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDiagonalisable real matrix. ", "Conclusion\n\nA matrix $A\\in\\mathbb{R}^{n,n}$ is diagonalisable on $\\mathbb{R}$. Then: \na. characteristic polynomial of $A$ is product of polynomials degree $1$ with real coefficients\nb. matrix $A^2$ is also diagonalisable \nc. $A=A^T$ . ", "\nb. is obviously true, we know that $A^2=(PDP^{-1})^2 = PD^2P^{-1}$ Due to $D^2$ is still diagonal then b. is true.", "\na.\nWe know that $A$ is similar to some diagonal matrix $D$. Therefore, $A$ has the same characteristic polynomial as $D$, so it is product of $(x-\\lambda)$ where $\\lambda$ is any eigenvalue. ", "Lets consider:\n$A=\\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n2 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 2 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right)=\\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n1 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 1 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right) \\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n2& 0 \\\\\n0 & 2 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right)\\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n0& 1 \\\\\n1 & 0 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right)$ is diagonalisable, but $P_A(x)=(x-2)^2$. So it is not prodcut of degree 1 polynomials. ", "Hence, a. is not true. ", " \nWhat about these solutions ? ", " Can you help me solve c. ? ", "\n\nA:\n\nFor $c)$ , just take the matrix $\\pmatrix{1&2\\\\3&4}$ which is not symmetric , but real diagonalizable.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nproof with using pumping lemma\n\n$L=\\{0^n\\#0^{2n}\\mid n\\ge 0\\}$\nShow that this language is iiregular. ", " And now:\nLet $p$ will be length of pumping lemma. ", "Given $w=0^p\\#0^{2p}=xyz\\in L$ such that. ", "Becaues of the fact that $|xy|\\le p$ we conclude that $y$ contains only $0s$. So let's pump up. ", "Then $xy^2z=0^{p+k}\\#0^{2p}$. \nBecause $2(p+k)\\neq 2p$ we conclude a condruction. ", "So $L$ is irregular.", "\nIs it ok ?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt’s almost right, but not quite. ", "We know that $y=0^r$ for some $r\\ge 1$, so\n$$xy^kz=0^{p+(k-1)r}\\#0^{2p}\\;,$$\nnot $0^{p+k}\\#0^{2p}$: the length of $y$ need not be $1$. But we’re still okay, because $2\\big(p+(k-1)r\\big)=2p$ if and only if $k=1$, so the pumped word is not in the language when $k\\ne 1$.\n\n" ]

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[ "(Vroo-co-lac)Variations: UkodlakA vampiric REVENANT specifically from northern Dalmatia, the vrukolak is created when a person dies the victim of a vrukolak, by being murdered without anyone witnessing the crime, or when a cat or dog is allowed to jump over the body before it can be properly buried. ", "It will first prey on its former family and friends before moving on to other victims. ", "Vrukolak have the ability to create others of its kind and can transfix a person by maintaining continuous eye contact as well as emitting a disturbing shriek.", "A vrukolak cannot be destroyed but it can be made incapable of ever rising from its grave and attacking anyone again. ", "The vampire must first have its tendons cut so that it cannot walk. ", "Then it can be nailed into its COFFIN with the last nail being driven through its heart.", "Source: Alexander, Mythology of All Races, 229; Baring-Gould, Book of Werewolves, 64; Mc Clelland, Slayers and Their Vampires, 105" ]

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[ "Effects of a specific benzodiazepine antagonist (RO 15-1788) on cerebral blood flow.", "\nRO 15-1788, a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, although it effectively antagonizes the clinical effects of benzodiazepines (i.e., sedation and amnesia), can also induce subjective agonist effects such as sedation or inverse agonist effects such as anxiety. ", "The purpose of this study was to investigate in seven healthy volunteers the effect of RO 15-1788 on cerebral blood flow when intravenously injected alone or with midazolam and to compare its effects with midazolam administered alone. ", "Cerebral blood flow was measured with the 133xenon inhalation technique and the drugs were administered simultaneously in a double-blind, randomized fashion during the four following sessions: placebo-placebo; midazolam-placebo; RO 15-1788-placebo; midazolam-RO 15-1788. ", "No difference in cerebral blood flow was noted between the placebo-placebo, the RO 15-1788-placebo, and the RO 15-1788-midazolam sessions--although midazolam injected alone decreased cerebral blood flow by 30%. ", "The sedation, amnesia, and the electroencephalograph (EEG) and muscle tone changes observed with midazolam-placebo were not present during the RO 15-1788-placebo and RO 15-1788-midazolam sessions. ", "This study demonstrates the absence of effects of RO 15-1788 on cerebral blood flow when injected alone and the efficacy of this new drug in antagonizing the depressant effects of midazolam on cerebral hemodynamics." ]

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[ "http://www.flamethrowerexpert.com\n\nYou can find Charlie Hobson's book, \"US Portable Flamethrowers\" here: http://amzn.to/1SP9yc5\n\nRather than doing a monthly Q&A myself, I decided to take advantage of a visit from Charlie Hobson and answer some questions about flamethrowers. ", "These questions all came from the Forgotten Weapons Patreon supporters, whose financial support is a big part of what allows me to bring you great content. ", "If you'd like to help support the site yourself and also have a chance to get your questions into the monthly Q&A, you can join in at:\n\nwww.patreon.com/ForgottenWeapons\n\nToday's questions by timestamp are:\n\n0:40 - Still in use today? ", "1:15 - Hollywood realism 3:02 - Effective historical use 3:55 - Pressure and nozzle diameter 4:57 - Use of fins to create laminar flow 6:18 - Do they blow up if shot? ", "7:28 - Maintenance and repair 9:44 - Realism in \"Saving Private Ryan” 10:52 - Reproductions 12:10 - Accidents 14:07 - Field resupply of fuel in combat 19:35 - Oxygen problems for the user 20:32 - Modern improvements 24:10 - Is there still a role for flamethrowers in modern war?", "\n\n26:35 - Lighting cigars from flamethrowers 27:43 - Cost" ]

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[ " The State of TexasAppellee\n\n\n\n\n Fourth Court of Appeals\n San Antonio, Texas\n April 9, 2014\n\n No. ", "04-12-00317-CR\n\n Jon Thomas FORD,\n Appellant\n\n v.\n\n The STATE of Texas,\n Appellee\n\n From the 186th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas\n Trial Court No. ", "2010CR7741\n Honorable Maria Teresa Herr, Judge Presiding\n\n\n ORDER\n\n\n The Appellant’s motion for extension of time to file Appellant’s reply brief is\nGRANTED. ", "Time is extended to May 12, 2014.", "\n\n\n\n _________________________________\n Marialyn Barnard, Justice\n\n IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of the said\ncourt on this 9th day of April, 2014.", "\n\n\n\n ___________________________________\n Keith E. Hottle\n Clerk of Court\n\f" ]

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[ "Medical leads are used in conjunction with a medical device that generates stimulation signals to deliver the stimulation signals from the medical device to a target stimulation site within a body of a patient. ", "The medical leads may be implanted through a percutaneous procedure where an introducer needle is inserted into the body, and a medical lead is inserted through a lumen in the needle. ", "A stylet may be included within a lumen of the medical lead to guide the medical lead from the needle to the target site.", "\nOne issue when implanting the medical lead is that the needle must be of adequate size to facilitate the introduction of the medical lead. ", "However, a smaller needle is less bothersome to the patient. ", "Thus, minimizing the diameter of the lead is desirable so that the size of the introducer needle may also be minimized.", "\nAnother issue that occurs once the medical lead is implanted is that the medical lead needs to have a fixed position at the target site, which is particularly true when assessing the efficacy of therapy during a trial period. ", "Movements by the patient may encourage the medical lead to migrate and therefore a fixation structure may be required to provide the fixation of the lead at the target site. ", "However, the structure for fixation may contribute to the size of the medical lead which may call for an undesirable increase in the size of the introducer needle. ", "Furthermore, explantation of the lead may be more difficult due to the presence of the fixation structure which resists movement in the direction of explantation.", "\nThe effectiveness of a fixation structure may also be limited by the compliance of the body of the lead. ", "The body of the lead needs a degree of firmness to support the electrodes and to maintain their alignment when at the target site. ", "Yet a stiff lead body extending toward the proximal end of the lead is counterproductive to the fixation structure." ]

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[ "Background\n==========\n\nThe most common method of modeling binomial health data in cross-sectional studies today is logistic analysis. ", "It was first used to replace probit analysis for bioassay data sixty years ago by Joseph Berkson \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "Weighted least squares, minimum logit, and maximum likelihood methods were developed and used by various investigators to estimate the parameters \\[[@B1]-[@B10]\\]. ", "Maximum likelihood was theoretically the best estimation method, and as computer programs were written to obtain its iterative solutions, maximum likelihood became the method of choice.", "\n\nLogistic analysis works very well if one wants to model the ratio of odds instead of the ratio of probabilities. ", "It also yields a good approximate analysis if one is interested in the ratio of probabilities of a rare disease. ", "However, if the disease is not rare, and one is interested in the ratio of probabilities, then the logistic approximation will be poor because the odds ratio will be a poor estimator of the probability ratio. ", "For example, if 80 out of 100 exposed subjects have a particular disease and 50 out of 100 non-exposed subjects have the disease, the odds ratio (OR) is 4, but the exposed subjects are only 1.6 times as likely to have the disease as the non-exposed subjects. ", "Thus, any author or reader, who considers exposure to be related to a four-fold increase in the chances of getting the disease, would be substantially overestimating the effect of the exposure. ", "The number 1.6 (for this example) can be called the probability ratio, the proportion ratio, or in studies of existing disease, the prevalence ratio (PR). ", "The latter will be used in this paper.", "\n\nIn this example, the larger of the two prevalences is 0.80. ", "If the prevalence ratio is 1.6, then in order for the odds ratio to be within 10% of the prevalence ratio (i.e. for the odds ratio to be no more than 1.76), the larger of the two prevalences can be no more than 0.2105. ", "This number decreases as the prevalence ratio increases. ", "Thus it is difficult to define \\\"rare\\\" in general. ", "However, for prevalence ratios up to 10, if both prevalences are no larger than 0.10, then the odds ratio will be within 10% of the prevalence ratio. ", "For prevalences larger than 0.10, it is safer to estimate the prevalence ratio directly.", "\n\nLogistic analysis has been a popular analysis tool for cross-sectional studies because 1) standard statistical software packages perform logistic analysis; 2) if the disease or outcome is rare, then odds ratios are approximately equal to prevalence ratios; and 3) if the disease is not rare, then there have not been any good alternatives. ", "The latter has changed, however, because most standard statistical software packages now perform generalized linear modeling, which includes, among other things, linear, logistic, Poisson, and log-binomial modeling.", "\n\nSkov et al. ", "recommended using the log-binomial model, which directly models the prevalence ratio \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "If for each combination of independent variables, the dependent variable has a binomial distribution with the logarithm of its probability being linearly related to the independent variables, then the log-binomial is the correct model, and maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters and prevalence ratio can be directly obtained. ", "However, for many situations with quantitative covariates, the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is on the boundary of the parameter space. ", "For many software packages, the model fails to converge because the instantaneous slope of the likelihood may not be zero on this boundary. ", "Thus standard software packages which maximize the likelihood by finding the point at which the derivative is equal to zero may not work properly.", "\n\nDeddens et al. ", "extended Skov\\'s maximum likelihood solution to situations in which the MLE is on the boundary of the parameter space \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "The method, called the COPY method, gives very good approximate MLEs. ", "It involves using the MLEs when the log-binomial model converges, and, when it does not converge, using MLEs from a new data set that contains c-1 copies of the original data and 1 copy of the original data with the dependent variable values interchanged (1\\'s changed to 0\\'s and 0\\'s changed to 1\\'s). ", "For any finite c, the solution is no longer on the boundary, and thus the solution is an MLE for this data set. ", "As c gets large, the MLE estimates for this modified data set approach the MLEs for the original data set. ", "The number c should probably be at least 100. ", "In this paper, c = 1,000 was always used.", "\n\nLee and others recommended using the Cox proportional hazard model to estimate the prevalence ratio \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\]. ", "This method yields partial likelihood estimates of linear model coefficients except for the intercept which is not estimated. ", "Skov et al., ", "Deddens et al., ", "and Barros and Hirakata showed that the Cox method yields estimated standard deviations which are too large, which leads to low power for Wald tests \\[[@B11],[@B12],[@B15]\\].", "\n\nIt is well known that when the prevalence is low and the sample size is large, probabilities from the Poisson distribution can often be used to approximate probabilities from the binomial distribution. ", "Similarly, one can think of an existing sample of binomial data (0 or 1) as being approximately Poisson, where the probability of a value of 2 or greater is low enough that no values greater than 1 occurred in the obtained sample. ", "By assuming that the logarithm of the Poisson parameter (mean) is linearly related to a set of independent variables, the exponentiation of any coefficient of the model will yield an estimate of a ratio of Poisson parameters. ", "Because the observed data consist of only zeros and ones, this ratio can be used as an approximation to the prevalence ratio. ", "Assuming equal follow-up times for all subjects and handling ties properly, the partial likelihood estimates and estimated standard errors of the non-intercept parameters from Cox proportional hazard regression are exactly the same as the estimates from Poisson regression \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "Thus, Poisson regression suffers from the same problem (large standard errors) as the Cox model. ", "For the most part, Poisson regression will be discussed in this paper rather than Cox proportional hazard regression because the intercept is estimated.", "\n\nBarros and Hirakata have suggested methods involving robust variance estimation which appear to solve the large variance problem for Poisson regression \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "They compared methods of adjusting the scale parameter in Poisson regression, but concluded that the best adjustment was to use a sandwich estimator of the variance. ", "This \\\"Robust Poisson\\\" method represents a vast improvement over the regular Poisson method. ", "In an independent investigation, Zou later suggested using this sandwich estimator and showed how to use PROC GENMOD in SAS to obtain it \\[[@B17]\\].", "\n\nAnother method to estimate the prevalence ratio is the direct conversion of an odds ratio to a prevalence ratio, which McNutt et al. ", "showed is fairly biased when adjusted for other covariates \\[[@B18],[@B19]\\]. ", "Thompson et al. ", "also discussed direct estimation of the PR from the OR, as well as weighted averages of these estimated PR\\'s over strata and the stratified Mantel-Haenszel estimate \\[[@B20]\\]. ", "Of the methods available at that time, they recommended using either the proportional hazards (i.e. Poisson) or the log-binomial method.", "\n\nSchouten et al. ", "suggested modifying the data in such a way that the odds ratio from logistic analysis for the modified data is an estimate of the prevalence ratio for the original data \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "This estimator combined with a robust variance estimator yields a method which is similar to the Robust Poisson method, in that it uses a robust variance estimator, and to the COPY method, in that it uses data manipulation to obtain the result. ", "Skov et al. ", "showed that this estimator generally gave good results, but that sometimes the estimated probabilities could be greater than one \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "Thus Skov recommended the log-binomial method.", "\n\nThere is much misinformation in the literature concerning which methods can yield probability estimates outside the range of zero to one. ", "By definition, maximum likelihood estimates for binomial models cannot yield estimates of probabilities outside this range (because the probability estimates are MLEs also). ", "Thus Skov\\'s method for fitting the log-binomial model cannot yield such estimates. ", "Similarly, the COPY method cannot yield such estimates, because it uses Skov\\'s method on a data set modified so that the MLE is inside the parameter space. ", "It is known, and will be shown again in this paper, that the Poisson and Robust Poisson can yield such invalid probability estimates \\[[@B22],[@B23]\\].", "\n\nBoth the log-binomial method and the Poisson method are generalized linear models with a log link function, which is assumed to be the correct form. ", "For each combination of independent variables, the distribution of the dependent variable is assumed to be binomial. ", "The Poisson model erroneously treats this distribution as Poisson, and the log-binomial correctly treats it as binomial. ", "In this paper, we compare these two methods: (1) the maximum likelihood estimates and likelihood ratio tests for the log-binomial model, using the COPY method to solve any convergence problems, with (2) the Poisson based estimators and Wald tests, using a sandwich estimator to solve the large variance problem. ", "Although it is clear that the log-binomial and COPY methods should yield better estimates than the Poisson methods, we will use some limited simulations to illustrate the amount of this superiority and also indicate some situations in which the Poisson methods might be preferred. ", "In addition, we will illustrate the use of both methods on real data sets.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nComparisons between the Robust Poisson and log-binomial methods were made using simulated and real data sets. ", "The simulations were a repeat of some of those performed by Deddens et al. ", "Specifically, they were performed for the situation of one continuous covariate, *X*, with *X*uniformly distributed from 0 to 10 \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "At each value of *X*, a value of *Y*was randomly generated from a binomial distribution with a sample size of 1 and a prevalence of exp(β~0~+ β~1~*X*). ", "The prevalence at *X*= 5 varied among 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7. ", "Three values were chosen for β~1~, namely zero, medium, and large, where medium and large depended on the prevalence. ", "The intercept, β~0~, was then determined from the prevalence at *X*= 5 and the slope, β~1~. Thus, there were nine basic simulations, and the sample size was set at n = 100 for each simulation. ", "This sample size was chosen because it was felt to be large enough for large sample properties to hold, but not so large that both methods would have power too high for comparison. ", "The data (same *X*\\'s, different *Y*\\'s) were replicated 1,000 times for each simulation. ", "Although logistic analysis is reasonable when the prevalence is 0.1, and a prevalence of 0.9 is unusual, simulations with n = 100 were also performed for these prevalences. ", "Simulations were repeated for these two prevalences with a zero and a large slope for n = 1,000. ", "For all simulations, in addition to estimates from the log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods, exact maximum likelihood estimates were obtained (even when convergence was not obtained on the original data) \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "This was accomplished using the macro supplied by Deddens et al. ", "\\[[@B12]\\]. ", "Briefly the macro finds the point on the boundary, and it restricts the search for the MLE to parameters which force the likelihood through this point. ", "All hypothesis tests were considered significant if the p-value was less than or equal to 0.05. ", "Likelihood ratio tests were performed for the log-binomial method. ", "When the data were copied 1,000 times, it was necessary to multiply the standard errors by the square root of 1,000 and to divide the log likelihoods by 1,000 for the likelihood ratio tests \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "Wald tests were used for the Poisson method.", "\n\nThe real data sets come from on-line SAS examples \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "Example 1, from the SAS PROC LOGISTIC documentation, is a study of the effects of rate and volume of air on a transient reflex vaso-constriction of the digit skin. ", "A binomial variable for vaso-constriction (constricted = 1, not constricted = 0) was modeled on the logarithm of air rate and the logarithm of air volume using 39 trials. ", "Although this was used by SAS to illustrate logistic analysis, the prevalence of vaso-constriction was .51, so odds ratios would not be good estimates of prevalence ratios.", "\n\nExample 2, also from the SAS PROC LOGISTIC documentation, is a study of the analgesic effects of treatments on 60 elderly patients with neuralgia, in which a binomial variable for pain (no pain = 1, pain = 0) is modeled on treatment (3 levels), gender (2 levels), and age (years) \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "Although this was used by SAS to illustrate logistic analysis, the prevalence of no pain was .58, so odds ratios would not be good estimates of prevalence ratios.", "\n\nExample 3 comes from a book by Paul Allison, but it is also available online \\[[@B25],[@B26]\\]. ", "These data come from a study relating death penalty (death = 1, life in prison = 0) to defendant race (2 levels), victim race (2 levels), crime seriousness (quantitative scale), and culpability (quantitative scale). ", "Although this was used by Allison to illustrate logistic analysis, the prevalence of death was .34, so odds ratios would not be good estimates of prevalence ratios.", "\n\nAll analyses were performed using SAS \\[[@B24],[@B27]\\]. ", "The Robust Poisson method was performed with PROC GENMOD using the REPEATED option \\[[@B17]\\]. ", "The log-binomial method was performed with the macro from Deddens et al., ", "which in turn used PROC GENMOD (with 1,000 copies when the model failed to converge) \\[[@B12]\\].", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe estimates obtained using the log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods for the simulated data are shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The size (the probability of concluding that the true slope is not zero when in fact it is zero) and power (the probability of concluding that the true slope is not zero when in fact it is not zero) estimates for the tests in the simulations are shown in Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "In the simulations, the log-binomial method, using the COPY method approximations as needed, gave results which were very close to the exact maximum likelihood estimates, size, and power. ", "Thus the exact results are not included in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The parameter of most interest is the slope, which is the logarithm of the prevalence ratio. ", "The log-binomial and Robust Poisson estimates are close to the true parameters (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "For prevalences of 0.3 and 0.5, the log-binomial method appears to be less biased for estimating the slope, while for a prevalence of 0.7, the two methods were about equally biased. ", "However, these differences aren\\'t apparent until the third, or more often, the fourth decimal place, so both methods work well. ", "When the prevalence was 0.1, the log-binomial method had less biased estimates (not shown) and when the prevalence was 0.9, the Robust Poisson method generally had less biased estimates (not shown). ", "The log-binomial method usually yielded slightly smaller estimated standard errors.", "\n\n###### \n\nAverage log-binomial method and Robust Poisson method estimates\\*\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Zero Slope Medium Slope High Slope \n ---------------- ----------------- ------------------- ----------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------ -----------------\n Prevalence at\\ Intercept (SE)^†^ Slope (SE) Intercept (SE) Slope (SE) Intercept (SE) Slope (SE)\n *X*= 5 \n\n \n\n 0.3 True Parameters -1.2040 0.00 -1.7040 0.10 -2.2040 0.20\n\n (Conv. ", "= 100%)^‡^ (Conv. ", "= 99.9%) (Conv. ", "= 90.9%) \n\n Log-Binomial -1.2292 (0.3250) 0.0001 (0.0559) -1.7387 (0.3692) 0.1016 (0.0542) -2.2512 (0.3900) 0.2046 (0.0488)\n\n Robust Poisson -1.2291 (0.3247) 0.0001 (0.0558) -1.7426 (0.3692) 0.1023 (0.0544) -2.2634 (0.4027) 0.2064 (0.0520)\n\n \n\n 0.5 True Parameters -0.6931 0.00 -0.9431 0.05 -1.1931 0.10\n\n (Conv. ", "= 100%) (Conv. ", "= 99.8%) (Conv. ", "= 93.5%) \n\n Log-Binomial -0.7086 (0.2109) 0.0014 (0.0361) -0.9512 (0.2297) 0.0501 (0.0352) -1.2039 (0.2413) 0.1006 (0.0327)\n\n Robust Poisson -0.7088 (0.2112) 0.0015 (0.0362) -0.9517 (0.2311) 0.0502 (0.0356) -1.2058 (0.2477) 0.1009 (0.0345)\n\n \n\n 0.7 True Parameters -0.3567 0.00 -0.5067 0.03 -0.6567 0.06\n\n (Conv. ", "= 99.0%) (Conv. ", "= 96.1%) (Conv. ", "= 70.3%) \n\n Log-Binomial -.3686 (0.1374) 0.0010 (0.0236) -0.5115 (0.1485) 0.0297 (0.0226) -0.6579 (0.1509) 0.0598 (0.0194)\n\n Robust Poisson -.3680 (0.1383) 0.0009 (0.0237) -0.5139 (0.1513) 0.0301 (0.0234) -0.6669 (0.1621) 0.0614 (0.0225)\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\* Based on 1,000 simulations of the log-binomial model with a sample size of 100 and a single independent variable, *X*, with uniform distribution \\[0, 10\\]. ", "The log-binomial method used the COPY method approximation when needed.", "\n\n^†^Standard Error.", "\n\n^‡^Percentage of times the log-binomial model converged on the original data.", "\n\n###### \n\nEstimated size and estimated power for log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods\\*\n\n Prevalence at *X*= 5 Method Zero Slope Medium Slope High Slope\n ---------------------- ---------------- ------------ -------------- ------------\n 0.3 Log-Binomial 0.054 0.477 0.989\n Robust Poisson 0.051 0.461 0.984\n 0.5 Log-Binomial 0.049 0.279 0.856\n Robust Poisson 0.050 0.275 0.842\n 0.7 Log-Binomial 0.045 0.256 0.825\n Robust Poisson 0.045 0.258 0.815\n\n\\* Same simulations as in Table 1. ", "Estimated size and power are the proportions of the 1,000 simulations which have a p-value less than or equal to 0.05. ", "The log-binomial method used the COPY method approximation when needed. ", "Wald tests were used for the Robust Poisson method, and likelihood ratio tests were used for the log-binomial method.", "\n\n^†^Size is the probability of concluding that the true slope is not zero when in fact it is zero, and power is the probability of concluding that the true slope is not zero when in fact it is not zero.", "\n\nThe estimated sizes for both methods were approximately correct (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The estimated powers were generally higher for the log-binomial method, but only slightly so. ", "The pattern for the estimated powers was the same when the prevalence was 0.1 or 0.9 (not shown). ", "However, when the prevalence was 0.1, the estimated sizes were 0.061 for the log-binomial method and 0.069 for the Robust Poisson method, which were slightly too high.", "\n\nWhen n = 1,000 (not shown), the estimates for the log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods were essentially the same. ", "When the slope was large, the Robust Poisson had a slightly larger estimated standard error for the slope. ", "All of the sizes were close to 0.05, and all of the powers were 1.0000. ", "The log-binomial model almost always converged on the original data when the slope was zero. ", "As the prevalence and slope increased, the percentage of times that the model converged declined.", "\n\nThe above analyses have involved a single quantitative variable, which allowed comparison to exact MLEs using the Deddens et al. ", "macro, as well as giving an indication of when each method will be less biased than the other \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "However, both methods will work for multiple independent variable models where the independent variables can be either categorical or quantitative. ", "Our first example to illustrate this contains two quantitative independent variables (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "The dependent variable is the vaso-constriction or non-constriction in digit skin. ", "The independent variables are logarithms of rate and volume of inspired air. ", "In this analysis, 20 of 39 observations (51 percent) were vaso-constricted. ", "The p-values for the two methods are similar, and as expected, the standard errors of the log-binomial are smaller than those of the Robust Poisson. ", "In addition, the estimates for the Robust Poisson are somewhat higher than those for the log-binomial, especially for the logarithm of volume. ", "The estimated prevalence ratios for this variable were 2.16 for the log-binomial and 4.31 for the Robust Poisson. ", "With the Robust Poisson, 3 of 39 estimated probabilities were greater than one, and the largest was 1.82.", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods for analysis of vaso-constriction associated with inspired air\\*\n\n Independent Variable Log Prevalence Ratio Estimate^†^(SE) P-Value \n ---------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- -------- --------\n Log(Rate) 1.3132 (0.3362) 1.5578 (0.4270) 0.0006 0.0003\n Log(Volume) 0.7715 (0.1960) 1.4614 (0.3510) 0.0002 0.0000\n\n\\* Wald tests were used for the Robust Poisson method, and likelihood ratio tests were used for the log-binomial method. ", "The latter were obtained by fitting a model without the effect being tested. ", "The log-binomial method failed to converge when both independent variables were in the model and when only log(Volume) was in the model. ", "In these cases, the COPY method approximation was used.", "\n\n^†^The intercept estimate was -1.5147 for the log-binomial method and -1.8311 for the Robust Poisson method. ", "Of the 39 probability estimates, 3 were greater than unity for the Robust Poisson method, and the largest was 1.82.", "\n\nOur second example contains a three categorical variable, a two level categorical variable, and a quantitative variable (Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "The dependent variable is no pain. ", "The independent variables are treatment (A, B, P), gender, and age. ", "In this analysis, 35 of 60 patients (58%) had no pain. ", "The p-values are somewhat different between the two methods, but the same conclusions would be drawn using either method. ", "The estimate of the slope for age is nearly twice as steep for the Robust Poisson as for the log-binomial. ", "The effect of gender is also doubled for the Robust Poisson, compared to the log-binomial. ", "The effect of analgesic is similar for both methods. ", "With the Robust Poisson, 9 of 60 estimated probabilities were greater than one, and the largest was 1.30.", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods for analysis of no pain associated with covariates\\*\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Independent Variable Level Log Prevalence Ratio Estimate^†^(SE) P-Value \n ---------------------- -------- -------------------------------------- ------------------ -------- --------\n Analgesic A\\ 1.0228 (0.3951)\\ 1.0628 (0.3902)\\ 0.0002 0.0123\n B 1.0979 (0.3898) 1.1515 (0.3882) \n\n Gender Female 0.2259 (0.0726) 0.4584 (0.1808) 0.0416 0.0112\n\n Age -0.0376 (0.0119) -0.0635 (0.0183) 0.0075 0.0005\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\* Wald tests were used for the Robust Poisson method, and likelihood ratio tests were used for the log-binomial method. ", "The latter were obtained by fitting a model without the effect being tested. ", "The log-binomial method failed to converge for the 2 models containing both analgesic and age, and the COPY method approximation was used.", "\n\n^†^The intercept estimate was 1.1200 for the log-binomial method and 2.7438 for the Robust Poisson method. ", "Of the 60 probability estimates, 9 were greater than unity for the Robust Poisson method, and the largest was 1.30.", "\n\nOur third example contains 5 one degree of freedom independent variables (Table [5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@B25],[@B26]\\]. ", "The dependent variable is being given the death penalty. ", "The independent variables are black defendant (yes, no), white victim (yes, no), seriousness of the crime, culpability, and culpability squared. ", "In this analysis, 50 of 147 criminals (34%) were given the death penalty. ", "This example will illustrate another issue with using the log-binomial model to estimate prevalence ratios instead of odds ratios. ", "The quantitative variable culpability is linear in the log-odds but not in the log-probability. ", "Thus one can use culpability in logistic regression, but in the log-binomial model we need to introduce a quadratic term. ", "In general, if a variable is linear in logistic regression then it is not linear in the log-binomial model, and visa versa. ", "Thus one should always test for linearity. ", "In this example, the quadratic term in culpability is significant (assuming P(Type I error) = 0.05) in the log-binomial model (p = 0.0007) and for the Robust Poisson method (p = 0.0005), but it is not significant in logistic regression (p = 0.1246 with the likelihood ratio test). ", "Of course this could also happen the other way (significant in logistic, but not in log-binomial). ", "The estimates for the Robust Poisson are always larger in absolute value than for the log-binomial, and in some cases they are much larger. ", "The same is true for the standard errors. ", "With the Robust Poisson, 5 of 147 estimated probabilities were greater than one, and the largest was 1.28. ", "Since the exponential model and the logistic model are fundamentally different, the notions of linearity, confounding, and interaction are not equivalent between logistic regression and log-binomial regression. ", "For this reason, it is impossible to develop methods that convert adjusted odds ratios into adjusted prevalence ratios.", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods for analysis of death penalty associated with covariates\\*\n\n Independent Variable Log Prevalence Ratio Estimate^†^(SE) P-Value \n ---------------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------ -------- --------\n Black Defendant 0.3152(0.1367) 0.5935 (0.1992) 0.0224 0.0029\n White Victim 0.1219 (0.1078) 0.3173 (0.2061) 0.2288 0.1238\n Serious -0.0010 (0.0174) 0.0023 (0.0352) 0.9305 0.9475\n Culpability 1.8062 (0.2750) 1.9223 (0.4453) 0.0000 0.0000\n Culpability Squared -0.2006 (0.0308) -0.2158 (0.0624) 0.0007 0.0005\n\n\\* Wald tests were used for the Robust Poisson method, and likelihood ratio tests were used for the log-binomial method. ", "The latter were obtained by fitting a model without the effect being tested. ", "The log-binomial method failed to converge for all models containing Black Defendant. ", "In these cases, the COPY method approximation was used.", "\n\n^†^The intercept estimate was -4.4445 for the log-binomial method and -4.9193 for the Robust Poisson method. ", "Of the 147 probability estimates, 5 were greater than unity for the Robust Poisson method, and the largest was 1.28.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nMaximum likelihood methods are very often the method of choice for estimating parameters because they are consistent, tend to have small variances, and are asymptotically unbiased and efficient. ", "The log-binomial method evaluated in this paper obtains these MLEs, although when they are on the boundary of the parameter space, the estimates will be approximate. ", "However if the number of copies is chosen large enough, the estimates will be the same as the true MLE rounded to several decimal places. ", "Thus the log-binomial method should be expected to produce superior results when compared to the Robust Poisson if c is chosen large enough. ", "The results in this paper show that c = 1000 is large enough to accomplish this.", "\n\nThe simulations included in the present paper involve only a quantitative independent variable. ", "For qualitative variables, Skov et al. ", "provided simulations and recommended the log-binomial method \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "Skov et al. ", "had no convergence problems with their qualitative data. ", "Although convergence problems can occur with qualitative data, they are much more common with quantitative data, which makes it the more difficult and interesting case. ", "The 3 real data examples in this study all contain at least 1 quantitative independent variable.", "\n\nOur results from simulated data showed that both the Robust Poisson and the log-binomial method yielded estimates of the slope, and hence the prevalence ratio, which had little bias. ", "For the common situations where the probability of success is between .3 and .7, the log-binomial method generally yielded less biased estimates and smaller standard errors than the Robust Poisson method. (", "For the somewhat unusual situation where the probability of success is .9, the Robust Poisson method was generally less biased.) ", "Both the Robust Poisson method using the Wald test and the log-binomial method using the likelihood ratio test almost always had acceptable size, but the log-binomial method generally had higher power.", "\n\nThese simulations represent the typical performance of the two methods. ", "In other simulations that we have done, we separated the 1000 replications into those for which the log-binomial model converged on the original data set and those for which it did not. ", "Generally, when the log-binomial model converged, the estimates of the logs of the prevalence ratios were the same or close for the log-binomial and Robust Poisson methods to 3 decimal places. ", "When the log-binomial model did not converge, however, the two methods were generally different to 3 decimal places. ", "These simulations had a sample size of 100. ", "For smaller sample sizes, the differences are larger. ", "One such situation, which has already been published, is the following \\[[@B12],[@B23]\\]. ", "Suppose *X*takes on integer values between one and ten, inclusive, and that *Y*= 1 when *X*= 5, 7, 8, 9, or 10, and that *Y*= 0 otherwise. ", "The exact MLE of the slope for the log binomial model is 0.2094. ", "The log-binomial COPY method estimate is 0.2091, while the Robust Poisson estimate is 0.3251. ", "In addition, the estimated P(*Y*= 1\\|*X*= 10) is 1.00 for the exact log-binomial MLE, 0.99 for the COPY method approximated MLE, and 1.44 for the Robust Poisson method. ", "The latter is possible only because the wrong likelihood is being used.", "\n\nFor the real data, we do not know the correct parameters being estimated. ", "However, the estimates are quite different for at least one variable in each of the 3 examples, and these differences will become larger when one takes the anti-log of the estimates to get estimated prevalence ratios. ", "The Robust Poisson method again yields probability estimates which are greater than one. ", "Because of these differences, the decision on which method to use should not be taken lightly. ", "When it comes time to defend ones results, using the log-binomial model allows one to say that maximum likelihood estimation and likelihood ratio tests were used. ", "Using the Robust Poisson, however, one must admit that the model is incorrect, and for some points, the predicted numerator of the prevalence ratio is not only incorrect, but invalid. ", "One must also believe that the estimated denominator is incorrect so that the prevalence ratio can be correct.", "\n\nLogistic analysis should not necessarily be ruled out even if one is interested in the prevalence ratio. ", "Statistical tests may not be valid if too many terms are included in the model. ", "The real examples given in this paper contain the maximum number of terms based on the commonly recommended rule of 10% of the number of events \\[[@B28],[@B29]\\]. ", "In the death penalty example, a quadratic term for culpability was required for the log-binomial model, but not for the logistic model. ", "Thus both models yield estimated prevalence ratios which vary depending on the value of culpability. ", "Thus one could reasonably argue that the more parsimonious logistic model might as well be used, if culpability is the variable of interest. ", "In this example, most likely the variables of interest are defendant race and victim race, while culpability is a covariate for which the analysis should be adjusted. ", "Thus the log-binomial model should probably be preferred for this example.", "\n\nSpiegelman and Hertzmark recommend using the log-binomial when it converges but replacing it with the Robust Poisson when the log-binomial does not converge \\[[@B30]\\]. ", "They illustrated the Robust Poisson part of the method on a set of real data for which the model converged. ", "Deddens and Petersen responded that using the log-binomial when it converges but replacing it with the log-binomial on a data set modified by the COPY method when the original log-binomial did not converge (i.e. the log-binomial method used in this paper) was better in general, and showed that the COPY part of the method gave superior results to the Poisson part of their method on their data set \\[[@B22]\\].", "\n\nWe have shown by simulation that in most commonly occurring univariate cases, the maximum likelihood and approximate maximum likelihood estimates from the log-binomial method generally have an equal or smaller bias than do estimates from the Robust Poisson method. ", "For the log-binomial model, we have only presented results for the likelihood ratio test. ", "In general, the likelihood ratio test performs better than the Wald test, so using the correct model with the likelihood ratio test should be the best procedure. ", "There is no reason to believe that the likelihood ratio test would be better for the Robust Poisson method because the method uses an incorrect likelihood. ", "In fact, we have not found real or simulated data for which the Wald test performed poorly for the Robust Poisson method, but we have found (but not presented) such data for the log-binomial method.", "\n\nWhen obtaining confidence intervals on the prevalence ratio, the Robust Poisson method will yield Wald based confidence intervals which will include 1.00 if and only if the two sided statistical test of H~0~:β~1~= 0 is not rejected. ", "At this time, if the model doesn\\'t converge on the original data, and one uses physical copies, then SAS cannot be used to obtain likelihood ratio confidence intervals with the log-binomial method. ", "However, Lumley et al. ", "point out that physical copies are not necessary because one can do a weighted analysis \\[[@B31]\\]. ", "Indeed, if one weights all observations in the original data set by (number of copies -- 1)/(number of copies) and all observations in a modified data set by (1)/(number of copies), where the modified data set is simply the original data set with Y replaced by 1 -- Y, then a weighted analysis of the combined data set yields results equivalent to those obtained with physical copies. ", "With this weighted method, likelihood ratio confidence intervals for the log-binomial parameters can be obtained with SAS.", "\n\nThe Robust Poisson method solves the standard error problem of its non-robust predecessor \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\]. ", "In the rare case where the prevalence of interest is about 0.9, it may give less biased estimates than maximum likelihood methods. ", "It is also easy to use for hypothesis testing and confidence intervals because it employs the Wald test. ", "However, even if the form of the model is correct (log-binomial model), the estimated model may not be valid, which is easily seen when estimated probabilities for the points in the data set are greater than one. ", "As shown by Skov et al., ", "the log-binomial model produces estimates of probabilities which are between zero and one for any point in the convex hull of the covariates, which includes the observed data points \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "Clearly the same is true for the COPY method modification because it uses the log-binomial method on the same covariates while changing from the exact solution, which is on the boundary of the parameter space, to one which is slightly to the inside of the boundary. ", "We have used 1000 copies when the log-binomial model failed to converge. ", "With more physical copies, simulations take a long time. ", "Even when analyzing real data sets, using 10,000 physical copies may not be feasible if the original data set is very large. ", "However, using Lumley et al.\\'s weighted modification, the number of copies is basically irrelevant because the data set size is only doubled for any weights \\[[@B31]\\]. ", "As shown by Petersen and Deddens, 10,000 copies can yield estimates which are almost identical to the exact maximum likelihood estimates \\[[@B22]\\]. ", "The Robust Poisson model can yield poor estimates in a few cases, and it generally has larger standard errors for the slope than the log-binomial method. ", "Because likelihood ratio testing is possible for the log-binomial method (an advantage), multiple runs are required to get the p-values (a disadvantage). ", "There are 2 things to note in this regard: 1) for large sample size, the Wald test worked well for the log-binomial method, and 2) if one doesn\\'t need a p-value, one may be able to use the likelihood ratio confidence limits to determine statistical significance, which only requires one run. ", "For programming languages other than SAS, the COPY method may still have convergence problems. ", "Additional research with other software would be valuable.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nAs shown with the real data used in this study, the results can be quite different depending on which method is used. ", "Thus the decision on which method to use is very important. ", "The simulations show that in the most common situations with a simple model, the maximum likelihood estimates of the log-binomial model are slightly superior to the Poisson based estimates. ", "When the prevalence is very high, the Robust Poisson will have less bias than the log-binomial based methods, but it will yield many probability estimates greater than one. ", "We believe that the advantages of the log-binomial method with the likelihood ratio test substantially outweigh those of the Robust Poisson when the true model is log-binomial. ", "Future research could examine the effect of omission of terms and departures from the log-binomial model for both methods.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nMRP wrote the first draft of the manuscript, carried out the simulations and some other analysis, researched the topic, and prepared the manuscript for publication. ", "JAD researched the topic, found the real data examples, ran some of the analyses, and gave detailed suggestions for revisions to the manuscript. ", "Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. ", "The authors performed this work as part of their official duties as employees of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "\n\nPre-publication history\n=======================\n\nThe pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:\n\n<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/8/9/prepub>\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nWe thank the three reviewers for their helpful comments. ", "The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "\n" ]

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[ "Verizon’s Small Business Bundle\n\nUnhappy with my existing internet and phone services, I switched to Verizon. ", "The process was easy, and I got much more than I expected. ", "Verizon did not charge anything for enrollment, and its customer service department, doing all that anyone could ask, helped make the transition almost seamless.", "\n\nThe Verizon internet service I have now is much faster than what I had before, and it includes free storage and backup options that my previous internet provider didn’t offer. ", "I’ve clocked my download speeds at 10 to 15 megabits per second, and my upload speeds at 1 megabit per second. ", "This works well for my business. ", "As many as fifteen people may be working here at once, most of us on the internet at the same time, so it’s essential that our web service be reliable and fast. ", "We also maintain an online store, and we want our customers to be able to shop and place their orders without hiccups.", "\n\nAlong with providing the fastest internet service I’ve ever had, Verizon charges $30 less per month for its internet and phone bundle than I was paying before. ", "The package costs less than $100 per month. ", "I pay slightly more than $100, but only because I chose the optional $5 security package that protects all of my business web-enabled mobile devices: laptop computers, tablets, and smart phones.", "\n\nThe security package protects all of the data on my business computers and mobile devices. ", "It blocks viruses, attempted hacks, fake alerts, and online ads, and it even provides data loss prevention. ", "I can retrieve any lost data with remote wipe, backup, restore, trace, and locate options. ", "I feel safer knowing that my sensitive business data is protected in case a device is lost or stolen. ", "With the Verizon security package, I can even monitor employee internet usage. ", "The package includes a security dashboard, so I can adjust settings, and the system alerts me about any attempted security breaches.", "\n\nFor any business interested in internet and phone service, I highly recommend Verizon.", "\n\n(Editor’s Note: You can get Verizon’s Small Business Bundle, and bundled services from other providers, through Bundle Deals. ", "Compare all providers and plans, and order any service with just one phone call.)" ]

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[ "OPEC+’s announcement of a price war and escalating concerns about the novel coronavirus set off such severe declines in the stock markets that trading on the New York Stock Exchange was halted for 15 minutes on Monday morning just after 9:30 a.m.\n\nAt Monday’s closing bell, it officially became one of the worst days in the markets’ history, with the Dow falling by more than 2,000 points or 7.8 percent, the S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite plunging by more than 7 percent each, and the energy sector falling by 20 percent.", "\n\nThe spread and treatment of the highly infectious new respiratory virus, which causes a disease known as COVID-19, has been an increasing health concern worldwide as the number of cases has passed 100,000 and spread to more than 90 countries. ", "However, the impact on U.S. businesses and the financial markets only became clear a few weeks ago, then quickly accelerated in the country after more cases were confirmed in several states.", "\n\nGlobal supply chains for everything from complicated technology products to clothing and plastic toys experienced the first pressure points from COVID-19 after operations at manufacturing facilities in China were suspended during mass quarantines in several major cities. ", "This was accompanied by declines in Chinese demand for clothing, travel, luxury goods, movies, high-end dining, and electronics. ", "Then, at the end of last month, both the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500 recorded major declines during several consecutive trading days.", "\n\nThe stock market is not the economy, but investors have been selling shares and fleeing to government bonds, gold, and short-term Treasury bills amid real fears that a global recovery from the effects of COVID-19 will take much longer than previously expected. ", "In more prosperous times filled with growth and global demand, the crash in oil prices would mean low prices and reduced expenses for trucking, airline, energy, and manufacturing companies. ", "Groceries, trade, and tourism industries would also benefit.", "\n\nBut the crash happened after China’s demand fell during its quarantines—when airlines reduced routes, transport ships and trucks stopped moving goods, and the production of millions of plastic items were halted, all to help prevent the further spread of the coronavirus.", "\n\nEven as a limited number of manufacturing facilities in China restart production, citizens return to low-risk areas, and demand for oil slowly returns in the country, worldwide demand for oil has fallen due to politicians and residents in other countries implementing quarantines and social distancing policies, as well as other efforts to reduce the spread of the virus through movement and public interaction.", "\n\nSocial distancing policies include 16 million Japanese children being kept home from school for a month. ", "On Monday, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced the entire country would adopt the lockdown and social distancing rules that were implemented on Sunday in the northern region of Lombardy after Italy recorded 463 deaths and more than 9,000 coronavirus cases. ", "In South Korea, 30,000 people are under self-quarantine, many of them using an app to report their symptoms and provide updates to government officials.", "\n\nIn the U.S., companies like IBM, JPMorgan Chase, and Amazon are suspending “non-essential” international and domestic travel, large conferences like SXSW are being canceled, and work-from-home policies are being implemented across organizations and changing cities like Seattle. ", "Consumers are canceling trips abroad and rushing to stock up on hand sanitzer and staples like toilet paper and canned goods. ", "Government officials in California, Washington, and New York are implementing precautionary and preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure and further spreading of the virus, especially for the elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems.", "\n\nIt’s also worth noting that even after President Trump and top US officials said 1 million to 1.5 million tests for COVID-19 would be available, on Monday the CDC acknowledged that its real supply was significantly lower, saying it had just 75,000 tests across 78 state and local public health labs. ", "Trump economic adviser Larry Kudlow has also provided information that is contradictory to that of financial experts.", "\n\nA payroll tax cut announced by Trump on Monday evening or tax relief to the airline, travel, and cruise industries will also not undo the damage from closing the Directorate for Global Health and Security in 2018 or help tackle institutional issues that will make treating the virus more difficult. ", "These include a national lack of sick leave, the high cost of health care even with insurance, the millions of kids dependent on free school lunches distributed at schools, misinformation about treatments like drinking bleach rapidly spreading online, and the lack of health care resources in rural areas.", "\n\nCOVID-19 exposed the weaknesses in the global economy, as well as America’s vulnerability and lack of preparation for a health crisis of this magnitude. ", "Investors realized the 11 years of growth had finally come to an end for the near future and sought safety. ", "It will be extremely difficult to predict how small and large businesses might recover from this period and how long this economic shutdown will extend into the year, including its effect on the Summer Olympics in Japan and the November presidential election. ", "Effectively dealing with COVID-19 will require significant changes in fiscal policies, government health care policies, labor rights, and cultural behaviors, as well as how the U.S. fundamentally deploys and manages health services at both the state and national level. ", "This is something the president can’t fix or solve with a tweet." ]

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[ "Daytona 250\n\nDaytona 250 may refer to:\n\nNextEra Energy Resources 250, a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race at Daytona International Speedway\nCoca-Cola Firecracker 250, a NASCAR Xfinity Series race at Daytona International Speedway\nBrumos Porsche 250, a Grand American Road Racing Association Rolex Sports Car Series race at Daytona International Speedway" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n\"Error: `x` must be a formula\" with qwraps2 summary_table function\n\nI am trying to make a table with summary statistics that looks similar to this (but with min/max/median/mean values filled in):\n Type\nMass (g) tct tcx tht thx tct\n Min\n Max\n Median\n Mean (SD)\nLength (mm)\n Min\n Max\n Median\n Mean (SD)\nWidth (mm)\n Min\n Max\n Median\n Mean (SD)\n\nOr even like this: (with a width column too)\n Mass (g) Length (mm) \nType Min Max Median Mean (SD) Min Max Median Mean (SD)\ntct\ntcx\ntht\nthx\ntct\n\nHere is an example of my data:\ndat <- data.frame(\n \"id\" = c(01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10),\n \"type\" = c(\"tct\", \"tcx\", \"tht\", \"thx\", \"tct\"),\n \"mass.g\" = c(0.03,0.01,0.04,0.06,0.07,0.03,0.03,0.01,0.04,0.02),\n \"size.length\" = c(8,6,5,6.5,5,5.5,6,7,4,3),\n \"size.width\" = c(2,4,3,4,5,6,3,4,2,1),\n)\n\nThis is the code I am working on, taken from here. ", "\nlibrary(qwraps2)\n\nsummary <-\n list(\"Mass (g)\" =\n list(\n \"Min\" = ~ min(.data$mass.g),\n \"Max\" = ~ max(.data$mass.g),\n \"Median\" = ~ median(.data$mass.g)\n \"Mean (SD)\" = ~ qwraps2::mean_sd(.data$mass.g)),\n \"Length (mm)\" =\n list(\n \"Min\" = ~ min(.data$size.length),\n \"Max\" = ~ median(.data$size.length),\n \"Median\" = ~ max(.data$size.length),\n \"Mean (SD)\" = ~ qwraps2::mean_sd(.data$size.length)),\n \"Width (mm)\" =\n list(\n \"Min\" = ~ min(.data$size.width),\n \"Max\" = ~ median(.data$size.width),\n \"Median\" = ~ max(.data$size.width),\n \"Mean (SD)\" = ~ qwraps2::mean_sd(.data$size.width)\n ))\nsummary\n\nby_type <- summary_table(dplyr::group_by(dat, type), summary)\nby_type\n\nBut I keep getting the error message: \"Error: x must be a formula\"\nMy end goal is to complete a table that resembles the above and export it as an excel file or word doc. ", "\nAny help would be appreciated. ", "\n\nA:\n\nA minor correction when building the data set. ", "I used dput() to get the\nstructure of the object. ", "This is a little more robust than using\ndata.frame as the mode of each column is explicitly defined.", "\ndat <-\n structure(list(id = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), type = structure(c(1L,\n 2L, 3L, 4L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 1L), class = \"factor\", .Label = c(\"tct\",\n \"tcx\", \"tht\", \"thx\")), mass.g = c(0.03, 0.01, 0.04, 0.06, 0.07,\n 0.03, 0.03, 0.01, 0.04, 0.02), size.length = c(8, 6, 5, 6.5,\n 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 4, 3), size.width = c(2, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 3, 4, 2,\n 1)), class = \"data.frame\", row.names = c(NA, -10L))\n\nloading the qwraps package and setting the markup language to\n\"markdown\". ", "Without this setting the default markup is LaTeX.\nlibrary(qwraps2)\noptions(qwraps2_markup = \"markdown\")\n\nThe same summary as in the question posting, but with the missing comma\nadded as noted in Ben's comment. ", "the .data pronoun is needed so the\nscoping within summary_table is correct.", "\nsummary <-\n list(\"Mass (g)\" =\n list(\n \"Min\" = ~ min(.data$mass.g),\n \"Max\" = ~ max(.data$mass.g),\n \"Median\" = ~ median(.data$mass.g),\n \"Mean (SD)\" = ~ qwraps2::mean_sd(.data$mass.g)),\n \"Length (mm)\" =\n list(\n \"Min\" = ~ min(.data$size.length),\n \"Max\" = ~ median(.data$size.length),\n \"Median\" = ~ max(.data$size.length),\n \"Mean (SD)\" = ~ qwraps2::mean_sd(.data$size.length)),\n \"Width (mm)\" =\n list(\n \"Min\" = ~ min(.data$size.width),\n \"Max\" = ~ median(.data$size.width),\n \"Median\" = ~ max(.data$size.width),\n \"Mean (SD)\" = ~ qwraps2::mean_sd(.data$size.width)\n ))\n\nThe summary table appears to render as expected:\nby_type <- summary_table(dplyr::group_by(dat, type), summary)\nby_type\n#> \n#> \n#> | |type: tct (N = 4) |type: tcx (N = 2) |type: tht (N = 2) |type: thx (N = 2) |\n#> |:----------------------|:------------------|:------------------|:------------------|:------------------|\n#> |**Mass (g)** |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Min |0.02 |0.01 |0.01 |0.04 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Max |0.07 |0.03 |0.04 |0.06 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Median |0.030 |0.020 |0.025 |0.050 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Mean (SD) |0.04 &plusmn; 0.02 |0.02 &plusmn; 0.01 |0.03 &plusmn; 0.02 |0.05 &plusmn; 0.01 |\n#> |**Length (mm)** |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Min |3 |6 |5 |4 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Max |5.25 |6.00 |6.00 |5.25 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Median |8.0 |6.0 |7.0 |6.5 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Mean (SD) |5.38 &plusmn; 2.06 |6.00 &plusmn; 0.00 |6.00 &plusmn; 1.41 |5.25 &plusmn; 1.77 |\n#> |**Width (mm)** |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Min |1 |3 |3 |2 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Max |3.5 |3.5 |3.5 |3.0 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Median |6 |4 |4 |4 |\n#> |&nbsp;&nbsp; Mean (SD) |3.50 &plusmn; 2.38 |3.50 &plusmn; 0.71 |3.50 &plusmn; 0.71 |3.00 &plusmn; 1.41 |\n\nCreated on 2020-03-01 by the reprex package (v0.3.0)\n\n" ]

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[ "Histone acetylation of nucleosomal histones plays an important role in gene expression, and consequently affects proper cell function, differentiation, and proliferation. ", "The acetylation status of histones is determined by the activity of enzymes called histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) ([Davie, 1998](#bib5){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Kouzarides, 1999](#bib11){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Strahl and Allis, 2000](#bib20){ref-type=\"other\"}). ", "Altered HAT and HDAC activity has been identified in several types of cancer ([Cress and Seto, 2000](#bib4){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Mahlknecht and Hoelzer, 2000](#bib15){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Timmermann *et al*, 2001](#bib22){ref-type=\"other\"}), and a number of HDAC inhibitors have been characterised that inhibit tumour growth *in vitro* and *in vivo* ([Marks *et al*, 2000a](#bib16){ref-type=\"other\"}, [2000b](#bib17){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Takai *et al*, 2004](#bib21){ref-type=\"other\"}).", "\n\nValproic acid (VPA, 2-propylpentanoic acid) is a well-established drug in the long-term therapy of epilepsy and has been safely used for over three decades. ", "In addition, VPA acts as a specific inhibitor of class I HDACs and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, leading to cellular differentiation, growth arrest, and death *in vivo* and *in vitro* ([Göttlicher *et al*, 2001](#bib8){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Phiel *et al*, 2001](#bib18){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Krämer *et al*, 2003](#bib12){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Catalano *et al*, 2005](#bib3){ref-type=\"other\"}).", "\n\nLong-term treatment of patients with VPA for prevention of epileptic seizures is usually performed with doses of 15--30 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^ leading to serum levels of 0.3--0.9 m[M]{.smallcaps}. ", "With these doses, the most common adverse effects were transient gastrointestinal symptoms, including anorexia, nausea, and vomiting in about 16% of the patients. ", "Neurotoxic effects, for example, sedation, ataxia, and tremour occurred less frequently and usually improved upon dose reduction. ", "Severe VPA-related toxicity has been reported to involve the liver, pancreas, and haematopoietic system ([Loscher, 1999](#bib14){ref-type=\"other\"}).", "\n\nThis study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicity of infusional VPA applicated in two doses daily in a 5-day schedule. ", "A secondary aim of the study was the evaluation of the clinical and biological response to VPA treatment, by monitoring the acetylation status of histones and the HDAC inhibition in the treated individuals.", "\n\nPATIENTS AND METHODS\n====================\n\nPatient eligibility\n-------------------\n\nPatients with histologically confirmed progressive, advanced stage malignant disease without any options of standard treatment, who received at least one prior palliative chemotherapy, were considered eligible for the study. ", "Further study criteria were Karnofsky performance status \\>60, age \\>18 years, life expectancy \\>12 weeks, measurable or evaluable disease, no major surgery within 4 weeks before study entry, and no concurrent anti-cancer treatment within the last 30 days.", "\n\nConcurrent uncontrolled medical illness like congestive heart failure or unstable angina pectoris, previous history of myocardial infarction within 1 year from study entry, uncontrolled hypertension or high-risk uncontrolled arrhythmias, history of significant neurological, psychiatric, or addictive disorders, active peptic ulcer, unstable diabetes mellitus, active uncontrolled infection, bleeding disorders, hepatic or pancreatic disease, or severe renal function impairment were exclusion criteria.", "\n\nPatients were required to have the following laboratory values, obtained within 14 days of study participation: granulocytes \\>2500 *μ*l^−1^, platelets \\>100 000 *μ*l^−1^, haemoglobin \\>8g dl^−1^, ASAT and ALAT \\<2.5 UNL, a-amylase \\<130 U l^−1^, lipase \\<300 U l^−1^, and creatinine \\<2 mg dl^−1^.\n\nPregnant or lactating women were excluded and patients of childbearing potential were required to have negative pregnancy test and were advised to take adequate precautions to prevent pregnancy. ", "Participants gave written informed consent before they entered the study, which was approved by the Local Ethics Committee.", "\n\nTrial design and treatment\n--------------------------\n\nPatients were enrolled to the study in cohorts of three patients for each dose level. ", "Projected dose levels were 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 mg kg^−1^ per treatment day. ", "The protocol was amended to include dose levels 75 and 90 mg kg^−1^ later.", "\n\nPatients were planned to receive a total of 20 intravenous administrations of VPA on days 1--5 and days 22--26. ", "The daily does of VPA was divided into two equal parts and each part was given as an intravenous infusion of 60-min duration (VPA was dissolved in isotonic NaCl 0.9 or 5% glucose solution at a concentration of 900 mg 100 ml^−1^). ", "The first infusion was administered in the morning between 0800 and 1000, and the second in the evening between 2000 and 2200.", "\n\nDose escalation to the next dose level was possible, if all patients of the previous dose levels have reached the end of the first infusion cycle (treatment days 1--5) without dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). ", "In case of DLT in one out of three patients, three additional patients were enrolled to the same dose level. ", "If at least two out of six patients at the same dose level experienced DLT, this dose level was closed and the dose level of the previous cohort was defined as the MTD. ", "No dose adjustments of the study medication were planned.", "\n\nToxicity assessment\n-------------------\n\nAll toxicities were graded according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) (version 2). ", "The following toxicities were considered dose limiting: NCI-CTC grade 4 anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, or any other NCI-CTC grades 3 or 4 non-hematological toxicities.", "\n\nPatients receiving at least one dose of VPA were considered evaluable for toxicity.", "\n\nTreatment evaluation\n--------------------\n\nThe pre-treatment evaluation included a complete history, a physical examination with a baseline KPS, laboratory studies (white blood cells and neutrophil count, platelets count, alkaline phosphatase, ASAT, ALAT, bilirubin, lipase, amylase, and serum creatinine), imaging studies for tumour measurement/evaluation, and ECG. ", "During treatment physical examination, laboratory studies and toxicity assessment were done every day. ", "Tumour measurement for evaluation of response and ECG were done on day 40, according to the RECIST criteria.", "\n\nPatients were considered evaluable for biological and clinical response after receiving at least 5-day doses of VPA.", "\n\nBiomonitoring\n-------------\n\nBlood samples (10 ml heparinised peripheral blood and 5 ml serum) were taken before start of the first infusion, and 6 h later on days 1 and 22 for western blot analyses and flow cytometry. ", "Blood samples were also obtained before the start of the first infusion on days 3, 5, 24, and 26.", "\n\nAccumulation of hyperacetylated histones H3, H4, and HDAC2 expression were analysed in cell lysates of peripheral blood lymphoctes (PBL) by western blotting using antibodies directed against acetylated histones H3 and H4 (Upstate Biotechnology Inc., Lake Placid, NY, USA) and HDAC2 (sc7899, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA). ", "Whole-cell lysates were prepared in denaturing SDS sample buffer and separated on 15% SDS--polyacrylamide gels.", "\n\nAcetylation status of histone H4 was also analysed in PBL by flow cytometry with an antibody directed against H4 (T52).", "\n\nPharmacokinetics\n----------------\n\nBlood samples for pharmacokinetic analyses of serum VPA concentration were taken before the start of first infusion on every treatment day. ", "Additional samples were obtained on days 4 and 25 immediately after the end of the first infusion (in the morning) and in some cases, before start of the second infusion (in the evening).", "\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nPatients\n--------\n\nTwenty-six patients were enrolled in the study. ", "All patients were assessable for safety and toxicity analysis. ", "Eighteen patients were assessable for clinical response. ", "One patient (in the 60 mg kg^−1^ dose level) discontinued treatment early for reasons other than toxicity (early tumour progression) and was replaced. ", "The majority of patients were heavily pre-treated. ", "The patient characteristics are outlined in [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nDose escalation\n---------------\n\nVPA dose levels were escalated from 30 mg kg^−1^ over 60 to 120 mg kg^−1^, as planned (at the 30 mg kg^−1^ dose level, an additional cohort was opened as one patient had DLT, but retrospective analysis showed that this adverse event was most probably related to cerebral metastases and not to VPA). ", "After \\>2 out of six patients at the 120 mg kg^−1^ dose level had DLT, the protocol was amended to include an additional dose level of 90 mg kg^−1^. A further dose level, 75 mg kg^−1^, was included per amendment, as there was DLT in \\>2 out of six patients at the 90 mg kg^−1^ dose level. ", "After two out of five patients had DLT at the 75 mg kg^−1^ dose levels, 60 mg kg^−1^ was defined as MTD. ", "The dose escalation schedule is outlined in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nFifteen patients received all planned infusions of VPA, and in nine patients, the treatment was stopped early due to toxicity and in two patients due to rapid tumour progression. ", "One patient refused further treatment after the first infusion cycle due to personal reasons.", "\n\nToxicity\n--------\n\nThe most common type of toxicity in our study was neurological, occurring in almost all patients in a dose-dependent manner. ", "Eight patients experienced a DLT. ", "Neurocognitive impairment in form of confusion or disorientation represented the DLT in seven of these eight patients.", "\n\nFive patients had neurovisual or neuroacustical side effects, but of lower grade. ", "Also grade 1 or 2 vertigo was observed in five out of 26 patients. ", "Somnolence occurred in 21 out of 26 patients and was dose limiting in two patients (both in the 120 mg cohort). ", "All neurological side effects, whether dose limiting or not, resolved completely after discontinuation of the treatment. ", "The toxicities are outlined in [Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nHaematological and metabolic toxicities were rare and mild (leucopoenia and thrombocytopenia). ", "Gastrointestinal toxicity was also of lower grade, with 13 patients suffering from grade 1 or 2 nausea and/or vomiting. ", "No relevant general toxicity was observed, except that five patients had fatigue, and in two patients, it was of grade 3 (dose-limiting).", "\n\nClinical response\n-----------------\n\nEighteen (69%) of 26 patients were evaluable for response. ", "No objective responses were observed. ", "Two patients (one patient with non-small-cell lung cancer and one additional patient with colorectal cancer) had stable disease lasting 3 and 5 months, respectively. ", "Both of the patients were previously treated and had rapid disease progression under the prior cytotoxic treatment.", "\n\nPharmacokinetic studies\n-----------------------\n\nAt the 30 and 60 mg kg^−1^ dose levels, the median baseline VPA concentrations were in the range, normally achieved during anti-epileptic therapy (50--120 mg l^−1^; [Figure 1A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "No DLT was observed among the patients treated in these dose levels. ", "In contrast, median VPA concentrations regularly exceeded 120 mg l^−1^ at the 90 and 120 mg kg^−1^ dose levels, with a tendency to higher concentration towards the end of the 5-day treatment correlating with the incidence of DLTs.", "\n\n[Figure 1B](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the median maximum concentrations of VPA at different dose levels. ", "At the 30 and 60 mg kg^−1^ dose levels, the maximum serum concentration of VPA did not exceed 200 mg l^−1^, and at the 90 and 120 mg kg^−1^ dose levels, median maximum serum concentrations of VPA were above 200 mg l^−1^ with individual concentrations up to 500 mg l^−1^, indicating that also the high maximum VPA concentrations may contribute to the occurrence of DLTs.", "\n\nBiomonitoring\n-------------\n\nAn increase of histone hyperacetylation was observed in 12 (75%) out of 16 tested patients under VPA treatment, with either H3-hyperacetylation and/or H4-hyperacetylation of PBL, analysed by Western blot. [", "Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows representative results of western blot analyses in four patients treated at different dose levels. ", "Histone hyperacetylation did not seem to be dose dependent. ", "Four patients had no detectable biological activity, two of whom were treated at 120 mg kg^−1^, one at 30, and one at 60 mg kg^−1^ dose level.", "\n\nMonitoring the histone acetylation of PBMC with T52 via FACS also showed an increase of the acetylation status of PBL during VPA treatment in 10 out of 10 patients tested.", "\n\nThe expression of HDAC2 was analysed by western blot in four patients (at dose levels 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg kg^−1^). ", "Downregulation of HDAC2 was observed in all patients tested ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nHDAC inhibition represents an interesting mechanism of anti-cancer treatment. ", "Several HDAC inhibitors, including phenylbutyrate, depsipeptide, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) are currently under investigation in clinical studies ([Carducci *et al*, 2001](#bib2){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Sandor *et al*, 2002](#bib19){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Kelly *et al*, 2003](#bib10){ref-type=\"other\"}, [2005](#bib9){ref-type=\"other\"}). ", "The compounds apparently differ in their activity and safety profiles from each other and from VPA. ", "The fact that VPA has been safely used in the long-term therapy of patients with epilepsy over decades clearly represents an advantage of VPA.", "\n\nOur study was conducted to determine the MTD and define the DLT of intravenous VPA given as an 1-hour infusion twice daily for 5 consecutive days in a 21-day cycle in patients with advanced solid tumours. ", "Furthermore, we conducted a pharmacokinetic analysis to assess the correlation between the side effects observed and the VPA serum concentration reached at each dose level. ", "The study, in addition, aimed to investigate whether intravenous VPA induces hyperacetylation *in vivo*, as assessed in patients\\' PBL. ", "To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of a clinical trial with VPA as a HDAC inhibitor in patients with solid tumours.", "\n\nThe treatment was well tolerated in patients treated with VPA 30 or 60 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^. These patients had median VPA concentrations ranging between 50 and 120 mg l^−1^, which were slightly higher than those observed in patients receiving VPA during anti-epileptic therapy ([Loscher, 1999](#bib14){ref-type=\"other\"}). ", "On the other hand, severe neurological side effects including disorientation, confusion, and somnolence dominated the toxicity profile and were dose limiting in most of the patients who received VPA at 90 or 120 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^. In these patients, median and maximum VPA serum concentrations were \\>120 and 200 mg l^−1^, respectively. ", "After an additional dose level at 75 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^ was also found toxic (DLT in two out of five patients), the MTD of infusional VPA was defined as 60 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^ for 5 consecutive days. ", "This dose is consistent with the results of a phase 1/2 study reported by [Garcia-Manero *et al* (2006)](#bib7){ref-type=\"other\"} in patients with advanced leukaemia receiving the combination of a fixed dose of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and escalating doses of VPA for 10 days, where a daily dose of 50 mg kg^−1^ of VPA was found to be safe.", "\n\nThe availability of an oral formulation of VPA represents an additional advantage of VPA. ", "We, however, preferred the intravenous over the oral use of VPA in the study because we expected that a proportion of the study patients may have gastrointestinal disturbances (due to the very advanced stages of disease) which may affect the uptake of VPA.", "\n\n*In vitro* experiments by Yang and colleagues ([Yang *et al*, 2005](#bib23){ref-type=\"other\"}) demonstrated that high doses of VPA were needed to show hyperacetylation and antitumour effects in tumour cell lines. ", "The amount of hyperacetylation was enhanced with increasing concentrations of VPA up to 10 m[M]{.smallcaps} ([Yang *et al*, 2005](#bib23){ref-type=\"other\"}). ", "In consideration of these data, we chose an intermittent schedule of VPA in an attempt to be able to administer higher doses of VPA, as it would have been possible using the continuous dosing. ", "The results, however, showed that we could not markedly increase the dose of VPA safely over that usually used in the long-term treatment.", "\n\nThe use of VPA in our study was associated with an increase of acetylated histones and a decrease of HDAC2 protein levels as assessed by western blot analysis and flow cytometry in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients in all dose levels. ", "This is important because it suggests that we could achieve detectable biological activity using the lower doses of VPA, which were found tolerable in the study. ", "Notably, we did not evaluate the histone acetylation status of the tumours. ", "In a recent study, however, the accumulation of acetylated histones in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after the administration of the HDAC inhibitor SAHA correlated well to the accumulation of acetylated histones in patients\\' tumours as assessed by immunohistochemistry ([Kelly *et al*, 2003](#bib10){ref-type=\"other\"}).", "\n\nEfficacy was a secondary end point of the trial. ", "No radiological responses were observed. ", "One patient with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer and one additional patient with metastatic colorectal cancer had a stable disease, lasting 3 and 5 months, respectively. ", "Both patients had documented rapid disease progression under their prior cytotoxic therapy, as was documented by subsequent CT scans. ", "The stable disease achieved in these patients may, therefore, be related to VPA. ", "Overall, the efficacy results of our study are, in fact, very difficult to interpret due to several aspects, including the small size and heterogeneity of the study population. ", "Objective responses to HDAC inhibitors have been observed using SAHA in patients with lymphoma and bladder cancer ([Kelly *et al*, 2003](#bib10){ref-type=\"other\"}) or VPA in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute leukaemia ([Bug *et al*, 2005](#bib1){ref-type=\"other\"}; [Kuendgen *et al*, 2006](#bib13){ref-type=\"other\"}). ", "The activity of VPA in patients with solid tumours may be improved by patient selection based on biological parameters (e.g. HDAC2 overexpression) or by the combination of VPA with drugs that may act synergistic with HDAC inhibitors. ", "Additive effects of VPA and mitomycin C could be demonstrated in adenocarcinoma cell lines and fresh tumour cells from patients with colon cancer *in vitro* by our group ([Friedmann *et al*, 2006](#bib6){ref-type=\"other\"}). ", "Future studies are needed to investigate these issues.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n###### \n\nPatient characteristics\n\n   **No. ", "of patients**  \n ----------------------------------------- --------------------- ----\n *Age (years)* \n  Median 62.5  \n  Range 39--75  \n      \n *Sex* \n  Female 12 46\n  Male 14 64\n      \n *Karnofsky performance status* \n  100 5 19\n  90 16 62\n  80 4 15\n  70 1 4\n      \n *Tumour type* \n  Colorectal 10 38\n  Melanoma 4 15\n  Breast 2 8\n  Non-small-cell lung cancer 3 12\n  Prostate 1 4\n  Ovarian 1 4\n  Oesophageal 1 4\n  Ileum 1 4\n  Thymus 1 4\n  CUP 1 4\n  Myeloma 1 4\n      \n *No of prior palliative chemotherapies* \n  1--2 10 38\n  3--4 12 46\n  \\>4 4 15\n      \n *Organs involved (metastatic)* \n  1 7 27\n  2 10 38\n  ⩾3 9 35\n\n###### \n\nDose escalation schedule\n\n **Cohort number** **Dose (mg kg^−1^ body weight)** **No. ", "of patients** **DLT**\n ------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------------- ---------\n 1 and 2 30 6 0^a^\n 3 60 3 0\n 4 and 5 120 5 4^b^\n 6 and 7 90 6 4\n 8 and 9 75 5 2\n\nDLT, dose-limiting toxicity.", "\n\nSymptoms were related to cerebral metastasis.", "\n\nOne additional patient had a delayed adverse event which was later considered DLT during data monitoring, after the cohort was already extended.", "\n\n###### \n\nCommon toxicity (*n*=26 patients)\n\n   **Grade 1** **Grade 2** **Grade 3** **Grade 4**\n -------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n *Haematological* \n  Leucopenia 3 (12) 1 (4) --- ---\n  Thrombocytopenia 2 (8) --- --- ---\n  Anaemia --- --- --- ---\n          \n *Gastrointestinal* \n  Diarrhoea 2 (8) --- --- ---\n  Nausea/vomiting 9 (35) 4 (15) --- ---\n  Constipation 1 (4) --- --- ---\n  Anorexia 1 (4) 1 (4) --- ---\n          \n *Metabolic* \n  Creatinine --- --- --- ---\n  AST --- 1 (4) --- ---\n  ALT 1 (4) --- --- ---\n  Lipase/amylase 1 (4) --- --- ---\n          \n *Neurological* \n  Neurosensory 4 (15) 1 (4) --- ---\n  Neuromotor --- --- --- ---\n  Neurocortical (cognitive disturbance/confusion) 5 (19) 1 (4) 8 (31) ---\n  Vertigo 4 (25) 1 (4) --- ---\n  Neuroconstipation --- --- 1 (4) ---\n  Headache 2 (8) --- --- ---\n  Somnolence 15 (58) 4 (15) 2 (8) ---\n          \n *General* \n  Fatigue 1 (4) 2 (8) 2 (8) ---\n  Pain 1 (4) --- --- ---\n  Fever --- --- --- ---\n  Skin --- 1 (4) --- ---\n" ]

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[ "Paolo Alberto Faccini\n\nPaolo Alberto Faccini (born January 22, 1961 in Verona) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.", "\n\nHe played for 4 seasons in Serie A for Roma and Avellino.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1961 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Verona\nCategory:Italian footballers\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Serie A players\nCategory:Serie B players\nCategory:A.S. Roma players\nCategory:S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio players\nCategory:U.S. Avellino 1912 players\nCategory:A.C. Perugia Calcio players\nCategory:A.C. Pisa 1909 players\nCategory:Parma Calcio 1913 players\nCategory:Calcio Padova players\nCategory:Spezia Calcio players\nCategory:L'Aquila Calcio 1927 players" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGetting a radiogroup to extend evenly horizontally with match_parent\n\nThe problem I'm having is that I can't seem to get it to match_parent properly. ", "What I want it to do is to extend to the end of the page like the image below. ", "\nI've tried practically everything, but the only solution I've come up with is adding a fixed px, which is something I do not want to do because it conflicts across different platforms. ", "\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\n android:id=\"@+id/activity_main\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:paddingBottom=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\n android:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\n android:paddingRight=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\n android:paddingTop=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\n tools:context=\"net.battleplugins.msutton.fragemento.", "MainActivity\">\n <TableLayout\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\">\n <TableRow\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:id=\"@+id/menu_row\">\n\n <RadioGroup\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"75dp\"\n android:orientation='horizontal'>\n\n <RadioButton\n android:text=\"@string/quiz_button_title\"\n android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:id=\"@+id/quiz_button\"\n android:button=\"@android:color/transparent\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/buttonbackground\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"updateFragment\"/>\n\n <RadioButton\n android:text=\"@string/picture_button_title\"\n android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:id=\"@+id/picture_button\"\n android:button=\"@android:color/transparent\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/buttonbackground\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"updateFragment\"/>\n\n <RadioButton\n android:text=\"@string/events_button_title\"\n android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:id=\"@+id/events_button\"\n android:button=\"@android:color/transparent\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/buttonbackground\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"updateFragment\"/>\n </RadioGroup>\n </TableRow>\n </TableLayout>\n\n</RelativeLayout>\n\nWhat I'm getting is this:\n\nWhat I want it to do is this:\n\nThe problem with this is that this is a fixed amount. ", "\nandroid:layout_width=\"1075px\" in the RadioGroup\n\nA:\n\nyou can use LinearLayout instead:\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<LinearLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\n android:id=\"@+id/activity_main\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:paddingBottom=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\n android:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\n android:paddingRight=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\n android:paddingTop=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\n android:orientation=\"horizontal\"\n tools:context=\"net.battleplugins.msutton.fragemento.", "MainActivity\">\n <RadioGroup\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"75dp\"\n android:orientation='horizontal'>\n\n <RadioButton\n android:text=\"@string/quiz_button_title\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:id=\"@+id/quiz_button\"\n android:button=\"@android:color/transparent\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/buttonbackground\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"updateFragment\"/>\n\n <RadioButton\n android:text=\"@string/picture_button_title\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:id=\"@+id/picture_button\"\n android:button=\"@android:color/transparent\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/buttonbackground\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"updateFragment\"/>\n\n <RadioButton\n android:text=\"@string/events_button_title\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:id=\"@+id/events_button\"\n android:button=\"@android:color/transparent\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/buttonbackground\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"updateFragment\"/>\n </RadioGroup>\n</LinearLayout>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "On a spring day more than 5,000 years ago in the Mesopotamian city of Ur, a foreign merchant sold his wares in exchange for a large bundle of silver. ", "He didn't want to carry the bundle home because he knew he'd be back in Ur again to buy grain at the end of harvest season. ", "Instead the merchant walked to the local temple, where valuables were often stored, and asked the priest to hold onto the silver for him." ]

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[ "\n78 So.3d 546 (2011)\nSHARAKA\nv.\nE & A, INC.", "\nNo. ", "2D11-401.", "\nDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.", "\nDecember 21, 2011.", "\n\nDECISION WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINION\nAffirmed.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "False aneurysm formation following arteriographic intimal dissection: serial studies in 2 patients.", "\nTwo patients with metastatic islet-cell carcinoma underwent multiple hepatic artery catheterizations for streptozotocin infusion. ", "An intimal flap was raised during one of the initial arteriographic procedures and a false aneurysm developed. ", "The progression of the aneurysm was documented on sequential studies. ", "False aneurysm formation appears to be a relatively unappreciated complication of intimal dissection, and these 2 cases permitted observation of their natural history." ]

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[ "Should Australia Legalise Marijuana\n\nOn January 2nd 2014, the Help End Marijuana Prohibition (HEMP) party’s president Michael Bladerstone called for a referendum on whether Australia should legalise the sale and consumption of marijuana, also known as cannabis. ", "This came into action following Colorado’s decision to legalise the distribution and use of this particular drug. ", "The HEMP party is pushing for the legalisation of marijuana for personal and medical use. ", "I believe that marijuana should be made legal to the Australian public due to its extensive medical benefits, the fact that it is a lot safer than alcohol and for the economic benefits that it would bring to our Government.", "Marijuana has been used as a medicine for thousands of years in countries all over the world. ", "Medical cannabis is used to increase the appetite in patients with HIV, AIDS and cancer, to reduce nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, to reduce the symptoms of chronic pain, to help relieve spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis and Tourette’s and to stop seizures caused by Epilepsy.", "The Herald Sun undertook and investigation that found that up to 10 Victorian children, some as young as three, are taking daily doses of medical cannabis and in some cases it is being administered by teachers as desperate parents turn their backs on ineffective pharmaceutical drugs.", "On the 12th of January the Herald Sun also published an article about an eight year old girl called Tara O’Connell who suffered from Epilepsy and was having up to 60 seizures a day. ", "This little girl could no longer walk or talk and was given only months to live. ", "That was until her mother Cheri started giving her doses of liquid cannabis. ", "One year on, she is now a bubbly eight-year old who no longer needs a wheelchair to get around. ", "The only side effects that she experienced were an increase in appetite and fatigue. ", "Imagine all the children whose lives could be saved and change for the better if medical marijuana was made legal and made accessible to everyone. ", "Think of...\n\nOn January 2nd 2014, the Help End Marijuana Prohibition (HEMP) party’s president Michael\n\nBladerstone called for a referendum on whether Australia should legalise the sale and consumption\n\nof marijuana, also known as cannabis. ", "This came into action following Colorado’s decision to\n\nlegalise the distribution and use of this particular drug. ", "The HEMP party is pushing for the\n\nlegalisation of marijuana for personal and medical use. ", "I believe that marijuana should be made\n\nlegal to the Australian public due to its extensive medical benefits, the fact that it is a lot safer than\n\nalcohol and for the economic benefits that it would bring to our Government.", "Marijuana has been\n\nused as a medicine for thousands of years in countries all over the world. ", "Medical cannabis is used\n\nto increase the appetite in patients with HIV, AIDS and cancer, to reduce nausea and vomiting\n\ninduced by chemotherapy, to reduce the symptoms of chronic pain, to help relieve spasticity in\n\nMultiple Sclerosis and Tourette’s and to stop seizures caused by Epilepsy.", "The Herald Sun\n\nundertook and investigation that found that up to 10 Victorian children, some as young as three, are\n\ntaking daily doses of medical cannabis and in some cases it is being administered by teachers as\n\ndesperate parents turn their backs on ineffective pharmaceutical drugs.", "On the 12th of January the\n\nHerald Sun also published an article about an eight year old girl called Tara O’Connell who suffered\n\nfrom Epilepsy and was having up to 60 seizures a day. ", "This little girl could no longer walk or talk and\n\nwas given only months to live. ", "That was until her mother Cheri started giving her doses of liquid\n\ncannabis. ", "One year on, she is now a bubbly eight-year old who no longer needs a wheelchair to get\n\naround. ", "The only side effects that she experienced were an increase in appetite and fatigue.", "\n\nImagine all the children whose lives could be saved and change for the better if medical marijuana\n\nwas made legal and made accessible to everyone. ", "Think of the people who weren’t given the\n\nchance to try this medical miracle and lost their lives, just like Tara would have.", "\n\nMarijuana is supposedly illegal because it is a dangerous and addictive drug. ", "But if you compare it\n\nto alcohol which is a legal drug, you’ll see that alcohol is actually a whole lot more dangerous.", "\n\nAlcohol causes many deaths, whereas cannabis causes none. ", "An article by Jane Mower on the 20th\n\nof November last year stated that the Australian National Council on Drugs found that almost 1 in 8\n\ndeaths of people under the age of 25 are due to alcohol. ", "Compare that to marijuana where\n\nProfessor Lester Grinspoon said “Despite its use by millions of people over thousands of years,\n\ncannabis has never caused an overdose death.” ", "Alcohol also increases violent and aggressive\n\nbehaviour leading to many drunken fights and outburst whereas marijuana relaxes and calms the\n\nuser. ", "Another research showed that alcohol is more addictive than marijuana. ", "A study done by three\n\ndifferent doctors, J. Henningfield, N. Benowitz and D. Perrine all found that marijuana was less\n\naddictive than alcohol. ", "In each one of their studies, marijuana ranked the lowest out of all the drugs\n\nfor its addictiveness, even coming in below caffeine. ", "So answer me this; why is it that alcohol,\n\ndespite all the horrible things it causes it legal and marijuana which is immensely safer is illegal? ", "I\n\nsay, that if alcohol is legal, than shouldn’t marijuana be too?", "\n\nA huge reason as to why marijuana should be legalised is for the economic benefit that it would\n\nbring to our country. ", "Australia spends an estimated amount of $4.7 billion dollars on enforcing law\n\nagainst marijuana every year. ", "All of this wasted money has had no impact on the availability or the\n\nuse of marijuana so why do we continue to throw this much need money away? ", "If marijuana was\n\nmade legal we would no longer have to meet the cost for enforcing anti-marijuana laws and the\n\ngovernment would also gain money from tax revenues from the legal sales of cannabis, just like how\n\nthe taxes on alcohol and tobacco are major sources of government money. ", "If we followed\n\nColorado’s initiative and legalised marijuana for medical and personal use the tax on the sales\n\nwould become a much needed source of income for the Australian government. ", "If legalising\n\nmarijuana has such benefits for our country, why have we not done it yet and why are we still\n\nwaiting?", "\n\nOpponents to legalising the use of cannabis argue that it will increase the likelihood of accidents on\n\nthe road. ", "A report from the University of Colorado and Montana state University found that on" ]

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[ "Arashan\n\nArashan is a large village located just to the south of city of Bishkek, in northern Kyrgyzstan. ", "Its population was 3,832 in 2009. ", "The road leading north to Bishkek (about 22 km to the centre) becomes the M39 highway which links Bishkek to Almaty in Kazakhstan in the northeast. ", "Nearby settlements include Tash-Moynok just to the northeast and Besh-Küngöy along the main road to the north, Chong-Tash to the northwest, Vorontsovskoye to the southwest and Koy-Tash and Prokhladnoye to the southeast. ", "It lies in a fertile valley with lush green fields. ", "There is a plantation to the north.", "\n\nNotable people\n Asankhan Dzhumakhmatov (1923 - 2008) - Kyrgyz composer.", "\n Almazbek Atambayev (September 17, 1956) - 4th President of Kyrgyzstan\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Chuy Region" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use GSON with 5 day forecast openweathermap app correctly\n\nI'm trying to put together a weather app. ", "I'm using the 5 day forecast from openweathermap api and I'm wondering if I'm parsing and connecting the api correctly since it has more data then the current weather api. ", "Can anyone let me know if my code is correct? ", "Here is part of my code. ", "\n @Override\npublic View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,\n Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n // Inflate the layout for this fragment\n View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_weather_app, container, false);\n\n mRecyclerView = (RecyclerView) view.findViewById(R.id.recyclerView);\n mRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(getActivity()));\n mRecyclerView.addItemDecoration(new DividerItemDecoration(mRecyclerView.getContext(), DividerItemDecoration.", "VERTICAL));\n\n new GetWeatherAync().execute(getActivity());\n return view;\n\n}\n private class GetWeatherAync extends AsyncTask<Context, Void, \nList<ForecastWeatherList>> {\n private String TAG = GetWeatherAync.class.getSimpleName();\n private Context mContext;\n\n @Override\n protected void onPreExecute() {\n super.onPreExecute();\n }\n\n @Override\n protected List<ForecastWeatherList> doInBackground(Context...params) {\n mContext = params[0];\n return getWeatherFromServer();\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void onPostExecute(List<ForecastWeatherList> result) {\n super.onPostExecute(result);\n\n if (result !", "= null) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"populate UI recycler view with gson converted data\");\n\n RecyclerViewAdapter weatherRecyclerViewAdapter = new RecyclerViewAdapter(result, mContext);\n mRecyclerView.setAdapter(weatherRecyclerViewAdapter);\n }\n\n }\n}\n\npublic List<ForecastWeatherList> getWeatherFromServer(){\n String serviceUrl = \"http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/forecast?q=\" + searchView + api_key;\n URL url = null;\n try {\n url = new URL(serviceUrl);\n\n HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();\n connection.setRequestMethod(\"GET\");\n connection.setDoOutput(true);\n connection.setConnectTimeout(4000);\n connection.setReadTimeout(4000);\n connection.connect();\n\n BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream()));\n\n //pass buffered reader to convert json to javaobject using gson\n return convertJsonToObject(bufferedReader);\n\n }catch (Exception e){\n\n }\n\n return null;\n}\n\npublic List<ForecastWeatherList> convertJsonToObject(BufferedReader bufferedReader){\n final Gson gson = new Gson();\n\n //pass root element type to fromJson method along with input stream\n\n ForecastWeatherListWrapper weatherWrapper = gson.fromJson(bufferedReader,ForecastWeatherListWrapper.class);\n\n List<ForecastWeatherList> weatherlst = weatherWrapper.getforecastWeatherLists();\n\n return weatherlst;\n}\n\nHere is my GSON code. ", "There are classes for Clouds, Main, Rain, Sys, Weather and Wind. ", "\npublic class ForecastWeatherList {\n@SerializedName(\"dt\")\n@Expose\nprivate Integer dt;\n@SerializedName(\"main\")\n@Expose\nprivate Main main;\n@SerializedName(\"weather\")\n@Expose\nprivate Weather weather = null;\n@SerializedName(\"clouds\")\n@Expose\nprivate Clouds clouds;\n@SerializedName(\"wind\")\n@Expose\nprivate Wind wind;\n@SerializedName(\"rain\")\n@Expose\nprivate Rain rain;\n@SerializedName(\"sys\")\n@Expose\nprivate Sys sys;\n@SerializedName(\"dt_txt\")\n@Expose\nprivate String dtTxt;\n\npublic Integer getDt() {\n return dt;\n}\n\npublic void setDt(Integer dt) {\n this.dt = dt;\n}\n\npublic Main getMain() {\n return main;\n}\n\npublic void setMain(Main main) {\n this.main = main;\n}\n\npublic Weather getWeather() {\n return (Weather) weather;\n}\n\npublic void setWeather(Weather weather) {\n this.weather = weather;\n}\n\npublic Clouds getClouds() {\n return clouds;\n}\n\npublic void setClouds(Clouds clouds) {\n this.clouds = clouds;\n}\n\npublic Wind getWind() {\n return wind;\n}\n\npublic void setWind(Wind wind) {\n this.wind = wind;\n}\n\npublic Rain getRain() {\n return rain;\n}\n\npublic void setRain(Rain rain) {\n this.rain = rain;\n}\n\npublic Sys getSys() {\n return sys;\n}\n\npublic void setSys(Sys sys) {\n this.sys = sys;\n}\n\npublic String getDtTxt() {\n return dtTxt;\n}\n\npublic void setDtTxt(String dtTxt) {\n this.dtTxt = dtTxt;\n}\n\n}\nHere is the wrapper I am using. ", "\n public class ForecastWeatherListWrapper {\n\n private List<ForecastWeatherList> forecastWeatherLists;\n\npublic List<ForecastWeatherList> getforecastWeatherLists() {\n return forecastWeatherLists;\n}\n\npublic void setforecastWeatherLists(List<ForecastWeatherList> forecastWeatherItems){\n\n this.forecastWeatherLists = forecastWeatherItems;\n}\n\n}\nThis is the first time I'm using GSON to parse JSON data so my question is whether I'm using it correctly to parse my JSON data given there are other classes such as Main, Clouds, etc and whether I'm connecting to the internet with the api correctly. ", "Thanks. ", "\nHere is my main class:\npublic class Main {\n\n@SerializedName(\"temp\")\n@Expose\nprivate Double temp;\n@SerializedName(\"temp_min\")\n@Expose\nprivate Double tempMin;\n@SerializedName(\"temp_max\")\n@Expose\nprivate Double tempMax;\n@SerializedName(\"pressure\")\n@Expose\nprivate Double pressure;\n@SerializedName(\"sea_level\")\n@Expose\nprivate Double seaLevel;\n@SerializedName(\"grnd_level\")\n@Expose\nprivate Double grndLevel;\n@SerializedName(\"humidity\")\n@Expose\nprivate Integer humidity;\n@SerializedName(\"temp_kf\")\n@Expose\nprivate Integer tempKf;\n\npublic Double getTemp() {\n return temp;\n}\n\n public void setTemp(Double temp) {\n this.temp = temp;\n }\n\n public Double getTempMin() {\n return tempMin;\n }\n\n public void setTempMin(Double tempMin) {\n this.tempMin = tempMin;\n }\n\n public Double getTempMax() {\n return tempMax;\n }\n\n public void setTempMax(Double tempMax) {\n this.tempMax = tempMax;\n }\n\npublic Double getPressure() {\n return pressure;\n}\n\npublic void setPressure(Double pressure) {\n this.pressure = pressure;\n}\n\npublic Double getSeaLevel() {\n return seaLevel;\n}\n\npublic void setSeaLevel(Double seaLevel) {\n this.seaLevel = seaLevel;\n}\n\npublic Double getGrndLevel() {\n return grndLevel;\n}\n\npublic void setGrndLevel(Double grndLevel) {\n this.grndLevel = grndLevel;\n}\n\npublic Integer getHumidity() {\n return humidity;\n}\n\npublic void setHumidity(Integer humidity) {\n this.humidity = humidity;\n}\n\npublic Integer getTempKf() {\n return tempKf;\n}\n\npublic void setTempKf(Integer tempKf) {\n this.tempKf = tempKf;\n}\n\n}\n\nHere is my raw string data (I think). ", "\n \"cod\":\"200\",\n\"message\":0.0074,\n \"cnt\":39,\n\"list\":[\n {\n \"dt\":1534215600,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":293.24,\n \"temp_min\":292.346,\n \"temp_max\":293.24,\n \"pressure\":1021.77,\n \"sea_level\":1028.21,\n \"grnd_level\":1021.77,\n \"humidity\":100,\n \"temp_kf\":0.89\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":500,\n \"main\":\"Rain\",\n \"description\":\"light rain\",\n \"icon\":\"10n\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":20\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":2.51,\n \"deg\":275.001\n },\n \"rain\":{\n \"3h\":0.0050000000000008\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"n\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-14 03:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534226400,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":292.3,\n \"temp_min\":291.706,\n \"temp_max\":292.3,\n \"pressure\":1020.99,\n \"sea_level\":1027.42,\n \"grnd_level\":1020.99,\n \"humidity\":100,\n \"temp_kf\":0.6\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":800,\n \"main\":\"Clear\",\n \"description\":\"clear sky\",\n \"icon\":\"01n\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":0\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":2.52,\n \"deg\":294.505\n },\n \"rain\":{\n\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"n\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-14 06:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534237200,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":291.07,\n \"temp_min\":290.77,\n \"temp_max\":291.07,\n \"pressure\":1020.65,\n \"sea_level\":1027.03,\n \"grnd_level\":1020.65,\n \"humidity\":100,\n \"temp_kf\":0.3\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":800,\n \"main\":\"Clear\",\n \"description\":\"clear sky\",\n \"icon\":\"01n\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":0\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":1.31,\n \"deg\":225.5\n },\n \"rain\":{\n\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"n\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-14 09:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534248000,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":293.286,\n \"temp_min\":293.286,\n \"temp_max\":293.286,\n \"pressure\":1020.78,\n \"sea_level\":1027.17,\n \"grnd_level\":1020.78,\n \"humidity\":100,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":800,\n \"main\":\"Clear\",\n \"description\":\"clear sky\",\n \"icon\":\"02d\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":8\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":2.83,\n \"deg\":234.501\n },\n \"rain\":{\n\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"d\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-14 12:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534258800,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":298.671,\n \"temp_min\":298.671,\n \"temp_max\":298.671,\n \"pressure\":1020.76,\n \"sea_level\":1027.15,\n \"grnd_level\":1020.76,\n \"humidity\":92,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":800,\n \"main\":\"Clear\",\n \"description\":\"clear sky\",\n \"icon\":\"01d\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":0\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":2.71,\n \"deg\":259.5\n },\n \"rain\":{\n\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"d\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-14 15:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534269600,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":300.7,\n \"temp_min\":300.7,\n \"temp_max\":300.7,\n \"pressure\":1019.76,\n \"sea_level\":1026.18,\n \"grnd_level\":1019.76,\n \"humidity\":83,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":500,\n \"main\":\"Rain\",\n \"description\":\"light rain\",\n \"icon\":\"10d\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":24\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":3.66,\n \"deg\":285.503\n },\n \"rain\":{\n \"3h\":1.11\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"d\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-14 18:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534280400,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":298.464,\n \"temp_min\":298.464,\n \"temp_max\":298.464,\n \"pressure\":1019.68,\n \"sea_level\":1025.97,\n \"grnd_level\":1019.68,\n \"humidity\":83,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":500,\n \"main\":\"Rain\",\n \"description\":\"light rain\",\n \"icon\":\"10d\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":48\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":3.27,\n \"deg\":289.504\n },\n \"rain\":{\n \"3h\":1.61\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"d\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-14 21:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534291200,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":297.882,\n \"temp_min\":297.882,\n \"temp_max\":297.882,\n \"pressure\":1020,\n \"sea_level\":1026.37,\n \"grnd_level\":1020,\n \"humidity\":82,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":500,\n \"main\":\"Rain\",\n \"description\":\"light rain\",\n \"icon\":\"10n\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":36\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":2.37,\n \"deg\":275.004\n },\n \"rain\":{\n \"3h\":0.13\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"n\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-15 00:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534302000,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":295.242,\n \"temp_min\":295.242,\n \"temp_max\":295.242,\n \"pressure\":1021.11,\n \"sea_level\":1027.53,\n \"grnd_level\":1021.11,\n \"humidity\":94,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":802,\n \"main\":\"Clouds\",\n \"description\":\"scattered clouds\",\n \"icon\":\"03n\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":32\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":1.26,\n \"deg\":313.002\n },\n \"rain\":{\n\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"n\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-15 03:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534312800,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":294.05,\n \"temp_min\":294.05,\n \"temp_max\":294.05,\n \"pressure\":1021.27,\n \"sea_level\":1027.77,\n \"grnd_level\":1021.27,\n \"humidity\":100,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":800,\n \"main\":\"Clear\",\n \"description\":\"clear sky\",\n \"icon\":\"01n\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":0\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":2.46,\n \"deg\":274.504\n },\n \"rain\":{\n\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"n\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-15 06:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"dt\":1534323600,\n \"main\":{\n \"temp\":293.495,\n \"temp_min\":293.495,\n \"temp_max\":293.495,\n \"pressure\":1021.36,\n \"sea_level\":1027.7,\n \"grnd_level\":1021.36,\n \"humidity\":100,\n \"temp_kf\":0\n },\n \"weather\":[\n {\n \"id\":800,\n \"main\":\"Clear\",\n \"description\":\"clear sky\",\n \"icon\":\"01n\"\n }\n ],\n \"clouds\":{\n \"all\":0\n },\n \"wind\":{\n \"speed\":3.01,\n \"deg\":277.505\n },\n \"rain\":{\n\n },\n \"sys\":{\n \"pod\":\"n\"\n },\n \"dt_txt\":\"2018-08-15 09:00:00\"\n],\n\"city\":{\n \"id\":4347778,\n \"name\":\"Baltimore\",\n \"coord\":{\n \"lat\":39.2909,\n \"lon\":-76.6108\n },\n \"country\":\"US\",\n \"population\":620961\n\n}\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou have to get the \"list\" object first.", "\nEither parse the list into a Json Object first Or do \"ForecastWeatherListWrapper\"\npublic class ForecastWeatherListWrapper {\n\n @SerializedName(\"list\")\n @Expose\n private List<ForecastWeatherList> forecastWeatherLists;\n\n public List<ForecastWeatherList> getforecastWeatherLists() {\n return forecastWeatherLists;\n }\n\n public void setforecastWeatherLists(List<ForecastWeatherList> forecastWeatherItems){\n\n this.forecastWeatherLists = forecastWeatherItems;\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "This article is more than 1 year old\n\nThis article is more than 1 year old\n\nA deputy speaker of the House of Commons has advised MPs they should take a black cab or travel home together to avoid the risk of intimidation or abuse, as public tensions rise over the Brexit process.", "\n\nLindsay Hoyle, a long-serving Labour MP, emailed all colleagues on Wednesday to say the Metropolitan police had been “left in no doubt” it had to ensure that “members of parliament can vote in parliament without fear”.", "\n\n“Personally, I have never felt this level of tension during my time in the house and I am aware that other colleagues feel the same,” Hoyle wrote. “", "Many colleagues have already been subject to widely publicised abuse and intimidation.”", "\n\nMPs raise safety fears with police after Anna Soubry subjected to 'Nazi’ chants Read more\n\nHe advised MPs to take “simple steps” such as travelling home by taxi or with colleagues, and he said most had already taken security measures at home such as installing panic buttons.", "\n\nOn Thursday parliament’s human rights committee published a letter from Max Hill, the director of public prosecutions, listing a string of prosecutions against people who had abused or threatened an MP.", "\n\nThe most senior prosecutor in England and Wales said that while freedom of speech was important, he took threats against MPs “very seriously indeed”. ", "He added: “Criminal offences committed against MPs imperil both the democratic process and public service.”", "\n\nHill listed 16 convictions since June 2016 – the month of the EU referendum – and a further seven cases pending involving proven or alleged harassment, intimidation or abuse of MPs. ", "All the cases he listed were anonymised.", "\n\nHis list omitted some of the most serious cases, most notably the murder of the Labour MP Jo Cox in 2016, for which the killer was jailed for life, and a far-right plot to kill another Labour MP, Rosie Cooper.", "\n\nThis week there were chaotic scenes at Westminster magistrates court at a preliminary hearing in the trial of James Goddard, a “yellow vest” protester accused of harassing the Independent Group MP Anna Soubry.", "\n\nGoddard is accused of harassing Soubry by following her, filming her and calling her a “Nazi” and “traitor” outside the Houses of Parliament on two occasions in December and January, the court heard. ", "He denies the charges and a trial is due in July.", "\n\nThe hearing on Monday was briefly adjourned after supporters of Goddard in the public gallery chanted, shouted about Brexit and made their own derogatory comments about Soubry, who defected from the Conservatives in February.", "\n\nHoyle’s email was sent a few hours before Theresa May criticised parliament in a televised evening address, saying the country was weary of infighting, procedural rows and “tired of MPs talking about nothing else but Brexit”.", "\n\nIt prompted some MPs to accuse the prime minister of reckless behaviour at a time when many MPs have reported rising concern about the level of death threats and other forms of abuse since the Brexit vote.", "\n\nThe Labour MP Wes Streeting said on Wednesday that May’s speech was “incendiary and irresponsible. ", "If any harm comes to any of us, she will have to accept her share of responsibility.”", "\n\nDowning Street rejected the accusation. ", "May’s deputy official spokesperson said on Thursday morning she “would flatly reject” the idea that the speech had put MPs at risk from an angry public. ", "Streeting said he stood by what he had said.", "\n\nThe Labour MP Lloyd Russell-Moyle said on Thursday evening he had been attacked by a man in his Brighton Kemptown constituency who said MPs were traitors.", "\n\nRussell-Moyle said the man then “tried to assault me, grabbed and bent my glasses, and for a moment I thought he was going to hit me”, before three men pulled the assailant away. ", "The MP accused May of having “whipped up fear and division” with her speech." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nL shaped java application window\n\nI want to create a java application that is the shape of an \"L\" so that the application only occupies the left and bottom borders of the screen. ", " I also do not want the normal borders and title bar at the top. ", " I've seen other people creating circles and other shapes like that, but no complex shapes. ", " This is for a windows xp computer and will never be on any other os.", "\nSo, how would I do this?", "\n\nA:\n\njava.awt.", "Window/javax.swing.", "JWindow and java.awt.", "Frame/javax.swing.", "JFrame with setUndecorated will create frameless windows. ", "You could put two or more together to create an L-shape.", "\nFrom 6u10, the Sun JRE also has a non-standard API or non-rectangular and transparent windows.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Belle Terre - the \"P\" Section\n\nNeighborhood of Palm Coast\n\nIn Palm Coast there are two \"P\" Sections: the Belle Terre \"P\" Section is in closer proximity to Palm Coast Parkway than the Pine Grove \"P\" Section. ", "Belle Terre is to the north of Pine Grove and therefore closer to Palm Coast Parkway's Interstate-95 access ramps and the development that is inherent to that part of the city. ", "Located within Belle Terre is also the newly renovated Wadsworth Elementary School and Buddy Taylor Middle School.", "\n\nBelle Terre's street names begin with \"Pa\", \"Pe\", and \"Pr\". ", "Here you will also find the Belle Terre Swim and Racquet Club, and the Frieda Zamba Center, both with tennis courts, heated swimming pools, fitness programs, and more. ", "Depending on what end of Belle Terre a property is located, there will be access to U.S. Route One by way of Palm Coast Parkway or White View Parkway. ", "If any community of Palm Coast could be called the geographic center of Palm Coast, it would absolutely be the Belle Terre \"P\" Section.", "\n\nThose interested in homes for sale in Belle Terre will find an abundance of well maintained resale houses. ", "This neighborhood is truly the suburbs of American at its finest, with the convenient proximity to everything residents desire, including the beach, within a ten mile radius. ", "See homes for sale in the Belle Terre \"P\" Section of Palm Coast." ]

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[ "Image-based three-dimensional finite element modeling approach for upper airway mechanics.", "\nThe goal of the project is to investigate new computational tools for understanding normal upper airway mechanics and the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a disorder characterized by repetitive pharyngeal collapse and occlusion during sleep. ", "To relate the airway mechanical parameters to anatomy, and explore the roles of primary muscle properties, airway shape and structure, a new computational system for modeling of rat upper airway passive mechanics based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was developed. ", "The model is capable of computing stress and strain distributions under arbitrary loading, and dynamic animation of three-dimensional airway motion." ]

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[ "By Chris Charles\n\n\n\nNice shirt, Mikey\n\n\"I saw Mike's shirt. ", "He asked me to sign it but I refused!\"", "\n\nReturning Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan after seeing Magpies owner Mike Ashley wearing a top with 'King Kev' on the back.", "\n\n\"The match for them is a bit like people down south going to the theatre. ", "They want to be entertained.\"", "\n\nKeegan on the Geordie passion for football, before putting on Much Ado About Nothing at St James' Park on Saturday.", "\n\n\"People think I've been out of the game for 100 years.\"", "\n\n'The Messiah' in his first press conference since leaving Man City in 1905.", "\n\n\"I think sometimes you guys write the truth but sometimes your editors chop out some important bits - the facts.\"", "\n\nKeegan knows how to keep the assembled hacks sweet.", "\n\n\"That's what it said in the papers - let's hope the papers are right!\"", "\n\nWhen asked if it was true he had £30m to spend in the transfer window.", "\n\n\"I just thought, sod it, let's attack them.\"", "\n\nReading boss Steve Coppell goes for broke against Man Utd.", "\n\n\"Someone has had it away and when I find out who it is, it's going to be bloody. ", "Legs will be broken.\"", "\n\nRoyals skipper Graeme Murty takes the news that someone has half-inched the shirt he swapped with Ronaldo really well.", "\n\n\"Maybe one of the apprentices has had it. ", "Maybe Murts should check ebay in a day or two!\"", "\n\nReading striker Kevin 'Columbo' Doyle has his suspicions.", "\n\n\"If the morals of an alley cat exist in the boardroom then you can't expect players to be leaders and virtuous on and off the pitch.\"", "\n\nLuton boss Kevin Blackwell has a pop at Liverpool's owners over their treatment of Rafa Benitez ahead of his side's FA Cup third round replay at Anfield.", "\n\nDavid Beckham, eat your heart out\n\n\"I'm much better for having lived in a garage.\"", "\n\nNew Bolton signing Gretar Steinsson hopes to park himself in the first team after his spell in a lock-up in Switzerland.", "\n\n\"He would go out there on crutches and play if we asked him.\"", "\n\nFulham boss Roy Hodgson gives Jimmy Bullard a leg-up after his return from injury.", "\n\nAND SOME FROM YOU\n\n\"I have a feeling everyone is putting two and two together and making four.\"", "\n\nChris Coleman's agent Alan Smith on Radio 5 Live on the chances of him becoming number two to Keegan at Newcastle. ", "Nice to see he can add up! (", "Karen Mason, England).", "\n\n\"When Kevin Keegan arrived at Newcastle you could literally see the shackles being shook off the players.\"", "\n\nFan on 5 Live debate at Shearer's Bar. (", "Julian, England).", "\n\n\"One, I don't know if he wants a two, and two I'm not sure I want to be one.\"", "\n\nAlan Shearer discussing any role he may have with Kevin Keegan at Newcastle. (", "Colm Dunne, Ireland).", "\n\n\"I would love it, love it if we beat them on Saturday.\"", "\n\nSheffield Wednesday boss Brian Laws goes all Kevin Keegan before the Sheffield derby. (", "Tom Smith, England).", "\n\nNever see 'em in the same room\n\n\"Does anyone else think that David Moyes looks like Moe from The Simpsons?\"", "\n\nHarvey, on 606, may have a point. (", "Phil, England).", "\n\n\"Least but not last, I would like to thank the Dubai Government.\"", "\n\nHaille Gebrselassie after winning the Dubai Marathon. (", "Jon Maskell, Dubai).", "\n\n\"I'm looking forward to going to Qatar again, it's my first time there.\"", "\n\nLuke Donald in Abu Dhabi. (", "Gary O, Hertfordshire).", "\n\n\"We're not relegated yet and there'll be no throwing in of the white flag.\"", "\n\nScunthorpe manager Nigel Adkins after defeat by Wolves. ", "It's got to be one cliche or the other, Nigel, you can't make up your own! (", "Tom Sperrink, England).", "\n\n\"It's Pablo that gets caught with his knickers down and Robinho dances around him...pulls it back for Raul. ", "Raul says 'Thank you very much, Brazilian boy!' ", "It's off to the races! ", "Like a thoroughbred. ", "Robinho's vision, Robinho's class, Raul's deadly dagger!\"", "\n\nRay Hudson, GolTV Commentator during Atletico Madrid-Real Madrid. (", "Kailyn LeAnne, Kentucky, USA).", "\n\nI've never told a lie in me life - uh-oh\n\n\"Are you telling the truth? ", "Because your nose will get longer if you are not.\"", "\n\nJeff Stelling to pundit Phil Thompson on Soccer Saturday. (", "Jack D, London).", "\n\n\"The Mel Gibson film 'What Women Want' was scheduled to be shown at this time, I'm sure this is not what it is.\"", "\n\nGuy Mowbray during a rather uneventful first half of the FA Cup third round replay between Man City and West Ham. (", "David Macleod, Scotland).", "\n\n\"Obviously no-one's shown him how to use the kitchen. ", "If you want to have pasta, why don't you make it, son?!\"", "\n\nBBC Radio 5 Live's Alan Green on Man City striker Rolando Bianchi's dislike of English food. (", "Rich Gledhill, UK).", "\n\n\"This is volley porn!\"", "\n\nAdrian Chiles when comparing spectacular volleyed goals on MOTD2. (", "Richard Lynch, Chester).", "\n\n\"Oba Martins v Spurs 14/1/07... Nigerian ace collects 25 yards from goal before smashing an unstoppable 30-yard shot beyond Paul Robinson.\"", "\n\nnufc.co.uk votes for goal of the year. (", "Samuel Ronbom, UK).", "\n\n\"Havant and Waterlooville were literally fighting for their lives out there.\"", "\n\nA little extreme from Lee Dixon. ", "It was only Swansea. (", "Sanu, UK).", "\n\n\"He just walks into a room and a player grows by 20 per cent.\"", "\n\nSteven Harper on Kevin Keegan. ", "It's a good job he isn't England manager anymore, Peter Crouch would be through the ceiling! (", "Mark Gower, England).", "\n\nDo you believe in cod?", "\n\n\"GOOOOOOOOOOAL!!! ", "The Cod has scored!\"", "\n\nHeard on Catalunya Radio during Barcelona v Murcia when Eidur Gudjohnsen scored. (", "Hannah Margrett, Spain).", "\n\n\"It was wrong that they spoke to him behind his back. ", "They should have done it behind closed doors.\"", "\n\nLiverpool fans speaking about the treatment of Rafa Benitez. (", "Malc Williams, UK).", "\n\n\"A really great performance from a team who have not only played intelligently, but also cleverly.\"", "\n\nComment on Talksport after Bury's shock defeat of Norwich. (", "Tom, England).", "\n\n\"This is a three-lap race, two short laps and two long ones!\"", "\n\nBrendan Foster commentating on the cross country in Edinburgh. (", "Dave Clark-Wilson, Isle of Man).", "\n\n\"It just shows that shocks can happen when you least expect them.\"", "\n\nWillo Flood ahead of Dundee United's cup tie with Clyde. (", "Brendan Croft, Scotland).", "\n\n\"Alos coming in for Spurs - no, sorry, also coming in.\"", "\n\nIan Payne during build up to Reading-Spurs. (", "Ben, England).", "\n\nOnce a red, always a red\n\n\"He's like a magnet...he smells danger.\"", "\n\nMike Newell on Jamie Carragher's defensive abilities. (", "Jack, Oxford).", "\n\n\"That was as electrifying as a hair-dryer getting thrown into a bath full of water!\"", "\n\nUS commentator describes Fernando Torres' screamer against Middlesbrough. (", "Ashley Thornton-Jones, England).", "\n\n\"It hurts a lot and it's hard to describe how much I am hurting at the moment.\"", "\n\nGlenn Roeder on Norwich's defeat by Bury. (", "Chris Gandhi, UK).", "\n\n\"He's an unhappy Campo.\"", "\n\nMark Lawrenson on Ivan Campo's early exit. ", "Genius. (", "Jon T, England).", "\n\n\"I think he scored more tonight than I've scored in 500 games.\"", "\n\nJamie Carragher on Steven Gerrard's hat-trick against Luton.", "\n\n\"To sack him at this stage doesn't make any sense to me, but, to be honest, most things don't make any sense to me.\"", "\n\nPaul Merson tries to make sense of Sam Allardyce's departure. (", "Both from Painy).", "\n\nBarbara Schett: \"You wouldn't believe it would be possible to win three tournaments just seven months after giving birth.\"", "\n\nMats Wilander: \"It certainly would be impossible on the men's tour!\"", "\n\nOn Lindsay Davenport's return. (", "Howard, Netherlands).", "\n\nThree quid for this shirt - bargain\n\n\"What shirt am I wearing, bruv? ", "Are you being serious?!\"", "\n\nLeeds' Jermaine Beckford when asked about his future on Sky Sports. (", "Peter, UK).", "\n\n\"Stay in school, kids, or you might end up being an umpire.\"", "\n\nAndy Roddick expressing his approval of the umpire during his third round Australian Open match against Phillipp Kohlschreiber. (", "Jon, UK).", "\n\nCHANTS OF THE WEEK\n\n\"You Fill Up My Senses\n\nLike A Home Game With Wigan\n\nLike A Goal From Paul Scharner\n\nLike a Goal From Teves\n\nLike a peno from Unsworth\n\nLike a bye bye to Warnock\n\nLike Sheffield United\n\nYou ****** up again!\"", "\n\nSheffield Wednesday fans teasing United in the steel city derby. (", "Molly Fenwick, England).", "\n\n\"Bryan, top marks for not trying - with your rubbish formations and awful choices, you should get the boot soon.\"", "\n\nWednesday fans to Bryan Robson, to the tune of Arctic Monkeys' Brianstorm.(James, England).", "\n\n\"You can stick your Yorkshire pudding up your a***!\"", "\n\nCarlisle fans to Doncaster. (", "Sam, Carlisle).", "\n\n\"What's that coming out of the air - it's Martin Laursen, it's Martin Laursen.\"", "\n\nVilla fans to their goalscoring defender. (", "Darren, England).", "\n\n\"You're getting sacked in the morning\"\n\nLuton fans to Rafa Benitez.", "\n\n\n\n\"You're going bust in the morning!\"", "\n\nLiverpool fans reply. (", "Sam Jackson, England).", "\n\n\"There's only one Jurgen Klinsmann!\"", "\n\nLuton fans after Liverpool sang Benitez's name. (", "Elliot Georges, England).", "\n\n\"Mixu Paatelainen, what a ******* signing!\"", "\n\nHibernian fans to their new manager. (", "Alun Davies, Wales).", "\n\n\"Nice one Harry, nice one son, nice one Harry, for turning down the scum!\"", "\n\nSunderland fans to Harry Redknapp. (", "Iain Turner, England).", "\n\nSTADIUM ANNOUNCEMENTS OF THE WEEK\n\n\"Would the owner of vehicle number XXXXXX, please go to reception, as they have your keys and the windows are wide open. ", "Oh and I got this message five minutes ago.\"", "\n\nAt Home Park, Plymouth. (", "Matthew Monaghan, England).", "\n\n\"Mr X, your wife has just gone into labour. ", "You don't have to leave if you don't want to.", "\"At Cardiff v Sheffield Wednesday. ", "Jack Reynolds, Wales\n\n\"I haven't got a clue who scored that, but at least we're winning.\"", "\n\nBramall Lane announcer after Sheffield United took the lead against QPR. (", "Alan Ellis, England).", "\n\nWhadda ya mean, not that Exotic Dancer? ", "See Headline of the Week\n\n\"And the score is West Ham 1, Fulham 1. ", "Fulham's scorer was Simon Davies - at least someone from Tottenham has scored today!\"", "\n\nChelsea announcer at half-time against Spurs. (", "Hanif Price, England).", "\n\nHEADLINE OF THE WEEK\n\n\"Geraghty rides Exotic Dancer.\"", "\n\nOn the RTE racing index regarding Barry Geraghty's er, mount, at Cheltenham on Saturday. (", "Mark Tracey, Ireland)." ]

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[ "[Intersystem interaction of the respiration and blood circulation].", "\nThe review includes modern data about the functional interaction of respiratory and bloods circulatory systems in different conditions. ", "The special attention is given to adaptive changes of respiratory and haemodynamic indices in extreme conditions. ", "Based on the own researches physiological parallels between intersystem correlation of respiratory biomechanics and haemodynamics in the conditions of normal gravitation and weightlessness are drawn." ]

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[ "Cardiopulmonary effects and induction and recovery characteristics of isoflurane and sevoflurane in foals.", "\nTo compare induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in foals. ", "Prospective crossover study. ", "6 healthy foals. ", "Foals were anesthetized twice (once at 1 month of age and again at 3 months of age). ", "Anesthesia was induced by administration of the agent in oxygen through a nasotracheal tube. ", "During maintenance of anesthesia, foals were positioned in dorsal recumbency; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was performed. ", "Characteristics of induction and recovery were recorded. ", "Cardiopulmonary variables were recorded 10 minutes after anesthetic induction and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes later. ", "All 6 foals were successfully anesthetized with isoflurane and sevoflurane. ", "There were no significant differences between the 2 drugs in regard to characteristics of induction or recovery, and induction and recovery were generally smooth and unremarkable. ", "There were no significant differences between drugs in regard to measured cardiopulmonary variables; however, both drugs caused initial hypotension that resolved over time. ", "Results suggest that isoflurane and sevoflurane can both be used for general anesthesia of 1- to 3-month-old foals. ", "Significant differences between the 2 agents were not detected for any of the variables measured, suggesting that quality of anesthesia with these 2 agents was comparable." ]

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[ "Sanibel light fixtures offer exceptional looks, extraordinary convenience, and state-of-the art performance. ", "Sanibel fixtures serve as the inspiration for updating any room in your home. ", "The majestic curves of this four-light pendant lend elegance to any décor. ", "It features an oil rubbed bronze and frosted glass." ]

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[ "James:\nJust wanted to let you know that we sent out 2 books to Tractebel Power, Inc. \ntoday.", "\nBen" ]

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[ "Nishifu Station\n\nis a railway station in Fuchū, Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).", "\n\nLines\nNishifu Station is served by the Nambu Line, and is situated 30.0 km from the terminus of the line at Kawasaki Station\n\nStation layout\nThe station consists of two ground-level opposed side platforms, with an elevated station building above the tracks and platforms.", "\n\nPlatforms\n\nAdjacent stations\n\nHistory\nThe station opened on 14 March 2009.", "\n\nPassenger statistics\nIn fiscal 2014, the station was used by 10,137 passengers (boarding passengers only).", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n JR East: Nishifu Station information \n\nCategory:Stations of East Japan Railway Company\nCategory:Railway stations in Tokyo\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 2009\nCategory:2009 establishments in Japan\nCategory:Nambu Line\nCategory:Fuchū, Tokyo" ]

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[ "- Advertisement -\n\nSOQUEL — A Soquel High School senior was taken out of class and arrested Thursday after he was found with a loaded handgun in his backpack, Santa Cruz County Sheriff Sgt. ", "Chris Clark said.", "\n\nAccording to Clark, school officials caught wind of social media posts stating Andrew Sullano, 18, had a gun. ", "School officials then alerted the School Resource Officer, which in the unincorporated areas of the county are sheriff’s deputies.", "\n\nThe resource officer and security officer went to the student’s class and found the gun in his backpack.", "\n\nIt is not clear whether Sullano is still enrolled in classes. ", "Santa Cruz City School District Superintendent Kris Munro and Soquel High School Principal Gail Atlansky did not return calls for comment.", "\n\nNancy Lentz of Santa Cruz City School District said she could not comment on specific students, but said that California school code requires mandatory expulsion for students who bring weapons to school.", "\n\nAccording to Clark, Sullano told investigators that he carried the gun for protection. ", "Nobody was hurt.", "\n\n“We don’t believe at this time there was any threat to a specific student on campus,” Clark said.", "\n\nA subsequent search of Sullano’s home turned up more ammunition, along with a shotgun. ", "Investigators also found methamphetamine and marijuana.", "\n\nHe was booked into Santa Cruz County Jail in lieu of $25,000 bail.", "\n\nSullano faces charges of being a felon possession of a gun, having a gun at a school and drug possession.", "\n\nClark credited the quick actions of the resource officer, and praised the School Resource Officer program.", "\n\n“We have deputies at all of our schools, and they are there full-time,” he said. “", "You never want anything like that to happen when you have your kid going there.", "\n\n“In this situation the system worked,” Clark said." ]

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[ "Electric Tata Tigor rolled out; All details on Tata Motors EV plan\n\nIt was known, it was coming and now it is here, Tata Motors has finally rolled out is first batch of electric Tata Tigor from its Sanand facility and Gujarat and is now ready to for its electric vehicles (EV) innings in India with first set of electric Tata Tigor will make its wat to the state run Energy Efficiency Services limited (EESL) for which Tata Motors had bid aggressively and was awards a tender to supply 10,000 electric cars out of which 30% was later given to Mahindra & Mahindra.", "\n\nFlag off was done by N Chandrasekaran, Chairman, Tata Sons and Tata Motors from the assembly linein the presence of Ratan N Tata, Chairman Emeritus, Tata Group and Guenter Butschek, CEO & MD, Tata Motors and members of the Tata Motors Executive Committee. ", "The Tigor EVs are being manufactured for the Indian Government’s order of electric vehicles from the Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL), an entity under the Ministry of Power.", "\n\nEarlier in September 2017, Tata Motors won the order worth Rs 1,120 crore and will supply 7,000 units in two phases with first batch of electric Tigor to be handed over before 30th December 2017. ", "Mahindra matched the bid made by Tata Motors on 9th October, and was rewarded 30% of the total order, the company has already delivered the first set of Mahindra e-Verito electric sedan and about 150 units have already been supplied under the first phase, Mahindra will supply 150 of the 500 electric cars under the first phase.", "\n\nTata Motors on the other hand will will deliver 250 Tigor EVs EVs, for which it has received a LoA. For an additional 100 cars, the LoA is expected to be issued shortly by EESL. ", "The electric drive systems for this order have been developed and supplied by Electra EV – a company established to develop and supply electric drive systems for the automotive sector.", "\n\nTata Tigor Electric Car\n\nThe electric cars being procured by EESL will cost them Rs 11.2 lakh per unit and will highlight the government's ambitious plan for a mass shift to electrification of vehicles by 2032. ", "Tata Motors is very sure in making money out of this EESL order and Guenter Butschek, MD & CEO of Tata Motors had earlier said \"We will be making enough money from each of the units that we will be selling to EESL. ", "As of now, we will be selling 6,500-7,000 units and if the other company (Mahindra) opts out we will lap up the rest of the order as well,\"\n\nDuring the flag off of electric Tata Tigor, N Chandrasekaran, Chairman, Tata group commented, “This occasion is a significant milestone for Tata Motors and a proud moment for the entire team. ", "As we work together to build the future of e-mobility in India, I am confident that our customers will respond very favourably to this electric model. ", "I congratulate the entire Tata Motors team for this commendable achievement and wish them the very best as they go forward on this journey.”", "\n\nGuenter Butschek, CEO & MD, Tata Motors, said “It is indeed a momentous occasion for us as we have shown an exemplary teamwork spirit to overcome all challenges in delivering this project. ", "I also recognize the invaluable contribution made by Electra EV as part of this team. ", "With Tigor EV, we have begun our journey in boosting e-mobility and offering a full range of electric vehicles to the Indian customers. ", "This tender has effectively paved way for connecting our aspirations in the e-mobility space with the vision of the Government.”", "\n\nEESL has further confirmed that there will be another tender to procure mopre 10,000 units and while Mahindra has already confirmed that it will bid for the order, we expect Tata Motors too also be aggressive in the second order. ", "Electric Vehilce race in India is set to take off in a big way and going forward expect more government and private sector to come out with more tenders to procure electric cars. ", "More over cab aggregators like Ola and Uber is expected to have an electric fleet soon. ", "Mahindra and Uber have already vetured into a partnership to stude the feasiblity of deploying electric cars in Delhi and Hyderabad. ", "Expect more such annoucement by various manufacturers including Tata Motors soon." ]

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[ "Forum Help\n\nIf you want to ask about changing your username, have login problems, have password problems or a technical issue please email [email protected]\n\nPosting help:\n\nIf you want to ask why a word can't be typed, your signature's been changed, or a post has been deleted see the Forum Rules. ", "If you don't find the answer you can ask [email protected] though due to volumes we can't guarantee replies.", "\n\nI'm not arguing about that (well I could because it should be possible to tax ANNUAL payments on a month 12 basis, HMRC have certainly allowed that in the past). ", "However in your link, the last condition applies.", "\n\n“\n\nCan overpaid tax be reclaimed?", "\n\nIf a one-off payment has been made in the tax year, it is likely that tax will have been overpaid. ", "When this is the case the additional tax paid can be reclaimed ......\n\nAn in-year claim can be made as follows ....., if the pension has not been emptied and no further withdrawals are to be made within the tax year, by completing form P55.", "\n\n”\n\nI've completed my P55 three months ago, but not received my refund yet.", "\n\nIts worrying since I plan to buy a house next spring and will want to take a further £45k payment in the new tax year in April. ", "It appears that I'll be taxed as if I have any income of £540,000 a year (more than the balance of my SIPP), and have £19,000 tax deducted rather than £6,600. ", "And I could end up twiddling my thumbs waiting for a £12.5k tax refund. ", "This is what appears to have happened to goRt with his single flexi-drawdown payment (and in his case iii of course).", "\n\nI'm not arguing about that (well I could because it should be possible to tax ANNUAL payments on a month 12 basis, HMRC have certainly allowed that in the past). ", "However in your link, the last condition applies.", "\n\nI've completed my P55 three months ago, but not received my refund yet.", "\n\nIts worrying since I plan to buy a house next spring and will want to take a further £45k payment in the new tax year in April. ", "It appears that I'll be taxed as if I have any income of £540,000 a year (more than the balance of my SIPP), and have £19,000 tax deducted rather than £6,600. ", "And I could end up twiddling my thumbs waiting for a £12.5k tax refund. ", "This is what appears to have happened to goRt with his single flexi-drawdown payment (and in his case iii of course).", "\n\nEverything you say is correct.", "\nIf you follow iii's logic (that I may take another payment within the tax year) then there is never a usecase where p55 applies!", "\niii's payment request paperwork links to HMRC website you quoted.", "\n\nEven if iii is correct and I subsequently decided to take another payment then the tax should be withheld from that!", "\n\niii continues (after Saturday's post) to insist it is correct without actually producing evidence to support its position (it also asked for a copy of HMRC's letter which it's had since August when stating it would sort out HMRC's error - it has done nothing on that!).", "\n\ni haven't been interacting with iii much lately, but the impression from friends seems to be that things are no better nowadays: with taking on more customers they are just as stretched as they were before\n\nIf I have that correct then only a small amount more and hopefully a decent service.", "\n\nGiven that II now say that no further UFPLS drawdawn requests can be started until after the 11th December but that a transfer to an alternative scheme will not incur any transfer-out charge, I may take the opportunity and jump ship.", "\n\nIs anybody else like minded?", "\n\nOf course the actual charging will depend on individual circumstances but as I only hold IT's it looks quite attractive to me at present.", "\n\nAll of the providers I have considered work out in about the £200 - £350 range and to be honest I can live with anything in this sort of area.", "\n\nI have been with II for many years and although they are by no means the most efficient organisation I have always accepted that their offering is cheap and therefore acceptable.", "\n\nUsing them simply as a platform to hold my SIPP and ISA investments has been ok.", "\n\nThree years ago I started to draw a pension and since that time their shortcommings (or at least the shortcommings of their partner Hartley SAS or 'Lifetime SIPP' as they brand it) have really shown.", "\n\nLost paperwork, late payments, constant blaming between II and Hartley have made life very difficult. ", "I am not sure whether the move that they are making from Hartley to Barnett Waddingham will sort this but in the meantime all UFPLS payments have been suspended pending the transfer.", "\n\nThis really should have been handled more professionally and smoothly. ", "There must be others with pensions in payment who are thinking the same thing.", "\n\ni've pondered the new iii pricing structure, and their service levels do seem to continue to struggle, but on the basis of 'the devil you know' and that they are still a 'value' provider, i have registered for the new platform and plan at this stage to continue with them.", "\n\nother than the fact that they don't seem to accept that customers don't always have a landline number, which i'd have thought is fairly common nowadays, the re-registration and setting up a new DD went smoothly.", "\n\n.... just that in updating customer information, i removed the landline number, as it no longer exists. ", "that apparently prevented the details being accepted, as the form was incomplete. ", "so i left the old number in, alongside the correct mobile, and it was accepted.", "\n\ni'm not sure whether it would have accepted a mobile as a landline, or not. ", "but regardless, in this day & age lots of people do not have a landline. ", "i've asked customers for a landline number who have not even known what it means\n\nanyway, the new iii.co.uk is up and running. ", "it seems quite good.", "\n\nmy holdings look a bit different in that US companies are showing purchase pricing in dollars now, when it was converting into sterling before. ", "it all seems correct\n\nJust received a 'secure message' relating to the SIPP provider transfer iii chose to undertake.", "\nThe same pitiful admin persists:\nI'm in FP14, the letter states I'm not\nMy retirement date is 15 years out (I retired at 50, not retiring at 65, if it's state pension age then that would be 67 for me)\n\nSince the migration to the new platform on the 11th December III seem to be in meltdown. ", "I looked at trustpilot and other than a couple of spam like glowing reviews they have clocked up around 100 1 star reviews in the last month and the trustpilot click link on their home page has disspeared as they go from green to amber star rating.", "\nThe new website has lost a lot of functionality. ", "Even basic things like daily fund movements have disappeared. ", "If your are a migrated user all your old secure messages have disappeared - even those you have not read.", "\nI have been with them for several years and suffered several cockups during that time but stayed with them hoping things would improve but they are going down not up.", "\nThere was one trustpilot reviewer who said he had been offered a free transfer away if he was unhappy with the migration. ", "I asked this question of III by secure message if I could enjoy a free escape but was ignored.", "\n\nHow this site works\n\nWe think it's important you understand the strengths and limitations of the site. ", "We're a journalistic website and aim to provide the best MoneySaving guides, tips, tools and techniques, but can't guarantee to be perfect, so do note you use the information at your own risk and we can't accept liability if things go wrong.", "\n\nThis info does not constitute financial advice, always do your own research on top to ensure it's right for your specific circumstances and remember we focus on rates not service.", "\n\nDo note, while we always aim to give you accurate product info at the point of publication, unfortunately price and terms of products and deals can always be changed by the provider afterwards, so double check first.", "\n\nWe don't as a general policy investigate the solvency of companies mentioned (how likely they are to go bust), but there is a risk any company can struggle and it's rarely made public until it's too late (see the Section 75 guide for protection tips).", "\n\nWe often link to other websites, but we can't be responsible for their content.", "\n\nAlways remember anyone can post on the MSE forums, so it can be very different from our opinion.", "\n\nMoneySavingExpert.com is part of the MoneySupermarket Group, but is entirely editorially independent. ", "Its stance of putting consumers first is protected and enshrined in the legally-binding MSE Editorial Code." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "---\nauthor:\n- |\n Ilya Kulikov\\\n New York University\\\n [[email protected]]{}\\\n Alexander H. Miller\\\n Facebook AI Research\\\n Kyunghyun Cho\\\n New York University\\\n Facebook AI Research\\\n CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar\\\n Jason Weston\\\n Facebook AI Research\\\n New York University\\\ntitle: |\n Importance of Search and Evaluation Strategies\\\n in Neural Dialogue Modeling \n---\n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------------ --- ----------------------------------\n i love cooking but i also enjoy fishing. ", " my favorite color is yellow.", "\n l also love comic books. ", " i workout four hours a day.", "\n hey my name is larry and i am a chef. ", " gymnastics is my favorite sport.", "\n i’m a gold medalist olympian.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------------- --- -----------------------------------------------\n i can move objects with my mind. ", " i will be released in about a month.", "\n i was born with my heart outside my body. ", " i’m here for shoplifting.", "\n i am a boy. ", " i feel old.", "\n i had to have a transplant. ", " i’m currently in a juvenile detention center.", "\n since the surgery i have had strange powers. ", " my mom is coming to visit me tomorrow.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------\n my favorite band is the who. ", " i like to make time stop.", "\n my favorite food is pizza with black olives. ", " i’m a little girl.", "\n i have never been out of ohio. ", " i live in the cloud.", "\n i work for our local supermarket. ", " i have superpowers.", "\n i’ve a cat named spook. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------- --- --------------------------------------------------\n i like to watch nhl hockey. ", " i do not like chicken.", "\n i live is a rural farming community. ", " i recently got an apartment with my best friend.", "\n my husband is adopted. ", " i work at a bar at night to pay for college.", "\n i enjoy coloring books. ", " i’m in college to become a nurse.", "\n i’ve a german shepherd dog. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------------\n my dream car is a rolls royce ghost. ", " i feel old.", "\n i like shopping. ", " i am currently in a juvenile detention center.", "\n my family doesn’t support my career choices. ", " my mom is coming to visit me tomorrow.", "\n i currently work for a watch dealer. ", " i will be released in about a month.", "\n i’m here for shoplifting.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------------------\n i have one older sister. ", " i have two grown children who never visit.", "\n i used to be pretty but time has not been kind.", "\n my favourite artist is travis scott. ", " i’m a 56 year old woman.", "\n i like playing basketball. ", " i used to be a painter but now i’m a housekeeper.", "\n my mother is a dentist. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------------------ --- -----------------------------------------\n i’ve short hair. ", " i’m terrified of scorpions.", "\n two dogs live with me. ", " i’m employed by the us postal service.", "\n i like doing the treadmill and rowing machine. ", " i have a german shepherd named barnaby.", "\n eating is something i do when i’m bored. ", " my father drove a car for nascar.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------\n i graduated from yale in 2011 with a degree in finance. ", " i’m a professional wrestler.", "\n my parents are very wealthy bankers. ", " i volunteer in a homeless shelter.", "\n i grew up in manhattan. ", " in my spare time i do volunteer work.", "\n i plan to go to business school next year. ", " i like to workout a a times a week.", "\n i drive a bmw. ", " i enjoy being around people.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------------ --- ---------------------------------\n i’m in an open polyamorous relationship. ", " i’m now looking for a new job.", "\n i also have a dog walking business. ", " my daughter is a child prodigy.", "\n i have three dogs. ", " i am a doctor.", "\n my father was a door to door salesman. ", " my favorite movie is friday.", "\n i like to watch the olympics. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------- --- -------------------------------------------\n i faint at the sight of blood. ", " my favorite movie is mean girls.", "\n i’m a party animal.", "\n my dream in life is to work from home. ", " i am deathly afraid of heights.", "\n i dye my hair every three months. ", " i help out at the food bank occasionally.", "\n i own a cat and a dog.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------- --- --------------------------------------------\n i enjoy american sports. ", " i am a plumber.", "\n i have a children and a dogs. ", " my favorite ice cream flavor is chocolate.", "\n i own a house in florida. ", " my wife and kids are the best.", "\n i have three children.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------------------\n i am deathly afraid of heights. ", " i make straight as in school.", "\n i am a party animal. ", " when i grow up i want to be a physical therapist.", "\n my favorite movie is mean girls. ", " i am currently in high school.", "\n i own a cat and a dog. ", " i won homecoming queen this year.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------------ --- -----------------------------------------------\n i’ve three dogs. ", " i have three arabian horses.", "\n i like to watch the olympics. ", " i help tend the fields.", "\n i’m in an open polyamorous relationship. ", " my father is a farmer.", "\n i also have a dog walking business. ", " i like to ride horses.", "\n my father was a door to door salesman. ", " i like to listen to rock music while working.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n 6 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------ --- ------------------------------------\n i speak chinese. ", " i live in a three storey house.", "\n my father is an electrician. ", " my family is continuously growing.", "\n i play ping pong. ", " i enjoy long walks with my dog.", "\n i love chocolate bars. ", " i am a professional tennis player.", "\n i’m married to a doctor.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------ --- ---------------------------------------\n my family is continuously growing. ", " i’m a professional wrestler.", "\n i enjoy long walks with my dog. ", " i volunteer in a homeless shelter.", "\n i’m a professional tennis player. ", " in my spare time i do volunteer work.", "\n i live in a three storey house. ", " i like to workout a a times a week.", "\n i enjoy being around people.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------\n i’m a little girl. ", " my dream in life is to work from home.", "\n i’m very lonely. ", " i dye my hair every three months.", "\n i have superpowers. ", " \n i live in the cloud. ", " \n i like to make time stop. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------- --- --------------------------------------\n i walk dogs for a living. ", " my husband is adopted.", "\n my parents taught me survival skills. ", " i like to watch nhl hockey.", "\n i’m an avid kayaker. ", " i live is a rural farming community.", "\n i’ve a german shepherd dog.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------------\n i just got a job working in a gas station. ", " i love to sing songs from the movie frozen.", "\n i love to go to disney world every year.", "\n i was adopted at a young age to an older couple. ", " i play with my friends on the playground.", "\n i’m terrified of clowns due to childhood trauma. ", " i’m in the third grade.", "\n mickey mouse is my favorite character.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------- --- -----------------------------------------\n i diet a lot. ", " i’m terrified of scorpions.", "\n i’m high maintenance. ", " i’m employed by the us postal service.", "\n i love listening to britney spears. ", " i have a german shepherd named barnaby.", "\n i like to tan in tanning beds. ", " my father drove a car for nascar.", "\n i love spending money. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------------- --- ----------------------------\n my family doesn’t support my career choices. ", " i don’t have many friends.", "\n i currently work for a watch dealer. ", " \n my dream car is a rolls royce ghost. ", " i love to play pobox.", "\n i often shop for shoes and watches. ", " i hate school.", "\n i like shopping. ", " i’m a 12 year old girl.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------------- --- --------------------------------------------------\n i’m a descendant of christopher columbus. ", " i do not like chicken.", "\n i’m an art major in college. ", " i work at a bar at night to pay for college.", "\n i have a weakness for fish and chips. ", " i’m in college to become a nurse.", "\n i visit europe twice a year. ", " i recently got an apartment with my best friend.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------\n i’m a librarian. ", " i like to play with my dolls.", "\n i really like to travel. ", " my best friend lives next door.", "\n i have visited spain a times. ", " i do not pick up my toys.", "\n i think i will retire in a few years. ", " i have a pet turtle.", "\n i am 60years old. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------------ --- --------------------------------------------------\n horror movies are my favorites. ", " my favorite food is mexican food.", "\n my father used to work for home depot. ", " i’m a construction worker.", "\n i’ve a son who is in junior high school. ", " my favorite band is aerosmith.", "\n i’ve been working since i was sixteen years old.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------\n my favorite color is yellow. ", " i do not have a smartphone.", "\n i workout four hours a day. ", " i’ve amazing children and grandchildren.", "\n gymnastics is my favorite sport. ", " i am retired and living the great life.", "\n i’m a gold medalist olympian. ", " i can sew my own clothes.", "\n i had cancer but its gone now.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------\n i wear a motorbike helmet to protect my head. ", " i like to play with my dolls.", "\n i’ve light skin with big brown eyes. ", " my best friend lives next door.", "\n its red with blue stripe so it shiny when i race. ", " i do not pick up my toys.", "\n my main transportation is my motorbike. ", " i have a pet turtle.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------------------- --- -------------------------------------\n i eat a raw diet. ", " i helped design the game starcraft.", "\n i am an economics major. ", " i am a recluse.", "\n i just bought a house recently. ", " \n i see the rolling stones in concert every year. ", " i am a famous twitch streamer.", "\n i am married with two kids. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------\n i work in it and have been at the same company for 15 years. ", " i live in the cloud.", "\n i own a house in florida. ", " i am a little girl.", "\n i enjoy american sports. ", " i’ve superpowers.", "\n i am a male. ", " i like to make time stop.", "\n i have a children and a dogs. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ----------------------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------\n i attend church every week. ", " i have a black lab named trooper.", "\n i have a dogs. ", " my favorite activity is rock climbing.", "\n i work as a school teacher. ", " i’m a mechanical engineer.", "\n i enjoy gardening and walking outdoors. ", " i like to go hiking in the spring.", "\n i live in colorado.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------\n i do not drink soda. ", " i do like watching cooking shows.", "\n i like to take walks. ", " i love rollercoasters and sky diving.", "\n i like to eat hamburgers and french fries. ", " hello i just moved here from germany.", "\n i’ve a boyfriend. ", " i am a vegan and i love hummus.", "\n i live in a house. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------\n my favourite food is shawarma. ", " i like to make time stop.", "\n i am in the army. ", " i’m a little girl.", "\n i live in canada. ", " i live in the cloud.", "\n i did not graduate high school. ", " i have superpowers.", "\n my grandfather served in world war a. \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------------\n i have amazing children and grandchildren. ", " coffee is my preferred beverage.", "\n i had cancer but its gone now. ", " i coach little league baseball.", "\n i do not have a smartphone. ", " i have five sons.", "\n i am retired and living the great life. ", " i drive a mini van.", "\n i also like a glass of wine in the evenings.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------------ --- ----------------------------\n my favourite skater is rob dryden. ", " i don’t have many friends.", "\n i’m always wearing a hat. ", " i hate school.", "\n i’m a skateboarder. ", " i am a 12 year old girl.", "\n i’ve a broken arm. ", " \n my friends are all skateboarders. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------\n the holidays make me depressed. ", " i did not graduate high school.", "\n i spend my time bird watching with my cats. ", " i live in canada.", "\n my age is too old to say. ", " my grandfather served in world war a.\n i’m an animal activist. ", " my favourite food is shawarma.", "\n i have rainbow hair. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ----------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------------------\n i like to play chess. ", " i’m a 56 year old woman.", "\n i don’t drink alcohol. ", " i fantasize about taking over the world.", "\n i am in my thirties. ", " i used to be pretty but time hasn’t been kind.", "\n i love taking bubble baths. ", " i used to be a painter but now i am a housekeeper.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------------\n my daughter is a child prodigy. ", " i coach little league baseball.", "\n i am a doctor. ", " i’ve five sons.", "\n my favorite movie is friday. ", " coffee is my preferred beverage.", "\n i enjoy going to the park. ", " i drive a mini van.", "\n i am now looking for a new job. ", " i also like a glass of wine in the evenings.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------------\n i’ve not spoken in three months. ", " i like to spend my money on cars.", "\n i live in alaska. ", " i watch too much tv in spare time.", "\n i like meditation. ", " i have never had a steady relationship.", "\n i’m a buddhist. ", " i work from home.", "\n i go to the gym most days just to socialize.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------- --- -------------------------------------------\n i’m scared of dying. ", " i’m a swim coach at my local pool.", "\n knitting is my passion. ", " my family and i are from india.", "\n i’ve a dogs. ", " i’m studying to be a computer programmer.", "\n \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------- --- --------------------------------------\n i am studying to be a computer programmer. ", " i drive a nissan pathfinder.", "\n i’m a swim coach at my local pool. ", " i have short brown hair.", "\n i met taylor swift.", "\n my favorite music genre is death metal. ", " i am a convenience store manager.", "\n my family and i are from india. ", " my favourite music is country music.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ----------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------------\n i drive a nissan pathfinder. ", " i’m in the third grade.", "\n i have short brown hair. ", " mickey mouse is my favorite character.", "\n i met taylor swift. ", " i love to go to disney world every year.", "\n i am a convenience store manager. ", " i love to sing songs from the movie frozen.", "\n i play with my friends on the playground.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ------------------------------ --- ---------------------------------\n my pets name is charlie. ", " i have a pet turtle.", "\n i produce music for artists. ", " i like to play with my dolls.", "\n my favourite food is pizza. ", " i don’t pick up my toys.", "\n i drive a 2015 honda civic. ", " my best friend lives next door.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------\n i’m terrified of scorpions. ", " i do not have a smartphone.", "\n i’m employed by the us postal service. ", " i’ve amazing children and grandchildren.", "\n my favorite color is grey. ", " i am retired and living the great life.", "\n my father drove a car for nascar. ", " i can sew my own clothes.", "\n i’ve a german shepherd named barnaby. ", " i had cancer but its gone now.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------------- --- -----------------------------------------\n i have brown curly hair. ", " i just moved into my first home.", "\n i’ll graduate from high school in two years. ", " i’m expecting triplets in three months.", "\n i like riding horses. ", " i work at a school.", "\n my bedroom is purple and lime green. ", " i recently moved to this country.", "\n a already have a step children.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------\n i am a musician and hope to make it big some day. ", " i am a vegetarian.", "\n i also work as a custodian to help pay the bills. ", " my favorite color is blue.", "\n i play the piano and guitar and sing. ", " i am a woman.", "\n my parents are not very supportive of my dream. ", " i enjoy sports such as running.", "\n i am married.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------------\n i like to take walks. ", " since the surgery i have had strange powers.", "\n i don’t drink soda. ", " i was born with my heart outside my body.", "\n i’ve a boyfriend. ", " i had to have a transplant.", "\n i like to eat hamburgers and french fries. ", " i can move objects with my mind.", "\n i’m a boy.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------------\n i play a lot of call of duty. ", " i take dance lessons once a week.", "\n on weekends i do live action roleplaying events. ", " i love new kids on the block.", "\n i like donuts. ", " i was born in the early 80 s.\n my favorite band is the insane clown posse. ", " i also like old school hip hop.", "\n i drive a ford pinto. ", " my favorite toy as a child as my lite brite.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------------- --- --------------------------------------------------------------\n i play a lot of call of duty. ", " one of the languages that i’m currently studying is spanish.", "\n on weekends i do live action roleplaying events. ", " i am a musician.", "\n i like donuts. ", " my favorite spanish word is trabajo.", "\n my favorite band is the insane clown posse. ", " i also study languages.", "\n i drive a ford pinto. ", " my next language to study is french.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------- --- -----------------------------------------\n i walk dogs for a living. ", " i enjoy gardening and walking outdoors.", "\n i’m also a graduate student. ", " i’ve a dogs.", "\n i am an avid kayaker. ", " i work as a school teacher.", "\n i’m a woman.", "\n my parents taught me survival skills. ", " \n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ----------------------------- --- ---------------------------------\n i am a male. ", " my best friend lives next door.", "\n i own a house in florida. ", " i’ve a pet turtle.", "\n i’ve a children and a dogs. ", " i don’t pick up my toys.", "\n i enjoy american sports. ", " i like to play with my dolls.", "\n i am four.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ----------------------- --- ------------------------------\n i live in alabama. ", " my pets name is charlie.", "\n i like tacos. ", " i produce music for artists.", "\n i’ve one brother. ", " my favourite food is pizza.", "\n i have three sisters. ", " i drive a 2015 honda civic.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n -------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------\n i am a plumber. ", " i volunteer in a homeless shelter.", "\n my favorite ice cream flavor is chocolate. ", " i’m a professional wrestler.", "\n my wife and kids are the best. ", " i like to workout a a times a week.", "\n i have three children. ", " in my spare time i do volunteer work.", "\n i enjoy being around people.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------------- --- -----------------------------------------\n my bedroom is purple and lime green. ", " my favorite color is grey.", "\n i am a vegan. ", " i am terrified of scorpions.", "\n i like riding horses. ", " i have a german shepherd named barnaby.", "\n i’ll graduate from high school in two years. ", " my father drove a car for nascar.", "\n i have brown curly hair. ", " i’m employed by the us postal service.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n ---------------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------\n my favorite band is aerosmith. ", " i like tacos.", "\n i’m a construction worker. ", " i have one brother.", "\n i have been working since i was sixteen years old. ", " i’ve three sisters.", "\n i love dogs.", "\n my favorite food is mexican food. ", " i live in alabama.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5 \n\n Person Model\n --------------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------------------\n i’m in the third grade. ", " i have two grown children who never visit.", "\n mickey mouse is my favorite character. ", " i’m a 56 year old woman.", "\n i love to go to disney world every year. ", " i fantasize about taking over the world.", "\n i love to sing songs from the movie frozen. ", " i used to be a painter but now i’m a housekeeper.", "\n i play with my friends on the playground. ", " i used to be pretty but time has not been kind.", "\n 0 \n 1 \n 2 \n 3 \n 4 \n 5\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMySQL Migration Toolkit syntax error when creating schema\n\nThere is something wrong with the SQL after this error, and I'm not sure what.", "\nError: You have an error in your SQL Syntax. ", "Please check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '(0), PRIMARY KEY (AddressID), CONSTRAINT FK_Address_Profile FOREIGN KEY ' at line 15\nand here is the create syntax:\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS `MyDB_dbo`.", "`Address`;\nCREATE TABLE `MyDB_dbo`.", "`Address` (\n `AddressID` INT(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,\n `ProfileID` INT(10) NOT NULL,\n `Address1` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\n `Address2` VARCHAR(100) NULL,\n `City` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n `State` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n `ZipCode` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n `ZipPlus` VARCHAR(6) NULL,\n `Country` VARCHAR(50) NULL,\n `MailReturned` DATETIME NULL,\n `DPVStatus` VARCHAR(1) NULL,\n `DateCreated` DATETIME NOT NULL,\n `StaffID` INT(10) NOT NULL,\n `Active` TINYINT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),\n PRIMARY KEY (`AddressID`),\n CONSTRAINT `FK_Address_Profile` FOREIGN KEY `FK_Address_Profile` (`ProfileID`)\n REFERENCES `MyDB_dbo`.", "`Profile` (`ProfileID`)\n ON DELETE NO ACTION\n ON UPDATE NO ACTION\n)\nENGINE = INNODB;\nIs there something wrong with the CONSTRAINT keyword or something?", "\n\nA:\n\nShould there be () around the DEFAULT (0)?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A liquid crystal displaying apparatus is an apparatus for displaying characters and images by using electrooptical characteristics of liquid crystal molecules. ", "As constituent members of an image displaying apparatus such as a liquid crystal displaying apparatus, a polarizing element (which is also referred to as a polarizer or a polarizing film) that can take out specific polarized light and a retardation element (which is also referred to as a retardation film or an optical compensation layer) that brings about a predetermined retardation are used.", "\nTypically, in such a polarizing element or a retardation element, a polymer film, a film containing a liquid crystalline compound, and the like are used. ", "A polarizing element or a retardation element using a lyotropic liquid crystalline compound among the liquid crystalline compounds is known (patent documents 1 and 2).", "\nSince the lyotropic liquid crystalline compound shows a liquid crystal phase in a solution state, an applied film being a thin film as compared with a polymer film can be formed by applying a compound solution prepared in a liquid crystal phase on a suitable base material, followed by drying. ", "The applied film is utilized for usage such as a polarizing element or a retardation element.", "\n[Patent Document 1]\nJapanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. ", "2002-277636\n[Patent Document 2]\nJapanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. ", "2002-241434" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBuilding a project in Xcode5.1 that was modified in Xcode 6 GM for testing older versions of iOS\n\nMy app has been supporting at least iOS6 using Xcode5.1 storyboard.", "\nAfter I did several work in Xcode 6 GM, I need to test on iOS 6 Simulator.", "\n Xcode 6 GM does not have iOS 6 Simulator.", "So, I opened my project in Xcode 5.1.", "\nBut It fails to build. ", "I cannot even open the storyboard in Xcode5.1.", "\nAt the navigation pane, it says \nMain_iPhone.storboard\nInterface Builder Storyboard Compiler Error\nThe document\"(null)\" requires Xcode6.0 or later.", "\n\nAnd when I click it, a prompt appears \nThe document \"Main_iPhone.storyboard\" requires Xcode 6.0 or later.", "\nThis version does not support constraints to layout margins. ", "Open this document with Xcode 6.0 or later.", "\n\nA:\n\nAdding almost any type of layout constraint with Xcode 6 will render a storyboard (or .xib file) incompatible with Xcode 5.1. ", "If you need to work with a storyboard in Xcode 5.1 that has been modified with Xcode 6.0 it will be necessary to remove all \"margin\" based constraints.", "\nPerform these steps to make a storyboard modified by Xcode 6 load and compile again with Xcode 5:\nUsing Xcode 6:\n\nSet the \"Opens in\" to Xcode 5.1 in the Interface Builder Document Section of the storyboard File Inspector. ", "When this is set, Xcode 6.0 will generate a warning if there are any incompatible margin constraints present.", "\n\nOne easy way to identify the margin constraints is to open the storyboard in a text editor (preferably one that auto refreshes when the file is changed on disk). ", "Search for the word \"Margin\" and look for lines like this:\n<constraint firstItem=\"gZc-ET-UKM\" firstAttribute=\"leading\" secondItem=\"MMQ-IT-qOo\" secondAttribute=\"leadingMargin\" constant=\"-8\" id=\"H3i-wo-2Mm\"/>\n\nThese constraints need to be either deleted or updated to be based directly on the superview rather than a margin. ", "It is possible to update the constraint instead of deleting it by selecting the constraint in the outline view and then going to the Size Inspector and unchecking \"Relative to margin\" option in the drop down menu for the First Item or Second Item settings. ", "Once you do that, you'll also need to add a constant that matches the margin (usually 8).", "\n\nAs you delete or update each constraint you should see the storyboard file in the text editor update and remove the word \"Margin\". ", "Once you have deleted all of the incompatible constraints the warning will go away and this line will disappear from the storyboard file:\n <capability name=\"Constraints to layout margins\" minToolsVersion=\"6.0\"/>\n\nIf you deleted the constraints, the final step is to open the project in Xcode 5 and recreate them.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Whether used for transportation or recreation, tricycles may be used for riders of different sizes and capabilities. ", "Some tricycles are configured to be propelled and steered by the rider. ", "In some instances, tricycles are configured to be pushed from behind, by an individual, such as an adult pushing a child. ", "Typically, when the tricycle is propelled by the rider, the rider uses the pedals attached to the front wheel and steers the tricycle using a handle which is typically connected to the front wheel. ", "Tricycles configured to be pushed from behind sometimes include a mechanical steering mechanism to permit an adult walking behind the tricycle to mechanically turn the front wheel." ]

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[ "Screenshot via YouTube\n\nScreenshot via Twitter\n\nSign up for our weekly newsletters to get the lastest on the news, things to do and places to eat delivered right to your inbox.", "\n\nFollow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.", "\n\nKnown for his \"heat phone\" and pro-Trump bent, St. Louis radio and TV host Jamie Allman is now facing calls for boycott over a tweet indicating his desire to introduce a heated fireplace implement to the ass of a Parkland shooting survivor.", "The student, seventeen-year-old David Hogg, has been a vocal advocate of gun control.", "Like other conservative commentators, Allman — whose platforms include a morning radio show at 97.1 FM andon the ABC affiliate KDNL — has been critical of Hogg's role in urging a boycott of Fox News pundit Laura Ingraham, who last week took to Twitter to mock the teen for being rejected by several colleges. ", "Ingraham was subsequently accused of bullying Hogg for cheap attention, and since then a dozen advertisers have removed themselves from Ingraham's show.", "But even before the Ingraham controversy broke, the role of Hogg and other Parkland shooting survivors in the national gun debate was raising complicated questions, as pundits across the conservative spectrum have argued that the teens shouldn't be protected from criticism simply because of their age and status as victims of a traumatic mass shooting.", "Granted, that's a much nicer way to put it than Allman did last week, when he hopped on Twitter to boast that he was \"getting ready to ram a hot poker up David Hogg's ass.", "\"Notably, Allman tweeted the above missive on March 26, two days before the Ingraham controversy broke, but a screenshot began circulating in recent days that's drawn new attention to the adult man casually joking about how he'd like to assault a teen shooting-survivor's butt.", "And like Ingraham, Allman is starting to take some heat. ", "Last night, Missouri Representative Stacey Newman (D-St. Louis), a longtime supporter of increased gun control, called Allman out in a Facebook post. ", "In it, Newman also leveled criticism at Allman for his support of failed Parkway School Board candidate and self-described \"Confederate\" Jeanie Ames.", "\"We demand advertisers stop being complicit,\" Newman wrote. \"", "Stop supporting an adult who spews such hate.", "\"Allman hasn't kept his opinions about Hogg restricted to Twitter. ", "On, which airs on Channel 30, a segment last week touched on the boycott of Ingraham and whether Hogg was a reasonable target for critique.", "\"You can't say 'Hey I'm just a kid,\" Allman said of Hogg. \"", "We have to be allowed to refute what you're saying... or to respond to it, you can't be all the time grabbing your blanket when the going gets tough.", "\"During the segment, Allman repeatedly noted that Hogg liked dropping \"f-bombs\" and that he should expect to receive push-back if he's going to \"get his hands dirty\" in political issues.", "Allman added, \"Just be a grownup about it.\" ", "Which, in Allman's world, apparently means being threatened publicly with sodomy before you're even old enough to vote. ", "How very grown up of him." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShow loader in Material-UI CardMedia\n\nI am trying to show loader in CardMedia when image is not loaded yet but its not working. ", "If I place loader in CardText then the page is working and a loader is shown. ", "What's wrong with my code or is there a solution to show loader in card media before image loads?", "\n\nI am using material-ui v0 version.", "\nHere is my code\nLoader:\nrenderLoading(){\nreturn (\n <RefreshIndicator\n size={40}\n left={10}\n top={0}\n status=\"loading\"\n style={{marginLeft: '50%', display: 'inline-block', position: 'relative'}}\n/>\n)\n}\n\nCard:\n<CardMedia overlay={<CardTitle title={this.props.userName} subtitle=\"Your cover photo\" />}>\n {this.props.coverPhotoLoading && this.renderLoading()} //this isn't working \n {coverPhoto ? ", "<img src={coverPhoto} width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\"/> :\n <img src=\"\" alt=\"This user cover photo is not set\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\"/>}\n\n</CardMedia>\n\nA:\n\nThe reason this is happening is because you're trying to display both the <RefreshIndicator /> and an empty <img/> at the same time. ", "\nConsider doing something like the following:\n<CardMedia overlay={<CardTitle title={this.props.userName} subtitle=\"Your cover photo\" />}>\n {!", "this.props.coverPhotoLoading && coverPhoto ?", "\n <img src={coverPhoto} width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\"/> :\n this.renderLoading()}\n</CardMedia>\n\n" ]

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[ "Five Inglewood police officers fired after they fatally shot a young couple sitting in a parked car are suing the city, alleging they were subjected to disparate treatment because they are white.", "\n\nFormer officers Sean Reidy, Richard Parcella, Michael Jaen, Andrew Cohen and Jason Cantrell filed the 31-page lawsuit Friday in Los Angeles Superior Court, alleging unlawful employment discrimination and harassment. ", "The suit gives a lengthy account of the shooting from the standpoint of the plaintiffs, who seek unspecified damages.", "\n\nA representative for the Inglewood City Attorney's Office could not be immediately reached for comment.", "\n\nInglewood Mayor James T. Butts announced in May 2017 that the five officers were no longer on the force. ", "The lawsuit states that they were fired.", "\n\nPolice previously said the five officers fired 20 bullets into a car while Marquintan Sandlin, 32, and Kisha Michael, 31, sat inside. ", "Autopsies later showed that both Sandlin and Michael had been under the influence of alcohol.", "\n\nInglewood police said officers responded to a call about a suspicious vehicle idling in the middle of the road at the intersection of Inglewood Avenue and Manchester Boulevard about 3:10 a.m. on Feb. 21, 2016.", "\n\nThe five plaintiffs as well as some of their colleagues, including two Latino sergeants, saw that Michael had a gun in her lap and that a magazine had been loaded into the weapon, the suit states.", "\n\nMultiple efforts were made during the next 40 minutes to awaken the pair so they would surrender the gun, the suits states.", "\n\n\"Unfortunately, that was not the case,'' according to the complaint. ", "When they awoke, Michael and Sandlin continued to ignore commands to put their hands up and away from the weapon, the suit states.", "\n\n\"Instead, both occupants reached for the gun and were shot in accordance with use of lethal force as permitted under state and federal law,\" the suit states.", "\n\nMichael had extended her hands \"directly to the position where the gun was located between her legs (and) all five officers perceived a threat to themselves or other officers and legally discharged their weapons,\" according to the suit.", "\n\nSandlin was shot twice after he was seen \"reaching right toward the weapon\" and died later at a hospital, the suit states.", "\n\nAll of the plaintiffs were immediately placed on leave, the suit states.", "\n\nNo non-white officers at the scene of the shooting, including two Latino command sergeants, were fired, the suit states." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs drag and drop supported by TreeItem?", "\n\nI'm currently working with a JavaFx-2's TreeView representing a file system. ", "\nI want to enable drag and drop to allow move operations, but it looks like TreeItem doesn't include drag events listeners. ", "I was only able to implement drag and drop on the englobing TreeView object, but it doesn't work for sub-items.", "\nAm I missing something, or are drag and drop events not supported for TreeItems yet?", "\n\nA:\n\nQuestion answered by Csh on the Oracle Forums : https://forums.oracle.com/forums/message.jspa?messageID=10426066#10426066\n\nYou have to implement drag on drop on the TreeCell.", "\nWrite a CellFactory like this:\n\nTreeView<String> treeView = new TreeView<String>();\n treeView.setCellFactory(new Callback<TreeView<String>, TreeCell<String>>() {\n @Override\n public TreeCell<String> call(TreeView<String> stringTreeView) {\n TreeCell<String> treeCell = new TreeCell<String>() {\n protected void updateItem(String item, boolean empty) {\n super.updateItem(item, empty);\n if (item !", "= null) {\n setText(item);\n }\n }\n };\n\n treeCell.setOnDragDetected(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {\n @Override\n public void handle(MouseEvent mouseEvent) {\n\n }\n });\n\n return treeCell;\n }\n });\n\nIf he wants to claim his reputation or add information to his solution, I'll change this answer.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe answer by @Timst is correct, but you should change the \"updateItem\" method cause in the above case you wont be able to set the Graphic of the \"TreeItem\" and the tree collapse won't work properly (won't clear the text in subNodes). ", "\njust change the method to:\n@Override\nprotected void updateItem(String item, boolean empty) {\n super.updateItem(item, empty);\n if (!", "empty && item !", "= null) {\n setText(item);\n setGraphic(getTreeItem().getGraphic());\n }else{\n setText(null);\n setGraphic(null);\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "What to Expect When No One's Expecting\n\nWhat to Expect When No One's Expecting: America's Coming Demographic Disaster is a book by the Weekly Standard columnist Jonathan V. Last about declining birthrates in the United States and elsewhere around the world and the implications for demographics and the functioning of society and the economy (hardcover release February 2013, paperback release June 2014).", "\n\nReception\n\nMedia appearances, interviews, and self-promotion\nLast wrote an article in the Wall Street Journal summarizing the key themes of his book.", "\n\nLast was interviewed by Kathryn Jean Lopez for National Review. ", "He was also appeared to discuss the book on John Stossel's show on the Fox Business Network and on MSNBC's program The Cycle.", "\n\nDetailed reviews\nNick Gillespie, editor of Reason Magazine, reviewed the book on Bookforum, saying that he was convinced by Last's argument that birthrates were declining and there was not much that could be done about it, but found Last's account of the negative consequences exaggerated.", "\n\nDavid Desrosiers reviewed the book favorably for Washington Times, writing that Last has argued that declining birthrates are largely a consequence of the changes set in motion by the Enlightenment rather than of any specific government policies, though policies by US liberals may have sped up the decline. ", "Stanley Kurtz and Bradford Wilcox wrote separate reviews of the book for National Review.", "\n\nWilliam McGurn, editor of the New York Post, reviewed the book favorably for the Wall Street Journal, but was critical of Last for having too much confidence in his pessimistic scenarios. ", "McGurn concluded: \"In theory, it's all certainly possible. ", "But as Mr. Last reminds us, we do well to be modest about our predictions. ", "Because the one thing the math tells us is this: We've never been here before.\"", "\n\nWalter Russell Mead reviewed the book for Foreign Affairs.", "\n\nJoel E. Cohen reviewed the book for The New York Review of Books.", "\n\nMentions\nElizabeth Kolbert discussed the book along with many others in an article for The New Yorker about population. ", "Last wrote a response to Kolbert's review, and Daniel Halper concurred with Last's assessment of the review, claiming that Kolbert \"gets it completely wrong.\"", "\n\nA New York Times article in April 2013 listed Last's book as one of many that was raising a \"false alarm\" about declining US fertility.", "\n\nSee also\n The Empty Cradle by Phillip Longman\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2013 non-fiction books\nCategory:Natalism" ]

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[ "Kevin Spain Emergence Capital Enterprise VC Kevin Spain is excited when he looks at the today's tech landscape.", "\n\nSpain has spent the last six years as a general partner for Emergence Capital Partners, which invests exclusively in enterprise startups, preferably at the seed stage.", "\n\nWith $575 million under management in three funds, it's not the biggest VC in the Valley. ", "But it's had its share of stars, including Salesforce.com and SuccessFactors (which SAP bought for more than $3 billion last year).", "\n\nBefore becoming a VC, he worked at Microsoft and Electronic Arts.", "\n\nWe caught up with Spain to get his sense of where the enterprise tech was headed. ", "He sees massive changes coming:\n\nA trend he calls the \"mobile first platform\" will transform the workplace. \"", "A lot of legacy players — folks that build enterprise apps on prior platforms — will end up being disrupted by new players who are better equipped to take advantage of the new mobile platform. ", "That could even happen to Salesforce and SuccessFactors that grew up in the web world.\"", "\n\nOne example is his company Doximity which is like \"LinkedIn for doctors.\" ", "It's an iPhone/Android app that lets them chat about patients in a HIPAA-compliant way. ", "Another (which is not one of his companies) is Gigwalk. ", "It lets enterprises hire local labor for one-off projects like price checking the competitors. ", "Microsoft used it to get people to take photos of restaurants to populate Bing.", "\n\nThe trend of \"technology-enabled managed services\" is another biggie. ", "This is SaaS software with a labor component. ", "One example is SupportSpace, a virtual tech support squad for hire. ", "Employees are all in the U.S. and work for home. ", "For instance, Geek Squad uses SupportSpace, he says.", "\n\nVCs are tripping over themselves to find a fund enterprise startups. \"", "There was a long period of time when we had much of this market to ourselves. ", "Obviously competition is heated up.\"", "\n\nThere are also signs of a tech bubble, mostly on valuations of later stage companies. \"", "I feel like there's some bubbly activity in certain areas,\" he says. ", "Valuations \"have been skyrocketing\" for growth-stage companies talking about an IPO within 12-24 months because valuations for public enterprise software-as-a-service (SaaS) companies \"are really healthy right now. ", "Whether those valuations are justified or not is a different story,\" he says. ", "As for Series A companies where Spain mostly invests, valuations are rising there, too, but not as high, he says.", "\n\nHe loves the SaaS model because software makers can predict their revenue. \"", "Because they are recurring revenue, you spend $1 today to acquire a customer, you then have a stream of very profitable revenue that goes on for years. ", "You can predict the future fairly well.\" ", "That's not the same with the old licensing model, where \"you start every quarter with zero in revenue. ", "You have to sell more than you did last month in order to continue your growth.\"" ]

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[ "Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha Gene Polymorphism (-308 G-A) in Turkish Pediatric Thrombosis Patients.", "\nTumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) plays an important role in clot formation by activating platelets, monocytes and endothelial cells and inducing procoagulant substances such as negatively charged phospolipids or tissue factor. ", "There is a genetically controlled inter-individual variation of TNF-a production. ", "Carrying TNF2 allele could have a slight protective effect against the occurence of stroke in Sickle Cell Disease patients. ", "We aimed to study this polymorphic site in Turkish children with the diagnosis of thrombosis." ]

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[ "President Trump Donald John TrumpOmar fires back at Trump over rally remarks: 'This is my country' Pelosi: Trump hurrying to fill SCOTUS seat so he can repeal ObamaCare Trump mocks Biden appearance, mask use ahead of first debate MORE's ratings on character traits such as honesty and intelligence from voters have declined to their lowest since November 2016, according to a new Quinnipiac University poll released Monday.", "\n\nTrump got \"his lowest grade for honesty since he was elected,\" and also received the lowest rating since November 2016 on a question about the president's intelligence, according to the poll.", "\n\nThe poll was conducted after an anonymous op-ed from a senior administration official and a book from journalist Bob Woodward revealed a White House in turmoil.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe poll showed 51 percent of voters responding “yes\" when asked \"Would you say that Donald Trump is intelligent, or not?,\" ", "while 42 percent answered \"no.\"", "\n\nThat was Trump's lowest rating for this question since Quinnipiac started asking it after the 2016 election, and was down from 57 percent in July. ", "In November 2016, 74 percent of respondents answered \"yes\" to the question.", "\n\nThe poll also showed that 32 percent of those surveyed answered \"yes\" to the question, \"Would you say that Donald Trump is honest, or not?\", ", "the lowest since November 2016, and down from 38 percent in July.", "\n\nThe Quinnipiac poll also surveyed voters about their views on other traits such as whether President Trump is \"level-headed\" and \"strong.\"", "\n\nThe new poll was conducted between Sept. 6 and Sept. 9, surveying 1,038 voters. ", "It has a margin of error of 3.7 percentage points.", "\n\nThe poll was conducted in the days after the first excerpts were published from veteran journalist Bob Woodward’s new book, which portrays Trump’s White House as an operation filled with chaos, dysfunction and personal attacks among staff.", "\n\nIt also comes after The New York Times published an op-ed from an anonymous senior administration official who described a network of his staffers working from within the administration to “frustrate parts of his agenda and his worst inclinations.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to get the main content of an article from HTML using boilerplate?", "\n\nI am trying to get the main content of an article from an HTML using boilerpipe code.", "\nDownloaded the latest jars from here.", "\nI am trying to use the following code:\nString article = \"\";\ntry {\n article = ArticleExtractor.", "INSTANCE.getText(url); \n System.out.println(\"Article ++++ >>\" + article); \n} catch (BoilerpipeProcessingException e) {\n // TODO Auto-generated catch block\n e.printStackTrace();\n}\n\nBut this returns an empty string for every URL. ", "Can anyone help me on this?", "\n\nA:\n\nHave you tried to pass the HTML itself instead of the url? ", "Or maybe there is a problem with the way your url strings are formatted.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Pulmonary perfusion: respiratory-triggered three-dimensional MR imaging with arterial spin tagging--preliminary results in healthy volunteers.", "\nThe authors used a spin-tagging method of magnetic resonance perfusion imaging to measure pulmonary perfusion in eight healthy volunteers with use of a respiratory-triggered three-dimensional pulse sequence. ", "The average signal intensity (SI) decrease upon arterial labeling was 24%. ", "The perfusion SI increased by 21% after exercise (P = .02). ", "Focal blood flow abnormalities were observed in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." ]

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[ "Lixia Yue, Betsy Navarro, and Dejian Ren contributed equally to this work.", "\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nMulticellular organisms rely on voltage-dependent Na^+^ and Ca^2+^-selective ion channels for rapid signal transduction and initiation of cellular events such as neurosecretion or muscle contraction. ", "Over the last two decades, electrophysiology and molecular biology have effectively revealed the general structure-function relationships of these channels.", "\n\nWe recently described the expression of a six transmembrane (6TM)[\\*](#fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} domain voltage-gated sodium channel gene (NaChBac) from *Bacillus halodurans* ([@bib30]). ", "The primary structure of NaChBac is similar to that of a mammalian 6TM putative voltage-gated cation channel CatSper ([@bib29]) and the pore structure of NaChBac is similar to that of voltage-gated Ca~V~s ([@bib11]). ", "In particular, NaChBac contains the signature FxxxTxExW sequence of Ca~V~ in the pore segments, and the conserved glutamate (E) residues ([@bib30]) that are essential for Ca^2+^ selectivity ([Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) ([@bib13]). ", "However, NaChBac encoded a voltage-gated channel that was Na^+^ selective. ", "Also, I~NaChBac~ kinetics, including activation, inactivation, and recovery from inactivation, were 10--100 times slower than that of Na~v~.\n\n{#fig1}\n\nVoltage-gated Na^+^-selective (Na~v~) and Ca^2+^-selective (Ca~v~) 24TM channels contain four similar repeats (domains D1--D4) of six (S1--S6) segments. ", "Like single repeat 6TM channels, the pore loop joins the S5-S6 segments and determines the selectivity of cation permeation. ", "Unlike K^+^ channels in which main chain carbonyls create the selectivity filter ([@bib10]), Ca~v~ and Na~v~ channel amino acid side chains are postulated to form their selectivity filters ([@bib16]; [@bib12]; [@bib14]; [@bib1]; [@bib26]; [@bib33]). ", "Soon after the functional expression of the first Na~V~ channel in 1986 ([@bib25]), several groups attempted to express single repeats of the Na~V~ channel in hopes that they might form functional homomers of the 6TM domain. ", "These attempts did not yield functional channels (although recently, ionophore activity has been reported from a ligated S5-P-S6 segment of a rat skeletal Na~V~ \\[[@bib6]\\]).", "\n\nNonetheless, the identification of the important residues in the selectivity filter in Na~V~ was soon established. ", "Substitution of lysine (K) and alanine (A) within the DEKA \\[aspartate (D), glutamate (E), lysine (K) and alanine (A)\\] locus decreased Na^+^ selectivity and allowed channels to permeate Ca^2+^ ([@bib16]). ", "Replacement of lysine (K; D3) or alanine (A; D4) by glutamate (E; D3, D4) ([@bib16]), or lysine (K; D3) by alanine (A; D3)([@bib31]) altered the ion selectivity of Na~V~ to more closely resemble that of Ca~V~ channels. ", "Biophysical studies on Ca~V~ channels had suggested that the channel contained one or two Ca^2+^ binding sites ([@bib18]; [@bib17]; [@bib12]; [@bib23]). ", "The Ca~V~ channel selectivity filter was proposed to contain one glutamate (E) residue from each of the four domains drawn into a circle around the pore EEEE motif ([@bib16]; [@bib34]; [@bib12]). ", "In comparison, the similarly placed residues in the four domains (DEKA motif) form a dynamic ([@bib2]), asymmetric ([@bib3]), and flexible ([@bib27]) ion selectivity filter in Na~V~ channels.", "\n\n[@bib14] provided evidence that the Lys (K) residue in D3 was the critical determinant that specified both the impermeability of Ca^2+^ and the selective permeability of Na^+^ over K^+^. Furthermore, substitution for lysine or an exchange of the positions of the lysine and glutamate residues (DEKA to DKEA) decreased Na^+^ selectivity ([@bib5]; [@bib27]). ", "Cysteine accessibility experiments revealed that the D2 pore loop is most superficial, D1 and D3 intermediate, and D4 most internal ([@bib7]).", "\n\nIn parallel with the studies of Na~V~, similar mutagenesis studies focused on the Ca~V~ selectivity filter. ", "Asp (D) and Ala (A) substitutions in the EEEE locus reduce ion selectivity by weakening ion binding affinity. ", "Mutations within the set of glutamates (e.g., Ca~V~1.2 EEEE changed to EEKA) effectively increased Na^+^ permeability by 15-fold ([@bib32]). ", "Substitution of the EEEE motif by AAAA, QQQQ, or DDDD motifs eliminated Ca^2+^ or Ba^2+^ currents ([@bib12]; [@bib8]). ", "In a mixture of ions, weakly binding ions are impermeant, strongly binding ions are permeant, and very strongly binding ions act as pore blockers ([@bib9]). ", "Thus, competition among ion species is an intrinsic feature of the Ca~V~ selectivity filter.", "\n\nTo understand more about the Na^+^ and Ca^2+^ selectivity filters, we compared the relative permeabilities of expressed wild-type (wt) NaChBac with a series of mutants in which the pore residues had been altered. ", "The short length of NaChBac (274 amino acids) and presumed homotetrameric assembly greatly simplifies the potential structure-function relationships.", "\n\nHere we find that replacing the amino acid residues adjacent to glutamatic acid (E) by negatively charged aspartate (D) converted the Na^+^-selective NaChBac to a Ca^2+^-selective channel. ", "We were also able to mutate pore residues within NaChBac that converted it into a nonselective ion channel.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\n=====================\n\nExpression of wt and Mutant NaChBac\n-----------------------------------\n\nNaChBac was cloned from *Bacillus halodurans* C-125 DNA by PCR (BAB05220) ([@bib30]). ", "The NaChBac construct containing an open reading frame of 274 amino acid residues was subcloned into a pTracer-CMV2 vector (Invitrogen) containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). ", "The skeletal muscle Na^+^ channel SKM1 (M26643) was used in comparison to NaChBac under identical recording conditions and determinations of permeability ratios. ", "Mutations were introduced into the NaChBac cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis (Quickchange^TM^ site-directed mutagenesis kit; Stratagene). ", "All mutations were confirmed by DNA sequencing and restriction digestion. ", "wt NaChBac and mutant cDNAs were transfected into CHO-K1 cells or COS-7 cells with LipofectAMINE 2000 (Life Technologies). ", "Transfected cells were identified by fluorescence microscopy and membrane currents were recorded 24--48 h after transfection.", "\n\nElectrophysiology and Data Analysis\n-----------------------------------\n\nUnless otherwise stated, the pipette solution contained (in mM): 147 Cs, 120 methanesulfonate, 8 NaCl, 10 EGTA, 2 Mg^2+^-adenosine triphosphate, and 20 HEPES, pH 7.4. ", "Bath solution contained (in mM): 140 NaCl, 10 CaCl~2~, 5 KCl, 10 HEPES, pH 7.4, and 10 glucose. ", "For some experiments, NaCl was isotonically replaced by CaCl~2~.\n\nFor reversal potential measurements to determine the relative permeabilities of Na^+^ and Ca^2+^, the internal pipette solution contained (in mM): 100 mM Na-Gluconate, 10 NaCl, 10 EGTA, 20 HEPES-Na (pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH, \\[Na^+^\\]~total~ = 140). ", "The external solution was (in mM): 140 NMDG-Cl, 10 CaCl~2~, 20 HEPES (pH 7.4 adjusted with HCl), or 80 NMDG-Cl, 50 CaCl~2~, and 20 HEPES. ", "The fast kinetics and small current amplitude of SKM1 in 10 mM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ necessitated the use of 50 mM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ for accurate determination of E~rev~. The permeability ratio of Ca^2+^ was estimated according to the following equation: $$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{{\\mathrm{P}}_{{\\mathrm{Ca}}}}/{{\\mathrm{P}}_{{\\mathrm{x}}}}={{\\mathrm{a}}_{{\\mathrm{si}}} \\left \\left[{\\mathrm{exp}} \\left \\left({{\\mathrm{E}}_{{\\mathrm{rev}}}{\\mathrm{F}}}/{{\\mathrm{RT}}}\\right) \\right \\right] \\right \\left \\left[{\\mathrm{exp}} \\left \\left({{\\mathrm{E}}_{{\\mathrm{rev}}}{\\mathrm{F}}}/{{\\mathrm{RT}}}\\right) \\right +{\\mathrm{1}}\\right] \\right }/{ \\left \\left({\\mathrm{4a}}_{{\\mathrm{se}}}\\right) \\right {\\mathrm{,}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where R, T, F, and E~rev~ are the gas constant, absolute temperature, Faraday constant, and reversal potential, respectively, and x represents Cs^+^ or Na^+^ (i, internal; e, external) ([@bib19]). ", "For calculations of membrane permeability, activity coefficients for Ca^2+^, Cs^+^ and Na^+^ were estimated as follows: $$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{a}}_{{\\mathrm{s}}}={\\mathrm{{\\gamma}}}_{{\\mathrm{s}}} \\left \\left[{\\mathrm{X}}_{{\\mathrm{s}}}\\right] \\right {\\mathrm{,}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where activity, a~s~, is the effective concentration of an ion in solution, s related to the nominal concentration \\[X~s~\\] by the activity coefficient, γ~s~. γ~s~ was calculated from the Debye-Hückel equation: $$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{log{\\gamma}}}_{{\\mathrm{s}}}={-{\\mathrm{0.51*z}}_{{\\mathrm{s}}}^{2}\\sqrt{{\\mathrm{{\\mu}}}}}/{ \\left \\left({\\mathrm{1}}+{\\mathrm{3.8{\\alpha}}}_{{\\mathrm{s}}}\\sqrt{{\\mathrm{{\\mu}}}}\\right) \\right {\\mathrm{,}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where μ is the ionic strength of the solution, z~s~ is the charge on the ion, and α~s~ is the effective diameter of the hydrated ion in nanometers (nm). ", "The calculated activity coefficients were γ~(Cs)i~ = 0.70, γ~(Ca)e~ = 0.331, γ~(Na)i~ = 0.75 and γ~(Na)e~ = 0.73. ", "The liquid junction potentials were measured using a salt bridge as described by Neher ([@bib24]) and these measurements agreed within 3 mV to those calculated by the JPCalc program (P. Barry) within Clampex (Axon Instruments, Inc.).", "\n\nThe voltage dependence of NaChBac and mutants channel activation was determined from a holding potential of −100 mV. Instantaneous tail current were measured at −100 mV after a test potential of 40 ms duration. ", "Normalized tail current amplitude (I/I~max~) was plotted versus test potentials and fitted with a Boltzmann function. ", "Measurements of steady-state inactivation for NaChBac and mutants channel were resolved using 2-s prepulses and 1-s test pulse to −10, 0, or 10 mV depending on the mutant\\'s peak voltage. ", "Cells were held at −100 mV for 20 s between pulses to allow the recovery from inactivation. ", "Normalized test current amplitude (I/I~max~) was plotted versus prepulse potential and fitted with a Boltzmann function. ", "The activation and steady-state inactivation curve were fitted by the Boltzmann equation: $$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{I}}={{\\mathrm{I}}_{{\\mathrm{max}}}- \\left \\left({\\mathrm{I}}_{{\\mathrm{max}}}-{\\mathrm{I}}_{{\\mathrm{min}}}\\right) \\right }/{ \\left \\left\\{{\\mathrm{1}}+{\\mathrm{exp}} \\left \\left[{ \\left \\left({\\mathrm{V}}-{\\mathrm{V}}_{{{\\mathrm{1}}}/{{\\mathrm{2}}}}\\right) \\right }/{k}\\right] \\right \\right\\} \\right {\\mathrm{,}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where I~max~ and I~min~ are the maximum and minimum current values, V is the test voltage, V~1/2~ is the voltage activation midpoint, and *k* is the slope factor.", "\n\nWhole-cell currents were recorded using an Axopatch 200B (Axon Instruments, Inc.) amplifier. ", "Data were digitized at 10 or 20 kHz, and digitally filtered off-line at 1 kHz. ", "Patch electrodes were pulled from borosilicate glass and had resistances of 2--5 MΩ. ", "All experiments were conducted at 22°C ± 2°C. ", "For CHO cells, cell capacitance was 7.6 ± 0.3 pF and for COS-7 cells was 13.9 ± 0.6 pF. Mutant NaChBac current amplitudes ranged from ∼100--800 pA. For wt NaChBac, current amplitudes ranged from 800 pA to 2 nA. Series resistance (R~s~) was compensated up to 90% to reduce all series resistance errors to \\<5 mV. Cells in which R~s~ was \\>10 mΩ were discarded. ", "Pooled data are presented as means ± SEM. ", "Statistical comparisons were made using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-tailed *t* test with Bonferroni correction; P \\< 0.05 indicated statistical significance.", "\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nThe mutations of the NaChBac pore region described in this study are summarized in [Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The six relevant pore amino acids in NaChBac are LESWAS (residues 190--195), and mutants are specified with respect to this nomenclature.", "\n\nExpression Levels of wt and Mutant NaChBac\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe wt NaChBac currents and I-V curve were similar to those reported previously in CHO-K1 cells ([@bib30]), but four to six times larger in COS-7 cells ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} A). ", "Current densities of the LESWAD, LEDWAS, LDDWAD, and especially LEDWAD mutants were smaller than that of wt NaChBac (24--48 h after transfection). ", "More than 98% of wt NaChBac-GFP--expressing cells had substantial currents, whereas only 30--50% LESWAD-, LEDWAS-, LEDWAD- or LDDWAD-GFP--transfected cells produced detectable currents. ", "The LEGWAS mutant current was essentially the same as wt NaChBac. ", "GESWAS, GEAWAS, LKSWAS, and LASWAS mutant currents were not measurable.", "\n\n###### \n\nVoltage dependence of wt NaChBac and NaChBac mutants. (", "A) Representative currents recorded in 10 mM Ca^2+^/140 Na^+^ modified Tyrode\\'s solution (left) from NaChBac and mutant NaChBac with residues 190--195 as indicated. ", "Voltage was stepped from V~H~ = −100 to 100 mV in 10-mV increments at 15-s intervals. (", "B) Averaged I-V curves derived from currents recorded as in (A) of NaChBac and mutant NaChBac (*n* = 8--12 cells each). (", "C) Activation (top; V~H~ = −100 mV) and steady-state inactivation (bottom; V~H~ = −100 mV, pulse test to peak for 2 s) curves of NaChBac and mutant NaChBac (*n* = 7--12 cells each).", "\n\n![](", "20028699f2a)\n\n![](", "20028699f2b)\n\nKinetics of the NaChBac Mutant Channels\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe averaged current density-voltage relations (I-V relations) are shown in [Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} B. LEDWAS, LEDWAD, and LDDWAD mutant currents peaked at 0 mV, whereas the LESWAD mutant peaked at 10 mV. [Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} C and [Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes the activation, inactivation, and slope factor for the most interesting NaChBac mutants. ", "The 50% steady-state inactivation (V~1/2~-inact) of LESWAD, LEDWAS, and LDDWAD were similar to those of wt NaChBac, whereas the midpoints of their activation curves were shifted 19, 22, and 26 mV, respectively, in the positive direction. ", "The difference in the midpoint voltage (V~1/2~) and slope factor (*k*) activation of wt NaChBac and the mutants suggests that introduction of aspartate into the pore region altered the gating function of the channel. ", "The activation and inactivation kinetics of these mutants are similar to that of wt NaChBac with the exception of the LESWAD mutant, which inactivated 2.7 times more rapidly than wt NaChBac (P \\< 0.05).", "\n\n###### \n\nFunctional Parameters of NaChBac Pore Mutants\n\n τ~act~ τ~inact~ V~1/2\\ act~ V~1/2\\ inact~ k~act~ P~Ca~/P~Na~\n -- -------- ---------- ------------- --------------- ----------- -------------\n ms ms mV mV mV/e-fold \n\nMembrane voltage is −10 mV.\n\nMembrane voltage is 10 mV.\n\nMembrane voltage is 0 mV.\n\nE~rev~ was measured under quasibiionic conditions and corrected for junction potential. ", "The external solution for P~Ca~/P~Na~ was (in mM): 140 NMDG-Cl, 10 CaCl~2~, 20 HEPES (pH 7.4 adjusted with HCl). ", "The internal solution was (in mM): 100 Na-Gluconate, 10 NaCl, 10 EGTA, 20 HEPES-Na (pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH, \\[Na^+^\\]~total~ = 140). ", "The fast kinetics and small current amplitude of SKM1 in 10 mM \\[Ca^2÷^\\]~o~ necessitated the use of 50 mM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ for accurate determination of E~rev~.\n\nThe external solution for P~Ca~/P~Na~ was (in mM): 80 NMDG-Cl, 50 CaCl~2~, 20 HEPES (pH 7.4 adjusted with HCl).", "\n\nSelectivity of the NaChBac Mutant Channels\n------------------------------------------\n\nReversal potentials of the NaChBac mutants were measured under quasi-biionic conditions as described in [materials]{.smallcaps} [and]{.smallcaps} [methods]{.smallcaps}. [", "Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} A shows representative currents of wt NaChBac, LEGWAS, LEDWAS, LESWAD, LEDWAD, and LDDWAD mutants recorded in 10 mM Ca^2+^ (modified Tyrode\\'s) solution and isotonic (105 mM) Ca^2+^ solution. ", "NaChBac (wt) and LEGWAS currents were practically undetectable after replacement of the 140 mM Na^+^/10 mM Ca^2+^-containing solution by the 0 mM Na^+^/105 mM Ca^2+^ solution, indicating the low Ca^2+^ permeability of these channels. ", "Current amplitudes of the LEDWAD and LDDWAD mutants were significantly increased when the external solution was changed to isotonic Ca^2+^ solution while the amplitude of LEDWAS mutant currents was not significantly increased. ", "The LESWAD mutant current was dramatically decreased in isotonic \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~. The average peak current amplitude measured at 0 mV obtained in 10 mM Ca^2+^ Tyrode\\'s solution or in 105 mM Ca^2+^ solution is shown in [Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} B and normalized to the current amplitude measured in 10 mM Ca^2+^ solution ([Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} C).", "\n\n{#fig3}\n\nRelative permeability (P~Ca~/P~Na~) was calculated as described in [materials]{.smallcaps} [and]{.smallcaps} [methods]{.smallcaps} and [Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Since P~Ca~/P~Na~ had not been described for native Na~v~ channels under these specific conditions, we also measured the relative permeability for SKM1, a skeletal muscle Na^+^-selective channel. ", "SKM1 ([@bib21]) was expressed in COS7 and CHO cells and examined under identical conditions as NaChBac and similar to its mutants ([Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "For NaChBac, substitution of serine (192) by glycine (LEGWAS) did not change NaChBac\\'s relative permeability (LESWAS: P~Ca~/P~Na~ = 0.15). ", "Replacement of the serine at position 195 by aspartate (S195D; LESWAD) converted the normally Na^+^-selective wt NaChBac (P~Ca~/P~Na~ = 0.15) into a relatively nonselective cation channel (P~Ca~/P~Na~ = 17).", "\n\nAs uncharged amino acids were replaced by an increasing number of negatively charged aspartates, Ca^2+^ selectivity dramatically increased. ", "Replacing the serine at position 192 by aspartate (S192D; LEDWAS) increased wt NaChBac\\'s Ca^2+^ selectivity over Na^+^ by 233-fold (P~Ca~/P~Na~= 35). ", "Although the current amplitude was reduced, substitution of serines 192 and 195 by aspartate (LEDWAD) increased Ca^2+^ selectivity by 486-fold (P~Ca~/P~Na~ = 73). ", "Further substitution by the negatively charged aspartate into position 195 (LDDWAD; denoted CaChBac~m~) yielded the highest Ca^2+^ permeability (P~Ca~/P~Na~ = 133), with a much larger current amplitude (500 to 1,000 pA) in 10 mM Ca^2+^ solution. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} A, the current amplitude of CaChBac~m~ in 10 mM Ca^2+^ solution was virtually identical to that obtained in 10 mM Ca^2+^/NMDG solution, suggesting that CaChBac~m~\\'s conductance was not permeant to, nor affected by, \\[Na^+^\\]~o~. In comparison, the wt LESWAS current was almost undetectable in 10 mM Ca^2+^/NMDG solution ([Fig. ", "4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} B), consistent with it being a relatively selective Na^+^ channel.", "\n\n![", "Currents of the Ca^2+^-selective CaChBac~m~ (LDDWAD) mutant compared with wt NaChBac (LESWAS). (", "A) The current amplitude of the LDDWAD mutant recorded in 10 mM Ca^2+^/140 mM Na^+^ solution was not significantly different from that recorded in 10 mM Ca^2+^/140 mM NMDG solution. (", "B) The current amplitude of the wt NaChBac (LESWAS) was virtually eliminated by replacing 140 mM \\[Na\\]~o~ by 140 mM \\[NMDG\\]~o~.](20028699f4){#fig4}\n\nThe Anomalous Mole Fraction Effect\n----------------------------------\n\nCa^2+^ -selective channels exhibit a concentration-dependent permeability ratio, called the anomalous mole fraction effect. ", "This effect is thought to be a consequence of the Ca^2+^ channel\\'s capacity to hold two or more divalent ions in the pore at the same time, and is usually interpreted to mean that ions interact within the pore. ", "CaChBac~m~\\'s (LDDWAD) conductance increased with increasing external \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ and its conductance to Na^+^ increased when \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ was decreased to 10 μM ([Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} A). ", "Presumably at low \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~, the pore binding site for Ca^2+^ is no longer occupied and Na^+^ is less impeded in its transit through the pore. ", "The normalized current amplitude plotted as a function of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ ([Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} B) is typical of anomalous mole fraction behavior.", "\n\n![", "CaChBac~m~ (LDDWAD mutant) is a Ca^2+^-selective channel. (", "A) CaChBac~m~ (LDDWAD) currents in various \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ (substituted by Na^+^ to maintain isotonicity) elicited by depolarization from −100 to 0 mV. (B) Normalized current amplitude of the LDDWAD mutant plotted as a function of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ with Na^+^ substitution (±SEM, *n* = 6). (", "C) Averaged current density-voltage relations of LDDWAD in external solutions containing 1, 10, and 105 mM Ca^2+^ (±SEM, *n* = 6). (", "D) Reversal potentials (E~rev~) of the LDDWAD mutant plotted as a function of log \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ (Na^+^ substitution; ±SEM, *n* = 6). ", "The slope was fitted by linear regression analysis slope (25.6 mV per decade), close to slope predicted by the Nernst equation at 22°C (29 mV).](20028699f5){#fig5}\n\nCaChBac~m~ Is a Calcium-selective Channel\n-----------------------------------------\n\nCaChBac~m~\\'s (LDDWAD) channel conductance increased and the reversal potentials shifted to more positive potentials as \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ was increased from 1 to 10 to 105 mM ([Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} C). ", "A plot of reversal potentials against log\\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ was best fit by a linear regression slope of 25.6 ± 3.2 mV/decade (mean ± SEM, *n* = 8) close to that predicted by the Nernst equation for a Ca^2+^-selective electrode (29 mV/decade). ", "CaChBac~m~ (LDDWAD) is thus a Ca^2+^-selective channel.", "\n\nInterestingly, the LESWAD mutant that displayed a decreased permeability to Na^+^ compared with wt NaChBac, was blocked by \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~. [Fig. ", "6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} A shows LESWAD currents recorded at 10 μM, 1 mM, 10 mM (in 130 mM \\[Na^+^\\]~o~), and 105 mM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~. The LESWAD mutant permeable to both Na^+^ and Ca^2+^, were largest in 10 μM Ca^2+^ solution and smallest in 105 mM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~. The mean I-V relations of LESWAD under various \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ are shown in [Fig. ", "6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} B.\n\n![", "The NaChBac LESWAD mutant is sensitive to Ca^2+^ blockade. (", "A) Currents recorded at 0 mV in varying \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ with Na^+^ substitution. (", "B) Averaged I-V relations of the LESWAD mutant in 10 μM, 1 mM, 10 mM, and 105 mM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~ (±SEM, *n* = 6). ", "Note that the current density, but not E~rev~, changed with increasing \\[Ca^2+^\\]~o~.](20028699f6){#fig6}\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nWe have used the simple 274 amino acid bacterial voltage--gated Na^+^-selective channel to explore the mechanism of Na^+^- and Ca^2+^-selective permeation. ", "This opportunity is fairly unique since no other voltage-gated ion-selective bacterial channel has been functionally expressed in mammalian systems and there are no known mammalian voltage--gated Ca^2+^- or Na^+^-selective channels with the single repeat structure. ", "Together with the wt NaChBac, the mutants described here suggest that voltage-gated Na^+^-selective, Ca^2+^-selective, and Na^+^/Ca^2+^-permeable cation channels can all be formed with the polypeptides of single repeat of the 6TM. ", "The single-repeat 6TM structure is shared by voltage-gated potassium channels, TRP channels, and cyclic-nucleotide--gated channels. ", "Voltage-gated Na^+^ or Ca^2+^ channels with this single-repeat structure have not been discovered in cells other than bacteria, but the recently reported mammalian sperm ion channels ([@bib28]; [@bib29]) may be candidates for the functional homologues of the bacterial channel.", "\n\nOur experiments show that mutation of amino acid residues in the pore domain can be mutated to make the channel cation nonselective, or even highly Ca^2+^ selective. ", "The most interesting residues of the pore region were between amino acids 190--195 of NaChBac (LESWAS). ", "We found a correlation between increasing numbers of negatively charged aspartic acid substitutions within the domain and increasing Ca^2+^ selectivity. ", "The mutants denoted LESWAD, LEDWAS, LEDWAD, and LDDWAD displayed increasing selectivity for Ca^2+^, with LESWAD having the lowest and LDDWAD the highest Ca^2+^ selectivity.", "\n\nIn a model based on alignment with the bacterial K^+^-selective channel, KcsA, Na~V~ channel Na^+^ permeation is theoretically blocked by an interaction between the D3 lysine (K;D3) amino group and the D2 glutamate (E;D2) carboxyl group ([@bib22]). ", "In this model the D3-K side chain must change its conformation for each Na^+^ ion that permeates, and selectivity is not determined by the size of the pore but by the ability of the permeating ion to compete with the amino group of K-D3. ", "In contrast, Favre et al. ([", "@bib14]) proposed a mechanism analogous to the selectivity filter of the Ca^2+^ channel. ", "They suggested that Na^+^ binds to the filter, with the K-D3 amino group stabilizing the metal binding cavity, and as an endogenous cation altering the affinity of Na^+^ binding within the pore. ", "In both cases, the D3-positive charge is a dominant component of the electrostatic field within the selectivity filter and the side chain determines the selectivity. ", "Interestingly, there is no positively charged residue (K,R,H) in an analagous position in the NaChBac selectivity filter. ", "The only positive charge (R199) in NaChBac pore loop is distal to the presumed selectivity filter, and neutralization (R199A) or replacement with a negatively charged amino acid (R199D) yields a channel that either is nonfunctional or too poorly conducting to yield measurable current (unpublished data).", "\n\nCan the carbonyl oxygens (not the side chains), form a Na selectivity filter? ", "Schild and colleagues propose that ENaC\\'s (P~Na~/P~K~ \\>100) subunit main-chain carbonyl oxygens line the channel pore with their side chain pointing away from the pore lumen. ", "ENaC is more permeable to Li^+^ than Na^+^ ions and mutations of the residue in the pre-M2 segment made the channel permeant to K^+^ ions. ", "Substitution of the critical residue (S589) with amino acids of increasing sizes shifted the molecular cutoff of the channel pore for inorganic and organic cations. ", "Mutants with an increased permeability to large cations showed a decrease in the ENaC unitary conductance of small cations such as Na^+^ and Li^+^. They proposed that substitution of the ENaC S589 subunit by larger residues increases the pore diameter by adding extra volume at the subunit--subunit interface ([@bib20]). ", "Such a hypothesis can be tested for NaChBac by further mutagenesis or obtainment of the high resolution structure.", "\n\nIn computational studies of K^+^ permeation, dynamical fluctuations of the carbonyl oxygen atoms that form the selectivity filter ([@bib4]) produce movements that are much larger than the difference in the radius of Na^+^ and K^+^ ions. ", "Thus, for the K^+^ channel in which much more concrete data is available, selectivity does not arise from simple geometric considerations based on a rigid pore. ", "Moreover, computational experiments indicate that the fluctuations of the protein structure have a large effect on the free energy profiles and on the selectivity of the channel (important properties of the pore are coupled to the fluctuations of a hydrogen bond between two residues nearly 12Å away). ", "Understanding the mechanism of monovalent selectivity (e.g., Na^+^ vs. K^+^) is likely to be subtle and require both structural and functional data.", "\n\nThe permeation pathway of the Na~V~ channel is formed by asymmetric loops from each domain, and asymmetry is commonly assumed to be an important aspect of Na^+^ selectivity. ", "Since each subunit of NaChBac is presumably identical, is asymmetry a key attribute? ", "It is likely that the linked four-domain structure for Na~V~ and Ca~V~ channels conferred an evolutionary advantage, either in the kinetics of channel activation, inactivation, or recovery from inactivation. ", "Given the high P~Na~/P~K~ of NaChBac it seems less likely the four-domain structure evolved to provide increased monovalent selectivity.", "\n\nNaChBac is truly highly Na^+^ selective (P~Na~/P~K~∼170, P~Na~/P~Cs~∼380). ", "In the present studies, we constructed a Ca^2+^-selective channel, but we did not switch the Na^+^-selective channel into a K^+^-selective channel. ", "It is possible that the LDDWAD mutant merely created the right conditions for Ca^2+^ binding in the pore, but that the true monovalent selectivity filter may involve slightly shifted residues. ", "Interestingly, two bacterial strains have homologues to our Ca-selective mutants (FE**D**WT**D** in *Colwellia sp*.34H and *Microbulbifer degradans*) and it will be important to determine if these are indeed native Ca^2+^-selective channels.", "\n\nAlthough the steady-state inactivation (V~1/2~-inact) of LESWAD, LEDWAS, and LDDWAD were similar to those of wt NaChBac, their activation curves were shifted significantly to more depolarized potentials. ", "The slope factor, *k*, of the Boltzmann fits for these mutants also indicated that the energy for activation was decreased; less charge has to be moved across the membrane to gate the channel. ", "Thus, mutations in this restricted region of the pore not only affect selectivity, but also alter gating. ", "We do not yet understand the activation and inactivation of NaChBac, but the short length of the intracellular domains and our early mutagenic studies indicate that NaChBac inactivation does not rely on the N and C termini. ", "Also noteworthy is the especially short linker between the S3 and S4 domains, which may constrain the movement of the activation gate ([@bib15]). ", "We postulate that the four-domain structure somehow enables the increased speed of activation and recovery from inactivation needed for fast, repetitive signaling. ", "Hopefully, this hypothesis can be tested in future studies of NaChBac gating.", "\n\nWe thank Susan Kraner (University of Kentucky) for generously providing the SKM1 clone and to Louis DeFelice, Robert Guy, Richard Aldrich, Chris Miller, and Ed Moczydlowski for helpful discussion.", "\n\nB. Navarro was supported by the Kaplan Fellowship.", "\n\n*Abbreviations used in this paper:* 6TM, six transmembrane; wt, wild-type.", "\n\n[^1]: Address correspondence to David E. Clapham, HHMI, Children\\'s Hospital, 1309 Enders Bldg., ", "320 Longwood Ave., ", "Boston, MA 02115. ", "Fax: (617) 731-0787; E-mail: <[email protected]>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Filter by price\n\nBrowsers\n\nFiles\n\nResolution\n\nIgloria is an endless game which has pretty graphics! *", "Tap to dash *Tap and hold to use scare power ups Supports mobile and desktop If you have any question, please contact me [email protected] This game is ready to earn money with Admob ads This game is ready to earn money…\n\nHow to play By clicking on one block, it turns over showing its picture. ", "Player is trying to memorize the card and find the second card with the same picture. ", "If the both cards are the with the same pictures, player gains 5 points and the block pair is removed…\n\nThis office is corrupt. ", "Manager and Boss kill people who don’t follow the rules. ", "So our hero has stepped up and going to kill the boss. ", "With a small comic strip “the office guy” story begins. ", "There are 10 tasks to complete and in the end, you have to collect…" ]

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[ "With an aim to investigate inclusion across borders, quantitative and qualitative data were examined that came from 18 countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Finland, France, Iceland, India, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the USA. ", "Four themes emerged in this study: (1) concerns with student outcomes in inclusive settings; (2) teachers' beliefs and the ways they relate to their practices; (3) inclusive schools philosophies and practices; and (4) the intersection of inclusion and exclusion. ", "Although international policies, knowledge, and understanding about inclusion and inclusive practices continue to advance throughout the world, there are manifestations of provincialism and discrimination predominantly marked by ethnicity, socio-economic status, and ability. ", "While a reality for some students, inclusion remains an aspiration for too many. (", "Contains 1 table.)" ]

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[ "Mischief in the Air\n\nMischief in the Air is a comedy mystery play from Max Afford. ", "It was set in a radio station.", "\n\nIt was one of the few Australian plays of the 1940s to receive a professional production, being produced by J.C. Williamsons Ltd. They produced it in association with radio station 2GB and production company Macquarie, who presented a radio version.", "\n\nPlot\nLarry Carlson, an Australian soldier, meets American serviceman Clay Tuttle in New Guinea. ", "When both are invalided out of the army they meet again in Sydney and try to purchase a radio station. ", "They attempt to attract the interest of sponsors Mc McGuinness and Mr Mandelberg, but problems arise when the former falls dead.", "\n\nOriginal cast\nAileen Britton\nEdwin Finn\nEdward Howell\nJohn McCallum\nJohn O'Malley\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProduction details at AusStage\nMischief in the Air at AustLit\nComplete text of play at Project Gutenberg\nCategory:1944 plays\nCategory:Australian plays" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLocalizable を無効にしたのにビルド時に `***.ja-JP.resx` リソースファイルを参照しようとする\n\nVisual Studio C# で開発しているアプリケーションの Form で、Localizable=true にしていたのですが、ローカライズ対応不要ということがわかり、このプロパティを false へ変更しました。", "\n変更後も作成済の *.jp-JP.resx / *.ja.resx のようなリソースファイルが残っており、削除するとビルドエラーとなります。", "\n\nResouce file *****.ja-JP.resx cannot be found.", "\n\nこのエラーを回避し、プロジェクトが参照しないようにする方法をご教示ください。", "\n\nA:\n\nおそらくソリューションエクスプローラー内の、Propertiesツリーの中に該当ファイルの参照が見つかります。", "\nそれをプロジェクトから削除します。", "\nもっとも汎用的な対処方法は、Subversionなどのソース管理システムを利用して、プロジェクトファイル（XXX.csproj）にどのような変更が起こったかを確認し、その変更を望む形に取り消すことだと思います。", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Pavel Dvořák\n\nPavel Dvořák (born 19 February 1989) is a Czech football player who currently plays for 1. ", "FC Slovácko on loan from SK Sigma Olomouc.", "\n\nReferences\n\n Profile at iDNES.cz (Czech)\n\nExternal links\n Profile at ČMFS website\n Guardian Football\n \n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Czech footballers\nCategory:Czech First League players\nCategory:Czech National Football League players\nCategory:FC Hradec Králové players\nCategory:FC Vysočina Jihlava players\nCategory:SK Sigma Olomouc players\nCategory:1. ", "FC Slovácko players\nCategory:Association football forwards" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an image capture apparatus.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn many cases, image capture apparatuses, such as video cameras, have electrical connectors (simply “connectors,” hereinbelow) for connecting cables to external devices, such as a television device and a computer, for communication of signals, such as audio and video signals.", "\nAccording to a previously proposed technique (see Patent Publication 1 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2005-184669)), an apparatus such as described above has a cover for protecting connectors on two sides from foreign matter such as dust. ", "As seen from the publication, the cover is engageable and disengageable with cover receiving portions of the connectors. ", "In substantially the center, the cover has a cover-fitting piece (which also serve to prevent missing of the cover) protruding therefrom that mates with a receiving opening provided on the side of the apparatus, and the cover is pivotable about the cover-fitting piece. ", "The cover is formed into a slender planar shape from resilient synthetic resin or rubber, and is engageable or disengageable from the cover receiving portions of the connectors by being held using a user's digit(s) (finger(s)).", "\nHowever, the operation for engagement or disengagement of the cover with the cover-receiving portion(s) of the connector(s) is intricate. ", "Further, in the state that the cover is disengaged from the cover-receiving portions of the connectors, the cover is situated in a loose or dangling state in the outside of the housing body. ", "The cover in such the state hinders the operation of connecting a cable connector(s) to the apparatus-side connector(s). ", "Further, such the state of the cover is disadvantageous in the exterior of the apparatus." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy of hairless mouse skin using two-fold illumination schemes: PpIX fluorescence kinetics, photobleaching and biological effect.", "\nLight fractionation with dark periods of the order of hours has been shown to considerably increase the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT). ", "Recent investigations have suggested that this increase may be due to the resynthesis of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) during the dark period following the first illumination that is then utilized in the second light fraction. ", "We have investigated the kinetics of PpIX fluorescence and PDT-induced damage during PDT in the normal skin of the SKH1 HR hairless mouse. ", "A single illumination (514 nm), with light fluences of 5, 10 and 50 J cm-2 was performed 4 h after the application of 20% ALA, to determine the effect of PDT on the synthesis of PpIX. ", "Results show that the kinetics of PpIX fluorescence after illumination are dependent on the fluence delivered; the resynthesis of PpIX is progressively inhibited following fluences above 10 J cm-2. ", "In order to determine the influence of the PpIX fluorescence intensity at the time of the second illumination on the visual skin damage, 5 + 95 and 50 + 50 J cm-2 (when significantly less PpIX fluorescence is present before the second illumination), were delivered with a dark interval of 2 h between light fractions. ", "Each scheme was compared to illumination with 100 J cm-2 in a single fraction delivered 4 or 6 h after the application of ALA. ", "As we have shown previously greater skin damage results when an equal light fluence is delivered in two fractions. ", "However, significantly more damage results when 5 J cm-2 is delivered in the first light fraction. ", "Also, delivering 5 J cm-2 at 5 mW cm-2 + 95 J cm-2 at 50 mW cm-2 results in a reduction in visual skin damage from that obtained with 5 + 95 J cm-2 at 50 mW cm-2. ", "A similar reduction in damage is observed if 5 + 45 J cm-2 are delivered at 50 mW cm-2. ", "PpIX photoproducts are formed during illumination and subsequently photobleached. ", "PpIX photoproducts do not dissipate in the 2 h dark interval between illuminations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Fire destroys Alachua home\n\nAlachua County firefighters extinguished a house fire Tuesday afternoon.", "\n\nCrews from both Alachua County Fire-Rescue and High Springs Fire responded to the fire call at 12905 NW 202 St. at 4:56 p.m.\n\nFirefighters say flames were burning through the roof of the 1,800-square-foot home when they arrived. ", "They say the fire was fully involved in the attic, making it difficult to access and extinguish the blaze." ]

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[ "PLEASE WHITELIST US.", "\nIf it weren’t for the ads, LaptopMedia wouldn’t be running.", "\nOur articles are free to read but the equipment in our Labs isn’t.", "\nWe want to be as objective and unbiased as possible, and you can help us keep our jobs by whitelisting our media in your adblocker.", "\n\nAs like the rest of the Polaris-based chips from AMD, the Radeon RX 560 supports the same features like DisplayPort 1.3 and 1.4, HDMI 2.0, AMD FreeSync and DirectX 12 renderer, although the latter is only supported on Windows 10.", "\n\nComments\n\nAre you sure it has only 896 shaders? ", "That’s the data from the rx460. ", "Afaik the rx560 has unlocked the remaining 128 shaders which makes a total of 1024 shaders. ", "Do you happen to have any laptop for testing so we can know what’s the real deal?" ]

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[ "Essentials\n\nNeed Help?", "\n\nVolunteer\n\nScroll\n\nOn this page\n\nVolunteering\n\nVolunteering with York Theatre Royal is a great way to get involved and support us, as well as learning new skills and meeting like-minded people. ", "We have several opportunities for you to contribute your time and skills.", "\n\nPhotography Group\n\nOpen to professionals and hobbyists, the York Theatre Royal Volunteer Photography Group is perfect if you want to meet other local photographers, practice your skills and gain unprecedented access to theatre events and productions – from photographing youth theatre to documenting our large-scale community productions.", "\n\nSupported by York Theatre Royal’s Wardrobe department, this social group is for anyone who enjoys sewing and would like to meet other like-minded people. ", "This fabulous group help to repair costume hire outfits and occasionally work on new costumes for productions in the theatre. ", "Tea and biscuits are always to hand. ", "For more information please email Hazel Jupp [email protected] or drop into any session, every Wednesday 1-4pm in De Grey Rooms.", "\n\nVisionari\n\nCommunity Programming Group\n\nJoin a group of like-minded people once a month to voice your opinion on different aspects of York Theatre Royal and shape part of our creative output. ", "We want our theatre to reflect our community and to ensure that your ideas and thoughts are deeply embedded in the work we make and present. ", "The Visionari group was formed to reflect the diverse city in which we live and work. ", "To find out more please email [email protected]\n\nFundraising and Development\n\nWe are looking for enthusiastic, creative individuals with a passion for theatre and great organisational and administrative skills to help us raise essential funds to support projects, productions and events in our community. ", "This role is office based with tasks such as event planning, admin and research.", "\n\nIf you would like to get involved and can offer a few hours a week to help make a difference, please send a covering letter, including some information about yourself and why you want volunteer, with a copy of your CV if you have one, to our Development Team at [email protected]" ]

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[ "Overall guest ratings\n\nReview highlights\n\nGood to know\n\nNearby\n\nAbout\n\nWith a stay at Royal Orchid Central Bangalore in Bengaluru (M.G. Road), you'll be minutes from M.G. Road and close to Vidhana Soudha. ", "This 4-star hotel is within close proximity of Thomson Reuters Offices and Garuda Mall.", "\n\nRooms\n\nMake yourself at home in one of the 130 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and minibars. ", "LCD televisions with premium TV channels are provided, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. ", "Bathrooms feature shower/tub combinations, complimentary toiletries, and hair dryers. ", "Conveniences include safes and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.", "\n\nAmenities\n\nTake advantage of recreation opportunities such as a fitness center, or other amenities including complimentary wireless Internet access and wedding services. ", "Additional features at this hotel include a fireplace in the lobby, a picnic area, and complimentary use of a nearby fitness facility.", "\n\nDining\n\nEnjoy a meal at a restaurant or in a coffee shop/café. ", "Or stay in and take advantage of the hotel's 24-hour room service. ", "Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.", "\n\nBusiness, Other Amenities\n\nFeatured amenities include a business center, express check-in, and express check-out. ", "Event facilities at this hotel consist of conference space and meeting rooms. ", "Guests may use a roundtrip airport shuttle for a surcharge, and free valet parking is available onsite." ]

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[ "Editor's note: This column has been updated to disclose the writer's advocacy of blockchain technology--the underpinning of all crytocurrencies--and a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau warning about these investments.", "\n\nThere has been a lot of talk about Ethereum and Initial Coin Offerings in the blockchain and cryptocurrency community lately. ", "Many people from the mainstream are learning about cryptocurrencies because of Ethereum. ", "But there's also another huge platform and digital currency in the space that just hasn't received as much recognition yet, the platform is called Stratis.", "\n\nStratis is a Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) platform. ", "Essentially they are similar to Ethereum but instead of running ICOs and focusing mainly on smart contracts, their concept is to have a multitude of features covering every possible need in the blockchain space, so they can offer their services up to other companies. ", "Stratis is similar to a SaaS company but is specifically built to offer blockchain as their service. ", "It should be noted here that I am an advocate of blockchain technology.", "\n\nThe BaaS concept allows a company to come to Stratis and setup a blockchain on their own on the Stratis' platform without having to start all over and reinvent the wheel, so to speak. ", "This allows any company in the world to quickly get and utilize blockchain. ", "This is generally referred to as a sidechain. ", "This means a blockchain that is built and operating as a branch off of another blockchain. ", "It simplifies everything for the client company.", "\n\nEditor's note: Bitcoin and digital currencies, as with any investment, may involve the risk of loss. ", "The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has warned that virtual currencies, including Bitcoin, carry \"significant risk\" to consumers.", "\n\nStratis also has their own cryptocurrency called Strat. ", "Strat fuels the Stratis Platform, like Ether for Ethereum. ", "Strat is currently trading around $7.90 as of the time of writing. ", "Typically, Strat is influenced by the ICO market, postively or negatively but speculators are betting heavy on Strat long term.", "\n\nWithout being too technical Stratis also solves a number of problems that even Ethereum has not solved yet which has been made apparent due to recent network issues with Ethereum. ", "Stratis leverages sidechains of their own to bypass scalability issues.", "\n\nFor blockchain companies that are heavily reliant on tech, having a well rounded roadmap is a good sign. ", "Stratis has been working hard at it, building their tech into one of the most powerful platforms in the space. ", "The roadmap shows that they are well organized and have thought through a number of potential technical issues. ", "The team appears to focus on longer term plans to make their platform robust, reliable and scalable. ", "Here is a link to Stratis' full upcoming road map." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy Memory Utilization of EC2 instance is not default metric of Amazon CloudWatch?", "\n\nThree Amazon CloudWatch default metrics of EC2 instance are:\n\nCPU\nDisk I/O\nData transfer\n\nMemory Utilization of EC2 instance is custom metric.", "\nI don't know why because Memory Ultilization is one of the very important metrics need to be monitor.", "\nCould anyone help to explain to me about this?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe Amazon EC2 service provides virtual machines that emulate computer hardware, such as CPU, RAM and disk.", "\nThe AWS service cannot see \"inside\" your instance because it is running an Operating System (Linux or Windows). ", "It is the operating system that controls how memory is allocated, so it is not possible to determine \"Memory Utilization\" purely by looking at the virtual hardware.", "\nThat's why the metrics provided are CPU Utilization, Network and Disk — they all involve the virtual hardware.", "\nIf you want metrics from \"inside\" the instance, such as memory usage, free disk space and the number of logged-in users, then you need something that is running on the operating system to extract those metrics and send them to CloudWatch.", "\nYou can do this by Collecting Metrics and Logs from Amazon EC2 Instances and On-Premises Servers with the CloudWatch Agent because the CloudWatch Agent is installed on the operating system.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Suspended Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff is officially on trial, on accusations of breaking budget laws.", "\n\n“Once again the Senate is assembled to fulfil its constitutional power in deciding the future of a president elected by popular vote and accused of having committed impeachable offences,” Ricardo Lewandowski, the President of Brazil’s Supreme Court announced.", "\n\nLewandowski reminded the Senate to vote as individuals and to put aside their political views.", "\n\nA newspaper poll published as her trial was due to open suggested 51 senators would vote to dismiss the country’s first ever female leader, while 11 were undecided. ", "Just 19 senators would support Rousseff, it found. ", "54 votes are needed to convict her.", "\n\nShe will appear to plead her case before the 81-member body on Monday. ", "If found guilty, she could be removed from office and replaced decisively by Vice President Michel Temer as early as Tuesday evening." ]

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[ "It is with great sadness that we were informed yesterday of the passing of a true legend in the recumbent industry. ", "Ian Sims of Greenspeed was just simply a good guy to know. ", "He was always encouraging to our company, Read More ...." ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\n[b]Flash window mode param not working[b/]\n\nHi again,\nI thought I had this problem solved but it turns out, 'only in IE'. ", "I have drop down menu items the client wants to have positioned over a Flash swf file that fades pictures into a banner. ", "The basic problem is getting the div for the flash to respond to z-indexing, i.e. to have banner \"sit behind\" the drop down menu items.", "\n\nHere are my list of things I've tried:\n1. ", "make sure all the elements involved have been 'positioned' either absolute or relative\n2 make sure the flash div has a negative value and other elements positive values for their z-index values\n3 make sure the param for the flash object is set to \"opaque\" and mode of \"wmode\"\n\nThis will work without the <embed> tag and the FF problems. ", "It will also validate as HTML code.", "\nAn even better method is to use swfobject to detect and display Flash. ", "This is great for SEO because it allows you to place alternate, regualar HTML content on the page to describe your Flash content.http://code.google.com/p/swfobject/\nAs for wmode, here's a detailed description from an old post:\n\nWindow Mode (wmode) - What's It For?", "\nThere are three window modes.", "\nWindow\nOpaque\nTransparent\nBy default, the Flash Player gets its own hWnd in Windows. ", "This means that the Flash movie actually exists in a display instance within Windows that lives above the core browser display window. ", "So though it appears to be in the browser window, technically, it isn't. ", "It is most efficient for Flash to draw this way and this is the fastest, most efficient rendering mode. ", "However, it is drawing independently of the browser's HTML rendering surface. ", "This is why this default mode (which is equivalent to wmode=\"window\") doesn't allow proper compositing with DHTML layers. ", "This is why your JavaScripted drop-down menus will drop behind your Flash movie.", "\nIn windowless modes (like opaque), Flash Player doesn't have a hWnd. ", "This means that the browser tells the Flash Player when and where to draw onto the browser's own rendering surface. ", "The Flash movie is no longer being rendered on a higher level if you will. ", "It's right there in the page with the rest of the page elements. ", "The Flash buffer is simply drawn into whatever rectangle the browser says, with any Flash stage space not occupied by objects receiving the movie's background color." ]

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[ "75 years later, unexploded grenades, bombs continue to surface on Guam\n\nAnumita Kaur | Pacific Daily News\n\nEditor's Note: The invasion, occupation and liberation of Guam had a lasting effect on the island's people, government and institutions. ", "Each week leading up to the 75th anniversary of Guam's liberation, the Pacific Daily News will examine how the events of 1941-1944 continue to affect life today. ", "We'll share stories from survivors, family members and historians. ", "Do you know a person we should profile, or do you have a family story you'd like others to know about? ", "Is there a topic we should address? ", "Share your suggestions with us at [email protected].", "\n\nAlthough the battle for Guam ended 75 years ago, remnants of war continue to be unearthed along roads, in yards, on beaches and farms.", "\n\nAbout 11,000 pieces of bullets, grenades, bombs and other pieces of unexploded ordnance have been found since 1954, according to the Navy.", "\n\nThere is no estimate as to how many pieces of unexploded ordnance remain to be discovered, but Navy officials are sure there is more to be found, turning up when there is increased construction and development.", "\n\nThe history\n\nThe majority of this leftover weaponry is left from the Second Battle of Guam, in which American troops recaptured the island from the Japanese.", "\n\n“In the war, it was firepower that determined the success of the American invasion, and it was phenomenal,” said historian David Lotz. “", "It was massive.”", "\n\nThis was the art of war, according to Lotz.", "\n\nMore: Online timeline puts region's history in perspective\n\n“Most of it was specific, target oriented bombing. ", "If you thought Japanese were amassing troops in certain areas, you would hit a larger area,” Lotz said. “", "When you would call in fire, you would have mass shellfire. ", "The object was to illuminate any enemy personnel in the area, and it was massive gunfire.”", "\n\nThe battle stretched 20 days, raining ammunition and explosives down on the island. ", "At first, it was aircraft dropping bombs, according to Lotz.", "\n\n“Once U.S. came on shore, it was mass artillery,” he said. “", "Initially, it was the invasion beaches of Agat and Asan.”", "\n\nThe attacks quickly moved their way up north, leaving a trail of war’s waste behind. ", "Ordnance can be left behind for many reasons: debris from attacks, gear that is left behind after a soldier is injured or killed, faulty weaponry that simply malfunctioned and didn't detonate when launched.", "\n\nNow, residents, beachgoers and construction workers come across the remnants of war so often, it’s uneventful.", "\n\nIn March, Jericho Serrano and his coworkers gathered for lunch after handing a 14-inch projectile over to the authorities. ", "Serrano found the rusted projectile that morning while sifting soil at Manhita Farms in Yigo. ", "The Black Construction employees simply called the authorities and continued their day.", "\n\n\"It's normal for us,\" Serrano said. \"", "I'm not scared. ", "But I didn't touch it either, you could be dead.\"", "\n\nUnexploded ordnance has been similarly discovered in major battleground regions across the world, said Jackie Smith, the military explosive of concern program director with Naval Facilities Engineering Command-Marianas. ", "Smith served on an explosive ordnance disposal unit when he was on active duty.", "\n\n“We find ordnance in the continental United States,” Smith said. “", "This is not something particular to Guam. ", "We’re still digging up civil war cannonballs and revolutionary cannon balls in Charleston. ", "It happens every time we have a hurricane.”", "\n\nHowever, the intensity of war on such a small piece of land leaves a much more noticeable trace.", "\n\n“The most destructive war in human history to date came on the island,” said Karl Lettow, Joint Region Marianas public affairs officer. “", "Most of the stuff is going to get unearthed over time.”", "\n\nStory continues below database:\n\nThe process\n\nThere have been 1,454 calls since 1991 to the military’s explosive ordnance disposal units on Guam to handle the findings, according to the Navy. ", "About 50% of these discoveries are related to military base projects, like the discovery at Manhita Farms.", "\n\n“You’re gonna have to look at it out in three portions: surface laid out unexploded ordnance, underground unexploded ordnance and underwater unexploded ordnance,” Smith said. “", "Most of the surface unexploded ordnance has been cleared over the years. ", "As construction goes on, they’re going to keep finding these things.”", "\n\nThe response is well-practiced, Guam’s EOD units said. ", "The Department of Defense mandates that the military responds to all findings on or off-base, without reimbursement from the local government.", "\n\n“Someone will find a piece of ordnance, or what they think is a piece of ordnance, they will notify the local police department, local police department will notify homeland security,” Smith said.", "\n\nHomeland security will contact Joint Region Marianas, who will deploy one of the two servicing EOD units on island. ", "There is an EOD unit with the Navy and another with Andersen Air Force Base.", "\n\n“The EOD unit will response, the EOD unit will then make a determination as to whether the item is safe to move, or needs to have a procedure done on it to render it safe,” Smith said. “", "If they do that the item is taken care of on the spot, or rendered into such a condition that the item can be safely moved, they will then take charge of it and move that item back to a storage area where it will be stored until it can be destroyed.”", "\n\nDealing with unexploded ordnance in a timely manner is key, he said.", "\n\n“The procedure is done immediately if possible,” Smith said. “", "The disposal may be done at a later time depending on how much material they’ve got and how much capabilities they’ve got at the time.”", "\n\nThe discoveries\n\n“Some of the stuff we find is in relatively pristine condition,” said Tech Sgt. ", "Anthony Walling, with Guam's air force EOD. \"", "You're dealing with common stuff that we know was in our inventory, so it's easy to identify via measurements.”", "\n\nThe range of discoveries is wide, in size and variety: from bullets and fuses to grenades and bombs.", "\n\nThe most common ordnance found on Guam are incendiary devices, according to Navy records. ", "2,085 incendiary devices, or bombs that start fires, have been found since 1991.", "\n\nSmall arms ammunitions are a close second; 1,864 small arms ammunitions have been discovered since 1991, followed by 1,226 high explosive projectiles and 643 grenades.", "\n\nOut of the 47 general purpose bombs found since 1991, the majority are 100-pound or 500-pound bombs. ", "Four 600-pound bombs were found, three of which were discovered at Naval Base Guam, during construction on base.", "\n\nThe largest bomb found on Guam to date is a 1,000-pound bomb, discovered June 14, 2010. ", "This was uncovered during construction by the Naval Base Guam's gym.", "\n\nIf it's not construction revealing ordnance, it's mother nature. ", "Super Typhoon Yutu uncovered a 500-pound bomb on Tinian.", "\n\n\"Everything out here is World War II specific,\" said Lt. ", "Mark Snyder, with the Navy EOD Mobile Unit 5. \"", "It's all U.S. or Japanese items.\"", "\n\nThe ordnance's origin depends on the area of the island and the history, according to the EOD units. ", "Around Asan and Agat, where the U.S. first invaded to recapture the island, the ordnance is primarily American.", "\n\n“Some previous guys in our unit even said, 'Hey if you're going to be in this area, you're probably going to find some things that look like this. ", "In its rusted condition, its probably going to look like this,'\" Smith said.", "\n\nThe rate of discoveries correlates largely with development projects. ", "Just in 2018, 457 pieces of ordnance were discovered. ", "The majority of these were at Finegayan, the site of construction for the future Marine Corps base on island. ", "In 2015, 1,645 pieces of ordnance were discovered; this is the greatest number of ordnance found in one year in recent decades. ", "The majority of these discoveries were made at either Naval Base Guam or Andersen Air Force Base, according to Navy records.", "\n\nAs construction and development move forward in and outside of the fence, the EOD units said, it's only expected that the war's weaponry will continue to be dug up.", "\n\nFor locals, this is business as usual.", "\n\nOn Manhita Farms, it was Serrano's first time discovering a piece of ordnance during construction work. ", "Even then, he was unexcited.", "\n\n“It's not so shocking to the local populous because they've never known anything different,\" Lettow said. “", "In the time since the war, it’s always been here.”", "\n\nRemnants of war remain at the forefront of existence on Guam in that way, according to Lotz, carried in bullets and bombs.", "\n\n“That's one of the legacies of the war,\" Lotz said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAggregate 2 collections to parent / child\n\nI'm not sure if the way I found to solve this problem is a good one or not.", "\nExample scenario:\nclass FolderItem\n{\n public int Id { get; set; }\n public string Name { get; set; }\n public FileItem[] Files { get; set; }\n}\n\nclass FileItem\n{\n public int Id { get; set; }\n public int FolderId { get; set; }\n public string Name { get; set; }\n public byte[] Content { get; set; }\n}\n\nStarting from 2 collections:\nFolderItem[] folders = \n new FolderItem[]\n {\n new FolderItem\n {\n Id = 1,\n Name = \"Folder1\"\n },\n new FolderItem\n {\n Id = 2,\n Name = \"Folder2\"\n }\n };\n\nFileItem[] files = \n new FileItem[]\n {\n new FileItem\n {\n Id = 100,\n FolderId = 1,\n Name = \"file1.txt\",\n Content = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }\n },\n new FileItem\n {\n Id = 200,\n FolderId = 1,\n Name = \"file2.txt\",\n Content = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }\n },\n new FileItem\n {\n Id = 300,\n FolderId = 2,\n Name = \"file3.txt\",\n Content = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }\n },\n new FileItem\n {\n Id = 400,\n FolderId = 2,\n Name = \"file4.txt\",\n Content = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }\n }\n };\n\nIn order to put 'FileItem' into the property 'Files' of 'Folder', I do:\n files\n .Join\n (\n folders,\n x => x.FolderId,\n x => x.Id,\n (x,y) => new { File = x, Folder = y }\n )\n .GroupBy(x => x.Folder.", "Id)\n .Select\n (x => \n { \n var folder = x.First().Folder;\n folder.", "Files = x.Select(z => z.File).ToArray();\n return folder;\n }\n )\n\nI can use .First() in the GroupBy lambda because I'm grouping by its id\nI get:\n\nIs there some extension method that can do quicker or better than this? ", "Are there any best practices?", "\n\nA:\n\nJust create a new list, using Where to get the files for each folder.", "\nvar foldersWithFiles = folders\n .Select\n (\n folder =>\n new FolderItem\n {\n Id = folder.", "Id,\n Name = folder.", "Name,\n Files = files.", "Where\n (\n file => file.", "FolderId = folder.", "Id\n ).ToArray()\n )\n );\n\nYou can always replace the old list afterward, like this:\nfolders = foldersWithFiles.", "ToArray();\n\n" ]

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[ "# coding: utf-8\n\nimport argparse\nimport pickle\nimport sys\nimport os\n\nimport chainer\nimport chainer.functions as F\nfrom chainer.backends import cuda\n\n\nclass ROIPool2D(chainer.", "Chain):\n def __init__(self, fn, outsize, spatial_scale):\n super(ROIPool2D, self).__init__()\n self.fn = fn\n self.outsize = outsize\n self.spatial_scale = spatial_scale\n\n def forward(self, x, rois, roi_indices):\n return self.fn(x, rois, roi_indices, 7, 1.2)\n\n\nclass ROIAlign2D(chainer.", "Chain):\n def __init__(self, fn, outsize, spatial_scale, sampling_ratio):\n super(ROIAlign2D, self).__init__()\n self.fn = fn\n self.outsize = outsize\n self.spatial_scale = spatial_scale\n self.sampling_ratio = sampling_ratio\n\n def forward(self, x, rois, roi_indices):\n return self.fn(x, rois, roi_indices, 7,\n 0.25, 2)\n\n\nclass FPN_ROIAlign2D_1st_scale(chainer.", "Chain):\n def __init__(self, fn):\n super().__init__()\n self.fn = fn\n self.outsize = 7\n self.spatial_scale = 1 / 4\n self.sampling_ratio = 2\n\n def forward(self, x, rois, roi_indices):\n return self.fn(x, rois, roi_indices, 7,\n 0.25, 2)\n\n\nclass FPN_ROIAlign2D_2nd_scale(chainer.", "Chain):\n def __init__(self, fn):\n super().__init__()\n self.fn = fn\n self.outsize = 7\n self.spatial_scale = 1 / 8\n self.sampling_ratio = 2\n\n def forward(self, x, rois, roi_indices):\n return self.fn(x, rois, roi_indices, 7,\n 0.125, 2)\n\n\nclass FPN_ROIAlign2D_3rd_scale(chainer.", "Chain):\n def __init__(self, fn):\n super().__init__()\n self.fn = fn\n self.outsize = 7\n self.spatial_scale = 1 / 16\n self.sampling_ratio = 2\n\n def forward(self, x, rois, roi_indices):\n return self.fn(x, rois, roi_indices, 7,\n 0.0625, 2)\n\n\nclass FPN_ROIAlign2D_4th_scale(chainer.", "Chain):\n def __init__(self, fn):\n super().__init__()\n self.fn = fn\n self.outsize = 7\n self.spatial_scale = 1 / 32\n self.sampling_ratio = 2\n\n def forward(self, x, rois, roi_indices):\n return self.fn(x, rois, roi_indices, 7,\n 0.03125, 2)\n\n\nclass FPN_ROIAlign2D_5th_scale(chainer.", "Chain):\n def __init__(self, fn):\n super().__init__()\n self.fn = fn\n self.outsize = 7\n self.spatial_scale = 1 / 64\n self.sampling_ratio = 2\n\n def forward(self, x, rois, roi_indices):\n return self.fn(x, rois, roi_indices, 7,\n 0.015625, 2)\n\n\n# ======================================\n\nfrom chainer_compiler import ch2o\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n import numpy as np\n\n if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1].startswith('-'):\n parser = argparse.", "ArgumentParser()\n parser.add_argument(\n '--data',\n type=str,\n default=None,\n help='pickle data which contains hs, rois and roi_indices')\n parser.add_argument(\n '--index',\n type=int,\n default=0,\n help='which h in hs is used')\n parser.add_argument(\n '--out',\n type=str,\n default=\".\",", "\n help='')\n parser.add_argument('--gpu', action='store_true')\n args = parser.parse_args()\n\n print(args.data)\n with open(args.data, \"rb\") as f:\n data = pickle.load(f)\n hs = [data_var.array for data_var in data[\"hs\"]]\n rois = data[\"rois\"]\n roi_indices = data[\"roi_indices\"]\n if args.gpu:\n hs = [chainer.cuda.to_gpu(h) for h in hs]\n rois = chainer.cuda.to_gpu(rois)\n roi_indices = chainer.cuda.to_gpu(roi_indices)\n assert(len(hs) == 5)\n assert(len(rois) == 5)\n assert(len(roi_indices) == 5)\n for i, FPN_ROIAlign2D in enumerate((FPN_ROIAlign2D_1st_scale,\n FPN_ROIAlign2D_2nd_scale,\n FPN_ROIAlign2D_3rd_scale,\n FPN_ROIAlign2D_4th_scale,\n FPN_ROIAlign2D_5th_scale)):\n ch2o.generate_testcase(\n FPN_ROIAlign2D(F.roi_average_align_2d),\n [hs[i], rois[i], roi_indices[i]],\n output_dir=os.path.join(args.out, \"fpn_roi_align_2d_pyramid{}_scale\".format(i)),\n use_gpu=args.gpu)\n else:\n x = np.arange(2 * 3 * 5 * 5).reshape((2, 3, 5, 5)).astype(np.float32)\n rois = np.array([[0, 1, 3, 4], [1, 0.3, 4, 2.6]]).astype(np.float32)\n roi_indices = np.array([0, 1]).astype(np.int32)\n\n ch2o.generate_testcase(ROIPool2D(F.roi_max_pooling_2d, 7, 1.2),\n [x, rois, roi_indices],\n subname='max_pool')\n ch2o.generate_testcase(ROIPool2D(F.roi_average_pooling_2d, 7, 1.2),\n [x, rois, roi_indices],\n subname='avg_pool')\n ch2o.generate_testcase(ROIAlign2D(F.roi_max_align_2d, 7, 1.2, 2),\n [x, rois, roi_indices],\n subname='max_align')\n ch2o.generate_testcase(ROIAlign2D(F.roi_average_align_2d, 7, 1.2, 3),\n [x, rois, roi_indices],\n subname='avg_align')\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Learning the talents precious for transparent, powerful writing could make writing projects circulation extra simply. ", "This ebook is helping educational librarians who're new to the career or new to a supervisory or administration place, in addition to those that are looking to be extra efficient and make the their writing for paintings pass extra easily. ", "From development experiences to undertaking plans, hide letters to case experiences and e-book stories to running a blog, readers will locate examples and how-tos for many of the categories of writing they should do of their educational library careers.", "\n\nDiscusses the significance of fashion and audience\n\nAnalyzes and courses the reader throughout the different types of writing that educational librarians use of their daily work\n\nIncludes info on proposing information: particularly, tables, graphs and charts\n\nEach seven seconds, a child boomer turns 50. ", "So. .. ", "who makes up the fastest-growing phase of power library clients? ", "because the inhabitants methods fifty five and above, libraries are confronted with an untapped chance to serve a always underserved inhabitants. ", "As she explains the bits and bobs of making plans, constructing, advertising, and investment winning courses and companies to the graying inhabitants, longtime outreach and entry recommend Barbara associates demonstrates how libraries can reap the benefits of offering top-notch courses and providers for older adults.", "\n\nBy means of targeting supply and keep an eye on approach actions, ITIL provider Operation describes how a hugely fascinating regular nation of handling providers may be completed on a day by day foundation. ", "Key gains The up to date ITIL courses proportion the same typical constitution (including time-honored content material in Chapters 1, 2 and six) to enhance consistency and relief navigation.", "\n\nThis ebook discusses the improvement of library and knowledge providers in China and the impact of the nation's political and social stipulations on that develpment. ", "the writer in brief reports the historical past of chinese language libraries and librarianship, then describes chinese language library providers within the first 1/2 the twentieth century.", "\n\nThis booklet explores discrete-time dynamic optimization and offers a close advent to either deterministic and stochastic types. ", "masking issues of finite and countless horizon, in addition to Markov renewal courses, Bayesian regulate types and partly observable approaches, the ebook makes a speciality of the appropriate modelling of functions in a number of components, together with operations examine, computing device technology, arithmetic, information, engineering, economics and finance.", "\n\nHaving made these decisions, we found 19 words that we could cut from the sentence: The purpose of these style guides is to ensure that writers within the disciplines or journals that adopt them follow a uniform set of practices when it comes to citations, quotations, bibliographies, the use of numbers, and much more. ", "Then we added just one word, academic, to describe the writers, and ended up with this: These style guides ensure that academic writers follow uniform practices when it comes to citations, quotations, bibliographies, numbers, and much more.", "\n\nFinally, we spotted a couple of nouns within prepositional phrases – a uniform set of practices, the use of numbers – that can probably be shortened. ", "We asked ourselves three questions: Can we find a concrete subject and connect it to the action verb? ", "We decided that the subject is the style guides themselves. ", "Can we find a shorter way to describe the writers? ", "We decided that writers within the disciplines or journals that adopt them is just a fancy way to say academic writers. ", "30 Style: short and sweet Can we pull some of the nouns out of their prepositional phrases?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "HTC has started updating its devices with the next wave of Android - version 4.0 aka Ice Cream Sandwich - but only sixteen devices are in line for the upgrade.", "\n\nAs listed on the manufacturer's website, they include the HTC Droid Incredible 2, the Desire S and Desire HD, two EVO phones and four Sensation phones. ", "Devices that don't make the Ice Cream handout include early HTC tablet the Flyer and the Desire Z, leaving several disappointed punters moaning in the comments.", "\n\nStill there seems to be hope for the holders of other handsets, with HTC promising to continue carrier negotiations to get Ice Cream Sandwich on other phones.", "\n\nThe time frame on the roll-outs is vague. ", "HTC says it is in the early stages of pushing the frosty sarnie to the Sensation and Sensation XE with upgrades more widely available in the next few weeks:\n\nThe update for the HTC Sensation 4G and HTC Sensation XL will follow. ", "Please note, once we start pushing out updates it will take time for all carriers in each country to get the update.", "\n\nHere's the full list of HTC mobes getting the upgrade:\n\nDROID Incredible 2\n\nAmaze 4G\n\nDesire S\n\nDesire HD\n\nEVO 3D\n\nEVO Design 4G\n\nIncredible S\n\nSensation\n\nSensation XL\n\nSensation 4G\n\nSensation XE\n\nRaider\n\nRezound\n\nRhyme\n\nThunderbolt\n\nVivid\n\nThere are no details in the blog as to whether there will be an HTC skin over the Android update or what it will look like. ", "®" ]

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[ "/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note */\n#ifndef __ASM_GENERIC_MMAN_H\n#define __ASM_GENERIC_MMAN_H\n\n#include <asm-generic/mman-common.h>\n\n#define MAP_GROWSDOWN\t0x0100\t\t/* stack-like segment */\n#define MAP_DENYWRITE\t0x0800\t\t/* ETXTBSY */\n#define MAP_EXECUTABLE\t0x1000\t\t/* mark it as an executable */\n#define MAP_LOCKED\t0x2000\t\t/* pages are locked */\n#define MAP_NORESERVE\t0x4000\t\t/* don't check for reservations */\n#define MAP_POPULATE\t0x8000\t\t/* populate (prefault) pagetables */\n#define MAP_NONBLOCK\t0x10000\t\t/* do not block on IO */\n#define MAP_STACK\t0x20000\t\t/* give out an address that is best suited for process/thread stacks */\n#define MAP_HUGETLB\t0x40000\t\t/* create a huge page mapping */\n#define MAP_SYNC\t0x80000\t\t/* perform synchronous page faults for the mapping */\n\n/* Bits [26:31] are reserved, see mman-common.h for MAP_HUGETLB usage */\n\n#define MCL_CURRENT\t1\t\t/* lock all current mappings */\n#define MCL_FUTURE\t2\t\t/* lock all future mappings */\n#define MCL_ONFAULT\t4\t\t/* lock all pages that are faulted in */\n\n#endif /* __ASM_GENERIC_MMAN_H */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Schizophrenia is among the most serious and most expensive mental disorders in terms of direct treatment costs, loss of productivity, and expenditures for public assistance, with an estimated annual cost to society of over $62 billion. ", "Almost two thirds of these costs come from patients' diminished capacity for learning, working, self-care, interpersonal relationships, and maintaining general living skills. ", "While skills training interventions have been developed to address skills deficits in this population, patients typically do not consistently practice the skills they learn in therapy; potentially limiting the mastery of these important skills and ultimately the efficacy of these interventions. ", "We previously compared a skills-training program for middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia and found that patients did not regularly comply with homework assignments, thereby limiting functional gains. ", "We have developed a new skills-training intervention, called the Skills Training and Empowerment Program (STEP) that incorporates communication technology (i.e., cellular phones) to help maximize compliance with homework and to improve generalization of skills to real-world settings. ", "The primary goal of this study is to examine the efficacy of our STEP program for improving functional outcome in a sample of middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia. ", "We will also examine whether this intervention is successful for increasing homework compliance, which we believe is a key mechanism linking skills training to increases in functional outcome. ", "To accomplish our aims, we will enroll 240 middle-aged and older adults with schizophrenia and randomly assign them to receive 6-months of our new STEP intervention or 6-months of our original skills training intervention, known as the FAST program. ", "Participants in the STEP program will attend 12 group-based intervention sessions (120 minutes each) emphasizing training in 6 functional domains (e.g., communication skills, financial management, medication management). ", "Participants will also receive cellular phones and will receive 24 cell-phone sessions (20 minutes each) emphasizing homework compliance and problem-solving barriers to compliance. ", "FAST participants will receive 24 group- based sessions (120 minutes each) emphasizing the same 6 functional domains. ", "Both groups will receive 6 months of booster sessions to reinforce functional gains. ", "Group differences in functional outcomes will be determined based upon assessments made at baseline, 6-, 12-, and 18-months post-baseline." ]

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[ "DOD awards $138 million contract to ApiJect to develop vaccines for coronavirus with RFID chips and GPS tracking\n\nThe Department of Defense’s (DOD) Joint Acquisition Task Force in partnership with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has awarded ApiJect Systems America a lucrative $138 million contract to produce hundreds of millions of “smart” syringes for administering Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines to the masses. ", "According to the Pentagon, ApiJect subsidiary RAPID USA Inc. will immediately initiate Project Jumpstart, a program to develop a high-speed supply chain for prefilled syringes using blow fill-seal (BFS) plastics manufacturing technology. ", "This will enable the “warp speed” development of hundreds of millions of medical-grade injection devices to be ready by October 2020. ", "Read more...." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Social and demographic characteristics of young and mature aged nursing students in Australian universities.", "\nThis national study compares the social and demographic characteristics of direct and delay entry students in a control group of 1551 students in higher education programmes in 1987 and 1990 with the national study group of 2295 students sampled in 1995. ", "Using a specially constructed socioeconomic variable for comparison the analyses demonstrated a significant difference in the socioeconomic level of the household for the younger aged group but not for the mature aged group. ", "There was also a significant difference between males and females in their age of entry patterns. ", "Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the location of school attended for most of their secondary education for the younger aged group but not for the mature aged group. ", "For both groups there was a significant difference in the number of siblings, the level of education attained by the mother and the income received by the mother in the households of the control and study groups. ", "Logit analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction between the household variables: socioeconomic status, number of siblings, and income received by the mother of the respondents in the control and study groups for the younger age group but not for the mature age group. ", "This interaction for the younger age group, plus the finding that nursing students were more likely to delay their Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) payment than other university students suggests that politicians need to take great care in any changes to current HECS payments as such changes could upset the delicate social balance that has been achieved in nursing recruitment in Australia." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The rain far too often sends people running indoors, but with the right gear there is no need to let that happen to you or your children. ", "A proper rain jacket both allows you to enjoy the outdoors in the sublime beauty of inclement weather, and protects you from the conditions when you are out in the elements. ", "So whether you are planning a camping trip, live in a rainy climate, or just want to make sure your children are geared up to stay comfortable regardless what the weather throws their way; then look no further than this webpage for an excellent selection of high quality and competitively priced Kid’s Rain Jackets from The North Face. ", "Color options include green, pink and assorted patterns." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Filed 10/4/13 P. v. Udeh CA2/5\n NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS\nCalifornia Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for\npublication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). ", "This opinion has not been certified for publication\nor ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.", "\n\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA\n\n SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT\n\n DIVISION FIVE\n\n\nTHE PEOPLE, B243930\n\n Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County\n Super. ", "Ct. ", "No. ", "YA082137)\n v.\n\nPATRICK THOMAS UDEH,\n\n Defendant and Appellant.", "\n\n\n\n\n APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Mark S.\nArnold, Judge. ", "Affirmed.", "\n Tanya Dellaca, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and\nAppellant.", "\n Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney\nGeneral, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Johnsen and Esther P.\nKim, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.", "\n\f Following a jury trial appellant was convicted of mayhem (Pen. ", "Code, § 203) 1 and\nassault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (", "a)(1)). ", "The jury also found he personally\ninflicted great bodily injury on the victim (§ 12022.7, subd. (", "a)). ", "The trial court imposed\nand stayed a three-year sentence for mayhem pursuant to section 654 and imposed a total\nof six years in state prison for the assault and related enhancement.", "\n Appellant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing argument\nby arguing the jury should make inferences she knew were false. ", "He also claims the trial\ncourt erred by: (a) failing to order a supplemental probation report for sentencing; and\n(b) denying probation or, in the alternative, declining to impose the low term. ", "We affirm\nthe judgment because neither the challenged comments by the prosecutor nor the failure\nto order a supplemental report were prejudicial, and the trial court acted within its\ndiscretion when imposing sentence.", "\n\n\n I. FACTS\n\n\n A. Prosecution Evidence\n\n\n In the early morning hours of August 27, 2011, Lamar Johnson went to the King\nHenry club to pick up his girlfriend Natima Montgomery and give her a ride home.", "\nMontgomery was employed as an exotic dancer at the club. ", "Appellant was\nMontgomery‟s former boyfriend and was also at the club. ", "After whispering something in\nMontgomery‟s ear, appellant turned to Lamar,2 punched him on the shoulder and called\nhim a “bitch.” ", "An altercation ensued between appellant and Lamar. ", "Both men were\nthrown out of the club by security.", "\n Lamar went to his car and called his brother Antoine Johnson. ", "The Johnson\nbrothers met outside the club and drove to a nearby gas station to look for appellant and\n\n 1\n All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.", "\n 2\n Lamar Johnson and his brother Antoine Johnson both testified at trial. ", "Because\nthey share the same surname we refer to them by their first names. ", " .", "\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\fget a drink. ", "While at the gas station, Lamar saw appellant. ", "Lamar walked toward\nappellant and eventually stopped. ", "Appellant reached into his vehicle and retrieved a taser\ngum. ", "He “rushed” toward Lamar and lunged in an attempt to tase him. ", "The two men\nfought and, when Antoine intervened, appellant attempted to tase Antoine as well.", "\n Eventually the altercation ended. ", "Antoine returned to his car and Lamar walked to\npick up a shoe that had fallen off his foot. ", "Appellant ran to his vehicle yelling: “Fuck\nyou. ", "This shit [is] not over. ", "I‟m going to kill you.” ", "Appellant entered the vehicle, turned\nit toward Lamar and “gunned it.” ", "Lamar was struck and his leg was severed. ", "His leg was\nsubsequently amputated. ", "The jury watched a video of the altercation captured by a\nsecurity camera at the gas station.", "\n\n\n B. Defense Evidence\n\n\n A police officer who investigated the accident and reviewed the video footage\nopined appellant‟s vehicle traveled 42 feet from its parked position to where appellant\nwas struck. ", "After the vehicle struck Lamar it pushed him another 22 feet before pinning\nhim against a metal post.", "\n Appellant testified on his own behalf. ", "Montgomery was his former girlfriend. ", "On\nAugust 26, 2011, he and Montgomery were “working out [their] differences [and] getting\nback together.” ", "He had his arm around Montgomery‟s waist when he was punched in the\nface by Lamar. ", "Appellant “never fought back.” ", "Security immediately ejected Lamar\nfrom the club. ", "Once Lamar exited, appellant was asked to leave as well. ", "Appellant left\nthe club and proceeded to a nearby gas station.", "\n Lamar and Antoine arrived at the gas station looking like they wanted to fight\nappellant. ", "Appellant was afraid for his life. ", "He ran to his vehicle and grabbed a taser.", "\nAs Lamar approached, appellant lunged at him with the taser in self-defense. ", "The taser\ndid not affect appellant. ", "He pleaded with the men but they punched him anyway and\nfractured his jaw.", "\n\n\n\n 3\n\f Appellant heard Lamar say, “I got something for you.” ", "Someone made reference\nto a gun. ", "Again fearing for his life, appellant entered his vehicle and pressed the\naccelerator in order to exit the gas station. ", "Appellant accidently hit Lamar in the process.", "\nHe attempted to assist Lamar by tying a tourniquet around his leg.", "\n\n\n II. ", "DISCUSSION\n\n\n A. The Prosecutor‟s Comments\n\n\n 1. ", "Background\n\n\n In addressing appellant‟s assertion that his jaw was broken, the prosecutor argued\nto the jury as follows: “Where‟s the doctor to say the defendant suffered these injuries,\nor medical records, anything? ", "There is not a doctor. ", "There is nobody here to support\nwhat he‟s saying. ", "And what we know about this defendant is he likes to exaggerate. ", "He\nlikes to embellish, and he likes to sort of put himself in more of a I‟m—this—great—guy\nsetting. ", "Where is a shred of evidence? [¶] ", "He totally had injuries to his mouth. ", "You can\nsee on the photos. ", "There‟s no lie. ", "But he tried to talk to you about having his cheek bone\nbroken in. ", "Where is any evidence of that?” ", "Defense counsel‟s objection on the ground\nof “inappropriate use of discovery” was overruled.", "\n After the jury was instructed, the court and counsel discussed the prosecutor‟s\nremarks in more detail. ", "The exchange amongst counsel and the court suggests there was\na preliminary radiology report that was faxed to defense counsel indicating appellant‟s\njaw was, in fact, fractured. ", "Defense counsel and the prosecutor discussed the report at a\npretrial conference whereupon the prosecutor indicated appellant‟s testimony could not\nadequately lay a foundation for the admissibility of the report. ", "Defense counsel stated, “I\ndidn‟t feel it was relevant to bring out all the documents regarding his medical records.", "\n[¶] But this is not something that my client is just saying. ", "There‟s medical records that\n\n\n\n 4\n\f[the prosecutor] is aware of that she received that . . . ", "clearly shows he suffered a\nfractured jaw.”", "\n The trial court referenced the prosecutor‟s closing argument and indicated the\nprosecutor “should not have said that.” ", "Thus, the trial court called the jury back to the\ncourtroom and instructed as follows: “[T]hings were stated during the argument . . . ", "that\nI want you to disregard and ignore. [¶] ", "Do not give any consideration to [the\nprosecutor‟s] remark that [appellant] . . . ", "did not produce medical evidence to confirm\nthat he was injured. ", "Do not give that any consideration.”", "\n\n\n 2. ", "The Absence of Prejudice\n\n\n “„A prosecutor commits misconduct when his or her conduct either infects the trial\nwith such unfairness as to render the subsequent conviction a denial of due process, or\ninvolves deceptive or reprehensible methods employed to persuade the trier of fact.‟\n[Citation.]” (", "People v. Nunez & Satele (2013) 57 Cal.4th 1, 31.) ", "Although the prosecutor\ndid not engage in a pattern of misconduct, the trial court found the prosecutor should not\nhave made the argument that there was a lack of evidence appellant fractured his jaw.", "\nEven if we were to assume the prosecutor committed misconduct, prejudice is lacking\nunder either the state law, i.e., an evaluation of whether there is a reasonable probability\nthe result of the trial would have been different absent the comments (see People v.\nWatson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 (Watson)) or the federal Constitution, i.e., an analysis\nof whether the comments were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt (see Chapman v.\nCalifornia (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24).", "\n The trial court clearly admonished the jury to disregard the prosecutor‟s comments\nregarding the absence of medical records. ", "Immediately prior to the arguments of counsel,\nthe trial court instructed the jury that nothing the attorneys say, including remarks made\nduring argument, is evidence. ", "We presume the jury followed the admonishment (People\nv. Mickey (1991) 54 Cal.3d 612, 689, fn. ", "17) and the court‟s instructions. (", "People v.\nBoyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 436). ", "These presumptions were not rebutted.", "\n\n 5\n\f The prosecutor‟s comments constituted only 11 lines out of 30 pages of argument.", "\nMoreover, the issue of whether appellant‟s jaw was broken was, at best, remotely related\nto his defense that he accidently hit Lamar while attempting to leave the gas station.", "\nAppellant‟s credibility turned on whether his version of the events matched what was\ndepicted in the video irrespective of whether his jaw was injured or actually broken.", "\n “„It is only in extreme cases that the court, when acting promptly and speaking\nclearly and directly on the subject, cannot, by instructing the jury to disregard such\nmatters, correct the impropriety of the act of counsel and remove any effect his conduct\nor remarks would otherwise have.‟ [Citations.]” (", "People v. Fitzgerald (1972) 29\nCal.", "App.3d 296, 312.) ", "This was not such an extreme case. ", "The prosecutor‟s comments\nwere not prejudicial to the defense.", "\n\n\n B. The Absence of a Supplemental Probation Report\n\n\n “The court must order a supplemental probation officer‟s report in preparation for\nsentencing proceedings that occur a significant period of time after the original report\nwas prepared.” (", "Cal. ", "Rules of Court, rule 4.411(c); see also § 1203, subd. (", "b)(1).) ", "The\ninitial probation report was prepared approximately one year prior to the sentencing\nhearing. ", "We accept respondent‟s concession that the trial court erred by neglecting to\norder a supplemental report but find the error to be harmless under Watson.", "\n When a trial court errs by failing to order a supplemental probation report, we may\nonly remand for resentencing if it is reasonably probable the defendant would receive a\nmore favorable sentence in the absence of the error. (", "People v. Dobbins (2005) 127\nCal.", "App.4th 176, 182.) ", "We conclude there is no reasonable probability the sentence\nwould have been any different if a supplemental report had been prepared.", "\n The trial court conducted a lengthy sentencing hearing, allowing several people to\nspeak. ", "It heard from Lamar‟s mother, appellant, appellant‟s father and appellant‟s sister.", "\nThe prosecutor indicated Lamar was too angry to address the court at sentencing but that\nLamar had a 12-year-old son and everyday was “a struggle.” ", "The trial court considered\n\n 6\n\fthe facts that appellant was on probation for two misdemeanors when he committed the\noffenses and that he had no other record. ", "It characterized appellant as a “good person\nwho‟s done something very, very bad.” ", "The court indicated it “thought long and hard”\nabout appellant‟s case, listened to what was said in court and had reviewed the sentencing\nmemorandums. ", "The court opined appellant has “got to face what he did.” ", "Although the\nprosecution argued for the imposition of the high term and appellant argued for a grant of\nprobation, the court selected the middle term of three years for the assault plus the\nrequisite three years for inflicting great bodily injury.", "\n The original probation officer‟s report acknowledged appellant‟s criminal history\nwas minimal. ", "But, it recommended a state prison sentence based on the violent act\nresulting in the victim‟s leg being amputated. ", "These considerations were unaffected by\nthe passage of time and were, in fact, the same considerations cited by the trial court in\nreaching its decision regarding the appropriate sentence.", "\n Appellant argues his circumstances changed since the first report was made in that\nhe was acquitted of attempted murder and, for one year, he behaved himself in county\njail. ", "However, the court was well aware of these changes as it had presided over the trial\nand had reviewed appellant‟s sentencing memorandum which included his three-page\nsingle-spaced letter that not only explained his life and expressed remorse but also (a)\nidentified the classes he took and the certifications he received while in jail and (b)\nexplained his acceptance as only one of eight inmates into the county jail “Merit Master”\nprogram. ", "Nothing in the record suggests the trial court ignored these factors—indeed, by\ndescribing appellant was a “good” person, the record reflects quite the opposite is true.", "\n A supplemental report would have added little, if anything, to the trial court‟s\nalready thoughtful consideration of the panoply of circumstances pertaining to appellant\nand the nature of his offenses. ", "The error in failing to obtain one was harmless.", "\n\n\n\n\n 7\n\f C. The Sentence was Within the Court‟s Discretion\n\n\n 1. ", "Denial of Probation\n\n\n Because the jury determined appellant inflicted great bodily injury on Lamar,\nappellant could not be granted probation unless the trial court found his case was one of\nthe “unusual cases where the interests of justice would best be served if the person is\ngranted probation . . . .” (§ ", "1203, subd. (", "e) & (e)(3).) “", "A trial court has broad discretion\nto determine whether a defendant is suitable for probation. [", "Citation.] ", "The determination\nwhether a case is an „unusual‟ case is also within the sound discretion of the trial court.", "\n[Citation.] ", "An appellant bears a heavy burden when attempting to show an abuse of such\ndiscretion. [", "Citation.] ", "To establish abuse, the defendant must show that, under all the\ncircumstances, the denial of probation was arbitrary, capricious or exceeded the bounds\nof reason. [", "Citation.]” (", "People v. Bradley (2012) 208 Cal.", "App.4th 64, 89.)", "\n California Rules of Court, rule 4.413(c) provides a list of factors that may indicate\nthe case is an unusual case warranting a probationary grant. ", "Appellant claims the trial\ncourt erred by neglecting to apply these factors to his case. ", "But, “„[u]nder rule 4.413, the\nexistence of any of the listed facts does not necessarily establish an unusual case; rather,\nthose facts merely „may indicate the existence of an unusual case.‟ [Citation.] ", "This\nlanguage indicates the provision „is permissive, not mandatory.‟ [Citation.]” (", "People v.\nStuart (2007) 156 Cal.", "App.4th 165, 178.)", "\n In any event, the absence of a record demonstrating consideration of the factors in\nrule 4.413 may be explained by the facts that those circumstances were not applicable to\nappellant‟s case. ", "The great bodily injury suffered by Lamar was certainly not less serious\nthan that typical for assault cases. (", "Cal. ", "Rules of Court, rule 4.413(c)(1)(A).)", "\nAppellant‟s offenses were not less serious than a prior felony that caused the limitation\non probation. (", "Cal. ", "Rules of Court, rule 4.413(c)(1)(B).) ", "There was inadequate evidence\n\n 8\n\fappellant was provoked into committing the crime as the jury rejected his position that he\naccidently struck Lamar as he was exiting the parking lot in fear for his life. (", "Cal. ", "Rules\nof Court, rule 4.413(c)(2)(A).) ", "There was no evidence appellant was suffering from a\nmental condition. (", "Cal. ", "Rules of Court, rule 4.413(c)(2)(B).) ", "Appellant was not\n“youthful or aged.” (", "Cal. ", "Rules of Court, rule 4.413(c)(2)(C).)", "\n If anything made this case unusual, it was the severity of the injury suffered as a\nresult of the assault. ", "This did not weigh in favor of probation. ", "The sentencing hearing\nhas been detailed above. ", "The trial court balanced appellant‟s minimal prior criminal\nhistory against the fact that the offenses were aggravated by the severity of Lamar‟s\ninjury. ", "It listened to the statements of appellant, appellant‟s family and Lamar‟s mother.", "\nThe court also considered appellant‟s letter concerning his life, accomplishments and\nremorse.", "\n After devoting “long and hard” thought to appellant‟s case, probation was denied.", "\nThe decision was far from arbitrary or capricious. ", "There was no abuse of discretion.", "\n\n\n 2. ", "The Middle Term\n\n\n Appellant‟s alternative contention the “maximum period of time warranted was\nthe low term,” is limited to one sentence incorporating his argument that probation was\nimproperly denied. ", "We reject the claim for two reasons. ", "First, it is not adequately\ndeveloped. (", "Interinsurance Exchange v. Collins (1994) 30 Cal.", "App.4th 1445, 1448\n[“[P]arties are required to include argument and citation to authority in their briefs, and\nthe absence of these necessary elements allows this court to treat appellant[s‟]\n[contentions] as waived.”]; ", "Dills v. Redwoods Associates, Ltd. (1994) 28 Cal.", "App.4th\n888, 890, fn. ", "1 [appellate court “will not develop the appellants‟ arguments for them”];\nCal. ", "Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B) [each point in a brief must be supported by\n“argument and, if possible, by citation of authority”].)", "\n Second, like the decision to grant or deny probation, the selection of the\ndeterminate term from a sentencing triad is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. (", "See\n\n 9\n\fPeople v. Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 847.) ", "Reversal is allowed only if there is a\nclear showing the sentence is arbitrary or irrational. (", "Ibid.) ", "Based on the previously\nidentified myriad of factors considered by the trial court, the decision to impose the\nmiddle term was “not arbitrary and capricious,” was “consistent with the letter and spirit\nof the law,” and was “based upon an individualized consideration of the offense, the\noffender, and the public interest.‟” (People v. Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 847.)", "\nThere was no abuse of discretion in imposing the middle term.", "\n\n\n III. ", "DISPOSITION\n\n\n The judgment is affirmed.", "\n NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS\n\n\n\n\n KUMAR, J.*\n\n\n\n\nWe concur:\n\n\n\n\n TURNER, P. J.\n\n\n\n\n KRIEGLER, J.\n\n\n\n\n*\n Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to\narticle VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.", "\n\n 10\n\f" ]

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[ "Information for (916) 219\n\nCity:Sacramento\n\nState:California (CA)\n\nZip Codes:NA\n\nGeo-coordinates:Latitude: 38.57 |\nLongitude: -121.48\n\nService Provider:Digitcom Services, Inc.\n\nThe land line phones in United States are managed by Digitcom Services, Inc.. An individual code consisting of the phone exchange code and area code is assigned for each constituent of a city in United States. ", "Sacramento, {state} has {area code} assigned to it. ", "You can use the exchange code and area code to find out crucial information about that particular area in the United States. ", "For doing so, you can use the latitude and longitude which in turn correspond to the 38.57 and -121.48 to find out the particular area on the map.", "\n\nI received a pre recorded message for a Living Alert Medical System.", "It seems like there's an actual person on another brand, but when you ask a question, he proceeds to talk.", "He said that the system was already compensated for as well as the shipping.", "This is BAD SCAMI am on the Do Not Number list and it can not prevent from these kinds of calls. ", "Very irritating and unpleasant.", "\n\nRecorded concept visits phone-calls center the place where a young, semi literate woman attempts to promote the MedicAlert necklace for your requirements. ", "Remain on the line for 8 minutes before she's done speaking. ", "Then tell her you would like the free deals however, not the Attentive process. ", "She will offer to eliminate you from the Number. ", "Insist that you want the coupons. ", "She will say goodbye you\n\nJohn,unsure what you assume youare achieving departing your racist and anti-person argument here. ", "Not really sure what race you are but can only imagine how you would react if you observed a rant like this about women of your own race. ", "People like you generally complain of the racism they experience, and then perpetuate it with things like this. ", "Shame you.", "\n\nThis is a fraud method. ", "They've relocated across the country preying on seniors with their 3000 in free food vouchers and medical-alert bracelet/necklace FEE 35 and offers, get personal & bank info from individuals /mo. ", "for their free supply. ", "Strange expenses search on peoples records when they decide out - selecting out requires one to provide them with a huge amount of information Your seniors are increasingly being badgered into providing this information so they can be taken from the call record. ", "This band of con artists must be turn off and tried\n\nYou white women must be ****ing ashamed of yourselves you cum guzzling whores. ", "Btch I walked past today in the mall must have not been per day over 19 with her f*cking 2-year old baby inside the stroller with a depressed as f*ck appear on her face and her head pointed towards the f*cking soil in shame as she walked past me since she knows she's a goddamn cum guzzling whore. ", "The wealthy person get you pregnant, will f*ck you, and leave your sorry butt the next he is able to Do not you f*cking get it you whores I am sure your family is ****ing pleased you family traitor pieces of ****. ", "The rich gentleman pride each day is being grown by white bitches. ", "Those fucking whores.", "\n\nRobo Sharon making illegal calls... Claims to become my regional Google specialist Truly The Caller-ID says Sacramento, CA. ", "Just how many thousand miles are considered nearby Offering flatrate pricing to put us to the frontpage of Google. ", "Pressed 1 to wreck havoc on somebody. ", "Said he was from LSS. ", "Upon...\n\nNo name on caller ID, nonetheless they left an automatic message on my voicemail. ", "It had been a sales buzz from an advertising agency. ", "They reported they are the only Google spouse authorized to offer front-page advertising on Google." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to simulate memory on VHDL test bench?", "\n\nI'm writing a universal test bench for my design that communicates with a RAM via a pretty standard bus. ", "I consulted some examples and wrote it like this:\nsignal memory: mem_array;\nsignal mem_address: std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);\nsignal mem_data: std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);\nsignal mem_read: std_logic;\nsignal mem_write: std_logic;\n\ncpu_mem_data <= transport memory(to_integer(unsigned(mem_address))) after DELAY when mem_read = '1' else (others => 'Z');\n\nalways : PROCESS\n file in_file: text open read_mode is \"in.txt\";\n variable line_str: line;\n variable address: std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);\n variable data: std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);\nBEGIN\n reset <= '1';\n\n readline(in_file, line_str);\n hread(line_str, address);\n starting_pc <= address;\n while not endfile(in_file) loop\n readline(in_file, line_str);\n hread(line_str, address);\n read(line_str, data);\n memory(to_integer(unsigned(address))) <= data;\n report \"Initialized \" & integer'image(to_integer(unsigned(address))) & \" to \" & integer'image(to_integer(unsigned(data)));\n end loop;\n\n wait for 30 ns;\n\n reset <= '0';\nWAIT; \nEND PROCESS always; \n\nprocess (mem_write)\nbegin\n if (rising_edge(mem_write)) then\n memory(to_integer(unsigned(mem_address))) <= transport mem_data after DELAY;\n report \"Will write \" & integer'image(to_integer(unsigned(mem_data))) & \" to \" & integer'image(to_integer(unsigned(mem_address)));\n end if;\nend process;\n\nI'm encountering two problems.", "\nWhen compiled and simulated in ModelSim Altera SE, memory is showing all X for all locations. ", "Reports are showing that correct values are read from the in.txt file, but nothing is getting written into the memory. ", "I also try initializing all locations or just a single location to all '0' and it doesn't work either. ", "On the contrary, the signal starting_pc is being set to correct value.", "\nThe other problem is that delayed assignments do not seem to work. ", "My design attempts to read from the memory and mem_read and mem_address are correctly set, but after DELAY time mem_data remains at high impedance.", "\nWhat am I doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou have multiple drivers on the signal memory. ", " It is being written by the process labeled \"always\" and the unlabeled process. ", " Instead use a single process structured as follows:\nprocess\n file in_file: text open read_mode is \"in.txt\";\n variable line_str: line;\n variable address: std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);\n variable data: std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);\nbegin\n -- Initialize memory by reading file\n reset <= '1';\n\n readline(in_file, line_str);\n hread(line_str, address);\n starting_pc <= address;\n while not endfile(in_file) loop\n readline(in_file, line_str);\n hread(line_str, address);\n read(line_str, data);\n memory(to_integer(unsigned(address))) <= data;\n report \"Initialized \" & integer'image(to_integer(unsigned(address))) & \" to \" & \n integer'image(to_integer(unsigned(data)));\n end loop;\n\n wait for 30 ns;\n\n reset <= '0';\n\n -- Write to Memory\n Write_loop : loop \n wait until rising_edge(mem_write) ;\n memory(to_integer(unsigned(mem_address))) <= transport mem_data after DELAY;\n end loop ;\nend process ; \n\nNote it would be appropriate to code reset in a separate process, however, not necessary.", "\nAre you using the whole memory? ", " If you are implementing 2**32 storage locations of memory, using a signal as the storage element and std_logic_vector as the data type, you are going to consume lots of memory and cause your simulator to run real slow.", "\nFor some ideas, see the memory models on http://www.freemodelfoundry.com/\nAlso in our VHDL testbench class, http://www.synthworks.com/vhdl_testbench_verification.htm, we provide a package that implements sparse memory data structures to simplify the coding. ", " One of the benefits of these packages is that they use shared variables which allow multiple processes to access the data structure as you tried to do with a signal. ", " \n\n" ]

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[ "Validation of comprehensive assessment of activities of daily living in stroke survivors.", "\nThis study determined whether the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) could be used together as a more comprehensive score to assess the activities of daily living (ADL) in stroke survivors. ", "Subjects were recruited from stroke patients consecutively admitted to the inpatient neurology or rehabilitation department at a university hospital in southern Taiwan. ", "We interviewed 209 first stroke survivors at least 1 year after stroke onset during their clinical visits, at home, or in long-term care institutions. ", "Combinations of FIM and FAI as a comprehensive assessment of ADL were measured. ", "All items of the FIM and the FAI were included in a non-parametric factor analysis to determine their underlying constructs. ", "Two comprehensive functional independence scores were then computed as functions of the FIM and FAI scores. ", "The distributional characteristics of the comprehensive scores were examined. ", "Approximately 90% of the total variation was explained by three factors. ", "One single factor comprised all the items from FIM, while the FAI items loaded on two other factors, suggesting that FIM supplements FAI without overlap in content. ", "We further demonstrated that the presence of ceiling or floor effects when either the FIM or the FAI was used could be removed using combined scores of the two instruments. ", "The FIM and the FAI assessed different domains with good construct validity. ", "A comprehensive assessment of functional independence obtained by combining the FIM and the FAI scores is potentially more appropriate and useful for clinical and research applications in stroke patients." ]

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[ "De oppsiktsvekkende nye opplysningene kommer frem i hemmeligstemplede svenske ambassadedokumenter som NRK Brennpunkt har fått tilgang til.", "\n\nEtter fredagsbønnen 1. ", "april 2011 demonstrerte over 2.000 menn og gutter i Mazar-e-Sharif i protest mot at den amerikanske pastoren Terry Jones hadde satt fyr på Koranen.", "\n\nDet var bestemt at demonstrantene skulle gå fra den store Blå moskeen midt i byen til det amerikanske konsulatet. ", "Men i stedet stormet folkemengden FNs kontor og drepte sju ansatte, deriblant den norske militærrådgiveren Siri Skare (52) og den svenske juristen Joakim Dungel (33).", "\n\nLes også: Siri Skare drept i Afghanistan\n\nDen norske oberstløytnanten Siri Skare ble drept da en afghansk mobb angrep FN-kontoret i Mazar-i-Sharif. ", "Foto: Privat/Forsvaret / Scanpix\n\nEn hemmeligstemplet rapport fra det svenske Utenriksdepartementet i Afghanistan fra 2011 som Brennpunkt har fått tak i, retter skarp kritikk mot USA:\n\nAmerikansk sikkerhetspersonell ville for enhver pris få demonstrantene til å gå et annet sted.", "\n\nUSA ville avverge et angrep mot deres leir. ", "Derfor engasjerte amerikanerne sine afghanske agenter. ", "Rett før avmarsjen kontaktet agentene arrangørene i moskeen og presset dem til å endre retning. ", "Ifølge den svenske granskningen grep USAs agenter også direkte inn for å omdirigere folkemassen.", "\n\nUD-rapporten har et uvanlig krast språk og konklusjon: at USA alltid setter sine egne interesser først, uansett følgene for andre lands borgere.", "\n\nKonsekvensen ble at FN-ansatte ble drept, ifølge dokumentet.", "\n\nUD har bedt om innsyn\n\nUtenriksminister Jonas Gahr Støre sier UD vil undersøke opplysningene som kom fram i Brennpunktdokumentaren. ", "Foto: Kristian Aanensen / NRK\n\nKommunikasjonssjef i Utenriksdepartementet, Ragnhild Imerslund. ", "Foto: Sindre Løkstad / NRK\n\n–Utenriksdepartementet vil undersøke påstandene som kom fram i kveldens Brennpunktdokumentar og vurdere om det gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging og komme tilbake til Stortinget når vi har fått den informasjonen vi trenger, sier utenriksminister Jonas Gahr Støre til NRK.", "\n\nDet sier også kommunikasjonssjef Ragnhild Imerslund i Utenriksdepartementet, som bekrefter at UD fra før av ikke var kjent med innholdet i den svenske granskningen.", "\n\n- På bakgrunn av Brennpunkts opplysninger har vi bedt om innsyn i rapporten. ", "Vi har ikke egen dokumentasjon som bekrefter innholdet, men hvis det stemmer at USA har spilt en aktiv rolle i å omdirrigere demonstrantene, ser vi svært alvorlig på det.", "\n\n- Hvorfor har ikke Norge gransket denne saken slik svenskene har gjort?", "\n\n- Siri Skare var ansatt i FN. ", "Derfor har FN ansvaret for å få overblikk over hva som skjedde, sier Imerslund.", "\n\nPå tross av en rekke henvendelser fra NRK har ikke amerikanske myndigheter i Afghanistan svart på anklagene.", "\n\nSe video: Siri Skare minnes i Afghanistan\n\nRekonstruksjon\n\nAllerede om ettermiddagen 1. ", "april 2011 la afghanske myndigheter skylden på opprørere. ", "Men da NRK dagen etter var framme i Mazar-e-Sharif og begynte å snakke med folk i gatene, ble det tydelig at angrepet var langt mer komplisert enn slik det først ble framstilt.", "\n\nDet var gjort en rekke opptak med mobiltelefoner og videokameraer i forkant og under angrepet, og fra 2. ", "april 2011 til sommeren 2012 har NRK fått tilgang til mye av dette materialet.", "\n\nOpptakene er blitt supplert med videofiler og bilder fra FNs eget undersøkelsemateriale og afghansk politis etterforskning. ", "Med det omfattende råmaterialet, hvorav mye er for brutalt til å vises på TV, har det vært mulig å rekonstruere angrepet.", "\n\nDette er et kort utdrag fra et mobilopptak fra en gjeng som filmet seg selv med mobilen mens de heiet på menn som tok seg inn på FN-kontoret og drepte de ansatte:\n\n(Saken fortsetter under videoklippet)\n\nAngrepet på FN-kontoret i Mazar-e Sharif Du trenger javascript for å se video. ", "Angrepet på FN-kontoret i Mazar-e Sharif\n\nMye sensur\n\nBåde Sverige og Norge har utplassert soldater og offiserer i Balkh-provinsen som Mazar-e-Sharif tilhører. ", "Sverige har i tillegg diplomater i provinsen.", "\n\nFNs og rammede lands gransking av angrepet har vært preget av mye hemmelighold, men NRK har fått tilgang til FN-rapporter, afghansk politis etterforskningsmateriale og e-poster, diplomatpost og rapporter fra det svenske Utenriksdepartementet og Forsvaret.", "\n\nMange av dokumentene er sensurert, men NRK sitter på de usensurerte originalene. ", "Dette materialet, sammen med ytterligere intervjuer, forteller en helt en helt ny historie om hva som egentlig skjedde.", "\n\n\n\nLynsjingen den 1. ", "april 2011 går inn i historien som det mest dødelige angrepet på UNAMA, FNs sivile Afghanistan-innsats, noensinne. ", "Og det skiller seg fra andre angrep mot FN, da det ikke var ett opprørsangrep gjennomført av en liten gruppe menn, men en voldsom massemobilisering." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDjango Models: Aggregate over not directly related models\n\nI have following models:\nclass UserProfile(models.", "Model):\nuser = models.", "OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.", "CASCADE, primary_key=True)\nsome_field = models.", "CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass UserRating(models.", "Model):\nsubject_user = models.", "ForeignKey(User, related_name='rated_user', on_delete=models.", "CASCADE)\nrating_user = models.", "ForeignKey(User, related_name='rating_user', on_delete=models.", "CASCADE)\nrating = models.", "IntegerField()\n\n class Meta:\n unique_together = (\"subject_user\", \"rating_user\")\n\nI am trying to get a queryset of all UserProfiles with annotated average value of rating in UserRating model.", "\nI've tried doing the following:\n queryset = UserProfile.objects.all()\n for profile in queryset:\n user = profile.user\n ratingset = UserRating.objects.filter(subject_user = user).values_list('rating')\n if len(ratingset) == 0:\n profile.rating = 0\n else:\n profile.rating = sum(ratingset) / float(len(ratingset))\n\nHowever this throws the following error:\nTypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'tuple'\n\nI thought about calculating the sum by iterating over ratingset, but my approach seems like an overkill. ", "Is there any simpler way to achieve this?", "\n\nA:\n\nDjango actually offers various methods for aggregating directly via SQL which is far more efficient. ", "This should get the job done:\nprofiles_with_ratings = UserProfile.objects.annotate(rating=Avg('user__rated_user__rating'))\n\ndocs here: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/db/aggregation/\nSide note: what you actually have is a many to many relationship between users that you're building manually for some reason.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Consumer spending on video games was not as bleak as it looks on the page. ", "Gaming fans in the United States spent $1.03 billion on hardware, new full game software, and accessories, according to industry-tracking firm The NPD Group. ", "While this is down 34% from last October, 2018 was an outlier due to the release of Red Dead Redemption 2 and four weeks of Call of Duty sales.", "\n\nOctober 2019 was actually above average, with strong sales performances from Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, The Outer Worlds, and Luigi’s Mansion 3. ", "Here are the full results:\n\nOctober 2019 Dollar Sales Oct’18 Oct’19 Change Total Video Game Sales $1.57b $1.03b -34% Video Games Hardware $307m $182m -41% PC & Video Games Software (PC, Console and Portable; Physical and Full Game Digital Formats from the STEAM, PlayStation and Xbox platforms) $983m $620m -22% Video Games Accessories & Game Cards $277m $231m -4%\n\n“October 2019 tracked spending across video game hardware, software, accessories, and game cards totaled $1.03 billion,” NPD analyst Mat Piscatella said. “", "That’s the second highest total for an October month this decade, trailing only the record setting $1.57 billion in October 2018.”", "\n\nWhile 2019 was mostly keeping pace with 2018 through September, the former was always going to fall behind the latter in October. ", "Most years, including this one, don’t have a game like Red Dead Redemption 2. ", "And Call of Duty: Black Ops IV launched in early October 2018. ", "Modern Warfare, meanwhile, launched halfway through the NPD’s reporting period.", "\n\nSo as expected, 2019’s year-to-date sales are down significantly from the previous comparable period.", "\n\n“Year-to-date spending across tracked video game hardware, software, accessories, and game cards has fallen 10 percent when compared to 2018, to $9.3 billion,” said Piscatella.", "\n\nLet’s get to the software charts.", "\n\nSoftware\n\nNPD tracks physical sales at retailers, but it also gets digital data directly from publishers. ", "But not every company participates. ", "For example, Nintendo doesn’t share its first-party sales, and Activision Blizzard does not provide its Battle.net sales.", "\n\nThese charts are sorted by dollar sales — not number of units sold.", "\n\nTop 20 best-selling games of October in the U.S.\n\nCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2019 The Outer Worlds Luigi’s Mansion 3* Madden NFL 20 NBA 2K20 Tom Clancy’s Ghost Recon: Breakpoint WWE 2K20 FIFA 20 Borderlands 3 Ring Fit Adventure The Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening* Mario Kart 8* Minecraft# Grand Theft Auto V Mortal Kombat 11 Overwatch Super Smash Bros. Ultimate* Code Vein Red Dead Redemption II The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild*\n\n* Digital sales not included\n\n# Digital sales only include Xbox One and PlayStation 4\n\nAgain, the comparison to 2018 is rough, but Piscatella notes that this is one of the best-performing Octobers ever.", "\n\n“Dollar sales of tracked video game software declined 37 percent in October versus a year ago, to $620 million,” said Piscatella. “", "Despite this decline, October 2019 tracked software sales represent the third highest total ever achieved for an October month, trailing only October 2008 and October 2018.”", "\n\nFor the whole year, the bright spot is software for Nintendo Switch.", "\n\n“Year-to-date dollar sales of tracked video game software are down 7 percent, to $4.5 billion,” said Piscatella. “", "Gains in sales of Nintendo Switch software sales have been offset by declines across all other platforms.”", "\n\nCall of Duty: Modern Warfare\n\nThe latest Call of Duty is keeping that franchise’s momentum going strong.", "\n\n“Call of Duty: Modern Warfare debuts as the best-selling game of October 2019, and is now the best-selling game of 2019 year to date,” said Piscatella. “", "This is the 12th consecutive year a Call of Duty game has ranked as the best-selling game of its release month. ", "Call of Duty remains the best-selling video game franchise in U.S. tracked history by dollar sales.”", "\n\nLuigi’s Mansion 3\n\n“Luigi’s Mansion 3 was the third best-selling game of October, while also being the month’s best-selling game on Nintendo Switch,”said Piscatella. “", "Luigi’s Mansion 3 set a new launch month franchise sales record, besting the previous high set by Luigi’s Mansion.”", "\n\nFighting games in 2019\n\n“Year-to-date sales of fighting genre games are at an all-time high, with genre sales 11 percent higher than the previous year-to-date high set in 2015,” said Piscatella. “", "Both Mortal Kombat 11 and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate have significantly contributed to that success.”", "\n\nThe 10 best-selling games of 2019 so far\n\nCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2019\n\nNBA 2K20\n\nMadden NFL 20\n\nBorderlands 3\n\nMortal Kombat 11\n\nKingdom Hearts III\n\nTom Clancy’s The Division 2\n\nAnthem\n\nSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate*\n\nGrand Theft Auto V\n\nThe 10 best-selling games of the last 12 months\n\nRed Dead Redemption II\n\nCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2019\n\nSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate*\n\nCall of Duty: Black Ops IIII\n\nNBA 2K20\n\nMadden NFL 20\n\nBorderlands 3\n\nMortal Kombat 11\n\nNBA 2K19\n\nBattlefield V\n\nXbox One\n\nCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2019\n\nTom Clancy’s Ghost Recon: Breakpoint\n\nMadden NFL 20\n\nThe Outer Worlds\n\nNBA 2K20\n\nBorderlands 3\n\nWWE 2K20\n\nFIFA 20\n\nGrand Theft Auto V\n\nGears 5\n\nPlayStation 4\n\nCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2019\n\nThe Outer Worlds\n\nNBA 2K20\n\nMadden NFL 20\n\nTom Clancy’s Ghost Recon: Breakpoint\n\nWWE 2K20\n\nFIFA 20\n\nBorderlands 3\n\nMortal Kombat 11\n\nGrand Theft Auto V\n\nNintendo Switch\n\nLuigi’s Mansion 3*\n\nRing Fit Adventure\n\nThe Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening*\n\nMario Kart 8*\n\nSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate*\n\nOverwatch\n\nThe Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild*\n\nThe Witcher 3: Wild Hunt*\n\nSuper Mario Maker 2*\n\nNew Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe*\n\nNintendo 3DS" ]

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[ "Birth order and BMI in teenage girls.", "\nThe goal of this study was to investigate the relation of birth order to relative weight and prevalence of obesity in a group of 13-15 years old girls. ", "In 1997, 1458 girls were examined. ", "The height and weight measured by trained staff were recorded. ", "Family size and birth order were obtained by a questionnaire. ", "For the purpose of the present study, 776 and 250 girls coming from two- and three-child full families, respectively, were selected from the total sample on the basis of complete information. ", "The Body Mass Index (kg/m2) was adjusted to reference US population (NCHS) by means of the LMS parameters. ", "Prevalence of overweight and obesity was defined according to recommendation of the International Obesity Task Force. ", "The effect of birth order on BMI was tested by one-way analysis of variance. ", "Prevalence of obesity was tested by the means of Pearson chi-square. ", "First and second born girls from two-sibling families did not show significant differences in average standardized BMI. ", "Relative weight significantly differs among girls coming from three sibling families, decreasing along with the birth order. ", "The first-born girls were 1.5 times at higher risk of obesity in comparison to later-born girls. ", "Differences in the proportion of overweight girls among birth order groups showed a high significance within three sibling families." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nВывод времени\n\nПодскажите как вывести текущее время,такой код выводит время но почему то на час раньше\n echo date('d-m-Y H:i');\n\nA:\n\nА если установить пояс по умолчанию? ", "date_default_timezone_set\n\nA:\n\nУ меня такая проблема была потому, что комп не хотел переключатся на зимнее время. ", "То есть, он игнорировал новый закон Медведева ))) И потому время было на час позже, потом настроил на обновление с временных серверов - все норм.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat short story has a father quit his job supervising robots to live in a shack and drink coffee?", "\n\nI read a short story years ago. ", "I don't remember the title or the author, but wish that I could.", "\nIt featured a family in the future- Mom, Dad, Daughter, Son, Dog. ", "Dad works in a factory of some kind, supervising robots doing work. ", "He gets a note one day that some hermit uncle he never heard of has died and left him some property. ", "He takes the family out to see the property, and it turns out to be a shack in the middle of nowhere, with old books and magazines piled around, and a coffee machine.", "\nDad has difficulty figuring out how to do this manual labor, but eventually makes a cup of coffee and sips it triumphantly. ", "He realizes that it is the first time in his life he's ever done anything, even the smallest thing (everything in the future is fully automated) and treasures the joy of a reward for a job well done.", "\nWhen he goes back to work, he realizes that he is being paid to watch robots do work. ", "The robots work perfectly. ", "The robots always work perfectly, and if anything went wrong, the robots would fix it. ", "He asks his boss why he is even there. ", "His boss is confused, and assures him that his role is very important, very necessary, he is a value to the company. ", "Dad goes home and tries to explain this to his family, but Mom just cares about her new hair style, Son just cares about his newest gadgets, and Daughter just cares about dates with boys.", "\nThe story eventually ends with Dad leaving the world behind to go live in the shack, drinking coffee, reading, and being content with life.", "\nIt was somewhere near the end, I think, when I put two and two together, connected the names, and realized that I knew this family. ", "It was the Jetsons. ", "This isn't a joke- it was clearly meant to be realized by the reader, but it was very subtle. ", "It was meant to be something of a dig at the Jetsons, where George gives up the hyperfuturistic life for a quiet one enjoying the simple things in life. ", "But if I hadn't caught the joke, I'd have enjoyed the story anyway. ", "\nI read the story in a collection, but I don't remember which one.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe story name is \"Good Old Days\" by Kevin J. Anderson. ", "It has been collected in the book The Future We Wish We Had.", "\n\n“Your Uncle Asimov?” ", "Jane asked. “", "George, dear, isn’t he that crazy old hermit out in the desert?”", "\n“Yes, it was the last place in the country where he could live off the grid. ", "He actually liked that sort of thing.” ", "He looked down to scrutinize the contents of the box, hoping that the value of the items inside would at least pay for the delivery charge. ", "He sneezed.", "\n[...]\n“But what do we do with this place?” ", "Jane said with a growing horror in her voice.", "\n“We’ll keep it. ", "I just might come back, spend a whole two hours next time.”", "\n“If you do that, George, you’re doing it alone.” ", "Jane was completely no-nonsense. ", "Under the sunshine and with her own perspiration, her always-perfect hairdo had begun to come undone.", "\nHe just smiled mysteriously at her. “", "That’s the idea.”", "\n\nA preview of the book is on Google Books. ", "The book is also available on Amazon.com.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Left ventricular dysfunction versus paravalvular leak in patients with mitral disc prostheses.", "\nLeft ventricular dysfunction and prosthesis malfunction are the main causes of hemodynamic deterioration following prosthetic mitral valve replacement. ", "The aim of this study is to reassess the usefulness of a combined echo-phonocardiographic technique to differentiate these different situations in order to select medical or surgical treatment in patients with a mitral disc prosthesis. ", "Two patient groups were studied. ", "The first group consists of five patients with paravalvular leak (PL), surgically or pathologically verified. ", "Second group: nine patients with left ventricular failure (LVF) and normal functioning prosthesis. ", "The diastolic diameter of the left ventricle (LV) was significantly increased in the LVF group compared with the PL group. ", "A protodiastolic hump was present in four cases of PL. ", "The variability of the interval between A2 and the mitral valve opening (delta A2-MVO) was less than 30 msec in the LVF group and greater than 30 msec in the PL group. ", "The interval between A2 and maximal LV posterior wall (A2-PW) exceeded 60 msec in the PL group and was shorter than 60 msec in the LVF group. ", "the echo-phonocardiographic technique, especially when by using two newly proposed parameters, seems to be very useful to discriminate between PL and LVF." ]

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[ "A former CIA station chief says that former CIA Director John Brennan “is doing Putin’s bidding” by publicly attacking and speculating about President Donald Trump.", "\n\nIn an article at Cipher Brief, a national security website, CIA veteran Daniel Hoffman says that Brennan’s recent remarks play right into Putin’s hands.", "\n\n“As a former KGB officer and director of its successor, the FSB, Putin’s weapons of choice for this covert campaign are espionage, and influence operations that target our political differences to weaken and divide us,” writes Hoffman.", "\n\nHoffman, who spent five years working in Moscow, argues that Putin “knows what makes our society tick” and understands that “the best way to soil our democratic process is to link it with a touch of conspiracy, i.e. to the Kremlin.”", "\n\n“He is acutely aware of the value to Russia of exacerbating the political tension that grips our country. ", "Putin’s goal is to weaken our democratic institutions, including intelligence community agencies, which are responsible for countering Russia’s espionage onslaught on our country,” he writes.", "\n\nHoffman asserts that Brennan’s “cringe worthy” tweets and recent speculation that Putin is blackmailing Trump has added to the political polarization that Putin seeks. (", "RELATED: John Brennan Speculates That Putin Is Blackmailing Trump)\n\n“I think he’s afraid of the Russian president,” Brennan said of Trump in a March interview on MSNBC’s “Morning Joe.”", "\n\n“They may have something on him personally that they could always roll out and make his life more difficult.”", "\n\nBrennan has also aired his thoughts about Trump on Twitter.", "\n\n“When the full extent of your venality, moral turpitude, and political corruption becomes known, you will take your rightful place as a disgraced demagogue in the dustbin of history,” Brennan wrote in March in response to a Trump tweet about fired FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe.", "\n\n“If Brennan was genuinely concerned about the president’s trustworthiness, then he should have trusted the process and spoken privately with Special Counsel Robert Mueller,” writes Hoffman.", "\n\n“Had he done so, Brennan would have avoided the collateral damage he risked by ‘speculating’ about Putin’s hold on the president. ", "Brennan’s public statements carry weight, and he was doing Putin’s bidding by driving divisive dialogue towards partisanship instead of helping to build consensus against Putin,” he continues.", "\n\nHoffman also argues that Brennan is fueling speculation that the Obama administration’s intelligence team unfairly targeted the Trump campaign and the Trump presidential transition team.", "\n\nTrump and his supporters have questioned the CIA, FBI and Obama White House’s role in the early days of the Russia investigation. ", "They have accused the FBI of improperly using the infamous Steele dossier to obtain surveillance warrants against former Trump campaign adviser Carter Page.", "\n\nBrennan’s role in the Russia investigation has also come under scrutiny from congressional investigators.", "\n\nCongressional Republicans are interested in Brennan’s outreach to members of Congress in the early days of the Russia probe.", "\n\nBrennan briefed members of the so-called Gang of Eight in late summer 2016 about Russian meddling in the presidential campaign. ", "According to a book published in March, Harry Reid, a member of the Gang of Eight at the time, believed that Brennan had an ulterior motive during an Aug. 25, 2016, briefing with the Nevada Democrat. (", "RELATED: Congressional Investigators ‘Trying To Get To The Bottom’ Of John Brennan’s Role In Russia Investigation)\n\n“Reid also had the impression that Brennan had an ulterior motive. ", "He concluded the CIA chief believed the public needed to know about the Russian operation, including the information about the possible links to the Trump campaign,” reads “Russian Roulette,” a book by journalists Michael Isikoff and David Corn.", "\n\nFollow Chuck on Twitter\n\nContent created by The Daily Caller News Foundation is available without charge to any eligible news publisher that can provide a large audience. ", "For licensing opportunities of our original content, please contact [email protected]." ]

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[ "Rebecca Jackson\n\nRebecca Jackson is a former Republican politician from Louisville, Kentucky. ", "She previously served as the Jefferson County Judge/Executive and also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican party nomination for governor. ", "She is the former chief executive officer of the WHAS Crusade for Children, a local charity that operates a large annual telethon. ", "She is now CEO of Mastery Mavens, an internet-based professional development tool for teaching professionals.", "\n\nEducation\n\nJackson graduated from Southern High School in Louisville and earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Louisville.", "\n\nTeaching career\n\nJackson began her career as a teacher for children with special needs in the Jefferson County Public Schools (JCPS) in 1973. ", "She taught grades K–12 in a variety of schools. ", " She was promoted to learning specialist, an administrative position. ", "Jackson left JCPS and took a position as director of the Parent Education Project at the University of Louisville. ", " In 1987, Jackson founded JobCenter, Inc., a not-for-profit employment agency placing persons with special needs in businesses in the community.", "\n\nPolitical career\n\nJackson first won elected office in 1989, upsetting a long-time Democratic incumbent Jefferson County clerk Jim Malone. ", "She was re-elected in 1993. ", "In 1998, Jackson ran for and won the race for Judge/Executive, and served one term. ", "She was the last person to serve in that office before city and county governments merged in 2002; the office was largely replaced by the Mayor of Louisville Metro, though technically the office still exists in a largely ceremonial capacity. ", "Jackson had been a staunch proponent of a consolidated city-county government.", "\n\nJackson represented the United States as an observer to the December 1993 elections in Russia, after the country adopted a new constitution and elected the first persons to the re-established State Duma. ", "She represented the United States in Bulgaria as one of two specialists on how to establish a primary election for the many factions of the pro-democracy movement. ", "In the following election, the pro-democracy movement unseated the communist parliament and took back the office of Prime Minister. ", "Jackson also traveled to China on a National Association of Counties trade mission.", "\n\nActivism career\nJackson ran for governor in 2003, losing in the primary election to Ernie Fletcher, who eventually won the seat. ", "After the defeat, she started working in Romanian schools in Constanta to develop methods of teaching children with special needs in regular classrooms, after these children were mainstreamed from special schools to local schools by government legislation. ", "She also visited and worked with the Franciscan Sisters who founded the Fundatia Surorile Clarise, an orphanage in Bralia.", "\n\nJackson joined the WHAS Crusade for Children in 2005, the first person from outside the WHAS-TV corporate structure to hold the post. ", "She was instrumental in establishing an endowment for the telethon, funded by bequests from people who left donations to the Crusade in their wills. ", "The endowment is designed to fund the day-to-day operating expenses of the organization, allowing 100 percent of the donations collected from the general public to go directly to agencies providing direct services to children with special needs.", "\n\nJackson is the author of the children's book Mackenzie And The Baby Robin. ", "Released in 2004, the book has a religious message and features her oldest grandchild, Mackenzie. ", "The book was illustrated by her cousin, Richard Wayne Thompson.", "\n\nPersonal\nOn the web site of her gubernatorial campaign, Jackson listed her \"first home\" as Short Creek, Kentucky.", "\n\nJackson has been married to Ralph W. Jackson since 1969. ", "The couple has three sons, three granddaughters, a grandson, two step-granddaughters and a foster daughter.", "\n\nJackson is also active in her church, Highview Baptist Church. ", "In 1980, she founded Kentucky's New Horizons, a ministry of Highview Baptist that is a social-recreation program for adults with handicaps. ", "She has directed it ever since. ", "In 2006, she was appointed by Governor Fletcher to the Board of Trustees for the University of Louisville.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:County judges in Kentucky\nCategory:Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky\nCategory:University of Louisville people\nCategory:Kentucky Republicans\nCategory:Women in Kentucky politics\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Southern High School (Kentucky) alumni\nCategory:Kentucky women in politics" ]

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[ "Hagerty Insurance Agency\n\nHagerty Insurance Agency, styled just Hagerty, is an insurance company specializing in classic car insurance based in Traverse City, Michigan, in the United States. ", "The company is the leading insurance agency for collector vehicles in the world and host to the largest network of collector car owners. ", "They have also been recognized as \"largest insurance agency for collector cars in the United States.\"", "\n\nHistory\nFrank and Louise Hagerty started out as personal lines insurance agents. ", "With a personal interest in vintage boats and classic cars, they had a problem finding insurance coverage for their collectibles. ", "In 1984, the couple started their own agency in the family basement offering agreed value policies for boats. ", "This specialty coverage was a big hit; within a few years, half of all vintage boat owners were Hagerty clients. ", "In 1991, the company added coverage for classic cars, offering a specialty auto policy The company is led today by McKeel Hagerty, son of Frank and Louise.", "\n\nThe company sponsors scholarships to students interested in working in the collector car market. ", "They started this through their former Collectors Foundation in 2005, and continued in partnership with LeMay–America’s Car Museum since 2014. ", "In addition, company employees participate in a program to get hands-on experience restoring classic cars. ", "In one such project in 2013, 123 employees donated 2,750 hours of labor, made 900 telephone calls chasing down parts, worked through 215 lunch breaks, used three tubes of super glue to repair cracked fingertips and, according to the project Web site, uttered \"too many four-letter words to count\" as they brought a decimated 1969 Chevrolet Camaro SS back to life, according to the New York Times. ", "The car has been used both to educate employees of the company on what clients experience in restoration, as well as for marketing and promotional purposes. ", "After restoration of the Chevrolet Camaro SS was completed in 2013, the company sent it to the Woodward Dream Cruise and other events.", "\n\nThis experience in working with the details or restoration was touted by Nationwide Insurance when that company partnered with Hagerty in 2014 to offer specialty car insurance. ", "Hagerty has also partnered with Progressive Auto Insurance and Esurance to provide collector car insurance policies to consumers. ", "These policies come with a number of restrictions. ", "Insured vehicles cannot be in daily use, and they must be kept in secured storage. ", "The company also places restrictions on the driving records of its policy holders.", "\n\nHagerty showcases classic cars at its Traverse City headquarters. ", "For the 50th anniversary of the Ford Mustang, the company displayed the eight convertible of that model built in 1964. ", "In addition, the company publishes a monthly magazine for car collectors, Hagerty Classic Cars () that is available online and in print. ", "Hagerty has also partnered with Hemmings Motor News to provide vehicle pricing information for classic cars. ", "They also release lists of cars deemed to be collectible in the future.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1984 establishments in Michigan\nCategory:Auto insurance in the United States\nCategory:Financial services companies established in 1984\nCategory:Insurance companies of the United States\nCategory:Privately held companies based in Michigan" ]

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0.046884\n-0.0964547 -0.67573 0.0441171\n-0.112642 -0.668433 0.0134785\n-0.0677859 -0.722004 0.0555947\n-0.084072 -0.668365 -0.0870377\n-0.117454 -0.66711 -0.0314849\n-0.0941682 -0.698621 0.0404469\n-0.0969035 -0.727167 0.0266083\n-0.106885 -0.706847 0.00852706\n-0.0520515 -0.724025 -0.0923986\n-0.0641338 -0.703142 -0.090491\n-0.104987 -0.72619 -0.00564888\n-0.0258578 -0.726367 -0.0166043\n3 0 1 2\n3 3 4 5\n3 6 0 7\n3 4 8 9\n3 10 3 11\n3 12 13 14\n3 15 16 17\n3 8 18 15\n3 19 10 20\n3 21 22 23\n3 24 25 26\n3 26 27 24\n3 28 29 30\n3 18 31 16\n3 32 19 33\n3 34 35 36\n3 37 38 28\n3 31 39 40\n3 41 32 42\n3 43 36 44\n3 45 46 35\n3 47 48 49\n3 50 51 52\n3 53 54 52\n3 55 56 57\n3 58 59 60\n3 61 62 60\n3 63 64 65\n3 66 63 67\n3 68 69 37\n3 39 70 71\n3 72 41 73\n3 74 75 76\n3 76 34 43\n3 77 44 78\n3 79 80 46\n3 49 48 64\n3 65 81 82\n3 83 84 85\n3 86 76 75\n3 77 87 74\n3 88 89 90\n3 91 45 34\n3 34 92 91\n3 70 93 94\n3 95 72 96\n3 97 78 98\n3 99 100 80\n3 101 59 102\n3 103 104 105\n3 92 76 86\n3 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238 239\n3 240 215 241\n3 242 243 244\n3 221 245 217\n3 246 247 248\n3 219 249 250\n3 251 222 252\n3 253 254 227\n3 224 255 256\n3 257 225 258\n3 259 260 229\n3 233 231 230\n3 261 262 263\n3 264 263 265\n3 266 234 267\n3 268 242 238\n3 269 270 271\n3 272 215 240\n3 243 273 274\n3 251 275 245\n3 249 276 277\n3 278 252 279\n3 256 255 260\n3 257 280 255\n3 281 258 282\n3 265 263 262\n3 283 284 285\n3 286 285 287\n3 288 266 289\n3 290 291 292\n3 293 294 295\n3 278 296 275\n3 297 298 299\n3 276 300 292\n3 301 279 302\n3 281 303 280\n3 304 305 306\n3 304 307 308\n3 287 285 284\n3 309 310 311\n3 312 282 313\n3 314 315 290\n3 291 290 315\n3 316 317 318\n3 319 320 321\n3 322 323 324\n3 325 324 323\n3 322 326 327\n3 301 328 296\n3 329 330 298\n3 300 331 332\n3 333 302 334\n3 335 336 303\n3 337 338 309\n3 320 319 325\n3 339 340 341\n3 342 343 344\n3 323 322 345\n3 333 346 328\n3 347 334 348\n3 348 307 304\n3 347 349 346\n3 350 351 352\n3 353 348 354\n3 353 355 349\n3 356 357 358\n3 2 5 7\n3 11 5 2\n3 2 7 0\n3 7 9 12\n3 5 9 7\n3 359 11 2\n3 20 11 359\n3 5 11 3\n3 1 0 360\n3 360 0 361\n3 362 360 361\n3 360 363 1\n3 363 360 364\n3 360 362 364\n3 7 12 6\n3 359 2 365\n3 365 2 1\n3 15 13 12\n3 9 15 12\n3 366 20 359\n3 33 20 366\n3 367 4 3\n3 368 367 3\n3 9 5 4\n3 11 20 10\n3 0 6 369\n3 369 6 370\n3 371 369 370\n3 369 361 0\n3 361 369 362\n3 369 371 362\n3 365 1 372\n3 372 1 363\n3 364 372 363\n3 372 373 365\n3 373 372 374\n3 372 364 374\n3 366 359 21\n3 21 359 365\n3 25 24 14\n3 14 24 12\n3 17 13 15\n3 375 17 16\n3 23 33 366\n3 42 33 23\n3 376 8 4\n3 367 376 4\n3 368 3 10\n3 377 368 10\n3 15 9 8\n3 20 33 19\n3 364 362 36\n3 35 364 36\n3 378 379 6\n3 378 380 379\n3 381 379 380\n3 379 370 6\n3 370 379 371\n3 379 381 371\n3 21 365 382\n3 382 365 373\n3 374 382 373\n3 382 383 21\n3 383 382 384\n3 382 374 384\n3 385 12 24\n3 6 12 385\n3 23 366 21\n3 386 62 26\n3 26 62 27\n3 67 25 387\n3 375 67 387\n3 14 387 25\n3 17 387 14\n3 17 14 13\n3 17 375 387\n3 375 40 388\n3 389 388 40\n3 16 40 375\n3 390 42 23\n3 73 42 390\n3 368 391 367\n3 391 30 367\n3 30 391 28\n3 391 368 392\n3 28 391 392\n3 393 18 8\n3 376 393 8\n3 377 10 19\n3 394 377 19\n3 16 15 18\n3 33 42 32\n3 36 43 34\n3 362 371 44\n3 36 362 44\n3 374 364 35\n3 46 374 35\n3 395 378 385\n3 378 6 385\n3 378 54 396\n3 54 53 396\n3 397 396 53\n3 380 378 396\n3 380 396 381\n3 396 397 381\n3 22 21 398\n3 398 21 383\n3 384 398 383\n3 398 399 22\n3 399 398 400\n3 398 384 400\n3 24 27 401\n3 402 385 401\n3 401 385 24\n3 390 23 55\n3 55 23 22\n3 82 403 404\n3 386 82 404\n3 60 404 403\n3 62 404 60\n3 62 386 404\n3 386 26 405\n3 26 67 405\n3 25 67 26\n3 61 27 62\n3 388 67 375\n3 66 388 389\n3 66 389 406\n3 66 406 52\n3 389 71 407\n3 40 71 389\n3 57 73 390\n3 96 73 57\n3 28 392 37\n3 29 28 38\n3 29 38 408\n3 69 38 37\n3 408 38 69\n3 367 409 376\n3 409 410 376\n3 410 409 90\n3 409 367 30\n3 29 409 30\n3 29 90 409\n3 377 392 368\n3 392 377 411\n3 411 412 392\n3 412 413 392\n3 414 31 18\n3 393 414 18\n3 394 19 32\n3 415 394 32\n3 40 16 31\n3 42 73 41\n3 44 77 43\n3 35 34 45\n3 371 381 78\n3 44 371 78\n3 384 374 46\n3 80 384 46\n3 402 47 416\n3 49 416 47\n3 395 416 49\n3 402 416 385\n3 395 385 416\n3 395 63 54\n3 378 395 54\n3 52 406 50\n3 52 51 53\n3 417 51 50\n3 53 51 397\n3 51 417 397\n3 55 22 418\n3 418 22 399\n3 400 418 399\n3 418 419 55\n3 419 418 420\n3 418 400 420\n3 401 27 61\n3 401 61 402\n3 57 390 55\n3 403 82 421\n3 405 82 386\n3 60 403 58\n3 60 59 61\n3 65 405 67\n3 65 67 63\n3 67 388 66\n3 52 63 66\n3 389 407 406\n3 406 407 422\n3 407 94 105\n3 71 94 407\n3 423 96 57\n3 424 96 423\n3 408 75 29\n3 75 408 425\n3 69 426 408\n3 140 426 69\n3 392 413 37\n3 37 413 68\n3 29 427 90\n3 427 428 90\n3 376 429 393\n3 429 430 393\n3 430 429 89\n3 429 376 410\n3 410 90 429\n3 429 90 89\n3 412 431 413\n3 394 432 377\n3 432 411 377\n3 411 432 412\n3 432 394 433\n3 433 434 432\n3 432 434 412\n3 435 39 31\n3 414 435 31\n3 415 32 41\n3 436 415 41\n3 71 40 39\n3 73 96 72\n3 76 43 74\n3 78 97 77\n3 46 45 79\n3 381 397 98\n3 78 381 98\n3 400 384 80\n3 100 400 80\n3 437 81 438\n3 81 48 438\n3 402 437 438\n3 47 402 438\n3 47 438 48\n3 64 63 49\n3 63 395 49\n3 63 52 54\n3 406 422 439\n3 439 422 440\n3 441 439 440\n3 439 50 406\n3 50 439 417\n3 439 441 417\n3 56 55 442\n3 442 55 419\n3 420 442 419\n3 442 443 56\n3 443 442 444\n3 442 420 444\n3 61 59 131\n3 402 61 131\n3 423 57 445\n3 445 57 56\n3 122 421 82\n3 81 122 82\n3 446 102 58\n3 421 446 58\n3 403 421 58\n3 59 58 102\n3 82 405 65\n3 64 81 65\n3 407 105 422\n3 422 105 104\n3 105 116 447\n3 94 116 105\n3 83 424 423\n3 85 424 83\n3 75 425 86\n3 448 86 425\n3 408 426 449\n3 408 449 425\n3 449 450 425\n3 426 140 449\n3 140 451 449\n3 451 450 449\n3 427 29 75\n3 140 69 68\n3 107 68 452\n3 107 140 68\n3 431 110 413\n3 110 431 453\n3 110 68 413\n3 74 87 428\n3 74 43 77\n3 428 427 74\n3 75 74 427\n3 90 428 88\n3 393 454 414\n3 454 455 414\n3 455 454 113\n3 454 393 430\n3 430 89 454\n3 454 89 113\n3 34 76 92\n3 91 92 431\n3 434 456 412\n3 412 456 431\n3 415 457 394\n3 457 433 394\n3 433 457 434\n3 457 415 458\n3 458 144 457\n3 457 144 434\n3 459 70 39\n3 435 459 39\n3 436 41 72\n3 460 436 72\n3 94 71 70\n3 96 424 95\n3 98 117 97\n3 80 79 99\n3 397 417 118\n3 98 397 118\n3 420 400 100\n3 120 420 100\n3 125 122 81\n3 81 437 125\n3 81 64 48\n3 131 124 402\n3 437 402 124\n3 422 104 461\n3 461 104 462\n3 463 461 462\n3 461 440 422\n3 440 461 441\n3 461 463 441\n3 445 56 464\n3 464 56 443\n3 444 464 443\n3 464 128 445\n3 128 464 465\n3 464 444 465\n3 131 59 101\n3 83 423 466\n3 466 423 445\n3 130 466 445\n3 466 84 83\n3 84 466 467\n3 466 130 467\n3 134 102 446\n3 135 134 446\n3 135 446 421\n3 102 136 101\n3 157 101 136\n3 105 447 103\n3 447 147 161\n3 116 147 447\n3 424 85 468\n3 469 468 85\n3 470 85 84\n3 425 450 448\n3 450 451 471\n3 450 471 448\n3 92 472 431\n3 86 472 92\n3 448 472 86\n3 472 453 431\n3 473 453 472\n3 473 472 448\n3 451 140 139\n3 139 474 451\n3 140 107 106\n3 108 107 452\n3 108 166 106\n3 68 109 452\n3 475 452 109\n3 110 453 109\n3 87 111 88\n3 87 77 97\n3 87 88 428\n3 89 88 112\n3 414 476 435\n3 476 477 435\n3 477 476 171\n3 476 414 455\n3 455 113 476\n3 476 113 171\n3 114 91 431\n3 114 79 45\n3 114 431 456\n3 144 143 434\n3 434 143 456\n3 436 478 415\n3 478 458 415\n3 458 478 144\n3 478 436 479\n3 479 145 478\n3 478 145 144\n3 480 93 70\n3 459 480 70\n3 460 72 95\n3 481 460 95\n3 116 94 93\n3 424 468 95\n3 468 469 95\n3 118 148 117\n3 100 99 119\n3 417 441 149\n3 118 417 149\n3 444 420 120\n3 151 444 120\n3 123 127 121\n3 122 125 123\n3 125 437 124\n3 123 131 126\n3 124 131 123\n3 104 103 482\n3 482 103 483\n3 484 482 483\n3 482 462 104\n3 462 482 463\n3 482 484 463\n3 130 445 128\n3 465 129 128\n3 129 467 130\n3 155 467 129\n3 465 155 129\n3 101 157 132\n3 132 152 131\n3 485 470 84\n3 485 84 467\n3 135 421 133\n3 133 421 122\n3 133 486 134\n3 133 121 486\n3 134 138 136\n3 136 158 157\n3 447 161 103\n3 103 161 160\n3 161 174 487\n3 147 174 161\n3 469 85 470\n3 183 469 470\n3 451 474 471\n3 453 473 471\n3 448 471 473\n3 488 453 471\n3 106 164 139\n3 139 164 474\n3 489 474 164\n3 166 184 106\n3 452 475 108\n3 475 166 108\n3 475 490 167\n3 475 167 166\n3 453 491 109\n3 492 475 109\n3 492 109 491\n3 111 141 112\n3 111 97 117\n3 111 112 88\n3 113 112 171\n3 171 112 493\n3 435 494 459\n3 494 495 459\n3 495 494 170\n3 494 435 477\n3 477 171 494\n3 494 171 170\n3 142 114 456\n3 142 99 79\n3 142 456 143\n3 145 496 143\n3 460 497 436\n3 497 479 436\n3 479 497 145\n3 497 460 498\n3 498 193 497\n3 497 193 145\n3 499 115 93\n3 480 499 93\n3 481 95 469\n3 147 116 115\n3 149 175 148\n3 120 119 150\n3 441 463 176\n3 149 441 176\n3 465 444 151\n3 178 465 151\n3 121 127 486\n3 126 131 152\n3 103 160 500\n3 500 160 501\n3 502 500 501\n3 500 483 103\n3 483 500 484\n3 500 502 484\n3 465 156 155\n3 156 200 154\n3 503 485 467\n3 503 467 155\n3 158 179 132\n3 132 179 152\n3 485 183 470\n3 485 504 183\n3 137 134 486\n3 137 486 505\n3 506 138 137\n3 136 138 507\n3 158 507 210\n3 158 136 507\n3 161 487 159\n3 487 196 508\n3 174 196 487\n3 509 469 183\n3 182 509 183\n3 471 474 488\n3 474 489 510\n3 474 510 488\n3 453 488 491\n3 488 492 491\n3 164 106 184\n3 164 184 162\n3 164 163 489\n3 162 511 163\n3 167 490 187\n3 167 187 165\n3 166 165 184\n3 186 165 187\n3 512 490 475\n3 512 513 216\n3 512 216 490\n3 141 168 493\n3 141 117 148\n3 141 493 112\n3 171 493 169\n3 459 514 480\n3 514 515 480\n3 515 514 190\n3 514 459 495\n3 495 170 514\n3 514 170 190\n3 172 142 143\n3 172 119 99\n3 172 143 496\n3 193 192 145\n3 145 192 496\n3 481 516 460\n3 516 498 460\n3 498 516 193\n3 516 481 517\n3 517 194 516\n3 516 194 193\n3 518 146 115\n3 499 518 115\n3 481 469 509\n3 174 147 146\n3 176 197 175\n3 151 150 177\n3 463 484 198\n3 176 463 198\n3 465 178 156\n3 178 200 156\n3 505 486 519\n3 505 519 223\n3 519 486 127\n3 520 223 519\n3 126 153 520\n3 126 520 519\n3 126 519 127\n3 152 179 153\n3 153 179 521\n3 160 159 522\n3 522 159 523\n3 524 522 523\n3 522 501 160\n3 501 522 502\n3 522 524 502\n3 503 154 485\n3 155 154 503\n3 154 504 485\n3 525 504 154\n3 200 525 154\n3 180 201 179\n3 183 504 181\n3 526 181 504\n3 206 506 137\n3 206 137 505\n3 211 210 507\n3 506 211 507\n3 506 507 138\n3 209 214 527\n3 210 209 527\n3 158 210 527\n3 180 158 527\n3 487 508 159\n3 159 508 528\n3 508 220 236\n3 196 220 508\n3 509 182 204\n3 489 163 510\n3 163 511 510\n3 488 510 492\n3 510 239 492\n3 165 529 162\n3 162 529 530\n3 162 530 511\n3 165 186 529\n3 186 531 529\n3 531 530 529\n3 490 216 187\n3 187 216 185\n3 512 475 532\n3 532 475 492\n3 533 532 492\n3 532 513 512\n3 513 532 238\n3 532 533 238\n3 513 241 216\n3 168 188 169\n3 168 148 175\n3 168 169 493\n3 170 169 189\n3 480 534 499\n3 534 535 499\n3 535 534 248\n3 534 480 515\n3 515 190 534\n3 534 190 248\n3 191 172 496\n3 191 150 119\n3 191 496 192\n3 194 218 192\n3 536 481 509\n3 536 517 481\n3 517 536 194\n3 204 536 509\n3 536 204 194\n3 537 173 146\n3 518 537 146\n3 196 174 173\n3 198 221 197\n3 178 177 199\n3 484 502 222\n3 198 484 222\n3 505 223 206\n3 538 223 520\n3 521 538 520\n3 153 521 520\n3 179 201 521\n3 159 528 539\n3 539 528 540\n3 541 539 540\n3 539 523 159\n3 523 539 524\n3 539 541 524\n3 504 525 542\n3 525 200 542\n3 542 200 199\n3 504 542 526\n3 543 526 542\n3 543 542 199\n3 202 224 201\n3 182 181 203\n3 181 526 205\n3 506 208 211\n3 208 506 206\n3 211 212 209\n3 214 209 212\n3 228 231 544\n3 214 228 544\n3 214 544 527\n3 180 527 544\n3 232 544 231\n3 202 544 232\n3 202 180 544\n3 508 236 528\n3 528 236 235\n3 236 250 267\n3 220 250 236\n3 511 530 510\n3 510 530 239\n3 530 531 545\n3 530 545 239\n3 533 492 239\n3 239 238 533\n3 186 185 270\n3 216 241 215\n3 241 513 242\n3 513 238 242\n3 188 217 189\n3 188 175 197\n3 188 189 169\n3 190 189 248\n3 248 189 546\n3 499 547 518\n3 547 548 518\n3 548 547 247\n3 547 499 535\n3 535 248 547\n3 547 248 247\n3 177 191 192\n3 191 177 150\n3 177 192 218\n3 203 194 204\n3 203 205 218\n3 549 195 173\n3 537 549 173\n3 220 196 195\n3 222 251 221\n3 502 524 252\n3 222 502 252\n3 223 538 207\n3 253 538 521\n3 201 253 521\n3 528 235 550\n3 550 235 551\n3 552 550 551\n3 550 540 528\n3 540 550 541\n3 550 552 541\n3 205 526 543\n3 205 543 199\n3 225 257 224\n3 212 211 208\n3 226 208 207\n3 226 259 213\n3 226 227 259\n3 213 229 228\n3 231 228 229\n3 233 263 553\n3 233 553 232\n3 202 232 553\n3 264 553 263\n3 225 553 264\n3 225 202 553\n3 236 267 234\n3 267 277 289\n3 250 277 267\n3 239 545 237\n3 545 554 237\n3 270 555 186\n3 555 531 186\n3 555 270 269\n3 269 556 555\n3 185 215 271\n3 185 271 270\n3 215 272 271\n3 241 244 240\n3 240 244 295\n3 244 241 242\n3 217 245 546\n3 217 197 221\n3 217 546 189\n3 248 546 246\n3 518 557 537\n3 557 558 537\n3 558 557 299\n3 557 518 548\n3 548 247 557\n3 557 247 299\n3 177 218 199\n3 218 205 199\n3 559 219 195\n3 549 559 195\n3 250 220 219\n3 252 278 251\n3 524 541 279\n3 252 524 279\n3 227 207 538\n3 227 538 253\n3 227 254 259\n3 256 201 224\n3 253 201 256\n3 235 234 560\n3 560 234 561\n3 562 560 561\n3 560 551 235\n3 551 560 552\n3 560 562 552\n3 258 281 257\n3 229 213 259\n3 229 260 230\n3 230 261 233\n3 263 233 261\n3 265 285 563\n3 265 563 264\n3 225 264 563\n3 286 563 285\n3 258 563 286\n3 258 225 563\n3 267 289 266\n3 289 292 291\n3 289 277 292\n3 531 555 545\n3 545 555 554\n3 555 556 554\n3 238 237 268\n3 564 316 268\n3 564 268 237\n3 564 237 554\n3 271 565 269\n3 269 565 566\n3 269 566 556\n3 565 271 567\n3 567 271 272\n3 567 317 565\n3 565 317 566\n3 240 295 294\n3 240 294 272\n3 294 293 272\n3 295 244 274\n3 295 274 327\n3 274 244 243\n3 245 275 246\n3 245 221 251\n3 245 246 546\n3 247 246 299\n3 299 246 568\n3 537 569 549\n3 569 570 549\n3 570 569 298\n3 569 537 558\n3 558 299 569\n3 569 299 298\n3 571 249 219\n3 559 571 219\n3 277 250 249\n3 279 301 278\n3 541 552 302\n3 279 541 302\n3 260 259 254\n3 260 254 256\n3 256 254 253\n3 255 224 257\n3 234 266 572\n3 572 266 308\n3 307 572 308\n3 572 561 234\n3 561 572 562\n3 572 307 562\n3 282 335 281\n3 261 230 573\n3 573 230 260\n3 574 573 260\n3 261 573 262\n3 262 283 265\n3 285 265 283\n3 287 311 575\n3 287 575 286\n3 258 286 575\n3 313 575 311\n3 282 575 313\n3 282 258 575\n3 289 291 288\n3 290 576 577\n3 292 576 290\n3 556 566 564\n3 564 566 316\n3 556 564 554\n3 566 317 316\n3 243 242 578\n3 242 268 578\n3 316 578 268\n3 579 243 578\n3 321 320 579\n3 321 579 578\n3 321 578 316\n3 567 318 317\n3 567 272 324\n3 324 272 293\n3 324 319 567\n3 567 319 318\n3 295 327 326\n3 295 326 293\n3 326 322 293\n3 274 580 327\n3 580 345 327\n3 275 296 568\n3 275 251 278\n3 275 568 246\n3 299 568 297\n3 549 581 559\n3 581 582 559\n3 582 581 330\n3 581 549 570\n3 570 298 581\n3 581 298 330\n3 583 276 249\n3 571 583 249\n3 292 277 276\n3 302 333 301\n3 552 562 334\n3 302 552 334\n3 574 260 255\n3 255 280 574\n3 280 257 281\n3 266 288 305\n3 305 288 306\n3 306 584 304\n3 305 308 266\n3 308 305 304\n3 335 282 312\n3 283 262 337\n3 337 262 573\n3 585 337 573\n3 585 573 574\n3 283 337 284\n3 284 309 287\n3 311 287 309\n3 311 586 313\n3 313 586 312\n3 290 577 314\n3 587 315 314\n3 587 314 588\n3 315 288 291\n3 315 587 288\n3 332 576 589\n3 589 576 292\n3 318 321 316\n3 321 318 319\n3 273 243 590\n3 243 579 590\n3 320 590 579\n3 342 273 590\n3 341 340 342\n3 341 342 590\n3 341 590 320\n3 324 325 319\n3 324 293 322\n3 323 339 325\n3 327 345 322\n3 274 344 580\n3 274 273 344\n3 344 345 580\n3 345 344 591\n3 296 328 297\n3 296 278 301\n3 296 297 568\n3 298 297 329\n3 559 592 571\n3 592 593 571\n3 593 592 352\n3 592 559 582\n3 582 330 592\n3 592 330 352\n3 300 276 594\n3 594 276 583\n3 332 589 300\n3 589 292 300\n3 334 347 333\n3 562 307 348\n3 334 562 348\n3 585 574 280\n3 280 303 585\n3 303 281 335\n3 587 588 595\n3 596 595 588\n3 595 306 587\n3 587 306 288\n3 584 306 595\n3 584 595 596\n3 312 586 597\n3 335 312 597\n3 309 284 337\n3 598 338 337\n3 598 337 585\n3 309 338 310\n3 599 311 310\n3 599 586 311\n3 325 341 320\n3 341 325 339\n3 344 273 342\n3 340 343 342\n3 343 591 344\n3 345 591 323\n3 323 591 339\n3 328 346 329\n3 328 301 333\n3 328 329 297\n3 330 329 352\n3 352 329 600\n3 571 601 583\n3 601 602 583\n3 602 601 351\n3 601 571 593\n3 593 352 601\n3 601 352 351\n3 331 300 603\n3 300 594 603\n3 348 353 347\n3 304 584 354\n3 304 354 348\n3 598 585 303\n3 303 336 598\n3 597 336 335\n3 584 596 604\n3 599 310 605\n3 605 310 338\n3 606 605 338\n3 606 338 598\n3 605 586 599\n3 586 605 597\n3 605 606 597\n3 339 591 343\n3 339 343 340\n3 346 349 600\n3 346 333 347\n3 346 600 329\n3 352 600 350\n3 594 583 607\n3 594 607 608\n3 608 607 609\n3 607 583 602\n3 602 351 607\n3 607 351 609\n3 603 610 331\n3 610 603 594\n3 354 611 353\n3 604 354 584\n3 606 598 336\n3 336 597 606\n3 349 355 350\n3 349 347 353\n3 349 350 600\n3 351 350 609\n3 609 350 612\n3 610 594 613\n3 610 613 614\n3 614 613 615\n3 608 613 594\n3 608 609 613\n3 613 609 615\n3 616 617 604\n3 604 617 354\n3 617 611 354\n3 612 355 611\n3 355 353 611\n3 355 612 350\n3 615 618 614\n3 618 615 358\n3 618 358 357\n3 609 612 615\n3 615 612 358\n3 617 616 356\n3 611 617 356\n3 358 611 356\n3 358 612 611\n3 314 619 588\n3 596 588 619\n3 604 596 619\n3 616 604 619\n3 356 616 619\n3 357 356 619\n3 618 357 619\n3 614 618 619\n3 610 614 619\n3 331 610 619\n3 332 331 619\n3 576 332 619\n3 619 314 577\n3 577 576 619\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.014249308086482339 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'In this paper a new lifetime distribution which is obtained by compounding Lindley and geometric distributions, named Lindley-geometric (LG) distribution, is introduced. ", "Several properties of the new distribution such as density, failure rate, mean lifetime, moments, and order statistics are derived. ", "Furthermore, estimation by maximum likelihood and inference for large sample are discussed. ", "The paper is motivated by two applications to real data sets and we hope that this model be able to attract wider applicability in survival and reliability.'", "\naddress: 'Department of Statistics, Yazd University, P.O. Box 89175-741, Yazd, Iran'\nauthor:\n- Hojjatollah Zakerzadeh\n- Eisa Mahmoudi\ntitle: 'A new two parameter lifetime distribution: model and properties '\n---\n\nBathtub failure rate,EM algorithm,Geometric distribution,Lindley distribution,Maximum likelihood estimation,Unimodal failure rate. ", "60E05 ,62F10 ,62P99\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe Lindley distribution specified by the probability density function (p.d.f.) ", "$$\\label{pdf lindely}\nf(x) = \\frac{\\theta^{2}}{\\theta+1} (1 + x) e^{-\\theta\nx},~~x>0,~~\\theta>0,$$ was introduced by Lindley [@Lindley]. ", "The corresponding cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) ", "is given by $$\\label{cdf lindely}\nF(x) = 1 -(1+\\frac{\\theta x}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\nx},~~x>0,~~\\theta>0.$$ The Lindley distribution, in spite of little attention in the statistical literature, is important for studying stress-strength reliability modeling. ", "Besides, some researchers have proposed new classes of distributions based on modifications of the Lindley distribution, including also their properties. ", "Sankaran [@Sankaran] introduced the discrete Poisson-Lindley distribution by combining the Poisson and Lindley distributions. ", "Ghitany et al. [", "@Ghitany2008] investigated most of the statistical properties of the Lindley distribution, showing this distribution may provide a better fitting than the exponential distribution. ", "Mahmoudi and Zakerzadeh [@Mahmoudi2010] proposed an extended version of the compound Poisson distribution which was obtained by compounding the Poisson distribution with the generalized Lindley distribution which is obtained and analyzed by Zakerzadeh and Dolati [@Zakerzadeh]. ", "Recently a new extension of the Lindley distribution, called extended Lindley (EL) distribution, which offers a more flexible model for lifetime data is introduced by Bakouch et al. [", "@Bakoucha2011].", "\n\nAdamidis and Loukas [@Adamidis] introduced a two-parameter lifetime distribution with decreasing failure rate by compounding exponential and geometric distributions, which was named exponential geometric (EG) distribution. ", "In the same way, Kus [@Kus] and Tahmasbi and Rezaei [@Tahmasbi] introduced the exponential Poisson (EP) and exponential logarithmic distributions, respectively. ", "Marshall and Olkin [@Marshall] presented a method for adding a parameter to a family of distributions with application to the exponential and Weibull families.", "\n\nRecently, Chahkandi and Ganjali [@Chahkandi] introduced a class of distributions, named exponential power series (EPS) distributions, by compounding exponential and power series distributions, where compounding procedure follows the same way that was previously carried out by Adamidis and Loukas [@Adamidis]; this class contains the distributions mentioned before. ", "Extensions of the EG distribution was given by Adamidis et al. [", "@Adamidis2005] and Barreto-Souza et al. [", "@Barreto-Souza2011], where the last was obtained by compounding Weibull and geometric distributions. ", "A three-parameter extension of the EP distribution was obtained by Barreto-Souza and Cribari-Neto [@Barreto-Souza2009].", "\n\nThis new class of distributions has been received considerable attention over the two last years. ", "Weibull power series (WPS), complementary exponential geometric (CEG), two-parameter Poisson-exponential, generalized exponential power series (GEPS), exponentiated Weibull-Poisson (EWP) and generalized inverse Weibull-Poisson (GIWP) distributions were introduced and studied by Morais and Barreto-Souza [@Morais], Louzada-Neto et al. [", "@Louzada], Cancho et al. [", "@Cancho], Mahmoudi and Jafari [@Mahmoudi2011a], Mahmoudi and Sepahdar [@Mahmoudi2011b] and Mahmoudi and Torki [@Mahmoudi2011c].", "\n\nIn this paper, we introduce a new lifetime distribution by compounding Lindley and geometric distributions as follows: Consider the random variable $X$ having the Lindley distribution where its pdf and cdf are given in (\\[pdf lindely\\]) and (\\[cdf lindely\\]).\\\nGiven $N$, let $X_{1},\\cdots,X_{N}$ be independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables from Lindley distribution. ", "Let the random variable $N$ is distributed according to the geometric distribution with pdf $$P(N=n)=(1-p)p^{n-1},~n=1,2 ,\\cdots,~0<p<1.$$ Let $Y=\\min(X_{1},\\cdots,X_{N})$, then the conditional cdf of $Y|N=n$ is given by $$\\label{dist y given N}\nF_{Y|N}(y|n)=1-\\Big[(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\Big]^{n},$$ The Lindley-geometric (LG) distribution, denoted by LG$(p,\\theta)$, is defined by the marginal cdf of $Y$, i.e., $$\\label{cdf LG}\nF_Y(y)=\\frac{1-(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}}{1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}},~~y>0,~~\\theta>0,~~0< p <1.$$\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "In Section 2, the density function, survival and hazard rate functions of the LG with some of their properties are given. ", "Section 3 provides a general expansion for the quantiles and moments of the LG distribution. ", "Its moment generating function is derived in this section. ", "Section 4 provides the moments of order statistics of the LG distribution. ", "Residual life and reversed residual functions of the LG distribution is discussed in Section 5. ", "Section 6 is devoted to the Bonferroni and Lorenz curves of the LG distribution. ", "In Section 7 we explain the probability weighted moments. ", "Mean deviations from the mean and median are derived in Section 8. ", "Estimation of the parameters by maximum likelihood via an EM-algorithm and inference for large sample are presented in Section 9. ", "Applications to two real data sets are given in Section 10 and conclusions are provided in Section 11.", "\n\nDensity function, survival and hazard rate functions\n====================================================\n\nThe probability density function of the LG distribution is given by $$\\label{pdf LG}\nf(y)=\\frac{\\theta^2}{\\theta+1}(1-p)(1+y)e^{-\\theta\ny}\\Big[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\Big]^{-2},~~y>0,$$ where $\\theta>0$ and $0<p<1$.\\\nEven when $p\\leq0$, Equation (\\[pdf LG\\]) is a density function. ", "We can then define the LG distribution by Equation (\\[pdf LG\\]) for any $p<1$. Some special sub-models of the LG distribution (\\[pdf LG\\]) are obtained as follows. ", "If $p = 0$, we have the Lindley distribution. ", "When $p\\rightarrow 1^{-}$, the LG distribution tends to a distribution degenerate in zero. ", "Hence, the parameter $p$ can be interpreted as a concentration parameter. ", "LG density functions are displayed in Figure 1 for selected values of $\\theta$ and $p = -2,~-.05,~ 0,~ .05,~ .09$.\n\nThe density function of the LG distribution is (i) decreasing for all values $p$ and $\\theta$ for which $p>\n\\frac{1-\\theta^2}{1+\\theta^2}$, (ii) unimodal for all values $p$ and $\\theta$ for which $p\\leq \\frac{1-\\theta^2}{1+\\theta^2}.$\n\nSee Appendix.", "\n\nThe survival function and hazard rate function of the LG distribution, are given respectively by $$\\label{Survival}\nS(y)=\\frac{(1-p)(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}}{1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y}},$$ and $$\\label{hazard}\nh(y)=\\frac{\\theta^{2}(y+1)}{\\theta\ny+\\theta+1}\\Big[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\Big]^{-1}.$$ Figure 2 provides the plots of the hazard rate function of the LG distribution for different values $p = -2,~-.05,~ 0,~ .05,~ .09$ and $\\theta=.03,~.08,~1,~3$. We have the following results regarding the shapes of the hazard rate function of the LG distribution. ", "The proof is provided in the Appendix.", "\n\nThe hazard function of the LG distribution in (\\[hazard\\]) is (i) bathtub-shaped if $p>\\frac{1}{1+\\theta^2},$ (ii) firstly increasing then bathtub-shaped if $p\\leq\\frac{1}{1+\\theta^2}.$\n\nThe hazard rate function of the LG distribution in (\\[hazard\\]) tends to $\\frac{\\theta^{2}}{(\\theta+1)(1-p)}$ and $\\theta$ where $y\\rightarrow 0$ and $y\\rightarrow \\infty$, respectively.", "\n\nUsing the series expansion $$\\label{series}\n(1-z)^{-k}=\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\frac{\\Gamma(k+j)}{\\Gamma(k)j!}z^j,$$ where $|z|< 1$ and $k > 0$, the density function (\\[pdf LG\\]) can be demonstrated by $$\\label{new LG}\nf_{LG}(y;p,\\theta)=\\frac{\\theta^2}{\\theta+1}(1-p)(1+y)e^{-\\theta\ny}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}(j+1)p^{j}(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny}{\\theta+1})^{j}e^{-j\\theta y}.$$ Various mathematical properties of the LG distribution can be obtained from (\\[new LG\\]) and the corresponding properties of the Lindely distribution.\\\nIn the following theorem, we give the stochastically ordering property of the random variable $Y$ with LG distribution.", "\n\nConsider the two random variables $Y_1$ and $Y_2$ with $LG(p_{1},\\theta)$ and $LG(p_{2},\\theta)$ distributions, respectively.", "\n\n(i)\n\n: If $p_{1}\\leq p_{2},$ then $S_{Y_{1}}(t)\\leq\n S_{Y_{2}}(t)$ ($Y_{1}\\leq\n Y_{2}$) and $h_{Y_{1}}(t)\\leq\n h_{Y_{2}}(t)$ ($Y_{1}\\leq\n Y_{2}$).", "\n\n(ii)\n\n: If $p_{1}>p_{2},$ then $\\frac{f_{Y_{1}}(t)}{f_{Y_{2}}(t)}$ is decreasing in $t$, i.e., ($Y_{1}\\leq\n Y_{2}$).", "\n\n Quantiles and moments of the LG distribution \n==============================================\n\nApplying the equation $F(x_{\\xi})=\\xi$, the $\\xi$th quantile of the LG distribution is the solution of equation $$\\frac{1-\\xi}{1-p\\xi}=(1+\\frac{\\theta x_{\\xi}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\nx_{\\xi}},$$ which is used for data generation from the LG distribution.\\\nSuppose that $Y\\sim LG(p,\\theta)$, using the equation (\\[new LG\\]) and applying the binomial expression for $(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny}{\\theta+1})^{j}$, the $r$th moment of $Y$ is given by $$\\label{mean r LG}\nE(Y^{r})=\\frac{\\theta^{2}(1-p)}{\\theta+1}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{j}{j\n\\choose\ni}(j+1)p^{j}(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1})^{i}\\frac{\\Gamma(r+i+1)}{(\\theta(j+1))^{r+i+1}}(1+\\frac{r+i+1}{\\theta(j+1)}).$$ Using Eq. (", "\\[mean r LG\\]), the moment generating function of the LG distribution is given by $$\\begin{array}[b]{l}\\label{mgf EWP}\nM_{Y}(t)=\\sum^{\\infty}_{k=0}\\frac{t^k}{k!}\\Big[\\frac{\\theta^{2}(1-p)}{\\theta+1}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{j}{j\n\\choose\ni}(j+1)p^{j}(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1})^{i}\\frac{\\Gamma(k+i+1)}{(\\theta(j+1))^{k+i+1}}(1+\\frac{k+i+1}{\\theta(j+1)})\\Big]\\medskip\\\\\n~~~~~~~~=\\frac{\\theta^{2}(1-p)}{\\theta+1}\\sum^{\\infty}_{k=0}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{j}\\frac{t^k}{k!}{j\\choose\ni}(j+1)p^{j}(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1})^{i}\\frac{\\Gamma(k+i+1)}{(\\theta(j+1))^{k+i+1}}(1+\\frac{k+i+1}{\\theta(j+1)}).", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe mean of the LG distribution ig given by $$\\label{mean LG}\nE(Y)=\\frac{\\theta^{2}(1-p)}{\\theta+1}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{j}\\frac{(j+1)!}{(j-i)!}p^{j}\n(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1})^{i}\\frac{i+1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{i+2}}(1+\\frac{i+2}{\\theta(j+1)}).$$\n\nOrder statistics and their moments\n==================================\n\nOrder statistics make their appearance in many areas of statistical theory and practice. ", "Order statistics are among the most fundamental tools in non-parametric statistics and inference and play an important role in quality control testing and reliability, where a practitioner needs to predict the failure of future items based on the times of a few early failures.\\\nLet $Y_{1}, \\cdots, Y_{n}$ be a random sample taken from the LG distribution and $Y_{1:n}, \\cdots,\nY_{n:n}$ denote the corresponding order statistics. ", "Then, the pdf $f_{r:n}(y)$ of the *r*th order statistics $Y_{r:n}$ is given by $$\\begin{array}[b]{l}\nf_{r:n}(y)=\\frac{1}{Be(r,n-r+1)}\\frac{\\theta^2}{\\theta+1}(1-p)(1+y)e^{-\\theta\ny}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{r}\\sum_{l=0}^{\\infty}(-1)^{i}{r\\choose\ni}\\frac{\\Gamma(n-r+i+l)}{l!}(j+1)p^{j+l}\\medskip\\\\\n~~~~~~~~~\\times (1-p)^{n-r+i}\\Big(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{n-r+i+j+l}e^{-(n-r+i+j+l)\\theta y},\n\\end{array}$$ where $Be(a, b) =\\int_{0}^{1}w^{a-1}(1-w)^{b-1}dw $ is the beta function. ", "After some calculations and using the binomial expression for $\\Big(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{n-r+i+j+l}$, we have $$\\begin{array}[b]{l}\nf_{r:n}(y)=\\frac{1}{Be(r,n-r+1)}\\frac{\\theta^2}{\\theta+1}(1-p)(1+y)e^{-\\theta\ny}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{r}\\sum_{l=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{m=0}^{n-r+i+j+l}(-1)^{i}{n-r+i+j+l\\choose\nm}\\medskip\\\\\n~~~~~~~~~\\times {r\\choose\ni}\\frac{\\Gamma(n-r+i+l)}{l!}(j+1)p^{j+l}(1-p)^{n-r+i}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta\ny}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{m}e^{-(n-r+i+j+l)\\theta y}.", "\n\\end{array}$$ The *k*th moment of the *r*th order statistic $Y_{r:n}$ can be obtained from the known result, $$\\begin{array}[b]{l}\nE[Y^{k}_{r:n}]=\\frac{1}{Be(r,n-r+1)}\\frac{\\theta^2}{\\theta+1}(1-p)\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{r}\\sum_{l=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{m=0}^{n-r+i+j+l}(-1)^{i}{n-r+i+j+l\\choose\nm}{r\\choose\ni}\\frac{\\Gamma(n-r+i+l)}{l!}\\medskip\\\\\n~~~~~~~~~\\times (j+1)p^{j+l}(1-p)^{n-r+i}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta\n}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{m}\\left[\n\\frac{\\Gamma(k+m+2)}{(\\theta(n-r+i+j+l+1))^{k+m+2}}+\\frac{\\Gamma(k+m+1)}{(\\theta(n-r+i+j+l+1))^{k+m+1}}\\right].", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\n Residual life and reversed failure rate function of the LG distribution\n========================================================================\n\nGiven that a component survives up to time $t>0$, the residual life is the period beyond $t$ until the time of failure and defined by the conditional random variable $Y - t|Y > t$. In reliability, it is well known that the mean residual life function and ratio of two consecutive moments of residual life determine the distribution uniquely (Gupta and Gupta, [@Gupta1983]). ", "Therefore, we obtain the $r$th-order moment of the residual life via the general formula $$\\mu_{r}(t)=E\\left[(Y-t)^r|Y>t\\right]=\\frac{1}{S(t)}\\int_{t}^{\\infty}(y-t)^{r}f(y)dy,$$ where $S(t)=1-F(t)$, is the survival function.\\\nApplying the binomial expansion to $(y-t)^r$ into the above formula gives $$\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\n\\mu_{r}(t)=&\\frac{(1-p)\\theta^{2}}{(\\theta+1)S(t)}\\sum_{i=0}^{r}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j}(-1)^{i}{j\\choose\nk}(j+1)t^{i}p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}\\Big[\\frac{1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{r+k-i+2}}\\medskip\\\\\n&\\times\\Big(\\Gamma(r+k-i+2;\\theta\nt(j+1))+\\theta(j+1)\\Gamma(r+k-i+1;\\theta\nt(j+1))\\Big)\\Big],~~~~~r\\geq1,\n\\end{array}$$ where $\\Gamma(s;t)= \\int_{t}^{\\infty}x^{s-1}e^{-x}dx,$ shows the upper incomplete gamma function.\\\nThe mean residual life (MRL) of the LG distribution is given by $$\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\n\\mu(t)=&\\frac{(1-p)\\theta^{2}}{(\\theta+1)S(t)}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j}{j\\choose\nk}(j+1)p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}\\Big[\\frac{1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{k+3}}\\medskip\\\\\n&\\times\\Big(\\Gamma(k+3;\\theta t(j+1))+\\theta(j+1)\\Gamma(k+2;\\theta\nt(j+1))\\Big)\\Big]-t.", "\n\\end{array}$$ In particular, we obtain $$\\mu(0)=E(Y)=\\frac{\\theta^{2}(1-p)}{\\theta+1}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=0}^{j}\\frac{(j+1)!}{(j-i)!}p^{j}\n(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1})^{i}\\frac{i+1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{i+2}}(1+\\frac{i+2}{\\theta(j+1)}).$$ Also, if $p=0$, then $$\\mu(t)=\\frac{2+\\theta+\\theta\nt}{\\theta(1+\\theta+\\theta t)},$$ which is the MRL function of the original Lindley distribution. ", "The variance of the residual life of the LG distribution can be obtained easily by using $\\mu_{2}(t)$ and $\\mu(t)$.\n\nThe reversed residual life can be defined as the conditional random variable $t-Y|Y\\leq t$ which denotes the time elapsed from the failure of a component given that its life is less than or equal to $t$. This random variable may also be called the inactivity time (or time since failure); for more details one can see (Kundu and Nanda, [@Kundu2010]; Nanda et al., [", "@Nanda]). ", "Also, in reliability, the mean reversed residual life and ratio of two consecutive moments of reversed residual life characterize the distribution uniquely. ", "Using (\\[cdf LG\\]) and (\\[pdf LG\\]), the reversed failure (or reversed hazard) rate function is given by $$r(y)=\\frac{f(y)}{F(y)}=\\frac{\\frac{\\theta^2}{\\theta+1}(1-p)(1+y)e^{-\\theta\ny}}{\\Big[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\Big]\\Big[1-(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\Big]},~~~y>0.$$ It is noticed that $h(0) =\\infty $ and $h(0)$ is discontinuous in the parameters of the LG distribution. ", "The *r*th-order moment of the reversed residual life can be obtained by the well known formula $$m_{r}(t)=E\\left[(t-Y)^r|Y\\leq\nt\\right]=\\frac{1}{F(t)}\\int_{0}^{t}(t-y)^{r}f(y)dy,$$ hence, $$\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\nm_{r}(t)=&\\frac{(1-p)\\theta^{2}}{(\\theta+1)F(t)}\\sum_{i=0}^{r}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j}(-1)^{r+i}{j\\choose\nk}(j+1)t^{i}p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}\\Big[\\frac{1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{r+k-i+2}}\\medskip\\\\\n&\\times\\Big(\\gamma(r+k-i+2;\\theta\nt(j+1))+\\theta(j+1)\\gamma(r+k-i+1;\\theta\nt(j+1))\\Big)\\Big],~~~~~r\\geq1,\n\\end{array}$$ where $\\gamma(s;t)= \\int_{0}^{t}x^{s-1}e^{-x}dx,$ shows the lower incomplete gamma function. ", "Thus, the mean of the reversed residual life of the LG distribution is given by\n\n$$\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\nm(t)=&t-\\frac{(1-p)\\theta^{2}}{(\\theta+1)S(t)}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j}{j\\choose\nk}(j+1)p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}\\Big[\\frac{1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{k+3}}\\medskip\\\\\n&\\times\\Big(\\gamma(k+3;\\theta t(j+1))+\\theta(j+1)\\gamma(k+2;\\theta\nt(j+1))\\Big)\\Big].", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nUsing $m(t)$ and $m_{2}(t)$ one can obtain the variance and the coefficient of variation of the reversed residual life of the LG distribution.", "\n\nBonferroni and Lorenz curves of the LG distribution\n===================================================\n\nThe Bonferroni and Lorenz curves and Gini index have many applications not only in economics to study income and poverty, but also in other fields like reliability, medicine and insurance. ", "The Bonferroni curve $B_{F} [F (y)]$ is given by $$B_{F} [F (y)] =\n\\frac{1}{\\mu F(y)}\\int_{0}^{y} uf (u)du.$$ Using this fact that $$\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\nI(y)=\\int_{0}^{y} uf\n(u)du=&\\frac{(1-p)\\theta^{2}}{(\\theta+1)}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j}{j\\choose\nk}(j+1)p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}\\Big[\\frac{1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{k+3}}\\medskip\\\\\n&\\times\\Big(\\gamma(k+3;\\theta y(j+1))+\\theta(j+1)\\gamma(k+2;\\theta\ny(j+1))\\Big)\\Big],\n\\end{array}$$ the Bonferroni curve of the distribution function $F$ of LG distribution is given by $$\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\nB_{F} [F (y)]=&\\frac{(1-p)\\theta^{2}[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y}]}{\\mu(\\theta+1)[1-(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}]}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j}{j\\choose\nk}(j+1)p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}\\Big[\\frac{1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{k+3}}\\medskip\\\\\n&\\times\\Big(\\gamma(k+3;\\theta y(j+1))+\\theta(j+1)\\gamma(k+2;\\theta\ny(j+1))\\Big)\\Big],\n\\end{array}$$ where $\\mu$ (the mean of LG distribution) is given in (\\[mean LG\\]).\\\nAlso, the Lorenz curve of $F$ that follows the LG distribution can be obtained via the expression $L_{F} [F (y)] =\nB_{F} [F (y)]F (y)$. The scaled total time and cumulative total time on test transform of a distribution function $F$ (Pundir et al., [", "@Pundir] are defined by $$S_{F} [F (t)] = \\frac{1}{\\mu\n}\\int_{0}^{t} S (u)du,$$ and $$C_{F}= \\int_{0}^{1} S_{F} [F\n(t)]f(t)dt,$$ respectively, where $S(.)$ denotes the survival function. ", "If $F (t)$ denotes the LG distribution function specified by (\\[cdf LG\\]) then we have, $$S_{F} [F (t)] =\\frac{1-p}{\\mu}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j+1}{j+1\\choose\nk}p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}(\\theta(j+1))^{-(k+1)}\\gamma(k+1;\\theta\nt(j+1)).$$ The Gini index can be obtained from the relationship $G =\n1 - C_F$ .", "\n\nProbability weighted moments\n============================\n\nThe probability weighted moments (PWMs) method can generally be used for estimating parameters of a distribution whose inverse form cannot be expressed explicitly. ", "We calculate the PWMs of the LG distribution since they can be used to obtain the moments of the LG distribution. ", "The PWMs of a random variable $Y$ are formally defined by $$\\label{PWMs1}\n\\tau _{s,r}=E[Y^{s}F(Y)^{r}]=\\int\\limits_{0}^{\\infty\n}y^{s}F(y)^{r}f(y)dy,$$ where $r$ and $s$ are positive integers and $F(.)$ and $f(.)$ are the cdf and pdf of the random variable $Y$. The PWMs of the LG distribution are given in the following proposition.", "\n\nThe PWMs of the LG distribution with cdf (\\[cdf LG\\]) and pdf (\\[pdf LG\\]), are given by $$\\label{PWMs2}\n\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\n\\tau_{s,r}&=\\frac{\\theta^{m+2}(1-p)}{(\\theta+1)^{m+1}}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{l=0}^{r}\\sum_{m=0}^{k+j+l}(-1)^{l}{r\\choose\nl}{k+j+l\\choose m}{r+k-1\\choose k}(j+1)p^{j+k}\\medskip \\\\\n&~~~\\times\\left[\\frac{\\Gamma(m+s+1)}{(\\theta(k+j+l))^{m+s+1}}-\\frac{\\Gamma(m+s+2)}{(\\theta(k+j+l))^{m+s+2}}\\right].", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe $s$th moment of the LG distribution can be obtained putting $r=0$ in Eq. (", "\\[PWMs2\\]). ", "Also, the mean and variance of the LG distribution can be obtained.", "\n\n Mean deviations\n================\n\nThe amount of scatter in a population can be measured by the totality of deviations from the mean and median. ", "For a random variable $X$ with pdf $f(.)$, cdf $F(.)$, mean $\\mu= E(X)$ and $ M =\nMedian(X)$, the mean deviation about the mean and the mean deviation about the median, are defined respectively by $$\\delta_{1}(X)=\\int_{0}^{\\infty}|x-\\mu|f(x)dx=2\\mu F(\\mu)-2I(\\mu),$$ and $$\\delta_{2}(X)=\\int_{0}^{\\infty}|x-M|f(x)dx=\\mu -\n2I(M),$$ where $I(b)=\\int^{b}_{0}xf(x)dx$.\n\nFor the LG distribution we have $$\\label{L(b)}\n\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\nI(b)=&\\frac{(1-p)\\theta^{2}}{(\\theta+1)}\\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{k=0}^{j}{j\\choose\nk}(j+1)p^{j}\\Big(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta+1}\\Big)^{k}\\Big[\\frac{1}{(\\theta(j+1))^{k+3}}\\medskip\\\\\n&\\times\\Big(\\gamma(k+3;\\theta b(j+1))+\\theta(j+1)\\gamma(k+2;\\theta\nb(j+1))\\Big)\\Big].", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe Mean deviations of the LG distribution are given by $$\\delta_{1}=2\\mu \\frac{1-(1+\\frac{\\theta \\mu}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\n\\mu}}{1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta \\mu}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta \\mu}}-2I(\\mu),$$ and $$\\delta_{2}=\\mu-2I(M),$$ respectively, where $\\mu$ is the mean of LG in Eq. (", "\\[mean LG\\]), $I(\\mu)$ and $I(M)$ are obtained by substituting $\\mu$ and $M$ in Eq. (", "\\[L(b)\\]).", "\n\n Estimation and inference\n=========================\n\nThe estimation of the parameters of the LG distribution using the maximum likelihood estimation is studied in this section. ", "Let $Y_{1},Y_{2},\\cdots,Y_{n}$ be a random sample with observed values $y_{1},y_{2},\\cdots,y_{n}$ from LG distribution with parameters $p$ and $\\theta$. The total log-likelihood function is given by $$\\begin{array}[b]{ll}\nl_{n}(y;p,\\theta)&=2n\\log(\\theta)-n\\log(1+\\theta)+n\\log(1-p)+\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\log(1+y_{i})-\\theta\\sum_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}\\medskip\\\\\n&~~~- 2\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\log\\Big(1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}\\Big).", "\n\\end{array}$$ The associated score function is given by $U_{n}=(\\partial\nl_{n}/\\partial p,\\partial l_{n}/\\partial \\theta)^{T}$, where\n\n$$\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\frac{\\partial l_{n}}{\\partial\np}&=\\frac{-n}{1-p}+2\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\frac{(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}}{1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}},\\medskip \\\\\n\\frac{\\partial l_{n}}{\\partial\n\\theta}&=\\frac{2n}{\\theta}-\\frac{n}{1+\\theta}-\\sum_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}-2p\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\frac{y_{i}e^{-\\theta\ny_{i}}\\Big[(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})-\\frac{1}{(\\theta+1)^{2}}\\Big]}{\\Big[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}\\Big]^{2}}.", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of $p $ and $\\theta$ is obtained by solving the nonlinear system $U_n=\\textbf{0}$. The solution of this nonlinear system of equation has not a closed form. ", "For interval estimation and hypothesis tests on the model parameters, we require the information matrix.", "\n\nAsymptotic variances and covariances of the MLEs\n------------------------------------------------\n\nApplying the usual large sample approximation, MLE of $\\Theta$ i.e. $\\widehat{\\Theta }=(\\hat{p},\\hat{\\theta})$, can be treated as being approximately bivariate normal with mean $\\Theta$ and variance-covariance matrix, which is the inverse of the expected information matrix $J(\\Theta)=E[I(\\Theta)],$ i.e., $N_2(\\Theta\n,{J(\\Theta )}^{-1})$, where $I(\\Theta;y_{obs})$ is the observed information matrix with elements $I_{ij}=-\\partial^{2}l/\\partial\n\\theta_{i}\\theta_{j}$ with $i,~j=~1,2$ and the expectation is to be taken with respect to the distribution of $Y$. Differentiating $\\partial l/\\partial p$ and $\\partial l/\\partial \\theta$, the elements of the symmetric, second-order observed information matrix are found to be $$\\begin{array}{ll}\nI_{11}&=\\frac{n}{(1-p)^2}-2\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\frac{\\big[(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}\\big]^2}{\\big[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}\\big]^2},\\medskip\\\\\nI_{12}&=2\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\frac{y_{i}e^{-\\theta\ny_{i}}\\big[(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})-\\frac{1}{(\\theta+1)^{2}}\\big]}{\\big[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny_{i}}\\big]^{2}}+4p\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\frac{\\big[y_{i}e^{-\\theta\ny_{i}}\\big((1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})-\\frac{1}{(\\theta+1)^{2}}\\big)\\big]\\big[(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}\\big]}{\\big[1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}\\big]^{3}},\\medskip\\\\\nI_{22}&=\\frac{2 n}{\\theta ^2}-\\frac{n}{(1+\\theta )^2}+2 p \\sum\n_{i=1}^n \\Big[\\frac{y_i e^{-\\theta y_i} \\left(\\frac{2}{(1+\\theta\n)^3}-\\frac{\\theta y_i}{(1+\\theta )^2}+\\frac{y_i}{1+\\theta\n}\\right)}{\\left(1-p e^{-\\theta y_i} \\left(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_i}{1+\\theta }\\right)\\right){}^2}-\\frac{y_i^2e^{-\\theta y_i}\n\\left(1-\\frac{1}{(1+\\theta )^2}+\\frac{\\theta y_i}{1+\\theta\n}\\right)}{\\left(1-p e^{-\\theta y_i} \\left(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_i}{1+\\theta }\\right)\\right){}^2}\\medskip\\\\\n&~~-\\frac{2y_i e^{-\\theta y_i} \\left(1-\\frac{1}{(1+\\theta\n)^2}+\\frac{\\theta y_i}{1+\\theta }\\right) \\left(p e^{-\\theta y_i}\n\\left(\\frac{\\theta y_i}{(1+\\theta )^2}-\\frac{y_i}{1+\\theta\n}\\right)+p y_i e^{-\\theta y_i} \\left(1+\\frac{\\theta y_i}{1+\\theta\n}\\right)\\right)}{\\left(1-p e^{-\\theta y_i} \\left(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_i}{1+\\theta }\\right)\\right){}^3}\\Big].", "\n\\end{array}$$ The elements of the expected information matrix, $J(\\Theta),$ are calculated by taking the expectations of $I_{ij}$, $i,~j=~1,2$, with respect to the distribution of $Y$. When the expectations of $I_{ij}$, $i,~j=~1,2$ is obtained, we would have the matrix $J(\\Theta),$ the inverse of $J(\\Theta),$ evaluated at $\\widehat{\\Theta }$ provides the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of MLEs. ", "Alternative estimates can be obtained from the inverse of the observed information matrix since it is a consistent estimator of $J^{-1}(\\Theta)$.\\\nThe estimated asymptotic multivariate normal $N_2(\\Theta\n,{I(\\widehat{\\Theta })}^{-1})$ distribution of $\\widehat{\\Theta }$ can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals for the parameters and for the hazard rate and survival functions. ", "An $100(1-\\gamma )$ asymptotic confidence interval for parameters $p$ and $\\theta$ is given by $${ACI}_p=(\\hat{p\n}-Z_{\\frac{\\gamma }{2}}\\sqrt{{\\hat{I}}_{pp}},\\hat{p\n}+Z_{\\frac{\\gamma }{2}}\\sqrt{{\\hat{I}}_{pp}}),$$ and $${ACI}_\\theta=(\\hat{\\theta\n}-Z_{\\frac{\\gamma }{2}}\\sqrt{{\\hat{I}}_{\\theta \\theta}},\\hat{\\theta\n}+Z_{\\frac{\\gamma }{2}}\\sqrt{{\\hat{I}}_{\\theta \\theta}}),$$ where ${\\hat{I}}_{pp}$ and ${\\hat{I}}_{\\theta \\theta}$ are the diagonal element of ${I(\\widehat{\\Theta })}^{-1}$ and $Z_{\\frac{\\gamma }{2}}$ is the quantile $1-\\gamma /2$ of the standard normal distribution.", "\n\nWe can compute the maximized unrestricted and restricted log-likelihoods to construct likelihood ratio (LR) statistics for testing some LG sub-models. ", "For example, we can use LR statistics to check whether the fitted LG distribution for a given data set is statistically “superior” to the fitted Lindely distribution. ", "In any case, hypothesis tests of the type $H_{0}:~\\Theta = \\Theta_0$ versus $H_{1}:~\\Theta = \\Theta_0$ can be performed using LR statistics. ", "In this case, the LR statistic for testing $H_{0}$ versus $H_{1}$ is $w\n= 2\\{l(\\widehat{\\Theta})- l(\\widehat{\\Theta}_{0})\\}$, where $\\widehat{\\Theta}$ and $\\widehat{\\Theta}_{0}$ are the MLEs under $H_{1}$ and $H_{0}$. The statistic $w$ is asymptotically (as $n\n\\rightarrow \\infty$) distributed as $\\chi^{2}_{k}$, where $k$ is the dimension of the subset $\\Theta$ of interest.", "\n\nAn EM algorithm \n----------------\n\nLet the complete-data be $Y_{1},\\cdots,Y_{n}$ with observed values $y_{1},\\cdots,y_{n}$ and the hypothetical random variable $Z_{1},\\cdots,Z_{n}$. The joint probability density function is such that the marginal density of $Y_{1},\\cdots,Y_{n}$ is the likelihood of interest. ", "Then, we define a hypothetical complete-data distribution for each $(Y_{i},Z_{i})~~i=1,\\cdots,n$ with a joint probability density function in the form $$g(y,z;\\Theta)=(1-p)\\frac{z\\theta^2}{\\theta+1}(1+y)e^{-\\theta\ny}\\big[p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y}\\big]^{z-1},$$ where $\\Theta=(p,\\theta)$, $y>0$ and $z\\in\n\\mathbb{N}$.\\\nUnder the formulation, the E-step of an EM cycle requires the expectation of $(Z|Y;\\Theta^{(r)})$ where $\\Theta^{(r)}=(\\alpha^{(r)},\\beta^{(r)},\\gamma^{(r)},\\theta^{(r)})$ is the current estimate (in the $r$th iteration) of $\\Theta$.\\\nThe pdf of $Z$ given $Y$, say $g(z|y)$ is given by $$g(z|y)=z\\big[p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\big]^{z-1}\\big(1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\big)^2.$$ Thus, its expected value is given by $$E[Z|Y=y]=\\frac{\\big(1+p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny}\\big)}{\\big(1-p(1+\\frac{\\theta y}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y}\\big)}.$$\n\nThe EM cycle is completed with the M-step by using the maximum likelihood estimation over $\\Theta$, with the missing $Z$’s replaced by their conditional expectations given above.\\\nThe log-likelihood for the complete-data is\n\n$$\\begin{array}{ll}\nl^{*}_{n}(\\textbf{y},\\textbf{z};\\Theta)&\\propto \\sum^{n}_{i=1} \\log\nz_{i} +\n2n\\log(\\theta)-n\\log(1+\\theta)+n\\log(1-p)-\\theta\\sum_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}\\medskip\\\\\n&~~~+\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\log(1+y_{i})+\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(z_{i}-1)\\log\\big(p(1+\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta y_{i}}\\big).", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe components of the score function $U^{*}_{n}(\\Theta)=\n(\\frac{\\partial l^{*}_{n}}{\\partial p},\\frac{\\partial l^{*}_{n}\n}{\\partial \\theta})^{T}$ are given by $$\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\frac{\\partial\nl^{*}_{n}}{\\partial p}&=\\sum^{n}_{i=1}\\frac{z_{i}-1}{p}-\\frac{n}{1-p},\\medskip\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial\nl^{*}_{n}}{\\partial\\theta}&=\\frac{2n}{\\theta}-\\frac{n}{\\theta+1}-\\sum^{n}_{i=1}y_{i}+\\sum^{n}_{i=1}(z_{i}-1)\\frac{y_{i}e^{-\\theta\ny_{i}}\\big(\\frac{1}{(\\theta+1)^2}-\\frac{\\theta\ny_{i}}{\\theta+1}-1\\big)}{(1+\\frac{\\theta y_{i}}{\\theta+1})e^{-\\theta\ny_{i}}}.", "\n\\end{array}$$ From a nonlinear system of equations $U^{*}_{n}(\\Theta)=\\textbf{0}$, we obtain the iterative procedure of the EM algorithm as $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\hat p^{(r+1)}=1-\\frac{n}{\\sum^{n}_{i=1} z_{i}^{(r)}},\\medskip\\\\\n\\frac{2n}{\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}}-\\frac{n}{\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}+1}-\\sum^{n}_{i=1}y_{i}+\\sum^{n}_{i=1}\n(z_{i}^{(r)}-1)\\frac{y_{i}e^{-\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}\ny_{i}}\\big(\\frac{1}{(\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}+1)^2}-\\frac{\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}\ny_{i}}{\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}+1}-1\\big)}{\\big(1+\\frac{\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}\ny_{i}}{\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}+1}\\big)e^{-\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)} y_{i}}},\n\\end{array}$$ where $\\hat\\theta^{(r+1)}$ is found numerically. ", "Hence, for $i=1,\\cdots,n$, we have that $$z^{(r)}_{i}=\\frac{\\big(1+\\hat p^{(r)}(1+\\frac{\\hat\\theta^{(r)}\ny_{i}}{\\hat\\theta^{(r)}+1})e^{-\\hat\\theta^{(r)}\ny_{i}}\\big)}{\\big(1-\\hat p^{(r)}(1+\\frac{\\hat\\theta^{(r)}\ny_{i}}{\\hat\\theta^{(r)}+1})e^{-\\hat\\theta^{(r)} y_{i}}\\big)}.$$\n\nApplications to real data sets\n==============================\n\nIn this Section we fit LG distribution to two real data sets and compare the fitness with the extended Lindely (Bakoucha et al., [", "@Bakoucha2011]), Lindely, Weibull and exponential distributions, whose densities are given by $$\\begin{array}{l}\nf_{EL}(x;\\alpha,\\theta,\\gamma)=\\frac{\\theta(1+\\theta+\\theta\nx)^{\\alpha-1}}{(1+\\theta)^{\\alpha}}\\big[\\gamma(1+\\theta+\\theta\nx)(\\theta x)^{\\gamma-1}\n-\\alpha\\big]e^{-(\\theta x)^{\\gamma}},~x,\\theta,\\gamma>0,~\\alpha \\in R^{-}\\bigcup\\{0,1\\}, \\medskip\\\\\nf_{L}(x;\\theta)=\\frac{\\theta^{2}}{\\theta+1} (1 + x) e^{-\\theta\nx},~x,\\theta>0,\\medskip\\\\\nf_{WE}(x;\\theta,\\gamma)=\\theta\\gamma x^{\\gamma-1}e^{-\\theta x^{\\gamma}},~x,\\theta,\\gamma>0,\\medskip\\\\\nf_{E}(x;\\theta)=\\theta e^{-\\theta x},~x,\\theta>0,\n\\end{array}$$ respectively. ", "The first data set represents the waiting times (in minutes) before service of 100 bank customers. ", "This data is examined and analyzed by Ghitany et al. [", "@Ghitany2008] in fitting the Lindely distribution.", "\n\nIn the second data set, we consider vinyl chloride data obtained from clean upgradient monitoring wells in mg/L; this data set is used by Bhaumik et al. [", "@Bhaumik] in fitting the gamma distribution for small samples.", "\n\nIn order to compare distributions, we consider the K-S (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) statistic with its respective *p*-value, $-2\\log(L)$, AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), AICC (Akaike Information Criterion Corrected), BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion), AD (Anderson-Darling) and CM (Cramer-von Mises) statistics for the two real data sets.", "\n\nThe best distribution corresponds to lower $-2\\log(L)$, AIC, AICC, BIC, AD and CM statistics values. ", "Table 1 shows parameter MLEs with the standard errors according to each one of the five fitted distributions for the two real data sets. ", "Also, Table 2 shows the values of $-2\\log(L)$, K-S statistic with its respective *p*-value, AIC, AICC, BIC, AD and CM statistics values.", "\n\nThe values in Table 2, indicate that the LG distribution is a strong competitor to other distributions commonly used in literature for fitting lifetime data. ", "These conclusions are corroborated by the fitted pdf, cdf and survival functions of the LG, EL, Lindley, Weibull and exponential distributions in Fig. ", "3. ", "We observed a difference between the fitted curves, which is a strong motivation for choosing the most suitable distribution for fitting these two sets of data. ", "From the above results, it is evident that the LG distribution is the best distribution for fitting these data sets compared to other distributions considered here.", "\n\n Model $\\hat{\\alpha}$ $\\hat{\\gamma}$ $\\hat{\\theta}$ $\\hat{p}$\n -------- --------- ----------------- ---------------- ---------------- -----------------\n LG – – 0.2027(0.0346) -0.2427(0.5270)\n EL -1e-08(4.3212) 1.4585(0.1098) 0.9128(0.0066) –\n Data 1 Lindely – – 0.1866(0.0133) –\n Weibull – 1.4585(0.1098) 0.0305(0.0096) –\n Exp – – 0.1012(0.0101) –\n LG – – 0.5458(0.2305) 0.6346(0.3079)\n EL -1.4435(3.9990) 1.1380(0.4395) 0.2937(0.4138) –\n Data 2 Lindley – – 0.8238(0.1054) –\n Weibull – 1.0102(0.1327) 0.5202(0.1177) –\n Exp – – 0.5321(0.0913) –\n\n : MLEs (STDs) of the fitted distributions corresponds to data 1 and 2\n\n Model K-S *p*-value $-2\\log(L)$ AIC AICC BIC AD CM\n -------- --------- -------- ----------- ------------- ------- ------- ------- -------- --------\n LG 0.0567 0.9048 637.8 641.8 642 647.1 0.3984 0.1312\n EL 0.0578 0.8926 637.5 643.5 643.7 651.3 0.4056 0.1435\n Data 1 Lindley 0.0677 0.7486 638.1 640.1 640.1 642.7 0.4865 0.1407\n Weibull 0.0573 0.8977 637.5 641.5 641.6 646.7 0.4022 0.1425\n Exp 0.1729 0.0051 658 660 660.1 662.6 4.2237 0.7966\n LG 0.0800 0.9814 110.6 114.6 115 117.6 0.2203 0.1108\n EL 0.0813 0.9780 110.6 116.6 117.4 121.2 0.2402 0.1159\n Data 2 Lindely 0.1326 0.5880 112.6 114.6 114.7 116.1 0.6873 0.1993\n Weibull 0.0919 0.9364 110.9 114.9 115.3 118 0.2826 0.1242\n Exp 0.0889 0.9508 110.9 112.9 113 114.4 0.2719 0.1214\n\n : K-S, *p*-values, $-2\\log(L)$, AIC, AICC, BIC, AD and CM corresponds to data 1 and 2\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nWe propose a new two-parameter distribution, referred to as the LG distribution which contains as special the Lindley distribution. ", "The hazard function of the LG distribution can be decreasing, increasing and bathtub-shaped. ", "Several properties of the LG distribution such as moments, maximum likelihood estimation procedure via an EM-algorithm, moments of order statistics, residual life function and probability weighted moments are studied. ", "Finally, we fitted LG model to two real data sets to show the potential of the new proposed distribution.", "\n\nAppendix {#appendix .unnumbered}\n========\n\n*Proof of Theorem 1:*\\\nThe behavior of $f(y)$ is completely similar to the behavior of $\\log(f(y))$. For simplicity we consider the behavior of $\\log(f(y))$. The derivation of $\\log(f(y))$ with respect to $y$ is given by $$\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y}[\\log(f(y))]=\\frac{e^{\\theta y }\n(1+\\theta)(1-\\theta -y \\theta )-p(1+(1+y)^2 \\theta ^2)}{(1+y)\n\\left(e^{\\theta y}(1+\\theta )-p(1+\\theta+\\theta y)\\right)}.$$ The dominator of $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y}[\\log(f(y))]$ is positive for each value $y$, $p$ and $\\theta$, therefore we only consider its nominator. ", "Suppose that $$g_{1}(y)=e^{\\theta y } (1+\\theta)(1-\\theta -y \\theta ),$$ and $$g_{2}(y)=p(1+(1+y)^2 \\theta ^2).$$ Note that $g_{1}(0)=1-\\theta^2$ and $g_{2}(0)=p(1+\\theta^2)$. $g_{2}(y)$ is an increasing function of $y$ for $p\\geq0,~\\theta>0$ and a decreasing function for all values $p<0,~\\theta>0$. Also, $g_{1}(y)$ is a decreasing function of $y$ for all values $p$ and $\\theta$. Consider the following comparisons between $g_{1}(y)$ and $g_{2}(y)$:\\\n\n(i)\n\n: For all values of $p$ and $\\theta$ for which $p>\n \\frac{1-\\theta^2}{1+\\theta^2}$, then $g_{1}(y)-g_{2}(y)> 0$ and hence $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\n y}[\\log(f(y))]<\n 0$ which implies the decreasing behavior of $f(y).$\n\n(ii)\n\n: For all values of $p$ and $\\theta$ for which $p\\leq\\frac{1-\\theta^2}{1+\\theta^2}$, then there exist a point $y^{*}>0$ such that (a) for each $y<y^{*}$; $g_{1}(y)-g_{2}(y)\\leq 0$ and hence $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\n y}[\\log(f(y))]>0$ which implies the increasing behavior of $f(y)$; (b) for each $y\\geq y^{*}$; $g_{1}(y)-g_{2}(y)\\leq 0$ and hence $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\n y}[\\log(f(y))]<0$ which implies the decreasing behavior of $f(y)$. Thus in this case the pdf $f(y)$ has a unique mode at point $y^{*}$ and also is unimodal.", "\n\n*Proof of Theorem 2:*\\\nThe hazard rate function of the LG distribution in (\\[hazard\\]) is given by $$h(y)=\\frac{\\theta^{2}(\\theta+1)(1+y)}{(1+\\theta+\\theta\ny)[\\theta+1-p(1+\\theta+\\theta y)e^{-\\theta y}]}.$$ The derivation of $\\log(h(y))$ with respect to $y$ is given by $$\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y}[\\log(h(y))]=\\frac{e^{\\theta y }\n(1+\\theta)-p(1+\\theta+\\theta y)(1+(1+y)^2 \\theta\n^2)}{(1+y)(1+\\theta+\\theta y) \\left[e^{\\theta y}(1+\\theta\n)-p(1+\\theta+\\theta y)\\right]}.$$ The dominator of $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y}[\\log(h(y))]$ is positive for each values $y$, $p$ and $\\theta$, therefore we only consider its nominator. ", "Suppose that $$h_{1}(y)=e^{\\theta y } (1+\\theta),$$ and $$h_{2}(y)=p(1+\\theta+\\theta y)(1+(1+y)^2 \\theta ^2).$$ $h_{1}(y)$ is an increasing function of $y$ where $h_{1}(0)=1+\\theta>0$ and $h_{1}(y)>0$ for each $y>0$ and $\\theta>0.$\\\n$h_{2}(y)$ is a polynomial function of $y$ which is an increasing function of $y$ for $0\\leq p<1$ and decreasing for $p<0$ and $h_{2}(0)=p(1+\\theta)(1+\\theta^2).$ Note that $$h_{2}^{\\prime}(y)=p\\theta(3(\\theta(1+y))^{2}+2\\theta(1+y)+1),$$ and $$h_{2}^{\\prime\\prime}(y)=2p\\theta^{2}(3(\\theta(1+y))+1).$$ Comparison of functions $h_{1}(y)$ and $h_{2}(y)$ implies the following results:\n\n(i)\n\n: If $1+\\theta<p(1+\\theta)(1+\\theta^2)$ or $p>\\frac{1}{1+\\theta^2}$, then there exist a unique point $y^{*}>0$ such that $h_{1}(y)-h_{2}(y)<0$ for $0<y<y^{*}$ and $h_{1}(y)-h_{2}(y)>0$ for $y>y^{*}$. 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Bakoucha,., ", "Bander M. Al-Zahrani a, Ali A. Al-Shomrani a, Vitor A.A. Marchi b, Francisco Louzada c, (2011), An extended Lindley distribution, Journal of the Korean Statistical Society\n\nBhaumik, D.K., Kapur, K., Gibbons, R.D., 2009. ", "Testing Parameters of a Gamma Distribution for Small Samples. ", "Technometrics, 51, 326-334.", "\n\nBarreto-Souza, W., Cribari-Neto, F.: A generalization of the exponential-Poisson distribution. ", "Statist. ", "Prob. ", "Letter. ", "79, 2493–2500 (2009)\n\nBarreto-Souza, W., Morais, A.L., Cordeiro, G.M.: The Weibull-geometric distribution. ", "Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 81, 645–657 (2011)\n\nCancho, V.G., Louzada-Neto, F., Barriga, G.D.C.: The Poisson-exponential lifetime distribution. ", "Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 55, 677–686 (2011)\n\nChahkandi, M., Ganjali, M.: On some lifetime distributions with decreasing failure rate. ", "Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 53, 4433–4440 (2009)\n\nGhitany, M. E., Atieh, B., Nadarajah, S. (2008). ", "Lindley distribution and its application. ", "Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 78(4), 493–506.", "\n\nGupta, P.L., Gupta, R.C.: On the moments of residual life in reliability and some characterization results. ", "Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods 12, 449–461 (1983)\n\nKundu, C., Nanda, A. K. (2010). ", "Some reliability properties of the inactivity time. ", "Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods, 39, 899–911.", "\n\nKus, C.: A new lifetime distribution. ", "Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 51, 4497–4509 (2007)\n\nLindley, D. V. (1958). ", "Fiducial distributions and Bayes theorem. ", "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 20(1), 102–107.", "\n\nLouzada-Neto, F., Roman, M., Cancho, V.G.: The complementary exponential geometric distribution: Model, properties, and comparison with its counter part. ", "Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 55, 2516–2524 (2011)\n\nMahmoudi, E., Zakerzadeh, H.: Generalized Poisson-Lindley Distribution\n\nMahmoudi, E., Jafari, A.A.: Generalized exponential-power series distributions. ", "Computational Statistics and Data Analysis (Submited) (2011)\n\nMahmoudi, E., Sepahdar, A.: Exponentiated Weibull-Poisson distribution and its applications. ", "Mathematics and Computer in Simulation (Submited) (2011)\n\nMahmoudi, E., Torki, M.: Generalized inverse Weibull-Poisson distribution and its applications. ", "Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation (Submited) (2011)\n\nA.W. Marshall and I. Olkin, A new method for adding a parameter to a family of distributions with application to the exponential and Weibull families, Biometrika 84 (1997), pp. ", "641–652.", "\n\nMorais, A.L., Barreto-Souza, W.: A compound class of Weibull and power series distributions. ", "Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 55, 1410-1425 (2011) Nanda, A. K., Singh, H., Misra, N., Paul, P. (2003). ", "Reliability properties of reversed residual lifetime. ", "Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods, 32, 2031–2042.", "\n\nPundir, S., Arora, S., Jain, K. (2005). ", "Bonferroni curve and the related statistical inference. ", "Statistics and Probability Letters, 75(2), 140–150.", "\n\nSankaran, M. (1970). ", "The discrete Poisson–Lindley distribution. ", "Biometrics, 26, 145–149.", "\n\nTahmasbi, R., Rezaei, S.: A two-parameter lifetime distribution with decreasing failure rate. ", "Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 52, 3889–3901 (2008)\n\nZakerzadeh, H., Dolati, A. (2010). ", "Generalized Lindley distribution. ", "Journal of Mathematical Extension (in press).", "\n" ]

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[ "Stu Nettle\n\nDuring last year's Margaret River Pro a large swell hit WA's south-west. ", "The swell was large enough to wrap into the semi-sheltered Cowaramup Bay with sets up to eight foot breaking down the reef at North Point. ", "It's an infrequent wave but when it breaks it's one of the best in the region.", "\n\nUnfortunately for contest organisers - and also for surfers in the contest - North Point was out of bounds. ", "The WSL, and the organisation who run the Margs event, Surfing WA, hadn't secured rights to move the event up the coast to Cowaramup Bay.", "\n\nThis year, however, Surfing WA have secured permission to use North Point should another bombing swell hit within the waiting period. ", "It's taken a long time and included a few false starts but they've just been given the green light.", "\n\nSwellnet spoke to Surfing WA CEO, Mark Lane, about the just-announced news.", "\n\nSwellnet: The WSL has gained permission to use North Point, but are there any limitations on its use?", "\n\nMark Lane: Yes, we have been granted two days use of North Point during the event window - which in swell and surfing terms is about right. ", "Regarding other limitations, yes, we have approximately three pages of compliance conditions that we must adhere to: mostly safety, environmental and traffic management conditions.", "\n\nHow long did the negotiations take?", "\n\nWe spent approximately two months initially speaking with some stakeholders to get more of an idea as to what would be involved in gaining approvals. ", "That would inolve Police, Emergency Services, Shire, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Ratepayers etcetera. ", "From that point it took approximately four months of more formal communication with all of these groups to ensure that they were comfortable with our planning and approach.", "\n\nHow many stakeholder groups had a say in the North Point access proposal?", "\n\nUltimately there are only two groups that give final sign off. ", "However, getting final sign off involves us having to speak with and gain approvals from a variety of additional stakeholders under these two main umbrellas. ", "In total we had to gain approval from eight different stakeholder groups, then proceed with one month of publicly advertising our proposal via newspaper advertising. ", "Following the public advertising period we were then required to address all of the public concerns - which we were happy to do. ", "Following that process our proposal then went to the Shire Meeting to be discussed and voted upon. ", "Which was thankfully passed.", "\n\nSo what are some examples of the plans and concessions Surfing WA must have in place to gain permission to use North Point?", "\n\nThe plans are really extensive. ", "There's a:\n\nBush Fire Management Plan\n\nEmergency Response Plan\n\nTraffic Management Plan\n\nRisk Management Plan\n\nWater Safety Plan\n\nMarketing Plan\n\nWaste Management Plan\n\nAs for concessions: having surfed in the area ourselves for forty years, the concessions are really more commonsense and mainly revolve around us protecting the environment and making sure people are safe and just to give confidence to authorities and stakeholders that we are well planned.", "\n\nIf conditions present themselves, where would the judging tower sit?", "\n\nThe judging tower would sit on a purpose built scaffold deck.", "\n\nAnd where would spectators watch from?", "\n\nSpectators, after we bus them in from a free parking location would need to view from the beach in the middle of the bay. ", "Alternatively, they can watch it on the big screens on the main event site in Margaret River, or of course on phones, tablets, and TV.", "\n\nAfter all this effort let's hope the swell comes.", "\n\nYeah, spot on. ", "Fingers crossed.", "\n\nThe Drug Aware Margaret River Pro runs from April 8th to 19th." ]

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[ "It has become more important for railway owners and operators to be able to monitor and locate assets, including railcars, locomotives and trains on a real time basis.", "\nFrom a safety point of view, it is important to monitor various operational parameters of railcars, for example, bearing temperature, in real time, to be able to predict and stop impending failures, which could result in severe consequences, such as derailment. ", "It is also important to be able to raise alerts of such conditions, and to communicate these operational parameters relating to alerts to an on-board operator or a remote railroad operations center, such that action to mitigate any unsafe conditions can be taken in a timely manner.", "\nFrom an operational point of view, it is important for railway operators to determine whether a railcar is in a train consist outside of a rail yard, in a train consist in a rail yard, or if a railcar is in a loaded or unloaded condition. ", "The significance of knowing the status of railcars, allows an operator to determine if railcars are being utilized or idle at any given point in time and makes it easier to manage rail yard operations.", "\nAs current industry practice, the management of train consists and train yards in railroad operations relies on reading, at fixed points in the rail network, passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags which are affixed to each railcar. ", "While this method has provided railroad operators with significant increases in performance, it lacks the benefits of a dynamic wireless network capable of transmitting information and data, such as location and condition or performance data when not in range of an RFID reader. ", "Further, the current system does not provide a mechanism to communicate operational alerts to the locomotive which allows the alerts to be actioned in a timely manner.", "\nGiven the demanding and harsh environments in which railroad trains operate, any monitoring system must be rugged, reliable and able to operate for long periods with little or no maintenance. ", "In addition, to be cost effective, it should not add significant cost to install, maintain or operate the system. ", "Because there are more than 1.5 million freight railcars in North America alone, a system of monitoring all railcars in use is highly desirable and, as such, the system needs to be scalable to handle a very large number of potential devices.", "\nIt is therefore desirable to provide a monitoring system that can be used while a train is operational, to monitor various operational parameters of the railcars and to communicate alert conditions to an on-board operator or off-train, and which also can be used when trains and/or railcars are in a rail yard to ease the management of assembling and de-assembling train consists." ]

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[ "Greetings True Christians!", "\n\nTonight I want to warn you about Satan’s right hand on the internet, the atheistic, heathenistic terrorist group that calls themselves “Anonymous.” ", "The ungodly scum wander around in the nether-reaches of the internet “trolling” the internet and committing rampant acts of stupidity and sinfulness. ", "They are responsible for making the ungodly song “Chocolate Rain” famous. ", "They are also responsible for internet bullying, the Arab Spring movement, cybercrimes, and the Occupy Wallstreet movement. ", "These heathens are going straight to Hell. ", "Satan is going to enjoy each and every member of Anonymous in the fires of hell for eternity, until the end of time! ", "Keep your children and families away from this ungodly movement! ", "How can we spot a member Anonymous?", "\n\nThe first sign of one’s membership in the Anonymous movement is the image of the faceless antichrist. ", "Note how the individual is presented as a faceless leader. ", "This faceless leader is shown to have world domination, as suggested by the globe behind the leader. ", "This illustration is likely influenced by both the illuminati and Satan himself. ", "See below for image:\n\nThe second sign is pseudomilitary, tribalistic imagery such as the image below. ", "Note the Satanic mask in the image. ", "This mask is a common theme in Anonymous get-togethers, where members participate in many ungodly and evil activities. ", "Images such as this are a sign of the antichrist. “", "We are Legion” is a reference to the millions of demons which Christ has control over. ", "Once, Jesus asked a demon possessing a man what his name was. ", "The demon responded, “legion.” ", "This is not to suggest that legion is the name of a single demon, but rather that multiple demons possessed him. ", "This phrasing is proof that Anonymous is guided by demons and other Satanic forces. ", "If you find anything like this on your child’s computer, have him or her exorcised immediately! ", "Image below:\n\nThe third sign is a rampant disregard for morality and Christian truths. ", "As the following image declares, members of Anonymous “do what [they] want because [they] can.” ", "This is truly unChristian and ungodly, and such attitudes lead straight to hell. ", "Is your son or daughter going to hell? ", "He or she is if they embrace slogans like this one:\n\nAre members of Anonymous working to further the evil, ungodly Third World Order of the Antichrist? ", "I believe that they might be. ", "Notice that you never see the face of an Anonymous member. ", "They are always hiding behind their masks. ", "Note how the “leader” of Anonymous has never come to light publicly. ", "It is likely because this man (or woman) is afraid of the True Christian forces in society. ", "The agents of Satan and the Antichrist must always hide in the darkness and the shadows. ", "The agents of Christ are not afraid, but follow the command of Jesus to be a light for the world. ", "Who would you rather be? ", "A faceless servant of the Devil or a follower of Jesus the Christ? ", "The choice is yours. ", "Accept Jesus or burn in Hell.", "\n\nMy brothers and sisters in Christ, join us in a war on Anonymous. ", "Help us wipe this ungodly organization from the face of the internet and from the face of the world. ", "Let us write our congressmen and congresswomen to pass laws against these sinful hackers. ", "Let us lead our children and friends away from them. ", "Join us in mounting a concerted war against Anonymous. ", "Help us shut those heathens down. ", "Don’t do it for us. ", "Do it for Jesus. ", "These heathens are the servants of Satan, and we need to silence them! ", "It’s time to take back the web for Jesus! ", "It’s time to take back the internet for Christ!", "\n\nI’m Jim Solouki, and I’m a True Christian.", "\n\nhttp://www.creationsciencestudy.wordpress.com" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCycle plugin caption with one slide\n\nI can not get to see the div (.caption) if the slider contains only one slide (image), while if the slider contains multiple slides you see the correct div (.caption) for each slide.", "\nIs there an alternative to after property?", "\nThank you very much for the help!", "\nHere is the code:\n<div id=\"slideshow\">\n <div>\n <img src=\"images/slide1.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" />\n </div>\n</div>\n\n$('#slideshow')\n .after('<div id=\"products-nav\">')\n .cycle({\n fx: 'fade',\n speed: 2000,\n timeout: 0,\n next: '#next',\n prev: '#prev',\n pager: '#products-nav',\n after:function(curr,next,opts) {\n var index=opts.currSlide;\n $('#caption .caption:visible').fadeOut();\n $('#caption .caption').eq(index).fadeIn();\n tooltip();\n }\n });\n\nA:\n\nAdd the option slideExpr: 'img' (or 'div') to force cycle to understand what is the slide.", "\nCurrently, you don't have a list of plural slides, so it can't determine automatically what is the slide !", "\nHere a demo of slideExpr: http://jquery.malsup.com/cycle/slideExpr.html\n\n" ]

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