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[ "WASHINGTON -- As the Pentagon warns of the security risks posed by social networking sites, newly released government documents show the military also uses these Internet tools to monitor and react to coverage of high-profile events.", "\n\nThe Air Force tracked online messaging service Twitter, video-sharing site YouTube and various blogs to assess the huge public backlash to the Air Force One flyover of the Statue of Liberty this spring, according to the documents.", "\n\nAnd while the attempts at damage control failed -- \"No positive spin is possible,\" one PowerPoint chart reads -- the episode opens a window into the tactics for operating in a boundless digital news cycle.", "\n\nThis new terrain has slippery slopes, though, for the military. ", "Facebook, MySpace and other social media sites are very popular among service members, including those in\n\nIraq and Afghanistan who want to keep in touch with friends and family. ", "The sites are also valued by military organizations for recruiting or communicating with other federal agencies.", "\n\nBut posting information on these interactive links makes it vulnerable to being lost or stolen by the enemy, according to Pentagon officials. ", "On Thursday, a hacking attack shut down Twitter for several hours, while Facebook had intermittent access problems -- an indication of the shortcomings of relying on these services.", "\n\nThe Marine Corps' computer network blocks users from accessing social media sites, which service officials say expose \"information to adversaries\" and provide \"an easy conduit for information leakage.\"", "\n\nThe Marines recently made its ban official. ", "And that prohibition might extend to other parts of the military pending a top-level review ordered in late July by Deputy Defense Secretary Bill Lynn.", "\n\nIn a widely distributed memo, Lynn said the so-called \"Web 2.0\" sites are important tools but more study is needed to understand their threats and benefits.", "\n\nAir Force officials are already aware of the potential benefits.", "\n\nAccording to the Air Force One documents released through the Freedom of Information Act, a unit called the Combat Information Cell at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida monitored the public fallout from the April 27 flight and offered recommendations for dealing with the fast-breaking story.", "\n\nFormed two years ago, the cell is made up of as many as nine people who analyze piles of data culled from the Internet and other sources to determine whether the Air Force's message is being heard.", "\n\nThe presidential plane took off for New York from Andrews Air Force in Maryland accompanied by two F-16 jet fighters. ", "The purpose of the flight, which was not publicly announced, was to get new photos of the specially modified Boeing 747 with the statue in the background.", "\n\nThe mission quickly became a public relations disaster as panicked New Yorkers, fearing another 9/11-style attack, emptied office buildings. ", "In the aftermath, Louis Caldera, director of the White House military office that authorized the flight, was fired.", "\n\nThe Combat Information Cell's first assessment of the event said \"Web site blog comments 'furious' at best.\" ", "Local reporting of the flyover was \"very critical, highlighting scare factor,\" it added.", "\n\nA search of Twitter, which allows people to post messages of 140 characters or less to a circle of friends, family or fans, showed that users were posting a rate of one message, or \"tweet,\" per minute about a pair of F-16s chasing a commercial airliner, the cell said.", "\n\nMedia coverage over the next 24 hours \"will focus on local hysteria and lack of public notification,\" the cell predicted. \"", "Blogs will continue to be overwhelmingly negative.\"", "\n\n\"Damage control requires timely counter-information,\" but the opportunity for that had passed, the assessment said. ", "The cell recommended acknowledging the mistake and ensuring it didn't happen again.", "\n\nAnother update on April 28 said the story was still \"reverberating, surprisingly resilient.\" ", "The tweet rate had grown to three per minute and the words \"New York\" had been pushed into Twitter's list of most talked about topics. ", "Videos of the event posted on YouTube had been viewed more than 260,000 times, it said.", "\n\nBy April 30, the story had faded, the cell reported. ", "The blogs were still very critical, but it was the White House, not the Air Force, that was taking the heat, the assessment for that day said.", "\n\nThe other dominant news story at the time was public concern over the spread of swine flu. ", "According to the documents, the same Air Force cell suggested there may be an opportunity to turn the tide. \"", "Government involvement in this incident could be used to frame expected handling of H1N1 outbreak,\" one of the PowerPoint charts reads.", "\n\nA Utah Air National Guard unit, the 101st Information Warfare Flight in Salt Lake City, was also monitoring the social sites. \"", "To say that this event is being beaten like a dead horse is an understatement,\" reads an April 28 e-mail from the unit to other Air Force offices. \"", "Has really taken off in Web 2.0.\"", "\n\nBoth the 101st and the Combat Information Cell are attached to the 1st Air Force, which is based at Tyndall and is in charge of guarding U.S. airspace.", "\n\n1st Air Force spokesman Al Eakle explained that the command had no role in planning or coordinating the Air Force One flight. ", "But the units tracked social networks and blog traffic \"to obtain what lessons we might learn so as not to repeat them in the future.\" ", "The assessments were sent to the command's leadership so they'd know how the public was reacting, he added." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIn the proof of Bolzano Weierstrass thm. ", "about converging subsequences.", "\n\nJust one line is giving me trouble:\n$$(2^{-l+1} + 2^{-l} + 2^{-l-1}+ \\cdots + 2^{-m+2} )\\cdot M$$\n$$=[(2^{-l+2} - 2^{-l+1}) + (2^{-l-1} - 2^{-l}) + \\cdots +(2^{-m+3} - 2^{-m+2}) ]\\cdot M$$\nHows that?", "\n\nA:\n\nIts from the fact that $$2^{k+1} - 2^k = 2^k(2-1) = 2^k$$\nTherefore each power of $2$ is expanded as a difference.", "\ni.e. \n$$2^{-l+1} = 2^{-l+2} - 2^{-l+1}$$\nand so on....\n\n" ]

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[ "Photochemical degradation increases polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity to the grouper Epinephelus marginatus as assessed by multiple biomarkers.", "\nThe effects of halogen-light-irradiated and non-irradiated PAHs on the grouper Epinephelus marginatus were assessed through biomarkers including morphometric parameters, liver histopathology, biliary PAH concentration, genetic alterations, and enzyme activity modulation. ", "E. marginatus juveniles were divided into three groups: control (C), non-irradiated PAHs (PAHs1), and irradiated PAHs (PAHs2). ", "Test groups were exposed for 14 days to a 0.5 ppm PAH solution in the semi-static system. ", "After this period, fish were anesthetized with benzocaine (2%) and peripheric blood was collected by caudal puncture. ", "Blood smears were prepared and stained with propidium iodide. ", "Fish livers were collected, fixed in McDowell's solution, embedded in paraplast, thin-sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E). ", "For biochemical analyses including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activities, fish livers were collected and preserved in liquid nitrogen. ", "Water samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and bile synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. ", "Fish in the PAHs2 group had micronuclei (MN) in blood cells, as well as significant differences in nuclear morphology (NMA). ", "Significant morphological alterations were observed in the livers from fish exposed to PAHs as well as inhibition of the catalase activity. ", "Our results show that irradiation altered the bioavailability of PAHs, especially benzanthracene, which has great impact in aquatic ecosystems. ", "Among the consequences of physical and chemical changes to PAHs, we observed a significant increase in NMA and MN incidence in E. marginatus erythrocytes, indicating the potential initiation of mutagenic and carcinogenic processes." ]

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[ "UPDATE! ", "We’ve got a new and better version of the neighborhood mapping project! ", "Head on over to bostonography.com/hoods!", "\n\nOLDER UPDATE: There’s also a newer map of what’s described below.", "\n\n\n\nAs you may recall, we’re running an ongoing project soliciting opinions on Boston’s neighborhood boundaries via an interactive map. ", "We want to keep collecting data, but we’ve already received excellent responses that we’re itching to start mapping, and when we hit 300 submissions recently it seemed like a good enough milestone to take a crack at it. (", "That’s actually 300 minus some junk data. ", "If you offer the ability to draw freeform shapes, some people draw random rectangles and triangles, and some people draw… er, other long, tipped objects.)", "\n\nThere are many questions to be asked here. ", "Where are the areas of consensus? ", "Where are the disputed zones? ", "Where are the no-man’s lands? &", "c.? ", "Let’s tackle these one at a time in a series of posts and maps. ", "Today we look at consensus.", "\n\nBut first, let’s check out a raw picture of the boundaries everyone has drawn. ", "This map, which is clipped to the city limits, shows that the word “tangled” is apt in reference to neighborhood boundaries. ", "Some lines are strong as a result of many people drawing in the same place, but many others are all over the place.", "\n\nBased on those strong lines we can kind of see where there is decent agreement on boundaries, but we can quantify this for all of the neighborhood extents. ", "What we have is 21 sets of polygons, each set representing the shapes people drew for one of the neighborhoods in our survey (the main neighborhoods except for the physically isolated Charlestown and East Boston). ", "Within the set for each neighborhood we can look at the amount of overlap between polygons and consider overlapping areas to be areas of agreement between two or more respondents—as many respondents as there are overlapping polygons in that area. ", "In this exercise we’re interested in those counts. ", "We could find the area in which all polygons overlap, for instance, which would represent the area that 100% of people agree is part of the neighborhood. ", "Total consensus usually doesn’t show us much or doesn’t exist, though, because of some especially bad data (some people just didn’t have a clue, although we tried to weed those out) and, well, because definitive agreement probably is impossible anyway. ", "But we can still find the areas where there is moderate to strong agreement—at least among the self-selected people who responded to the survey.", "\n\nWe’ve chosen to look at areas of greater than 25% agreement, greater than 50%, and greater than 75%. ", "They’re handy numbers that seem represent a notable minority, a majority, and a strong majority. ", "So let’s get to the maps. ", "We’ve laid down an arbitrary hexagonal grid across the city and for each cell tallied how many respondents’ polygons it intersects in each neighborhood, then divided that count by the total number of respondents for the neighborhood, which ranged from a little over 40 to 150ish. ", "Here, then, are the neighborhoods in almost alphabetical order, with the number of submissions noted for each.", "\n\n(Note: when we started these, hexagons had slightly more carto-hipster cachet. ", "These are not really the hexagonal bins that have been recently popular—albeit legitimately useful—but rather kind of a coarse raster approach that looks nicer than squares.)", "\n\nAllston (n=120). ", "The first map, I think, demonstrates how closely the categories tend to follow certain streets in all the neighborhoods. ", "Market Street and Everett Street mark the western edges of the 25% and 75% categories, respectively, with 50% a little less defined on that side. ", "Each level then cuts east and south in a couple of steps. ", "It’s interesting that the commercial center of Allston, the Harvard Ave corridor, is only barely within the area of strongest agreement. ", "A neighborhood “center” isn’t always in the middle!", "\n\nBrighton (n=109). ", "Not surprisingly, Brighton’s eastern edge matches up fairly well with Allston’s western edge. ", "They’re not exactly interlocking jigsaw puzzle pieces, however, because not everyone who drew one neighborhood drew the other, nor were they necessarily careful to make the borders match precisely.", "\n\nBack Bay (n=139). ", "There are some hard lines here. ", "Nobody goes past the Charlesgate, or past Mass Ave south of the Pike. ", "An interesting section is that south of Huntington Ave. ", "It has the character of the South End but Back Bay parking permits, presumably because the Southwest Corridor partially cuts it off from the former. ", "Still, it doesn’t enjoy majority Back Bay status in this map.", "\n\nBay Village (n=80). ", "Not much room to mess around in this tiny neighborhood. ", "The majority stays south of Stuart Street, with the supermajority between Arlington and Charles. ", "The part north of Stuart, although small relative to the whole city, will be interesting to look at later as a no-man’s land; it seems hard to classify even though it has decent Bay Village representation here.", "\n\nBeacon Hill (n=145). ", "This may be the neighborhood with the most consensus. ", "Everyone agrees on the southern, western, and northern boundaries. ", "On the east side, the question is only whether Bowdoin, Somerset, or Cambridge/Tremont Street is the edge.", "\n\nChinatown (n=113). ", "It’s a little surprising how small the greatest agreement is here, at least to me. ", "I’d probably draw something like the 50% shape. ", "Note that even the Chinatown gate is just outside the 75% region. ", "Perhaps it’s just hard to know which street is which on a map of this dense area, leading to more uncertain shapes from our respondents.", "\n\nDorchester (n=54). ", "Dorchester is large enough that we probably need more responses in order to see more agreement. (", "This is the most populous neighborhood, of course, but it doesn’t have as many responses as some others, probably in part because it’s harder for non-residents to grasp.) ", "Still, we have some good edges here: Blue Hill Ave for 25% and the Fairmount line for 50%. ", "We’ll see those again in the Roxbury map.", "\n\nDowntown/Financial District (n=118). “", "Downtown” is fun to try to define, but we’ve wrapped it up here, perhaps not entirely appropriately, with the Financial District. ", "Besides the easier-to-locate Financial District, to some degree this looks like a process-of-elimination neighborhood: if it isn’t Chinatown, the North End, &c., it must be downtown. ", "Maybe that’s because it’s least residential neighborhood of the bunch, so there’s not really a strong identity.", "\n\nFenway/Kenmore (n=128). ", "I’m a bit surprised by how many people consider the Fenway neighborhood to end, well, at the Fenway itself on the west side. ", "A minority of respondents here consider some of the Colleges of the Fenway to be actually in the neighborhood. ", "What they’re thinking, presumably, is that this is the Longwood Medical Area and that the LMA is not part of the Fenway. ", "It’s an intriguing zone because we left it off our neighborhood list, forcing people either to include it in an adjacent neighborhood or leave it blank. ", "But we can talk more about that in another post.", "\n\nHyde Park (n=42). ", "We had few enough people drawing Hyde Park (or enough of them were clueless) that there is nowhere with more than 75% agreement. ", "And to be honest I’m ignorant enough about Hyde Park that I can’t comment much on this one. ", "It’s as outlying as outlying neighborhoods get in Boston. ", "Anybody see anything interesting?", "\n\nJamaica Plain (n=74). ", "There are ome fascinatingly well defined edges here. ", "On the east side, people thing the neighborhood ends either at the Southwest Corridor, at Washington Street and then in a line up to Jackson Square, or at Franklin Park et al. ", "and Columbus Ave. ", "The 75% line on the west and south nicely follows the parkways, too (otherwise it’s just the city limits).", "\n\nLeather District (n=76). ", "Tiny neighborhood #2, easily lost between Chinatown and downtown. ", "But hey, it has its own parking permit! ", "There’s not a lot to talk about at the scale of our maps this time; some folks have it bleed over to Fort Point Channel but otherwise it’s mostly confined to a few blocks.", "\n\nMattapan (n=45). ", "The 75% agreement is a very odd and small sliver, probably again due to a lack of data, or at least good data. ", "But there are some clearer definitions at the other levels, for instance along Morton Street. ", "As with the other southernmost neighborhoods, I can’t say much about this one personally. ", "Comments are welcome!", "\n\nMission Hill (n=82). ", "There’s a lot of agreement here below 75%, with the only real difference being the section below Francis Street. ", "75% agreement is only in a small area for some reason, not extending far from Tremont Street. ", "Note that fewer than 25% consider the Longwood area to be part of Mission Hill.", "\n\nNorth End (n=151). ", "Along with Beacon Hill this is one of the best-defined neighborhoods, being easily recognized by residents and outsiders alike. ", "The only uncertainties seem to be parts of the Bullfinch Triangle and Christopher Columbus Park (where, it’s worth pointing out, there is a sign welcoming you to the North End), and all the piers. ", "But even those places are mostly above 50%.", "\n\nRoslindale (n=41). ", "Wait, is Roslindale a real place or just the name of an RMV branch? ", "Poor Rozzie had the worst data of the lot. ", "It’s just, you know, down there somewhere in between other neighborhoods. ", "What you see here is after some purging of especially bizarre data that were throwing everything too far out of whack. ", "No strong majority here, although the 50% and 25% area are reasonably clearly defined in places. ", "Some of the rest, though… who knows. ", "There’s even a weird floating piece of 25% territory.", "\n\nRoxbury (n=64). ", "I personally think Roxbury is the most interesting neighborhood to watch in all this. ", "It has uncertainties on at least three sides, and it and its neighbors seem to have reasonably strong identities to both their residents and outsiders (in contrast to some places that only have the former). ", "The South End-Roxbury border debate is well-publicized, and the JP border gets fuzzy too. ", "Mission Hill isn’t always even considered separate from Roxbury, and the border with Dorchester varies widely, as already mentioned. ", "Apart from some weirdness in the south part of 75% land, there are some interestingly clear-cut camps here.", "\n\nSouth Boston (n=92). ", "There seems to be a lot of unity in Southie, apart from the Seaport area and a bit of the other end. ", "Maybe it’s just because there’s not much to compete with: there’s water on most of three sides and something of a dead zone on the other. ", "South Boston is a neighborhood that has grown considerably over the years thanks to landfill, and this map is suggesting that people’s idea of the neighborhood has mostly, but not entirely, grown with it.", "\n\nSouth End (n=116). ", "Well, a lot of this has already been touched on by way of talking about surrounding neighborhoods. ", "There’s a lot of agreement on Mass Ave as a border, despite the parking permit zone that crosses it (I think). ", "Otherwise, the edges seem to match what we see in the adjacent neighborhoods, and within there is strong agreement.", "\n\nWest End (n=114). ", "I suspect that to old timers and casual scholars of Boston, the West End doesn’t even exist; it was torn down in the 1950s. ", "But something is there: a weird land of hospitals and towers in the park. ", "Everyone agrees on a tight loop of roads defining the West End, but beyond that it’s harder to say.", "\n\nWest Roxbury (n=43). ", "The last alphabetically and somewhat fittingly one of the most distant neighborhoods, this one again suffers from a lack of good data. ", "It has the fortune of meeting the city boundary for much of its edge, but away from that there are some funny shapes. ", "And once again I don’t have much to add. ", "We need more data and your thoughts!", "\n\nWhat does it mean?", "\n\nAlthough we talk a lot about boundaries, this post included, the maps here should also remind us that neighborhoods are not defined by their edges—essentially, what is outside the neighborhood—but rather by their contents. ", "And it’s not just a collection of roads and things you see on a map; it’s about some shared history, activities, architecture, and culture. ", "So while the neighborhood summaries above rely on edges to describe the maps, let’s also think about the areas represented by the shapes and what’s inside them. ", "What are the characteristics of these areas? ", "Why are they the shapes that they are? ", "Why is consensus easy or difficult in different areas? ", "What is the significance of the differences in opinion between residents of a neighborhood and people outside the neighborhood?", "\n\nWe’ll revisit those questions in further detail in future posts, and also generate maps of other facets of the data. ", "Next up: areas of overlap between neighborhoods. ", "Here we’ve looked neighborhood-by-neighborhood at how much people agree, so now let’s map those zones that exhibit disagreement. ", "Meanwhile, thanks so much for all the submissions for this project; and if you haven’t drawn some neighborhoods, what’s your problem? ", "Get on it!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRegistering Raspberry Pi with IBM Bluemix\n\nI registered my Raspberry Pi with IBM Bluemix successfully . ", "It has dht22 temp and humidity sensor connected to it and running. ", "\nQuestion: While building Internet of things starter app , do i need to code anything on Rpi to push that sensor data into Bluemix or simply providing the MAC address and the API will do the trick?", "\nNote: I followed a recipe to configure my Raspberry Pi , registered with the MAC address. ", "It is connected and sending messages when i check in the device.", "\nKindly let me know if i need to do any other configuration or coding to send specifically my dht22 sensor data to visualize in Bluemix and use it in Node-red.", "\n\nA:\n\nBy default Raspberry Pi recipe sends only the CPU temperature and CPU load. ", "As there are no sensors present in Raspberry Pi by default, the recipe uses parameters like CPUTemp and CPULoad. ", "\nIn your case, you will need to update the code to include dht22 temp and humidity parameters to be sent to IoTF(Bluemix). ", "Please check the code in Github for the raspberry Pi recipe - https://github.com/ibm-messaging/iot-raspberrypi\nNavigate to samples/c for the recipe code. ", "You will have to gather the dht22 sensor data and convert them to JSON and send it to IoTF. ", "\n\nIn the iot.h, update the json struct to include your sensor values. ", "You can remove the cputtemp and cpuload parameters if you dont need them.", "\nIn iotmain.c, line 152 update the code with the code to gather the dht22 sensor values. ", "\nIn jsonator.c, update the new sensor values based on your new struct. ", "\n\nThen follow the steps provided here to compile the code and install the new deb file. ", "Now the iot service will send data with dht22 sensor values. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJava: Force base class to use base class method instead of overriden method\n\nI have a Base class method, that I want to override in a Derived class.", "\nThe derived class method should be called whenever the method with the same name is accessed from \"outside\" or from the derived class. ", "When acessing the method from inside the base class, I want the base class method to be used. ", "Consider the following code:\npublic class TestBaseMethod\n{\n static class Basic {\n public Basic()\n {\n Basic.this.doSomething(); // <<---- This should call Basic version\n }\n\n public void doSomething()\n {\n System.out.println(\"Doing something old\");\n }\n }\n\n static class Derived extends Basic {\n Object ressource = new Object();\n\n @Override\n public void doSomething()\n {\n System.out.println(\"Doing something completely new\");\n // ressource.toString(); // <<---- explosion\n }\n }\n\n public static void main(String[] args)\n {\n Basic d = new Derived();\n System.out.println(\"-------------------------------\");\n d.doSomething(); // <<---- This should call Derived version\n }\n}\n\nI want the following output:\nDoing something old\n-------------------------------\nDoing something completely new\n\nBut it produces this output:\nDoing something completely new\n-------------------------------\nDoing something completely new\n\nI thought that explicitly stating the base class name in Basic.this.doSomething(); should do that trick, but apparently it does not.", "\nObviously, I could declare a variable of type Basic inside a Derived class instead of Deriving, but that kind of defeats the idea that the Derived class \"is-a\" Basic class and would force me to write oneline-redirection methods to obtain the same interface.", "\nHere is why I want to do that:\nWhen writing base classes, I want to use methods where I have the guarantee that inside the base class, the methods that I wrote are used, because I do not want deriving classes to interfere with base class internals. ", "To me, it makes sense from an encapsulation standpoint, but maybe I am wrong?", "\nThe Basic#doSomething() method can be called from the Basic() constructor.", "\nIf the Derived#doSomething() method uses ressources from Derived, then those ressources will only be available after Derived construction.", "\nHowever: Derived construction finishes AFTER the superclass construction, which means that when Derived is constructed, the Derived#doSomething() is called in the Basic() constructor and it will access uninitialized data.", "\nIs there a way around this?", "\n\nA:\n\nCalling veritable methods from a constructor is a bad practice, more could be found here: On invoking overridable method from constructors\nAs for enforcing to call the base class method - it's impossible.", "\n\nA:\n\nMake an inner method in Basic for doSomething and call that directly:\nstatic class Basic {\n public Basic()\n {\n doSomethingImpl();\n }\n\n public void doSomething()\n {\n doSomethingImpl();\n }\n\n private void doSomethingImpl()\n {\n System.out.println(\"Doing something old\");\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\n// +build 386,freebsd\n\npackage unix\n\nimport (\n\t\"syscall\"\n\t\"unsafe\"\n)\n\nfunc setTimespec(sec, nsec int64) Timespec {\n\treturn Timespec{Sec: int32(sec), Nsec: int32(nsec)}\n}\n\nfunc setTimeval(sec, usec int64) Timeval {\n\treturn Timeval{Sec: int32(sec), Usec: int32(usec)}\n}\n\nfunc SetKevent(k *Kevent_t, fd, mode, flags int) {\n\tk.Ident = uint32(fd)\n\tk.Filter = int16(mode)\n\tk.Flags = uint16(flags)\n}\n\nfunc (iov *Iovec) SetLen(length int) {\n\tiov.", "Len = uint32(length)\n}\n\nfunc (msghdr *Msghdr) SetControllen(length int) {\n\tmsghdr.", "Controllen = uint32(length)\n}\n\nfunc (msghdr *Msghdr) SetIovlen(length int) {\n\tmsghdr.", "Iovlen = int32(length)\n}\n\nfunc (cmsg *Cmsghdr) SetLen(length int) {\n\tcmsg.", "Len = uint32(length)\n}\n\nfunc sendfile(outfd int, infd int, offset *int64, count int) (written int, err error) {\n\tvar writtenOut uint64 = 0\n\t_, _, e1 := Syscall9(SYS_SENDFILE, uintptr(infd), uintptr(outfd), uintptr(*offset), uintptr((*offset)>>32), uintptr(count), 0, uintptr(unsafe.", "Pointer(&writtenOut)), 0, 0)\n\n\twritten = int(writtenOut)\n\n\tif e1 !", "= 0 {\n\t\terr = e1\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\nfunc Syscall9(num, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err syscall.", "Errno)\n\nfunc PtraceIO(req int, pid int, addr uintptr, out []byte, countin int) (count int, err error) {\n\tioDesc := PtraceIoDesc{Op: int32(req), Offs: (*byte)(unsafe.", "Pointer(addr)), Addr: (*byte)(unsafe.", "Pointer(&out[0])), Len: uint32(countin)}\n\terr = ptrace(PTRACE_IO, pid, uintptr(unsafe.", "Pointer(&ioDesc)), 0)\n\treturn int(ioDesc.", "Len), err\n}\n" ]

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[ "Walkthroughs for all stages of the game;\n\nEnemies Info - both Overworld and Underworld\n\nFat Travel Tips\n\nFairy Bottles Tips\n\nMad Batter Tips\n\nTrendy Game Tips\n\nTrading Sequence Tips\n\nHow to Fish\n\nHow to Get the Ocarina\n\nHeart Piece Locations\n\nSecret Seashell Locations\n\nFigurines Locations\n\nDo you want to be the best player in this year's revamped All-New 2019 Edition of The Legend of Zelda Link’s Awakening? ", "Than this Game Guide is for You.", "In it you will find essential tips, tricks and info that will help you beat the game, your friends and any obstacle in the different stages of the game. ", "The guide starts with a Walkthrough section that goes into great detail into what you need to do in the different stages of the game. ", "The book is full of information collected thanks to numerous hours of studying and playing the game and it is 100% correct. ", "Use the chapters dedicated to different hidden and much needed Locations as well as special Tips in your advantage.", "In this The Legend of Zelda Link’s Awakening Game Guide you will find information about the following topics:" ]

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[ "English (PDF version) - German - French - Dutch - Spanish - Back to main page BODY PLEASURE AND THE ORIGINS OF VIOLENCE By James W. Prescott\n\nFrom \"The Bulletin of The Atomic Scientists\", November 1975, pp. ", "10-20\n\n(Introduction of the article in the \"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists\":) James W. Prescott, a neuropsychologist, is a health scientist administrator at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda, Maryland. ", "He is a member of the Board of Directors of the American Humanist Association. ", "This article appeared in part in the April 1975 issue of The Futurist, published by the World Future Society, and is reprinted here with their permission. ", "The views and opinions expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the National Institutes of Health. ", "A neuropsychologist contends that the greatest threat to world peace comes from those nations which have the most depriving environments for their children and which are most repressive of sexual affection and female sexuality. ", "James W. Prescott Human violence is fast becoming a global epidemic. ", "All over the world, police face angry mobs, terrorists disrupt the Olympics, hijackers seize airplanes, and bombs wreck buildings. ", "During the past year, wars raged in the Middle East, Cyprus, and Southeast Asia, and guerrilla fighting continued to escalate in Ireland. ", "Meanwhile, crime in the United States grew even faster than inflation. ", "Figures from the Federal Bureau of Investigation show that serious crimes rose 16 percent in the first six months of 1974—one of the largest crime increases since FBI record-keeping began. ", "Unless the causes of violence are isolated and treated, we will continue to live in a world of fear and apprehension. ", "Unfortunately, violence is often offered as a solution to violence. ", "Many law enforcement officials advocate 'get tough' policies as the best method to reduce crime. ", "Imprisoning people, our usual way of dealing with crime, will not solve the problem, because the causes of violence lie in our basic values and the way in which we bring up our children and youth. ", "Physical punishment, violent films and TV programs teach our children that physical violence is normal. ", "But these early life experiences are not the only or even the main source of violent behavior. ", "Recent research supports the point of view that the deprivation of physical pleasure is a major ingredient in the expression of physical violence. ", "The common as- p. 11, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists sociation of sex with violence provides a clue to understanding physical violence in terms of deprivation of physical pleasure. ", "Unlike violence, pleasure seems to be something the world can't get enough of. ", "People are constantly in search of new forms of pleasure, yet most of our 'pleasure' activities appear to be substitutes for the natural sensory pleasures of touching. ", "We touch for pleasure or for pain or we don't touch at all. ", "Although physical pleasure and physical violence seem worlds apart, there seems to be a subtle and intimate connection between the two. ", "Until the relationship between pleasure and violence is understood, violence will continue to escalate. ", "As a developmental neuropsychologist I have devoted a great deal of study to the peculiar relationship between violence and pleasure. ", "I am now convinced that the deprivation of physical sensory pleasure is the principal root cause of violence. ", "Laboratory experiments with animals show that pleasure and violence have a reciprocal relationship, that is, the presence of one inhibits the other. ", "A raging, violent animal will abruptly calm down when electrodes stimulate the pleasure centers of its brain. ", "Likewise, stimulating the violence centers in the brain can terminate the animal's sensual pleasure and peaceful behavior. ", "When the brain's pleasure circuits are 'on,' the violence circuits are 'off,' and vice versa. ", "Among human beings, a pleasure-prone personality rarely displays violence or aggressive behaviors, and a violent personality has little ability to tolerate, experience, or enjoy sensuously pleasing activities. ", "As either violence or pleasure goes up, the other goes down. ", "Sensory Deprivation The reciprocal relationship of pleasure and violence is highly significant because certain sensory experiences during the formative periods of development will create a neuropsychological predisposition for either violence-seeking or pleasure-seeking behaviors later in life. ", "I am convinced that various abnormal social and emotional behaviors resulting from what psychologists call 'maternal-social' deprivation, that is, a lack of tender, loving care, are caused by a unique type of sensory deprivation, somatosensory deprivation. ", "Derived from the Greek word for 'body,' the term refers to the sensations of touch and body movement which differ from the senses of light, hearing, smell and taste. ", "I believe that the deprivation of body touch, contact, and movement are the basic causes of a number of emotional disturbances which Violence against sexuality and the use of sexuality for violence, particularly against women, has very deep roots in Biblical tradition. ", "include depressive and autistic behaviors, hyperactivity, sexual aberration, drug abuse, violence, and aggression. ", "These insights were derived chiefly from the controlled laboratory studies of Harry F. and Margaret K. Harlow at the University of Wisconsin. ", "The Harlows and their students separated infant monkeys from their mothers at birth. ", "The monkeys were raised in single cages in an animal colony room, where they could develop social relationships with the other animals through seeing, hearing, and smelling, but not through touching or movement. ", "These and other studies indicate that it is the deprivation of body contact and body movement—not deprivation of the other senses—that produces the wide variety of abnormal emotional behaviors in these isolation-reared animals. ", "It is well known that human infants and children who are hospitalized or institutionalized for extended periods with little physical touching and holding develop almost identical abnormal behaviors, such as rocking and head banging. ", "Although the pathological violence observed in isolation-reared monkeys is well documented, the linking of early somatosensory deprivation with physical violence in humans is less well established. ", "Numerous studies of juvenile delinquents and adult criminals have shown a family background of broken homes and/or physically abusive parents. ", "These studies have rarely mentioned, let alone measured, the degree of deprivation of physical affection, although this is often inferred from the degree of neglect and abuse. ", "One exceptional study in this respect is that of Brandt F. Steele and C. B. Pollock, psychiatrists at the University of Colorado, who studied child abuse in three generations of families who physically abused their children. ", "They found that parents who abused their children were invariably deprived of physical affection themselves during childhood and that their adult sex life was extremely poor. ", "Steele noted that almost without exception the women who abused their children had never experienced orgasm. ", "The degree of sexual pleasure experienced by the men who abused their children was not ascertained, but their sex life, in general, was unsatisfactory. ", "The hypothesis that physical pleasure actively inhibits physical violence can be appreciated from our own sexual experiences. ", "How many of us feel like assaulting someone after we have just experienced orgasm? ", "The contributions of Freud to the effects of early experiences upon later behaviors and the consequences of repressed sexuality have been well established. ", "Unfortunately time and space do not permit a discussion here of his differences with Wilhelm Reich concerning his Beyond the Pleasure Principle. ", "The hypothesis that deprivation of physical pleasure results in physical violence requires a formal systematic evaluation. ", "We can test this hypothesis by examining cross-cultural studies of child-rearing practices, sexual behaviors, and physical violence. ", "We would expect to find that human societies which provide their infants and children with a great deal of physical affection (touching, p. 12, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists holding, carrying) would be less physically violent than human societies which give very little physical affection to their infants and children. ", "Similarly, human societies which tolerate and accept premarital and extramarital sex would be less physically violent than societies which prohibit and punish premarital and extramarital sex. ", "Cultural anthropologists have gathered exactly the data required to examine this hypothesis for human societies—and their findings are conveniently arranged in R. B. Textor's A Cross-Cultural Summary [1]. ", "Textor's book is basically a research tool for cross-cultural statistical inquiry. ", "The survey provides some 20,000 statistically significant correlations from 400 culture samples of primitive societies. ", "Infant Neglect/Adult Violence Certain variables which reflect physical affection (such as fondling, caressing, and playing with infants) were related to other variables which measure crime and violence (frequency of theft, killing, etc.). ", "The important relationships are displayed in the tables. ", "The percent figures reflect the relationships among the variables, for example, high affection/low violence plus low affection/high violence. ", "This procedure is followed for all tables. ", "Societies ranking high or low on the Infant Physical Affection Scale were examined for degree of violence. ", "The results (Table 1) clearly indicated that those societies which give their infants the greatest amount of physical affection were characterized by low theft, low infant physical pain, low religious activity, and negligible or absent killing, mutilating, or torturing of the enemy. ", "These data directly confirm that the deprivation of body pleasure during infancy is significantly linked to a high rate of crime and violence. ", "Some societies physically punish their infants as a matter of discipline, while others do not. ", "We can determine whether this punishment reflects a general concern for the infant's welfare by matching it against child nurturant care. ", "The results (Table 2) indicate that societies which inflict pain and discomfort upon their infants tend to neglect them as well. ", "These data provide no support for the prescription from Proverbs (23: 13-14): \"Withhold not chastisement from a boy; if you beat him with the rod, he will not die. ", "Beat him with the rod, and you will save him from the nether world.\" ", "Adult physical violence was accurately predicted in 36 of 49 cultures (73 percent) from the infant physical affection variable. ", "The probability that a 73 percent rate of accuracy could occur by chance is only four times out of a thousand. ", "Of the 49 societies studied, 13 cultures seemed to be exceptions to the theory that a lack of somatosensory pleasure makes people physically violent (see Table 3). ", "It was expected that cultures which placed a high value upon physical pleasure during infancy and childhood would maintain such values into adulthood. ", "This is not the case. ", "Child rearing practices do not predict patterns of later sexual behavior. ", "This initial surprise and presumed discrepancy, however, becomes advantageous for further prediction.", "\n\nThe Long-Term Consequences of Infant Pleasure and Pain Human societies differ greatly in their treatment of infants. ", "In some cultures, parents lavish physical affection on infants, while in others the parents physically punish their infants. ", "A study of anthropological data by the author [2] found that those societies which give their infants the greatest amount of physical affection have less theft and violence among adults, thus supporting the theory that deprivation of bodily pleasure during infancy is significantly linked to a high rate of crime and violence. ", "The tables below show how physical affection—or punishment—given infants correlates with other variables. ", "For example, cultures which inflict pain on infants appear to be more likely to practice slavery, polygyny, etc. ", "In the tables, N refers to the number of cultures in the comparison while P is the probability that the observed relationship could occur by chance which was calculated by the Fisher Exact Probability Test. ", "TABLE 1 Adult Behaviors in Societies Where Physical Affection is Lavished on Infants Adult Behaviors Percent\n\n% N Probability\n\nP Invidious display of wealth is low 66 50 .06 Incidence of theft is low 72 36 .02 Overall infant indulgence is high 80 66 .0000 Infant physical pain low 65 63 .03 Negligible killing, torturing or mutilating the enemy 73 49 .004 Low religious activity 81 27 .003 TABLE 2 Adult Behaviors in Societies Where Pain is Inflicted on Infants by Parent or Nurturing Person Adult Behaviors Percent\n\n% N Probability\n\nP Slavery is present 64 66 .03 Polygyny (multiple wives) practiced 79 34 .001 Women status inferior 78 14 .03 Low infant physical affection 65 63 .03 Low overall infant indulgence 77 66 .000 Developing nurturant behavior in child is low 67 45 .05 Supernaturals (gods) are aggressive 64 36 .01 The coded scales on infancy were developed by cultural anthropologists Barry, Bacon and Child [3]; on sexual behavior by Westbrook, Ford and Beach [4]; and on physical violence by Slater [5].", "\n\np. 13, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Two variables that are highly correlated are not as useful for predicting a third variable as two variables that are uncorrelated. ", "Consequently, it is meaningful to examine the sexual behaviors of the 13 cultures whose adult violence was not predictable from physical pleasure during infancy. ", "Apparently, the social customs which influence and determine the behaviors of sexual affection are different from those which underlie the expression of physical affection toward infants. ", "When the six societies characterized by both high infant affection and high violence are compared in terms of their premarital sexual behavior, it is surprising to find that five of them exhibit premarital sexual repression, where virginity is a high value of these cultures. ", "It appears that the beneficial effects of infant physical affection can be negated by the repression of physical pleasure (premarital sex) later in life. ", "The seven societies characterized by both low infant physical affection and low adult physical violence were all found to be characterized by permissive premarital sexual behaviors. ", "Thus, the detrimental effects of infant physical affectional deprivation seem to be compensated for later in life by sexual body pleasure experiences during adolescence. ", "These findings have led to a revision of the somatosensory pleasure deprivation theory from a one-stage to a two-stage developmental theory where the physical violence in 48 of the 49 cultures could be accurately classified. ", "In short, violence may stem from deprivation of somatosensory pleasure either in infancy or in adolescence. ", "The only true exception in this culture sample is the headhunting Jivaro tribe of South America. ", "Clearly, this society requires detailed study to determine the causes of its violence. ", "The Jivaro belief system may play an important role, for as anthropologist Michael Harner notes in Jivaro Souls [6], these Indians have a \"deep-seated belief that killing leads to the acquisition of souls which provide a supernatural power conferring immunity from death.\"", "\n\nInfant Physical Affection and Adult Physical Violence Societies that provide infants with a great deal of physical affection ('tender loving care') are later characterized by relatively non-violent adults. ", "In 36 of the 49 cultures studied, a high degree of infant affection was associated with a low degree of adult physical violence—and vice versa. ", "When the 13 exceptions were investigated, it was found that the violence of all but one (the Jivaro tribe of South America) could be accounted for the presence or absence of premarital sexual behavior. ", "TABLE 3 Relationship of Infant Physical Affectional Deprivation to Adult Physical Violence High Infant Physical Affection Low Infant Physical Affection High Infant Physical Affection Low Infant Physical Affection Low Adult Physical Violence High Adult Physical Violence High Adult Physical Violence Low Adult Physical Violence Andamanese Alorese Cheyenne Ainu Arapesh Aranda Chir-Apache Ganda Balinese Araucanians Crow Kwakiutl Chagga Ashanti Jivaro a Lepcha Chenchu Aymara Kurtatchi Pukapuka Chuckchee Azande Zunic Samoansb Cuna Comanche Tanala Hano Fon Lau Kaska Lesu Marquesans Maori Masai Murngin Navaho Nuer Ojibwa Papago Thonga Siriono Tallensi Tikopia Timbira Trobriand Wogeo Woleaians Yahgan Premarital sex punished: underlined Premarital sex permitted: italic a According to Harner (1972) the Jivaro culture is misclassified and belongs in column 2 (personal communication).", "\n\nb According to Derek Freeman, Professor of Anthropology, Australian National University, the Samoans belong in column 2 (personal communication).", "\n\nc The Zuni are also reclassified to column 1.", "\n\nSource: Textor [1]; infant behavior ratings from Barry, Bacon and Child [3]; and adult violence ratings from Slater [5]. ", "This table is a revised version updated with information from the article \"Can More Touching Lead to Less Violence in Our Society?\" ", "by Lionel Gambill, published in The Truth Seeker, March/April 1989. ", "Gambill writes: Subsequent to original publication of this material in The Futurist in April 1975, cultural anthropologists informed Prescott of errors in some of the original codings in the reference work on which the comparison was based. ", "When these errors were corrected, no exceptions remained. ", "The Pleasure/Violence Reciprocity Theory, applied to the cultures listed in that reference work, has a predictive validity of 100%. ", "The original version of the table from the Futurist is available here.", "\n\nThe strength of the two-stage deprivation theory of violence is most vividly illustrated when we contrast the societies showing high rates of physical affection during infancy and adolescence against those societies which are consistently low in physical affection for both developmental periods. ", "The statistics associated with this relationship are extraordinary: The percent likelihood of a society being physically violent if it is physically affectionate toward its infants and tolerant of premarital sexual behavior is 2 percent (48/49). ", "The probability of this relationship occurring by chance is 125,000 to one. ", "I am not aware of any other developmental variable that has such a high degree of predictive validity. ", "Thus, we seem to have a firmly based principle: Physically affectionate human societies are highly unlikely to be physically violent. ", "Accordingly, when physical affection and pleasure during adolescence as well as infancy are related to measures of violence, we find direct evidence of a significant relationship between the punishment of premarital sex behaviors and various measures of crime and violence. ", "As Table 4 shows, additional clusters of relationships link the punishment and repression of premarital sex to large community size, high social complexity and class stratification, small extended families, purchase of wives, practice of slavery, and a high god present in human morality. ", "The relationship between small extended families and punitive premarital sex attitudes deserves emphasis, for it suggests that the nuclear Western cultures may be a contributing factor to our repressive attitudes toward sexual expression. ", "p. 14, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists The same can be suggested for community size, social complexity, and class stratification. ", "Not surprisingly, when high self-needs are combined with the deprivation of physical affection, the result is self-interest and high rates of narcissism. ", "Likewise, exhibitionistic dancing and pornography may be interpreted as a substitute for normal sexual expression. ", "Some nations which are most repressive of female sexuality have rich pornographic art forms. ", "Extramarital Sex I also examined the influence of extramarital sex taboos upon crime and violence. ", "The data clearly indicates that punitive-repressive attitudes toward extramarital sex are also linked with physical violence, personal crime, and the practice of slavery. ", "Societies which value monogamy emphasize military glory and worship aggressive gods. ", "These cross-cultural data support the view of psychologists and sociologists who feel that sexual and psychological needs not being fulfilled within a marriage should be met outside of it, without destroying the primacy of the marriage relationship.", "\n\nPremarital Sex, Physical Violence and Other Adult Behaviors Premarital sexual freedom for young people can help reduce violence in a society, and the physical pleasure that youth obtains from sex can offset a lack of physical affection during infancy. ", "Other research also indicates that societies which punish premarital sex are likely to engage in wife purchasing, to worship a high god in human morality, and to practice slavery. ", "Other results are shown in the table below. ", "TABLE 4 Adult Behaviors in Societies Where Premarital Sex is Strongly Punished Adult Behaviors Percent\n\n% N Probability\n\nP Community size is larger 73 80 .0003 Slavery is present 59 176 .005 Societal complexity is high 87 15 .01 Personal crime is high 71 28 .05 Class stratification is high 60 111 .01 High incidence of theft 68 31 .07 Small extended family 70 63 .008 Extramarital sex is punished 71 58 .005 Wives are purchased 54 114 .02 Castration anxiety is high 65 37 .009 Longer post-partum sex taboo 62 50 .03 Bellicosity is extreme 68 37 .04 Sex disability is high 83 23 .004 Killing, torturing and mutilating the enemy is high 69 35 .07 Narcissism is high 66 38 .04 Exhibitionistic dancing is emphasized 65 66 .04 High god in human morality 81 27 .01\n\nThese findings overwhelmingly support the thesis that deprivation of body pleasure throughout life—but particularly during the formative periods of infancy, childhood, and adolescence—are very closely related to the amount of warfare and interpersonal violence. ", "These insights should be applied to large and complicated industrial and postindustrial societies. ", "Crime and physical violence have substantially increased over the past decade in the United States. ", "According to FBI statistics, both murder and aggravated assault increased 53 percent between 1967 and 1972, while forcible rape rose 70 percent. ", "These figures again raise the question of the special relationship between sexuality and violence. ", "In addition to our rape statistics, there is other evidence that points to preference for sexual violence over sexual pleasure in the United States. ", "This is reflected in our acceptance of sexually explicit films that involve violence and rape, and our rejection of sexually explicit films for pleasure only (pornography). ", "Neighborhood movie theaters show such sexually violent films as Straw Dogs, Clockwork Orange, and The Klansman, while banning films which portray sexual pleasure (Deep Throat, The Devil in Miss Jones). ", "Attempts to close down massage parlors are another example of our anti-pleasure attitudes. ", "Apparently, sex with pleasure is immoral and unacceptable, but sex with violence and pain is moral and acceptable. ", "A questionnaire I developed to explore this question was administered to 96 college students whose average age was 19 years. ", "The results of the questionnaire support the connection between rejection of physical pleasure (and particularly of premarital and extramarital sex) with expression of physical violence. ", "Respondents who reject abortion, responsible premarital sex, and nudity within the family were likely to approve of harsh physical punishment for children and to believe that pain helps build strong moral character. ", "These respondents were likely to find alcohol and drugs more satisfying than sex. ", "The data obtained from the questionnaire provide strong statistical support for the basic inverse relationship between physical violence and physical pleasure. ", "If violence is high, pleasure is low, and conversely, if pleasure is high, violence is low. ", "The questionnaire bears out the theory that the pleasure-violence relationship found in primitive cultures also holds true for a modern industrial nation. ", "Another way of looking at the reciprocal relationship between violence and pleasure is to examine a society's choice of drugs. ", "A society will support behaviors that are consistent with its values and social mores. ", "U.S. society is a competitive, aggressive, and violent society. ", "Consequently, it supports drugs that fa- p. 15, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists cilitate competitive, aggressive, and violent behaviors and opposes drugs that counteract such behaviors. ", "Alcohol is well known to facilitate the expression of violent behaviors, and, although addicting and very harmful to chronic users, is acceptable to U.S. society. ", "Marijuana, on the other hand, is an active pleasure-inducing drug which enhances the pleasure of touch and actively inhibits violent-aggressive behaviors. ", "It is for these reasons, I believe that marijuana is rejected in U.S. society. ", "For similar reasons heroin is rejected and methadone (an addicting drug minus the pleasure) is accepted. ", "The data from my questionnaire support this view. ", "As Table 5 shows, very high correlations between alcohol use and parental punishment indicate that people who received little affection from their mothers and had physically punitive fathers are likely to become hostile and aggressive when they drink. ", "Such people find alcohol more satisfying than sex. ", "There is an even stronger relationship between parental physical punishment and drug usage. ", "Respondents who were physically punished as children showed alcohol-induced hostility and aggression and were likely to find alcohol and drugs more satisfying than sex. ", "The questionnaire also reveals high correlations between sexual repression and drug usage. ", "Those who describe premarital sex as \"not agreeable\" are likely to become aggressive when drinking and to prefer drugs and alcohol to sexual pleasures. ", "This is additional evidence for the hypothesis that drug \"pleasures\" are a substitute for somatosensory pleasures.", "\n\nViolence and Pleasure:\n\nThe Attitudes of College Students The reciprocal relationship of violence and pleasure holds true in modern industrial nations as well as primitive societies. ", "This theory was tested by means of a questionnaire given to 96 college students (average age: 19). ", "The results showed that students who have relatively negative attitudes toward sexual pleasure tend to favor harsh punishment for children and to believe that violence is necessary to solve problems. ", "The students rated a series of statements on a scale of 1 to 6, where 1 indicated strong agreement and 6 strong disagreement. ", "Through a statistical technique (factor analysis), a personality profile of the violent person was developed. ", "Table 5 shows the degree of relationship among the various statements which reflect social and moral values. ", "The figures at left, known as 'loadings,' are treated like correlation coefficients. ", "They indicate the strength with which each variable contributes to the overall personality description of the respondent as defined by this specific profile. ", "TABLE 5 Somatosensory Index of Human Affection\n\nFactor 1:66.6% Violence Approved .85 Hard physical punishment is good for children who disobey a lot. ", ".81 Physical punishment and pain help build a strong moral character. ", ".80 Abortion should be punished by society. ", ".76 Capital punishment should be permitted by society. ", ".75 Violence is necessary to really solve our problems. ", ".74 Physical punishment should be allowed in the schools. ", ".69 I enjoy sadistic pornography. ", ".54 I often feel like hitting someone. ", ".43 I can tolerate pain very well. ", "Physical Pleasure Condemned .84 Prostitution should be punished by society. ", ".80 Responsible premarital sex is not agreeable to me. ", ".78 Nudity within the family has a harmful influence upon children. ", ".73 Sexual pleasures help build a weak moral character. ", ".72 Society should interfere with private sexual behavior between adults. ", ".69 Responsible extramarital sex is not agreeable to me. ", ".61 Natural fresh body odors are often offensive. ", ".47 I do not enjoy affectional pornography. ", ".42 I often get \"uptight\" about being touched. ", "Alcohol and Drugs Rated Higher than Sex .70 Alcohol Is more satisfying than sex. ", ".65 Drugs are more satisfying than sex. ", ".60 I get hostile and aggressive when I drink alcohol. ", ".49 I would rather drink alcohol than smoke marijuana. ", ".45 I drink alcohol more often than I experience orgasm. ", "Political Conservatism .82 I tend to be conservative in my political points of view. ", ".77 Age (Older). ", ".51 I often dream of either floating, flying, falling, or climbing. ", ".45 My mother is often indifferent toward me. ", ".40 I remember when my father physically punished me a lot. ", "The collaboration of Douglas Wallace, Human Sexuality Program, University of California Medical School, San Francisco, in the questionnaire study is gratefully acknowledged. ", "This table is a slightly revised version. ", "The original version has been preserved.", "\n\nReligious Roots The origins of the fundamental reciprocal relationship between physical violence and physical pleasure can be traced to philosophical dualism and to the theology of body/soul relationships. ", "In Western philosophical thought man was not a unitary being but was divided into two parts, body and soul. ", "The Greek philosophical conception of the relationship between body and soul was quite different than the Judeo-Christian concept which posited a state of war between the body and soul. ", "Within Judeo-Christian thought the purpose of human life was to save the soul, and the body was seen as an impediment to achieving this objective. ", "Consequently, the body must be punished and deprived. ", "In St. Paul's words: \"Put to death the base pursuits of the body—for if you live according to the flesh, you shall die: but if by the spirit you mortify the deeds of the flesh, you shall live\" (Romans 8:13). ", "St. Paul clearly advocated somatosensory pleasure deprivation and enhancement of painful somatosen- p. 16, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists sory stimulation as essential prerequisites for saving the soul. \"", "Now concerning the things whereof you wrote to me: It is good for a man not to touch a woman\" (1 Corinthians, 7:1). ", "Aristotle did not view a state of war between the body and soul, but rather envisioned a complimentary relationship in which the state of the soul or mind was dependent on the state of the body. ", "In fact he stated that \"the care of the body ought to precede that of the soul.\" (", "Politica) Aristotle also appreciated the reciprocal relationship between pleasure and pain, and recognized that a compulsive search for bodily pleasure originates from a state of bodily discomfort and pain: Now, excess is possible in the case of the goods of the body, and it is the pursuit of excess, but not the pursuit of necessary pleasures, that makes a man bad. ", "For all men get some kind of enjoyment from good food, wine, and sexual relations, but not everyone enjoys these things in the proper way. ", "The reverse is true of pain: a bad person does not avoid an excess of it, but he avoids it altogether. ", "For the opposite of an excess is pain only for the man who pursues the excess. . . . ", "Accordingly, we must now explain why the pleasures of the body appear to be more desirable. ", "The first reason, then, is that pleasure drives out pain. ", "When men experience an excess of pain, they pursue excessive pleasure and bodily pleasure in general, in the belief that it will remedy the pain. ", "These remedial (pleasures) become very intense—and that is the very reason why they are pursued because they are experienced in contrast with their opposite. (", "Nichomachean Ethics, Book 7) It is clear that the world has only limited time to change its custom of resolving conflicts violently. ", "It is uncertain whether we have the time to undo the damage done by countless previous generations, nor do we know how many future generations it will take to transform our psychobiology of violence into one of peace. ", "In his discussion of the highest good, Aristotle was quite explicit: \"Therefore, the highest good is some sort of pleasure, despite the fact that most pleasures are bad, and, if you like, bad in the unqualified sense of the word.\" (", "Nichomachean Ethics, Book 7) It is evident that the Judeo-Christian concept of body pleasure is quite the opposite of that outlined by Aristotle, particularly, the relief of body pain and discomfort through somatosensory pleasure. ", "This denial of somatosensory pleasure in Pauline Christian doctrine has led to alternative forms of 'relief' through such painful stimulations as hair-shirts, self-scourgings, self-mutilations, physical violence against others, and in the non-sensory pleasures of drugs. ", "Experimental animal studies have documented counterparts to these phenomena. ", "For example, animals deprived of somatosensory stimulation will engage in mutilations of their own bodies. ", "Animals deprived of touching early in life develop impaired pain perception and an aversion to being touched by others. ", "They are thus blocked from experiencing the body-pleasure therapy that they need for rehabilitation. ", "In this condition, they have few alternatives but physical violence, where pain-oriented touching and body contact is facilitated by their impaired ability to experience pain. ", "Thus, physical violence and physical pain become therapies of choice for those deprived of physical pleasure. ", "The question arises as to how Christian philosophy and theology, which borrowed heavily from Aristotle, managed to avoid, if not outright reject, Aristotle's teachings regarding the morality of pleasure. ", "The roots to this question can be found throughout the Old Testament, beginning with the account in Genesis of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. ", "The first consequence of Eve's transgression was that nudity became shameful. ", "This even may well be the beginning of man's hostility toward women and the equating of woman with evil, particularly the evils of the body. ", "This is vividly portrayed in Zechariah (5:5-8) in an angel's description of the flying bushel: \"This is a bushel container coming. ", "This is their guilt in all the land.\" ", "Then a leaden cover was lifted and there was a woman sitting inside the bushel. \"", "This is wickedness, he said, and he thrust her inside the bushel, pushing the leaden cover into the opening.\" ", "Violence against sexuality and the use of sexuality for violence, particularly against women, has very deep roots in Biblical tradition, and is spelled out very early. ", "The nineteenth chapter of Genesis (19:1-11), the first book of the Old Testament, holds that the rape of woman is acceptable but the rape of man is \"a wicked thing.\" ", "This chapter about the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah describes Lot's hospitality to two male travelers (actually two angels) who were housed with him. ", "In the evening the townsmen of Sodom came to Lot's house and said to him: \"Where are the men who came to your house tonight? ", "Bring them out to us that we may have intimacies with them.\" ", "Lot went out to meet them at the entrance. ", "When he had shut the door behind him, he said, \"I beg you, my brothers, not to do this wicked thing. ", "I have two daughters who have never had intercourse with men. ", "Let me bring them out to you, and you may do to them as you please. ", "But don't do anything to these men, for you know they have come under the shelter of my roof.\" ", "They replied, \"Stand back! ", "This fellow,\" they sneered, \"came here as an immigrant, and now he dares to give orders! ", "We'll treat you worse than them!\" ", "With that, they pressed hard against Lot, moving in closer to break down the door. ", "But his guests put out their hand, pulled Lot inside with them, and closed the p. 17, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists door; at the same time they struck the men at the entrance of the house, one and all, with such blinding light that they were utterly unable to reach the doorway. ", "As the story continues, the two angels escort Lot and his family to safety and then destroy Sodom and Gomorrah for their great sinfulness. ", "Yet not a word of reproach is given to Lot for his willingness to hand over his two virgin daughters to be gang raped. ", "This same story is repeated in the books of Ezekiel (23:1-49) and Judges (19:22-30). ", "Given such a tradition, it is understandable that during the Inquisition only women were charged with having intercourse with the devil and put to death for this crime of pleasure. ", "What man has died at the stake for having slept with Satan? ", "This tradition is maintained in modern cultures where women are punished for prostitution but their male customers are not. ", "The historical and Biblical acceptance of rape down through the ages has brutalized the psyche of males brought up in this tradition. ", "This is well illustrated in the account of Michael McCusker, a Marine sergeant who witnessed a gang rape in Vietnam. ", "McCusker [7] tells of a rifle squad of nine men who entered a small village. ", "They were supposed to go after what they called a Viet Cong whore. ", "They went into her village and instead of capturing her, they raped her—every man raped her. ", "As a matter of fact, one man said to me later that it was the first time he had ever made love to a woman with his boots on. ", "The man who led the platoon, or the squad, was actually a private. ", "The squad leader was a sergeant but he was a useless person and he let the private take over his squad. ", "Later he said he took no part in the raid. ", "It was against his morals. ", "So instead of telling his squad not to do it, because they wouldn't listen to him anyway, the sergeant went into another side of the village and just sat and stared bleakly at the ground, feeling sorry for himself. ", "But at any rate, they raped the girl, and then, the last man to make love to her, shot her in the head. ", "What is it in the American psyche that permits the use of the word 'love' to describe rape? ", "And where the act of love is completed with a bullet in the head! ", "The first months. ", "Breast-feeding and caressing will help this infant to grow into a non-violent adult. ", "Denial of such body contact in infancy can have the opposite effect. ", "Why do men rape women? ", "Researchers report that most rapists have a family background of paternal punishment and hostility and loss of maternal affection. ", "I interpret rape as man's revenge against woman for the early loss of physical affection. ", "A man can express his hostility toward his mother for not giving him enough physical attention by sexually violating another woman. ", "Another explanation may be that the increasing sexual freedom of women is threatening to man's position of power and dominance over women which he often maintains through sexual aggression. ", "Rape destroys sensual pleasure in woman and enhances sadistic pleasure in man. ", "Through rape, man defends himself from the sensual pleasures of women which threaten his position of power and dominance. ", "It is my belief that rape has its Realistic dolls. ", "Swedish paper doll exemplifies the frankness about the human body that is needed to inculcate wholesome attitudes toward sex and violence. ", "In this paper doll, no attempt is made to idealize or de-sexualize the human body; the body is simply accepted as it is. ", "p. 18, November 1975, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists origins in the deprivation of physical affection in parent-child relationships and adult sexual relationships; and in a religious value system that considers pain and body deprivation moral and physical pleasure immoral. ", "Rape maintains man's dominance over woman and supports the perpetuation of patriarchal values in our society.", "\n\n\n\nThis figure shows the effects of the rearing environment upon a type of nerve cell (called a stellate) which is found in the fourth layer of a rat's visual cortex. ", "The number of branches of the dendrites is much greater in animals reared in groups in a toy-filled environment (called enriched environmental condition, EC) than the number which occurs when two rats are reared together in an ordinary cage (called social condition, SC) or when rats are reared alone in ordinary cages (called isolate condition, IC). ", "These data show that extreme conditions of sensory/social deprivation are not necessary to alter brain structure, and that an enriched sensory/social environment can increase the complexity of brain cells. ", "Dendrites, which are usually branched like a tree, are the part of the nerve cell (neuron) which carries the nerve impulse to the cell body; and they are the means by which brain cells communicate with one another. ", "Brain cells with many dendrites can influence and regulate the activity of other brain cells more effectively than brain cells with fewer or abnormal dendrites. ", "It is believed that the complexity of brain cells is related to the ability to solve complex problems both of an intellectual and social nature, and that abnormal dendritic structures underlie abnormal electrical 'spike' discharges in the brain. ", "Source: Volkmar and Greenough [9]." ]

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[ "Take this medicine in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor. ", "Swallow it as a whole. ", "Do not chew, crush or break it. ", "Nitas 10mg Tablet may be taken with or without food, but it is better to take it at a fixed time.", "\n\nNitas 10mg Tablet is unsafe to use during pregnancy.", "There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk, for example in life-threatening situations. ", "Please consult your doctor.", "\n\nLactation\n\nCAUTION\n\nNitas 10mg Tablet is probably unsafe to use during lactation.", "\nLimited human data suggest that the drug could represent a significant risk to the baby.", "\n\nDriving\n\nDo not drive unless you are feeling well.", "Nitas 10mg Tablet may cause side effects such as reduced alertness, confusion, tiredness, dizziness, poor muscle coordination and double vision. ", "This may affect your ability to drive.", "\n\nKidney\n\nCAUTION\n\nNitas 10mg Tablet should be used with caution in patients with kidney disease. ", "Dose adjustment of Nitas 10mg Tablet may be needed. ", "Please consult your doctor.", "\n\nLiver\n\nCAUTION\n\nNitas 10mg Tablet should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. ", "Dose adjustment of Nitas 10mg Tablet may be needed. ", "Please consult your doctor.", "Use of Nitas 10mg Tablet is not recommended in patients with severe liver disease.", "\n\nIf you miss a dose of Nitas 10mg Tablet, take it as soon as possible. ", "However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular schedule. ", "Do not double the dose.", "\n\nNitas belongs to a group of sedative-hypnotic medicines known as benzodiazepines. ", "It works by increasing the action of GABA, a chemical messenger which suppresses the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells in the brain.", "\n\nNitas is not a controlled drug. ", "However, it is a prescription drug which is available only when prescribed by a doctor.", "\n\nQ. Is Nitas stronger than alprazolam?", "\n\nAlprazolam is more potent when compared to Nitas with an equivalent milligram. ", "There are differences in their pharmacokinetic properties as well. ", "However, the preference of drug will vary depending on the indication.", "\n\nNitas is more potent when compared to temazepam with an equivalent milligram. ", "there are differences in their pharmacokinetic properties as well. ", "However, the preference of drug will vary depending on the indication.", "\n\nQ. Is Nitas stronger than diazepam?", "\n\nNitas is relatively more potent when compared to diazepam with an equivalent milligram and there are differences in their pharmacokinetic properties as well. ", "However, the preference of drug will vary depending on the indication.", "\n\nNitas is a benzodiazepine drug used in the treatment of insomnia. ", "It is a prescription drug and is safe to use in the dose, frequency, and duration as per the doctor's advice.", "\n\nQ. Is Nitas stronger than zopiclone?", "\n\nNitas is a benzodiazepine whereas zopiclone is a nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic. ", "Though they act on the same receptor, there are differences in their mechanism of action, so, vary in their pharmacological effects.", "\n\nNitas use has been associated with paradoxical reactions like depressive effects, irritability, delusions, and hallucinations. ", "If you experience any such symptom while using the drug, consult your doctor." ]

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[ "Drinking water standard for tritium-what's the risk?", "\nThis paper presents an assessment of lifetime risks of cancer incidence associated with the drinking water standard for tritium established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); this standard is an annual-average maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 740 Bq L(-1). ", "This risk assessment has several defining characteristics: (1) an accounting of uncertainty in all parameters that relate a given concentration of tritium in drinking water to lifetime risk (except the number of days of consumption of drinking water in a year and the number of years of consumption) and an accounting of correlations of uncertain parameters to obtain probability distributions that represent uncertainty in estimated lifetime risks of cancer incidence; (2) inclusion of a radiation effectiveness factor (REF) to represent an increased biological effectiveness of low-energy electrons emitted in decay of tritium compared with high-energy photons; (3) use of recent estimates of risks of cancer incidence from exposure to high-energy photons, including the dependence of risks on an individual's gender and age, in the BEIR VII report; and (4) inclusion of risks of incidence of skin cancer, principally basal cell carcinoma. ", "By assuming ingestion of tritium in drinking water at the MCL over an average life expectancy of 80 y in females and 75 y in males, 95% credibility intervals of lifetime risks of cancer incidence obtained in this assessment are (0.35, 12) × 10(-4) in females and (0.30, 15) × 10(-4) in males. ", "Mean risks, which are considered to provide the best single measure of expected risks, are about 3 × 10(-4) in both genders. ", "In comparison, USEPA's point estimate of the lifetime risk of cancer incidence, assuming a daily consumption of drinking water of 2 L over an average life expectancy of 75.2 y and excluding an REF for tritium and incidence of skin cancer, is 5.6 × 10(-5). ", "Probability distributions of annual equivalent doses to the whole body associated with the drinking water standard for tritium also were obtained. ", "Means and 97.5th percentiles of maximum annual doses to females and males, which occur at age <1 y, all are less than the annual equivalent dose of 40 μSv used by USEPA to establish the MCL." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nLIBGDX 3D not working\n\nSo I am just starting off with the 3D part of LIBGDX. ", "I downloaded the latest nightly build and when I followed the tutorial I got a nullPointerException on a line(Which will mark in the code). ", "On the line has a nullPointer is this code\nmodelBatch.render(instance);\n\nAll the values for this line are there. ", "The instance has all its properties and pretty much everything else in my code does to. ", "Any ideas why I am getting a nullPointerException? ", "Thanks in advance.", "\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.", "ApplicationListener;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.", "Gdx;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.", "Color;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.", "GL10;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.", "PerspectiveCamera;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.", "VertexAttributes.", "Usage;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g3d.", "Model;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g3d.", "ModelBatch;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g3d.", "ModelInstance;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g3d.materials.", "ColorAttribute;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g3d.materials.", "Material;\nimport com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g3d.utils.", "ModelBuilder;\n\npublic class threeDTest implements ApplicationListener {\npublic PerspectiveCamera camera;\npublic ModelBatch modelBatch;\npublic Model model;\npublic ModelInstance instance;\n\n @Override\n public void create() {\n camera = new PerspectiveCamera(67, Gdx.graphics.getWidth(), Gdx.graphics.getHeight());\n camera.position.set(10f, 10f, 10f);\n camera.lookAt(0, 0, 0);\n camera.near = 0.1f;\n camera.far = 300f;\n camera.update();\n\n ModelBuilder modelBuilder = new ModelBuilder();\n model = modelBuilder.createBox(5f, 5f, 5f, \n new Material(ColorAttribute.createDiffuse(Color.", "GREEN)),\n Usage.", "Position | Usage.", "Normal);\n instance = new ModelInstance(model);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void resize(int width, int height) {\n\n }\n\n @Override\n public void render() { \n Gdx.gl.glViewport(0, 0, Gdx.graphics.getWidth(), Gdx.graphics.getHeight());\n Gdx.gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL10.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);\n\n modelBatch.begin(camera);//Begin Rendering\n modelBatch.render(instance);<--Null Pointer on this line\n modelBatch.end();//End Rendering\n }\n\n@Override\npublic void pause() {\n\n}\n\n@Override\n public void resume() {\n\n }\n\n @Override\n public void dispose() {\n model.dispose();\n }\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nLooking at you code you never construct (and dispose) the modelBatch instance. ", "Therefor the modelBatch will be null, causing the NPE you got.", "\nAdd the following line in your create method:\nmodelBatch = new ModelBatch();\n\nand the following line in your dispose method:\nmodelBatch.dispose();\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "The cortisol response in policemen: intraindividual variation, not concentration level, predicts truncal obesity.", "\nChronic stress, characteristic of police work, affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis' control of cortisol production. ", "Capacity to vary cortisol may be the appropriate measurement to interpret associations with chronic diseases, including obesity, best measured by variability within a person, not central tendency. ", "On each of 217 policemen, 18 saliva specimens were obtained for cortisol. ", "Statistical models examined the associations of within-subjects (W-S) cortisol standard deviation (SD) and W-S cortisol mean with waist circumference and four body composition indexes: BMI, and three derived from DEXA: fat-mass, and trunk and extremities lean-mass. ", "Explained variance and the functional nature of associations are reported. ", "Associations of anthropometrics with W-S cortisol mean were not statistically significant at P < 0.05; all associations with W-S cortisol SD were significant. ", "The association of trunk lean mass index (LMIt ) with W-S cortisol SD dominated all models. ", "Associations of W-S cortisol SD with other indexes vanished when models contained LMIt ; when any other index was included in models predicting LMIt , associations with W-S cortisol SD remained significant. ", "The functional association between LMIt and W-S cortisol SD is progressively \"hockey stick,\" monotonic increasing, and flattens at joint high values. ", "Results support inferences that LMIt measures visceral adiposity and W-S cortisol variability appears to be an appropriate construct to measure in association with visceral adiposity. ", "The \"hockey stick\" character of the association is consistent with other investigations suggesting obesity is associated with less W-S cortisol variation; however, the monotonic increase and flattening of association at increasing W-ScortisolSD values suggests a more complex association, potentially interpretable by allostasis models of causation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to apparatus and methods for forming thin-film microcantilevers for use in atomic force microscopes and other microscope systems.", "\n2. ", "Prior Art\nAn atomic force microscope (AFM) scans over the surface of a sample in two different modes of operation. ", "In one mode, the contacting mode, a sharp tip is mounted on the end of a cantilever and the tip rides on the surface of a sample with an extremely light tracking force, on the order of 10.sup.-5 to 10.sup.-10 N. In the contacting mode of operation, profiles of the surface topology are obtained with extremely high resolution. ", "Images showing the position of individual atoms are routinely obtained. ", "In the other mode, the tip is held a short distance, on the order of 5 to 500 Angstroms, from the surface of a sample and is deflected by various forces between the sample and the tip, such forces include electrostatic, magnetic, and van der Waals forces.", "\nSeveral methods of detecting the deflection of the cantilever are available which have subangstrom sensitivity, including vacuum tunneling, optical interferometry, optical beam deflection, and capacitive techniques. ", "However, fabrication of a readily reproducible cantilever stylus assembly has been a limiting factor on use of AFM and other forms of microscopy such as scanning tunneling microscopes.", "\nThe technical requirements for a cantilever stylus assembly, which includes a cantilever arm and a protruding tip, include a number of different factors. ", "A low force constant for the cantilever is desirable so that reasonable values of deflection are obtained with relatively small deflection forces. ", "Typical values are 0.01-1000N/m. A mechanical resonant frequency for the cantilever which is greater than 10 kHz ia desirable to increase image tracking speed and to reduce sensitivity to ambient vibrations. ", "Low force constants and high resonant frequencies are obtained by minimizing the mass of the cantilever and the tip.", "\nWhen optical beam deflection is used to detect deflection of the cantilever, deflection sensitivity is inversely proportional to the length of the cantilever. ", "Therefore a cantilever length of less than 1 mm is desirable.", "\nFor certain types of deflection sensing, a high mechanical Q is desirable and is achieved by using amorphous or single crystal thin films for fabrication of the cantilever.", "\nIn many applications, it is desirable that the cantilever flex in only one direction and have high lateral stiffness. ", "This can be obtained by using a geometry such as V-shape which has two arms obliquely extending and meeting at a point at which the tip is mounted.", "\nIt is often required that a conductive electrode or reflective spot be located on the side of the cantilever opposite the tip. ", "This is obtained by fabricating the cantilever from metal or depositing a conductive material on certain portions of the cantilever to serve as a conductor or reflector.", "\nFinally, a sharp tip, that is, a protruding tip with a tip radius less than 500 Angstroms and which may terminate in a single atom, is desired to provide good lateral resolution. ", "This requirement has traditionally been one of the most difficult to obtain in a reproducible manner. ", "Typically, in the prior art, tips were made by hand using fabrication and bonding techniques which were time consuming and which produced non-uniformly performing tips.", "\nIn the prior art, cantilever arms were constructed by hand from fine tungsten wires. ", "One way of obtaining a tip portion on such an arm was to etch the wire to a point and then bend the point to perpendicularly extend from the wire. ", "Another way to obtain a tip was to glue a tiny diamond fragment in place at the end of a cantilever. ", "Prior art cantilevers fabricated using photolithographic techniques did not have integrally-formed sharp protruding tips. ", "For these cantilevers a rather dull tip was effectively obtained by using a corner of the microfabricated cantilever itself as a tip. ", "Alternatively, a diamond fragment was glued by hand to the end of a microfabricated cantilever. ", "The cantilever assembly of an AFM is relatively fragile and is virtually impossible to clean when it is contaminated by material from the surface being scanned so that frequent replacement is required.", "\nCurrently, technologists are attempting to microfabricate STMs and AFMs using microfabrication techniques which are compatible with standard fabrication processes used in the silicon semiconductor integrated circuit industry. ", "Their goal is to mass-produce very precise, very reliable sensors which have minimal thermal drift, signal loss, and low noise characteristics by taking advantage of the inherent low mass, high resonant frequencies, and low thermal drift characteristics of microfabricated devices. ", "In addition, these microfabricated sensors can be integrally combined with electronic circuitry fabricated with the same processes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nCentral nervous system (CNS) modulates behaviour and brain functioning with the help of multiple neurotransmitters. ", "One of the important neurotransmitters is Glutamate (Glu)^[@CR1]^ which is a nonessential amino acid (AA) present abundantly in the body^[@CR2]^. It is involved in a variety of body functions either directly or by converting into other products^[@CR3]^. Evidence shows the importance of Glu in facilitating protein synthesis^[@CR4]^, intestinal nutrition, cell signalling, gene expression modulation, immune responses^[@CR5]^, regulating blood glucose level, removing excess ammonia^[@CR6]^, disposal of excess or waste nitrogen^[@CR7]^ as well as in intermediary metabolism^[@CR2]^ as an important energy fuel^[@CR5]^. Other than this, it is also a precursor of various biologically active components like glutathione (GSH), GABA, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, polyamines, poly-glutamated folate cofactors or certain AAs like glutamine, alanine, aspartate, proline, arginine, citrulline^[@CR2]--[@CR5],[@CR8]^. Glu is present in various foods either as naturally occurring free Glu (vegetable, seafood, milk, meat, cheese) or as a by-product of hydrolysed protein (used in seasoning) or as a salt; MSG (monosodium glutamate), a food additive or flavouring agent in canned foods, dry mixes, sauces, and soups^[@CR9]^.\n\nNutritionally, Glu is important for taste perception and for facilitation of gastric and pancreatic function^[@CR3],[@CR9]^. Various studies have reported the potential health effects of dietary glutamate supplementation that include improvement of taste and palatability^[@CR10]^, modification of gastric secretion and motility, enhanced cellular proliferation^[@CR11]^, stimulation of gastro-intestinal exocrine secretions and prevention of incidence of diarrhoea^[@CR12]^. It is also used to treat dyspepsia^[@CR13]^, improves growth performance, enhances protein synthesis^[@CR4],[@CR14]^, restores mucous circulation and AA metabolism, and prevents cellular injury and apoptosis of enterocytes^[@CR4]^. Reports have also shown its potential in amelioration of endotoxin-induced intestinal damage and maintaining intestinal integrity^[@CR5],[@CR14]^, increasing nucleotide synthesis^[@CR3]^, improving antioxidant status^[@CR15]^, ROS scavenging^[@CR16]^, amelioration of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress^[@CR17]^, inhibition of fat accumulation^[@CR18]^ and progression of atherogenesis and fatty liver disease^[@CR19]^.\n\nGlu metabolism is shown to be mainly involved in maintaining normal brain function^[@CR20]^ to regulate neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival^[@CR21]^. Most of the brain Glu is synthesised either from glucose or 3-hydroxybutyrate or from other AAs^[@CR8]^. High concentration of Glu is present in blood and CSF^[@CR22]^ and in brain regions responsible for mediating memory and cognitive functioning like cortex, hippocampus and striatum^[@CR1],[@CR23]^. Synaptic Glu signalling is involved in neuronal growth and synaptic plasticity^[@CR24]^ contributing to learning and memory processing and cognitive functioning^[@CR1],[@CR2],[@CR25],[@CR26]^. Its usefulness in facilitation of potassium transport across blood brain barrier (BBB) suggests its promising role in future treatment of neurological conditions^[@CR6]^. Glu neurons are widely distributed in forebrain and hippocampus^[@CR1]^. Hippocampus is reported to be largely dependent upon Glu signalling implicated in learning and memory functions^[@CR24]^. Supplements of Glu are available in market for various purposes such as to maintain blood glucose levels, to increase immunity, to build proteins, and to promote optimal absorption and assimilation^[@CR27]--[@CR29]^. It was initially thought that its systemic or oral administration cannot affect its availability in CNS as Glu cannot cross the BBB^[@CR28],[@CR30]^. But later researchers found that Glu can cross the BBB up to a certain extent and dietary Glu supplements improve the brain functioning^[@CR31],[@CR32]^ leading to generation of hypothesis that chronic free Glu supplementation at a dose equivalent to average daily intake of humans might have beneficial effect on behaviour of animals. ", "Despite extensive beneficial use in periphery, studies addressing its beneficial effects on CNS are limited. ", "Since to date studies on the use of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu on CNS function are scarce, hence the objective of the present study is therefore specifically to investigate the effects of free Glu on brain and associated neurobehavioral alterations at a dose equivalent to adequate human intake in rats. ", "In order to understand the underlying mechanism responsible for behavioural alterations, the current study was further aimed to monitor the effects of dietary free Glu supplements on motor and cognitive performance as well as associated changes in brain redox status. ", "Glu/GABA content and monoaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in rats was also studied.", "\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nThe aim of the current study is to find out the effects of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu on locomotor activity and learning and cognitive functioning along with monitoring alterations in oxidative profile and neurochemical content in the brain as shown in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Along with behavioural the body weight and food intake of rats was also monitored throughout the experiment. ", "The effects of Glu supplementation on the body weight and food intake were not different compared to control (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).Figure 1Schematic representation of treatment schedule and experimental design. ", "Table 1Effects of dietary free glutamate supplementation on weekly food intake and the body weight of animals during treatment. ", "Data presented as mean ± SD (n = 6).Food intakeBody weightControlGlutamateControlGlutamateInitial12.65 ± 1.9311.85 ± 0.82160.17 ± 10.03160.11 ± 11.11Week 111.46 ± 0.7210.84 ± 1.21163.67 ± 10.98161.33 ± 11.52Week 210.92 ± 0.6711.55 ± 1.95165.05 ± 12.55163.17 ± 11.28Week 311.41 ± 1.5511.91 ± 1.68166.43 ± 12.62165.83 ± 12.73Week 411.82 ± 1.1211.90 ± 1.38168.33 ± 13.03167.67 ± 13.92Week 510.72 ± 0.7510.67 ± 0.27168.67 ± 12.69169.66 ± 13.62A non-significant effect was obtained by the repeated measure analysis when compared with control rats.", "\n\nEffect of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu on locomotor performance {#Sec3}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nEffect of Glu supplementation on rat's ambulatory performance was assessed in OFT in terms of latency to move from the central square and the number of squares crossings made during 5 min time span which is shown in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Observation showed that ambulatory performance was improved following Glu supplementation compared to controls as evident by significant decline in latency to move (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}a) (*t*(10) = 2.875, *P* \\< 0.05) and significant increase in square crossings (*t*(10) = 11.41, *P* \\< 0.01) during 5 min time span (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}a) compared to controls.", "Figure 2Effect on locomotor activity was evaluated via monitoring **(a)** ambulatory performance which is evaluated by open field test in terms of latency (s) to move from the central square (left) the number of squares crossed (right), **(b)** muscular strength evaluated by Kondziela's Inverted screen test in terms of latency (s) to fall from the inverted screen and **(c)** motor coordination evaluated by Beam walking test in terms of latency (s) to cross the beam and number of foot slips off the beam on three different beam sizes (3 cm, 2 cm and 1 cm). ", "For each group n = 6 and values are presented as mean ± S.D. All significant differences are expressed as \\* *P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\* *P* \\< 0.01 compared to control group.", "\n\nEffect of Glu supplementation on muscular strength of rats was evaluated in KIST by recording the latency to fall from the inverted screen during 2 min time span which is presented in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}b. ", "It was observed that muscular strength of rats was increased following Glu supplementation compared to controls as a significant increment in latency time to fall from inverted screen was observed. ", "Statistical analysis showed a significant (U = *P* \\< 0.01) difference between groups with a mean rank of 9.5 for Glu group compared to controls having mean rank of 3.5.", "\n\nEffect of Glu supplementation on motor coordination and balance in rats was assessed by beam walking test by recording latency time taken to cross the beam and number of foot slips off the beam on three different beam sizes (3 cm, 2 cm and 1 cm) during 2 min time span which is presented in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ", "It was observed that motor coordination and balance in rats was increased following Glu treatment compared to controls as evident by significant reduction in latency time to cross the beam and an increase in score for foot slips off the beam. ", "There is a significant decline in latency time for beam of 3 cm width (*t*(10) = 7.278, *P* \\< 0.01), for beam of 2 cm width (*t*(10) = 8.043, *P* \\< 0.01) and for beam of 1 cm width (*t*(10) = 8.154, *P* \\< 0.01) as shown in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ", "Data analysis of score for foot slips off the beam revealed that there was no significant difference in score for foot slips off the beam in Glu supplemented group over beam of 3 cm, 2 cm and 1 cm width comparable to control group.", "\n\nEffect of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu on learning and memory function {#Sec4}\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRecognition memory was monitored by ORT by noting the sniffing time for novel and familiar objects followed by computing discrimination index that is shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}a and b. Observations showed that recognition memory was improved following Glu supplementation as a significant enhancement was seen in sniffing time for new object and in discrimination index. ", "Statistical analysis showed significant decline (*t*(10) = 7.022, *P* \\< 0.01) in sniffing time for old object following Glu supplementation in comparison to control group while sniffing time for novel object was significantly increased (*t*(10) = 6.896, *P* \\< 0.01) in Glu group in comparison to control group as shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ", "Discrimination index data showed a significant enhancement in (*t (10)* = 28.01, *P* \\< 0.01) Glu group in comparison to controls as shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}b.", "Figure 3Effect on memory performance is presented; (1) Recognition memory in terms of **(a)** sniffing time for familiar (old) and novel object and **(b)** discrimination index; (2) Spatial memory performance in terms of **(c)** escape latencies of acquisition training trials, **(d)** averaged escape latencies, **(e)** spatial reference memory acquisition (1 h probe trial) and **(f)** retention (24 h probe trial) by monitoring escape latency time, latency to find the target quadrant (NW), duration of time spent (seconds) in the target quadrant and the number of entries made by rat over target quadrant; (3) Associative memory performance in terms of **(g)** step-trough latency difference. ", "For each group n = 6 and values are presented as mean ± S.D. Significant differences were expressed as \\*\\* *P* \\< 0.01 compared to control group and for training trials \\*\\* *P* \\< 0.01 compared to control and ++ *P* \\< 0.01 compared to trial 1.", "\n\nThe differences in escape latencies during 4 acquisition trials showed significant effect of trials (F (4, 40) = 287.536, *P* \\< 0.01), group (F (1, 10) = 42.04, *P* \\< 0.01) and interaction between trials x groups (F (4, 80) = 9.918, *P* \\< 0.01). ", "Pair-wise comparisons showed a significant decline over trials in escape latencies of animals which decreased significantly (*P* \\< 0.01) (displayed in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}c) indicating that memory performance was enhanced in animals over trials. ", "For cumulative escape latency of all acquisition trials a significant increase was observed in Glu group (t = 6.484, *P* \\< 0.01) in comparisons to controls as shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}d. ", "Data analysis of reference memory parameters during 1 h probe trial showed significant decline in platform latency (escape latency time to reach platform location) (*t*(10) = 9.449, *P* \\< 0.01) and in target quadrant latency (*t*(10) = 6.919, *P* \\< 0.01) while significant enhancement in duration of time spent in target quadrant (*t*(10) = 6.471, *P* \\< 0.01) and in number of entries made over target quadrant (*t*(10) = 6.755, *P* \\< 0.01) as shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}e. ", "Statistical analysis of reference memory parameters during 24 hr probe trial also revealed significant decline in platform latency (*t*(10) = 7.656, *P* \\< 0.01) and in target quadrant latency (*t*(10) = 5.82, *P* \\< 0.01), and a significant enhancement in duration of time spent in target quadrant (*t*(10) = 9.399, *P* \\< 0.01) and in number of entries in target quadrant (*t*(10) = 6.874, *P* \\< 0.01) in comparison to controls as presented in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}f.", "\n\nAssociative memory performance was evaluated using PAT by recording step-through latency to enter into the dark chamber during both training and test phases by evaluating the difference between pre- and post-training step-through latencies presented in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}g. ", "Observations showed a significant improvement in associative memory following Glu supplementation as evident by increase in difference between step-through latencies. ", "Statistical analysis showed a significant increment in difference between step-through latencies of Glu group during 1 h. (*t*(10) = 14.106, *P* \\< 0.01) and 24 h. (*t*(10) = 21.1, *P* \\< 0.01) sessions in comparison to control group as presented in Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "On the basis of results, it can be suggested that following the intake of Glu tablets associative memory was improved.", "Figure 4Effect on oxidative profile of rats was assessed via determining the levels of major oxidant (MDA) **(a)**, levels of antioxidant (GSH and Protein) compounds **(b)** and levels of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPx, SOD) **(c)**. ", "For each group n = 6 and values are presented as mean ± S.D. Significant differences were expressed as \\*\\* *P* \\< 0.01 compared to control group.", "\n\nEffect of chronic administration of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu on oxidative status of brain {#Sec5}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEffects of Glu supplementation on oxidative status of brain was assessed via estimating the lipid peroxidation (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, GPx and SOD) and content of antioxidant compounds (GSH and protein) in brain which is presented in Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The MDA levels were significantly (*t*(10) = 6.679, *P* \\< 0.01) reduced in Glu group in comparison to controls as presented in Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ", "Data analysis on content of antioxidant compounds (GSH and Protein) showed a significant increment in GSH levels (*t*(10) = 7.144, *P* \\< 0.01) and protein content (*t*(10) = 14.437, *P* \\< 0.01) in Glu group in comparison to controls as presented in Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}b. ", "Moreover, data analysis of activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPx and SOD) showed a significant enhancement in activities of CAT (*t*(10) = 21.769, *P* \\< 0.01), GPx (*t*(10) = 11.101, *P* \\< 0.01) and SOD (*t*(10) = 4.174, *P* \\< 0.01) in Glu group compared to controls as presented in Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ", "From the findings it can be suggested that following Glu treatment oxidative status of brain was improved.", "\n\nEffect of chronic administration of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu on neurochemical profile of brain {#Sec6}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nCholinergic status of brain was monitored via estimating ACh content and AChE activity. ", "Results showed enhancement in ACh content following Glu supplementation. ", "Significant increment (*t*(10) = 7.73, *P* \\< 0.01) in ACh content was observed in Glu group in comparison to controls as presented in Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ", "While in AchE activity a significant reduction (*t*(10) = 14.437, *P* \\< 0.01) was seen following Glu supplementation compared to controls as shown in Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}b.", "Figure 5Effect on cholinergic and glutamatergic profile of rats was assessed via determining the levels of ACh content **(a)** and AChE activity**(b)** and the levels of hippocampal Glu **(c)** and GABA **(d)**. ", "For each group n = 6 and values are presented as mean ± S.D. Significant differences were expressed as \\*\\* *P* \\< 0.01 compared to control group.", "\n\nEffect of Glu supplementation on Glu and GABA levels in hippocampus was also determined. ", "It was observed that Glu and GABA hippocampal content was altered following Glu treatment as there is a significant increment in Glu (*t*(10) = 4.36, *P* \\< 0.01) and GABA (*t*(10) = 6.45, *P* \\< 0.01) levels in hippocampus of Glu group compared to controls as shown in Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}c, d.\n\nEffect of Glu supplementation on monoaminergic profile of brain and hippocampus was determined via estimating the levels of NA, DA, 5-HT and its metabolites (DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA) using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) method. ", "It was observed that monoaminergic profile was altered following Glu treatment. ", "There is a significant increment in NA concentration in brain (*t*(10) = 4.84, *P* \\< 0.01) and hippocampus (*t*(10) = 25.823, *P* \\< 0.01) of Glu group compared to controls as shown in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ", "Regarding DA metabolism there is a significant rise in concentration of DA (*t*(10) = 3.47, *P* \\< 0.01) and DOPAC (*t*(10) = 5.96, *P* \\< 0.01) in brain following Glu treatment compared to controls while HVA levels remained comparable. ", "However, in hippocampus significant increase in DA levels (*t*(10) = 11.87, *P* \\< 0.01) and significant decline in HVA levels (*t*(10) = 3.72, *P* \\< 0.01) was observed following Glu treatment in comparison to controls whereas no significant change was observed in DOPAC levels as presented in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}b. ", "5-HT content was significantly increased in both brain (*t*(10) = 12.46, *P* \\< 0.01) and hippocampus (*t*(10) = 6.62, *P* \\< 0.01) following Glu treatment compared to controls while levels of 5-HIAA were significantly (*t*(10) = 5.73, *P* \\< 0.01) decreased in hippocampus after Glu intake whereas brain 5-HIAA levels remained unaltered as shown in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ", "Furthermore, the ratios of HVA/DA and 5HIAA/5HT were also computed in brain and hippocampus and a significant decline was observed in ratio of HVA/DA in both brain (*t*(10) = 7.87, *P* \\< 0.01) and hippocampus (*t*(10) = 12.24, *P* \\< 0.01) and in the ratio of 5HIAA/5HT in both brain (*t*(10) = 7.87, *P* \\< 0.01) and hippocampus (*t*(10) = 12.24, *P* \\< 0.01) indicating that monoamine neurotransmission was enhanced following Glu administration.", "Figure 6Effect on brain and hippocampal monoaminergic profile of rats was assessed via determining the levels of monoamines \\[NA **(a)**, DA **(b)**, 5-HT **(c)**\\] and its metabolites \\[DOPAC **(b)**, HVA **(b)**, 5-HIAA **(c)**\\] and ratio HVA/DA ratio **(d)** and 5HIAA/5HT **(e)**. ", "For each group n = 6 and values are presented as mean ± S.D. Significant differences were expressed as \\*\\* *P* \\< 0.01 compared to control group.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec7}\n==========\n\nThe current study found improvement in motor activity and learning and memory performance following chronic supplementation of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu via modulating the neurochemical and redox status in the brain. ", "Reports showed that intake of [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu in drinking water had no effect on food intake and body weight^[@CR37],[@CR38],[@CR41]^. Present findings support these studies as we also found no significant change in body weight and food intake of rats which might be associated with high energy expenditure. ", "However present findings contradict with Yin et al.^[@CR15]^ who reported increase in growth rate and body weight of pigs following dietary supplementation of 2% Glu for 7 days^[@CR15]^. Glu being a major excitatory neurotransmitter is essential for all behaviors^[@CR21]^. Our results showed that locomotor activity was improved following free Glu supplementation. ", "Administration of Glu as a nootropic agent is a topic of interest since last 60 years. ", "It is evident that Glu has a significant role in cognitive functioning and Glu signalling in brain contributes in synaptic maintenance and plasticity facilitating cognitive function^[@CR2],[@CR25]^ and learning^[@CR1],[@CR26]^. Reports showed that free L-Glu in brain is required for neuronal differentiation, migration and survival in developing brain by facilitating calcium transport contributing to memory enhancement via use-dependent alterations in synaptic efficacy that is involved in the formation and function of cytoskeleton^[@CR42]^. But studies regarding the use of Glu as an adjunctive memory-enhancing agent^[@CR33]^ lacks supporting experimental evidences. ", "Present findings showed that chronic supplementation of free Glu at adequate amount enhances memory performance leading to improved spatial, recognition and associative memory processes. ", "These findings are in agreement with the recent study which observed that umami taste in GI is responsible for stimulation of cortical and sub-cortical brain areas that are linked to working memory^[@CR40]^. Moreover, studies showed that the effect of Glu depends upon its dosage. ", "At low Glu levels intensity of Glu receptor is not high enough to cause excitotoxicity but indeed sufficient for memory enhancement^[@CR33]^.\n\nOxidative stress, a state representing enhancement in levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that either act as free radicals themselves or breakdown to form free radicals^[@CR43],[@CR44]^. Oxidative stress generation is attributed to disrupted balance between ROS generation and antioxidant scavenging activity^[@CR45],[@CR46]^. ROS, the products of normal cellular metabolism attack PUFAs causing peroxidation of lipids (LPO) and generate MDA which is an important and sensitive marker of peroxidative damage^[@CR47]^. This damage is overcome by the action of SOD that converts reactive superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide which then by the action of CAT and GPx converts into water and molecular oxygen^[@CR48]^. Along with these redox enzymes, certain endogenous antioxidants primarily GSH and proteins also provide defence against ROS via maintaining redox homoeostasis^[@CR48]^. Studies have reported that ingested glutamate is transported to enterocytes via specific Na-dependent transporters and major amount (75--80%) is metabolized in the intestine by transamination, some amount (5--10%) enters into blood circulation, while 10--15% is converted to Glutamine and other bioactive molecules of sensory and signaling pathways^[@CR49],[@CR50]^. Along with this free glutamate is also reported to have an important role in protein stability as it provides a negative charge^[@CR50]^. Previously it has been observed that Glu addition to culture medium leads to enhanced cellular proliferation and membrane integrity and protects against oxidative stress^[@CR5]^. A recent report also validated that Glu has ROS scavenging ability, so it is protective against oxidative stress^[@CR16]^. Present findings also support this notion as we found reduced levels of MDA, the by-product of LPO in the brain of Glu-supplemented rats showing that it is protective against oxidative stress. ", "Along with reduction in LPO, the GSH and total protein levels as well as antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) activities also increased following chronic Glu supplementation. ", "Previous researchers reported that the relationship between Glu and ROS is very complex^[@CR35],[@CR46]^ as some have reported Glu to be beneficial in ameliorating oxidative stress while others reported it as a neurotoxic agent. ", "However, current findings are in agreement with the reports that stated beneficial impact of [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu supplementation in ameliorating hypoxia-induced oxidative stress via reducing MDA levels and enhancing GSH levels in rats^[@CR17]^, while in pigs it occurs via enhancing SOD levels and GSH content and inhibiting lipid peroxidation and MDA generation^[@CR15]^. However, other reports showed that [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu supplementation either had no effect on SOD and CAT levels^[@CR1]^ or failed to alleviate H~2~O~2~-induced oxidative stress^[@CR46]^ producing oxidative damage^[@CR35]^. It had little effect on increasing SOD and GPx concentration and decreasing MDA content in boars^[@CR46],[@CR51]^. The antioxidant function of Glu as observed in current study might be due to the fact that it is the major substrate for GSH synthesis compared to cysteine and glycine^[@CR15],[@CR52],[@CR53]^. GSH homoeostasis is considered to be essential for cellular defence against oxidative stress^[@CR15],[@CR52]^ as it regulates redox state of cell and is involved in detoxification process in all cell types^[@CR5],[@CR54]^. It can be depicted from previous reports that reduction in oxidative stress along with improved neurotransmission might be responsible for enhancement in cognitive retention capacity of animals^[@CR43]^. Hence, the improvement in memory and retention capacity observed in present study might be attributed to the improved oxidative status of the brain following Glu administration in rats.", "\n\nCholinergic neurons play a key role in memory and attention^[@CR32],[@CR55]^ and the neurotransmitter present in these neurons is acetylcholine (ACh). ", "Evidence showed that both Glu and ACh play important role in memory^[@CR56]^ as interactions between these neurotransmitters may be important for memory formation^[@CR57]^. In particular, ACh might be involved in facilitating Glu activity via coordination of acquisition and recall states in cortex and hippocampus^[@CR57]^. Intra-hippocampal infusion of receptor agonist of ACh and Glu also reported to improve retention while infusion of antagonists impaired retention^[@CR58]^. The action of ACh is terminated upon its hydrolysis by the enzyme AChE thus reducing the availability of ACh in synapse and producing memory deficits^[@CR59]^. In current study we found that supplementation of free Glu reduces the activity of AChE and enhances the ACh content in brain which might be responsible for improved cognitive performance. ", "Further, we also determined the effect of Glu supplementation on monoaminergic neurotransmission in brain and found that Glu supplementation enhances concentration of NA, DA and 5-HT via affecting their metabolism in brain. ", "It has been seen that HVA/DA (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}d) and 5HIAA/5HT ratio (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}e) is reduced following chronic Glu supplementation showing that turnover of DA and 5HT is reduced and their greater amount is available in synapse for performing their action which might be responsible for improved locomotor and cognitive function. ", "Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that increased levels of monoamines (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) paralleled the improvement in cognition and memory function^[@CR32],[@CR60]^. Moreover, both Glu and GABA levels were increased following chronic Glu supplementation that may also be responsible for memory improvement in the present study. ", "These findings contradict the previous studies reporting that Glu behaved as a neurotoxic agent impairing cognitive performance^[@CR34]^, increasing oxidative stress^[@CR35]^, damaging neuronal cells and producing excitotoxic lesions^[@CR36]^ ultimately leading to neurodegenerative disorders^[@CR34],[@CR36]^. However, later on researchers found free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu as a beneficial agent^[@CR3],[@CR10]--[@CR12],[@CR18],[@CR37]--[@CR39]^. Although Glu is found abundantly in foods^[@CR18]^, but a brief review of all the reports regarding beneficial effect of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu shows that these beneficial effects are only addressed in periphery while effects on CNS are limited. ", "Moreover, a recent report showed that umami taste (of Glu) activates para-hippocampal gyrus, an important memory retrieval area, that involves the modulation of working memory processing and contributes to efficient learning^[@CR40]^.\n\nThus, it can be concluded that chronic supplementation of free Glu effects the behaviour and brain functioning of animals via inducing changes in the oxidative and neurochemical systems in brain (see Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition to previously reported beneficial effects on periphery, the use of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu and its beneficial effects in enhancing neurobiological function highlight the novelty of this work. ", "These beneficial effects may be attributed to the improvement in redox homoeostasis and neurotransmission in brain. ", "The findings therefore suggest future supplementation of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu as a useful therapeutic strategy to combat neurological disorders. ", "However, further targeted studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms behind the efficacy of free [l]{.smallcaps}-Glu.", "Figure 7Schematic representation of findings following chronic supplementation of free Glu in rats.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#Sec8}\n=====================\n\nAnimals {#Sec9}\n-------\n\nLocally bred male Albino-Wistar rats (n = 12) utilised in the study, were purchased from Dow University of Health Sciences, OJHA campus, Karachi, Pakistan. ", "Animals housing and handling conditions were same as described previously^[@CR60]^. Animals were caged individually (to avoid effect of social interaction) with ad libitum access to cubes of standard rodent diet \\[A control diet (4.47 kcal/g) containing 25% fat, 50% carbohydrate, and 25% protein\\] and tap water under a 12:12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 am) at controlled room temperature (22 ± 2 °C). ", "For seven days prior to the experiment, prior to experiments, animals were subjected to acclimation period and to various handling procedures in order to nullify the psychological affliction of environment for reducing the novelty and handling stress. ", "All animal handling and experimentation were approved by the institutional ethics and animal care committee of the University of Karachi and were conducted under the guidelines of National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals^[@CR61]^. Balanced design was followed during all treatment and behavioural assessment to avoid order and time effect.", "\n\nDrugs {#Sec10}\n-----\n\nGlutamate (Solgar, USA) tablets (available commercially) used during the study were purchased from Kousar Medicos. ", "Analytical grade chemicals used in the study were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA and Alfa Aesar, USA. ", "All the reagents for experiments were prepared fresh before starting the experiment. ", "For oral administration drug solutions were made fresh each day. ", "Tablets were dissolved in distilled water. ", "Controls received equal volume of distilled water. ", "Glu was administered at the dose of 103 mg/kg body weight^[@CR32]^ daily via oral route for 5 weeks in the volume of 0.2 ml/100 g body weight to each rat. ", "The selection of dose was done in accordance with the prescription given on the tablets and from this human recommended dose the animal equivalent dose (AED) was calculated as mentioned by Nair and Jacob,^[@CR62]^. The period of experimentation was 5 weeks.", "\n\nExperimental protocol {#Sec11}\n---------------------\n\nRats (n = 12) (age, 3--4 months, weight, 150--200 g) were divided randomly into two experimental groups each containing 6 rats (n = 6). ", "Control (Group 1) rats received distilled water daily while test (Glu) group received aqueous suspension of glutamate tablets at a dose of 103 mg/kg body weight daily via oral route in a volume of 0.2 ml/150 g body weight to each rat for 5 weeks. ", "At the end of treatment, the behavioural analysis was conducted as presented in the Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Behavioural testing paradigms include; Open Field test (OFT) for assessing ambulatory activity, Kondziela's Inverted screen test (KIST) for assessing muscular strength and Beam walking test (BWT) to determine motor co-ordination, Novel Object Recognition test (NORT) for determining recognition ability, Morris Water Maze test (MWM) and Passive Avoidance task (PAT) for determining spatial reference and associative memory performance. ", "Subsequent to behavioural analysis, rats were decapitated to dissect out their brains from the skull as described by Tabassum et al.^[@CR63]^. Hippocampus was also dissected out as described previously^[@CR60]^.\n\nBehavioral protocols {#Sec12}\n--------------------\n\n### Food intake and body weight {#Sec13}\n\nFood intake and body weight of rats was monitored daily during the 5 weeks of the treatment as described previously^[@CR32]^ (see details in the [supplementary file](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).", "\n\nAssessment of locomotor performance {#Sec14}\n-----------------------------------\n\nLocomotor performance of rats was assessed by using OFT to assess ambulatory activity, KIST and BWT to determine muscular strength and motor co-ordination. ", "The apparatus and procedures used for all these tasks were exactly similar as described earlier^[@CR63]^ which is provided in detail in the [supplementary file](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.", "\n\nMemory assessment {#Sec15}\n-----------------\n\nMemory performance of rats was monitored by using NORT to determine recognition ability, MWM and PAT for assessing the spatial reference and associative memory performance. ", "The apparatus and procedures used for all these tasks were essentially the same as described previously^[@CR60]^. The details of the procedures are provided in the [supplementary file](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.", "\n\nSample collection {#Sec16}\n-----------------\n\nFor dissecting out the brain rats were decapitated 24 h after the behavioral analysis and their brains were taken out within 30 s and dipped in ice-cold saline. ", "Thereafter, immediately placed in brain slicer with ventral side up to dissect out the hippocampus as previously mentioned^[@CR60],[@CR63]^ by inserting the blade at into the slots of the brain slicer just above and below the hypothalamus, to cut the brain into three slices which were then shifted to a petri dish placed on ice, moistened with chilled saline (0.9% NaCl). ", "The middle slice was used to dissect out hippocampus bilaterally with the help of sharp scalpel blade. ", "All the brain and hippocampus samples were stored at low temperature (− 20 °C) until biochemical (redox and neurochemical) analysis.", "\n\nBiochemical protocols {#Sec17}\n---------------------\n\n### Oxidative status parameters {#Sec18}\n\nThe tissue homogenate (10%, w/v) was prepared in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) followed by centrifugation at 12,000 × *g* for 20 min at 4 ◦C for estimating the redox state parameters \\[lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and total protein content\\] in the same manner as mentioned by Haider et al.^[@CR60],[@CR64]^. For further reading refer to the [supplementary file](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.", "\n\nNeurochemical analysis {#Sec19}\n----------------------\n\nFrozen brain samples (20%) were homogenized in extraction medium containing 0.4 M PCA (HClO~4~; 70%), sodium meta-bisulfate (0.1%), EDTA (0.1%) and cysteine (0.01%) with the help of an electrical homogenizer using a simple one-step sample preparation method. ", "After homogenization, the samples were placed inside the refrigerator for 15 min to aid the precipitation and then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C to precipitate out the protein. ", "The supernatant was collected for determining the GLU, GABA and monoamine content in brain samples. ", "Thereafter, the content of acetylcholine (ACh), Glu and GABA was estimated in the same manner as determined by Tabassum et al.^[@CR32]^ (For details of all protocols see the [supplementary file](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "The activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the concentration of monoamines (NA, DA, 5-HT) and its metabolites (DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA) in the brain and hippocampus was determined as described by Haider et al.^[@CR60]^ (For details of all protocols see the [supplementary file](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "The results were expressed as ng/g of tissue. ", "Along with this, ratios of HVA/DA and 5-HIAA/5-HT are also presented to determine the turnover rate.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec20}\n--------------------\n\nThe data is presented as mean ± SD and SPSS software version 20.0 was used for the statistical analysis. ", "The data of the behavioural and neurochemical analysis was analysed by Student's *t*-test. ", "Escape latencies during acquisition trials in MWM were analysed by two-way ANOVA (repeated measures) followed by multiple comparisons by Bonferroni's test. ", "Results of latency score for Kondziela's inverted screen test and no of slips during beam walking test was statistically analyzed via Non-parametric (Man-Whitney) analysis. ", "Statistical differences between experimental groups were determined by two-tailed analysis and the significance level was set at *P* ≤ 0.05 for all comparisons.", "\n\nEthical approval {#Sec21}\n----------------\n\nThe authors declare that the procedures performed in this study were in accordance with all applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec22}\n\nSupplementary information\n\n**Publisher\\'s note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\nis available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-020-68041-y.\n\nAuthors are thankful to University of Karachi and Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan for their support and funding to carry out the current study. ", "Authors are also thankful to ICCBS, University of Karachi for giving access to use Fluorometric ELISA reader. ", "The experimental material and animals used in the current study were funded by University of Karachi and Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan. ", "Authors also declare that there are no competing financial interests in relation to the work described.", "\n\nAuthor S.T. wrote the main manuscript text and performed the statistical analysis and formatting of the manuscript, S.H. given the idea, supervise the whole work and reviewed the main manuscript text and figures, S.T., S.M., S.S., S.A., S.S., and Z.B. performed the experimental work and gathered the data. ", "All authors reviewed the manuscript.", "\n\nAuthors will provide data upon request.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "This invention relates generally to the field of land vehicles, and more particularly to an occupant-propelled threewheeled scooter or skate-type vehicle. ", "One species of such vehicle has been called \"cambering vehicles\" by some prior inventors. ", "Vehicles of the three-wheeled scooter type are disclosed in U S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,165,093, 4,123,079, 4,076,270, 4,088,338, 4,071,261, 4,047,732, and 4,540,192.", "\nA cambering vehicle typically includes a single front wheel mounted at the lower end of a rearwardly inclined pivotable fork controlled by handlebars, and two rear wheels at the ends of struts extending rearward from the steering head. ", "Footpads are provided along the struts. ", "In most cases, the struts may pivot up and down independently, and the rear wheels are mounted upon axles that are fixed with respect to the struts.", "\nIn the U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,540,192 (Shelton), in contrast to the cambering vehicles, the struts cannot move vertically with respect to the fork or vertically with respect to each other; instead, the rear wheels have caster mountings which may pivot in relation to the struts, about respective vertical axes. ", "My vehicle is more like that of Shelton in these respects; however, Shelton's vehicle is also characterized by the fact that its footboards are mounted for independent lateral movement, because it is intended to be propelled by moving the boards alternately together and apart, rather than in unison from side to side. ", "The relative difficulty of riding a device with independent footboards can readily be imagined.", "\nThus, the prior Vehicles have had to provide footpad struts that were independently swingable, either vertically, in order to obtain the cambering of the front wheel necessary for propulsion, or horizontally. ", "The result of either construction is an inherently unstable structure unsuitable for use by many people.", "\nShelton's device included rear casters having vertical kingpins, and return springs Were provided to encourage the wheels to return to the straight-ahead position. ", "In this respect, my vehicle represents a significant departure from Shelton and from the other prior devices. ", "I have found that one may obtain easier propulsion, and simpler construction, by providing the rear wheels of a vehicle of this type with caster mountings having pivot axes that are inclined forwardly with respect to the vertical, in the direction of motion. ", "With this arrangement, the casters are biased by the weight of the vehicle and operator, to the forward position; return springs or the like are not required. ", "In addition, the footboards of my vehicle are rigidly interconnected, both laterally and vertically, to provide a stable platform for the operator, whose rhythmic side-to-side motion produces a forward thrust at the casters that propels the vehicle forward." ]

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[ "Convicted burglar supervising delinquents at Sununu Center\n\nThe state stands by its decision to hire a convicted burglar to supervise juvenile delinquents incarcerated at the Sununu Youth Services Center in Manchester, according to Maggie Bishop, director of the Division for Children, Youth and Families.", "\n\nMark Crandall, 29, was hired in November for a part-time job titled \"youth counselor,\" Bishop said.", "\n\n\"They do not do counseling. ", "They monitor the day-to-day activities and supervise the kids,\" Bishop said.", "\n\nThere is no prohibition against hiring convicted felons, Bishop said. ", "Although corrections officers at New Hampshire State Prison for Men cannot be convicted felons, Bishop said that is much different from youth counselor work.", "\n\n\"The policy requires us to do a criminal record check and determine whether a criminal record would impact someone's ability to do his job,\" Bishop said.", "\n\nCrandall was sentenced to serve two to seven years for burglary in Grafton County, with one year suspended, according to Jeffrey Lyons, spokesman for the Department of Corrections.", "\n\nCrandall was released on parole in 2007, Lyons said.", "\n\nBishop said she didn't know Crandall had been hired until contacted by a reporter.", "\n\nPenny Sampson, acting administrator at the center, and Crandall did not return phone messages.", "\n\nPart of the hiring process requires disclosure of all misdemeanor and felony convictions unless annulled by the court, Bishop said.", "\n\nAndrea Goldberg, executive secretary at the Adult Parole Board, said Crandall was released early from parole on Oct. 1, 2009, because of good conduct.", "\n\nBishop said the hiring team must follow personnel rules.", "\n\n\"My take is if an individual had a troubling past and turns his life around, goes to school and gets working and contributing to society, good for them,\" Bishop said. \"", "My staff who hired him believed he could bring value to his role.\"", "\n\nThere are about 60 juveniles housed at the locked center who have been adjudicated delinquent for crimes that would have been felonies if they were committed by adults." ]

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[ "This application claims the priority of Japanese Patent Application No. ", "10-375978/1998 filed on Dec. 18, 1998 and No. ", "11-301823/1999 filed on Oct. 25, 1999, which are incorporated herein by reference.", "\nThe present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode using, as an active material, a lithium-containing manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure, and the positive electrode used therein. ", "More particularly, it relates to improvement of an active material of a positive electrode for the purpose of providing a high-voltage lithium secondary battery exhibiting good charge-discharge cycle performance.", "\nAs positive electrode materials (positive electrode active materials) for lithium secondary batteries, LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 are conventionally well known, but these positive electrode materials are expensive and hence disadvantageous in material cost.", "\nTherefore, lithium-containing manganese oxides such as a lithium-containing manganese oxide having a spinel structure (LiMn2O4) and an orthorhombic lithium-containing manganese oxide (LiMnO2) have been proposed as the positive electrode active material. ", "Such a lithium-containing manganese oxide is one of promising materials for a positive electrode of a lithium secondary battery because manganese, the raw material, is an abundant resource and hence inexpensive.", "\nHowever, when the conventional lithium-containing manganese oxide is used, the discharge potential versus lithium (Li/Li+) is as low as 4.2 V or less and hence the discharge capacity is small.", "\nAs a positive electrode material having a potential plateau in the vicinity of 4.7 V and a discharge potential of 4.5 V or more versus lithium, a lithium-containing manganese oxide represented by a formula, Lix-yMzMn2-y-zO4 (wherein 0xe2x89xa6x less than 1, 0xe2x89xa6y less than 0.33 and 0 less than z less than 1), has been proposed (in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5631104 and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. ", "9-147867/1997). ", "This lithium-containing manganese oxide is obtained by substituting another transition metal M, such as nickel and chromium, for part of manganese of a lithium-containing manganese oxide having a spinel structure.", "\nThis lithium-containing manganese oxide, however, was found to have a problem of poor charge-discharge cycle performance because its crystal structure is partially changed through repeated charge and discharge.", "\nThe present invention was devised in view of these conventional problems, and the object is providing a high-voltage lithium secondary battery exhibiting good charge-discharge cycle performance. ", "This object is achieved by utilizing a specific lithium-containing manganese oxide as an active material of a positive electrode as described in detail below.", "\nIn order to achieve the aforementioned object, the lithium secondary battery of this invention (present battery) comprises a positive electrode using, as an active material, a lithium-containing manganese composite oxide with a spinel structure having a composition, during charge and discharge, represented by a formula, LixMn2-y-zNiyMzO4, wherein M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ti, V, Mg, Zn, Ga, Nb, Mo and Cu; 0.02xe2x89xa6xxe2x89xa61.10 (whereas x changes in accordance with occlusion and discharge of lithium ions during charge and discharge); 0.25xe2x89xa6yxe2x89xa60.60; and 0 less than zxe2x89xa60.10. ", "Specifically, the positive electrode active material of the present battery is a lithium-containing composite oxide in which Ni and a specific element M such as Fe are substituted for part of Mn. ", "Since Ni is thus substituted for part of Mn, the positive electrode active material attains a stable crystal structure even at a high potential of 4.5 V or more. ", "Also, since the specific element M such as Fe is substituted for part of Mn, the ordering energy can be lowered, resulting in reducing strain of the crystal structure caused during repeated charge and discharge. ", "Accordingly, the present battery can exhibit good charge-discharge cycle performance." ]

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[ "Mykola Skrypnyk\n\nMykola Oleksiyovych Skrypnyk (, also known in Russian as Nikolai Alekseevich Skripnik, 25 January [O.S. 13 January], 1872 – 7 July 1933) was a Ukrainian Communist leader who was a proponent of the Ukrainian Republic's independence, and led the cultural Ukrainization effort in Soviet Ukraine. ", "When the policy was reversed and he was removed from his position, he committed suicide rather than be forced to recant his policies in a show trial. ", "He also was the Head of the Ukrainian People's Commissariat, the post of the today's Prime-Minister.", "\n\nUkrainian independentist \nSkrypnyk was born in the village Yasynuvata of Bakhmut uyezd, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire in family of a railway serviceman. ", "At first he studied at the Barvinkove elementary school, then realschules of the cities Izium and Kursk. ", "While studying at Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology, he was arrested on political charges in 1901, prompting him to become a full-time revolutionary. ", "Originally member of the Saint Petersburg Hromada society, Skrypnyk left it and joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. ", "Skrypnyk was eventually excluded from the Institute. ", "He was arrested fifteen times, exiled seven times, and at one point he was sentenced to death. ", "In 1913 Skrypnyk was an editor of the Bolshevik's legal magazine Issues of Insurance and in 1914 was a member of the editorial collegiate of the Pravda newspaper.", "\n\nAfter the February Revolution Skrypnyk arrived from one of his exiles to Morshansk (Tambov Governorate) to Petrograd where he was elected as a secretary of the Central Council of Factories Committees. ", "During the October Revolution Skrypnyk was a member of the MilRevKom of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.", "\n\nIn December 1917, Skrypnyk was elected in absentia to the first Bolshevik government of Ukraine in Kharkiv (Respublika Rad Ukrayiny), and in March 1918 Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin appointed him its head. ", "He replaced at that assignment Yevgenia Bogdan (Gotlieb) Bosch, daughter of a German immigrant. ", "Skrypnyk was a leader in the so-called Kiev faction of the Ukrainian Bolsheviks, the independentists, sensitive to the issue of nationality, and promoting a separate Ukrainian Bolshevik party, while members of the predominantly Russian Katerynoslav faction preferred joining the All-Russian Communist Party in Moscow, according to Lenin's internationalist doctrine. ", "The Kiev faction won a compromise at a conference in Taganrog, Soviet Russia in April 1918, when the Bolshevik government was dissolved and the delegates voted to form an independent Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine, CP(b)U. But in July, a Moscow congress of Ukrainian Bolsheviks rescinded the resolution, and the Ukrainian party was declared a part of the Russian Communist Party.", "Skrypnyk worked for the Cheka secret police during the winter of 1918–19, then returned to Ukraine as People's Commissar of Worker-Peasant Inspection (1920–21), and Internal Affairs (1921–22).", "\n\nDuring debates leading up to the formation of the Soviet Union in late 1922, Skrypnyk was a proponent of independent national republics, and denounced the proposal of the new General Secretary, Joseph Stalin, to absorb them into a single Russian SFSR state as thinly-disguised Russian chauvinism. ", "Lenin temporarily swayed the decision in favour of the republics, but after his death, the Soviet Union's constitution was finalized in January 1924 with very little political autonomy for the republics. ", "Having lost this battle, Skrypnyk and other autonomists would turn their attention towards culture.", "\n\nSkrypnyk was Commissar of Justice between 1922 and 1927.", "\n\nUkrainization \nSkrypnyk was appointed head of the Ukrainian Commissariat of Education in 1927.", "\n\nHe convinced the Central Committee of the CP(b)U, to introduce the policy of Ukrainization, encouraging Ukrainian culture and literature. ", " He worked for this cause with almost obsessive zeal, and despite a lack of teachers and textbooks and in the face of bureaucratic resistance, achieved tremendous results during 1927–29. ", " Ukrainian language was institutionalized in the schools and society, and literacy rates reached a very high level. ", " As Soviet industrialization and collectivization drove the population from the countryside to urban centres, Ukrainian started to change from a peasants' tongue and the romantic obsession of a small intelligentsia, into a primary language of a modernizing society.", "\n\nSkrypnyk convened an international Orthographic Conference in Kharkiv in 1927, hosting delegates from Soviet and western Ukraine (former territories of Austro-Hungarian Galicia, then part of the Second Polish Republic). ", " The conference settled on a compromise between Soviet and Galician orthographies, and published the first standardized Ukrainian alphabet accepted in all of Ukraine. ", " The Kharkiv orthography, or Skrypnykivka, was officially adopted in 1928.", "\n\nAlthough he was a supporter of an autonomous Ukrainian republic and the driving force behind Ukrainization, Skrypnyk's motivation was what he saw as the best way to achieve communism in Ukraine, and he remained politically opposed to Ukrainian nationalism. ", " He gave public testimony against \"nationalist deviations\" such as writer Mykola Khvylovy's literary independence movement, political anticentralism represented by former Borotbist Oleksandr Shumsky, and Mykhailo Volobuev's criticism of Soviet economic policies which made Ukraine dependent on Russia.", "\n\nFrom February to July 1933 Skrypnyk headed the Ukrainian State Planning Commission, became a member of the Politburo of the CP(b)U and served on the Executive Committee organizing the Communist International, as well as leading the CP(b)U's delegation to the Comintern.", "\n\nPurged \n\nIn January 1933, Stalin sent Pavel Postyshev to Ukraine, with free rein to centralize the power of Moscow. ", "Postyshev, with the help of thousands of officials brought from Russia, oversaw the violent reversal of Ukrainization, enforced collectivization of agriculture, and conducted a purge of the CP(b)U, anticipating the wider Soviet Great Purge which was to follow in 1937.", "\n\nSkrypnyk was removed as head of Education. ", "In June, he and his \"nefarious\" policies were publicly discredited, and his followers condemned as \"wrecking, counterrevolutionary nationalist elements\". ", " Rather than recant, on 7 July he shot himself at his desk at his apartment in Derzhprom at Dzerzhynsky Square (Dzerzhynsky Municipal Raion of Kharkiv city).", "\n\nDuring the remainder of the 1930s, Skrypnyk's \"forced Ukrainization\" was reversed.", "\n\nHe was rehabilitated in 1962.", "\n\nSee also\n People's Secretariat, the first government of the Soviet Ukraine\n\nFootnotes\n\nFurther reading\n Includes a concise biography of Skrypnyk in annotation no. ", "25.", "\n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:1872 births\nCategory:1933 deaths\nCategory:People from Yasynuvata\nCategory:People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate\nCategory:Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire\nCategory:Old Bolsheviks\nCategory:Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni\nCategory:Hromada (society) members\nCategory:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members\nCategory:Directors of the State Planning Committee of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic\nCategory:Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) politicians\nCategory:Politicians of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic\nCategory:Cheka\nCategory:Russian revolutionaries\nCategory:Ukrainian revolutionaries\nCategory:Deaths by firearm in Ukraine\nCategory:General Prosecutors of Ukraine\nCategory:Soviet justice ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:Ukrainian diplomats\nCategory:Soviet foreign ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:Soviet interior ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:Chairpersons of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:Institute of History of the Party (Ukraine) directors\nCategory:Soviet labor ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:Education ministers of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic\nCategory:Vice Prime Ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:Executive Committee of the Communist International\nCategory:Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine\nCategory:Ukrainian politicians who committed suicide\nCategory:Soviet politicians who committed suicide" ]

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[ "---\ntitle: Create a Dashboard\nmenu:\n chronograf_1_3:\n weight: 1\n parent: Guides\n---\n\nChronograf offers a complete dashboard solution for visualizing your data and monitoring your infrastructure.", "\nUse Chronograf's [pre-created dashboards](/chronograf/v1.3/troubleshooting/frequently-asked-questions/#what-applications-are-supported-in-chronograf) or create customized dashboards to meet your setup's needs.", "\nThis guide introduces Chronograf's customized dashboard features.", "\n\nBy the end of this document, you'll be aware of all the tools you need to create a dashboard similar to this one:\n\n\n\n## Requirements\n\nThis guide assumes you have a working Chronograf instance that's connected to an InfluxDB source.", "\nIt uses data from Telegraf's [system statistics](https://github.com/influxdata/telegraf/tree/master/plugins/inputs/system) input plugin.", "\nSee the [Getting Started](/chronograf/v1.3/introduction/getting-started/) guide for step-by-step installation and configuration instructions.", "\n\n## Build a Dashboard\n\nBefore you start, navigate to the Dashboards page and click on the `Create Dashboard` button.", "\nThat button takes you to your new dashboard; this is your blank canvas on which you'll create your visualization masterpieces.", "\n\n### Step 1: Name your dashboard \n\nClick the `Rename` icon at the top of the page.", "\nName your dashboard anything you want.", "\nHere, we call it `ChronoDash`.", "\n\n\n\n### Step 2: Enter cell editor mode\n\nClick on the carrot in the existing cell's top right corner and select `Edit`.", "\nThis step takes you to cell editor mode.", "\n\n\n\n### Step 3: Create your query\n\nClick on the blue `Add a Query` button to create and edit an [InfluxQL](/{{< latest \"influxdb\" >}}/query_language/) query.", "\nIn query editor mode, use the builder to select from your existing data and allow Chronograf to format the query for you.", "\nAlternatively, manually enter and edit a query.", "\nChronograf allows you to move seamlessly between using the builder and manually editing the query; when possible, the interface automatically populates the builder with the information from your raw query.", "\n\nHere, we use the builder to generate a query that shows the average idle CPU usage grouped by host (in this case, there are three hosts).", "\nBy default, Chronograf applies the [`MEAN()` function](/influxdb/v1.2/query_language/functions/#mean) to the data, groups averages into auto-generated time intervals (`:interval:`), and shows data for the past one hour (`:dashboardTime:`).", "\nThose defaults are configurable via the builder or by manually editing the query.", "\nIn addition, the time range (`:dashboardTime:`) is [configurable on the dashboard](#step-6-configure-your-dashboard).", "\n\n\n\n### Step 4: Choose your visualization type\n\nChronograf supports several [visualization types](/chronograf/v1.3/troubleshooting/frequently-asked-questions/#what-visualization-types-does-chronograf-support):\n\nHere, we choose the Step-Plot:\n\n\n\n### Step 5: Save your cell\nClick on the green checkmark to save your cell.", "\nNote that Chronograf does not save your cell if you navigate away from this page without clicking that checkmark.", "\n\n### Step 6: Configure your dashboard\n\n#### Customize cells:\n* **Rename** your cell by clicking on the carrot in its top right corner and selecting `Rename`\n* **Move** your cell around by clicking its top bar and dragging it around the page\n* **Resize** your cell by clicking and dragging its bottom right corner\n\n#### Explore cell data:\n* **Zoom** in on your cell by clicking and dragging your mouse over the area of interest\n* **Pan** over your cell data by pressing the shift key and clicking and dragging your mouse over the graph\n* **Reset** your cell by double-clicking your mouse in the cell window \n\n> Note:\nThese tips only apply to the line, stacked, step-plot, and line+stat [visualization types](/chronograf/v1.3/troubleshooting/frequently-asked-questions/#what-visualization-types-does-chronograf-support).", "\n\n#### Configure dashboard-wide settings:\n* Set the dashboard's **auto-refresh interval** at the top of the page - the default interval is every 15 seconds\n* Set the dashboard's **time range** at the top of the page - the default range is the past one hour\n\n\n\nNext, complete your dashboard by creating, editing, and repositioning more cells! ", "\n\n## Extra Tips\n\n### Full screen mode\nView your dashboard in full screen mode by clicking on the full screen icon in the top right corner of your dashboard.", "\nTo exit full screen mode, press the Esc key.", "\n\n### Template variables\nDashboards support template variables.", "\nSee the [Dashboard Template Variables](/chronograf/v1.3/guides/dashboard-template-variables/) guide for more information.", "\n" ]

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[ "Search This Blog\n\nCaterer kills colleague over touching of cake\n\nA misunderstanding over touching a cake baked by his friend has led to the death of Onyeka Jackson, who was reportedly stabbed to death by his colleague, Daniel Okorie, in Iyana Isashi area of Lagos, on May 24.", "\n\nIt was gathered that after the close of work on the said day, Onyeka trailed the 26-year-old Daniel to his house at 102, Iyana-Isashi area, over the misunderstanding caused by the cake-touching incident.", "\n\nHe then banged on Daniel’s door until he opened and an argument ensured, which later degenerated into fisticuffs at a nearby bus stop.", "\n\nAccording to Vanguard, when they got to the scene of the incident at Iyana Isashi, traces of dried blood were still visible on the ground, leading to the suspect’s apartment.", "\n\nA neighbour (names withheld) who spoke to Vanguard, said: “Sincerely, I do not know what the bone of contention was. ", "But we saw the two of them quarrelling and later they started fighting. “", "Before people could separate them, Daniel had stabbed Jackson in the chest and he was bleeding profusely.”", "\n\nNArrating his side of the story, Onyeka said “Jackson and I work at the same place in Iyana-Era. ", "That day we had a misunderstanding in my place of work. ", "Few minutes after I got home, someone was hitting my door. ", "But I was surprised to see Jackson at my door. “", "While we were quarrelling, I took a kitchen knife to threaten and chase him out of the compound. ", "It was while we were fighting outside the compound that I stabbed him. ", "I did not mean to kill him.”" ]

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[ "Ookay Just Dropped His Debut Album and “WOW! ", "COOL ALBUM!”", "\n\nWritten by: Dustin Scoggin\n\nThe title of the Ookay’s debut album Wow! ", "Cool Album says it all! ", "The album is just that, cool, fun and refreshing. ", "The album is different then the Trap we have grown to love from Ookay, but by no means does the album disappoint as we continue to see him experiment with new sounds.", "\n\nImage from DiscoDonniePresents\n\nThe album definitely brings a happy pop sound and will certainly have people dancing and feeling good as the Summer festival season fastly approaches. “", "Cool” is one of our favorite tracks off the album, bringing in some happy trap vibes, and even some 90’s nostalgia. ", "This track is great from beginning to end, and WILL be a Summer anthem in 2018.", "\n\n“Feel Alright” is another one of many, that we think people will be dancing to this summer, with vocals from Ookay himself, and gives us again that 90s pop rock sound, mixed with the electronic sounds of today. ", "This Track is not one to sleep on. ", "It’s refreshing, and we can picture ourselves driving with the windows down on the way to a festival going crazy and “feeling alright” as we do!", "\n\nImage From Substreammagazine.com\n\nNow, don’t let us calling the happy, pop, or fun make you think this album doesn’t go hard, because that would be misguiding. ", "The baseline’s for just about song on the album is golden. ", "The drops don’t disappoint either especially on songs like “Love or Lost” and “Stay Forever”. ", "Both of these tracks are absolute fire, and we are willing to bet money they you’ll be hearing them all season long!", "\n\nAnother personal favorite of ours is “Time Warp” it features vocals from Sara Skinner and starts off with a beautiful melodic introduction. ", "The pairing really feed off each other for this beautiful track. ", "The best part of the track has to be the drums played during the drop though.", "\n\nOokay\n\nWow! ", "Cool Album\n\nOokay\n\nOokay has really built a name for himself since 2016, and we believe this album will keep him around for years to come. ", "The album from beginning to end is a bouncy, full of life, and really showcases Ookay’s diversity. ", "The album definitely leaves you saying Wow! ", "Cool Album." ]

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[ "High incidence of coding gene mutations in mitochondrial DNA in esophageal cancer.", "\nThe aim of the present study was to detect mutations in the coding genes of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in three esophageal cancer cell lines and in tumor tissues obtained from 30 patients with esophageal cancer, to investigate the relationship between protein‑ and RNA‑coding gene mutations and esophageal cancer. ", "mtDNA was extracted and the coding genes were sequenced and analyzed by comparing the sequencing results with the complete mitochondrial genome of Homo sapiens. ", "The results revealed 39 mutations in the three esophageal cancer cell lines; the genes with the highest mutation frequencies included mitochondrially encoded cytochrome B (MT‑CYTB), NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT‑ND5) and MT‑ND4 gene. ", "A total of 216 mutations were identified in the 30 esophageal cancer tissues, including 182 protein‑coding mutations, of which MT‑CYTB and MT‑ND5 genes exhibited higher mutation frequencies. ", "The results of the present study indicated that mutations in the coding genes of mtDNA in esophageal cancer cells may be related to the occurrence of esophageal cancer." ]

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[ "Flex the Falcon\n\nFlex the Falcon is the mascot of Bentley University. ", "Bentley University is a private co-educational university outside of Boston, Massachusetts that is focused on business.", "\n\nFlex's birthday is September 30 which is celebrated by students at an event called Falcon Fest.", "\n\nActivities\n\nFlex the Falcon supports the Bentley University's 23 men's and women's varsity teams that compete in the Northeast-10 Conference at the NCAA Division II level. ", "When Flex is not busy supporting the 23 men's and women's varsity teams, he helps campus organizations promote their events such as when he was seen featured on La Cultura Latina's video promoting their Latin Dance night. ", "Flex has also made appearances on both Fox 25 WFXT news as well as the Today show on NBC when Bentley University's Career Services was ranked number one in the country for the year of 2016.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Bentley University\nCategory:Bird mascots" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAre URLs in emails indexed by search engines so they become publicly searchable?", "\n\nI have read a few questions on here about e-mail clients prefetching URLs in e-mails. ", "An answer to this seems to be to add a new confirmation page, where the user has to click a button to confirm the desired action.", "\nBut, this answer states the following:\n\nAs of Feb 2017 Outlook (https://outlook.live.com/) scans emails\n arriving in your inbox and it sends all found URLs to Bing, to be\n indexed by Bing crawler.", "\nThis effectively makes all one-time use links like\n login/pass-reset/etc useless.", "\n(Users of my service were complaining that one-time login links don't\n work for some of them and it appeared that BingPreview/1.0b is hitting\n the URL before the user even opens the inbox)\nDrupal seems to be experiencing the same problem:\n https://www.drupal.org/node/2828034\n\nMy major concern is with this statement:\n\nAs of Feb 2017 Outlook (https://outlook.live.com/) scans emails\n arriving in your inbox and it sends all found URLs to Bing, to be\n indexed by Bing crawler.", "\n\nIf this is the case, any URL in an e-mail meant to confirm an action, e.g. confirming a login, subscription, or unsubscription, can end up searchable in a search engine, if that's whats meant by indexed in the quote above. ", "In this case, it's Bing. ", "Not even a dedicated confirmation page where the user confirms the desired action truly mitigates this.", "\nScenario #1\nIf I email the user a login link with a one-time token in the URL, that URL will end up in Bing. ", "This token will have a short lifetime, lets say 5 minutes, so I doubt anyone will manage to search on Bing and find the URL before the user clicks it or it expires.", "\nScenario #2\nThe user gets an e-mail with a link to confirm a subscription. ", "This link is perhaps valid for 24 hours. ", "This might(?) ", "be long enough for someone else to stumble over the link on a search engine and accidentally (or on purpose) confirm the subscription on behalf of the user.", "\nScenario #2 is not uncommon, it's even best practice to use double opt-in as far as I am aware.", "\nScenario #3\nUnsubscribe URLs in the bottom of newsletters. ", "Maybe valid for forever? ", "You don't want this publicly searchable in an search engine.", "\nAssume all the one-time confirmation links land on a confirmation page where the user confirms the desired action.", "\nIs it truly the issue that URLs in e-mails are indexed by search engines, at least Bing? ", "And will they actually end up publicly searchable? ", "If not, what is meant by indexed in the quote above?", "\nI'll add for the sake of completion that I don't think I've had much of a problem with this in my own use of the web, so my gut feeling is that this is unlikely the case.", "\n\nA:\n\nIs it truly the issue that URLs in e-mails are indexed by search engines, at least Bing? ", "\n\nI can't definitely say if they are being indexed or not, only Bing could answer this question, but they are surely being visited, at least with a simple GET request. ", "I just tested this sending myself a link to a page on my website that logs the requests that are made against it, and indeed I'm seeing a GET coming from 207.46.13.181 (reverse DNS says msnbot-207-46-13-181.search.msn.com), which suggests that an automated program from search.msn.com is crawling the link. ", "This leads me to believe that yes, they are trying to index the link's content somehow, but it's only my opinion really.", "\n\nAnd will they actually end up publicly searchable? ", "If not, what is meant by \"indexed\" in the quote above?", "\n\nWell, again, impossible to say unless you work for Bing. ", "In any case, \"indexing\" means exactly what you think it does: parsing the content of a page to potentially include it in search results.", "\n\nThe real question here is: does this somehow represent a security problem or will it compromise my website's functionality?", "\nIt surely has the potential to: if your confirmation/reset/subscription/whatever process only relies on a single GET request with the appropriate GET parameter, then you should definitely revisit the strategy, as it obviously allows anyone to perform the action (even maliciously for example enumerating possible IDs for your GET parameters).", "\nIf the link you are trying to send contains sensible information or can be used to alter important data for an user of your website, then you should at least put it behind a login page only giving access to the interested user. ", "This way, anyone who wants to access it (including search engines) will be redirected to a login page if not already logged in.", "\nIf the link you are trying to send is just some kind of harmless confirmation link (e.g. subscribe/unsubscribe from a newsletter), then at least use a form inside the web page to do the actual confirmation through a POST request (possibly also using a CSRF token), otherwise you will unequivocally end up with false positives.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "When I was growing up, it seemed like household appliances lasted forever. ", "I can’t ever remember my parents having to replace them. ", "However, since we moved into a newly constructed home 11 years ago, the appliance repair guy has become my dog’s best friend.", "\n\n\n\nThe gas stove has required several service calls. ", "The dishwasher has been replaced. ", "And this month, we had to buy a new refrigerator because the compressor died and it would have cost over $1,000 to fix.", "\n\n\n\nWhen I did some research, I found that standard refrigerators have an average life expectancy of 14 years, with a low of 10 years and a high of 19 years.", "\n\n\n\nSince the lifespan of our dearly departed stainless steel behemoth was obviously on the low end of the spectrum, I figured I’d better find out what we can do to ensure our new fridge stays healthy and energy efficient for much longer.", "\n\n\n\nHere is what I learned from Home Sweet Solutions\n\n\n\n1. ", "Vacuum the coils: Cat and dog fur and other accumulated crud can clog up the fridge coils and eventually burn out the compressor. ", "The coils may be on the back of your refrigerator or behind a panel under the fridge. ", "Vacuum them regularly.", "\n\n\n\n2. ", "Check the seals: If the seal around the doors of the refrigerator and the freezer is cracked or brittle or coming loose, cool air could be escaping, forcing the refrigerator to work harder and increasing your electricity bill.", "\n\n\n\n3. ", "Clean the drip pan: Some fridges have drip pans to catch condensation. ", "Food particles and other debris can also build up there. ", "Empty and clean the drip pan once every three to four months.", "\n\n\n\n4. ", "Defrost the refrigerator: Most new fridges defrost automatically. ", "If yours does not, defrost it whenever ice in the freezer builds up more than 1/4 inch.", "\n\n\n\n5. ", "Change the water filter: If your refrigerator includes a built-in water filter for the ice and water dispenser, change the filter every six months to keep the water fresh and pure. ", "Water that runs through a dirty filter can get dirtier than it was in the first place.", "\n\n\n\n6. ", "Level the refrigerator: The doors on a refrigerator that is not level may not close properly, letting air escape and compromising energy efficiency.", "\n\n\n\n7. ", "Check the temperature: The ideal temperature range to keep food safely chilled is between 37 and 40 F. A refrigerator that is colder than 37 F is working harder than necessary and using excess energy. (", "A setting warmer than 40 F can speed up the growth of bacteria on foods.) ", "Measure the interior temperature and raise the temperature if necessary.", "\n\n\n\n8. ", "Clean the refrigerator. ", "Empty the refrigerator and clean all shelves and drawers with warm, soapy water about once a month.", "\n\n\n\nRelated:\n\n\n\nReducing the cost of appliances on standby\n\n\n\n16 ways to cut your hydro bill\n\n\n\n\n\nSheryl Smolkin is a Toronto lawyer and writer. ", "Contact her through her website and follow her on Twitter @SherylSmolkin." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n===============\n\nIn continuous \"from powder to tablet\" pharmaceutical wet granulation lines, an intermediate drying step is needed to ensure appropriate granule moisture \\[[@B1-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B2-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]. ", "The granule moisture content (further denoted by 'loss on drying' or LOD) after the drying step is typically considered an intermediate critical quality attribute of the final drug product \\[[@B3-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]. ", "Depending on the type of dryer and its operating mode, the variability of material attributes and process disturbances can lead to varying LOD after drying. ", "Such variations can be mitigated by the implementation of feedback control \\[[@B4-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]. ", "However, the realization of feedback control for LOD requires the knowledge of the actual LOD value, which is not easily accessible via real-time measurements.", "\n\nIn common semi-continuous dryers \\[[@B1-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B2-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\], multiple separated cells are sequentially filled and used for drying the granules in each cell, such systems have, for example, been implemented by GEA, Bohle or Glatt. ", "In order to measure the LOD in the individual cells, multiple sensors, such as near infrared (NIR) probes or microwave resonance technology (MRT) sensors \\[[@B5-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\], would be needed. ", "These types of sensors are typically expensive, and therefore, their installation in all dryer cells is not feasible. ", "However, in most systems, standard process sensors capturing the air and material temperatures, the air volume flow and pressure, and the air humidity are implemented. ", "A recent study has used this information to estimate the granule LOD from energy and mass balances \\[[@B3-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]. ", "Although a technique is introduced to approximately model dynamic changes of the dryer parameters, e.g., dryer rotation speed or inlet material mass flow, a more rigorous mechanistic modeling approach would be needed to predict the impact of these dynamic parameter changes accurately. ", "The potential of applying a process model for optimizing the startup procedure of pharmaceutical drying units is demonstrated in \\[[@B6-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B7-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]. ", "The process model used in these studies is not based on first principles but on statistically obtained factor--response relationships. ", "This approach offers the advantage of using simple models but has the drawback of needing an extensive experimental effort to obtain the model parameters.", "\n\nModels that are based on a mechanistic understanding of the process can reduce this experimental effort. ", "Therefore, our study aimed at providing a process model, which is based on a mechanistic understanding of the drying process. ", "Nevertheless, any underlying process model (PM) should be kept as simple as possible for two reasons: First, the computational effort for performing simulations should be kept low, allowing the execution of the simulation in parallel with the real process, as required for model-based control strategies. ", "A real-time execution of the PM is then considered a soft sensor for predicting LOD. ", "Specifically, measured process inputs are the input for the PM, which computes estimates of the LOD. ", "Second, the simple structure of the model should allow the development of observer concepts \\[[@B8-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B9-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\] in the future. ", "Such concepts use the measured system inputs and system outputs, as well as a mathematical model of the system to compute an estimate of non-measured system states.", "\n\nThe present work outlines the development of such a PM, which is then used as a straightforward soft sensor. ", "The proposed soft sensor uses available process data of an industrial GEA ConsiGma^TM^-25 powder-to-tablet wet granulation line in order to predict the LOD of the granules in the dryer.", "\n\nThe next section introduces the plant setup, the available process data acquisition, and details on the proposed soft sensor approach and the parametrization. ", "Validation results of the soft sensor approach are provided in [Section 3](#sec3-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}. [", "Section 4](#sec4-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"} concludes the paper and gives an outlook on future activities.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Process Setup and Problem Statement {#sec2dot1-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n----------------------------------------\n\nA schematic of the process units---feeding, wet granulation, and drying---is shown in [Figure 1](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "A pre-blend and a granulation liquid are fed into a twin-screw wet granulator and the produced wet granules are then transported to the fluid bed dryer by a pneumatic transport system.", "\n\nThe dryer used in the ConsiGma^TM^-25 line (GEA Pharma Systems, Wommelgem, Belgium) consists of 6 cells, which are sequentially filled with wet granules (stage 1). ", "An air handling unit (AHU) provides a defined air volume flow at a controlled temperature to the dryer and the granules are dried (stage 2). ", "After the drying process in one cell is finished, the respective cell is emptied pneumatically (stage 3). ", "Depending on the required drying time, a certain number of cells is filled with material at a time.", "\n\nDuring stage 1, a constant air mass flow from the granulator to the dryer, ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{p}$, is used to transport the granules into the dryer. ", "Every 180 s, the outlet of this transport line is switched from one cell to the next cell. ", "All air masses and air mass flow rates refer to dry air. ", "The mass / mass flow rate of humid air is obtained by multiplication with $\\left( {1 + x_{a}} \\right)$, where $x_{a}$ is the corresponding water content in $kg$ of water per $kg$ of dry air. ", "The air temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air are denoted by $T_{a}^{a}$ and $\\varphi_{a}^{a}$, respectively. ", "Subscripts are used for indicating the material, e.g., air, superscripts denote the location, e.g., ambient. ", "A \"*t*\" in the superscript refers to the total mass flow, in contrast to individual mass flows of specific cells. ", "Air pressure is denoted by $p$. The dry mass of granules in the dryer is denoted by $m_{g}$, the water mass in the granules is given by $m_{w}$. The drying---taking place during stage 2---is accomplished by means of inlet air coming from the air handling unit (total inlet air mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i,t}$, inlet air temperature $T_{a}^{i}$, and inlet air humidity $\\varphi_{a}^{i}$). ", "The air properties at the outlet of the dryer are denoted by superscript \"$o$\". ", "During emptying in stage 3, which takes 30 s, an intermittent air flow (denoted ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{f})$ is injected into the respective filter to clean the filter from dust via blow-back. ", "This intermittent air flow is active for 10 s in a pulse-wise fashion during the emptying phase. ", "The emptying itself is achieved by a pneumatic transport system. ", "During the emptying phase, part of the inlet air mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i,t}$ and part of the filter blow-back air mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{f}$ exits the dryer as emptying air mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{e}$. In standard operation mode, the drying time of all cells is fixed at a constant time interval. ", "Changes in the inlet material properties and process parameters, such as the initial LOD ($w_{p}$) of the pre-blend material, liquid to solid ratio at the granulation unit, granule mass flow rate (composed of dry granule mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{i}$ and mass flow of water contained in the granules ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{i}$), dryer inlet air temperature $T_{a}^{i}$ and humidity $\\varphi_{a}^{i}$, and dryer inlet air mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i,t}$, are influencing the LOD $(w_{g}$) of the granules.", "\n\nCell number 5 of the dryer is equipped with a Lighthouse Probe^TM^ by GEA (LHP) that enables the use of an NIR spectrometer (NDC FP710e, NDC Infrared Engineering, Maldon, Essex, United Kingdom). ", "The measurement signal is indicating the LOD of the granules in cell 5. ", "In all of the six cells, a PT100 temperature sensor (JUMO PT 100---type 902044, JUMO GmbH & Co. KG, Fulda, Germany) is installed, which captures the material/air temperature close to the bottom of the dryer. ", "Note that the granules form a shallow fluidized bed and therefore, it is a valid assumption that the temperature in the bed is uniform. ", "Furthermore, the inlet and outlet air temperature ($T_{a}^{i},\\ T_{a}^{o}$) and humidity ($\\varphi_{a}^{i},\\ \\varphi_{a}^{o}$), as well as the total inlet air volume flow rate ${\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{i,t}$, are measured. ", "A sketch of the dryer is shown in [Figure 2](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "As indicated in that figure, the air condition ($T_{a}^{o,t},\\ \\varphi_{a}^{o,t}$) of the total dryer outlet air, which is a mixture of the individual cell's outlet air, is measured. ", "However, no information on the individual cell outlet air temperature or humidity is available.", "\n\nAlthough the cells are geometrically identical, there might be cell-to-cell variation in terms of the air volume flow and air temperature, because the inlet air is entering radially---in a non-symmetric manner---from one side of the dryer. ", "This construction could ultimately induce different air volume flows and temperatures in the single cells. ", "However, the temperature differences between the cells measured in the empty dryer at the nominal air flow were in the range of only a few degrees Celsius. ", "Therefore, for the paper at hand, these effects were neglected (see the assumption in [Section 2.3.1](#sec2dot3dot1-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}).", "\n\nThe proposed soft sensor should be capable of estimating the LOD of the granules in the respective dryer cell $k$, i.e., $w_{g,k} = \\frac{m_{w,k}}{m_{g,k} + m_{w,k}\\ } \\times 100\\%$ from the available process data. ", "Possible applications of the developed soft sensor for the estimation of the individual cells' LOD could be to establish a redundancy to the LHP or even act as a low budget replacement of the LHP. ", "The availability of the LOD information could further be used for improving the operating performance of the dryer, see [Section 4](#sec4-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}. ", "In the remainder of the paper, the cell index $k$ is omitted, because the presented equations are valid for each of the cells.", "\n\nFor model parametrization and validation of the soft sensor approach, experiments were conducted. ", "The model formulation given in [Table 1](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} was used.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Process Data Acquisition {#sec2dot2-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n-----------------------------\n\nTwo sets of experiments were executed. ", "The first set was used to identify the model parameters, the second set provides validation data. ", "The process data were acquired via SIPAT \\[[@B10-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\], which is connected to the SCADA system of the ConsiGma^TM^ line via OPC DA. ", "All the data were captured \"as is\", except for the LHP readings on the granule LOD, where a calibration of the LOD data was done. ", "Granules at different LOD were produced and presented to the LHP in a suitable small bucket. ", "Subsequently, the LOD was determined by means of an LOD scale (Mettler Toledo Moisture Analyzer HC103, Mettler-Toldeo GmbH, Vienna, Austria), which was configured by a switch-off criterion of 1 mg/90 s. The values indicated in [Figure 3](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"} were measured and the calibration curve:$$LOD_{LHP} = 2.0218 \\times LOD_{LHP,raw} - 1.571~\\left\\lbrack \\% \\right\\rbrack,$$ was fitted, as shown in [Figure 3](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "As suggested in the manual of the ConsiGma^TM^ line \\[[@B11-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\], a linear calibration curve was used. ", "The linearity of the calibration curve was validated in internal studies in the past, and therefore, in the current paper, the two extreme values (measured in triplicate) were assumed to be sufficient information for defining the calibration curve.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Soft Sensor {#sec2dot3-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n----------------\n\nThe proposed soft sensor is based on a dynamic model of the dryer. ", "First, a mathematical model of one dryer cell is developed, which is based on energy and mass balances. ", "Then, six of those models are interconnected in order to model the ConsiGma^TM^ dryer.", "\n\n### 2.3.1. ", "Model of One Dryer Cell {#sec2dot3dot1-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n\nThe following assumptions and simplifications are made for modelling one dryer cell:\n\n- The overall air flow entering the dryer is equally distributed between the 6 cells, independent of their granule fill level, i.e.,:$${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i} = \\frac{{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i,t}}{6}.$$\n\n- The total inlet air mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i,t}$ of dry air is obtained from the measured volume flow of air ${\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{meas}$ and the measured inlet air temperature, humidity, and pressure. ", "The computation of the mass balance of the dryer from the captured process data revealed minor inconsistencies between the measured air humidity gain (from dryer inlet to dryer outlet) and the expected humidity gain computed from the inlet air humidity and the granule water content decrease. ", "They are likely linked to measurement uncertainties of the volume flow meter. ", "For their compensation, a correction factor $k_{V}$ is introduced in the computation of the total air volume flow ${\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{i,t}$ from its measured value, i.e.,:$${\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{i,t} = k_{V}{\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{meas}.$$\n\n This correction factor is considered as a parameter to be identified, see [Section 2.3.2](#sec2dot3dot2-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}. ", "From the inlet air flow rate ${\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{i,t}$, the inlet air water content $x_{a}^{i}$, and the partial water pressure $p_{v}^{i}$ (which are computed via Equations (15)--(17)), the inlet air mass flow of dry air is computed with the help of the specific gas constant of water vapor $R_{v}$ via \\[[@B3-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]:$${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i,t} = \\frac{p_{v}^{i}~{\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{i,t}}{x_{a}^{i}~R_{v}~(T_{a}^{i} + 273.15~K)~}.$$\n\n- During emptying of the dryer cell, a constant portion $\\alpha_{in,e}$ of the inlet air mass flow exits the dryer via the pneumatic transport system used for emptying. ", "Furthermore, it is assumed that part $\\alpha_{f,e}$ of the blowback air exits the dryer via the same route, i.e.,:$${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{e} = \\alpha_{in,e}{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{i,t} + \\alpha_{f,e}{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{f}.$$\n\n The values of $\\alpha_{in,e} = 1/35$, $\\alpha_{f,e} = 0.13$ and filter blowback volume flow ${\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{f} = 20~m^{3}/h$ were selected manually during the parameter identification procedure. ", "Filter blow back air mass flow ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{f}$ was computed from ${\\overset{˙}{V}}_{a}^{f}$ using the ambient air condition.", "\n\n- For modelling the heat transfer from the air in the dryer to the environment, the heat capacity of the outer dryer wall is neglected. ", "The heat flow is assumed to be proportional to the temperature difference between air in the dryer and ambient air.", "\n\n- Heat transfer to neighboring cells through the separating walls is neglected.", "\n\n- Outlet air flows of the individual cells are assumed to be perfectly mixed before they reach the outlet air temperature and humidity sensor.", "\n\n- The influence of the air temperature $T_{a}$ on the air density and consequently on the air mass $m_{a}$ inside the dryer cells is neglected, i.e., it is assumed that $m_{a}$ is constant. ", "Furthermore, space occupied by the granules that would reduce $m_{a}$ is neglected.", "\n\n- Air condition (temperature, humidity, and pressure) of the filter blowback air and of the granule transport air are assumed to be the ambient air condition.", "\n\nThe inputs and outputs of the model are shown in [Figure 4](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The implementation of the model was done as shown by the blocks in [Figure 4](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}: The mixing of dryer inlet air flow, pneumatic transport air flow, and filter blowback air flow to compute the net inlet air flow and air condition (indicated by a \"$\\sim$\") was implemented in a dedicated mixing block (denoted by III). ", "Information on cell filling and emptying, which is also needed in order to determine all inputs of the mixing block, is derived from line operation data. ", "The sections denoted by I and II are implemented in another dedicated block. ", "Equations (1)--(14) are evaluated in this block. ", "The software Matlab^®^/Simulink^®^, Release 2018b (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) was used to implement the dryer model.", "\n\nThe mass balances for the granules, the water and the air in (I) and (II), are given by:$$\\frac{d~m_{g}}{dt} = {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{i} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{e},$$ $$\\frac{d~m_{w}}{dt} = {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{i} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{e} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w~},$$ $$\\frac{d~m_{a}}{dt} = 0 = {\\overset{˙}{\\widetilde{m}}}_{a}^{i} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o},$$ $$\\frac{d~\\left( {m_{a}~x_{a}} \\right)}{dt} = m_{a}\\frac{d~x_{a}}{dt} = {\\overset{˙}{\\widetilde{m}}}_{a}^{i}{\\widetilde{x}}_{a}^{i} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o}x_{a} + {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}.$$\n\nPlease see [Figure 4](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"} for the meaning of the variables used in Equations (6)--(9). ", "The terms $- {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{e}$ and $- {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{e}$ in Equations (6) and (7) are non-zero during emptying of the dryer. ", "As the emptying is finished within a few seconds, i.e., in a time span much shorter than one drying cycle (see [Section 3](#sec3-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}), $m_{w}$ and $m_{g}$ are set to zero during emptying. ", "This procedure offers the advantage that the actual values of $- {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{e}$ and $- {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{e}$ are not needed in order to perform the simulation. ", "To obtain the required inputs of the model (I) and (II) from the available process data, ideal mixing and energy conservation was assumed in block (III). ", "The net inlet mass flow of dry air ${\\overset{˙}{\\widetilde{m}}}_{a}^{i}$ and its corresponding temperature ${\\widetilde{T}}_{a}^{i}$ and water content ${\\widetilde{x}}_{a}^{i}$ are computed under this assumption the energy balances in (I) and (II) are given by:$$\\frac{dU_{gw}}{dt} = {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{i}c_{g}T_{g}^{i} + {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{i}c_{w}T_{g}^{i} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}c_{w}T_{g} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{e}c_{g}T_{g} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{e}c_{w}T_{g} + {\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{ag},$$ $$\\frac{dU_{av}}{dt} = {\\overset{˙}{\\widetilde{m}}}_{a}^{i}{\\widetilde{h}}_{a}^{i} - {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o}h_{a} + {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}c_{w}T_{g} - {\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{loss} - {\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{ag} = {\\overset{˙}{\\widetilde{m}}}_{a}^{i}{({{\\widetilde{h}}_{a}^{i} - h_{a}})} + {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}c_{w}T_{g} - {\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{loss} - {\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{ag}.$$\n\nFor the terms $- {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{g}^{e}c_{g}T_{g}$ and $- {\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}^{e}c_{w}T_{g}$ in Equation (10), the same argumentation as given in the paragraph above was applied. ", "Consequently, during emptying, the internal energy of granules $U_{gw}$ was initialized to zero. ", "During drying, it is assumed that the water contained in the granules is transferred to the air, where it immediately evaporates. ", "The internal energy of air and granules is computed according to:$$U_{gw} = m_{g}c_{g}T_{g} + m_{w}c_{w}T_{g},$$ $$\\left. ", "U_{av} = m_{a}(c_{p,a}T_{a} + x_{a}\\left( {c_{p,v}T_{a} + \\mathsf{\\Delta}h_{e}} \\right) \\right).$$\n\nEquations (12) and (13) are rearranged to compute $T_{g}$ and $T_{a}$, respectively. ", "The specific enthalpy $h_{a}$ of the humid air, but based on the dry air mass $m_{a}$, is computed by:$$h_{a} = c_{p,a}T_{a} + x_{a}~\\left( {\\mathsf{\\Delta}h_{e} + c_{p,v}~T_{a}} \\right).$$\n\nThe conversion from relative humidity $\\varphi_{a}$ to water content $x_{a}$ and vice versa is done via the relations provided in \\[[@B12-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B13-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]:$$\\varphi_{a} = \\frac{p_{v}}{p_{v,s}},$$ $$x_{a} = 0.622\\frac{p_{v}}{p - p_{v}},$$ $$p_{v,s} = 611 \\times exp~\\left( {- 1.91275 \\times 10^{- 4} + 7.258 \\times 10^{- 2} \\times T - 2.939 \\times 10^{- 4} \\times T^{2} + 9.841 \\times 10^{- 7} \\cdot T^{3} - 1.92 \\times 10^{- 9} \\times T^{4}} \\right).$$\n\nHere, the conversion factor of 0.622 refers to the conversion of molar fractions to mass fractions. ", "The pressures $p$, $p_{v}$, and $p_{v,s}$ denote the total pressure, the partial pressure of water vapor, and the partial pressure of saturated water vapor, respectively. ", "The outlet air condition of the dryer in terms of temperature and humidity is obtained from the outlet air conditions of the individual cells via:$${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o,t} = \\sum_{k = 1}^{6}{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o,k},$$ $$x_{a}^{o,t} = \\frac{1}{{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o,t}}\\sum_{k = 1}^{6}x_{a}^{o,k}~{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o,k},$$ $$T_{a}^{o,t} = \\frac{\\sum_{k = 1}^{6}{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o,k}~h_{a,k} - x_{a}^{o,t}~\\mathsf{\\Delta}h_{e}~{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o,t}}{{\\overset{˙}{m}}_{a}^{o,t}~(c_{p,a} + x_{a}^{o,t}c_{p,v})}.$$\n\nThe terms describing energy and mass transfer, ${\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{ag}$, ${\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{loss}$, and ${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w}$, respectively, are approximated by:$${\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{ag} = \\left\\lbrack {\\left( {\\left( {1 - k_{1}} \\right){\\widetilde{T}}_{a}^{i} + k_{1}T_{a}} \\right) - T_{g}} \\right\\rbrack k_{ag},$$ $${\\overset{˙}{Q}}_{loss} = \\left\\lbrack {\\left( {\\left( {1 - k_{1}} \\right){\\widetilde{T}}_{a}^{i} + k_{1}T_{a}} \\right) - T_{a}^{a}} \\right\\rbrack k_{loss},$$ $${\\overset{˙}{m}}_{w} = k_{m}~m_{w}\\left( {p_{v,s} - p_{v}} \\right){\\overset{˙}{\\widetilde{m}}}_{a}^{i}.$$\n\nIn Equation (23), the computation of the partial saturation pressure of water vapor $p_{v,s}$ and the partial pressure of water vapor $p_{v}$ is based on the inlet air-temperature, -humidity, and -pressure. ", "By this simplified computation of the water transfer from the granules to the drying air, the outlet air of the individual cells takes relative humidity values above 100% for some operating conditions. ", "After mixing the individual air streams of the six cells, the mixed air has a relative humidity below 100% for all the investigated operating conditions. ", "For the sake of model simplicity, which is beneficial for the intended application to the observer design, and due to the sufficient prediction quality of the measured outputs (see [Section 3.2](#sec3dot2-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}), this behavior of the model was accepted.", "\n\nIn the literature \\[[@B14-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B15-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\], more detailed models on the energy and mass transfer are given, which might improve the model accuracy. ", "However, as the prediction performance of the presented model was satisfactory, and in order to keep the model simple, the strongly simplified phenomenological approach given by Equations (21)--(23) was chosen.", "\n\n### 2.3.2. ", "Parametrization of the Dryer Model {#sec2dot3dot2-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n\nFor model parametrization, the dryer model is fed with experimental data obtained from the ConsiGma^TM^-25 line. ", "The identification of the model parameters $k_{m}$, $k_{ag}$, $k_{loss}$, $k_{1}$, $m_{a}$, $k_{V}$, and $k_{sep}$ is accomplished by solving the following optimization problem:$$F_{1} = \\sum_{t = t_{start}}^{t_{end}}\\left\\lbrack {0.25~(T_{a}^{o,t} - {\\hat{T}}_{a}^{o,t})} \\right\\rbrack^{2},$$ $$F_{2} = \\sum_{t = t_{start}}^{t_{end}}\\left\\lbrack {1000~\\left( {x_{a}^{o,t} - {\\hat{x}}_{a}^{o,t}} \\right)} \\right\\rbrack^{2},$$ $$F_{3} = \\sum_{t = t_{start}}^{t_{end}}\\sum_{k = 1}^{6}\\left\\lbrack {T_{g,k} - (k_{sep}{\\widetilde{T}}_{a}^{i} + \\left( {1 - k_{sep}} \\right){\\hat{T}}_{g,k}} \\right\\rbrack^{2},$$ $$F_{4} = \\sum_{t \\in ``drying\"}^{}\\left\\lbrack {2~(w_{g,5} - {\\hat{w}}_{g,5})} \\right\\rbrack^{2},$$ $$\\min\\limits_{k_{m},~k_{ag},~k_{loss},k_{1},m_{a},k_{V},k_{sep}}\\max\\limits_{i}F_{i}.$$\n\nIn Equations (24)--(27), the signals denoted by a hat indicate the model output, the other signals show the measurements. ", "The weighting factors of 0.25, 1000, 1, and 2 for the individual terms were selected empirically. ", "Their choice is based on the idea that (i) the error of the outlet air water content should be in the same numerical range as the temperature errors, (ii) that the outlet air temperature error is weighted less compared to the individual cell temperature errors, and (iii) that the LOD error is weighted stronger, since it is the quantity of primary interest. ", "Via Equation (28), the maximum value of $F_{1}$ to $F_{4}$ should be minimized by adjusting the model parameters.", "\n\nThe considered time interval defined by $t_{start}$ and $t_{end}$ was selected based on the available identification data, see [Section 3.1](#sec3dot1-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}. ", "The interval denoted by \"drying\" refers to the time, where LOD measurements of cell number 5 are available, see [Figure 5](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The convex combination of ${\\widetilde{T}}_{a}^{i}$ and ${\\hat{T}}_{g,k}$ via $k_{sep}$, which is introduced in Equation (26), is needed, because the temperature sensors installed in the individual cells do not solely measure granule temperature, but a combination of the air temperature and granule temperature. ", "The value of $k_{sep}$ was obtained during parameter identification. ", "Furthermore, the simulated granule temperatures were filtered by a first-order low pass filter with a time constant of 30 s, approximating the temperature sensor dynamics. ", "The identified parameters are summarized in [Table 2](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n### 2.3.3. ", "Application of the Model as a Soft Sensor---Trivial Observer {#sec2dot3dot3-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n\nA so-called trivial observer can be constructed by using a one-to-one copy of the system model proposed above. ", "Solely, the information on the inlet air temperature, humidity, and air volume flow, as well as the information on the granule properties at the dryer inlet are used for predicting the LOD. ", "In addition, the plant model is also capable of predicting the individual cell temperatures $T_{g,k}$. The application of this type of soft sensor is demonstrated in [Section 3.2](#sec3dot2-pharmaceutics-12-00452){ref-type=\"sec\"}.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Parametrization Experiments {#sec3dot1-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n--------------------------------\n\nTo parameterize the soft sensor, experiments at different process conditions were conducted. ", "The drying time, inlet air temperature, and inlet air volume flow were varied. [", "Table 3](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-t003){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes the selected process settings of the identification run. ", "The time interval from 10:27--12:56 was used for parameter identification. ", "The time from 10:02--10:27 was ignored, because this interval was considered as the heat-up phase of the granulation line.", "\n\nA comparison of the measured and predicted LOD values and granule temperatures is given in [Figure 5](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure 6](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}, respectively. ", "The predicted LOD matches the measured one quite well, after the start-up phase of the line (10:42) is completed. ", "The prediction of the granule temperatures shows a good agreement after 11:40. ", "The fluctuations in the measured temperatures before that time are caused by material sticking to the sensors due to non-optimal fluidization. ", "As this effect is unmodeled, the deviations between measurement and simulation are explainable.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Validation Experiments {#sec3dot2-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n---------------------------\n\nIn order to validate the created process model, another set of experiments was performed as shown in [Table 4](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-t004){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n[Figure 7](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure 8](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"} show the comparison between predicted and measured data. ", "As it was done during the parametrization run, the process inlet conditions were varied throughout the experiment. ", "Nevertheless, the validation dataset differs from the parametrization dataset in terms of the inlet air temperature. ", "A different inlet air temperature was used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model to adapt to different process settings. ", "As in the parameter identification dataset, the LOD is predicted well after the startup phase of the line (11:45). ", "The temperature fluctuations in the granule temperature measurement visible in [Figure 8](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"} can again be explained by non-perfect fluidization for lower air flow rates. ", "However, at the air volume flow of $400{\\ m}^{3}/h$, the agreement of the measured and predicted temperature is quite good.", "\n\n[Figure 9](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f009){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a more detailed view of the estimation errors $e_{w,5} = {\\hat{w}}_{g,5} - w_{g,5}$ and $e_{T_{g,5}} = (k_{sep}{\\widetilde{T}}_{a}^{i} + \\left( {1 - k_{sep}} \\right){\\hat{T}}_{g,k}) - T_{g,5}$ (LOD and granule temperature in cell 5) in the time interval between 13:05 and 13:40. ", "The estimation error for LOD is between 0% and 1%, and for the granule temperature, it is in the range of ±2.5 °C during drying. ", "The short-term increase of the error during filling of the cell is not a big issue for the concept presented in the paper, because the main interest is the estimation of the mentioned quantities during the actual drying phase, which starts after the chamber is totally filled.", "\n\nA simulation scenario that covers a time of 3 h was executed on an Intel XEON E3-1245V2, 3.4 Ghz with 16 GB of memory workstation. ", "The execution took approximately 25 s, i.e., 0.23% of the simulation scenario time. ", "Therefore, the model is---in contrast to most CFD or DEM simulation models---well suited for real-time execution.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion and Conclusions {#sec4-pharmaceutics-12-00452}\n=============================\n\nThe ability of predicting the granule moisture in the ConsiGma 25^TM^ dryer was successfully demonstrated by the proposed dynamic process model. ", "Its performance---when being used as a soft sensor in the form of a so-called trivial observer (i.e., only plant inputs are used for predicting state variables, see [Figure 10](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left)---reveals its applicability for monitoring the LOD in the individual dryer cells.", "\n\nFurthermore, it was shown that the temperature of the granules in the cells could be predicted reasonably well, too. ", "One might not be interested in predicting that temperature, since it is directly available by measurement. ", "However, as this is the only measurement that is directly related to the state of the granules in the individual cells, the implementation of observers using this information for improving LOD prediction seems promising. ", "Such observer concepts utilize the available measured outputs in order to improve the estimation of unknown states \\[[@B9-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B16-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B17-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]. ", "For the investigated dryer, the output would be the individual cell temperature, while the LOD is computed from the state variables $m_{w}$ and $m_{g}$ to be estimated, see [Figure 10](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right. ", "Future work will focus on the development of such observers.", "\n\nThe obtained LOD values could further be used as an LOD-based drying end point detection, i.e., the drying can be stopped at the predicted granule moisture instead of using a constant drying time. ", "This approach could significantly reduce the variability in the batch to batch granule quality. ", "It is well known that in dryers, a certain variability exists, since the airflow in the chamber likely is not always identical between cells. ", "Thus, end-point detection could eliminate the variability.", "\n\nApproaches exist that use available process data for drying end-point detection. ", "However, these approaches often use indirect parameters (e.g., temperature increase during drying) \\[[@B18-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\] as a criterion for drying end-point detection. ", "With the proposed soft sensor, the drying end point can be directly specified by the desired LOD value, which is advantageous compared to approaches based on indirect parameters \\[[@B19-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\].", "\n\nThe performance gain of a fluid bed dryer via implementation of feedback control (i.e., adjustment of process parameters like air volume flow, inlet air temperature) was demonstrated by \\[[@B4-pharmaceutics-12-00452],[@B20-pharmaceutics-12-00452]\\]. ", "The successful implementation of the observer concepts mentioned in the paragraph above would pave the way to develop feedback control based on the estimated LOD values for this type of six-segmented dryer.", "\n\nWe thank our colleagues at pilot plant of the Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering for their support during execution of the trials and Michael Martinetz for the discussion about the model equations. ", "Open Access Funding by the Graz University of Technology.", "\n\nConceptualization, J.R. and M.H.; methodology, J.R., S.S. and M.H.; validation, J.R. and S.S.; writing---original draft preparation, J.R.; writing---review and editing, S.S., M.H. and J.K.; supervision, M.H. and J.K.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.", "\n\nThis work was funded through the Austrian COMET Program by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT), the Austrian Federal Ministry of Digital and Economic Affairs (BMDW) and by the Federal State of Styria (Styrian Funding Agency SFG).", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. ", "The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.", "\n\nc\n\np\n\n,\n\na\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\nspecific heat capacity of dry air:\n\nc\n\np\n\n,\n\na\n\n=\n\n1005\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\n\\[\n\n12\n\n\\] (p. 289)\n\nc\n\np\n\n,\n\nv\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\nspecific heat capacity of water vapor:\n\nc\n\np\n\n,\n\nv\n\n=\n\n1863\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\n\\[\n\n12\n\n\\] (p. 289)\n\nc\n\nw\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\nspecific heat capacity of water:\n\nc\n\nw\n\n=\n\n4191\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\n\\[\n\n12\n\n\\] (p. 289)\n\nc\n\ng\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\nspecific heat capacity of granules (computed from specific heat of lactose \\[\n\n21\n\n\\] (p. 20), corn starch \\[\n\n22\n\n\\] (p. 10) and Povidon PVP \\[\n\n23\n\n\\] (p. 120)):\n\nc\n\ng\n\n=\n\n1321\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\nΔ\n\nh\n\ne\n\nJ\n\n/\n\nkg\n\nevaporation enthalpy of water at\n\nT\n\n=\n\n0\n\n°\n\nC\n\n:\n\nΔ\n\nh\n\ne\n\n=\n\n2501\n\n×\n\n10\n\n3\n\nJ\n\n/\n\nkg\n\n\\[\n\n12\n\n\\] (p. 289)\n\nk\n\n1\n\n\\-\n\nfactor used to obtain \"mean\" air temperature across cell height\n\nk\n\na\n\ng\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nK\n\n·\n\ns\n\n)\n\nproportional factor describing heat transfer from air to granules\n\nk\n\nm\n\n1\n\n/\n\nkg\n\nproportional factor describing evaporation rate\n\nk\n\nl\n\no\n\ns\n\ns\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nK\n\n·\n\ns\n\n)\n\nproportional factor describing heat transfer from air to ambient\n\nk\n\ns\n\ne\n\np\n\n\\-\n\nfactor used to obtain cell temperature sensor value from\n\nT\n\n˜\n\na\n\ni\n\nand\n\nT\n\n\\^\n\ng\n\n,\n\nk\n\nm\n\na\n\nkg\n\ndry air mass in one dryer cell\n\nm\n\ng\n\n,\n\nk\n\nkg\n\ndry granule mass in dryer cell\n\nk\n\nm\n\nw\n\n,\n\nk\n\nkg\n\nwater mass in granules in dryer cell\n\nk\n\nm\n\n˙\n\na\n\ne\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\ndryer emptying air mass flow\n\nm\n\n˙\n\na\n\ni\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\ndryer inlet mass flow of dry air into one dryer cell coming from AHU\n\nm\n\n˜\n\n˙\n\na\n\ni\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nnet inlet mass flow of dry air into one dryer cell\n\nm\n\n˙\n\na\n\ni\n\n,\n\nt\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\ntotal dryer inlet mass flow of dry air coming from AHU\n\nm\n\n˙\n\na\n\nf\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of dry air for filter blowback\n\nm\n\n˙\n\na\n\no\n\n,\n\nt\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\ntotal dryer outlet mass flow of dry air\n\nm\n\n˙\n\na\n\no\n\n,\n\nk\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\ndryer cell\n\nk\n\noutlet mass flow of dry air\n\nm\n\n˙\n\na\n\np\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of dry air for granule transport\n\nm\n\n˙\n\np\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of pre-blend\n\nm\n\n˙\n\ng\n\ni\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of dry granules during filling\n\nm\n\n˙\n\nw\n\ni\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of water (in wet granules) during filling\n\nm\n\n˙\n\ng\n\ne\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of dry granules during emptying\n\nm\n\n˙\n\nw\n\ne\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of water (in wet granules) during emptying\n\nm\n\n˙\n\nl\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of granulation liquid\n\nm\n\n˙\n\nw\n\nkg\n\n/\n\ns\n\nmass flow of water from granules to air\n\np\n\nPa\n\nair pressure\n\np\n\n˜\n\ni\n\nPa\n\nair pressure of inlet air into one dryer cell\n\np\n\nv\n\nPa\n\npartial pressure of water vapor\n\np\n\nv\n\n,\n\ns\n\nPa\n\npartial saturation pressure of water vapor\n\nQ\n\n˙\n\nl\n\no\n\ns\n\ns\n\nJ\n\n/\n\ns\n\nheat flow between dryer and surroundings (heat loss)\n\nQ\n\n˙\n\na\n\ng\n\nJ\n\n/\n\ns\n\nheat exchange between air and granules\n\nR\n\nv\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\nspecific gas constant of water vapor:\n\nR\n\nv\n\n=\n\n461.53\n\nJ\n\n/\n\n(\n\nkg\n\n·\n\nK\n\n)\n\n\\[\n\n12\n\n\\] (p. 286)\n\nφ\n\na\n\n\\%\n\nrelative humidity of air\n\nφ\n\na\n\na\n\n\\%\n\nrelative humidity of ambient air\n\nφ\n\na\n\ne\n\n\\%\n\nrelative humidity of air while emptying\n\nφ\n\na\n\ni\n\n\\%\n\nrelative humidity of air coming from the AHU\n\nφ\n\na\n\no\n\n,\n\nt\n\n\\%\n\nrelative humidity of total dryer outlet air\n\nφ\n\na\n\no\n\n,\n\nk\n\n\\%\n\nrelative humidity of cell\n\nk\n\noutlet air\n\nT\n\ng\n\n,\n\nk\n\n°\n\nC\n\ntemperature in one dryer cell k\n\nT\n\na\n\n°\n\nC\n\nair temperature\n\nT\n\na\n\na\n\n°\n\nC\n\nambient air temperature\n\nT\n\na\n\ne\n\n°\n\nC\n\nair temperature emptying\n\nT\n\na\n\ni\n\n°\n\nC\n\nair temperature of air coming from AHU\n\nT\n\n˜\n\na\n\ni\n\n°\n\nC\n\nair temperature of net air entering one dryer cell\n\nT\n\na\n\no\n\n,\n\nk\n\n°\n\nC\n\nair temperature outlet of cell\n\nk\n\nT\n\na\n\no\n\n,\n\nt\n\n°\n\nC\n\nair temperature dryer outlet\n\nT\n\ng\n\n°\n\nC\n\nmeasured granule temperature\n\nT\n\ng\n\ni\n\n°\n\nC\n\ngranule temperature of granules being filled\n\nU\n\na\n\nv\n\nJ\n\ninternal energy of humid air\n\nU\n\ng\n\nw\n\nJ\n\ninternal energy of wet granules\n\nw\n\ng\n\n,\n\nk\n\n\\%\n\nLOD of granules (wet basis) in dryer cell k (\n\nw\n\ng\n\n,\n\nk\n\n=\n\nm\n\nw\n\n,\n\nk\n\nm\n\nw\n\n,\n\nk\n\n\\+\n\nm\n\ng\n\n,\n\nk\n\n×\n\n100\n\n\\%\n\n)\n\nw\n\np\n\n\\%\n\ninitial LOD of pre-blend (wet basis)\n\nx\n\na\n\nkg\n\n/\n\nkg\n\nwater content based on dry air mass, i.e.,\n\nkg\n\nwater per\n\nkg\n\ndry air\n\nx\n\na\n\ni\n\nkg\n\n/\n\nkg\n\nwater content of air coming from AHU\n\nx\n\n˜\n\na\n\ni\n\nkg\n\n/\n\nkg\n\nwater content of net air entering one dryer cell\n\nV\n\n˙\n\na\n\nm\n\n3\n\n/\n\ns\n\nvolume flow of air\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f001}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f002}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f003}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f004}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f005}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f006}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f007}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f008}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure 8](#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Estimation error of granule moisture and temperature in cell 5---validation experiment.](pharmaceutics-12-00452-g009){#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f009}\n\n{#pharmaceutics-12-00452-f010}\n\npharmaceutics-12-00452-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nUsed model formulation.", "\n\n Material wt. %", "\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n Lactose (GranuLac^®^ 200, MEGGLE, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany) 72\n Corn starch (Maisita, Native Maisstärke, Agrana, Vienna, Austria) 24\n Povidon PVP (Kollidon^®^ 90 F, BASF/BTC Europe GmbH, Monheim am Rhein, Germany) 4\n\npharmaceutics-12-00452-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nModel parameters.", "\n\n Parameter Value\n ------------ --------------------\n $k_{1}$ 0.381\n $k_{ag}$ 3.22 J/(K·s)\n $k_{loss}$ 0.353 J/(K·s)\n $k_{m}$ 1.77 × 10^−5^ 1/kg\n $m_{a}$ 0.197 kg\n $k_{V}$ 0.807\n $k_{sep}$ 0.1\n\npharmaceutics-12-00452-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nParameter identification---experiments. ", "Bold values indicate changes in process conditions. ", "Note the different units compared to the nomenclature. ", "They were used in this table for better readability of the numbers.", "\n\n Time $\\mathbf{{\\overset{˙}{\\mathbf{m}}}_{\\mathbf{p}}}$ $\\mathbf{{\\overset{˙}{\\mathbf{m}}}_{\\mathbf{l}}\\ }$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{T}_{\\mathbf{a},\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{n}}}$ $\\mathbf{{\\overset{˙}{\\mathbf{V}}}_{\\mathbf{a}}^{\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{s}}}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{t}_{\\mathbf{d}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{y}}}$\n -------------- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------\n 10:02--10:20 20 40 50 300 680\n 10:20--10:28 20 40 50 300 580\n 10:28--11:00 20 40 45 300 580\n 11:00--11:39 20 40 45 300 480\n 11:39--12:33 20 40 45 400 580\n 12:33--12:56 20 40 45 400 480\n\npharmaceutics-12-00452-t004_Table 4\n\n###### \n\nValidation---experiments. ", "Bold values indicate changes in process conditions. ", "Note the different units compared to the nomenclature. ", "They were used in this table for better readability of the numbers.", "\n\n Time $\\mathbf{{\\overset{˙}{\\mathbf{m}}}_{\\mathbf{p}}}$ $\\mathbf{{\\overset{˙}{\\mathbf{m}}}_{\\mathbf{l}}\\ }$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{T}_{\\mathbf{a}}^{\\mathbf{i}}}$ $\\mathbf{{\\overset{˙}{\\mathbf{V}}}_{\\mathbf{a}}^{\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{s}}}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{t}_{\\mathbf{d}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{y}}}$\n -------------- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------\n 11:06--11:28 20 40 40 260 680\n 11:28--12:06 20 40 40 300 680\n 12:06--12:46 20 40 40 300 580\n 12:46--13:40 20 40 40 400 680\n 13:40--14:20 20 40 40 400 580\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Real Time Adaptive Behavior:\nThere is a plethora of Internet and GPS aware mobile devices used to estimate travel routes and Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA). ", "The objective of several embodiments of this invention is to leverage that real-time information to dynamically estimate, to a high level of accuracy, the arrival time of a customer at a destination, such as a store. ", "In one embodiment, the store has been notified of arrival a priori and advance purchase for product/service made. ", "On arrival, said product/service is delivered to customer. ", "The tedium of waiting in line, paying and other time wasting chores is thus avoided.", "\nManaging Customer Satisfaction:\nCustomer Satisfaction (CS) is monitored and managed by a process control model that attempts just in time delivery e.g. the product is fresh (“Quality”) and the average wait time is low (“Agility”). ", "It does so by estimating (predicting) customer arrival time and current store performance. ", "These two estimates drive the alignment between demand and supply through a process of autonomous negotiations between demand expectations and supply constraints. ", "The alignments are driven by mutual benefit to both parties at multiple levels of the value chain.", "\nThe alignment methods taught in this invention are applicable to multiple application domains including: scheduling meeting times for people on the go, providing timed promotions to mobile prospects, based on their ETA near the store, optimizing delivery schedules for packages, shifting schedules to deal with resource constraints, etc.", "\nScalable Cloud centric Framework\nThe invention teaches methods salient to providing a comprehensive, scalable, generic yet customizable cloud centric framework, to address proactive routing, dispatching, prioritized scheduling of orders placed in advance, or expected to be placed soon, to a supplier, employing but not limited to: Software on GPS equipped mobile device preferably with internet access, used to place orders to the system, provide Arrival estimates (ETA) for system self correction. ", " A generic, scalable, cloud centric scheduler, database and software, which communicates with multiple mobile devices and multiple store locations for multiple service providers. ", " A customizable prioritized schedule display and input device (e.g. touch screen), at supplier location, which communicates with scheduler and is used to monitor and maintain Customer Satisfaction, based on current store performance and inferred trends. ", " A generic and extensible framework to support modeling and simulation of viable scheduling alternatives. ", "The methods taught are especially relevant to dealing with bursts/spikes in customer demand and/or where store resources are under provisioned. ", " \nDynamic Process Control Model\nThe Process controller and Scheduler relays notifications from store to mobile device, suggests scheduling task start time or just in time order pick up, based on a process control model of the store, its operations, current and historical performance. ", "It requests mobile device updates for estimating accurate arrival times. ", "Frequency distributions of salient events at the store, affecting overall Customer Satisfaction are collected, and analyzed. ", "The entire system is framed as a process control model and salient parameters periodically adjusted to ensure stable performance. ", "Example application indicates web page, and/or mobile app interface which, referring to FIG. ", "1, performs the following functions: 1. ", "Enables user to select a service provider from a library of categories (see dialog box 160) 2. ", "Choose a preferred service provider from that category listing 3. ", "Select a store location 4. ", "Create/Edit an order, 130, from a store supplied menu dialog (not shown) 5. ", "Place the order (for pick up) by one click 120 6. ", "Customer payment is seamlessly integrated. ", " 7. ", "Saving the order specifics (Store location, item, etc) with a user friendly name, see 160 8. ", "Review order history, 140, including past orders, time of arrival, pick up time, store load characteristics, if provided. ", " 9. ", "Review account settings, 150 which include editable identification information, either photo or security questions, 10. ", "Specify preferred alternate store locations, if default selection is not able to provide timely delivery. ", "This would be an editable entry under account settings, 150 10. ", "Receive Text based messages, if requested, on selected store backlog, either provided by the store or inferred based on current increases/decreases in historical backlog for this time period, day of the week etc, under account settings. ", " 11. ", "Change arrival time, by Editing Order, 130. ", " 12. ", "On arrival, the customer picks up the coffee. ", "Customer Satisfaction feedback is obtained, either from the store or from the customer phone regarding whether the coffee was delivered on time and expected quality. ", "A representative dialog box is shown 170.", "\nWhen the order is placed, the system scheduler receives request and updates ETA and store displays. ", "After placing order, proactive scheduler ensures that orders are completed, preferably just in time for pick up. ", "Work load variance, changes to estimate time of arrival (ETA) etc is monitored. ", "The data is analyzed to dynamically and proactively change priorities to avoid: 1. ", "Customer arrives “early” due to incorrect ETA and has to wait for delivery 2. ", "Customer arrives per ETA computed, but delivery delayed: task execution time (TET) is in variance with current work load 3. ", "The converse of items 1, 2: the coffee is cold; task started too soon, incorrect ETA and/or TET time estimates.", "\nIntended benefits include: Reducing time wasted waiting in queues, repeating custom preferences each time an order is placed (e.g. soymilk, no sugar) Seamless payment activated when order is placed: time to pay eliminated. ", " Visibility into store backlog, enabling load balancing at the store. ", " Modeling what-if scenarios to identify bottlenecks, explore alternative delivery options Inter store collaboration: when stores cannot deliver in time, rerouting to other less busy store locations, convenient to customer, thus maintaining Customer Satisfaction (measured by wait, in this case), despite hiccups in the delivery process. ", " Intuitive online interfaces so Customer and Stores can monitor and adjust control parameters. ", " Provide the ability to run simulations so experts (human and software) can tune the system. ", " \nJust in time coffee delivery is chosen as the use case to teach methods broadly applicable to multiple application domains, Components of a “generic” system include: An aggregate reference signal generator. ", "For example, GPS equipped mobile devices can provide Arrival estimates (ETA). ", "This represents the reference signal in this example. ", "Other reference signals include fuzzy data and external data feeds from other customers/stores etc. ", " An aggregate control signal generator. ", "This, in response to the reference signals, attempts to “close the loop” and align supply and demand change current behavior. ", "Both quantitative and qualitative data sources are employed. ", " An adaptive control system that closes the feedback loop, changing its strategies and/or sampling frequencies to minimize the control error (between reference and control systems). ", "The control system must be agile. ", "It may also be back drivable, as in Demand Shaping. ", " A customizable Alignment Dashboard, which communicates with scheduler and is used to monitor and maintain both demand and supply performance indicators. ", " A Hierarchical, distributed control system that monitors and tunes overall system behavior. ", "All control systems within it are also designed to support extensibility and scalable performance. ", " Alignment strategies to support dynamic alignments at multiple levels. ", "The framework also supports simulation and machine learning in both forward and backward control directions. ", " A collaborative community of such control systems to extend Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Demand Shaping and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) functionality. ", "The control systems are dynamic, distributed (e.g. cloud centric) scalable and autonomously proactive. ", " " ]

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[ "Solve 5434*f + 169880 = 39464 for f.\n-24\nSolve -2004 = -84*m + 3294 - 1602 for m.\n44\nSolve 929*r + 530*r + 687*r - 149*r = -7988 for r.\n-4\nSolve 0 = 126*g + 288639 - 281583 for g.\n-56\nSolve 182873*a - 182927*a = 667 - 2233 for a.\n29\nSolve -808*s + 15176 = -147*s - 7298 for s.\n34\nSolve 69*c + 10264 + 2011 = 53*c - 475*c for c.\n-25\nSolve 256*j + 58*j = 1719 + 6023 + 5760 for j.\n43\nSolve 170*k + 4534 = -1872 - 2944 for k.\n-55\nSolve 36656 + 62328 = 1671*q + 18776 for q.\n48\nSolve -11*k - 78*k - 14*k = 164*k - 14952 for k.\n56\nSolve 1468 + 452 = -110*q + 14*q - 224*q for q.\n-6\nSolve -1586*p + 323620 = -5757*p - 131019 for p.\n-109\nSolve 35283*w + 9575 = 34900*w for w.\n-25\nSolve -9962*l + 10004*l = -1555 - 1175 for l.\n-65\nSolve 6840 = 44*l - 85*l + 212*l for l.\n40\nSolve -11259*u - 3789 = -11140*u + 2518 for u.\n-53\nSolve -1018*t = 1397*t - 80331 + 3051 for t.\n32\nSolve 116*u + 126*u + 337 = 152*u + 967 for u.\n7\nSolve -12922648 = 125*o - 12931148 for o.\n68\nSolve 9341 - 9671 = -330*b for b.\n1\nSolve 0 = 475*j - 1339*j + 52704 for j.\n61\nSolve 103*c - 632*c - 660*c + 68020 = -294*c for c.\n76\nSolve 1894*k + 28077 = 13746 - 14079 for k.\n-15\nSolve -6134*o + 15002*o = 6268*o - 91000 for o.\n-35\nSolve 0 = 243*h + 75152 - 99452 for h.\n100\nSolve 0 = -3743*f - 2571*f - 798*f + 490787 + 35501 for f.\n74\nSolve 540*k + 16254 + 44971 = -1435*k for k.\n-31\nSolve -926*x - 162 - 23232 = 581*x - 393*x for x.\n-21\nSolve 71073 - 19653 = 836*i + 1735*i for i.\n20\nSolve -49*f - 53547 = 320*f + 1004*f for f.\n-39\nSolve -1479*q + 204 = -1445*q for q.\n6\nSolve 2*f + 189*f + 147 = -44 for f.\n-1\nSolve 25465 = 766*y + 22086 - 46312 - 20781 for y.\n92\nSolve -107*a = 420*a + 74*a + 169 - 21204 for a.\n35\nSolve 114*s + 262789 - 258001 = 0 for s.\n-42\nSolve -17005 = 3714*o - 2819*o for o.\n-19\nSolve -37640 = -1938*v - 68648 for v.\n-16\nSolve -418*p + 28746 = 348*p + 1820 + 4712 for p.\n29\nSolve 1478*u = 2472 - 11340 for u.\n-6\nSolve -744*s + 191345 = -139*s + 2367*s + 933*s for s.\n49\nSolve -1117 = 132*w - 4285 for w.\n24\nSolve -23119 = 187*n - 28168 for n.\n27\nSolve 155078 = 5442*s - 8368*s for s.\n-53\nSolve -379*z = 3428 - 11766 for z.\n22\nSolve -61*p = 762092 - 763373 for p.\n21\nSolve 211*k - 1146681 = -1140351 for k.\n30\nSolve 328*z - 80*z + 194*z - 30*z + 824 = 0 for z.\n-2\nSolve -44*p = -549*p - 275*p + 28080 for p.\n36\nSolve 463*f - 2153 - 5280 + 1053 = 173*f for f.\n22\nSolve 51244*i - 51260*i + 469 = -843 for i.\n82\nSolve -8646 - 32978 = -1892*y for y.\n22\nSolve 375*a = 16665 - 22290 for a.\n-15\nSolve 499*v + 651*v + 46728 = -797*v for v.\n-24\nSolve 898438 + 90940 = 9997*t - 703184 + 352964 for t.\n134\nSolve -14*m + 6811581 = 6812197 for m.\n-44\nSolve 2*p + 28 = -8*p + 87 - 29 for p.\n3\nSolve -44*r - 213 + 522 = -98 - 297 for r.\n16\nSolve 751*i + 7952 = -2406 + 4638 - 12304 for i.\n-24\nSolve -202*v + 18508 = -5509 + 3009 for v.\n104\nSolve 185*f - 388*f - 257 = -182*f - 887 for f.\n30\nSolve 566693 + 268873 = -5926*s for s.\n-141\nSolve 233*d = 1055 + 11423 + 17113 for d.\n127\nSolve -570*o + 1283*o - 713 = 0 for o.\n1\nSolve 46*r = -1873 + 2885 for r.\n22\nSolve -14860 + 1139 + 182 = 719*l + 122 for l.\n-19\nSolve -1737*h = 784*h - 15126 for h.\n6\nSolve -4223*d + 106995 = -15472 for d.\n29\nSolve -11956 = -238*d - 189*d for d.\n28\nSolve -17958*x = -22182*x - 236544 for x.\n-56\nSolve 32463 = 22701*j + 216551 + 247231 for j.\n-19\nSolve 0 = 3315*p - 1861*p - 1965*p + 24017 for p.\n47\nSolve -497*d - 19661 + 28128 = -18030 - 13760 for d.\n81\nSolve -48*d + 47*d + 44*d + 98*d - 9729 = 0 for d.\n69\nSolve -8977*k + 574382 + 314341 = 0 for k.\n99\nSolve 4078*n + 1910*n + 281436 = 0 for n.\n-47\nSolve 90328 = -879*z - 1119*z + 135*z + 250*z for z.\n-56\nSolve 7747*u = 2507*u + 57934 + 4946 for u.\n12\nSolve 0 = 119608*g - 119695*g - 1197 - 2457 for g.\n-42\nSolve 156*s - 18947 = 96*s - 122*s - 11121 for s.\n43\nSolve 3110*o + 1875*o - 451369 = 516*o for o.\n101\nSolve -282286 = 5806*k + 8014 for k.\n-50\nSolve -178*w + 4*w - 56*w = 9430 for w.\n-41\nSolve -2319*k + 4900 = -2494*k for k.\n-28\nSolve 1653 = -276*o - 8283 for o.\n-36\nSolve 14*w + 1540 = 47*w + 19*w + 3*w for w.\n28\nSolve -120*r - 129*r = -96*r + 14535 for r.\n-95\nSolve -3409*b = -3324*b + 1530 for b.\n-18\nSolve -123*y = -6*y + 24*y - 2930 + 392 for y.\n18\nSolve 987*x - 80376 + 27666 = 4527*x + 152610 for x.\n-58\nSolve 270*i - 1133*i - 7536 = 73586 for i.\n-94\nSolve -7991*l + 5949 + 1267 = -7903*l for l.\n82\nSolve 377*c = 132*c - 646 - 1069 for c.\n-7\nSolve -28*c - 41*c - 93543 = -98442 for c.\n71\nSolve 111*d + 20713 = -526*d - 308 for d.\n-33\nSolve 3*w = 25*w - 64*w + 1722 for w.\n41\nSolve 7*u - 4815 = 3*u - 4647 for u.\n42\nSolve -26734*m = -25939*m + 10335 for m.\n-13\nSolve 0 = -3477*p + 3501*p + 72 for p.\n-3\nSolve 1253*w - 24241 = -26072 - 54554 for w.\n-45\nSolve 943*y + 37429 + 4393 + 13654 = 340*y for y.\n-92\nSolve -3733*k = -3825*k - 3680 for k.\n-40\nSolve -1298*y - 1495*y - 20514 - 2492 = 27268 for y.\n-18\nSolve 362*m + 75 + 143 + 118 = -26 for m.\n-1\nSolve 0 = 81*h + 125*h - 1107 - 9038 - 11073 for h.\n103\nSolve 0 = -314*v + 775*v - 21682 + 7391 for v.\n31\nSolve 6148*w - 844*w = 149610 - 2967 + 23085 for w.\n32\nSolve 0 = -36417*b + 33162*b - 325500 for b.\n-100\nSolve -177*r + 8859 = -1860*r - 14703 for r.\n-14\nSolve -264*s - 588*s + 3562 - 9526 = 0 for s.\n-7\nSolve 405*i = 2358 - 8433 for i.\n-15\nSolve -77*k - 12959 - 7188 = -23843 for k.\n48\nSolve -1663*j + 270*j + 1268 = 466 - 591 for j.\n1\nSolve -19*c + 0*c = 32*c + 1530 for c.\n-30\nSolve -550*w - 1343*w - 148325 = 6*w + 92848 for w.\n-127\nSolve 39*d - 40 = 313 + 583 for d.\n24\nSolve 75702 = 519*p + 45*p + 583*p for p.\n66\nSolve 228936 = 4172*y + 472*y + 127884 - 145080 for y.\n53\nSolve -565578 = 25461*u - 39963*u for u.\n39\nSolve 16097*q + 86738 = 14698*q for q.\n-62\nSolve 4328*a - 2927*a = -135897 for a.\n-97\nSolve 0 = -777*t - 1525 - 3137 for t.\n-6\nSolve 1576352*i + 304 = 1576344*i for i.\n-38\nSolve 53*u + 22065 - 11158 - 11967 = 0 for u.\n20\nSolve -13*x + 6050 = -6073 + 12097 for x.\n2\nSolve -869 + 20427 + 44162 = -1920*g + 8040 for g.\n-29\nSolve 377*p - 32932 + 22376 = 0 for p.\n28\nSolve 2971*y + 77842 = -52882 for y.\n-44\nSolve -443062*x + 443048*x - 210 = 0 for x.\n-15\nSolve -4012 = -392*t + 80*t + 8468 for t.\n40\nSolve 200*s + 4823 = 1423 for s.\n-17\nSolve 1856*h = 1334*h + 19836 for h.\n38\nSolve -535*c - 8100 = -1107*c + 272*c for c.\n27\nSolve 340*b - 162*b - 2115 = 319*b for b.\n-15\nSolve 523*j - 523*j - 1090*j - 56278 - 26562 = 0 for j.\n-76\nSolve 0 = 1899*k + 705*k + 143220 for k.\n-55\nSolve 665*c + 408*c = 49362 + 38624 for c.\n82\nSolve -28093 + 4278 = -6270*b + 20075 for b.\n7\nSolve -818 - 1548 = 238*l + 3291 + 293 for l.\n-25\nSolve 227*p - 15*p - 91*p = 11*p + 7370 for p.\n67\nSolve -523*c - 14786 = 3482 + 2129 for c.\n-39\nSolve -2314*q + 73760 = 546*q - 12040 for q.\n30\nSolve 0 = -645*l - 1432*l + 214*l - 2014*l + 174465 for l.\n45\nSolve 1612*c = 1549*c + 3024 for c.\n48\nSolve 1006 = 24*h + 13*h + 5*h - 1010 for h.\n48\nSolve 23819*n + 520 = 23884*n for n.\n8\nSolve 0 = 2769*g - 169598 - 54691 for g.\n81\nSolve 7083*q = 254189 - 15871 + 252977 + 174507 for q.\n94\nSolve -111*g + 10499 = -163*g - 547*g - 18253 for g.\n-48\nSolve 295 + 349 = -84*z + 476 for z.\n-2\nSolve -30472 = 35*c - c + 552*c for c.\n-52\nSolve 1469*d + 70041 = -2206*d + 3891 for d.\n-18\nSolve -19*q + 40 = -43*q + 29*q for q.\n8\nSolve -21403*h = -21192*h - 6541 for h.\n31\nSolve -3340 + 1834 = 181*t + 2295 for t.\n-21\nSolve 176*k - 521*k + 2520 = 260*k - 4135 for k.\n11\nSolve -4439*h + 13285 - 35480 = 0 for h.\n-5\nSolve 21854*s = 23657*s + 156861 for s.\n-87\nSolve 0 = 928*q + 941*q - 1862*q - 329 for q.\n47\nSolve 1053*q - 1147*q - 1316 = 0 for q.\n-14\nSolve -6009 = 633*d - 17774 - 35710 for d.\n75\nSolve -179*y - 12021 + 4324 = 0 for y.\n-43\nSolve -3111*p + 119*p - 69118 = 68514 for p.\n-46\nSolve -24*x + 598 - 723 = 2363 + 512 for x.\n-125\nSolve 271*j - 5364 - 2712 = -111*j - 1200 for j.\n18\nSolve -385*o - 8957 + 2587 = 139*o + 113*o for o.\n-10\nSolve 0 = 2936*g + 540*g + 104280 for g.\n-30\nSolve -7681 - 21154 = -311*o + 857*o - 2081 for o.\n-49\nSolve -40341*s + 269990 = -43096*s for s.\n-98\nSolve 369*f + 108*f - 4*f = -81*f + 57616 for f.\n104\nSolve 0 = 32564*v - 32601*v + 1221 for v.\n33\nSolve -1312*z + 5525 = 3766 - 11361 for z.\n10\nSolve -45472*u + 84 = -45430*u for u.\n2\nSolve 0 = -3977*w + 3670*w - 6447 for w.\n-21\nSolve 143*l + 6571 = -15*l " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Friday, October 21, 2011\n\nIndigenous and Afro-descendants grasp at common voice\n\nCarmen Herrera10/20/2011\n\nBoth groups face discrimination and threats to their lands.", "\n\nFor the first time, leaders from indigenous and Afro-descendent peoples from throughout Central America met to form a common agenda. ", "More than 70 leaders from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama met in Managua Sept. 27-28 for the First Meeting of Indigenous and Afro-Descendant Authorities: Collective Rights in the Context of Central American Integration.", "\n\nTribal and community leaders, mayors and municipal authorities debated issues like land titles and demarcation, inclusion of women, native languages, at the meeting which was organized by the Nicaraguan Network for Democracy and Local Development and the Central American and Caribbean Conference for Decentralization and Local Development, or CONFEDELCCA.", "\n\nTo better articulate their agenda with a common voice, participants formed the Permanent Council of Native Peoples and Afro-Descendents of Central America. “", "The objective of this first meeting has been to start an articulation process to influence public policies, as well as the development and decentralization of the states,” said Carlos H. Guarquez Ajiquichí, of the Guatemalan Association of Indigenous Mayors and Authorities. ", "Guarquez Ajiquichí also suggested teaming up with the Central American Integration System, or SICA, and the Central American Parliament to ensure that their goals reach the region’s heads of state. ", "One “historical problem,” he said, “is the distribution of land, since in every country in the region large-scale landowners hold a disproportionate amount of territory.”", "\n\n“This is where the problem with the distribution of wealth that benefits a few comes from, and that affects indigenous peoples above all, those who have lived in misery on tiny plots of land even though the land belongs to us,” he said. ", "Women’s role Nicolasa Jiménez, Ngöbe-Bugle indigenous leader from Panama, said that one of the meeting’s objectives was to increase women’s politic participation in their own community groups and in society in general. “", "Indigenous women are fighting for active integration and participation,” she said. “", "We are fighting for more capacity building for women, because there are only a few of us who hold decision-making positions.” ", "The International Labor Organization’s Convention 169 on indigenous peoples has been ratified by every Central American country except for El Salvador and Panama. ", "While Convention 169 is seen by some international law experts as one of the most complete international indigenous rights law, local authorities have often ignored it.", "\n\nFor example, in Guatemala, indigenous communities have been consulted on some projects that would affect them, but their votes are not considered binding. ", "Afro-descendant groups in Honduras said that the alliances they made with indigenous leaders here have been fruitful, because they have the same problems: discrimination, invasion of their lands, a lack of respect and recognition for their language.", "\n\nRené Castro, deputy mayor of an Honduran Garifuna municipality — an Afro-descendant group living mostly on the country’s northern coast — say Afro-descendants are making efforts for Convention 169 to also be applied to his community now that the country has ratified the agreement. “", "We have representation in some state institutions,” aiming at this end, he said. ", "Intercultural society But another participant was not so optimistic about the situation in Nicaragua. ", "Mauricio Solís, of the Nicaraguan Network for Democracy and Local Development, said that “in practice” these groups’ rights are limited. “", "Indigenous communities are not consulted; local governments interfere in indigenous community elections and there is little governmental funding designated for indigenous peoples,” he said. “", "In Nicaragua’s case, we see that there is a lot of discourse about indigenous peoples, but in practice, there is a lot of politicizing, exclusion and marginalization.", "\n\n” For years, Solís’ organization has promoted multiculturalism for the country, with a vision of having a citizenry that recognizes the diversity of the region’s population, like the indigenous and Afro-descendants, who have a political, economic, cultural and social agenda. ", "His network, along with CONFEDELCCA, held the meeting to give indigenous and Afro-descendants authorities a place for reflection and debate over the situation facing their communities and to look for links with other national and international organizations and movements which work for their rights to be ensured.", "\n\n“We have agreed to go through all the information collected during this meeting so it can be shared with our peoples,” said Solís. “", "In the following months, we’ll work on a framework to help map out the next steps.” —", "Latinamerica Press." ]

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[ "If you have any problems with the registration process or your account login, please contact contact us.", "\n\nThe Muscle and Brawn Forum is dedicated to no nonsense muscle and strength building. ", "If you need advice that works, you have come to the right place. ", "This forum focuses on building strength and muscle using the basics. ", "You will also find that the Muscle and Brawn community stresses encouragement and respect. ", "Trolls and name calling are not allowed here. ", "No matter what your personal goals are, you will be given effective advice that produces results.", "\n\nPlease consider registering. ", "It takes 30 seconds, and will allow you to get the most out of the forum.", "\n\nThrough out the years, the deadlift has been our ”national sport” here in Finland. ", "World records has been broken since early 70´s. ", "What makes Finns pull so much, what is their secret ?", "\nI took a look and after collecting training information of many new and former greats, here is some background and information.", "\n\n# 1 Genetics\n\nTo be able to lift a lot, you have to be talented athlete. ", "Most of the guys had long arms and legs. ", "You could see middleweights pulling over 200 kilos the first time they saw a power bar. ", "But that's only a good start. ", "The best deadlifters in the late 70`s and early 80´s had two things in common. ", "Most of them had a background of hard labor, like lumberjacks, construction workers, farmers or something similar. ", "They carried, lifted and dragged for their living. ", "That laid a perfect background for deadlift training and very often ensured a hard grip too. ", "The second thing was Olympic lifting background, they had pulled alot before their powerlifting career. ", "Raimo Välineva held Scandinavian records in Olympic lifting and was able to clean 330 pounds with straight legs. ", "He had World records of 688 in 148´s and 716 in 165´s in early 80`s. ", "When weightlifting had the press it was more a pure strength sport as now when speed and technique more critical.", "\n\nMany of the new lifters have some type of athletic background from other sports. ", "Ismo Lappi, 338,5 kg deadlifter in 165´s, has thrown javelin over 75 yards and ran 100 meters in under 11 seconds in his teens. ", "He is fast and explosive enough to deadlift big.", "\n\n# 2 Squatting for the deadlift\n\nAll of the former record holders and many of today's too, squatted with a narrow stance. ", "This had two advantages. ", "First, it served as an excellent special exercise for deadlift. ", "Many trained the squat three times a week. ", "Twice back squatting and once front squatting. ", "The other back squat could be a high bar session.", "\nOther squat exercises were something like lunges, or step squats, using bar on back. ", "These were done sometimes a box under front or back feet, varying how it hits glutes and hamstrings. ", "A 8-12 inch box under back feet hits the upper part of glutes quite hard.", "\n\nMany used different stances. ", "The narrow stance high bar was the most common but many, like Taito Haara, Reijo Kiviranta and Hannu Saarelainen, squatted with 3-4 stances.", "\nDuring the last years, the box squat has become very popular in Finland. ", "Janne Toivanen put it in practice by hauling up 804 in `96 IPF World's in Austria. ", "Many have followed. ", "Ano Turtiainen started using the box and now pulls over 859 in every meet he enters. ", "Ismo Lappi, the new WR holder in 165´s in IPF, does box squats as assistance. ", "Veli Kumpuniemi stated that if would have known how to use a box in his prime he would have lifted a lot more. ", "How much more? ", "He tore his hamstring while trying 804 in the 181´s back in 1981. ", "He hit 822 ( 373 kilos ) in a national before that weighing under 190 pounds. ", "All his hamstrings could handle he hauled up. ", "He never really recovered but wanted to send his compliments to Louie Simmons for this excellent exercise.", "\n\n# 3 Deadlift variety\n\nMany still train the deadlift two times a week. ", "In the early days, it was not rare to deadlift three times a week. ", "Veli Kumpuniemi, the only man we call Mr Deadlift in Finland, trained deadlift sometimes four times a week. ", "Here's some pulls to use:\n\nDeadlift standing on the block. ", "Many used 2-6 inch block and pulled standing on it. ", "That has been a pull used very often. ", "Many did these for 3-5 reps using conventional style even if they pulled sumo in meets.", "\n\nStraigth leg deadlifts. ", "These were done off floor or using a block under feet. ", "There were two styles. ", "Some pulled with a bent over style, rounding the lower back. ", "Some, like Janne Toivanen, Ismo Lappi and Ano Turtiainen, pulled in a romanian style with arched back and pushing glutes to rear. ", "With a round back, most used only 40-50% for high reps like 10´s or so. ", "For the romanian style, some go quite heavy. ", "Janne Toivanen hauled up 4x661 from an 4 inch box and Ano Turtiainen has done 5x727 off floor.", "\n\nOlympic pulls. ", "These were done many times as a warm-up or speed work before the deadlifting. ", "High pulls, raw cleans, raw snatches were the most common. ", "The old school did some pulls with straight legs like Russians.", "\n\nPulls with a snatch grip. ", "This has two variations too. ", "Some pulled the weight all the way up and some just up to past knees. ", "These developed technique by forcing you to keep shoulders in line and it´s a good one correct technique.", "\n\nPartials. ", "Hannu Saarelainen did partials on knee level, just moving the bar from below to above the knee. ", "The bar traveled 8-10 inches in the area where the leverages were the poorest. ", "He did high reps with rather light weight. ", "He tried to get speed too to overcome the sticking point as fast as possible. ", "By concentrating on weakness enabled Hannu to pull 765 in 242´s with quite poor leverages for deadlift. ", "Rack pulls and pulls where the bar is on blocks are common, although they do not benefit as many as you could imagine.", "\n\nHack deadlifts. ", "Many long armed lifters were able to pull with the bar behind their back. ", "This form of deadlift developed the leg drive and helped to get the bar off floor.", "\n\n# 4 Technique\n\nVeli Kumpuniemi stated that if his foot stance was half inch off, the bar stayed on floor. ", "And Veli was ranked rather a power puller than a technique expert which he was too. ", "The conventional deadlift was always mostly back work. ", "But the sumo pullers were sort of split in two categories. ", "People like Raimo Välineva and Hannu Malinen, the 1988 IPF World champion, used the hips alot. ", "Raimo Välineva was the developer of the style maximized hip drive in sumo deadlift. ", "Lifters with extreme tecnique had quite a difference between sumo and conventional deadlift. ", "Ari Virtanen, the little brother of Jarmo had one of the best technique I have ever seen. ", "Every weight he got off floor he finished too. ", "Ari´s best conventional was around 570-580 and he pulled 677 with sumo in `91 World's. ", "Pirjo Savola, the European Record holder in 123´s with 446 said she has a best conventional of 360-370 range.", "\nSumo lifters with a strong back, like Veli Kumpuniemi, Janne Toivanen and Aarre Käpylä locked out their legs way before extending their torso. ", "Aarre Käpylä, who pulled 10x661 via conventional too, got the most out of his hips by keeping his legs almost straight. ", "Jarmo Virtanen, an eight time IPF World champ, used the technique.", "\nPeople used to think that Jarmo Virtanen was just very talented and had good leverages. ", "They couldn't be more wrong. ", "He had many things on perfecting the technique. ", "Once he demonstrated the difference between relaxed and flexed shoulders. ", "By dropping shoulders and using sumo, the distance was 12 inches shorter than using conventional with flexed upper body. ", "He stressed the importance of being relaxed while deadlifting .", "\n\nYou should climb to tree from bottom. ", "Most advised to learn to pull conventional first, then switch to sumo. ", "Reijo Kiviranta, Kullervo Lampela and other conventional style greats stressed two key points. ", "The is to push your knees over the bar in the start position. ", "This brings the hips closer to bar and makes the leverages better. ", "The other thing was to turn feet out. ", "This helped the lockout and enabled specially the bigger lifters to use their hip muscles.", "\n\n# 5 Basic strength and GPP\n\nLike mentioned in beginning, many early day deadlifters did physical labor which laid good background for training heavy and often. ", "Olympic lifting was an aid too.", "\nMany of todays lifters don´t do any other physical work than train with weights. ", "So the GPP has to come from somewhere else. ", "Janne Toivanen did an extra workout six times a week, early in the morning. ", "He did abs, side work and sometimes lower back work together with some aerobic training and streching. ", "His training program would kill most people, but he found a way to back it up. ", "Ismo Lappi does the same type of workouts too. ", "It keeps the bodyfat low and aids recovery.", "\nAt the moment five or six our strongmen pull 800 pounds or more. ", "They have long competitive season when their weight training is mostly for conditioning and recovery. ", "Their training is one form of conjugate method. ", "They carry, drag, lift stones and flip tires and cars using the same muscles that are important in deadlifting. ", "Jukka Laine did 804 in September ´98 and had deadlifted twice during the summer. ", "All he did was the event training and many meets. ", "Jouko Aholas deadlift stayed in the same range with no deadlift training at all. ", "He used a short cycle to peak and succeeded with 853 in meet. ", "Janne Virtanen and Juha Räsänen both pull over 800 too, 837 is their best in training but either of them haven't attended in any meets so far.", "\n\n# 6 Assistance work\n\nMost supplemented their training with wide variety of assistance exercises. ", "Two key muscle groups were upper back and lats and the abs.", "\nAs you noticed, I ranked Mr Deadlift, Veli Kumpuniemi as a strenght puller. ", "Here's why. ", "What do think about chins with up to 200 pounds for 5-6 reps, bent over rows using 400+ pounds or doing one arm rows with 185 pound dumbbell for 8-10 reps ? ", "It was usual stuff for him and it was assistance work, not something he shot for.", "\nWeighted chins are quite common still but the variety is wide. ", "Ano Turtiainen likes to do lat pulls with different handles, and low pulley rows. ", "He does chest supported and bent over rows too. ", "Many do shrugs every now and then.", "\n\nThe lifters in the early 80`s or late 70`s trained abs with flat or incline sit-ups using weight many times. ", "Side work was done using a short bar or dumbbell. ", "One other thing they did was one arm deadlifts. ", "They stressed the stabilizing muscles a lot too. ", "Today a variety of leg raises, pull down abs in lat machine and abs done in a ab machine add the number of exercises alot. ", "One thing that has become popular last years is the ab wheel. ", "Most lifters do it on their knees using plate on their back, it targets the abs more instead of hip flexors.", "\nAs you see, the low back was trained pretty much with the main exercises, squats and pulls. ", "The older school did also good mornings, mostly after squatting for 5-10 rep sets. ", "Then they became a forgotten exercise until last years. ", "Ano Turtiainen went way over 700 pounds using bands and two sets of chains as an extra resistance during his preparation for WPO semi´s. ", "The other thing many did and still do is back extensions. ", "These are usually done with a bar on back. ", "Rauno Rinne used these regularly and pulled 799 in 220´s.", "\n\n# 7 Jarmo Virtanen´s deadlift secrets\n\nJarmo Virtanen, who many consider the best powerlifter ever in Europe, was great in the deadlift. ", "He was an excellent squatter too. ", "Here's some things behind his success.", "\nIn his youth he trained both power lifting and weightlifting at the same time. ", "He also trained other sports like football and has always done some sort of physical labor. ", "His GPP has always been high. ", "A lot of different squats and deadlifts insured a high SPP level. ", "A nine time IPF World Champ did lifts like high bar, front and squats with different stances. ", "He deadlifted with both conventional and sumo, he estimated that he may have done little more conventional work than sumo. ", "Sometimes he used the snatch grip too. ", "One of his deadlift variations was sumo off an 1 inch blocks. ", "He sometimes went quite high on these, 694 was his best.", "\n\nHe pulled conventional sets where he stopped the bar before it hit the floor to develop static strength and tightness in the start position. ", "When using sumo, he always did every rep as the first one. ", "Jarmo said that bouncing the bar off is a waste specially in the sumo style. ", "He developed speed by high pulls. ", "He did not extend his hips in the weightlifting style. ", "He continued the pull with upper back and traps to the navel level.", "\n\nHe had a picture perfect technique, specially in the ´80s when he hasn't hurt hips thigh. ", "He developed that by squatting with an ultra wide stance, sometimes he used a Smith-machine to be able to squat as upright as possible. ", "He practiced technique with no weights in front of mirror. ", "It was his routine every day for six months. ", "As far as assistance go, he did a lot of ab work but has never done good mornings. ", "He felt they make you too stiff. ", "He stressed the importance of being relaxed, specially in the upper body area and felt it was crucial for getting better leverages in the deadlift and squat too.", "\n\nJarmo never really maxed out in the gym and usually stayed under 300 kilos in training. ", "He was great competitor. ", "In 1988, in our national record breakers in the biggest ice hockey venue at the time, he hauled up 358 kilos twice but dropped it just before down signal. ", "With torn hand, he came back and pulled it again just to loose the grip again before the ”down” command. ", "Year before, when lifting in 75 kilo class he was on a roll. ", "In the World's in Norway he opened with 677 and went to WR 333 and pulled it nicely. ", "Then he attacked twice to 340,5 kilos ( 750 pounds ) but the grip was his nemesis. ", "Before he got the grip problem fixed, he hurt his outer thigh. ", "There was, and still is, some scar tissue that is pressing to nerves. ", "With the grip he had in `90s and the better technique and flexibility of `80s he would have gone a lot more. ", "Many times I have wondered why his squat went up 20 kilos but the deadlift stayed the same. ", "Believe it or not, he never got the best out of him in the deadlift. ", "A 815-826 deadlift and 900 kilo ( 1984 pound ) total where something he capable of but never achieved.", "\nWe have had lots of great pullers and power lifters and we had Jarmo Virtanen. ", "He is one of a kind. ", "One sign of his true sportsmanship was this interview. ", "He has always willing to help anyone whether it is training, coaching or giving seminars.", "\n\nBeing a no class deadlifter myself, I have given this a lot of thought. ", "Reijo Kiviranta, the 1981 World Champ in 242´s put it together nicely by saying that the one who lifts the most has trained the most. ", "After reading this article, you can get a picture what he meant. ", "There is no secrets at all, just pure hard work. ", "It's the cold hard truth. ", "If you want to finish on top you have to be a good deadllifter. ", "So it's time for some deadlift labor, good luck!", "\n\nI've gotten several questions on this lately, to I'm just going to put it up here for everyone to look at. ", "The system isn't mine, it's a collection of data gathered by Sakari Selkainaho originally presented on the South Carolina Barbell website. ", "I've used the system successfully and my deadlift made some quick jumps from just a couple of cycles.", "\n\nFirst and foremost the percentages presented are guidelines, not the mandate. ", "Get as close as you can. ", "The system breaks up the deadlift into three parts: the start, the middle, and the finish/lock-out position. ", "Each series of lifts is used to target the individual portion of the lift.", "\n\nELEVATED PULLS: This involves pulling while standing on an elevated surface. ", "Lifters will pull on anything from a 2\" surface to as high as 6\" in some cases. ", "Sumo pullers shouldn't need to pull on anything higher than 2'' while conventional pullers should probably average around 2''-4'' depending on the flexibility of the lifter. ", "Regardless of your flexibility, for your first cycle with this I'd go off of a 2\" platform. ", "Perform the pulls in the style that you will pull in a meet. ", "These should be done raw, you can't develop the starting power if the briefs or suit bottoms are doing all the work.", "\n\nWeek 1\nTriples. ", "Start at abot 135 and make plate/quarter jumps until you reach a fairly heavy triple, doesn't need to be a max triple but it shouldn't be a cake walk either. ", "Aim for a triple of around 80% of your 1 rep max. ", "i.e. if you can pull 600, then your goal should be a set of three with 480 lbs.", "\n\nDoubles. ", "Same jumps as last week doing doubles, intensity should come up a bit, but no getting crazy and all psyched up. ", "Aim for around 85% of your 1 rep max for a double.", "\n\nSingles. ", "Same jumps as the weeks before, this is the week you ramp it up and bust ass. ", "Pull singles all the way up and shoot for at least 90% of your 1 rep max, if you can get more, go for it.", "\n\nPulling in this manner works the start of your pull.", "\n\nROMANIAN DEADLIFTS: This is the grinder of the system, it's not fun and can be down right brutal if you aren't used to pulling conventional. ", "It is also probably the single biggest contributor to this system working. ", "Personally, when I pull Romanians I do it off the floor. ", "If you pull Sumo and are weak pulling conventional off the floor, you may need to do it in a rack or off of blocks. ", "Just make sure that you are keeping tension on the muscles and not releasing if you do them off of racks.", "\n\nWeek 1\n5's. ", "Make quarter/plate jumps up until you reach a set of 5 with 80%, yes the first rep counts. ", "Again, the percentage is a guideline, the first time I did these I only got to about 75%. ", "The second cycle through and I got the 80% quite a bit easier, even though my 1 rep max had gone up.", "\n\nWeek 2\n4's. ", "Again, same jumps until you hit at or abour 85%. ", "This should end up a bit heavier than last week.", "\n\nWeek 3\n3's. ", "Same jumps up to a target weight of 90%. ", "This should be a balls out effort.", "\n\nAgain these are guidelines, if you pull conventional regularly they may be a bit low, if you pull sumo they may seem a little high. ", "Romanians work the mid and start of the deadlift.", "\n\nREVERSE BAND DEADLIFTS: These are pulls done inside a power rack with the bar set inside a pair of blue bands hung at a height of about 5'6\". ", "This is a base height, the ideal is to set the bands up so that the bands completely deload at your locked out position. ", "Use your normal stance, if the rack you have will not allow you your normal Sumo stance go as wide as possible, it only means your going to have to work a little harder to lock it out. ", "This is training, if you have to lift the bar a little further it will just help improve your lock-out, a good thing.", "\n\nWeek1:\n3's. ", "Work up to a heavy triple making plate/quarter jumps. ", "This is a fairly easy week, don't max out your triple and don't fail. ", "If you could do 685 for a triple stop at 645.", "\n\n2's. ", "As above, except that the intensity gets turned on a bit. ", "Get amped up and let the weight fly. ", "Work up to a heavy double, last rep of your last set should be a pretty good grind.", "\n\n1's. ", "This is where you uncork it all. ", "If you want to you can even suit up here and let it rip, get a max single. ", "It's okay to go until you fail with this, but once you fail, shut it down. ", "Do not try the same weight over nad over again.", "\n\nThis works the mid section, the lockout and helps to develop speed out of the hole.", "\n\nPULLING VS. ", "BANDS: This is done easiest by standing on a jump stretch platform with bands wrapped over the bar. ", "I've seen it done in a power rack, even seen people use heavy dumbells to keep the bands in place. ", "Key is to make sure that the bands catch fairly quickly and add a substantial amount of weight at the op of the lift. ", "I've seen set-ups that add as much as 400lbs at the top. ", "Go ahead and use light or medium briefs for this.", "\n\nWeek 1\n2's. ", "This week is kind of like a speed week, the weights should be flying off the floor. ", "You should work your way up until your speed starts to slow down, once that starts to happen, do not add anymore weight and hit about 4-5 more sets of doubles, then shut it d0wn.", "\n\nWeek 2\n2's Work your way up making quarter/plate jumps to a really heavy double, then go to singles. ", "Make conservative jumps and DO NOT FAIL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!", "\n\nWorks the very top of the lock out.", "\n\nCOMPETITION PULL: This section is designed to do one of two things. ", "If you used this cycle to get ready for a meet and you feel the need to, pull an opener on week 1 then deload on week 2. ", "Do the opener in your gear and stop as soon as you hit the weight you feel is going to be your opener.", "\n\nIf you used this just ot check it out and try something a little different for your pull, deload on week one and then pull all out on week 2. ", "Hope you p.r., ", "I think you will.", "\n\nSo written out it looks like this:\n\nWeeks 1-3\nELEVATED PULLS\n\nWeeks 4-6\nROMANIAN DEADLIFTS\n\nWeeks 7-9\nREVERSE BAND DEADLIFTS\n\nWeeks 10-11\nPULLS VS. ", "BANDS\n\nWeek 12\nOpener or deload if you are off-season\n\nWeek 13\ndeload if you are doing a meet. ", "Pull a p.r. ", "if you are off season" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDelphi COM object not showing up in .NET\n\nI am trying to create a COM object in Delphi and use it in a C# WPF project.", "\nI have created a new DLL project in Delphi 10.3, using File -> New -> Other, then Delphi -> Windows -> ActiveX Library. ", "I have created the following IDL in the GUI editor for my *.ridl file:\n[\n uuid(E999851C-1E08-4C64-B82A-C3A979F96C2F),\n version(1.0)\n\n]\nlibrary DelphiCOMService\n{\n\n importlib(\"stdole2.tlb\");\n\n interface IDelphiCOMService;\n\n [\n uuid(50749CD6-4BA7-4200-AB87-67D9590EAA1A),\n version(1.0),\n dual,\n oleautomation\n ]\n interface IDelphiCOMService: IDispatch\n {\n [id(0x000000C9)]\n HRESULT _stdcall EmbedWPFWindow([in] unsigned long Pointer, [in] int Width, [in] int Height);\n [id(0x000000CA)]\n HRESULT _stdcall WindowResized([in] int Width, [in] int Height);\n };\n\n};\n\nIn Design view, I hit Refresh Implementation, Register Type Library, and Save As Type Library File. ", "It says registration of the ActiveX Server was successful. ", "I hit Build on my project. ", "No errors or issues.", "\nI added the following unit to implement the interface:\nunit DelphiCOMServiceImplementation;\n\ninterface\n\nuses ComObj, DelphiCOMService_TLB, Winapi.", "ActiveX;\n\ntype\n DelphiCOMService = class(TAutoObject, IDelphiCOMService)\n public\n procedure EmbedWPFWindow(Pointer: LongWord; Width: SYSINT; Height: SYSINT); safecall;\n procedure WindowResized(Width: SYSINT; Height: SYSINT); safecall;\n end;\n\nimplementation\n\nprocedure DelphiCOMService.", "EmbedWPFWindow(Pointer: LongWord; Width: SYSINT; Height: SYSINT); safecall;\nbegin\n\nend;\n\nprocedure DelphiCOMService.", "WindowResized(Width: SYSINT; Height: SYSINT); safecall;\nbegin\n\nend;\n\nend.", "\n\nI rebuilt my project, no errors so far. ", "I went and hit Run -> ActiveX Server -> Register. ", "It was successful.", "\nI would expect it to have a registered the COM object on my system now, or am I wrong? ", "In my WPF C# project, when I try to Add Reference..., it does not show up under COM -> Type Libraries. ", "Am I missing something?", "\n\nA:\n\nI rebuilt the COM object's interface in the *.ridl Design editor; I tried adding the same interface as a DispInterface just for kicks, that didn't work, and then, deleting the DispInterface and adding back the original Interface seemed to work (+ Refresh, Register, and Save as TLB). ", "Also, I noticed that leaving a Version of 0.0 for my interface may be the reason why it worked. ", "Originally, I tweaked the Version to 1.0 when I first built it out. ", "If someone could shed some light as to why this could happen, I would also be quite intrigued to know!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMeta questions missing required tags\n\nThere's an even dozen older posts on Meta Super User that lack any of the required tags (i.e., bug, feature-request,discussion, or support).", "\nIt used to be that Moderators could post questions without one of the required tags. ", "Plus old questions migrated to Meta would also lack them. ", "But that loophole has been closed.", "\nIn case, you know, anyone was interested in cleaning them up...\n(I can't. ", "Not enough rep to edit in Meta.)", "\n\nA:\n\nThey've been cleaned up now, all are properly tagged. ", "Thanks for letting us know.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n\"Syntax in assignment statement l-value\" Why is this code not compiling?", "\n\nmodule FiniteStateMachine(output reg [2:0] Count, input clock, reset);\nreg[2:0] state, next_state;\n\nparameter S0 = 3'b000, S1 = 3'b001, S2 = 3'b010, S3 = 3'b011, S4 = 3'b100, S5 = 3'b101, S6 = 3'b110, S7 = 3'b111;\nalways @ (posedge clock, negedge reset)\n if(reset==0) state<=S0;\n else state <= next_state;\n\nalways @ (state)\n case(state)\n S0: begin\n Count = S0;\n next_state = S1;\n end\n S1: begin\n Count = S1;\n next_state = S2;\n end\n S2: begin\n Count = S3;\n next_state = S3;\n end\n S3: begin\n Count = S7;\n next_state = S4:\n end\n S4: begin\n Count = S6;\n next_state = S5;\n end\n S5: begin\n Count = S4;\n next_state = S0;\n end\n endcase\nendmodule\n\nGetting the error \"Syntax in assignment statement l-value\". ", "I've also tried \"<=\" instead of \"=\" for all the assignments in case, but I'm getting the same error.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou used a colon instead of a semicolon. ", " Change:\n next_state = S4:\n\nto:\n next_state = S4;\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Wei Xin\n\nWei Xin (; born April 18, 1977, in Chongqing) is a Chinese football manager and former player who is the current manager of Fujian Broncos F.C. Before becoming a coach, he played professionally as a versatile defender or midfielder who predominately represented Chongqing Lifan as well as the Chinese national football team.", "\n\nPlaying career\nWei Xin was inseparable from Chongqing throughout his entire football career playing for youth and then senior teams within the city. ", "When Qianwei Huandao football club moved into the city and then later rename themselves Chongqing Lifan they would take on Wei Xin and give him the chance to play in the top tier of Chinese football. ", "With this club he would become a vital member of the team and win the 2000 Chinese FA Cup, which was his greatest achievement with the club. ", "This would lead to an international call-up where he would make his debut against North Korea on August 3, 2001, in a 2–2 draw. ", "He would miss the 2002 FIFA World Cup, however his ability to play as a left back or midfield saw him able to return to the national team and be included in the 2004 AFC Asian Cup where he played a vital part in the teams runners-up position. ", "Despite not even being thirty years old he was rewarded with his loyalty towards Chongqing with a coaching position, which he took seriously enough to end his playing career by the end of the 2006 league season.", "\n\nManagement career\nAt the start of the 2007 league season Wei Xin was offered the head coach position within Chongqing Lifan; this made him the youngest coach in China's professional football history. ", "His appointment required him to win promotion from the recently relegated side, which was something he achieved when he guided the team to a runners-up position at the end of the 2008 league season and promotion back into the Chinese Super League.", "\n\nCareer statistics\n\nInternational\nAll international A matches are counted\n\nHonours\n\nPlayer\n\nClub\n1995 – China City Games 5th\n1998-2001 – China Super League 4th\n2000 – Philips Chinese FA Cup\n\nInternational\n2004 – AFC Asian Cup Runner-up\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nProfile at Sports.sina.com.cn\n\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Chinese footballers\nCategory:Footballers from Chongqing\nCategory:Chongqing Lifan F.C. players\nCategory:Chongqing Lifan F.C. managers\nCategory:China international footballers\nCategory:2004 AFC Asian Cup players\nCategory:Chinese football managers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:Nantong Zhiyun F.C. managers\nCategory:Association football midfielders" ]

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[ "When we asked you to nominate some intellectual cliches for this series earlier this year, Adam Smith's \"invisible hand\" cropped up repeatedly, with mentions by Comment is free regulars steffanjohn, JonathanKent and TimWorstall – and PatDavers claiming that \"we'd have hours of fun with that one\". ", "Well, let the fun commence.", "\n\nIn the third episode of The Big Ideas, Benjamen Walker discusses the meaning and uses of Smith's concept with philosopher John Gray, academic Marianne Johnson, economist Eamonn Butler and Guardian columnist Polly Toynbee. ", "We'll be following up the podcast over the course of this and next week with a series of articles looking at Smith's idea from different perspectives.", "\n\nAs we mention in the podcast, Smith himself only used the phrase \"invisible hand\" sparingly. ", "It crops up for the first time in part IV of the first chapter of Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759):\n\nThe proud and unfeeling landlord views his extensive fields, and without a thought for the wants of his brethren, in imagination consumes himself the whole harvest … [Yet] the capacity of his stomach bears no proportion to the immensity of his desires..the rest he will be obliged to distribute among those, who prepare, in the nicest manner, that little which he himself makes use of, among those who fit up the palace in which this little is to be consumed, among those who provide and keep in order all the different baubles and trinkets which are employed in the economy of greatness; all of whom thus derive from his luxury and caprice, that share of the necessaries of life, which they would in vain have expected from his humanity or his justice … The rich … are led by an invisible hand to make nearly the same distribution of the necessaries of life, which would have been made, had the earth been divided into equal portions among all its inhabitants, and thus without intending it, without knowing it, advance the interest of the society …\n\nThe second mention is in book one, chapter seven, of The Wealth of Nations (1776):\n\nBy preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. ", "Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was not part of it. ", "By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. ", "I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. ", "It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.", "\n\nSo what is the \"invisible hand\"? ", "Is it a sound economic principle grounded in scientific fact? ", "Or is it a nebulous myth? ", "One thing is sure: with stockmarkets tumbling and global economics in permanent crisis, Smith's concept continues to be one of the most controversial big ideas around.", "\n\nAdam Smith portrait on the new twenty pound note.", "\nPhotograph: David Levene for the Guardian" ]

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[ "2013 European Wrestling Championships – Women's Freestyle 59 kg\n\nThe women's freestyle 59 kg is a competition featured at the 2013 European Wrestling Championships, and was held at the Tbilisi Sports Palace in Tbilisi, Georgia on 20 March 2013.", "\n\nMedalists\n\nResults\nLegend\nF — Won by fall\n\nFinal\n\nMain Draw\n\nTop Half\n\nBottom Half\n\nRepechage\n\nCategory:2013 European Wrestling Championships" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Corofin 1-10\n\nPádraig Pearse’s 0-7\n\nDeclan Rooney reports from Tuam Stadium\n\nCOROFIN SURVIVED A second-half surge from Pádraig Pearse’s and wrapped up a fourth Connacht Senior Club title in a row thanks to a brilliant Liam Silke goal 17 minutes from time at Tuam Stadium.", "\n\nThe Roscommon champions were three behind at the interval but fought back to level matters ten minutes after the break, but Liam Silke’s goal and points from Michael Farragher and Jason Leonard put the result beyond doubt.", "\n\nAfter winning the toss and electing to play into the light breeze in the first-half Corofin should have taken the lead in the third minute but Gary Sice uncharacteristically pulled a free wide. ", "Three minutes later at the other end Emmett Kelly slotted a tough ‘45 from the right, which landed on the roof of Bernard Power’s net.", "\n\nWith both teams opting to flood their defence scoring chances were at a premium, but the seven in a row Galway champions were surely disappointed with some of their shooting and shot selection in that opening half.", "\n\nNevertheless Dylan Wall levelled matters for them in the seventh minute, while Michael Farragher’s point from a tight angle on the right was just what his side deserved as they moved ahead after 16 minutes.", "\n\nPlaying in their first Connacht senior final Pearse’s refused to take a backward step against their experienced opponents, and on a couple of occasions both sides lost their discipline and the exchanges became tempestuous.", "\n\nNiall Carty was sin binned after 18 minutes for a pull down on Cathal Silke as he bore down on goal – Sice kicked the free that followed – while another mass brawl saw a couple of yellow cards dished out and a black for Conor Cunningham in the 25th minute.", "\n\nSix minutes from the interval Sice’s second free put Corofin 0-4 to 0-1 ahead, but in added-time Pearses kept in touch thanks to Hubert Darcy’s free, while Jason Leonard did likewise at the other end to leave it 0-5 to 0-2 in favour of the champions at half-time.", "\n\nCorofin's Kieran Molloy and Paul Carey of Padraig Pearses. ", "Source: Evan Logan/INPHO\n\nThe first time Roscommon champions were quickly out of the blocks in the second-half and a free from Paul Carey soon had the deficit back to two points, while the same player broke through a tough tackle and pointed off his right in the 35th minute.", "\n\nThe Roscommon challenge was certainly rising at that stage, but Ian Burke frees Ronan Steede on the left and he drilled over a wonderful score off the outside of his boot to restore the two-point cushion.", "\n\nNiall Daly hit back immediately for Pearse’s with another well struck long range point, and his brother Ronan then scored his first following a turnover at midfield by Niall Daly.", "\n\nAt 0-6 each the game was suddenly in the balance, but Corofin took charge in a blistering minute. ", "Jason Leonard’s ball over the top picked out Ian Burke, and his inside ball found Liam Silke who hammered the ball past Paul Whelan.", "\n\nA minute later Daithí Burke flicked the ball on to the crossbar and Michael Farragher clipped over a point from the rebound to make it 1-7 to 0-6, while Leonard landed a lovely point on the run a few minutes later.", "\n\nShane Carty became the third player to earn a black card following an ugly pull down of Dylan Wall seven minutes from time, while his side finished with 14 players following Niall Daly’s late red.", "\n\nScorers for Corofin: Jason Leonard 0-3 (1f), Liam Silke 1-0, Gary Sice 0-2 (2f), Michael Farragher 0-2, Dylan Wall 0-1, Ronan Steede 0-1, Colin Brady 0-1\n\nScorers for Pádraig Pearse’s: Paul Carey 0-3 (2f),Hubert Darcy 0-1 (0-1f), Emmett Kelly 0-1 (1’45), Niall Daly 0-1, Ronan Daly 0-1\n\nCorofin\n\n1 Bernard Power\n\n17 Cathal Silke\n\n3 Kieran Fitzgerald\n\n4 Liam Silke\n\n8 Kieran Molloy\n\n19 Conor Cunningham\n\n7 Dylan Wall\n\n5 Daithí Burke\n\n9 Ronan Steede\n\n10 Gary Sice\n\n11 Michael Farragher\n\n12 Jason Leonard\n\n15 Micheal Lundy (c)\n\n14 Martin Farragher\n\n13 Ian Burke\n\nBe part\n\nof the team Access exclusive podcasts, interviews and analysis with a monthly or annual membership. ", "Become a Member\n\nSubs:\n\n6 Dylan McHugh for Cunningham (27, black),\n\n24 Colin Brady for Lundy (43),\n\n23 Darragh Silke for C Silke (43),\n\n20 Gavin Burke for Wall (59)\n\n18 Ciaran McGrath for Martin Farragher (60)\n\n25 Dylan Canney for Steede (60, blood sub)\n\n21 Dean Hynes forMichael Farragher (60+5)\n\nPadraig Pearses\n\n1 Paul Whelan\n\n4 Mark Richardson\n\n3 Anthony Butler\n\n5 Gavin Downey\n\n2 Shane Carty\n\n6 David Murray\n\n7 Ronan Daly (jc)\n\n12 Niall Daly\n\n9 Conor Daly\n\n13 Emmett Kelly\n\n8 Niall Carty (jc)\n\n10 Paul Carey\n\n15 Conor Payne\n\n14 Hubert Darcy\n\n11 Lorcan Daly\n\nSubs:\n\n24 Tom Butler for N Carty (18, black),\n\n22 Sean Fahy for Kelly (53)\n\n21 Alan Duffy for S Carty (54, black)\n\n20 Aaron Feehily for Downey (59),\n\n17 James Kelly for Payne (63)\n\n18 Shane Mulvey for L Daly (63)\n\nReferee: Eamon O’Grady (Leitrim).", "\n\nThe42 is on Instagram! ", "Tap the button below on your phone to follow us!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPhonegap build for iOS 13 SDK\n\nI am using phonegap build to build IPA and APK.", "\nWhen i am trying to upload my IPA in app-store. ", "I am getting this warning \n\nWARNING :\"This app was built with the iOS 12.1 SDK. ", "Starting April 2020 all iOS apps submitted to the App Store must be built with the iOS 13 SDK or later, included in Xcode 11 or later.\"", "\n\nI appreciate any solution.", "\nthanks \n\nA:\n\nLocal build. ", "If you don't have mac, you can use macincloud.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "by\n\nThe Montgomery Police Department is investigating a shooting incident that took place Tuesday morning.", "\n\nLt. ", "Regina Duckett says the shooting happened at the intersection of Day Street and Airbase Boulevard.", "\n\nNo one was injured, and there was no damage to any facility on base.", "\n\nOfficials at Maxwell Air Force Base say they are maintaining vigilance after the incident.", "\n\nNo arrests have been made." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhen is the standard error of the mean impossibly large for a given data range, when we know the sample size?", "\n\nWhile reading an article (published and peer-reviewed, referenced below) investigating proportions of different tissue types in the human brain I came upon a table presenting data on the different subgroups in the study. ", "Data was presented as means +/- SE (which I assume to be standard error, although I could not see it specified in the text) and range.", "\nOne example is the age of one of the subgroups: \nn= 23\nmean age = 66\nSE = 2.9\nrange of age 60-69\nThis puzzled me. ", "If the SE is 2.9, then given the sample size of 23 the SD of the age should be:\nSD = sqrt(23) * 2.9 = 13.9\nThis would lead to a standard deviation that is quite a lot larger than the specified range for the age, which should not be possible.", "\nI'm a beginner in the world of statistics, so my question is simply if it from this is possible to conclude that one or several of the values given must be incorrect, or if I'm missing something that would make this data to make sense.", "\nThank you! ", "\nReference:\nGuttmann CR, Jolesz FA, Kikinis R, et al. ", "White matter changes with normal aging. ", "Neurology 1998;50:972-978. ", "\n\nA:\n\nI'm looking at the paper now (figures are at the end).", "\nI may have missed something, but so far I see nothing in the paper that states that the 2.9 is intended to be a standard error (I can't find \"SE\" or \"standard error\" in the paper, for example).", "\nEdit: Mattias points out in comments that (unlike the html version I linked), the pdf version definitely says 'SE', which invalidates what follows. ", "It means the article has it wrong.", "\nYou may have inferred that it is a standard error from the way the information is presented in Table.1, where for example the mean \"Age\" for age group 60-69 is given as 66.0$\\pm$ 2.9.", "\nHowever, it's not unusual for $\\pm$ to be used in different ways, such as to indicate the standard deviation, or some multiple of the standard error (leaving us to always require it to be spelled out if we are to know for sure what it means).", "\n\nBounding the standard deviation and the standard error of the mean\nIn any case, it's a good question, and such investigation of the information in papers is important.", "\nThe largest possible value for a population standard deviation for a bounded continuous variable on $[a,b]$ is $(b-a)/2$; this happens when half the observations are at the lower limit and half at the upper limit. ", "\nSo for example if we knew that the age group is $60-69$ (assuming ages are recorded only in whole years), the biggest standard deviation possible is $4.5$, and the biggest standard error of the mean would be $4.5/\\sqrt{n}$. \n\nOf course, if the sample variance is based on an $n-1$ denominator, then the standard deviation can slightly exceed half the range (in an easily computable way).", "\nThe simple rule of thumb - the standard deviation shouldn't be more than half the range - is one worth remembering, as long as for small samples we keep in mind it's really $s_n$ that it holds for.", "\nHowever, we can bound it further. ", "First note that $n$ was odd in the table in question, so that we can't actually place half at each end, and it's possible to compute the (slightly smaller) standard deviation that would allow. ", "Even more importantly, we're told the mean, and that can have a greater impact, reducing the maximum standard deviation to roughly 4.15 ($s_n$) or 4.24 ($s_{n-1}$).", "\nNote that if the age had been uniformly distributed, it would have given about the right standard deviation:\n\n(It isn't actually uniform - we can tell that because the mean is higher than the center value, but it gives us some idea of the kind of spread we have.)", "\nThe \"sd < $\\frac{1}{2}$ range\" rule of thumb remains probably the most useful one to remember, unless you're doing some very detailed investigation.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "ScreenToaster:\nThis is a free online screencasting tool with plenty of handy features. ", "The site itself is a great source of already created tutorials and it's worth checking out. ", "ScreenToaster was very easy to use, and publishing a short screencast was painless. ", "This seems like a wonderful screencasting tool and I will use it again.", "Go to ScreenToaster\n\nJing:\n\nJing is an old, familiar application that works well and has exciting potential, but it tends to take a long time to load and play. ", "Jing is free, but there is a download required so this is a tool for home use. ", "There is also a more streamlined paid version of JING that is worth checking out.", "Go to Jing\n\nScreener:\n\nAt first glance, Screenr seemed like the perfect tool for recording simple video tutorials. ", "Creating a Screener couldn't be easier, but publishing one was a different story. ", "First, Screenr insisted on posting my screencast to Twitter, but then it couldn't quite make the connection. ", "All of the Screenrs I created are somewhere lost in CyberSpace.", "Go to Screener\n\nScreenJelly:\nThis is another screencasting tool that depends on Twitter for publishing, but it also has a nicely displayed collection of already created screencasts.", "Go to ScreenJelly\n\nWallWisher is a free tool that allows you to create a page of online sticky notes. ", "In addition to text, the notes can include images, links and videos as long as that media is already stored somewhere else online. ", "Create a themed wall, then invite others to add stickies. ", "Just think of all the ways this Cool Tool can be used!" ]

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[ "[Preparation of bone tissue of the jaw to implantation of abutment elements of dentures].", "\nA complex multi-staged method for stimulation of bone tissue regeneration in the jaws after removal of teeth and preparation of bone tissue for subsequent implantation, stimulation of bone tissue regeneration after implantation, and adaptation of bone tissue of the jaws to masticatory pressure is developed. ", "The method is based on utilization of magnetic laser exposure with a universal Optodan laser device. ", "In case of pronounced inflammation and pyodestructive processes after implantation, these processes are liquidated due to detoxifying effect of the blood, which is stimulated by irradiation of the carotid sinuses on both sides. ", "Granulation tissue round the heads of implants is removed by laser coagulation with surgical lasers Lancet or Stokos." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The increased level of PDGF-A contributes to the increased proliferation induced by mechanical stimulation in osteoblastic cells.", "\nMechanical stimulation can prompt healing of bone fractures. ", "However, it is largely unknown how osteogenesis is promoted by mechanical stimulation. ", "In this study, we found that mechanical strain-induced proliferation of osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) accompanied increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) mRNA, determined by quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. ", "In addition, neomycin and W-7, which blocked mechanical strain-induced proliferation of the osteoblast cells, also blocked mechanical stimulation-induced elevation of PDGF-A mRNA. ", "Finally, an antibody against PDGF can inhibit physical stimulation-induced proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, suggesting that the increased MC3T3-E1 cells produced by mechanical stimulation at least partially depends on the increased activity of PDGF." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Gold Creek (Queensland)\n\nGold Creek rises in Brisbane Forest Park in the suburb of Upper Brookfield, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; is dammed by Gold Creek Dam and on leaving the Forest Park runs alongside Gold Creek Road until it joins Gap Creek at Brookfield.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Geography of Brisbane\nCategory:Rivers of Queensland\nCategory:Rivers of Brisbane" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "First-Line Therapies for Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma Without a Driver Mutation.", "\nLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. ", "The majority of these cancers are non-small-cell lung cancer, of which adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic subtype. ", "Most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages when systemic treatment is needed. ", "Whereas prognosis has improved for patients with targetable driver mutations, the majority of patients do not possess tumors with such molecular mutations. ", "Platinum-based chemotherapy has traditionally been the mainstay of treatment, although in recent years immunotherapy has emerged as a treatment option and can result in robust and durable treatment responses in a subset of patients. ", "Recent clinical trials on novel immunotherapy combinations and immunochemotherapy combinations may broaden the number of patients that may benefit from checkpoint inhibitors and elicit responses in those who otherwise may not have experienced a response to monotherapy with an immunotherapy drug. ", "This review will outline the currently available therapies for the first-line treatment of metastatic adenocarcinoma that do not possess a driver mutation and provide a recommended approach and algorithm by which to select the best first-line therapy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Contribution of mexAB-oprM and mexXY (-oprA) efflux operons in antibiotic resistance of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Tabriz, Iran.", "\nOverexpression of efflux pumps is one of the most important mechanisms that contributes to intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ", "The present study evaluated the role of MexAB-OprM and MexXY (-OprA) efflux pump overexpression in antibiotics resistance of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. ", "One-hundred clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from four hospitals of Tabriz city in Northwest Iran. ", "Isolates were identified and evaluated by the disk diffusion method and agar dilution in order to determine antibiotic resistance. ", "Effect of Phenylalanine Arginine beta-Naphthylamide (PAβN) on susceptibility to various anti-Pseudomonas antimicrobials and expression levels of mexB and mexY using quantitative real-time PCR were determined in the clinical isolates. ", "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Typing (RAPD-PCR) was used for genotyping of the isolates. ", "The most and least effective antibiotics tested were colistin and ofloxacin, respectively. ", "Seventy-one percent of the isolates were found as multidrug resistant (resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics). ", "Among ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistant isolates, 39.6% and 28.5% of them showed four-fold reduction in MIC with PAβN, respectively. ", "Sixty-two percent and 65% of isolates overexpressed mexB and mexY, respectively. ", "Sixty six isolates showed overexpression of both mexB and mexY efflux genes. ", "Moreover, 76% and 88.7% of MDR isolates were mexB and mexY overexpressed, respectively. ", "There were 30 different RAPD types in this study which were clustered into 6 clones. ", "The study indicated that there is a significant correlation between the expression of efflux pumps and the resistance to most anti-pseudomonal antibiotics." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "On the Circuit Complexity of Sigmoid Feedforward Neural Networks.", "\nThis paper aims to examine the circuit complexity of sigmoid activation feedforward artificial neural networks by placing them amongst several classic Boolean and threshold gate circuit complexity classes. ", "The starting point is the class NN(k) defined by [Shawe-Taylor et al. (", "1992)] Classes of feedforward neural nets and their circuit complexity. ", "Neural Networks 5(6), 971-977. ", "For a better characterisation, we introduce two additional classes NN(k)(Delta) and NN(k)(Delta,epsilon) having less restrictive conditions than NN(k) concerning fan-in and accuracy, and proceed to prove relations amongst these three classes and well established circuit complexity classes. ", "For doing that, a particular class of Boolean functions F(Delta) is first introduced and we show how a threshold gate circuit can be recursively built for any f(Delta) belonging to F(Delta). ", "As the G-functions (computing the carries) are f(Delta) functions, a class of solutions is obtained for threshold gate adders. ", "We then constructively prove the inclusions amongst circuit complexity classes. ", "This is done by converting the sigmoid feedforward artificial neural network into an equivalent threshold gate circuit [Shawe-Taylor et al. (", "1992)]. ", "Each threshold gate is then replaced by a multiple input adder having a binary tree structure, relaxing the logarithmic fan-in condition from ([Shawe-Taylor et al. ", "1992]) to (almost) polynomial. ", "This means that larger classes of sigmoid activation feedforward neural networks can be implemented in polynomial size Boolean circuits with a small constant fan-in at the expense of a logarithmic factor increase in the number of layers. ", "Similar results are obtained for threshold circuits, and are liked with the previous ones. ", "The main conclusion is that there are interesting fan-in dependent depth-size tradeoffs when trying to digitally implement sigmoid activation feedforward neural networks. ", "Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "#include <lua.hpp>\r\n#include <stdint.h>\r\n#include <time.h>\r\n#include <assert.h>\r\n#include <base/filesystem.h>\r\n#include <bee/utility/unicode_win.h>\r\n\r\n#ifdef WIN32\r\n#\tpragma warning(disable:4996)\r\n#\tinclude <windows.h>\r\n#\tinclude <direct.h>\r\n#else\r\n#\tinclude <unistd.h>\r\n#\tinclude <sys/types.h> \r\n#\tinclude <sys/stat.h>\r\n#\tinclude <sys/time.h>\r\n#endif\r\n\t\t\t\r\nnamespace warcraft3::lua_engine::log {\r\n\r\nenum loglevel {\t \r\n\ttrace = 0,\r\n\tdebug,\r\n\tinfo,\r\n\twarning,\r\n\terror,\r\n\tfatal\r\n};\r\n\r\n#ifdef WIN32\r\n/*\r\n* Number of micro-seconds between the beginning of the Windows epoch\r\n* (Jan. 1, 1601) and the Unix epoch (Jan. 1, 1970).", "\r\n*\r\n* This assumes all Win32 compilers have 64-bit support.", "\r\n*/\r\n#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_MSC_EXTENSIONS) || defined(__WATCOMC__)\r\n#\tdefine DELTA_EPOCH_IN_USEC 11644473600000000Ui64\r\n#else\r\n#\tdefine DELTA_EPOCH_IN_USEC 11644473600000000ULL\r\n#endif\r\n\r\nstatic uint64_t log_filetime_to_unix_epoch(const FILETIME *ft)\r\n{\r\n\tuint64_t res = (uint64_t)ft->dwHighDateTime << 32;\r\n\r\n\tres |= ft->dwLowDateTime;\r\n\tres /= 10; /* from 100 nano-sec periods to usec */\r\n\tres -= DELTA_EPOCH_IN_USEC; /* from Win epoch to Unix epoch */\r\n\treturn (res);\r\n}\r\n\r\nstatic int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, void *)\r\n{\r\n\tFILETIME ft;\r\n\tuint64_t tim;\r\n\r\n\tif (!", "tv) {\r\n\t\t//errno = EINVAL;\r\n\t\treturn (-1);\r\n\t}\r\n\tGetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&ft);\r\n\ttim = log_filetime_to_unix_epoch(&ft);\r\n\ttv->tv_sec = (long)(tim / 1000000L);\r\n\ttv->tv_usec = (long)(tim % 1000000L);\r\n\treturn (0);\r\n}\r\n#endif\r\n\r\nstatic struct tm log_datenow(long* usec = 0)\r\n{\r\n\tstruct tm tm_now;\r\n\tstruct timeval tv;\r\n\tgettimeofday(&tv, 0);\r\n\ttime_t now = tv.tv_sec;\r\n#ifdef WIN32\r\n\tlocaltime_s(&tm_now, &now);\r\n#else\r\n\tlocaltime_r(&now, &tm_now);\r\n#endif\r\n\tif (usec) *usec = tv.tv_usec;\r\n\treturn tm_now;\r\n}\r\n\r\nstatic const char* log_filename(const char* path)\r\n{\r\n\tstatic char filename[1024] = { 0 };\r\n\tstatic const char fmt[] = \"%s\\\\log-%04d-%02d-%02d-%02d-%02d-%02d.log\";\r\n\tstruct tm t = log_datenow();\r\n\tsprintf(filename, fmt, path, t.tm_year + 1900, t.tm_mon + 1, t.tm_mday, t.tm_hour, t.tm_min, t.tm_sec);\r\n\treturn filename;\r\n}\r\n\r\nstatic void\tlog_print(lua_State* L, const char* msg)\r\n{\r\n\tlua_pushstring(L, \"__path\");\r\n\tlua_rawget(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));\r\n\tsize_t pathlen = 0;\r\n\tconst wchar_t* path = (const wchar_t*)lua_tolstring(L, -1, &pathlen);\r\n\tif (path) {\r\n\t\tFILE* f = _wfopen(path, L\"a\");\r\n\t\tif (f)\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\tfputs(msg, f);\r\n\t\t\tfclose(f);\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\tlua_pop(L, 1);\r\n}\r\n\r\nstatic const char* log_lvstr[] = {\r\n\t\"trace\",\r\n\t\"debug\",\r\n\t\"info\",\r\n\t\"warn\",\r\n\t\"error\",\r\n\t\"fatal\",\r\n};\r\n\r\nstatic const char *\tlog_timestr()\r\n{\r\n\tstatic char str[64] = { 0 };\r\n\tlong usec = 0;\r\n\tstruct tm t = log_datenow(&usec);\r\n\tsprintf(str, \"%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%03d\", t.tm_year + 1900, t.tm_mon + 1, t.tm_mday, t.tm_hour, t.tm_min, t.tm_sec, usec / 1000);\r\n\treturn str;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#define buffonstack(B)\t((B)->b !", "= (B)->init.b)\r\n\r\nstatic int l_log(lua_State* L, int level)\r\n{\r\n\tlua_pushstring(L, \"__level\");\r\n\tlua_rawget(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));\r\n\tif (level < lua_tointeger(L, -1))\r\n\t{\r\n\t\treturn 0;\r\n\t}\r\n\tlua_pop(L, 1);\r\n\r\n\tluaL_Buffer b;\r\n\tluaL_buffinit(L, &b);\r\n\tluaL_addstring(&b, log_timestr());\r\n\tluaL_addstring(&b, \" [\");\r\n\tluaL_addstring(&b, log_lvstr[level]);\r\n\tluaL_addstring(&b, \"]: \");\r\n\tassert(!buffonstack(&b));\r\n\r\n\tint n = lua_gettop(L);\r\n\tlua_getglobal(L, \"tostring\");\r\n\tfor (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tlua_pushvalue(L, n + 1);\r\n\t\tlua_pushvalue(L, i);\r\n\t\tlua_call(L, 1, 1);\r\n\t\tsize_t l;\r\n\t\tconst char * s = lua_tolstring(L, -1, &l);\r\n\t\tif (buffonstack(&b)) lua_insert(L, -2);\r\n\t\tif (s == NULL) {\r\n\t\t\ts = \"nil\";\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tif (i>1) luaL_addchar(&b, '\\t');\r\n\t\tluaL_addlstring(&b, s, l);\r\n\t\tlua_remove(L, n + 2);\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tluaL_addchar(&b, '\\n');\r\n\tluaL_pushresult(&b);\r\n\tlog_print(L, lua_tostring(L, -1));\r\n\treturn 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\nstatic int l_logdebug(lua_State* L) { return l_log(L, debug); }\r\nstatic int l_loginfo(lua_State* L) { return l_log(L, info); }\r\nstatic int l_logwarning(lua_State* L) { return l_log(L, warning); }\r\nstatic int l_logerror(lua_State* L) { return l_log(L, error); }\r\nstatic int l_logfatal(lua_State* L) { return l_log(L, fatal); }\r\nstatic int l_logtrace(lua_State* L) { return l_log(L, trace); }\r\n\r\nstatic int l__index(lua_State* L)\r\n{\r\n\ttry {\r\n\t\tconst char* key = lua_tostring(L, 2);\r\n\t\tif (strcmp(key, \"path\") == 0)\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\tlua_pushstring(L, \"__path\");\r\n\t\t\tlua_rawget(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));\r\n\t\t\tsize_t len = 0;\r\n\t\t\tconst char* str = lua_tolstring(L, -1, &len);\r\n\t\t\tstd::string utf8_str = bee::w2u(std::wstring_view((const wchar_t*)str, len / sizeof(wchar_t)));\r\n\t\t\tlua_pushlstring(L, utf8_str.c_str(), utf8_str.size());\r\n\t\t\treturn 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\telse if (strcmp(key, \"level\") == 0)\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\tlua_pushstring(L, \"__level\");\r\n\t\t\tlua_rawget(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));\r\n\t\t\tint level = lua_tointeger(L, 1);\r\n\t\t\tif (level >= 0 && level < sizeof(log_lvstr))\r\n\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\tlua_pushstring(L, log_lvstr[level]);\r\n\t\t\t\treturn 1;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\treturn 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\tcatch (...) {}\r\n\treturn 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\nstatic int l__newindex(lua_State* L)\r\n{\r\n\ttry {\r\n\t\tconst char* key = lua_tostring(L, 2);\r\n\t\tif (strcmp(key, \"path\") == 0)\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\tsize_t pathlen = 0;\r\n\t\t\tconst char* path = lua_tolstring(L, 3, &pathlen);\r\n\t\t\tstd::wstring utf16_str = bee::u2w(std::string_view(path, pathlen));\r\n\t\t\tfs::create_directories(fs::path(utf16_str).parent_path());\r\n\t\t\tlua_pushstring(L, \"__path\");\r\n\t\t\tlua_pushlstring(L, (const char*)utf16_str.c_str(), (utf16_str.size() + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));\r\n\t\t\tlua_rawset(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));\r\n\t\t\treturn 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\telse if (strcmp(key, \"level\") == 0)\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\tconst char* level = lua_tostring(L, 3);\r\n\t\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < sizeof(log_lvstr); ++i)\r\n\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\tif (strcmp(log_lvstr[i], level) == 0)\r\n\t\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\t\tlua_pushstring(L, \"__level\");\r\n\t\t\t\t\tlua_pushinteger(L, i);\r\n\t\t\t\t\tlua_rawset(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));\r\n\t\t\t\t\treturn 0;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\treturn 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\tcatch (...) {}\r\n\treturn 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\nint open(lua_State* L)\r\n{\r\n\tstatic luaL_Reg func[] = {\r\n\t\t{ \"debug\", l_logdebug },\r\n\t\t{ \"info\", l_loginfo },\r\n\t\t{ \"warn\", l_logwarning },\r\n\t\t{ \"error\", l_logerror },\r\n\t\t{ \"fatal\", l_logfatal },\r\n\t\t{ \"trace\", l_logtrace },\r\n\t\t{ NULL, NULL },\r\n\t};\r\n\tlua_newtable(L);\r\n\tlua_pushvalue(L, -1);\r\n\tluaL_setfuncs(L, func, 1);\r\n\r\n\tstatic luaL_Reg mt[] = {\r\n\t\t{ \"__index\", l__index },\r\n\t\t{ \"__newindex\", l__newindex },\r\n\t\t{ NULL, NULL },\r\n\t};\r\n\tlua_newtable(L);\r\n\tlua_pushvalue(L, -2);\r\n\tluaL_setfuncs(L, mt, 1);\r\n\tlua_setmetatable(L, -2);\r\n\r\n\tconst char* path = log_filename(\"log\");\r\n\tlua_pushstring(L, path);\r\n\tlua_setfield(L, -2, \"path\");\r\n\r\n\treturn 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n}\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Just how to Write an Article on Epistemology\n\nIf you’re replicating documents from the web then most probably yet another pupil will perform the very same. ", "In the occasion your handwriting is bad, appear at implementing on line. ", "It really is not a language but a sort of technology. ", "Search for a center providing you with unique lessons within the verbal part and surely will offer guidance on composition writing. ", "A primary – class describe superiorpapers is potentially the most important measure on paper an excellent essay. ", "The best part about organizing a biography composition is just an established format, not merely in MLA format style, but additionally in the easy business of the information. ", "In truth the meta- explanation is more like a succinct declaration about the content of your own webpage, just as you’d write a concise outline or potentially a synopsis if you’re to compose an article about it. ", "Persuasive writing can become a little of the task, particularly for beginners. ", "If you pick that you would like to become a writer, then poems is a great place to begin If you’re a new or budding author, you might be pondering about how to begin writing and submitting posts.", "\n\nGuidelines provide specifics.", "\n\nBuy essay by using their lives. ", "Therefore numerous variables may be evaluated to pick the appropriate small enterprise college. ", "The check list can be a really helpful tool which will enable you to finish most of your work punctually throughout those extremely frantic weeks. ", "There may really be a few distinct checklists also. ", "Compose details which are exceptional to you personally professionally and that just it is possible to have written. ", "Choose notice the evaluations are shaped to price the info and skills of the coach candidate concerning an established criterion rather than to various nominees. ", "Include this info to color a whole image of your own out-of-college tasks.", "\n\nThere several challenges in dissertation-writing that pupils often experience.", "\n\nIn substance, the article we utilize a kind of understanding will be to create the correct conclusion when you’re trying to find a business or person will consider before they may be competent to tell you about the definition and the required standards and, along with that, has a fantastic reputation inside this marketplace and contains expertise of their respective fields. ", "Even should a scholarship program doesn’t need a cover letter, that is a good thought to integrate a well- created one. ", "It’s regarded poor form to request a hurry correspondence if it may be shunned. ", "As challenging as it could be, such an essay is a fantastic chance to make yourself beam. ", "Regularly, they get good counsel which could help you too. ", "A favorite coaching facility for GMAT will undoubtedly take pleasure in a fine reputation in the place. ", "If your plan would be to take GMAT coaching in Chennai, you’ll see no dearth of selections because you will find many hugely common coaching centers within town. ", "You might be able to get in touch with a few successful newcomers to take reviews of a special coaching facility. ", "They have to be pursuing a specific procedure when offering admission to some pupil in a certain class.", "\n\nJesus taught obtaining and planting.", "\n\nIt truly is critical for pupils to be fairly careful whenever they choose to buy essays online. ", "Students deliver the incorrect article. ", "They utilize the online program but neglect to request information from their high school counselor." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Perinatal asphyxia increases bFGF mRNA levels and DA cell body number in the mesencephalon of rats.", "\nThe present investigation was undertaken in order to study the long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia on basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene expression and the number of dopamine nerve cell bodies in the mesencephalon of the rat. ", "Asphyxia was induced during birth for 19-20 min. ", "A 30% increase in the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-IR) nerve cell bodies (i.e. dopamine-containing neurones) as well as a 50% increase in bFGF gene expression following asphyxia was found in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area 4 weeks after birth. ", "The increase in bFGF mRNA levels may underlie the increase found in the number of dopamine cell bodies. ", "The present results indicate that asphyxia during birth can prime the long-term development of the central nervous system." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1944 in the United Kingdom\n\nEvents from the year 1944 in the United Kingdom. ", "The year was dominated by the Second World War.", "\n\nIncumbents\n Monarch – George VI\n Prime Minister – Winston Churchill (Coalition)\n Parliament – 37th\n\nEvents\n\n January – Royal Air Force Mountain Rescue Service officially formed\n 21–22 January – World War II: start of Operation Steinbock (the \"Baby Blitz\"), a nocturnal Luftwaffe bombing offensive chiefly targeted at the Greater London area (continues until May). ", "On this attack, few aircraft reach the target area.", "\n 10 February – PAYE (pay as you earn) system of tax collection introduced.", "\n 20 February – World War II: destroyer HMS Warwick (1917) is torpedoed by German submarine U-413 off Trevose Head, Cornwall, sinking in 6 minutes with the loss of 66 men, over half her crew.", "\n 26 February – World War II: last heavy air-raids on London.", "\n 10 March – lifting of prohibition on married women working as teachers.", "\n 28 April – World War II: Allied convoy T4, forming part of amphibious Exercise Tiger (a full-scale rehearsal for the Normandy landings) in Start Bay off the Devon coast, is attacked by E-boats, resulting in the deaths of 749 American servicemen from LSTs.", "\n 29 May – thunderstorms lead to severe flooding, particularly around Holmfirth.", "\n 5 June – World War II: final preparations for the Normandy landings take place in the south of England. ", "Group Captain James Stagg correctly forecasts a brief improvement in weather conditions over the English Channel which will permit the following day's landings to take place (having been deferred from today due to unfavourable weather). ", "The BBC transmits coded messages (including the second line of a poem by Paul Verlaine) to underground resistance fighters in France warning that the invasion of Europe is about to begin.", "\n 6 June – World War II: D-Day for the Normandy landings: 155,000 Allied troops land on the beaches of Normandy in France, beginning Operation Overlord and the Invasion of Normandy.", "\n\n 13 June – World War II: the first V-1 flying bomb attack on London takes place. ", "Eight civilians are killed in the blast. ", "The bomb earns the nickname \"doodlebug\".", "\n Summer – Ministry of Works builds the first demonstration temporary prefab houses designed for postwar reconstruction (in Northolt and on Millbank in London).", "\n 3 August – the Education Act, promoted by Rab Butler, creates a Tripartite System of secondary education in England and Wales with Secondary Modern, Technical, and Grammar schools, entrance being determined in most cases by the results of the Eleven plus exam.", "\n 12 August - World War II: the V-1 flying bomb campaign against London by the Germans reaches its 60th day, with more than 6,000 deaths, 17,000 injuries and damage or destruction to around 1 million buildings.", "\n 20 August – American Liberty ship is wrecked off the Nore in the Thames Estuary with around 1,400 tonnes of explosives on board, never recovered.", "\n 21 August – Dumbarton Oaks Conference opens in Washington, D.C.: American, British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the foundation of the United Nations.", "\n 7 September – the Belgian government leaves the UK and returns to Belgium following the liberation of Brussels on 3 September.", "\n 8 September – World War II: the first V-2 rocket attack on London takes place, striking in the Chiswick district of the city and resulting in the deaths of three people.", "\n 17 September – World War II: restrictions imposed by the Blackout are relaxed.", "\n 25 September - World War II: V-2 rockets aimed at Ipswich and Norwich by the Germans miss their targets by a distance.", "\n 9 October – fourth Moscow Conference: Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin begin a nine-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future of Europe.", "\n 23 October – the Allies recognise Charles de Gaulle's cabinet as the provisional government of France.", "\n\n 12 November – World War II: sinking of the German battleship Tirpitz by RAF Lancaster bombers.", "\n 22 November – release of Laurence Olivier's Henry V, the first work of Shakespeare filmed in colour.", "\n 25 November – World War II: a V-2 rocket destroys the Woolworths store in New Cross Road, south east London, killing 168, the highest death toll from one of these weapons. ", "More than 100 people survive with injuries.", "\n 27 November – RAF Fauld explosion: between 3,450 and 3,930 tons (3,500 and 4,000 tonnes) of ordnance explodes at an underground storage depot in Staffordshire leaving about 75 dead and a crater 1,200 metres (0.75 miles) across and 120 metres (400 ft) deep, one of the largest explosions in history and the largest on UK soil.", "\n 3 December – World War II: the Home Guard is stood down.", "\n 19 December – Council of Industrial Design established.", "\n 24 December – World War II: fifty German V-1 flying bombs, air-launched from Heinkel He 111 bombers flying over the North Sea, target Manchester, killing at least 27 and injuring more than 100 in the Oldham area.", "\n\nUndated\n Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act makes arrangements for postwar provision of adequate housing for all who need it.", "\n The 1944 Summer Olympics, scheduled for London, are not held due to World War II.", "\n\nPublications\n H. E. Bates' novel Fair Stood the Wind for France.", "\n Joyce Carey's novel The Horse's Mouth.", "\n Agatha Christie's novels Towards Zero and Death Comes as the End.", "\n L. P. Hartley's novel The Shrimp and the Anemone, first in the Eustace and Hilda trilogy.", "\n F. W. Hayek's economic text The Road to Serfdom.", "\n C. S. Lewis's theological dream vision The Great Divorce (serial publication begins).", "\n W. Somerset Maugham’s novel The Razor's Edge.", "\n L. T. C. Rolt's book Narrow Boat.", "\n G. M. Trevelyan's book English Social History: a survey of six centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria.", "\n\nBirths\n\nJanuary – June\n 4 January – Angela Harris, Baroness Harris of Richmond, politician\n 9 January – Jimmy Page, guitarist (Led Zeppelin)\n 27 January\n Mairead Corrigan, Northern Irish activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize\n Nick Mason, English drummer (Pink Floyd)\n 28 January – John Tavener, English composer of religious music (died 2013)\n 3 February – Dave Davies, British musician (The Kinks)\n 8 February – Tony Minson, virologist and academic\n 13 February – Jerry Springer, English-born television host\n 14 February – Alan Parker, English film director\n 17 February – Karl Jenkins, Welsh composer\n 24 February – Nicky Hopkins, English rock keyboardist (died 1994 in the United States)\n 27 February – Roger Scruton, English philosopher (died 2020)\n 1 March – Roger Daltrey, English rock singer (The Who)\n 7 March – Ranulph Fiennes, English adventurer\n 11 March – Don Maclean, British comedian\n 21 March – Mike Jackson, English soldier\n 3 April – Derek Higgs, English banker and businessman (died 2008)\n 6 April – Felicity Palmer, English soprano\n 12 April – Lisa Jardine, née Bronowski, Renaissance historian and polymath (died 2015)\n 16 April – Sue Clifford, environmentalist and academic, co-founder of Common Ground\n 23 April – Timothy Garden, Baron Garden, RAF pilot and politician (died 2007)\n 26 April – Richard Bradshaw, orchestral conductor (died 2007)\n 27 April – Michael Fish, British TV weatherman\n 5 May\n Roger Rees, Welsh actor (died 2015)\n John Rhys-Davies, Welsh actor\n 8 May – Gary Glitter, English singer and convicted sex offender\n 12 May – Sara Kestelman, British actor\n 20 May – Joe Cocker, English singer (died 2014)\n 25 May – Frank Oz, English puppeteer and film director\n 28 May – Patricia Quinn, Northern Irish actress\n 24 June\n Jeff Beck, musician\n John \"Charlie\" Whitney, rock guitarist (Family)\n 1 June – Colin Blakemore, neurobiologist and academic\n 1 June - Robert Powell, Actor\n 3 June – Peter Bonfield, businessman\n 11 June – Alan Howarth, Baron Howarth of Newport, English politician, Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries\n\nJuly – December\n 21 July – Tony Scott, English film director\n 27 July – Tony Capstick, English comedian, actor and musician (died 2003)\n 27 July – Matthew Robinson, English television and film producer, director and writer\n 2 August – Jim Capaldi, British drummer, singer and songwriter (Traffic) (died 2005)\n 11 August – Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor\n 15 August – R. A. W. Rhodes, political scientist and academic\n 26 August – Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, member of the British royal family\n 28 August – Ray Lowry, cartoonist (died 2008)\n 31 August – Roger Dean, English graphic artist\n 4 September – Tony Atkinson, economist (died 2017)\n 4 September - Dave Bassett, Football Manager\n 13 September – Jacqueline Bisset, English film actress\n 15 September – Graham Taylor, English footballer and football manager (died 2017)\n 20 September - Paul Madeley, English footballer (died 2018)\n 22 September – Frazer Hines, British actor\n 26 September – Anne Robinson, British television host\n 30 September – Jimmy Johnstone, Scottish footballer\n 9 October – John Entwistle, English bassist (The Who) (died 2002)\n 15 October – David Trimble, Northern Irish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize\n 28 October – Ian Marter, British actor (died 1986)\n 10 November – Tim Rice, lyricist, writer and broadcaster\n 25 November – Sylvia Gore, footballer (died 2016)\n 6 December – Jonathan King, British music producer and convicted sex offender\n 9 December – Neil Innes, English comedian and musician (died 2019)\n 20 December – Anton Rippon, journalist and author\n 21 December – Bill Atkinson, English footballer\n\nDeaths\n 1 January – Edwin Lutyens, architect (born 1869)\n 19 January – Emily Winifred Dickson, gynaecologist (born 1866 in Ireland)\n 19 March – Mary Paley Marshall, economist (born 1850)\n 13 April – Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale, sportsman after whom the brand Lonsdale is named (born 1857)\n 8 May – Ethel Smyth, composer and a leader of the women's suffrage movement (born 1858)\n 28 July – Ralph H. Fowler, astronomer and physicist (born 1889)\n 19 August – Henry Wood, conductor (born 1869)\n 13 September – W. Heath Robinson, cartoonist and illustrator (born 1872)\n 23 October – Charles Glover Barkla, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1877)\n 26 October\n The Princess Beatrice, last surviving child of Queen Victoria (born 1857)\n William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1881)\n 14 November – Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Air Chief Marshal, dies in aviation accident in France (born 1892)\n 22 November – Arthur Stanley Eddington, astrophysicist (born 1882)\n 30 November – Roy Emerton, actor (born 1893)\n\nSee also\n List of British films of 1944\n Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \nCategory:Years of the 20th century in the United Kingdom" ]

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[ "PINK1 loss-of-function mutations affect mitochondrial complex I activity via NdufA10 ubiquinone uncoupling.", "\nUnder resting conditions, Pink1 knockout cells and cells derived from patients with PINK1 mutations display a loss of mitochondrial complex I reductive activity, causing a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. ", "Analyzing the phosphoproteome of complex I in liver and brain from Pink1(-/-) mice, we found specific loss of phosphorylation of serine-250 in complex I subunit NdufA10. ", "Phosphorylation of serine-250 was needed for ubiquinone reduction by complex I. Phosphomimetic NdufA10 reversed Pink1 deficits in mouse knockout cells and rescued mitochondrial depolarization and synaptic transmission defects in pink(B9)-null mutant Drosophila. ", "Complex I deficits and adenosine triphosphate synthesis were also rescued in cells derived from PINK1 patients. ", "Thus, this evolutionary conserved pathway may contribute to the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to Parkinson's disease in patients with PINK1 mutations." ]

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[ "From the Fires\n\nFrom the Fires is the second EP by American rock band Greta Van Fleet. ", "It is a double EP consisting of eight songs; four from their debut EP, Black Smoke Rising, and four new tracks. ", "It was released on November 10, 2017 through Republic Records. ", "From the Fires won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 61st Grammy Awards.", "\n\nBackground and release\nFrom the Fires was first announced on October 25, 2017, to be released on November 10, 2017. ", "The release is a double EP, consisting of eight songs; four being newly recorded by the band, four songs originally found from their prior EP, Black Smoke Rising.", "\n\nHaving chosen songs for Black Smoke Rising that would demonstrate their range and variety, the band felt that it was \"simply just not finished.\" ", "As a result, they compiled four more songs that they felt tied up loose ends for From the Fires. ", "Too busy to design the cover art like they did for Black Smoke Rising, they hired an artist for From the Fires and made suggestions.", "\n\nThe album was released physically and digitally, the latter being available for a discount on iTunes if the account has already purchased Black Smoke Rising. ", "The song \"Highway Tune\" topped the Billboard Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts in 2017, while \"Safari Song\" had peaked at number 1 on the same chart in February 2018.", "\n\nThemes and composition\nLyrically, all eight songs across the two EPs all relate to the theme of basic humanity. ", "Specifically, vocalist Josh Kiszka explained that the EP's name and cover art were inspired by the band's camping trips of their childhood:\n\nThe EP contains two covers; a cover of Sam Cooke's 1964 song \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", and Fairport Convention's 1968 song \"Meet on the Ledge\". ", "The former was to show the band's soul influences and the latter to have a folk song. ", "Josh and guitarist Jake had always wanted to cover \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", and felt that its political importance was relevant to today and therefore time to finally do it. ", "Herschel Boone and his wife recorded multiple chorus parts to give it the effect of a choir. ", "From the Fires two original songs, \"Edge of Darkness\" and \"Talk on the Street,\" were written about nine months before its release. ", "Jake briefly referred to the former as \"pure rock and roll\" and the latter as having a \"catchy fun\" element to it.", "\n\nReception\n\nAt Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the EP received an average score of 64, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\", based on 4 reviews. ", "As of August 30, 2019, the EP has sold 500,000 copies in the U.S., giving it a gold certification by the RIAA.", "\n\nMusically, the release was described as \"Led Zeppelin for Generation Z\", an influence the band mentioned in the past, specifically Robert Plant's wailing vocals and Jimmy Page's guitar riffs.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nGreta Van Fleet\nJoshua Kiszka – vocals\nJacob Kiszka – guitar\nSamuel Kiszka – bass\nDaniel Wagner – percussion\n\nProduction\nMarlon Young – producer, recorder and mixer\nAl Sutton – producer, recorder and mixer\nHerschel Boone – vocals producer\nAshley Pawlak – cover artwork, art direction and design\nKyledidthis – art direction and design\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2017 EPs\nCategory:Greta Van Fleet albums\nCategory:Republic Records EPs\nCategory:EPs by American artists\nCategory:Rock EPs\nCategory:Grammy Award for Best Rock Album" ]

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[ "[Physical activity and the work capacity of patients with artificial heart valves before and after rehabilitation].", "\nThe physical condition of patients how underwent operations for prosthetics of one or more valves was appraised in five groups (as recommended by N. M. Amosov and Y. A. Bendet) according to the PWC170 value of the threshold load level. ", "On admission to the department, rehabilitation (in 17 days after the operation, on the average) of 50% of patients was referred to group IV. ", "One year after operation the physical working capacity of patients grew markedly: 40.7% were referred to group II." ]

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[ "SEATTLE -- Ahmed Majeed fished a Seattle lake because his friends challenged him. ", "They laughed, saying he'd get skunked.", "\n\n\n\nThey're not laughing now.", "\n\n\n\n\"I see my name on Google now,\" Majeed said.", "\n\n\n\nMajeed, 35, caught two huge fish at Seattle's Green Lake over the weekend, one almost certainly breaking the state record. ", "Unfortunately, for the second time in a month, no official scale was immediately available to measure the fish.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIraq-born Majeed has been fishing since he was 8 years old, and loves a challenge. ", "When his friends told him he could only catch trout in one of Seattle's most well-known lakes, he had to test it out.", "\n\n\n\n\"They said 'you're wasting your time,'\" Majeed said. \"'", "You won't catch anything.'\"", "\n\n\n\nMajeed said he customized his set-up, going with his favorite corn scent and carp bait. ", "About two hours into fishing, he hooked his first big one: a 30-pound grass carp.", "\n\n\n\nBut two hours later, he connected with something massive. ", "It took about 20 minutes to land a channel catfish. ", "It was one of the biggest he's seen.", "\n\n\n\n\"I couldn't pick it up with one arm,\" Majeed said.", "\n\n\n\nMajeed weighed it when he got home. ", "It tipped the scales at 45 pounds, he said. ", "That's 9 pounds heavier than the state record for channel catfish, 36.2-pounds, caught in 1999 in Yakima.", "\n\n\n\nHe called state fish and wildlife officials, who told him he would have to weigh the catfish on an official scale. ", "He didn't want to waste the meat and wait for the week to start, so he filleted the fish instead. ", "Still, he'd like his name in the record books.", "\n\n\n\n\"I'm fighting with them right now,\" Majeed said of WDFW.", "\n\n\n\nFish and wildlife officials posted the catch on Instagram, and said that Green Lake was stocked with catfish in 2005, 2011 and 2014. ", "Catfish can live up to 20 years, so this was likely more than a decade old.", "\n\n\n\nAs for the meat, Majeed said it tasted great.", "\n\n\n\n\"I gave some to my mom, my brother and I still have a bunch in the freezer,\" Majeed said.", "\n\n\n\nHe plans to head back to Green Lake on Saturday. ", "Maybe, for an official record." ]

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[ "[Victims of traffic occurrence submitted to surgery procedures: characteristics and perioperative complications].", "\nThis study aimed to characterize the victims of traffic occurrence submitted to anesthetic-surgical procedures according to demographics and clinical data and identify the predictors of complications during the perioperative period (hemorrhagic shock and death). ", "A cross-longitudinal analysis developed from the consultations of patients´ records submitted to surgery at a hospital in São Paulo city. ", "There was predominance of young, male, and motorcycle/cyclist accident victims who received prehospital support in 69 analyzed patients. ", "The abdomen as the most severely injured region, Injury Severity Score, general and orthopedic surgeries variables showed statistically significant association with shock and death. ", "Age was only associated with shock. ", "In the final model, the Injury Severity Score was predictor for shock and death, and general surgery only for shock. ", "Orthopedic surgery was a protection factor for death. ", "These findings subsidize the surgical team in strategic planning that aims to decrease undesirable outcomes." ]

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[ "Hog Heaven - Sports Bar & Grill\n\nTucked away in a protected cove in sleepy Islamorada you'll find Hog Heaven, the hottest late night spot in the Upper Keys. ", "By day Hog Heaven masquerades as a relaxed sports bar with some of the best seafood in town, a happy hour that can not be beat, and with a 17 flat screen TV's you can be sure that most every game will be playing day or night. ", "with both indoor and outdoors bars and dining, Hog Heaven is the perfect spot to unwind or recharge...whatever the case may be." ]

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[ "976 F.2d 724\nNOTICE: First Circuit Local Rule 36.2(b)6 states unpublished opinions may be cited only in related cases.", "Raul RODRIGUEZ, Plaintiff, Appellant,v.SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Defendant, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "92-1250.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,First Circuit.", "\nSeptember 21, 1992\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico\nSalvador Medina De La Cruz on brief for appellant.", "\nDaniel F. Lopez Romo, United States Attorney, Jose Vazquez Garcia, Assistant United States Attorney, and Thomas D. Ramsey, Assistant Regional Counsel, Region I, Department of Health and Human Services.", "\nD. Puerto Rico\nAFFIRMED.", "\nBefore Breyer, Chief Judge, Campbell, Senior Circuit Judge, and Cyr, Circuit Judge.", "\nPer Curiam.", "\n\n\n1\nPlaintiff appeals from a district court decision affirming a final decision of the Secretary of Health and Human Services that appellant was not disabled under the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 416(i), 423(d), for purposes of obtaining disability insurance benefits. ", " Appellant applied for disability insurance benefits for a back condition dating from 1981 which allegedly rendered him unable to work. ", " The administrative law judge (ALJ) denied benefits, concluding that, while appellant's impairment was severe enough to prevent him from continuing to work as a truck driver, he had the residual functional capacity to engage in light work. ", " Because the record as a whole supports this finding, we affirm. ", " Appellant raises a number of objections to the ALJ's decision, which we consider in turn.1\n\n\n2\nAppellant first claims that the ALJ's decision is inconsistent with testimony by a vocational expert that appellant could not engage in any substantial gainful work. ", " Appellant argues that the medical evidence shows that his back pain is at least frequent and that the vocational expert testified that frequent pain would prevent appellant from performing any substantial gainful work. ", " Actually, the vocational expert testified that appellant would be unable to perform any work in the national economy if the pain were both frequent and severe. ", " The ALJ basically found that appellant's pain was not severe when he concluded that appellant's back condition, though painful, was not a \"disabling painful condition\" and that appellant's allegation of pain was credible only to the extent that he could no longer perform heavy or medium work. ", " Therefore, the condition of the hypothetical posed to the vocational expert that the pain be severe was not met, and appellant's objection is not well taken. ", " See Lizotte v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 654 F.2d 127, 131 (1st Cir. ", "1981) (affirming the ALJ's determination that the claimant could perform certain tasks where, although the vocational expert had determined that the claimant could not perform such tasks if certain restrictions in his capabilities were assumed, the ALJ had found that the assumed restrictions did not actually exist).", "\n\n\n3\nNext, appellant states that specific clinical tests showed that he had very limited residual functional capacity to stand, walk or sit. ", " The clinical tests to which appellant refers measured the difficulty or pain appellant encountered when flexing certain joints. ", " Appellant's medical records indicate that at times appellant scored positive on those tests (at other times, the tests were negative). ", " Nowhere do appellant's treating doctors indicate that a positive result would mean that appellant's residual functional capacity was limited, nor do they appear to have recommended that appellant limit his activities in any way. ", " Although appellant points out that the Secretary's examining physician, Dr. Garayalde, observed that appellant had difficulty dressing and undressing himself, that observation is not controlling since it described appellant's condition as of the year after appellant's eligibility for benefits had expired. ", " The only evidence in lay terms of appellant's functional capacity for the relevant period was provided by a residual functional capacity assessment form filled out by Dr. Hernandez, a medical consultant to the Secretary. ", " Based on his review of medical records,2 Dr. Hernandez concluded that appellant's strength was somewhat limited: he could lift or carry up to 20 pounds and could frequently lift or carry 10 pounds; he could stand, walk or sit about six hours in an eight-hour day; and he could push or pull light weights. ", " Dr. Hernandez also found that, although appellant could stoop only occasionally, he could climb, balance, kneel, crouch, crawl, reach, handle, and engage in other fine motor activities with frequency. ", " Here, where appellant's treating physicians provided no residual functional capacity assessment, the ALJ was entitled to rely on Dr. Hernandez's uncontradicted assessment in determining that appellant had the residual functional capacity to perform light work.3 Rodriguez Pagan v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 819 F.2d 1, 2-3 (1st Cir. ", "1987), cert. ", "denied, 484 U.S. 1012 (1988); cf. ", " Berrios Lopez v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 951 F.2d 427, 430-32 (1st Cir. ", "1991) (discussing the circumstances under which an ALJ may credit a non-examining, non-testifying medical consultant's residual functional capacity assessment over a treating physician's assessment); Arroyo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 932 F.2d 82, 87-88 (1st Cir. ", "1991) (the ALJ supportably relied on the residual functional capacity assessment of non-examining consultants though treating physicians had expressed contrary opinions). ", " Indeed, we would not have permitted the ALJ to make a residual functional capacity determination on the basis of raw test data under the circumstances present here. ", " See Rosado v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 807 F.2d 292, 293-94 (1st Cir. ", "1986) (the ALJ could not draw his own conclusions about a claimant's functional capacity from raw medical data not analyzed by a physician in functional terms where a contrary medical report by an examining physician described the claimant's functional capacity in relevant, nonconclusory detail); Berrios v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 796 F.2d 574, 576 (1st Cir. ", "1986) (the Appeals Council could not base its denial of benefits on its interpretation of raw, technical data contained in one medical report where a contrary report interpreted medical data in functional terms).", "\n\n\n4\nFor the same reason, appellant's objections that he could not perform light work requiring standing for six hours a day and that the ALJ needed a medical advisor to help him interpret appellant's medical record are without merit. ", " Dr. Hernandez acted essentially as medical advisor, analyzing the raw medical data to determine appellant's residual functional capacity. ", " No other physician analyzed appellant's functional capacity. ", " Thus, Dr. Hernandez's assessment that appellant could perform light work was uncontradicted by any other professional testimony. ", " Furthermore, the ALJ determined that appellant's testimony that he could not engage in even light work was not fully credible. ", " Appellant's medical records showed that appellant sometimes went for many months without seeking medical treatment for his condition and that conservative intervention (medication and physical therapy) improved his condition when it became painful. ", " In light of this evidence, the ALJ's decision not to fully credit appellant's testimony as to the intensity of his pain and its effect on his physical capacity was reasonable and is entitled to our deference. ", " See Irlanda Ortiz v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 955 F.2d 765, 769 (1st Cir. ", "1991) (although appellant had an objective medical impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce pain, the ALJ supportably decided that the claimant's complaints were not credible to the extent alleged since medical records indicated, among other things, that at times claimant's condition improved and that in some years claimant received no treatment at all for his back condition). ", " Appellant also claims that the ALJ should not have \"mentioned\" or \"used in argument\" the fact that appellant was reluctant to undergo surgery or further physical therapy. ", " Appellant points out that Social Security Ruling 82-59 permits a determination that a claimant has not followed prescribed treatment that could remove the alleged disability only after the claimant is notified that refusing treatment could result in the loss of disability benefits and is given an opportunity to undergo treatment.4 Appellant argues that he was not so informed or given an opportunity for treatment. ", " Although the ALJ did mention the appellant's reluctance to undergo surgery or to continue physical therapy when describing appellant's medical history, he did not \"find\" that appellant had failed to follow prescribed treatment, nor did he base his finding that appellant was not disabled on that fact. ", " Rather, he determined that appellant was not disabled because his residual functional capacity permitted him to engage in light work. ", " Thus, one of the conditions for applying the Ruling that the claimant's impairment precludes any substantial gainful activity-did not exist here. ", " For that reason, Ruling 82-59 does not apply, and appellant's objection is not on target.5\n\n\n5\nAppellant further complains that the ALJ \"discarded\" without explanation the testimony he was required to obtain under Avery v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 797 F.2d 19 (1st Cir. ", "1986). ", " We conclude that the ALJ adequately considered the Avery factors. ", " First, he thoroughly assessed appellant's medical history and subjective complaints of pain, and in so doing described \"the nature, location, onset, duration, frequency, radiation and intensity\" of appellant's pain. ", " The medical record persuaded him that appellant had a severe impairment with attendant pain. ", " But he found that the impairment was not as severe or continuous as the disability described in Appendix 1 of 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, and that appellant's pain was not as intense as he alleged. ", " Second, the ALJ determined that heavy and medium lifting and carrying were activities that would be \"precipitating and aggravating factors\" under Avery. ", " He noted, for example, that the lifting of cement bags in April 1987 had exacerbated appellant's back condition. ", " Accordingly, he found that appellant should engage only in light lifting and carrying. ", " Third, although the ALJ did not describe appellant's medication for his back pain by name or dosage, he elicited testimony about appellant's medication and reviewed appellant's medical records, concluding that appellant had been treated \"conservatively\" with muscle relaxants and anti-inflammatories with \"good results ... and no side effects.\" ", " Fourth, the ALJ noted that appellant had also undergone other treatment, i.e., physical therapy, with \"good results ... and no side effects.\" ", " Fifth, he analyzed appellant's functional capacity, crediting appellant's allegations of pain and physical limitation only to the extent that they showed that appellant could not perform heavy or medium work. ", " Crediting Dr. Hernandez's report over appellant's subjective complaints, he determined that appellant would be able to engage in light work. ", " Last, the ALJ considered evidence of appellant's daily activities, which had been offered to show appellant's limited physical capacity. ", " He rejected that evidence because it described appellant's condition as of a time when appellant's eligibility for disability benefits had already expired. ", " Thus, the ALJ considered each of the Avery factors, and we see no error in his decision on that score.", "\n\n\n6\nFinally, appellant complains that the ALJ emphasized the absence of motor or neurological deficits in his decision, and claims that there is no requirement that a claimant establish a neurological motor deficit in order to verify alleged back pain. ", " Appellant's contention is without merit. ", " As part of the five-step procedure used in determining an applicant's qualification for disability benefits, the ALJ was required to determine whether or not the appellant's condition equalled the severity criteria listed in the relevant regulations. ", " He concluded that appellant did not have the \"consistent clinical neurological deficits as required by Section 1. ", "05(c) of the Listing. ", " He was not found with neurological sensory, reflex and motor abnormalities....\" Because this language reflects the language used in the regulations, it was entirely appropriate. ", " See 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, § 1. ", "00B (\"There must be a detailed description of the orthopedic and neurologic examination findings. ", " The findings should include a description of ... motor and sensory abnormalities, muscle spasm, and deep tendon reflexes.\"); ", " § 1.05C (\"1. ", "Pain, muscle spasm, and significant limitation of motion in the spine; and 2. ", "Appropriate radicular distribution of significant motor loss with muscle weakness and sensory and reflex loss.\").", "\n\n\n7\nAccordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n\n\n1\n The ALJ also determined that appellant's mild dysthymic mood disorder did not render appellant disabled. ", " Because appellant does not contest that finding, we confine our discussion to issues relating to appellant's back condition\n\n\n2\n Dr. Hernandez's assessment, made in January 1988, does not state specifically that he reviewed appellant's entire medical record. ", " The assessment form indicated, however, that his assessment reflected appellant's condition as of December 1986, which would have required his review of appellant's medical records as of that time. ", " Dr. Hernandez's statement of the medical findings on which he based his assessment mirrors primarily language found in Dr. Garayalde's 1987 report, but also reflects language only found in appellant's other medical records. ", " (He uses the term \"PVM spasm\", which does not appear in Dr. Garayalde's report; one of appellant's earlier medical records uses the term \"paravertebral spasm.\") ", " Moreover, the Secretary's brief on appeal states that Dr. Hernandez reviewed appellant's \"medical record\" in making his assessment, and the Secretary's initial denial of benefits, which relied on Dr. Hernandez's residual functional capacity assessment, indicated that both appellant's medical records for 1982-87 and Dr. Garayalde's report were considered in reaching that determination. ", " We conclude that there is ample evidence here to believe that Dr. Hernandez reviewed appellant's entire medical record in making his residualfunctional capacity assessment. ", " We note, however, that we would not assign much evidentiary weight to an assessment that did not take into account a claimant's entire relevant medical record, especially where, as here, the Secretary's own medical assessments were based on examinations or evaluations conducted fairly long after the relevant disability period\n\n\n3\n Dr. Hernandez's residual functional capacity assessment also has evidentiary value because he appears to have reviewed appellant's medical status carefully before making his assessment. ", " Correspondence in the record indicates that Dr. Hernandez asked Dr. Garayalde to provide an evaluation of appellant's muscle weakness, information which was not in Dr. Garayalde's initial report and which Dr. Hernandez stated was necessary before he could assess appellant's residual functional capacity\n\n\n4\n The policy statement prefacing the Ruling indicates that the determination that a claimant has not followed prescribed treatment essentially constitutes a determination that the claimant is not disabled for purposes of receiving benefits under the Social Security Act. ", " See SSR 82-59, reprinted in [Rulings 1975-82] Soc. ", "Sec. ", "Rep. Serv., ", "at 793 (\"An individual who would otherwise be found to be under a disability, but who fails without justifiable cause to follow treatment prescribed by a treating source which ... can be expected to restore the individual's ability to work, cannot be found to be under a disability.\")", "\n\n\n5\n We note, however, that we see no reason why an ALJ should not consider a claimant's refusal to undergo treatment when determining issues other than that of the actual existence of the alleged disability, e.g., when making credibility determinations. ", " A claimant's refusal to continue therapy that is shown to have alleviated pain would certainly be relevant in judging the severity of the pain alleged by the claimant. ", " Cf. ", "Irlanda Ortiz v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 955 F.2d 765, 769 (1st Cir. ", "1991) (the Secretary could infer from appellant's failure to seek any medical treatment at all that appellant's pain had not been as intense as alleged)\n\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\n\n\n\n\nMEMORANDUM\n\n\n\nTO\n\n\n\nTHE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON\n\nTHE UNITED STATES\n\n\n\nTHE SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE\n\n\n\nTHE HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIsraeli Surveillance of the Future Hijackers and FBI Suspects in the September 11 Attacks and Their Failure to Give Us Adequate Warning:\n\nThe Need for a Public Inquiry\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 15, 2004\n\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\n\nPage\n\n......................................\n\n......................................................\n\n..............................................................................................\n\n....................................................................\n\na. Backgrounds in Intelligence, Electronic\n\nIntercept and Communications Units ................... 6\n\n\n\nb. Connections to Israeli Wiretapping and\n\nTelecommunications Companies ....................................... 9\n\n\n\nc. Israeli Surveillance of U.S. Government\n\nOffices, Laboratories and Residences\n\nand Other U.S. Strategic Areas ................................ 10\n\n\n\nd. Spying on the United States .......................................... 11\n\n\n\ne. Israeli Surveillance of Arab Groups,\n\nthe Future Hijackers and FBI Suspects ........ 13\n\n\n\nf. Hollywood, Florida: The Operating Base of\n\nThe Israeli DEA Groups .......................................................... 14\n\n.................\n\n......................... 15\n\n\n\nb. Timing of Operations of Both Groups\n\nin the Hollywood Area .............................................................. 17\n\n\n\ni. Hijacker Timelines ...................................................... 17\n\n\n\nii. ", "Israeli DEA Groups ...................................................... 18\n\n\n\niii. ", "Future Hijackers ............................................................ 18\n\n\n\nc. Activities of Both Groups in Oklahoma ........ 20\n\n\n\nd. Dallas: A Probable Training Area for the\n\nIsraeli DEA Groups ........................................................................ 23 a. Operations in Hollywood, Florida15b. ", "Timing of Operations of Both Groupsin the Hollywood Area17c. ", "Activities of Both Groups in Oklahoma20d. ", "Dallas: A Probable Training Area for theIsraeli DEA Groups23\n\n[i]\n\n\n\n\n\n.....................\n\n........................\n\na. Hudson and Bergen Counties: The Operating\n\nBase of the Israeli New Jersey Group ............ 26\n\n\n\nb. The Leader of the Israeli New Jersey\n\nGroup Flees to Israel and becomes an\n\nFBI Suspect ............................................................................................... 29\n\n\n\nc. Hudson and Bergen Counties: The Staging\n\nGround for the Future Hijackers of the\n\nPentagon Plane ..................................................................................... 30\n\n\n\nd. The FBI’s Conclusion: The Israeli New\n\nJersey Group were Mossad Intelligence\n\nOperatives Spying on Local Arabs in\n\nHudson and Bergen Counties ............................................. 31\n\n\n\n.", "\n\n............................................\n\na. “John”, “Mary”, “Jane” and “Alice” .................. 38\n\n\n\nb. The Uncertain, Untranslated, Unwitnessed,\n\nUnremembered and Erroneous Identification\n\nof Khallad .................................................................................................. 39\n\n\n\nc. William (of Ockham) .................................................................... 42\n\n\n\n............................................................\n\n....................\n\n...................................................................................\n\nEXHIBITS AND MAPS\n\nHijackers and FBI Suspects in Key Towns and Areas\n\n\n\n[ii]\n\n\n\n\n\nOperations of Future Hijackers of the World\n\nTrade Center Planes and Pennsylvania Plane,\n\nand the Israeli DEA Groups, December 2000\n\nto September 2001\n\n\n\nthe Future Hijackers of the World Trade\n\nCenter Planes and the Pennsylvania Plane\n\nand the Israeli DEA Groups, December 2000\n\nto September 2001\n\n\n\nCity Metropolitan Area: Center of\n\nOperations of the Future Hijackers of the\n\nPentagon Plane and the Israeli New Jersey\n\nGroup, March to September 2001\n\n\n\n2001\n\n[iii]\n\n\n\n\n\nM E M O R A N D U M\n\nSeptember 15, 2004\n\nUPON THE UNITED STATES\n\n\n\nTHE SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE\n\n\n\nTHE HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON\n\nINTELLIGENCE\n\n\n\nIsraeli Surveillance of the Future Hijackers and FBI Suspects in the September 11 Attacks and Their Failure to Give Us Adequate Warning:\n\nThe Need for a Public Inquiry\n\nI am an international corporate lawyer, writing to you today about a matter of public policy that is relevant to the circumstances surrounding, and our preparedness for, the catastrophic attacks on September 11, 2001. ", "I do not know whether the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (the “Commission”) or the Senate and House Committees on Intelligence (the “Committees”) have had the opportunity to consider these issues carefully. ", "If so, I hope this memorandum will be helpful. ", "If not, I respectfully urge them, in accordance with the mandate of the Commission’s charter and in the exercise of the Committees’ responsibilities, to investigate the facts and resolve the questions presented.", "\n\nI regret that this memorandum comes to the Commission after the publication of its Final Report this past July (the “Commission’s Final Report”). ", "As will become evident, however, it has taken some time to assemble\n\n\n\n\n\n[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nIt is far more important, to all of us, that the Commission’s work be accurate and complete or, at the very least, that the Commission urge that these questions be explored and resolved by another panel as independent, distinguished and objective as itself. ", "Both the Senate and House Committees should endeavor to explore and resolve these issues as well.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n1. ", "General Preliminary Conclusions\n\n\n\nThis memorandum, on the basis of the information set forth below, the Exhibits hereto and the reports and other documents cited herein, comes to the following general preliminary conclusions. ", "The confirmation or effective rebuttal of these conclusions can be arrived at only by a public inquiry and a thorough examination of all necessary and appropriate witnesses and all relevant documentary and other evidence. ", "A detailed summary of these tentative conclusions is set forth at pages 49 to 52.", "\n\nI emphasize at the outset that the purpose of this memorandum is not to accuse any individual or individuals (excluding the hijackers themselves), or any company, of any unlawful act or any other act harmful to\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n1. ", "In the months leading up to September 11, 2001, the Israeli DEA Groups 1 were spying on the United States. ", "2 They were at the same time keeping Arab groups in our country under surveillance, including the future hijackers and other FBI suspects in the catastrophic attacks of September 11. ", "The base of operations for both the Israeli DEA Groups and the future hijackers of the World Trade Center Planes and the Pennsylvania Plane was in and around Hollywood, Florida.", "\n\n2. ", "During the same period, the Israeli New Jersey Group was keeping under surveillance Arab groups in Bergen and Hudson Counties, New Jersey, across the Hudson River from Manhattan, including the future hijackers of the Pentagon Plane, whose center of operations was also in Bergen and Hudson Counties. ", "The Israeli New Jersey Group appears to have been aware, before they occurred, that hijackings had been planned by Arab terrorists, as evidenced by their jubilation when the World Trade Center was first struck, by the North Tower Plane. ", "The leader of the Israeli New Jersey Group, who has fled the United States for Israel, is included, along with the names of the hijackers and FBI suspects, on the May 2002 FBI Suspect List.", "\n\n3. ", "The Israeli Government, through its external security agency, Mossad, warned the United States in August 2001 that an impending catastrophic attack on our soil was being planned by Arab terrorist cells located in the United States. ", "The warnings were the result of the Israeli Groups’ surveillance of the future hijackers in this country.", "\n\n4. ", "The Mossad warnings were too vague and too late to have enabled the United States to take any action to prevent the imminent attacks at unspecified locations in\n\n1 Capitalized terms used initially in this memorandum without definition have the respective meanings later specified.", "\n\n2 As shown in this memorandum, the evidence establishing this fact appears to be conclusive.", "\n\n[3]\n\n\n\n\n\n5. ", "Why the Israeli government decided not to share with us all the critical information they had, and the extent of that information, is a subject for the public inquiry. ", "They may have thought some sort of warning prudent in the event their surveillance activities later became a matter of public knowledge. ", "But any energetic Israeli effort to assist the United States in preventing the attacks would not have served their strategic interest, in view of the disastrous effect those attacks were likely to have on the relationships between the United States and the Arab world. ", "As a leader of the Israeli New Jersey Group said when he was arrested on the afternoon of September 11, “We are Israeli. ", "We are not your problem. ", "Your problems are our problems.”", "\n\n6. ", "Whether and to what extent the CIA, though surely not aware of the plans of the future hijackers before the attacks, might have been aware of or condoned the Israeli Groups’ surveillance of Arab groups generally in the United States prior to September 11 is a further question that must be explored in the course of the public inquiry. ", "The CIA’s explanation of why two future hijackers were placed on a Watchlist in August 2001, as set forth in the Commission’s Final Report, is implausible and may have been designed to conceal the Israeli warnings. ", "This consideration, along with other important factors discussed below, opens the door to a thorough investigation of this issue as well.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n2. ", "Imperatives and Priorities\n\n\n\nIt need hardly be observed that the demands of justice and national security, and the rights of the victims and their survivors, require that our first imperative, as a nation, be to find and bring to justice Osama bin Laden and his coadjutors, as well as other members of al Qaeda, and all others who bear responsibility for the horrendous loss of life on that terrible September day. ", "That work is of course the charge of our political,\n\n\n\n\n\n[4]\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Commission’s task is a collateral and subordinate one -- to investigate the circumstances surrounding and our preparedness for the September 11 attacks, in the hope that we can prevent one from ever happening again. ", "This is the charge of the Committees as well. ", "This memorandum, therefore, while it naturally stresses, for the benefit of the Commission and the Committees, the present issues relating to surveillance and disclosure, before and at about the time of the attacks, should not be mistaken as any effort to place the blame for the cause of our suffering on anyone but al Qaeda and its members, or to weaken the resolve of our country in finding, capturing and punishing those who have brought so much misery to so many of us.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n3. ", "The DEA Report\n\n\n\nIn June 2001, the Office of Security of the Drug Enforcement Administration (the “DEA”) issued a long report (the “DEA Report”) describing in precise detail the attempts of approximately 125 or more nationals of a foreign country, most posing as art students, “to penetrate several DEA Field Offices in the continental United States.” ", "Many of these individuals also visited the residences of numerous DEA officials and “other agencies’ facilities and the residences of their employees.” ", "The DEA Report states that “these incidents have occurred since at least the beginning of 2000, and have continued to the\n\n\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Israeli DEA Groups\n\nVirtually all of the scores of individuals questioned or detained by the DEA and other federal and local law enforcement authorities were citizens of the State of Israel. ", "They were generally organized in groups of eight to 10 people, with a single team leader (the “Israeli DEA Groups”). ", "They usually worked, individually or in pairs, carrying makeshift art portfolios. ", "They visited scores of DEA offices, laboratories and houses or apartments, ostensibly to offer or show the paintings or prints in the portfolios for sale or promotion to DEA personnel.", "\n\n\n\n\n\na. Backgrounds in Intelligence, Electronic Intercept and Communications Units\n\n\n\nWhile Israel has compulsory military service, many of those questioned by U.S. authorities had served in the military intelligence services or in electronic or communications units of the Israeli army. ", "Thus, for example, Lior Baram 3 of Plantation (near Hollywood), Florida, questioned by the DEA on January 22, 2001, had served two years in Israeli intelligence working with classified information; Dilka Borenstein, 4 questioned by INS at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (“DFW Airport”) on March 27, 2001, was a “recently discharged” military\n\n3 DEA Report, paragraph 69, p. 20; paragraph 5, p. 48. (", "the Indexing Section of the DEA Report beginning on p. 48 is separately numbered).", "\n\n4 DEA Report, paragraph 46, p. 13; paragraph 104, p. 56.", "\n\n[6]\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n6\n\nThe DEA’s Office of Security concluded that the Israelis “may well be engaged in organized intelligence gathering.” ", "7 A spokesman for the Immigration & Naturalization Service (the “INS”) stated that dozens of these Israelis were expelled from the United States (from California, the Midwest, Florida and other states). “", "No one has tallied the total,” he said. ", "8 The expulsions were usually for visa violations.", "\n\nThe leaders of the Israeli DEA Groups included Itay Simon (arrested on April 14, 2001 in Irving, Texas), recently discharged from the Israeli army where he had done classified work for the Israeli military. ", "9 Mr. Simon coordinated recruiting for the groups and served as an intermediary between five individuals in Israel and the U.S. operation. ", "10 Another leader was Michael Calmanovic (also arrested in Irving on that day), who rented a number\n\n5 DEA Report, paragraph 53-56, pp. ", "16-17; paragraph 120, p. 57.", "\n\n6 Ibid. ", "Mr. Ben Dor was apparently not an “art salesmen”, but possessed a document relating to these groups. ", "Ms. Glikman was an associate of Mr. Ben Dor (see below).", "\n\n7 DEA Report, p. 1.", "\n\n8 Government Tracks Israeli Art Students by Connie Cass (AP), March 9, 2002.", "\n\n9 DEA Report, paragraph 50, p.14; paragraph 107, p. 56.", "\n\n10 DEA Report, paragraph 48, p. 12.", "\n\n[7]\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\nA third principal was Hanan Serfaty (or Sarfati), a team leader residing in Hollywood, Florida. ", "When questioned by the DEA in Tampa, Florida, on March 1, 2001, he had in his possession bank deposit slips amounting to more than $100,000 from December 2000 through the first quarter of 2001, and withdrawal slips for slightly less than that amount during the period. ", "Mr. Serfaty served in the Israeli military between the ages of 18 and 21, but refused to disclose to the DEA his activities between the ages of 21 and 24, including his activities since his U.S. arrival at age 23 in 2000. ", "14 Another was Peer Segalovitz of Tamarac, Florida (about 20 miles west of Hollywood -- see MAP 1), an active officer in an Israeli special forces battalion who commanded 80 men in the Golan Heights. ", "He was detained in Orlando on May 3, 2001. ", "15\n\n11 DEA Report, paragraph 49, p 12; paragraph 106, p. 56.", "\n\n12 DEA Report, paragraph 50, Pages 14-15. ", "As stated in paragraph 50, Mr. Calmanovic also had an address and telephone number in Studio City, California, related to other DEA case files.", "\n\n13 DEA Report, p. 2.", "\n\n14 DEA Report, paragraphs 80-81, pp. ", "24-25; paragraph 39, P. 50.", "\n\n15 DEA Report, paragraphs 96-100, pp. ", "29-30; paragraph 66, p. 53. ", "Paragraph 66 of the Indexing Section lists Segalovitz as a former officer in the Israeli Special Forces. ", "Paragraph 97 in the body of the text states that he “has the rank of Lieutenant” and specifies his military ID number.", "\n\n[8]\n\n\n\n\n\nConnections to Israeli Wiretapping and Telecommunications Companies\n\nTomer Ben Dor (mentioned above), another Israeli of interest to the DEA, was an employee of Nice-Systems Ltd., an Israeli company specializing in systems and solutions for detecting, locating, monitoring, evaluating and analyzing voice communications and other transmissions from a variety of sources -- activities commonly known as wiretapping and electronic eavesdropping. ", "Nice-Systems’ U.S. subsidiary, Nice Systems Inc., is located in Rutherford, New Jersey, 16 adjacent to East Rutherford where five members of the Israeli New Jersey group were arrested on September 11. ", "When Mr. Ben Dor was interrogated by the INS at the DFW Airport in May 2001, an inspection of his bags revealed a printout containing a reference to a file entitled “DEA Groups.” ", "17\n\nOne member of the Israeli DEA Groups, Michal Gal, who was arrested in Irving, Texas, 18 was released on a $10,000 cash bond posted by Ophir Baer, an employee of Amdocs, Inc. an Israeli telecommunications firm with operations in the United States. ", "The Amdocs employee described Mr. Gal as a “relative”.", "\n\nMessrs. Calmanovic and Simon (above) were arrested by the INS for their role in the Israelis’ art-selling activities without the necessary visas. ", "They were\n\n16 Annual Report on Form 20-F of Nice-Systems Ltd., as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 24, 2002.", "\n\n17 DEA Report, paragraph 54, pp. ", "16-17.", "\n\n18 Mr. Gal told the DEA he would be staying in Edgewater, New Jersey, which is near the center of operations of the Israeli New Jersey Group (see MAP 3).", "\n\n[9]\n\n\n\n\n\n19\n\n20\n\nIsraeli Surveillance of U.S. Government Offices, Laboratories and Residences and Other Strategic Areas\n\nDuring the first five months of 2001 (and including a few calls in 2000), the Israeli DEA Groups went to a total of about 57 DEA locations (28 offices and 29 residences), primarily in the southern United States, 21 ostensibly offering to sell or solicit an interest in paintings. ", "These included 25 DEA offices and three laboratories: the DEA’s Southwest Laboratory near San Diego (and the residence of its Director), 22 the DEA’s Southeast Laboratory in Miami (and the residences of three of its chemists), 23 and the DEA’S South Central Laboratory (or property adjacent to it), as well as the residences of one of its chemists and another employee. ", "24 One Israeli asked to visit the house of a DEA employee “to match the frame to his furnishing,” an offer the employee declined.", "\n\nMembers of the Israeli DEA Groups were also discovered taking photographs of a DEA office building and\n\n19 DEA Report, paragraph 50, p. 14.", "\n\n20 Un Réseau d’Espionnage Israélien a été Démantelé aux Etats-Unis, by Sylvain Cypel, Le Monde, March 2, 2002.", "\n\n21 The DEA facilities and residences were located in 15 states: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Virginia, and in Washington, D.C.\n\n22 DEA Report, paragraphs 153-54, p. 41.", "\n\n23 DEA Report, paragraphs 160-64, pages 42-43.", "\n\n24 DEA Report, paragraphs 165-67, 169, pages 44-45.", "\n\n[10]\n\n\n\n\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n29\n\nSpying on the United States\n\nThe Israeli DEA Groups were clearly spying on the Drug Enforcement Agency, and thus upon the United States. ", "Many individuals in the DEA Groups may have been trying to do no more than sell paintings (albeit in violation of their visa status and thus unlawfully), but the total number of visits to DEA offices, laboratories and residences precludes any characterization of these efforts as a commonplace sales endeavor. ", "30 The DEA Report\n\n25 DEA Report, paragraph 95, p. 28.", "\n\n26 DEA Report, paragraph 178, p. 47.", "\n\n27 DEA Report, paragraph 175, p. 46.", "\n\n28 DEA Report, paragraph 172, p. 46.", "\n\n29 DEA Report, paragraph 71, p. 21.", "\n\n30 I do recall that a student (though in fact, none of the Israelis was a student, as established in the DEA Report) can make a good deal of money selling things on foot. ", "During the summer following my sophomore year at Yale I sold encyclopedias door to door with Maynard Jackson, who drove the “van” in our operation, his black Pontiac convertible. ", "Maynard was at B.U. Law School at the time. ", "Each day I spoke to about 30 people at their doors and managed to make all or part of a sales presentation to about four families. ", "So during the period (about 65 working days over a total of 10 weeks) I spoke to about 1,950 people at the door, made a presentation to about 260 families, and sold 25 to 30 sets. ", "Not once, however, did I make a sale to any federal governmental official, nor, to the best of my recollection (a) did any of our groups, nor (b) did we ever make even a presentation to any such {cont. ", "next page footnotes}\n\n[11]\n\n\n\n\n\n31\n\n32\n\nOne of the difficulties in analyzing the DEA Report is that it is reactive. ", "The bulk of it records the activities of the Israeli DEA Groups when they call upon or attempt to infiltrate DEA offices, laboratories or residences. ", "The DEA did not generally seek them out, keep them under surveillance, or otherwise try to find out what they were doing, other than making calls on and photographing or diagramming the facilities of the DEA and other governmental agencies.", "\n\nWhen the DEA Report was prepared, however, the DEA and the INS were of course unaware of the extensive activities and operations in the United States of the future September 11 hijackers and their suspected collaborators, whom the Israeli DEA Groups appear to have had in their sites as well. ", "Why the Israeli DEA Groups would be engaged in both activities, where their spying on the DEA would clearly raise suspicions among U.S. law enforcement authorities, is unclear. ", "It may well have been an effective distraction of others from or “cover” for their primary objective. ", "This question is discussed further below at p. 43.", "\n\n{cont. ", "from previous page footnotes} official. ", "Nor, of course, did we ever call upon any federal offices, laboratories or military air bases, or photograph anything at all, not even, to my present dismay, Maynard himself.", "\n\n31 See DEA Report, p. 1. ", "Peer Segalovitz was asked about and confirmed that he “was aware of Israeli Organized Crime involvement in drug smuggling and weapons smuggling.” ", "DEA Report, paragraph 98, p. 29.", "\n\n32 Transcript of Fox News Telecast, December 14, 2001.", "\n\n[12]\n\n\n\n\n\nIsraeli Surveillance of Arab Groups, the Future Hijackers and FBI Suspects\n\nIsrael’s Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks, commonly known as Mossad, is the Israeli agency responsible for its external security. ", "A few days after September 11, Israeli intelligence officials reported that two senior experts of Mossad had warned the United States in August 2001 that large-scale terrorist attacks on the U.S. mainland were imminent. ", "They also informed U.S. officials of the existence of a cell of as many as 200 terrorists preparing the operation. ", "33\n\nOne highly placed investigator stated later that fall that there was evidence linking the Israeli DEA Groups to the gathering of intelligence about the September 11 attacks. ", "He refused to disclose the evidence, however, since it was classified. ", "A highly regarded American journal that broadly covers Israeli affairs reported in December 2001 that the Israeli DEA Groups were spying on Islamic networks in the United States linked to Middle East Terrorism. ", "34\n\nThere was no implication in these reports that the Israelis were involved in planning for or carrying out the September 11 attacks. ", "Rather, it was suspected that the Israelis gathered advance information about the attacks and decided not to share it. “", "What investigators are saying is that that warning from Mossad was nonspecific\n\n33 The October 3, 2001 FBI Suspect List (the “October 2001 FBI Suspect List” (Exhibit C), contains the names of about 350 suspects.", "\n\n34 For a fuller account and analysis of these reports, see p. 32.", "\n\n[13]\n\n\n\n\n\n35\n\nHollywood, Florida: The Operating Base of the Israeli DEA Groups\n\nThe locus of the most important operations of the Israeli DEA Groups was the area in and around Hollywood, Florida:\n\n“The majority of the incidents have occurred in the southern half of the continental U.S. with the most activity reported in the state of Florida. . . . ", "Hollywood . . . ", "seems to be a central point for these individuals with several having addresses in this area .” ", "36 [Emphasis supplied.]", "\n\nAt the very time the DEA was setting down these words, in June 2001, just two or three months before the September 11 hijackings, 15 of the 19 future hijackers were also living in Hollywood, nine in the town itself and six in surrounding towns (see Exhibit B and MAPS 1 and 2). ", "Hollywood, for months, had been and would continue to be the staging ground for the hijacking of the World Trade Center Planes and the Pennsylvania Plane. ", "Among the Israeli groups, more than 30 lived in the Hollywood area, 10 in Hollywood itself. ", "They were not only spying on the DEA but, in all likelihood, were keeping the future hijackers under surveillance as well. ", "This appears to be the tragic riddle the DEA, unaware of the future hijackers’ existence, was unable to solve.", "\n\nHanan Serfaty, stopped and questioned by the DEA as noted above on March 1, 2001, lived in Hollywood.", "\n\n35 Transcript of Fox Television News telecast, December 12, 2001.", "\n\n36 DEA Report, p. 1.", "\n\n[14]\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Future Hijackers and FBI Suspects\n\nOperations in Hollywood, Florida\n\nIt is clear that Hollywood was the core of operations for the future hijackers and their collaborators. ", "All of the hijackers of three of the four aircraft that were commandeered on September 11 lived in Hollywood or its immediate environs in the months leading up to the hijackings. ", "37 These included all of the hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston, which crashed into the World Trade Center’s North Tower (the “North Tower Plane”), who lived in Hollywood itself. ", "They were Mohamed\n\n37 The hijackers of the fourth plane, which crashed into the Pentagon, were based in New Jersey (see p. 26 below).", "\n\n[15]\n\n\n\n\n\n38\n\nTwo of the four hijackers of United Airlines Flight 93 from Newark, which crashed in Pennsylvania (the “Pennsylvania Plane”), Ziad Jarrah (the pilot) and Ahmed al Nami, also lived in Hollywood. ", "Two of the five hijackers of United Airlines Flight 175 from Boston, which crashed into the World Trade Center’s South Tower (the “South Tower Plane” and, collectively with the North Tower Plane, the “World Trade Center Planes”), Marwan al Shehhi (the pilot) and Mohand al Shehri, lived in Hollywood as well. ", "The two remaining hijackers on those planes, Fayez Banihammad and Hamza al Ghamdi on the South Tower Plane, and Saeed al Ghamdi and Ahmed al Haznawi in the Pennsylvania plane, lived in Delray Beach.", "\n\nKhaled al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi, overall leaders of the hijackers and hijackers of the Pentagon Plane, had addresses in both Bergen County, New Jersey and in Hollywood and Delray Beach, respectively. ", "Many of the above future hijackers had Hollywood addresses interspersed with or within hundreds yards of the members of the Israeli DEA Groups, as shown on MAP 2.", "\n\n38 FBI Suspect List, dated May 22, 2002 (the “May 2002 FBI Suspect List”), which is attached as Exhibit D. Both FBI Suspect Lists appear to have been inadvertently released by European Exchange Control authorities, the first by the Finnish authority (Associated Press, October 12, 2001) and the second in Italy by the Ufficio Italiano dei Cambi. ", "Wail al Shehri appears on the October 2001 FBI Suspect list but, presumably mistakenly, not on that of May 2002.", "\n\n[16]\n\n\n\n\n\nTiming of Operations of Both Groups in the Hollywood Area\n\nHijacker Timelines\n\nThe Commission has in its possession two “hijackers timelines” which appear to trace the future hijackers’ movements in the periods leading up to September 11. ", "They were compiled by the FBI and are dated November 14 and December 5, 2003. ", "39 The FBI has confirmed that it prepared, edited and declassified the hijackers timelines for the Commission, and that any decision to release them would be the Commission’s alone. ", "40 Thus far, however, the Commission has declined to release them.", "\n\nThere are, nevertheless, a number of hijacker timelines, prepared by individuals or groups, that are generally available. ", "One of those timelines, entitled the Annotated Timeline of the 9/11 Hijackers for Researchers, dated May 13, 2002 (the “Hijacker Timeline”), represents that it has been compiled from public sources and is used as a reference here. ", "It is available at FreeRepublic.com. ", "41 The Hijacker Timeline, though dated in a number of respects (it was issued a year and a half before the FBI’s hijackers timelines), appears generally consistent with publicly available U.S. government reports on the hijackers’ movements, including information from the FBI’s hijackers timelines to the extent discernable from citations in the\n\n39 See the Commission’s Final Report, e.g., note 55 to Chapter 5, p. 43, and note 46 to Chapter 7, p. 519.", "\n\n40 Telephone conversation with Ms. Whitney Blake of the FBI in August 2004.", "\n\n41 To obtain the accurate page citations in the Hijacker Timeline, a reader may need to insert page numbers in that document.", "\n\n[17]\n\n\n\n\n\nIsraeli DEA Groups\n\nAs to the timing of the operations of the Israelis in Florida, the Israeli DEA Group led by Hanan Sarfaty was stopped in Tampa on March 1, 2001 as noted above, and at that time provided their Hollywood-area addresses to DEA agents. ", "42 Sarfaty said that he had arrived in the United States “approximately” one year earlier but, as noted above, refused to state what he had been doing since that time (or for the two prior years since he had left the army). ", "Another group based in the Hollywood area, led by Peer Segalovitz, was stopped on May 3, 2001, and provided their addresses. ", "Segalovitz had arrived in the United States on January 17, 2001. ", "43\n\n\n\n\n\niii. ", "Future Hijackers\n\n\n\nAs to the hijackers, a number of them had lived in the Hollywood area or elsewhere in Florida well before 2000/2001. ", "Hani Hanjour, the pilot of the Pentagon Plane and a member of the New Jersey hijacker group, had lived in the Hollywood area for a time in 1996 (in Miramar, a few miles southwest of Hollywood (see MAP 1). ", "44 Saeed al Ghamdi had lived in Daytona Beach for several years in the 1990s, and Waleed al Shehri had taken flight lessons there in\n\n42 DEA Report, paragraph 76 ff., ", "p. 24.", "\n\n43 DEA Report, paragraph 96 ff. ", "p. 28.", "\n\n44 Hijacker Timeline, p. 6.", "\n\n[18]\n\n\n\n\n\n45\n\nIn mid-2000, the leaders of the Florida hijackers arrived in Florida to prepare for the hijackings, and were followed in 2001 by their subordinates. ", "46 Thus, Mohamed Atta, Marwan al Shehhi and Ziad Jarrah arrived between May and June 2000. ", "All of them attended flight school in Venice, Florida, not far from Fort Myers where the Hollywood Israeli DEA Groups were later found operating. ", "Although the Israeli DEA Groups were questioned in Fort Myers by DEA agents a few months after the hijackers had left for Hollywood, 47 the reactive nature of the DEA Report makes it difficult to track the timing of the Israeli Groups’ movements except when they were spying on the DEA or to the extent they disclosed their movements, as they sometimes did, to DEA or INS agents or other law enforcement authorities. ", "48\n\nAtta and al Shehhi were in the Hollywood area by the end of December 2000, when they took flight training courses in Opa-Locka, about 15 miles southwest of Hollywood. ", "49 Ziad Jarrah took flight training courses the\n\n45 Boston Globe, September 15, 2001.", "\n\n46 REPORT OF THE JOINT INQUIRY INTO THE TERRORIST ATTACKS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 -- BY THE HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND THE SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, S. REPT. ", "NO. ", "107- 351 107TH CONGRESS, 2D SESSION H. REPT. ", "NO. ", "107-792, December 2002 (the “Joint Committee Report”), pp. ", "135ff. ", "See generally, Daily Telegraph (London), September 20, 2001.", "\n\n47 DEA Report, paragraphs 90-94, pp. ", "27-28. ", "See MAP 4.", "\n\n48 See, e.g. the statements of one of the Israeli DEA Groups as to their movements through Oklahoma at DEA Report, paragraph 52, p. 16.", "\n\n49 Joint Committee Report, p. 136.", "\n\n[19]\n\n\n\n\n\n50\n\n51\n\n52\n\n53\n\nActivities of Both Groups in Oklahoma\n\nOklahoma City and Norman (about 15 miles south of Oklahoma City) were also an important locus of activity for the future hijackers. ", "Mohamed Atta and Marwan al Shehhi had toured the Airman Flight School in Norman at the end of June 2000. ", "54 Zacarias Moussaoui, a suspected potential hijacker, moved to Norman in February 2001 to take flight lessons at Airman. ", "In May Moussaoui had considered joining the future hijackers in Hollywood and inquired about flying lessons at the Pan Am International Flight School in Miami. ", "55 In August 2001, however, he left for the Pan Am flight school in Minnesota, where he raised suspicions and was arrested. ", "56\n\n50 Joint Committee Report, p. 137.", "\n\n51 Hijacker Timeline, p. 20.", "\n\n52 Hijacker Timeline, p. 23.", "\n\n53 The Wall Street Journal, September 18, 2001.", "\n\n54 Hijacker Timeline, p. 64.", "\n\n55 Hijacker Timeline, p. 25.", "\n\n56 Hijacker Timeline, p. 37.", "\n\n[20]\n\n\n\n\n\nFive other individuals on the May 2002 FBI Suspect List lived in Norman, including at least two roommates of Moussaoui, Hussein Alattas and Mukkaram Ali. ", "57 Nawaf al Hazmi had also been in Oklahoma. ", "He was, as the Commission and the Committees know, an important leader of the hijackers and an attendee at meetings in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (see below). ", "On April 1, 2001 al Hazmi was stopped for speeding on Interstate 40 in western Oklahoma, apparently headed for Oklahoma City and Moussaoui in Norman. ", "58\n\nThe Israeli DEA Groups were also active in Oklahoma City during the spring of 2001. ", "On March 28, 2001, the day following a DEA midnight raid near Dallas (described further below), an Israeli DEA Group on their way to Oklahoma City arrived at DFW Airport from Frankfurt. ", "In a scene reminiscent of the keystone cops, and under clandestine DEA and INS surveillance, they tried to avoid being detected as a group and followed. ", "The three arriving Israelis were Yoni Engel, Yotam Dagai and Or Alroei. ", "Alroei was an associate of Michael Calmanovic. ", "Engel was a former Israeli company commander.", "\n\nThe three Israelis were traveling with an American, Eli Rabinovitz. ", "After clearing customs they met with an unidentified woman on the curb and then temporarily split up. ", "Rabinovitz stayed with the woman while Engel, Dagai and Alroei walked down the sidewalk to the next terminal. ", "A van with California plates and registered in the name of a used car auction house pulled up to the curb\n\n57 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "2,5.", "\n\n58 Hijacker Timeline, pp. ", "22-23; Die Zeit, October 1, 2004.", "\n\n[21]\n\n\n\n\n\n59\n\nOn April 4, Engel, Dagai and Alroei were next questioned in St. Louis, where the headquarters of Amdocs, the Israeli communications software company, are located. ", "60 They had visited Oklahoma City at the same time (between April 1 and April 4) Nawaf al Hazmi was there presumably to meet with Moussaoui. ", "They told INS agents that they had traveled to Dallas from New York City and not, as the DEA and INS knew, on a flight from Frankfurt. ", "61\n\nOn April 30, 2001, an Air Force alert was issued from Tinker Air Force Base, in Oklahoma City, concerning a “possible intelligence collection effort being conducted by Israeli Art Students.” ", "62 On May 17, four Israelis were reported in the Midwest City area (between Oklahoma City and Norman). ", "They stated they were there to promote Israeli art. ", "They were charged with visa violations, and were booked into the Oklahoma City jail at the instance of the INS. ", "Bond was initially set at $25,000 each. ", "All four requested voluntary departure from the United States. ", "63\n\n59 DEA Report, paragraphs 51-2, pp. ", "15-16.", "\n\n60 DEA Report, paragraph 43, p. 12.", "\n\n61 DEA Report, paragraph 52, p. 16.", "\n\n62 DEA Report, paragraph 175, p. 46.", "\n\n63 DEA Report, paragraph 176, pp. ", "46-7.", "\n\n[22]\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas: A Probable Training Area for the Israeli DEA Groups\n\nAn unusually large number of Israeli DEA Group members were located in Irving, Texas (near Dallas), an area that does not appear to have been frequented by the future hijackers or by many FBI suspects (see Exhibit B). ", "Texas, however, and in particular Dallas and Irving, appears to have been an important staging area and training ground for the Israeli DEA Groups, given the presence there of ( a ) key liaisons between senior recruiting personnel in Israel and the Israeli DEA Groups in the United States, ( b ) DEA and INS surveillance of Israeli DEA Group arrivals at DFW Airport, ( c ) the considerable telecommunications sophistication and expertise of DEA Group associates in Dallas and ( d ) large numbers of Israeli DEA Group personnel, many of whom were expelled from the United States after a midnight raid conducted by the DEA and the INS.", "\n\nAs we have seen, Tomer Ben Dor, stopped by the INS and the DEA at the DFW Airport in May 2001, worked for an Israeli wiretapping company and had with him a computer program referring to “DEA Groups.” ", "He was traveling with Marina Glikman and Zeev Miller, both computer programmers for an Israeli software company. ", "They were both vague and inconsistent about their travel plans. ", "64 Michal Gal, who had an address in Edgewater, New Jersey, the base of the Israeli New Jersey Group and not far from the headquarters of Mr. Ben Dor’s company, had a relationship with Amdocs, another telecommunications company.", "\n\n64 DEA Report, paragraph 54-5, pp. ", "16-17.", "\n\n[23]\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael Calmanovic and Itay Simon, both of Dallas and Los Angeles, were the principal links between the Israeli operation in the United States and five Israeli DEA Group recruiters in Israel. ", "65 The DEA and INS conducted a midnight raid on the Israeli DEA Groups’ apartment complex in Irving on the night of March 26-27, 2001, and expelled 13 of their members from the United States on March 31, 2001. ", "66 Their transportation out of the country was arranged by the Israeli Embassy. ", "67\n\nExhibit B lists the names of members of the Israeli DEA Groups and of the future hijackers and FBI suspects located in Hollywood, Florida (see again MAPS 1 and 2); in Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey (MAP 3); in Oklahoma City/Norman, Oklahoma; in San Diego; in Los Angeles; and in Dallas; all during the period leading up to September 11. ", "The map of the United States attached as MAP 4 shows all of these locations, and illustrates as well the presence of both groups during the period in Wichita, Kansas; 68 Louisville and Lexington, Kentucky; 69 Atlanta,\n\n65 Statement of an expelled Israeli to Officer Michael L. Bush of the INS on March 31, 2001. ", "DEA Report, paragraph 48, p. 14.", "\n\n66 DEA Report, paragraphs 39-44, pp. ", "12-13.", "\n\n67 DEA Report, paragraph 45, p. 13.", "\n\n68 DEA Report, paragraph 52, p. 16. ", "May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "9, 20.", "\n\n69 DEA Report, paragraph 63, pp. ", "18-19; paragraph 71, p. 21. ", "May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "7, 20 and 21.", "\n\n[24]\n\n\n\n\n\n70\n\n71\n\n72\n\n73\n\nReports Concerning the Surveillance Activities of the Israeli DEA Groups\n\nAs noted above, almost immediately after September 11, credible reports emerged of Israeli warnings, in August 2001, of an imminent large-scale terrorist attack on the United States. ", "One television network reported in a four-part series in December 2001 that --\n\n“Investigators suspect that the Israeli [DEA Groups] may have gathered intelligence about the attacks in advance, and not shared it. ", "A highly placed investigator said there are ‘tie-ins.’ ", "But when asked for details, he flatly refused to describe them, saying ‘evidence linking these Israelis to 9-11 is classified. ", "I cannot tell you about evidence that has been gathered. ", "It’s classified information.’” ", "74\n\nThe Forward, the highly respected American journal, at first discounted Fox’s account, 75 but in an article three months later reported that --\n\n“[F]ar from pointing to Israeli spying against U.S. government and military facilities . . . ", "the incidents in question [the activities of the Israeli\n\n70 DEA Report, paragraph 2, p. 3; paragraph 125, pp. ", "35-6; paragraph 132, p. 37. ", "Hijacker Timeline, pp. ", "3, 19, 20, 33. ", "Commission Final Report, n. 72 to Chapter 7, p. 523, referring to the (unavailable) FBI Hijackers Timeline, dated December 5, 2003.", "\n\n71 DEA Report, p. 2; paragraphs 76-89, pp. ", "24-27. ", "May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "6,7. ", "Committee Joint Report, p. 143.", "\n\n72 DEA Report, paragraphs 90-94, pp. ", "27-28. ", "May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "7, 8, 9, 11, 16, 18.", "\n\n73 DEA Report, paragraphs 138-42, pp. ", "38-40. ", "May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "1, 6, 11.", "\n\n74 Transcript of Telecast of Fox Television News, December 12, 2001.", "\n\n75 Israel Calls Fox’s Spy Reports ‘Baseless’, by Marc Perelman, the Forward, December 21, 2001.", "\n\n[25]\n\n\n\n\n\nDEA Groups] appear to represent a case of Israelis in the United States spying on a common enemy, radical Islamic networks suspect of links to Middle East terrorism. . . . [", "A]llegations involved . . . ", "Israelis claiming to be art students who had backgrounds in signal interception and ordnance.” ", "76\n\nIt is very difficult to believe, based on the existing evidence and the location of their common central operating bases, that these Groups, who were clearly spying on the DEA and the United States, and were keeping under surveillance Islamic groups in the U.S. with links to Middle East terrorism, were not tracking the future hijackers and their collaborators as well.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n7. ", "Northeastern New Jersey -- Another Vital Center of Operations for Both Sides\n\n\n\na. Hudson and Bergen Counties: The Operating Base of the Israeli New Jersey Group\n\nWhile the Israeli DEA groups were active in Hollywood and elsewhere in the United States, another group of Israelis (the “Israeli New Jersey Group” and, collectively with the Israeli DEA Groups, the “Israeli Groups”) was operating in Hudson and Bergen Counties in northeastern New Jersey. ", "The Israeli New Jersey Group appears to have been unknown to federal and state law enforcement authorities until September 11, 2001.", "\n\nOn that day, immediately after the first aircraft, the North Tower Plane, crashed into the World Trade Center, a resident of Bergen County, New Jersey, just\n\n76 Spy Rumors Fly on Gusts of Truth, Americans Probing Reports of Israeli Espionage, by Marc Perelman and Forward staff, the Forward March 15, 2002.", "\n\n[26]\n\n\n\n\n\n77\n\n78\n\n79\n\n“Vehicle possibly related to New York terrorist attack. ", "White, 2000 Chevrolet van 80 with New Jersey registration with ‘Urban Moving Systems’ sign on back seen . . . ", "at the time of first impact of jetliner into World Trade Center. ", "Three individuals with van were seen celebrating after initial impact and subsequent explosion. ", "FBI Newark Field Office requests that, if the van is located, hold for prints and detain individuals.” ", "81\n\nThe men were five Israeli citizens, Sivan Kurzberg (the driver of the van), Paul Kurzberg, Yaron Shmuel, Oded Ellner and Omer Marmari. ", "The van was finally stopped in East Rutherford, New Jersey at 3:56 P.M. The driver and passengers were arrested by Sergeant Rivelli and\n\n77 Transcript of ABC News telecast, June 21, 2002.", "\n\n78 Statement of Steven N. Gordon, Esq., ", "counsel for the five members of the group, as reported in Yediot America on November 2, 2001.", "\n\n79 Ibid.", "\n\n80 Vans of various makes were also, of course, the common means of transportation for the Israeli DEA Groups, and Chevrolet vans were used by Israeli DEA Groups in New York, Dallas, Chicago and San Diego. ", "DEA Report, paragraph 113, p. 33, paragraph 26, p. 9; paragraph 21, p. 8; and paragraph 119, p. 35, respectively.", "\n\n81 As quoted in the Bergen (New Jersey) Record, September 12, 2001. ", "The men may have been witnessed celebrating twice, in separate locations, once at the time of the impact of the North Tower Plane and a second time when both towers were burning. ", "Compare the FBI statement with the ABC transcript, supra, n. 72, and the statements of the Israelis’ counsel in Yediot America, November 2, 2001.", "\n\n[27]\n\n\n\n\n\nThe local police were soon joined by other law enforcement authorities. ", "Sivan Kurzberg was asked several times to come out of the van but, fumbling with a black leather pouch, refused to do so. ", "Officer DeCarlo then forcibly removed him. ", "The FBI agents who arrived on the scene or were otherwise involved included Kevin Donovan, Daniel O’Brien and Robert F. Taylor, Jr. The FBI ultimately took control of the individuals, the evidence in the van, and the investigation.", "\n\nSources close to the investigation said they found in the van “maps of the city . . . ", "with certain places highlighted,” adding that “it looked like . . . ", "they knew what was going to happen.” ", "82\n\nYaron Shmuel lied to the police as to where the men were at the time of the World Trade Center attacks, saying that they were on the West Side Highway in New York (not celebrating across the Hudson in New Jersey). ", "He gave his address as 1345 Drexel Avenue in Miami Beach, Florida (not far from Hollywood). ", "Mr. Ellner was carrying $4,700 in a sock-like sack. ", "Sivan Kurzberg told the police at the time of his arrest --\n\n“We are Israeli. ", "We are not your problem. ", "Your problems are [now?] ", "our problems. ", "The Palestinians are the problem.” ", "83\n\n82 Bergen (New Jersey) Record, September 12, 2001.", "\n\n83 The question in brackets is my own. ", "The quotation, and the above related details of the arrest of the five members of the Israeli New Jersey Group, are all as set forth in greater detail in the Preliminary {cont. ", "next page footnotes}\n\n[28]\n\n\n\n\n\nAll of the men were handcuffed, placed on the grass and given Miranda warnings. ", "A sixth member of the Group, Dominik Suter of Fair Lawn, New Jersey, also an Israeli national and the owner of Urban Moving, was later questioned by the FBI at the company’s offices in Weehawken. ", "The FBI searched Urban Moving’s premises for several hours, and removed boxes of documents and a dozen computer hard drives. ", "84\n\n\n\nb. The Leader of the Israeli New Jersey Group Flees to Israel and Becomes an FBI Suspect\n\nWhen the FBI attempted to interview Mr. Suter once more a few days later, he had fled the United States for Israel along with his family. ", "85 According to the New Jersey State Division of Consumer Affairs, Urban Moving’s premises were closed on September 14, 2001. ", "On December 7, 2001 a New Jersey judge allowed the state to seize its property. ", "Early in 2002, the New York Department of Transportation revoked Urban Moving’s license to do business in that state. ", "86\n\nDominik Suter is included on the May 2002 FBI Suspect List, along with Mohamed Atta and the other hijackers and suspects, under that name and two others he has apparently used, Omit Suter and Omit Levinson. ", "87 He is given two addresses in New Jersey, his apparent residence\n\nand Supplemental Police Reports of the arresting officers of the East Rutherford, New Jersey Police Department, dated September 11, 2001.", "\n\n84 NJ Locations Searched In Connection With Terror Attacks, Associated Press, September 14, 2001.", "\n\n85 Transcript of ABC News telecast, June 21, 2002; the Forward, March 15, 2002, op. ", "cit., ", "note 76.", "\n\n86 Ibid.", "\n\n87 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pages 17 and 21.", "\n\n[29]\n\n\n\n\n\n88\n\nHudson and Bergen Counties: The Staging Ground for the Future Hijackers of the Pentagon Plane\n\nIt soon became apparent, however, that Hudson and Bergen Counties were the second most important locus of the future hijackers’ U.S. operation and was the staging ground for the hijacking of the Pentagon Plane. ", "The May 2002 FBI Suspect List shows, unlike its October 2001 predecessor, that all five future hijackers of the Pentagon Plane, Khaled al Mihdhar, Nawaf al Hazmi, Salem al Hazmi, Majed Moqed 89 and Hani Hanjour (the pilot) lived or had mailing addresses or were otherwise active in towns closely interspersed, within about a four-mile radius, with the towns of the Israeli New Jersey Group (Weehawken, Jersey City, Fair Lawn and Rutherford). ", "The future hijackers’ towns included Paterson, 90 Fort Lee, 91 Totowa, 92 Hoboken 93 and\n\n88 See MAP 3.", "\n\n89 No address is given on the October 2001 FBI Suspect List for Majed Moqed and his name is omitted, presumably in error, from the May 2002 FBI Suspect List. ", "But Moqed appears to have been known by May 2002 to have lived in the hijackers’ Paterson apartment.", "\n\n90 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "3, 4, 6, 7, 14. ", "Hijacker Timeline, pp. ", "22, 27, 30, 41.", "\n\n91 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "3, 4, 5, 7, 14. ", "Hijacker Timeline, pp. ", "22, 39.", "\n\n92 Hijacker Timeline, p. 41.", "\n\n93 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, p. 9.", "\n\n[30]\n\n\n\n\n\n94\n\n95\n\n96\n\n97\n\nAtta, al Omari, and Ahmed al Ghamdi, though based in Hollywood and (al Ghamdi) Delray Beach, Florida, were among the hijackers who had addresses in Paterson, Fort Lee and Elmwood Park as well as in South Wayne. ", "Up to six or more of the hijackers appear to have lived on Union Avenue in Paterson at one time or another between March and August 31, 2001. ", "98\n\n\n\nd. The FBI’s Conclusion: The Israeli New Jersey Group were Mossad Intelligence Operatives Spying on Local Arabs in Hudson and Bergen Counties\n\nThere have been a number of press reports in the United States on the Israeli New Jersey Group, most notably in the Forward. ", "In the same article that reported on the Israeli DEA Groups, the Forward states that the nature of the FBI’s review of the case changed after the names of two of the five Israelis appeared on a CIA-FBI database of foreign intelligence operatives. ", "This has been confirmed by a former chief of operations for counter-terrorism with\n\n94 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "5, 7.", "\n\n95 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, pp. ", "10, 15, 16, 17, 19. ", "Hijacker Timeline, p. 53.", "\n\n96 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, p. 10.", "\n\n97 May 2002 FBI Suspect List, p. 7.", "\n\n98 Hijacker Timeline, p. 22. ", "Commission Final Report, p. 230. ", "The May 2002 FBI Suspect List provides a variety of Union Avenue addresses, including the address specified in the Hijacker Timeline. ", "The Commission’s Final Report (p. 230) does not place any Pentagon Plane hijackers in Paterson until May. Other sources place them there in March, when Hanjour and Salem al Hazmi are said to have signed the lease for the Paterson apartment. ", "Hijacker Timeline, p. 22; Connecticut Post (Bridgeport), March 6, 2002 (preparatory hijacker meeting in March in Fairfield, Connecticut just before the move to Paterson).", "\n\n[31]\n\n\n\n\n\n99\n\n100\n\n101\n\nInadequate Israeli Warnings in August 2001\n\nAs noted above, almost immediately after September 11, reports emerged of Israeli warnings, in August, that major terrorist attacks were imminent. ", "On September 16, 2001 the Daily Telegraph (London) reported that Israeli intelligence officials said that they --\n\n“warned their counterparts in the United States last month that large-scale terrorist attacks on highly visible targets on the American mainland were imminent. . . .", "\n\n99 See transcript of ABC News telecast, June 21, 2002.", "\n\n100 Marc Perelman, op. ", "cit., ", "March 15, 2002. ", "The Forward’s source was a former American intelligence official who said he was regularly briefed on the investigation by two law enforcement officials acting independently.", "\n\n101 The Forward’s source in the March article also said the five men were released (Suter had fled to Israel) because “they did not know anything about 9/11.” ", "But this statement needs to be weighed in the light of the men’s demeanor and statements, and the statements of local law enforcement officials, on September 11, 2001, the inclusion of Mr. Suter on the May 2002 FBI Suspect List, and the revelations on that List that Hudson and Bergen Counties were a critical center of operations for the future hijackers and FBI suspects as noted above. ", "The FBI was also under pressure from U.S. political figures to release the members of the Israeli New Jersey Group, including Richard Armitage of the State Department and two New York Congressmen. ", "Senior U.S. Officials Join Effort To Free 5 Israelis Held in Brooklyn, Ha’aretz News, October 29, 2001.", "\n\n[32]\n\n\n\n\n\n. . . (", "T)wo senior experts with Mossad, the Israeli military intelligence service, were sent to Washington in August to alert the CIA and FBI to the existence of a cell of as many of 200 terrorists said to be preparing a big operation.", "\n\n\n\nThey had no specific information about what was being planned but linked the plot to Osama bin Laden and told the Americans that there were strong grounds for suspecting Iraqi involvement.” ", "102\n\nThe Los Angeles Times reported on September 20, 2001 that a “high-ranking U.S. law enforcement official” confirmed that --\n\n“FBI and CIA officials were advised in August that as many as 200 terrorists were slipping into the United States and planning ‘a major assault on the United States. . . .’", "\n\n\n\nThe advisory was passed on by the Mossad. . . . ", "It cautioned that it had picked up indications of a ‘large-scale target’ in the United States and that Americans would be ‘very vulnerable’, the official said.", "\n\n\n\nIt is not known whether US authorities thought the warning to be credible, or whether it contained enough details to allow counter-terrorism teams to come up with a response. ", "But the official said the advisory linked the information ‘back to Afghanistan and [exiled Saudi militant] Osama bin Laden.’” ", "103\n\n102 Israeli security issues urgent warning to CIA of large-scale terror attacks, by David Wastell in Washington and Philip Jacobson in Jerusalem, Daily Telegraph, September 16, 2001.", "\n\n103 Officials Told of ‘Major Assault’ Plans, By Richard A. Serrano and John-Thor Dahlburg, Los Angeles Times, September 20, 2001. ", "The L.A. Times retracted its story the next day, reporting that the CIA (not the source of the story) later flatly denied the statements, and that the Times’s source, the “high-ranking law enforcement official,” had based his account solely on what he read in the newspapers! ", "The L.A. Times retraction referred to a “British newspaper account,” presumably the Daily Telegraph article. ", "The U.S. law enforcement official’s account, however, as quoted above, said that Mossad had warned of a single “large-scale target” and had warned that the Americans would be “very {cont. ", "next page footnotes}\n\n[33]\n\n\n\n\n\nFox News also reported on May 17, 2002 (and apparently also on September 14, 2001) 104 that --\n\n“based on its own intelligence, the Israeli government provided ‘general’ information to the United States in the second week of August that an al Qaeda attack was imminent.”", "\n\nNeither the Commission in its Final Report or in its Staff Statements nor the Joint Committee Report specifically mentions any such warning from the Israeli government. ", "These Statements and Reports do, however, defer to our intelligence community’s desire to safeguard and maintain the secrecy of its “sources and methods”. ", "These are likely to have included Israeli warnings and the Israelis’ own sources. ", "But in view of the dramatic questions raised by the Israeli Groups’ activities in the United States in the months leading up to September 11, these sources and methods now need to be disclosed.", "\n\nAs shown in the tabular comparison in Exhibit E, the accounts of Mossad’s warnings in August bear the unmistakable imprints of authenticity. ", "Mossad’s warnings were reported by the Daily Telegraph and others right after September 11, well over two years before the Joint Committee’s report and the publication of the Presidential Daily Briefing (PDB) of August 6, 2001. ", "Yet they bear a\n\nvulnerable.” ", "Neither statement was included in the Daily Telegraph article. ", "The U.S. official’s account also made no specific mention of an “imminent” attack, and none at all of any “strong grounds for suspecting Iraqi involvement,” both reported by the Daily Telegraph.", "\n\n104 Fox did not specify its source, and I have not been able to locate its piece of the “14th” to which Fox referred in a telecast of December 12, 2001.", "\n\n[34]\n\n\n\n\n\na\n\nb\n\nc\n\nThat we did receive warnings of this general nature from Mossad seems more than likely. ", "But the real issue, again, is, given the extensive surveillance by the Israeli Groups of U.S. Arab groups and, in all likelihood, of the future hijackers in their central bases of operation and elsewhere in the United States, were not the Israeli Groups, or some of their members, aware of what was going to happen in advance? ", "Is this not dramatically shown by the behavior of the Israeli New Jersey Group the morning of September 11? ", "And if so, did the Israeli government decide not to provide us with enough information to stop them?", "\n\nAs noted in the next section, the Israelis may have given us warning in late August 2001 of the presence in the United States of Khaled al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi, resulting in the CIA’s having them placed on the State Department’s Tipoff Watchlist. ", "105 Or this may have been part of the Israeli warnings earlier in August. ", "In\n\n105 As the Commission has noted, this would not in any event have prevented Mihdhar and Hazmi from flying, but would have precluded them from obtaining visas, which they already had (they were both here). ", "Staff Statement No. ", "2, p. 8.", "\n\n[35]\n\n\n\n\n\n106\n\nOne television documentary cited above (which did not have access to or study in any detail the documents, lists, reports and other information set forth herein, or even any knowledge of the existence of the Israeli New Jersey Group), has put the relevant question bluntly, in the form of a question, an answer and a rhetorical question\n\n“What about this question of advanced knowledge of what was going to happen on September 11? ", "How clear are investigators that some Israeli agents may have known something?”", "\n\n\n\n“It’s very explosive information, obviously, and there’s a great deal of evidence that they say they have collected none of it necessarily conclusive. ", "It’s more when they put it all together. ", "A bigger question, they say, is how could they not have known? ” [", "Emphasis supplied.] ", "107\n\nThe Watchlisting of Khaled al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi in August 2001\n\nThere was yet another press report of Mossad warnings in August 2001, which appeared in Die Zeit in October 2002. ", "The report stated that the names of Mihdhar\n\n106 Hijacker Timeline, pp. ", "38-9.", "\n\n107 Transcript of dialogue between Brit Hume and Carl Cameron, Fox Television News, December 12, 2002.", "\n\n[36]\n\n\n\n\n\n108\n\nThe Commission and its Staff, however, make no mention of any Israeli warnings, and take the position, undoubtedly adopting the CIA’s public stance, that it was solely a series of reviews beginning in May 2001 that led to the Watchlisting. ", "But as we shall see, this account is both difficult to follow and hard to believe. ", "In any event it shows that no real action was taken to Watchlist Mihdhar or Hazmi until late August, after the Israeli warnings appear to have been received.", "\n\nThe issue is important because any downplaying of Israeli warnings, whether done in order to conceal their or our “sources and methods” or for other reasons, draws attention away from the major question of the adequacy of the Mossad warnings and the surveillance role the Israeli Groups played in the United States in the months leading up to September 11. ", "I shall try to restate the Commission’s and its Staff’s (and the CIA’s official) explanation of the Watchlisting here.", "\n\n108 Deadly Mistakes by Oliver Schrömm, Die Zeit, October 1, 2002.", "\n\n[37]\n\n\n\n\n\n“John”, “Mary”, “Jane” and “Alice”\n\nIn the spring of 2001 there were reported threats of terrorist attacks on U.S. interests abroad as noted more particularly in the first column of Exhibit E. According to the Commission’s Staff, in May of that year, a CIA officer called only “John” (to protect his identity) in Staff Statement No. ", "10 and in the Commission’s Final Report “wondered where the attacks might occur.” ", "109 John’s spontaneous interest was said to have been prompted by his recollection that Mihdhar and Hazmi had been present at a Kuala Lumpur meeting in January 2000. ", "It was suspected the attack on the U.S. vessel Cole in October 2000 had been planned at that meeting.", "\n\nSo in the month of May 2001, the story continues, John and a woman at the CIA (whom we shall call “Alice” here), reviewed the CIA’s cable traffic concerning the Kuala Lumpur meeting. ", "Alice reportedly discovered that the CIA had learned, in March 2000 (though they had never shared this information with the FBI), that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa and that Hazmi had come to Los Angeles shortly after the Kuala Lumpur meeting. ", "John did nothing at all, however.", "\n\nTwo months later, at a time when the focus was still on threats to U.S. interests outside the United States) 110 in late July or some time in August, John asked\n\n109 Commission Staff Statement No. ", "10, p. 7; Commission Final Report, p. 267.", "\n\n110 Commission Staff Statement No. ", "10, at p. 4: “On July 2 [,2001] the FBI Counterterrorism Division sent a message to federal agencies and state and local law enforcement agencies that . . . ", "stated, ‘the FBI [cont. ", "next page footnotes]\n\n[38]\n\n\n\n\n\n111\n\nOn August 21, 2001, Mary is said to have discovered a bit more than Alice supposedly had in May: Hazmi had come to Los Angeles, as was known, but Mihdhar had used his visa to come as well, along with Hazmi, in January 2000. ", "Working with Jane, an FBI agent assigned to the CIA, Mary also discovered that Mihdhar had left the United States later in 2000, but had just returned, on July 4, 2001. ", "Because of Mary’s discoveries, Mihdhar and Hazmi were placed on the Watchlist.", "\n\n\n\nb. The Uncertain, Untranslated, Unwitnessed, Unremembered and Erroneous Identification of Khallad\n\nAs the Commission’s Staff has said of this route to the Watchlist, “the details are complex.” ", "112 They are\n\nhas no information indicating a credible threat of terrorist attack in the United States.’”", "\n\n111 The Commission’s Staff and its Final Report say only that John spontaneously asked Mary to pick up Alice’s work in late July. ", "But it was not until late August, at about the time of the reported Mossad warnings, that Mary supposedly discovered on her own that Mihdhar was in the United States. ", "Staff Statement No. ", "10, p. 8; Commission Final Report, p. 270. ", "The Joint Committee Report (p. 151) states that John’s interest was rekindled in July by his discovery of a cable indicating that Khallad had been present at the Kuala Lumpur meeting, but neither the Commission’s Staff nor its Final Report mentions such a cable. ", "The discovery of the cable apparently prompted John to call Khallad a “major league killer” though the Commission (p. 268) suggests that this remark exhibited John’s concerns in May. Whatever John wrote, he wasn’t worried in July, as shown by what he is said to have told Mary.", "\n\n112 Staff Statement No. ", "10, p. 5.", "\n\n[39]\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the first place, John is said to have recalled or discovered that Khallad had been identified from a photograph in January 2001, by a joint FBI/CIA source, as an attendee of the Kuala Lumpur meeting in January 2000. ", "The FBI agent said to have been present at the January 2001 meeting, however, was unaware, apparently because of language problems, that any such identification had ever been made. ", "113 Moreover, “the CIA officer [himself -- who supposedly conducted the interview] does not recall this particular identification [at all] and thus cannot say why it was not shared with his FBI colleague.” ", "114 As we have seen, Alice, who was said to have “reviewed the cables” in\n\n113 Commission Staff Statement No. ", "10, p. 6: “This is an example of how day-to-day gaps in information sharing can emerge even in a situation of goodwill on all sides. ", "The information was from a joint FBI/CIA source. ", "The source spoke essentially no English. ", "The FBI person on the scene overseas [i.e., the agent who is said to have attended the meeting] did not speak the languages the source spoke. ", "Due to travel and security issues, the amount of time spent with the source was necessarily kept short. ", "As a result, the CIA officer usually did not simultaneously translate either the questions or the answers for his accompanying FBI colleague, and friend.”", "\n\n114 Commission Staff Statement No. ", "10, p. 7; Commission Final Report, p. 267. ", "The Commission itself in its Final Report, almost hilariously (because it does not explain why the CIA agent had no recollection of this event), has added to the speculative litany of reasons why the FBI agent did not recall any identification of Khallad. “", "The FBI agent also may have been absent from the room when the identification was made. ", "The source had brought a sheaf of documents with him that the FBI agent left the room to copy while the interview of the witness continued. ", "Because of the circumstances of the interview site, the agent would have been absent for a significant period of time. ", "In addition, the case officer was frequently given photographs from a broad range of CIA stations to show to this particular witness. ", "He did not focus on the purpose of showing the photographs; he was only concerned with whether the source recognized the individuals.” ", "Commission Final Report, p. 537, n. 62. ", "The CIA officer who also has no recollection of any identification of Khallad, is, of course, said ( a ) to have spoken the source’s language, ( b ) not to have left the room, and ( c ) to have known why he was seeking the identification{.}", "\n\n[40]\n\n\n\n\n\n115\n\n116\n\nThis untranslated, unwitnessed and forgotten identification that so inspired John to return later in the summer to the work forgotten by Alice seems to have been just as elusive. ", "The joint source had been said in (someone’s) report to be less than certain (or “ninety percent certain”) 117 that the man in the photograph shown him was Khallad. ", "And indeed, although both the Commission’s Final Report and its Staff Statements fail to tell us so, the purported identification itself later proved to be false. ", "The man was not Khallad. ", "118 So Khallad had not been identified, and until after September 11 his everyday appearance remained as much a mystery as the purported meeting with the joint source that supposedly so inspired John on his way to the Watchlist before the Mossad warnings in August.", "\n\n115 Ibid. ", "Perhaps to bolster the hapless Alice, the Commission’s Final Report gives a name to another agent, “Dave”, who was mentioned but unnamed in Staff Statement No. ", "10. ", "Dave seems to have done little more than try to find out whether another Cole suspect, Fahd al Quso, attended the Kuala Lumpur meeting.", "\n\n116 Compare Staff Statement No. ", "10, p. 7, third full paragraph, lines 1 and 2, with Commission Final Report, p. 267, last line.", "\n\n117 Commission Staff Statement No. ", "10, p. 6; Commission Final Report, p. 266.", "\n\n118 Joint Committee Report, p. 154: “In the days following the September 11 attacks [t]he Bureau . . . ", "learned that the January 2001 photo identification of Khallad by the joint FBI/CIA asset had been mistaken. ", "The person thought to be Khallad was actually Nawaf al Hazmi.” ", "Khallad is now said to have finally been identified, but only after September 11, from another photograph taken at the meeting.", "\n\n[41]\n\n\n\n\n\nAs noted above, when Alice’s “work” was effectively taken up late in August, the U.S. presence (or likely presence) of Mihdhar and Hazmi was again discovered and, on August 24, 2001, both men were placed on the Watchlist. ", "As noted above, they were then safely secluded and never found.", "\n\n\n\nc. William (of Ockham) {“d.” in original}\n\nJohn, Mary, Jane and Alice may all have been hard at work in Washington, and made a contribution, 119 but Occam’s razor 120 leads us a far straighter course to the Watchlist by way of the Mossad warnings in August, the likely result of the surveillance activities of the Israeli Groups and their (inadequate) warnings. ", "Both Mihdhar and Hazmi, hijackers of the Pentagon Plane and leaders of the entire hijacker group, would easily have fallen under the surveillance of the Israeli New Jersey Group in Hudson and Bergen Counties, and of the Israeli DEA Groups in San Diego and (in the case of Hazmi) in the Hollywood area and possibly in Oklahoma. ", "And it was only after the Mossad warnings were received that the CIA, finally, on August 27, 2001, told the FBI that Mihdhar and Hazmi were in the United States. ", "121\n\n119 For example, both Khallad (under an alias -- though he was presumably already Watchlisted) and another attendee at Kuala Lumpur were also Watchlisted on August 24. ", "Commission Final Report, Chapter 8, note 76, p. 538.", "\n\n120 “Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate” or “Don’t posit a plurality of reasons unless it’s necessary” are the words of the medieval English philosopher William of Ockham (or Occam) (ca. ", "1285-1349). ", "Occam’s razor, or his principle of parsimony, or unnecessary plurality, may be said to hold that, when confronted with several implausible explanations and a more probable and simpler one, one should choose the latter.", "\n\n121 Hijacker Timeline, p. 40.", "\n\n[42]\n\n\n\n\n\nWhy the Israeli Groups?", "\n\nIt is not necessary at this early stage of inquiry into these events to speculate on the original rationale for the U.S. activities of the two Israeli Groups. ", "A study of that question will best be undertaken in the course of the public inquiry. ", "But a few thoughts may lend some perspective to the question.", "\n\nIt may be that originally the Israeli DEA Groups did little more than sell art (though illegally and in violation of their visas). ", "Once the need or usefulness of keeping Arab groups under surveillance in the United States became apparent to the Israeli government, it may have viewed these art salesmen and their vans as ideal groups and vehicles into which to insert sophisticated agents with telecommunications, wiretapping or electronic eavesdropping equipment and intelligence expertise.", "\n\nThe vans in the operations of both Israeli Groups 122 were able to move about neighborhoods without raising undue concern. ", "The “art students” in the Israeli DEA Groups were using their vans as sometime door-to-door salesmen. ", "The personnel of Urban Moving Systems, the Mossad front, were ostensibly driving about northeastern New Jersey towns in their van (or vans) to help people move -- a familiar suburban sight.", "\n\n122 Only one van, that stopped on September 11, has been identified as used by the Israeli New Jersey Group. ", "We do not yet know ( a ) whether Urban Moving Systems had a number of vans, ( b ) how many of its employees worked in vans beyond the five arrested on September 11, or ( c ) whether any of its employees fled to Israel along with Dominik Suter.", "\n\n[43]\n\n\n\n\n\nWith ample room for personnel and electronic equipment, the vans were ideal vehicles for electronic eavesdropping. ", "123 The extent to which Nice Systems, the Israeli wiretapping company for which Tomer Ben Dor worked (the Israeli with the reference to “DEA Groups” in his computer files) will be a matter for the public inquiry. ", "Nice Systems was ideally suited to provide equipment and expertise to the Israeli New Jersey Group because its U.S. headquarters were located in Rutherford, New Jersey, near the center of the Group’s operations (MAP 3).", "\n\nThe future hijackers were frequent users of land lines and cell telephones and thus were ideal subjects for electronic surveillance. ", "Mihdhar regularly telephoned a terrorist facility in the Middle East from the United States. ", "124 Both Mihdhar and Hazmi were “constantly on their cell phones.” ", "125 Mohamed Atta made calls to Madrid from Coral Springs 126 and used his cell phone to call lodging establishments in Florida. ", "127 Ramzi Binalshibh, a plot leader based in Hamburg, frequently called Atta, 128 Shehhi 129 and Moussaoui 130 from Hamburg. ", "Jarrah made hundreds of phone calls from Florida 131 and Hanjour, Hazmi and other hijackers made 75 calls in two days 132 to locate apartments,\n\n123 As we have seen, both Israeli Groups used Chevrolet vans. ", "The Israeli DEA Groups’ vans (to the extent identified) also included a GMC Safari van, a GMC full-size custom van, a Ford van, a Dodge mini-van, and unspecified panel vans. ", "See generally the DEA Report.", "\n\n124 Joint Committee Report, p. 17.", "\n\n125 Hijacker Timeline, p. 10.", "\n\n126 Hijacker Timeline, p. 28.", "\n\n127 Commission Final Report, p. 228.", "\n\n128 Commission Final Report, p. 245.", "\n\n129 Commission Final Report, p. 244.", "\n\n130 Ibid.", "\n\n131 Commission Final Report, p. 225.", "\n\n132 Joint Committee Report, p. 187.", "\n\n[44]\n\n\n\n\n\nAs to the Israeli DEA Groups’ surveillance of the DEA, it is difficult if not impossible to learn from the public record, at this time, the precise nature of the information they were seeking from that agency. ", "The DEA itself was not sure then, and it may not know to this day. ", "The DEA had its own concerns about the Israeli DEA Groups relating to previous drug investigations, as noted above. ", "Perhaps these concerns were well-founded. ", "Perhaps the Israelis were using these units in part as a training ground (on our soil) for future agents, or were interested in learning the DEA’s methods for tracking drug traffickers and their money, a potential source of funding for terrorist groups.", "\n\nBut in all likelihood the selling of art and (though far riskier) the DEA spying were covers for their more important work of keeping Arab groups under surveillance in the United States. ", "This activity appears ultimately to have led the Israelis to the future hijackers, and forced upon them unwelcome decisions as to how much, and when, they should tell the United States of what they had learned.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n11. ", "The CIA’s Role and Responsibilities\n\nFinally, it is possible that the CIA was aware that the two Israeli Groups were tracking suspected Arab groups on our soil, but remained unaware until after September 11 that they had come across the future\n\n\n\n\n\n[45]\n\n\n\n\n\nThe CIA was prohibited by law from engaging in field intelligence operations inside the United States. ", "They may have been reluctant to cooperate with the FBI because of the burdensome constraints of constitutional protections benefiting potential defendants. ", "They may also have regarded the Israelis as unusually effective because of their familiarity with Arab culture and their common understanding of the Arabic language. ", "133\n\nA leading Israeli newspaper, Yedioth Ahronoth, reported in the fall of 2002 that prior to the September 11 attacks, when members of the Israeli DEA Groups were being detained or arrested across the United States, the CIA\n\n133 See the Joint Committee Report, p. xvii: “At home, the counterterrorism effort suffered from the lack of an effective domestic intelligence capability. ", "The FBI was unable to identify and monitor effectively the extent of activity by al Qaeda and other international terrorist groups operating in the United States. . . . ", "These problems greatly exacerbated the nation’s vulnerability to an increasingly dangerous and immediate international terrorist threat inside the United States.”", "\n\n[46]\n\n\n\n\n\n134\n\nThe CIA also failed to press for the continuing detention of the members of the Israeli New Jersey Group after their arrest on September 11. ", "After three months the men were released and returned to Israel, even though their names had appeared in our own counter-intelligence data base, at least two of them were suspected Mossad agents, and their leader had fled to Israel on or about September 14 -- only to be placed on the May 2002 FBI Suspect List a few months later.", "\n\nThe CIA is mentioned but once in the DEA Report, in connection with the Israeli DEA Groups’ effort to penetrate the DEA’s Southwest Laboratory near San Diego,\n\n134 Mark Lefet in Yedioth Ahronoth, October 2, 2002, commenting on the October 1, 2002 Die Zeit article referred to in note 108. ", "Die Zeit had said nothing of any CIA support for the expulsion of detained members of the Israeli DEA Groups.", "\n\n[47]\n\n\n\n\n\n135\n\nThe Forward article cited above states that the operations of the Israeli Groups heightened tensions between Washington and Israel --\n\n“not because of the operations’ [Arab] targets but because Israel reportedly violated a secret gentlemen’s agreement between the two countries under which espionage on each other’s soil is to be coordinated in advance.” ", "136\n\nThe tragedy of the DEA Report becomes evident only after sifting through all the twists and turns of its raw data, often dull, sometimes disquieting, and reading for one last time the struggle of its authors to find a rational explanation in the introductory paragraphs. ", "Today\n\n135 DEA Report, paragraph 119, pages 34-35: “The San Diego Division is currently working with the FBI, Department of State, and CIA personnel on advancing this investigation. ", "Five names were retrieved from DEA and FBI sources and [run] through INS. ", "There were hits on three Israeli individuals who entered the U.S. on non-immigrant tourist visas.”", "\n\n136 The Forward, op. ", "cit., ", "March 15, 2002.", "\n\n[48]\n\n\n\n\n\nThe public inquiry into these events must include an examination into whether the CIA may have been aware of, or promoted or condoned, the surveillance by the Israeli Groups of suspect Arab groups in the U.S.\n\n\n\n\n\n12. ", "Detailed Summary\n\nSet forth below is a detailed summary of the tentative conclusions reached in this memorandum, which amply illustrate the urgent need for a public inquiry into the activities of the Israeli DEA Groups and the Israeli New Jersey Group. ", "The inquiry must include, without limitation, the examination of members of the Israel Groups and related persons; officials of the Israeli government and certain of its agencies, including Mossad; FBI suspects, agents of the DEA, the INS and the FBI; certain local law enforcement officials; agents of the CIA (in camera to the extent required); other intelligence sources cited by the public press to the extent possible; the boxes of documents and computer hard drives (referred on page 29) seized by the FBI from the Israeli New Jersey Group; and of all other relevant documents, reports, communiqués and information. --", "\n\nThe Israeli DEA Groups were spying on the Drug Enforcement Agency and thus upon the United States. ", "The DEA itself has concluded that they were probably engaged in organized intelligence gathering on our soil.", "\n\n\n\n[48]\n\n\n\nA highly regarded American journal knowledgeable about Israeli affairs, has concluded ( a ) based on its own sources, that the Israeli DEA Groups were spying on radical Islamic networks suspected of links to Middle East terrorism, and ( b ) based on the representations of a former American intelligence official regularly briefed on these matters by law enforcement officials, that ( i ) at least two members of the Israeli New Jersey Group were Mossad operatives, ( ii ) Urban Moving, the company used by the Israeli New Jersey Group, was a front for Mossad and its operatives, and ( iii ) the Israeli New Jersey Group was spying on local Arabs.", "\n\n\n\nThe intelligence sources of a substantial American television network report that the Israeli DEA Groups may have gathered information about the September 11 attacks in advance, and not shared it with the United States. ", "One investigator said that evidence linking the Israeli DEA Groups to such intelligence gathering was classified and could not be disclosed.", "\n\n\n\nThe Israeli DEA Groups were comprised of 125 or more Israelis operating on our soil. ", "Their leaders and apparent associates included military commanders and experts with military backgrounds in intelligence, electronic intercepts and telecommunications.", "\n\n\n\nThe wiretapping and intelligence expertise of members of both Israeli Groups, and the use of vans in local neighborhoods where the future hijackers were planning the attacks, and the extensive use by the hijackers of cell phones and land lines, made the Israeli Groups ideally suited to gather information regarding the hijackers’ plans.", "\n\n\n\nThe principal operation of the Israeli DEA Groups was located in and around Hollywood, Florida, the central training and staging ground for the hijacking of North and South Tower Planes and the Pennsylvania Plane. ", "The addresses and places of residence of the members of the Israeli DEA\n\n\n\n[48]\n\n\n\nGroups in Hollywood itself were within hundreds of yards those of the future hijackers.", "\n\n\n\nThe operations of both the Israeli New Jersey Group and the hijackers of the Pentagon Plane were centered in Hudson and Bergen Counties in New Jersey, within a common radius of about six miles.", "\n\n\n\nAll five celebrating members of the Israeli New Jersey Group arrested on September 11 were aware, when the North Tower Plane struck the World Trade Center, based on their immediate reaction to the attack and the information said to be contained in their van, that the attack had been planned and carried out by Arab terrorists.", "\n\n\n\nAfter being questioned by the FBI on September 11, the leader of the Israeli New Jersey Group immediately fled the United States to Israel. ", "His name and aliases appear, along with those of the hijackers and other FBI suspects, on the May 2002 FBI Suspect list.", "\n\n\n\nIsraeli intelligence officials have reported that two senior officials of Mossad warned the United States in August 2001 that as many as 200 terrorists on American soil were planning an imminent large-scale attack on high visibility targets on the American mainland. ", "One press report states that in August Mossad provided the CIA with the names of future hijackers Khaled al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi.", "\n\n\n\nThe CIA’s explanation of how Mihdhar’s and Hazmi’s names were placed on the Watchlist through the spontaneous efforts of CIA and FBI agents is not only difficult to follow but, as the sole reason for the Watchlisting, hardly credible.", "\n\n\n\nMossad’s own information appears to have come from its sources inside the United States. ", "All of the facts and circumstances set forth in this memorandum appear to show that Mossad’s two likely sources of information were: ( a ) the Israeli DEA Groups, comparable in number to that\n\n\n\n[48]\n\n\n\nof the Arab suspects and who appear to have tracked the future hijackers in their central places of operation and in other states, and ( b ) the Israeli New Jersey Group, operating through their Mossad front in another principal locus of operations of the future hijackers, two of whom were Mossad agents, and five of whom appeared immediately aware of the origin of the attacks on September 11.", "\n\n\n\nWhile little direct evidence supports the contention that the CIA was aware of or condoned the Israeli Groups’ tracking of Arab terrorist groups in the United States prior to September 11, the CIA’s pressing for the expulsion of members of the Israeli DEA Groups when they were detained before September 11, their failure to cooperate with the FBI, their circuitous explanation of how the above two hijackers were placed on the Watchlist, and other relevant considerations require that the issue be taken up as a part of the public inquiry into these painful events.", "\n\nGerald Shea\n\nEXHIBIT A\n\nSuspicious Activities Involving Israeli Art Students at DEA Facilities\n\nDrug Enforcement Administration Office of Security\n\n\n\nJune, 2001\n\nBackgound:\n\nIn January, 2001, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Office of Security Programs (IS), began to receive reports of Israeli art students attempting to penetrate several DEA Field Offices in the continental United States. ", "Additionally, there have been reports of Israeli art students visiting the homes of numerous DEA employees. ", "These incidents have occurred since at least the beginning of 2000, and have continued to the present. ", "The number of reported incidents increased in November/December 2000, and has continued to date. ", "These incidents have involved several other law enforcement and Department of Defense agencies, with contacts made at other agencies’ facilities and the residences of their employees. ", "Geographically, these incidents are very widespread, ranging from California to Florida. ", "The majority of the incidents have occurred in the southern half of the continental U.S. with the most activity reported in the state of Florida. ", "Since April 2001, the number of reported incidents has declined, however, the geographic spread of the incidents has increased to Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Los Angeles.", "\n\nThe activities of these Israeli art students raised the suspicion of IS and other field offices when attempts were made to circumvent the access control systems at DEA offices, and when these individuals began to solicit their paintings at the homes of DEA employees. ", "The nature of the individuals’ conduct, combined with intelligence information and historical information regarding past incidents involving Israeli Organized Crime, leads IS to believe the incidents may well be an organized intelligence gathering activity. ", "It is believed by IS that these incidents should not be the basis for any immediate concern for the safety and security of DEA personnel, however, employees should continue to exercise due caution in safeguarding information relating to DEA investigations, or activities.", "\n\nDEA Orlando has developed the first drug nexus to this group. ", "Telephone numbers obtained from an Israel Art Student encountered at the Orlando D.O. have been linked to several ongoing DEA MDMA (Ecstasy) investigations in Florida, California, Texas, and New York. ", "The Orlando D.O. has opened an investigation that is being coordinated with DEA HQs.", "\n\nIn general, these individuals appear to be organized in teams of 8 to 10 people, with one person described as the “Team Leader”. ", "They are usually encountered in pairs or individually carrying a makeshift art portfolio. ", "Several times, they have, been seen or\n\n\n\n\n\n[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nTheir stories are remarkable only in their consistency. ", "At first, they will state that they are art students, either from the University of Jerusalem, or the Bezalel Academy of Arts in Jerusalem. ", "Other times they will purport to be promoting a new art studio in the area. ", "When pressed for details as to the location of the art studio or why they are selling the paintings, they become evasive. ", "Some claim to be the artist who painted the artwork, others claim they {are} promoting the work of others or of Israel. ", "Information has been received which indicates the art is actually produced in China. ", "When told that they cannot solicit on federal facilities, they will claim that the paintings are not for sale, but that they are soliciting interest in the paintings, either for an art studio or for a future art sale.", "\n\nAn incident report by DEA Tampa has revealed much information relating to these individuals. ", "DEA Agents at the Tampa District Office questioned the Team Leader of a group of 9 individuals at length. ", "The Team Leader stated he purchases the paintings for $8 to $10 dollars from an individual in the Hollywood/Ft. ", "Lauderdale, Florida area. ", "The paintings are then sold for $50 to $80 dollars. (", "Other offices have reported the paintings selling for $150-$200 dollars.) ", "The individuals come to the U.S. on tourist visas, and finance their stay here by selling the paintings. ", "The Hollywood, Florida area seems to be a central point for these individuals with several having addresses in this area.", "\n\nThere have been incidents where criminal and/or suspicious activity has been associated with these individuals. ", "Two were arrested by FPS in Plantation, FL with counterfeit Social Security Cards. ", "Baton Rouge, LA discovered a small amount (personal use amount) of marijuana in the residence of one group, and some of the individuals interviewed by DEA/Tampa admitted to smoking marijuana. ", "Criminal records checks have revealed some arrest history on persons associated with these groups. ", "Passport irregularities have been reported. ", "A review of their passports shows travel to several other countries, to include Thailand, Laos, India, Kenya, Central and South America, Australia, Germany, Amsterdam, and Canada. ", "One individual presented a Canadian citizenship card along with his Israeli passport. ", "A report from EPA/Denver involved a female art student going to the house of an EPA Special Agent to sell art, and returning later to photograph the house. ", "There is a report of one of these individuals being seen diagramming the layout of a federal facility. ", "This information has not been directly reported to DEA, and has not been confirmed by first-hand observation.", "\n\nWhen encountered at residences, some of these individuals are persistent in trying to get inside the home. ", "Some have asked to use the telephone when leaving. ", "Some employees\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nIS requested that all DEA Field Divisions canvas their employees to determine if these activities have occurred in their area. ", "Additionally, information has been received from several other federal law enforcement agencies. ", "The following is a summary, by DEA Division Offices, of the events that have taken place:\n\nAtlanta Division\n\n1. ", "Sometime in July or August 2000, a woman claiming to be a student from a foreign country attempted to enter the Chattanooga, Tennessee Resident Office. ", "The woman was attempting to sell homemade pins that she hand painted and put together herself. ", "An Office Assistant advised the woman that she was on Federal Property and solicitation was prohibited. ", "The Office Assistant claimed the woman was from the Middle East, but cannot recall the exact location.", "\n\n2. ", "In mid to late December 2000, a male and female subject described as being in their mid-twenties arrived at the residence of a Special Agent. ", "The male subject spoke fluent English, however the female subject had a heavy accent. ", "Both subjects claimed to be Israeli art students. ", "The Special Agent examined some of the artwork, but became suspicious when the students would not provide him with a contact telephone number in case he should decide to buy something. ", "Subsequently, the Special Agent saw some of the exact same artwork for sale at kiosk in the Mall of Georgia. ", "The Special Agent questioned the salesperson about the origin of the artwork, but the salesperson was uncooperative.", "\n\n3. ", "During the first week of January 2001, an individual identifying himself as an Israeli art student attempted to bring artwork into the Columbus, Georgia Resident Office. ", "The individual was not permitted to enter the office.", "\n\n4. ", "The following was received by the Montgomery, Alabama District Office:\n\nOn 3/27/2001, approximately 1:45 p.m., Montgomery District Office Group Supervisor John W. Wall was exiting the elevator on the first floor of our building enroute to a meeting. ", "Our building is a small two-story office building that also contains the offices of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Geological Survey, Dyncorp and a small investment company (Newman Investments). ", "As G/S Wall got out of the elevator, a white female was getting on. ", "G/S Wall noticed she was carrying a large blue artist portfolio. ", "GIS Wall engaged her in conversation and asked if she was in our building on government business to which the female stated that she was an art student from Austria and was promoting her work. ", "G/S Wall asked if she was actually from Israel and the female later identified as Vanina Erika DARDIC, DOB 3/5/78, stated again that she was from Austria. ", "DARDIC got on the elevator for the second floor and G/S Wall went to his OGV and notified me with instructions to re-interview the female.", "\n\n5. ", "Several minutes passed and DARDIC never came to our office. (", "Investigation later\n\n\n\n\n\n[3]\n\n\n\n\n\n6. ", "At that point, agents set out on foot to find DARDIC. ", "The agents observed another white female later identified as Ester SAGES, DOB 9/30/77, walking through the office complex, also carrying a large blue portfolio. ", "SAGES was followed on foot a short distance to a van that was parked on a side road where the agents made contact with a white male, identified as Marcelo VALANSI, DOB 11/24/77. ", "VALANSI took SAGES’ portfolio and placed it into the van, a 1984 GMC full-size custom van bearing Florida tag T11YZX, registered to Marcelo VALANSI at 901 SE 1st Ave., #", "2, Gainesville, Florida.", "\n\n7. ", "The agents approached SAGES and VALANSI, identified themselves and separated the two for interviews. ", "VALANSI stated that he was an art student at the University of Florida and stated that they were traveling around to “‘promote” the work of new artists. ", "Information revealed that VALANSI was registered at Santa Fe Community College in 1999 and not the University of Florida. ", "VALANSI produced an ID card from Argentina, DNI 26,316,660, card #190961, and stated that he was on spring break from the University of Florida where he has been a student for three years. ", "VALANSI stated his passport was in his hotel room at the Governor’s House Hotel, #180. ", "VALANSI stated that he and approximately five other students had been in Montgomery about two days and planned to stay several more.", "\n\n8. ", "Ester SAGES produced an Israeli passport, #6470399, and stated that she had been in the U.S. approximately 3 weeks (Visa type R, class B1/B2). ", "SAGES claimed to be an artist but does not attend school anywhere. ", "SAGES admitted to having served in the Israeli Army for two years (mandatory service). ", "SAGES identified her father as Elyahu SAGES (deceased) and her mother as Marjalit SAGES. ", "SAGES gave the same story as being in Montgomery to “promote” the artists work.", "\n\n9. ", "While talking to VALANSI and SAGES, Vanina DARDIC walked up and was interviewed. ", "DARDIC, provided an ID card from Argentina (DNI 26,473,227, card #J8557), but stated that she had dual citizenship (Argentina and Israel). ", "DARDIC stated that she was born in Argentina to an Argentine father, Mario DARDIC, and an Israeli mother, Judith COHEN (maiden name). ", "She moved to Israel when she was 12 years of age and served in the Israeli Army, DARDIC reported that she is the girlfriend of Marcelo VALANSI. ", "DARDIC spoke English, Hebrew and Spanish. ", "SAGES spoke English and, Hebrew. ", "VALANSI spoke English and Spanish.", "\n\n10. ", "VALANSI was asked if the artwork was for sale, to which he stated “not really” that they were “promoting” their work and that it is important to artists that people like their work. ", "VALANSI was asked if, hypothetically, someone liked his work and wanted to commission him to paint something, how would someone get in contact with him? ", "VALANSI was very hesitant to provide a means of contact. ", "When pressed, VALANSI provided Gainesville telephone #352-378-1435 as a contact number. ", "He was asked how their group could afford to travel around “promoting” artwork if they derive no income\n\n\n\n\n\n[4]\n\n\n\n\n\n11. ", "Ester SAGES stated that one of their stops in Montgomery was going to be the Jewish Federation Office which is located adjacent to where their van was parked (2820 Fairlane Dr., Montgomery, telephone #334-277-5820). ", "All of the subjects were photographed, however SAGES initially did not want her picture taken.", "\n\n12. ", "EPIC was contacted for information on their entries into the U.S. EPIC queries indicated the following:\n\nVALANSI, Marcelo (Argentina passport #26316660)\n\n1). ", "Admission date: 2/01/2001\n\nAdmission Class: F1 (Student)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: Tel Aviv Israel\n\nVisa Issued: Buenos Aires (8/20/98)\n\nCarrier: Al Israel Airlines (flt 201)\n\nIntended address: 901 S.E. 1st Ave., ", "Gainesville, FL 2). ", "Admission date: 10/18/00\n\nAdmission to: 1/17/01\n\nAdmission Class: CP (Public Interest Parole)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: unk (most likely Columbia)\n\nCarrier: Avianca (flt 8)\n\nIntended address: 901 S.E. 1st Ave., ", "Gainesville, FL\n\nDeparture date: 12/28/00 from Miami 3). ", "Admission date: 11/12/99\n\nAdmission Class: WT/VW (Visitor w/o Visa)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: Santiago, Chile\n\nCarrier: La Lan Chile (flt 500)\n\nIntended address: 901 S.E. 1st Ave., ", "Gainesville, FL\n\nDeparture date: unk 4). ", "Admission date: 04/15/99\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: San Jose (Juan Santamari)\n\nCarrier: LACSA (flt 620)\n\nDeparture date: unk 5). ", "Admission date: 01/11/99\n\nAdmission Class: F1 (Student)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: unk\n\nCarrier: La Lan Chile (flt 500)\n\nIntended address: 901 S.E. 1st Ave., ", "Gainesville, FL\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n\n\n\nDeparture date: unk 6). ", "Admission date: 9/23/98\n\nAdmitted to: 12/31/98\n\nAdmission Class: Fl (Student)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: unk\n\nCarrier: A L Argentina (flt 1324)\n\nIntended address: 617 E. University Ave., ", "Gainesville, FL\n\nDeparture date: 12/19/98 7). ", "Admission date: 05/04/98\n\nAdmitted to: 11/03/98\n\nAdmission Class: B2 (Visitor)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: Unk\n\nVisa issued: Buenos Aires 5/11/90\n\nCarrier: E U Empresa Ecuatoriana (flt 800)\n\nIntended address: 617 E. University Ave., ", "Gainesville, FL\n\nDeparture date: 08/10/98 8). ", "Admission date: 1/02/97\n\nAdmitted to: 7/01/98\n\nAdmission Class: B2 (Visitor)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: unk\n\nVisa issued: Buenos Aires 5/11/90\n\nCarrier: La Lan Chile (flt 502)\n\nIntended address: 143 6 Washington Ave., ", "Miami, FL\n\nDeparture date: 03/13/98\n\n13. ", "SAGES, Ester (Israel passport 96470399)\n\n1). ", "Admission date: 3/03/01\n\nAdmission Class: B2 (Visitor)\n\nPort of Entry: Newark International\n\nArrival from: Tel Aviv Israel\n\nCarrier: Continental Airlines (flt 91) 2). ", "Admission date: 12/23/99\n\nAdmitted to: 6/22/00\n\nAdmission Class: B2 (Visitor)\n\nPort of Entry: Newark, N.J.\n\nArrival from: Tel Aviv Israel\n\nCarrier: El Al Israel\n\nIntended address: Attornet 161, New York City, New York\n\nDeparture date: 01/09/00 3). ", "Admission date: 08/24/95\n\n\n\n[6]\n\n\n\n\n\nAdmitted to: 2/23/96\n\nAdmission Class: B2 (Vishor)\n\nPort of Entry: New York\n\nArrival from: Tel Aviv Israel\n\nVisa issued: Buenos Aires 5/11/90\n\nCarrier: El Al Israel\n\nIntended address: Hotel Carlton, New York City, New York\n\nDeparture date: 9/20/95\n\n14. ", "DARDIC, Vanina Erika (Argentina passport #10581811)\n\n1.) ", "Admission date: 2/01/01\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from: London (Gatwick Int’l)\n\nVisa issued: Buenos Aires 5/11/90\n\nCarrier: Virgin Atlantic Airlines (flt 5) 2). ", "Admission date: 10/18/00\n\nAdmission Class: CP (Public Interest Parole)\n\nPort of Entry: Miami, FL\n\nArrival from.: ", "Bogota, Columbia\n\nVisa issued: Buenos Aires 5/11/90\n\nCarrier: Avianca (flt 8)\n\nIntended address: 901 S.E. 1st. ", "Ave., ", "Gainesville, FL\n\nDeparture date: 12/25/00 3). ", "Admission date: 12/23/99\n\nPort of Entry: New York\n\nCarrier: Tower Air (flt 31)\n\n(no further info)\n\n15. ", "Regarding the groups story as art students, specifically VALANSI stating that he is a student at the University of Florida out on spring break, RAC Dick McEnany, Gainesville R.O. inquired as to VALANSI’s status as a student. ", "RAC McEnany advised that VALANSI was last registered in the spring of 1999. ", "RAC McEnany also stated that spring break was already over for this year.", "\n\n16. ", "It is noted that in addition to the three subjects contacted, another group of three alleged art students were documented working another office complex on Perry Hill Road (Interstate Park) in Montgomery on the same day (3/27/2001). ", "This group is known to have solicited several offices in that complex which are Department of Defense contractors (Maxwell Air Force Base is in Montgomery). ", "Montgomery FBI agents made contact with that group at their hotel (La Quinta Inn) and identified them.", "\n\n17. ", "The local FBI office was contacted and provided with this information for follow-up as necessary. ", "The FBI POC RAC Sharon Ormsby.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n[7]\n\n\n\n\n\nBoston Division\n\n18. ", "There have been no reports of suspicious activities by Israeli art students occurring, at DEA facilities or at the residences of any DEA Employee under the Boston Division.", "\n\nCaribbean Division\n\n19. ", "No response.", "\n\nChicago Division\n\n20. ", "On or around June 26, 2000, a male and female claiming they were Israeli art students, visited the home of a Diversion Investigator. ", "The male was described as Caucasian, 5'8\", 160 lbs., ", "dark brown hair, clean-shaven, brown eyes, and early 20’s. ", "The female was described as 5'6\", 160 lbs., ", "long curly dark brown hair with blonde highlights, early 20’s. ", "The students left the residence without incident.", "\n\n21. ", "On or around June 30, 2000, a second set of Israeli art students arrived at the home of the same Diversion Investigator. ", "These students were confrontational when asked to leave and the police were called (16th District Chicago Police Dept.). ", "The male was described as 5'6\", 150 lbs., ", "slim build, dark skin, no facial hair, very dark hair, early 20’s. ", "The female was described as 5'8\", slim build, brown shoulder length hair, and early 20’s. ", "They did approach other homes i" ]

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[ "**2 - 82*a - 336. ", "Determine o(-4).", "\n-8\nLet q(u) = -u**3 + 29*u**2 + 94*u + 64. ", "Give q(32).", "\n0\nLet m(q) = -q**3 - 15*q**2 + 6*q + 59. ", "Give m(-17).", "\n535\nLet a(x) = 73*x - 36. ", "What is a(2)?", "\n110\nLet l(x) = -23*x**2 + 15*x - 1. ", "Determine l(1).", "\n-9\nLet l(h) = h**2 + 44*h + 504. ", "Determine l(-13).", "\n101\nLet y(s) = -s**2 - 62*s - 422. ", "Give y(-10).", "\n98\nLet f(j) = -j**3 + 83*j**2 + 221*j - 4357. ", "Determine f(85).", "\n-22\nLet g(c) = 14*c**3 - 100*c**2 + 207*c - 8. ", "Give g(2).", "\n118\nLet c(q) = -123*q - 1024. ", "Calculate c(-10).", "\n206\nLet v(g) = -14*g**2 - 751*g + 285. ", "What is v(-54)?", "\n15\nLet j(o) = 11*o - 378. ", "What is j(28)?", "\n-70\nLet i(r) = 320*r - 15690. ", "What is i(49)?", "\n-10\nLet o(h) = 3*h**3 - 47*h**2 - 193*h + 29. ", "Give o(19).", "\n-28\nLet p(u) = 10*u**2 + 235*u - 11. ", "Calculate p(-22).", "\n-341\nLet h(b) = -103*b - 64. ", "Calculate h(4).", "\n-476\nLet s(p) = -p**3 - 13*p**2 - 3*p + 51. ", "Calculate s(-12).", "\n-57\nLet f(n) = 11*n**3 + 4*n**2 - 10*n - 10. ", "Calculate f(2).", "\n74\nLet k(u) = -586*u - 27537. ", "What is k(-47)?", "\n5\nLet p(c) = c**3 + 35*c**2 + 35*c + 20. ", "What is p(-34)?", "\n-14\nLet h(u) = 4*u**2 + 182*u - 488. ", "Give h(-48).", "\n-8\nLet i(o) = 418*o - 62702. ", "Determine i(150).", "\n-2\nLet s(y) = 17771*y + 106637. ", "Give s(-6).", "\n11\nLet p(z) = 39*z + 92. ", "Calculate p(-6).", "\n-142\nLet w(z) = 104*z**2 - 214*z + 30. ", "Determine w(2).", "\n18\nLet m(r) = r**3 + 11*r**2 + 22*r + 20. ", "Calculate m(-5).", "\n60\nLet c(u) = 40*u - 1577. ", "What is c(44)?", "\n183\nLet h(q) = -q**2 + 852*q - 6754. ", "Give h(8).", "\n-2\nLet j(s) = -7*s + 69. ", "Determine j(-4).", "\n97\nLet y(s) = 3*s + 34. ", "Determine y(-4).", "\n22\nLet q(c) = 3*c**2 + 107*c - 16. ", "Determine q(-36).", "\n20\nLet l(f) = -2*f**2 - 256*f - 2551. ", "Give l(-11).", "\n23\nLet l(s) = s**3 - 110*s**2 + 3028*s - 244. ", "What is l(56)?", "\n-20\nLet h(b) = 5*b**2 - 3*b - 12. ", "Calculate h(4).", "\n56\nLet m(s) = s**3 + 41*s**2 + 209*s + 169. ", "Calculate m(-35).", "\n204\nLet j(k) = 35*k - 121. ", "Determine j(5).", "\n54\nLet x(q) = 16*q**2 - 1143*q - 648. ", "What is x(72)?", "\n0\nLet s(m) = 5*m**2 - 451*m + 94. ", "Give s(90).", "\n4\nLet f(j) = j**3 - 14*j**2 - 67*j + 17. ", "Determine f(-4).", "\n-3\nLet t(z) = 10*z - 732. ", "Give t(49).", "\n-242\nLet x(o) = -2918*o + 221778. ", "Calculate x(76).", "\n10\nLet g(i) = 3*i**2 - 1677*i - 17069. ", "Determine g(-10).", "\n1\nLet q(c) = -35*c + 226. ", "Give q(7).", "\n-19\nLet v(o) = 4*o**2 - 39*o + 34. ", "Give v(10).", "\n44\nLet p(r) = -r**2 - 11*r - 26. ", "What is p(-11)?", "\n-26\nLet l(r) = -60*r + 1434. ", "What is l(21)?", "\n174\nLet w(p) = -6*p**2 + 25*p - 22. ", "Give w(2).", "\n4\nLet v(o) = -14*o - 28. ", "Give v(-2).", "\n0\nLet g(m) = -m**3 - 12*m**2 - 9*m + 43. ", "Determine g(-10).", "\n-67\nLet s(a) = 2*a - 77. ", "What is s(-22)?", "\n-121\nLet l(t) = -72*t**2 + 3472*t - 772. ", "Give l(48).", "\n-4\nLet q(r) = 22*r**2 + 21*r - 6. ", "Determine q(3).", "\n255\nLet n(f) = 80*f + 634. ", "Determine n(-8).", "\n-6\nLet d(t) = t**2 - 30*t + 6. ", "What is d(30)?", "\n6\nLet n(v) = -v**3 - 30*v**2 - 4*v - 91. ", "Determine n(-30).", "\n29\nLet l(r) = -403*r + 1964. ", "Determine l(5).", "\n-51\nLet j(m) = -169*m + 1085. ", "Determine j(6).", "\n71\nLet j(g) = 10*g - 30. ", "Determine j(8).", "\n50\nLet n(y) = 6*y**2 + 118*y + 288. ", "Determine n(-3).", "\n-12\nLet k(r) = -58*r**3 + 3*r**2 + 13*r - 32. ", "Determine k(2).", "\n-458\nLet u(f) = f**3 - 25*f**2 + 5*f + 935. ", "Calculate u(23).", "\n-8\nLet k(s) = 82*s + 875. ", "Give k(-11).", "\n-27\nLet q(c) = -21*c + 121. ", "Calculate q(0).", "\n121\nLet y(d) = 2*d**2 - 59*d - 519. ", "What is y(36)?", "\n-51\nLet a(i) = -16*i**2 - 723*i - 169. ", "Calculate a(-45).", "\n-34\nLet r(j) = -2*j**3 + 74*j**2 + 2*j - 57. ", "Give r(37).", "\n17\nLet y(g) = 13*g**2 + 234*g - 225. ", "What is y(-19)?", "\n22\nLet x(s) = 2*s**2 + 35*s + 5. ", "Determine x(-17).", "\n-12\nLet u(b) = -46*b**3 - 3*b**2 + 29*b - 31. ", "Give u(1).", "\n-51\nLet y(q) = q**3 + 13*q**2 + 6*q - 135. ", "Calculate y(-16).", "\n-999\nLet n(l) = 2*l**2 - 244*l + 6709. ", "What is n(80)?", "\n-11\nLet a(y) = 93*y**2 - 277*y - 45. ", "What is a(3)?", "\n-39\nLet g(n) = 273*n - 82714. ", "Determine g(303).", "\n5\nLet g(k) = -9*k**2 - 331*k - 844. ", "Calculate g(-34).", "\n6\nLet a(m) = m**3 - m**2 - 5*m + 7. ", "Give a(0).", "\n7\nLet z(j) = 5*j**2 + 73*j + 263. ", "Give z(-9).", "\n11\nLet a(h) = 2*h**3 - 10*h**2 - 301*h. ", "Give a(-10).", "\n10\nLet z(r) = -996*r + 1881. ", "Determine z(2).", "\n-111\nLet q(z) = -133*z - 369. ", "Determine q(-2).", "\n-103\nLet a(d) = -32*d**2 - 216*d + 59. ", "Determine a(-7).", "\n3\nLet d(y) = 25*y - 88. ", "Give d(2).", "\n-38\nLet c(l) = 2064*l - 4128. ", "Determine c(2).", "\n0\nLet z(o) = 17*o + 620. ", "Give z(-37).", "\n-9\nLet c(q) = -288*q - 51289. ", "Give c(-178).", "\n-25\nLet t(q) = -1589*q + 12724. ", "What is t(8)?", "\n12\nLet a(h) = -h**3 + 75*h**2 + 237*h - 227. ", "What is a(78)?", "\n7\nLet k(f) = 24370*f - 24369. ", "What is k(1)?", "\n1\nLet n(l) = 42*l - 77. ", "Calculate n(1).", "\n-35\nLet k(m) = -425*m - 2. ", "Calculate k(0).", "\n-2\nLet y(j) = j**2 + 16*j - 107. ", "What is y(-21)?", "\n-2\nLet q(n) = -n**3 + 33*n**2 - 139*n - 14. ", "Give q(28).", "\n14\nLet f(p) = 34*p - 599. ", "What is f(16)?", "\n-55\nLet i(h) = 3*h**2 - 312*h + 7161. ", "Give i(34).", "\n21\nLet o(y) = y**3 + 51*y**2 + 152*y + 378. ", "Determine o(-48).", "\n-6\nLet s(r) = -r**2 + 221*r + 2236. ", "What is s(-10)?", "\n-74\nLet d(g) = -2*g**3 - 3*g**2 - 2*g - 7. ", "Give d(-2).", "\n1\nLet z(m) = 365*m - 258. ", "Give z(1).", "\n107\nLet r(j) = 8*j**2 + 1427*j - 5266. ", "Calculate r(-182).", "\n12\nLet q(f) = 2*f - 487. ", "What is q(8)?", "\n-471\nLet q(t) = -t**3 + 7*t**2 - 3*t - 12. ", "Calculate q(6).", "\n6\nLet d(b) = b**2 + 21*b - 1328. ", "What is d(-47)?", "\n-106\nLet f(r) = 42*r + 426. ", "What is f(-10)?", "\n6\nLet h(b) = -b - 20. ", "Give h(3).", "\n-23\nLet n(i) = -i**3 + 197*i**2 - 1511*i - 27. ", "Calculate n(8).", "\n-19\nLet v(x) = -11*x**3 - 29*x**2 + 89*x. ", "Calculate v(4).", "\n-812\nLet v(m) = 5*m - 107. ", "Calculate v(21).", "\n-2\nLet x(q) = 10*q**3 - q**2 + 10*q + 10. ", "Give x(-1).", "\n-11\nLet r(o) = 3*o**3 + 42*o**2 + 4*o - 27. ", "Give r(-14).", "\n-83\nLet v(i) = 24*i + 208. ", "Give v(-5).", "\n88\nLet z(c) = c**3 - 7*c**2 - 5*c + 12. ", "Determine z(8).", "\n36\nLet b(l) = l**3 + 108*l**2 - 269*l - 5396. ", "Give b(-110).", "\n-6\nLet p(u) = 10*u + 99. ", "Determine p(-18).", "\n-81\nLet w(b) = b**3 - 63*b**2 - 728*b - 47. ", "Calculate w(73).", "\n99\nLet i(j) = -j**2 - 47*j - 36. ", "Determine i(-40).", "\n244\nLet l(q) = 2*q**3 + 29*q**2 + 20*q + 2. ", "Calculate l(-13).", "\n249\nLet k(a) = -15*a**2 - 41*a + 26. ", "Determine k(-5).", "\n-144\nLet m(w) = 8*w**2 + 111*w - 147. ", "What is m(-13)?", "\n-238\nLet p(g) = -281*g - 16273. ", "Determine p(-58).", "\n25\nLet x(d) = -5887*d + 23523. ", "Calculate x(4).", "\n-25\nLet g(r) = 288*r - 171076. ", "Determine g(594).", "\n-4\nLet z(y) = -22*y**2 + 480*y + 52. ", "Calculate z(22).", "\n-36\nLet a(s) = 1822*s - 1848. ", "Determine a(1).", "\n-26\nLet p(v) = -207*v - 2136. ", "What is p(-10)?", "\n-66\nLet f(t) = -t**3 + 17*t**2 - 25*t + 11. ", "What is f(15)?", "\n86\nLet u(v) = 8*v**3 - 2*v**2 - 5*v. ", "Give u(2).", "\n46\nLet f(x) = -4*x**3 + 10*x - 26. ", "What is f(3)?", "\n-104\nLet m(u) = 12*u**3 + 115*u**2 - 39*u + 13. ", "Determine m(-10).", "\n-97\nLet k(l) = -194*l**2 + 570*l + 38. ", "Determine k(3).", "\n2\nLet f(p) = -23*p - 328. ", "Calculate f(-18).", "\n86\nLet u(n) = n**2 + 11*n - 11. ", "Calculate u(-8).", "\n-35\nLet t(s) = 2*s**3 - 24*s**2 + 21*s + 4. ", "What is t(11)?", "\n-7\nLet c(b) = -b**3 + 75*b**2 + 390*b + 804. ", "What is c(80)?", "\n4\nLet d(y) = 2*y**2 + 104*y - 187. ", "Calculate d(-53).", "\n-81\nLet a(g) = 4*g**2 - 200*g + 18. ", "Calculate a(55).", "\n1118\nLet k(j) = j**3 - 14*j**2 + 48*j - 50. ", "What is k(3)?", "\n-5\nLet l(o) = 2*o**2 + 27*o - 225. ", "Determine l(-23).", "\n212\nLet l(q) = q**3 + 13*q**2 + 27*q + 51. ", "Give l(-11).", "\n-4\nLet r(x) = -100*x + 703. ", "What is r(7)?", "\n3\nLet a(h) = 2*h**2 + 56*h - 386. ", "Determine a(-34).", "\n22\nLet r(q) = 11*q + 2963. ", "Calculate r(-269).", "\n4\nLet r(q) = -q**3 - 12*q**2 + 79*q + 255. ", "What is r(-16)?", "\n15\nLet l(k) = 146*k - 754. ", "What is l(6)?", "\n122\nLet r(m) = -m**3 - 48*m**2 + 118*m - 38. ", "What is r(2)?", "\n-2\nLet z(q) = 2*q**3 - 12*q**2 + q + 13. ", "Determine z(6).", "\n19\nLet d(o) = -o**3 + 54*o**2 - o + 48. ", "What is d(54)?", "\n-6\nLet w(d) = d**2 + 269*d + 17649. ", "What is w(-155)?", "\n-21\nLet u(v) = v**3 + v**2 - 36*v - 14. ", "Determine u(0).", "\n-14\nLet y(k) = -65*k**2 - 1362*k + 58. ", "Give y(-21).", "\n-5\nLet i(s) = -63*s - 53. ", "Determine i(-1).", "\n10\nLet g(n) = -7*n**2 - 742*n - 740. ", "Determine g(-1).", "\n-5\nLet n(w) = 4*w**3 - 45*w**2 + 38*w - 293. ", "Determine n(11).", "\n4\nLet t(l) = -l**3 + 3*l**2 + 28*l + 1. ", "Determine t(-4).", "\n1\nLet m(o) = -28*o**2 - 98*o + 44. ", "Give m(-4).", "\n-12\nLet w(z) = 370*z + 2213. ", "Determine w(-6).", "\n-7\nLet t(s) = 4*s + 143. ", "Calculate t(-32).", "\n15\nLet j(s) = s**3 - 67*s**2 - 282*s + 24. ", "What is j(-4)?", "\n16\nLet u(h) = -1717*h + 13740. ", "What is u(8)?", "\n4\nLet l(r) = r**3 + 44*r**2 - 69*r - 1088. ", "What is l(-45)?", "\n-8\nLet g(c) = -30*c + 459. ", "Calculate g(14).", "\n39\nLet n(p) = p**2 + 32*p - 70. ", "Give n(-34).", "\n-2\nLet z(r) = -r**3 - 12*r**2 - 59*r - 303. ", "Determine z(-7).", "\n-135\nLet f(a) = a**3 - 4*a**2 - 38*a + 160. ", "What is f(" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Edixa Reflex\n\nThe Edixa Reflex cameras, introduced in 1954 were West Germany's most popular own series of SLR's with focal plane shutter. ", "The original name of the first Edixa SLR was Komet. ", "The Wirgin company had to change the name after complaints of two other companies with equally named products. ", "Since 1955 the cameras got additional slow shutter speeds, and since 1956 cameras with aperture release shifter for the M42 lenses were available. ", "Until 1959 four lines of Edixa SLRs were introduced:\n\nType A, with shutter speeds up to 1/1000 sec.", "\nType B, with aperture release mechanics\nType C, with meter\nType D, with exposure times up to 9 sec.", "\n\nIn 1960 the types B, C and D got the rapid mirror and improved shutter mechanics. ", "Type A was replaced by the type S which had a slower shutter. ", "A special feature of this camera series was the exchangeable viewfinder unit. ", "A simple top-viewfinder and a pentaprism finder were available. ", " In 1960 the Model B had a name change and became the Edixa-Mat Flex Model B, the word Reflex being shortened to Flex, and it featured shutter speeds from 1/25 to 1/1000 of a second, the instant return mirror, automatic aperture actuation and interchangeable viewfinders. ", "The waist-level finder was standard and the pentaprism was an optional extra. ", " The retail price in the UK in 1960 was about £48.", "\n\nExternal links\n\nEdixa Reflex by Sylvain Halgand (French)\nEdixa Reflex A at Schaum-Holzappel's (German source)\nWirgin Edixa SLRs at ukcamera.com\n\nCategory:SLR cameras\nCategory:Wirgin cameras" ]

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[ "The effects of speed on skilled chess performance.", "\nTwo types of mechanisms may underlie chess skill: fast mechanisms, such as recognition, and slow mechanisms, such as search through the space of possible moves and responses. ", "Speed distinguishes these mechanisms, so I examined archival data on blitz chess (5 min for the whole game), in which the opportunities for search are greatly reduced. ", "If variation in fast processes accounts for substantial variation in chess skill, performance in blitz chess should correlate highly with a player's overall skill. ", "In addition, restricting search processes should tend to equalize skill difference between players, but this effect should decrease as overall skill level increases. ", "Analyses of three samples of blitz chess tournaments supported both hypotheses. ", "Search is undoubtedly important, but up to 81% of variance in chess skill (measured by rating) was accounted for by how players performed with less than 5% of the normal time available." ]

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[ "That dude who is a fan of the ginger who never won the world title, never wrestled at SummerSlam, was drunk his whole career and who cut some classic racist promos\n\nbtw I found a video in the video suggestions. ", "This has nothing to do with a wrestling promo. ", "Look at this idiot Piper. ", "You must either be drunk, stoned or retarded to act like that. ", "WTF is he doing?", "\n@1:08\none of the gayest things I ever saw in wrestling" ]

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[ "Noncovalent interactions between organometallic metallocene complexes and single-walled carbon nanotubes.", "\nFirst principles density functional pseudopotential calculations have been used to investigate the nature of interactions between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and intercalated transition metal metallocene complexes, M(eta-C(5)H(5))(2) (MCp(2)). ", "Three composites, MCp(2)-graphene (d(t)=infinity), MCp(2)@(17,0) (d(t)=1.33 nm), and MCp(2)@(12,0) (d(t)=0.94 nm) (where M=Fe,Co), have been studied to probe the influence of the nanotube diameter (d(t)) on the nature and magnitude of the interactions. ", "Theoretical results presented here demonstrate that these MCp(2)@SWNT composites are stabilized by weak pi-stacking and CH...pi interactions, and in the case of the CoCp(2)@SWNT composites there is an additional electrostatic contribution as a result of charge transfer from CoCp(2) to the nanotube. ", "The extent of charge transfer (MCp(2)-->SWNT) can be rationalized in terms of the electronic structures of the two fragments, or more specifically, the relative positions of the metallocene highest occupied molecular orbital and the conduction band of the nanotube in the electronic structure of the composite." ]

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[ "Rep. Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., took aim at President Trump for calling illegal immigrants \"aliens,\" and accused the current administration of dehumanizing immigrants.", "\n\n\"No one is an 'alien,'\" she tweeted. ", "She was responding to Trump announcing that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) would \"begin the process of removing the millions of illegal aliens who have illicitly found their way into the United States.\"", "\n\n\"Dehumanizing immigrants and tearing apart families will not make us any stronger. ", "It will only destroy lives, traumatize children, and make our country less safe,\" Omar also said.", "\n\nILHAN OMAR'S 'CREDIBILITY' QUESTIONED BY HOMETOWN NEWSPAPER IN STINGING EDITORIAL\n\nOmar's comments reflected a broader tension within the United States over how to refer to illegal immigrants. ", "Describing people as \"illegal\" or \"aliens\" received criticism from Democrats and even the Associated Press, which previously updated its style guide to prohibit the use of \"illegal alien.\"", "\n\nFormer Attorney General Jeff Sessions, however, specifically directed his Justice Department not to use terms other than \"illegal alien\" which he said was based in U.S. code.", "\n\n“The word ‘undocumented’ is not based in US code and should not be used to describe someone’s illegal presence in the country,” he reportedly said in an agency-wide email.", "\n\nThis was just the latest immigration criticism that Omar lobbed at Trump or his administration. ", "Omar, in June, also suggested it was \"un-American\" of ICE to detain illegal immigrants. \"", "It’s un-American to criminalize immigrants for wanting to come to this country for a better life. ", "This is why ICE to be defunded,\" she tweeted.", "\n\nCLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP\n\nOmar also blasted Trump's immigration plan in May and called for an abolition of ICE. \"", "We need to abolish ICE and end all inhumane deportation and detention programs. ", "We need to fight back against the criminalization of immigrants and those crossing the border,\" she said.", "\n\nTrump, on Tuesday, blasted Democrats for not acting on immigration reform. \"", "The only ones who won’t do anything are the Democrats in Congress. ", "They must vote to get rid of the loopholes, and fix asylum! ", "If so, Border Crisis will end quickly!\" ", "he tweeted." ]

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[ "DELIGHTED Town manager Peter Jackson today hailed the return of young centre-back Nathan Clarke to the starting side as he set sights on a fifth successive victory at home to Torquay United on Saturday.", "\n\nAn 89th-minute strike by Danny Schofield, his first of the season, sealed a 2-1 win at Southend, where Andy Booth scored his fourth of the campaign in first-half stoppage time to cancel out Leke Odunsi's opener less than two minutes earlier.", "\n\nThe win, in front of 477 Town fans in an overall crowd of 4,205, was the first away from home in the League this season and the three-point haul put Jackson's side ninth in Division III, a point off the play-off zone.", "\n\nNineteen-year-old Clarke, making his first start since last February after battling his way back to fitness after a knee operation, played a major role as part of a three centre-back system, and Jackson said: \"Clarkey was outstanding, and I'm delighted for him.", "\n\n\"That was only his fifth game since the end of the season before last, but he looked as though he had been playing every week. ", "He's had a bad time with injury, but he's stuck to the task and worked hard in training and it's great to have him back.\"", "\n\nWhile Efe Sodje, as expected, came in for the suspended Paul Scott, Clarke's return to the starting XI led to David Mirfin being switched from centre-back to right wing-back in place of Andy Holdsworth.", "\n\n\"Young Holdsworth has been doing extremely well, but we knew that on their own patch, Southend were going to be big, strong and direct,\" explained Jackson.", "\n\n\"We felt David Mirfin had the strength, size and pace to deal with the likes of Mark Gower, Leon Constantine and Tes Bramble, and that's why we made the change.", "\n\n\"We wanted a third straight clean sheet, and it was disappointing to concede a goal through what was basically a lack of concentration, but Andy Booth's equaliser coming so quickly gave us a real lift going back into the changing room at half-time.", "\n\n\"We can play better than we did on Saturday, because we never really managed to get the ball down on the deck and pass it, but the result was superb.", "\n\n\"Danny Schofield took his goal really well and the timing couldn't have been better,\" added Jackson." ]

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[ "(EDIT: Forums threads will be open after the show airs on the West Coast - MFW)\n\n--------------------------------------\n\nOkay, I just watched Ally and Mark's encore dance and I have to say that it did not have nearly as much gymnastics as I thought it did. ", "It really was a great contemporary dance.", "\n\n04-09-2013, 10:19 PM\n\numngirl\n\nRe: 4/8 DWTS 16 Performance **West Coast Spoilers**\n\nSince there's no results show thread, these are the people safe so far:\nZendaya\nAly\nJacoby\nSean\nIngo\nKellie\n\n04-09-2013, 10:22 PM\n\nFanny Mare\n\nRe: 4/8 DWTS 16 Performance **West Coast Spoilers**\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by ilja\n\nOkay, I just watched Ally and Mark's encore dance and I have to say that it did not have nearly as much gymnastics as I thought it did. ", "It really was a great contemporary dance.", "\n\nI am so glad to read that!!! ", "I loved it :up\n\n04-09-2013, 10:26 PM\n\nShoepie\n\nRe: 4/8 DWTS 16 Performance **West Coast Spoilers**\n\nAn encore dance with many lifts. ", "hmmmm Carrie Ann must be having fits. ", "Did she knock down their score last night for them? ", "I don't think she did. ", "Who knows. ", "It is her thing, Len and Bruno don't care at all.", "\n\n04-09-2013, 10:27 PM\n\nilja\n\nRe: 4/8 DWTS 16 Performance **West Coast Spoilers**\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by Fanny Mare\n\nI am so glad to read that!!! ", "I loved it :up\n\nContemporary is my favorite category on SYTYCD so for once, I think I know a little about it. ", "I espcially loved the ending where Mark was holding onto her feet as she was struggling to walk until she finally got free of him and walked just fine. ", "I thought it was perfect for her struggle in the Olympics.", "\n\n04-09-2013, 10:29 PM\n\nilja\n\nRe: 4/8 DWTS 16 Performance **West Coast Spoilers**\n\nDid y'all just see Val and Karina? ", "Wow! ", "I don't think I've ever had that much energy in my life. ", "They were great!", "\n\nThe won the pro-tweet.", "\n\n04-09-2013, 10:32 PM\n\nShoepie\n\nRe: 4/8 DWTS 16 Performance **West Coast Spoilers**\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by ilja\n\nContemporary is my favorite category on SYTYCD so for once, I think I know a little about it. ", "I espcially loved the ending where Mark was holding onto her feet as she was struggling to walk until she finally got free of him and walked just fine. ", "I thought it was perfect for her struggle in the Olympics.", "\n\nThat was lifted from SYTYCD but nowhere near as good. ", "I thought the dance looked clumsy and contemorary is my favorite dance style, too. ", "I just don't care for this duo.", "\n\nKelli's hair is hideous, even worse than last night. :", "ohno\n\n04-09-2013, 10:34 PM\n\nMFWalkoff\n\nRe: 4/8 DWTS 16 Performance **West Coast Spoilers**\n\nSo are they all going to spend the entire hour taking turns gushing over how wonderful everyone else is?", "\n\nI'm getting a stomach ache.", "\n\n04-09-2013, 10:39 PM\n\numngirl\n\nRe: 4/9 DWTS16 Results Show Discussion **SPOILERS**\n\nOne of my favorite Grace Potter songs. ", "Love it so much. ", "And that was awesome!", "\n\n04-09-2013, 10:39 PM\n\nness\n\nRe: 4/9 DWTS16 Results Show Discussion **SPOILERS**\n\nDerek and that young lady's (not sure how to spell her name) dance was wonderful." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIf a cell in column A doesn't match a cell anywhere in sheet 2, column A, delete the row that contains Sheet 1 Column A\n\nSorry if the title is confusing. ", "I have a bunch of unique Loan Numbers in Column A in sheet 1 and 2. ", "I want a formula that will delete the row in sheet 1 if the cell in Column A doesn't exist anywhere in sheet 2, Column A. \n\nA:\n\nUse this formula in B1 of sheet1:\n=AND(A1<>\"\",ISNA(MATCH(A1,Sheet2!A:A,0)))\n\nand drag it down.", "\nFormula above returns TRUE if value doesn't exist in column A of sheet2. ", " \nNext step - you can filter column B of sheet1 for values TRUE and delete visible rows.", "\n\nAdditionally, you can use Conditional Formatting for highlighting thouse cells.", "\nSelect entire column A on sheet1 and add CF rule with formula =B1\n\nReslut:\n\n" ]

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[ "Leucobacter chromiiresistens sp. ", "nov., ", "a chromate-resistant strain.", "\nA Gram-positive, irregular rod-shaped, non-motile, yellow-pigmented bacterium, strain JG 31(T), was isolated in the course of identifying chromium-resistant soil bacteria. ", "16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the isolated bacterium indicated its phylogenetic position within the genus Leucobacter. ", "Binary 16S rRNA gene sequence alignments of the isolated bacterium with the 11 species of the genus recognized at the time of writing revealed sequence similarities of more than 97 % with Leucobacter alluvii (GenBank accession no: AM072820; 99.4 %), Leucobacter iarius (AM040493; 98.2 %), Leucobacter aridicollis (AJ781047; 97.8 %), Leucobacter komagatae (AB007419; 97.4 %), Leucobacter chironomi (EU346911; 97.1 %) and Leucobacter luti (AM072819; 97.1 %). ", "In contrast, DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed similarity values below 28 % for DNA samples from the most closely related type strains of L. alluvii, L. aridicollis and L. iarius. ", "Protein analysis by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and automated RiboPrinting using the restriction enzyme PvuII differentiated strain JG 31(T) from all type strains of the genus Leucobacter. ", "The dominant fatty acids of the novel isolate were anteiso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(17 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0), while the quinone system consisted of menaquinones MK-11, MK-10, MK-9 and MK-8. ", "In a B-type cross-linked peptidoglycan, the cell-wall amino acids were alanine, glycine, threonine, glutamic acid and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. ", "Strain JG 31(T) was able to grow in a medium containing up to 300 mM K(2)CrO(4) and showed cellular aggregation in response to chromate stress. ", "From biochemical and genomic analyses, the new strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Leucobacter, for which the name Leucobacter chromiiresistens sp. ", "nov. ", "is proposed. ", "The type strain is strain JG 31(T) ( = DSM 22788(T) = CCOS 200(T))." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a valve, and more particularly to a valve for mixing cold and hot water.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nTypical valves for mixing cold and hot water comprise a first inlet coupled to a cold water reservoir and a second inlet coupled to a hot water reservoir for receiving the cold water and the hot water from the cold water reservoir and the hot water reservoir respectively. ", "The valves further include a control mechanism for controlling the flowing and/or the mixing of the cold water and the hot water.", "\nWhen the first inlet is wrongly coupled to the hot water reservoir and when the second inlet is wrongly coupled to the cold water reservoir, the cold water and the hot water may be wrongly supplied into the valve such that the valve may be operated in different actuation or rotation directions from that of the usual directions of the typical valves.", "\nIn order to solve the problem, the applicant has developed a valve including a symmetric mechanism that may be assembled according to the cold water inlet and the hot water inlet of the valve body. ", "The valve has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,123,105 to Yang, and comprises two gaskets biased toward and to engage with a plate of a knob by coil spring members.", "\nHowever, the coil spring members may become fatigue after use, and the gaskets thus may not be solidly and effectively biased toward and to engage with the plate of the knob.", "\nThe present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional valves." ]

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[ "There are two primary ways by which noncustodial parents with child support orders may intersect with the criminal justice system.", "\n\nOn one path, the noncustodial parent is not in compliance with a child support obligation and that noncompliance may lead to incarceration (short-term, primarily in local jails) as a result of either a civil contempt or criminal non-support action taken by the state.", "\n\nThe other way is for noncustodial parents who are incarcerated for a criminal offense and have a current or delinquent child support obligation. ", "The incarceration is not related to child support and they may be incarcerated for longer periods of time in a state or federal prison. ", "While child support isn’t the reason for incarceration for these parents, the ongoing child support obligation has repercussions for their confinement, release and re-entry.", "\n\nAs of Dec. 31, 2017 there were approximately 1.49 million people in federal and state prison. ", "More than 50 percent of those inmates have one or more child under the age of 18, leaving an estimated 2.7 million children with a parent incarcerated. ", "In addition, a 2003 study estimated that one quarter of inmates in prisons had a child support case. ", "Based on current prison populations, this suggests that approximately 400,000 inmates have a child support case.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat the federal and state prison numbers do not capture are the numbers of noncustodial parents who are incarcerated in local jails for failure to pay child support. ", "The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimated that more than 730,000 individuals were incarcerated in local jails in 2013, but what’s unknown is how many of those inmates were incarcerated due to child support noncompliance. ", "A 2009 study in South Carolina found that 13.2 percent of county jail inmates were behind bars for civil contempt related to nonpayment of child support.", "\n\nThere is a great deal that state child support programs are currently doing to reduce the use of incarceration for child support noncompliance. ", "The most widely developed efforts are focused on removing barriers to employment that are faced by low income and/or formerly incarcerated parents. ", "The potential financial benefits of diverting nonpaying parents from jail into employment programs, to the family and the community at large, are significant.", "\n\nThe distinction between those noncustodial parents who are incarcerated for failure to pay child support and those who are incarcerated for a separate criminal offense who also have child support orders is an important one. ", "The available approaches to improving child support compliance and encouraging ongoing, consistent child support payments within these populations are very different, particularly considering the reasons for and potential length of the incarceration. ", "Below is a further discussion of this distinction as well as the varying policy options to address the needs of both populations.", "\n\nNew Federal Rule on Child Support\n\nIn addition, on Dec. 20, 2016, the Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE) published final rules updating the rules regarding child support enforcement. ", "The rule is intended to increase the effectiveness of the child support program for all families, and provide for more flexibility in state child support programs. ", "In an effort to accommodate the ever-changing world of technology, the rule also helps remove barriers to outdated systems to improve efficiency and simplify the process of collecting and distributing child support. ", "While the new rule provisions are, for the most part, optional and will not require state legislation in most states, they do provide an opportunity for state legislators to clarify and shore up various child support enforcement laws.", "\n\nThe rule specifically addresses incarcerated noncustodial parents and incarceration for failure to pay child support, as well as modification procedures for incarcerated noncustodial parents. ", "The major provisions of the rule regarding incarcerated noncustodial parents are:\n\nIncarceration for Failure to Pay Child Support : the rule requires states to implement due process safeguards from the Supreme Court case Turner v. Rogers. ", "The rule addresses the use of civil contempt in child support cases and seeks to reflect the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in the 2011 case, Turner v. Rogers, which provided guidance on the factors to be considered when determining which cases should be referred to the court for civil contempt, including a determination of the noncustodial parent’s ability to pay.", "\n\n: the rule requires states to implement due process safeguards from the Supreme Court case Turner v. Rogers. ", "The rule addresses the use of civil contempt in child support cases and seeks to reflect the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in the 2011 case, Turner v. Rogers, which provided guidance on the factors to be considered when determining which cases should be referred to the court for civil contempt, including a determination of the noncustodial parent’s ability to pay. ", "Incarcerated with a Child Support Order: the rule ensures the right of all parents to seek a review of their order when their circumstances change. ", "While these provisions apply to all parties involved, they specifically address incarcerated noncustodial parents and their ability to have the child support order reviewed and potentially modified while they are incarcerated. ", "The rule prohibits states from treating incarceration as voluntary unemployment for purposes of modifying a child support order. ", "Currently 36 states and D.C. treat incarceration as involuntary unemployment.", "\n\nThe final rule made significant changes to the child support program to improve efficiency and flexibility in states. ", "For more about the final rule, visit the Federal Office of Child Support Enforcement’s Final Rule Resources webpage and NCSL’s Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE) Final Rules Governing Child Support Enforcement Programs page for a rule summary.", "\n\nIncarceration for Failure to Pay Child Support\n\nNoncustodial parents may face incarceration for failure to pay child support through civil contempt or criminal nonsupport. ", "Civil contempt is used more commonly than criminal contempt and the sentence is typically less severe and for a shorter length of time. ", "Many states, recognizing that no support can be paid when a noncustodial parent is incarcerated, have established programs to encourage full compliance with child support orders, both before and as a part of the civil contempt process. ", "These programs include examining child support orders to reflect realistic amounts given the individual's circumstances and diversion programs to reduce incarceration rates and increase child support payments.", "\n\nCriminal Nonsupport\n\nAll 50 states have processes for criminal prosecution for failure to pay child support, however, this more severe punishment is very rarely meted out. ", "These laws generally make criminal nonsupport a felony or misdemeanor. ", "The fines and potential prison sentences, as well as the delinquent threshold amount in order for criminal prosecution to be triggered, vary state by state.", "\n\nSee NCSL’s Criminal Nonsupport and Child Support page for details on each states’ statute.", "\n\nCivil Contempt\n\nEvery state has a procedure for civil contempt that may be used for violations of various court orders. ", "Civil contempt is designed to incentivize the defendant, or obligor in the case of child support, to comply with the court order. ", "While incarceration is certainly an option when a child support obligor is noncompliant, civil contempt is not intended to punish the defendant, rather, it is intended to prompt compliance with the court’s order.", "\n\nFederal law, according to U.S. Supreme Court case Turner v. Rogers, requires that civil contempt only be used when the noncustodial parent has the ability to pay and is willfully avoiding paying. ", "State policies and practices vary in regards to how this limitation is implemented by the state child support agency. ", "With noncustodial parents who are simply unable to pay their child support obligation, diversion or employment programs could have a significant impact in improving the likelihood of payment. ", "The new federal rule, discussed above, seeks to shore up the due process requirements from Turner v. Rogers, by providing guidance on the factors to be considered when determining which cases should be referred to the court for civil contempt, including a determination of the noncustodial parent’s ability to pay.", "\n\nSome may see diversion or employment programs as letting the delinquent obligor off the hook, however, parents are generally ordered into these programs by the courts and may still face a period of incarceration for failing to follow the rules of the diversion program. ", "For example, Georgia enacted house bill 310 during the 2015 legislative session to allow for a county diversion program for delinquent obligors who are in contempt of court. ", "There are rules of the diversion program and “If the respondent fails to comply with any of the requirements…nothing shall prevent the sentencing judge from revoking such assignment to a diversion program and providing for alternative methods of incarceration.”", "\n\nDiversion programs may reduce the number of non-custodial parents in jail, as well as increase the receipt of child support, reduce reliance on public assistance and save money from the reduced jail population. (", "See below for a discussion of state diversion programs). ", "The federal Office of Child Support Enforcement also has an infographic comparing job services to jail.", "\n\nThe majority of states use civil contempt to enforce child support orders, though limited data is available on how often it is used and the costs associated with subsequent incarceration.", "\n\nState Programs\n\nState Diversion Programs\n\nIn addition to the legislation described above, Georgia has a series of problem solving courts, also called Parental Accountability Courts, which seek to remove barriers to non-payment of child support, such as unemployment, substance abuse, low level education. ", "The overarching goal of these courts is to keep people out of jail for failing to pay child support, and to obtain support payments.", "\n\n2015 Georgia HB 310: Creates a diversion center for child support obligors who have been sentenced for contempt of court for failure to pay child support. ", "Allows people in the diversion program to travel to and from his or her place of employment and to continue his or her occupation. ", "Details the requirements of traveling while in the diversion program. ", "Requires the obligor to remain in the diversion center for the duration of the sentence, with the exception of traveling to and from work. ", "Requires the obligor to pay alimony or child support as previously ordered, including arrears. ", "Allows the obligor to participate in educational or counseling programs offered at the diversion center. ", "Any additional funds that are available will go towards reimbursing the center for the cost (not to exceed $30 per day) of maintaining the obligor. ", "Allows for alternative methods of incarceration if the obligor does not comply with the detailed requirements.", "\n\n2015 Louisiana HCR 175: Urges and requests that the Department of Public Safety and Corrections make recommendations for the development of a work release program which would be suited for individuals convicted of offenses involving the failure to pay child support in order to facilitate employment and the fulfillment of child support obligations, and make recommendations to the Louisiana Legislature prior to the convening of the 2016 Regular Session.", "\n\nTexas NCP Choices Program is a court diversion program that assists unemployed or underemployed noncustodial parents find and maintain employment. ", "Program participants must spend 30 hours a week looking for a job, meet with the Workforce Counselor every week until employment is found, attend all court hearings and program appointments, comply with the child support order and stay in communication with their Workforce Counselor monthly following employment.", "\n\nA 2011 report on the impact of the NCP Choices Program showed the following results:\n\nParticipants paid $57 more child support 47 percent more often, showing a 51 percent increase in total collections. ", "These results continued for 2-4 years after programs participation.", "\n\nParticipants paid their child support 50 percent more consistently over time\n\nParticipants were employed at 21 percent higher rates than non-participants, an effect that also persisted at least two to four years after the program\n\nParticipants were about one third less likely to file an unemployment claim in any given month in the first year after the program\n\nThe custodial parents associated with NCP Choices participants were 21 percent less likely to receive TANF benefits in the first year after the program, and 29 percent less likely two to four years after the program.", "\n\nVirginia’s Intensive Case Monitoring Program (ICMP) was established by the Virginia General Assembly in 2008 (HB 1257). ", "ICMP is a diversion/referral program for noncustodial parents following an administrative determination or order of the court. ", "If a parent is in court for failure to pay child support, they may be referred to ICMP for case monitoring and referral services. ", "The program then refers participants to “(i) employment services, to include employment assessment, employment search, and employment training; (ii) family services, including parenting skills, co-parenting skills, and relationship-building activities for parents and children; (iii) educational services, including GED preparation and GED testing; (iv) housing services, including referrals to organizations that operate shelters and provide subsidies; (v) document assistance, including referrals to organizations and assistance in securing vital records, driver's licenses, commercial driver's licenses, or other documents; and (vi) social services, health and mental health services, substance abuse services, or other services that may be necessary to enable the person to pay child support owed in the future.” ", "Of the 979 program participants since ICMP was first enacted, 326 have graduated, 277 are still active and 376 were dropped for noncompliance with program requirements. ", "Further, through December 2011, the program had collected over $3 million dollars, showing significant increases in average monthly child support payments among all three groups.", "\n\nIn Seattle, Wash., the King County Prosecutor’s Office operates a Navigator Program consisting of two full-time paralegals who are there to assist parents “navigate” the child support system. ", "The navigator program is voluntary and open to parents who are involved in the Family Support Division’s Contempt of Court Unit or those who have been referred by the Division of Child Support because they are in search of employment or educational and training opportunities. ", "The navigators connect parents with community partners who can assist the parents with obtaining housing, food and utilities.", "\n\nSimilar to the King County Prosecutor’s Office’s Navigator Program, the Washington State Division Child Support operates a program called Alternative Solutions. ", "Alternative Solutions is a statewide program that seeks to connect parents with over 3,500 community resources across the state. ", "These community resources are available to help parents with finding a job, training, housing, food, medical care or legal resources. ", "In addition, the program can assist parents with lowering child support payments, reducing state-owed debt, and other case management actions, such as getting a suspended driver’s license back.", "\n\nOrder Establishment\n\nIn addition to diversion and work release programs, states have also looked at the ways in which child support orders are established to ensure child support obligations are being calculated, as federal law requires, on the noncustodial parent’s ability to pay. ", "State efforts to establish orders that reflect a parent’s current earnings are designed to promote regular payment of support and reduce the likelihood a parent will fall behind on child support and accrue debt.", "\n\nThe federal Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE) has a Project to Avoid Increasing Delinquencies (PAID) resource with various fact sheets addressing this issue.", "\n\nIncarcerated with Child Support Order\n\nThe other population of incarcerated noncustodial parents are those who are in prison for criminal offenses not involving child support and who have current and/or delinquent child support orders. ", "On average, an incarcerated parent with a child support order has the potential to leave prison with nearly $20,000 in child support debt, having entered the system with around half that amount owed.", "\n\nAccording to 2013 data from the Bureau of Justice:\n\n46 percent of incarcerated parents have HS diploma or equivalent, as compared to 82% of men ages 18-34\n\nNearly 60 percent of black men who are high school dropouts have done time by their mid-30s\n\nAbout two-thirds of people in prison or jail were employed at least part time before arrest with a median income of less than $1000 per month.", "\n\nIn addition, in Illinois in 2013:\n\nThere was 5,589 active orders for currently incarcerated noncustodial parents involved in the IV-D child support program with 6,646 cases\n\nThere was $986,000 in new current support debt per month with more than $97.4 million in accumulated debt.", "\n\nThere was 15,387 current or formerly incarcerated parents in the Illinois IV-D caseload\n\n41 percent of those incarcerated parents had an average income of $10,136 per year prior to incarceration\n\nThe remaining 59 percent had no reported income prior to incarceration.", "\n\nModification during Incarceration\n\nWhether a parent is incarcerated or not, a material and substantial change in circumstances is required to modify child support orders in the majority of jurisdictions. ", "Two situations that may be treated as a material and substantial change in circumstances are incarceration and unemployment.", "\n\nSome states allow incarceration to be considered a substantial change in circumstances allowing for modification while others do not allow incarceration alone to be a sufficient reason for modification and would require other circumstances to be shown in order to modify. ", "State policies regarding modification of child support during incarceration vary and depend on a number of factors.", "\n\nA significant reduction in income due to a job loss or job change is generally considered a material and substantial change for purposes of modifying child support, as long as the job loss or reduction in earnings was involuntary. ", "Conversely, voluntary un- or underemployment in order to avoid payment of child support is not considered to be a material and substantial change of circumstances and therefore does not warrant consideration for modifying child support.", "\n\nApproximately 40 states and D.C. currently treat imprisonment as involuntary unemployment which means the obligor could request a modification. ", "Certain exceptions to this determination exist if the reason for the incarceration is related to the failure to pay child support or avoidance of child support. ", "A small number of states treat incarceration as voluntary unemployment because the crime, which led to the inability to work or pay child support, is considered a voluntary act. ", "As such, modification of child support during incarceration is not allowed in those states. ", "The new federal rule, discussed above, prohibits state child support programs from treating incarceration as voluntary unemployment, allowing for modification of child support orders during incarceration.", "\n\nThe states that allow for modification during incarceration generally require the noncustodial parent to be proactive in making that request. ", "This process requires the incarcerated parent to know of the modification procedure and access the necessary resources in order to obtain timely modification. ", "Most recently, however, California passed legislation which requires the suspension of a child support order to occur automatically when an obligor is incarcerated or involuntarily institutionalized. ", "In addition. ", "Vermont and Wisconsin allow the child support agency to file a motion to modify the child support orders of incarcerated obligors.", "\n\nThe federal Office of Child Support Enforcement has a State-by-State-How to Change a Child Support Order page to inform child support obligors and state policymakers on the available resources and processes involved.", "\n\nState Programs\n\nModification of Child Support Orders during Incarceration\n\nAt least 20 states have statutory provisions addressing the modification or suspension of child support during periods of incarceration, or the treatment of incarceration as voluntary or involuntary unemployment. ", "California and Texas enacted legislation in 2015, while the federal rule was being considered:\n\n2015 California AB 610: Requires the suspension of a child support order to occur by operation of law when an obligor is incarcerated or involuntarily institutionalized. ", "Creates an exception to the automatic suspension of child support orders to include obligors who are incarcerated or involuntarily institutionalized for domestic violence or failure to pay child support. ", "Authorizes the local child support agency to administratively adjust account balances for child support cases managed by the agency if the agency verifies that arrears and interest were accrued in violation of these provisions, that specified conditions relating to the obligor's inability to pay while incarcerated and the underlying offense for which he or she was incarcerated do not exist, and neither the obligor nor the obligee object to the adjustment. ", "Details the procedures for notifying the obligor and obligee about the suspension or adjustment of the child support order. ", "Clarifies that the child support obligation will resume following the obligor’s release from incarceration.", "\n\n2015 Texas HB 943: Current law presumes that a child support obligors earnings are equal to the federal minimum wage for a 40-hour week, absent evidence to the contrary, for purposes of calculating child support. ", "This bill makes the presumption inapplicable in cases where the child support obligor is subject to an order of confinement that exceeds 90 days and is incarcerated in a local, state, or federal jail or prison at the time the court makes the determination regarding the party’s income.", "\n\nSince adoption of the federal rule in December 2016, 20 states have introduced 34 bills addressing the modification or suspension of child support orders during periods of incarceration. ", "Nine of those states enacted legislation. ", "For more about how states address modification of child support orders during periods of incarceration, see OCSE’s Modification Laws and Policies for Incarcerated Noncustodial Parents facts sheet, part of the PAID project discussed above.", "\n\nEnacted Legislation 2017-2019 Connecticut 2017 HB 7131 Conn. Gen. Stat. § ", "46b-215e (a) Notwithstanding any provision of the general statutes, whenever a child support obligor is institutionalized or incarcerated, the Superior Court or a family support magistrate shall establish an initial order for current support, or modify an existing order for current support, upon proper motion, based upon the obligor's present income and substantial assets, if any, in accordance with the child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215a. ", "Downward modification of an existing support order based solely on a loss of income due to incarceration or institutionalization shall not be granted in the case of a child support obligor who is incarcerated or institutionalized for an offense against the custodial party or the child subject to such support order. (", "b) In IV-D support cases, as defined in section 46b-231, when the child support obligor is institutionalized or incarcerated for more than ninety days, any existing support order, as defined in section 46b-231, shall be modified to zero dollars effective upon the date that a support enforcement officer files an affidavit in the Family Support Magistrate Division. ", "The affidavit shall include: (1) The beginning and expected end dates of such obligor's institutionalization or incarceration; and (2) a statement by such officer that (A) a diligent search failed to identify any income or assets that could be used to satisfy the child support order while the obligor is incarcerated or institutionalized, (B) the offense for which the obligor is institutionalized or incarcerated was not an offense against the custodial party or the child subject to such support order, and (C) a notice in accordance with subsection (c) of this section was provided to the custodial party and an objection form was not received from such party. ", "Georgia 2018 SB 427 Ga. Code § 19-6-15 (4) Reliable evidence of income. (", "D) Willful or voluntary unemployment or underemployment. ", "In determining whether a parent is willfully or voluntarily unemployed or underemployed, the court or the jury shall ascertain the reasons for the parent's occupational choices and assess the reasonableness of these choices in light of the parent's responsibility to support his or her child and whether such choices benefit the child. ", "A determination of willful or voluntary unemployment or underemployment shall not be limited to occupational choices motivated only by an intent to avoid or reduce the payment of child support but can be based on any intentional choice or act that affects a parent's income. ", "A determination of willful or voluntary unemployment or underemployment shall not be made when an individual's incarceration prevents employment. ", "In determining willful or voluntary unemployment or underemployment, the court may examine whether there is a substantial likelihood that the parent could, with reasonable effort, apply his or her education, skills, or training to produce income. ", "Specific factors for the court to consider when determining willful or voluntary unemployment or underemployment include, but are not limited to: Indiana 2018 SB 179 Ind. Code § 31-9-2-54.7 Sec. ", "54.7. \"", "Incarceration\", for purposes of IC 31-16 and IC 31-25-4, means confinement of an individual on a full-time basis in a place of detention that prohibits the individual from gainful employment, including home detention or a municipal, county, state, or federal prison or jail. ", "The term does not include an individual on parole, probation, work release, community corrections, or any other detention alternative program that allows the individual to be gainfully employed. ", "Ind. Code § 31-16-6-1 (f) In determining the amount to be ordered for support of a child, incarceration of a parent may not be considered to be voluntary unemployment. ", "Ind. Code § 31-16-8-1 (d) Incarceration may constitute a change in circumstances so substantial and continuing as to make terms of an order unreasonable. ", "Ind. Code § 31-16-8-4 Sec. ", "4. ", "If: (1) a petition to modify a child support order based on incarceration of a party is filed; and (2) no party files an objection or request for a hearing within thirty (30) days after receiving notice; the court may modify the child support order, or approve a proposed modification, without holding a hearing. ", "Ind. Code § 31-25-4-17 (a) The bureau shall do the following: (8) Beginning July 1, 2019, not later than fifteen (15) days after learning that an obligor in a Title IV-D case is or may be incarcerated for a period of at least one hundred eighty (180) calendar days, notify both parties of each party's right to request a modification of the child support order. ", "Louisiana 2017 HB 680 La. Rev. Stat. § ", "9:311 (effective Jan. 1, 2019) D. A material change in circumstance need not be shown for either of the following purposes: (1) To modify a child support award to include a court-ordered award for medical support. (", "2) To suspend or modify a child support award in accordance with R.S. 9:311.1. ", "E. If the court does not find good cause sufficient to justify an order to modify child support or the motion is dismissed prior to a hearing, it may order the mover to pay all court costs and reasonable attorney fees of the other party if the court determines the motion was frivolous. ", "F. The provisions of Subsection E of this Section shall not apply when the recipient of the support payments is a public entity acting on behalf of another party to whom support is due. ", "La. Rev. Stat. § ", "9:311.1 (effective Jan. 1, 2019) A. In accordance with the provisions of this Section, every order of child support shall be suspended when the obligor will be or is incarcerated for any period of one hundred eighty consecutive days or more, unless any of the following conditions exist: (1) The obligor has the means to pay support while incarcerated. (", "2) The obligor is incarcerated for an offense against the custodial party or the child subject to the support order. (", "3) The incarceration resulted from the obligor's failure to comply with a court order to pay child support. ", "La. Rev. Stat. § ", "9:315.11 C. A party shall not be deemed voluntarily unemployed or underemployed if either: (1) He has been temporarily unable to find work or has been temporarily forced to take a lower paying lower-paying job as a direct result of Hurricane Katrina or Rita. (", "2) He is or was incarcerated for one hundred eighty consecutive days or longer. ", "La. Children’s Code, Art. ", "1353: G. It is a defense as provided by R.S. 9:311.1 to a charge of contempt of court for failure to comply with a court order of child support if an obligor can prove that he was incarcerated during the period of noncompliance. ", "This defense applies only to the time period of actual incarceration. ", "Nebraska 2018 LB 702 Neb. Rev. Stat. § ", "43-512.12 (3) Notwithstanding the time periods set forth in subdivision (1)(a) of this section, within fifteen business days of learning that a noncustodial parent will be incarcerated for more than one hundred eighty calendar days, the department shall send notice by first-class mail to both parents informing them of the right to request the state to review and, if appropriate, adjust the order. ", "Such notice shall be sent to the incarcerated parent at the address of the facility at which the parent is incarcerated. ", "Neb. Rev. Stat. § ", "43-512.15 (1) The county attorney or authorized attorney, upon referral from the Department of Health and Human Services, shall file a complaint to modify a child support order unless the attorney determines in the exercise of independent professional judgment that: (a) The variation from the Supreme Court child support guidelines pursuant to section 42-364.16 is based on material misrepresentation of fact concerning any financial information submitted to the attorney; (b) The variation from the guidelines is due to a voluntary reduction in net monthly income. ", "For purposes of this section, a person who has been incarcerated for a period of one year or more in a county or city jail or a federal or state correctional facility shall be considered to have an involuntary reduction of income unless (i) the incarceration is a result of a conviction for criminal nonsupport pursuant to section 28-706 or a conviction for a violation of any federal law or law of another state substantially similar to section 28-706, (ii) the incarcerated individual has a documented record of willfully failing or neglecting to provide proper support which he or she knew or reasonably should have known he or she was legally obligated to provide when he or she had sufficient resources to provide such support, or (iii) the incarceration is a result of a conviction for a crime in which the child who is the subject of the child support order was victimized; or (c) When the amount of the order is considered with all the other undisputed facts in the case, no variation from the criteria set forth in subdivisions (1)(a) and (b) of section 43-512.12 exists. (", "2) The department, a county attorney, or an authorized attorney shall not in any case be responsible for reviewing or filing an application to modify child support for individuals incarcerated as described in subdivision (1)(b) of this section. (", "3) The proceedings to modify a child support order shall comply with section 42-364, and the county attorney or authorized attorney shall represent the state in the proceedings. (", "4) After a complaint to modify a child support order is filed, any party may choose to be represented personally by private counsel. ", "Any party who retains private counsel shall so notify the county attorney or authorized attorney in writing. ", "North Dakota 2017 SB 2277 N.D. Cent. ", "Code § 14-09-09.38 1. ", "A monthly support obligation established under any provision of this code and in effect after December 31, 2017, expires by operation of law upon incarceration of the obligor under a sentence of one hundred eighty days or longer, excluding credit for time served before sentencing. ", "2. ", "Notwithstanding subsection 1, a monthly support obligation may be established for an obligor who is incarcerated under a sentence of one hundred eighty days or longer if the obligation is based on actual income of the obligor and the moving party makes a prima facie showing that the obligor's income exceeds the minimum amount provided in the guidelines established under section 14-09-09.7. ", "3. ", "As used in this section, “incarceration” means placement of an obligor in a custodial setting in which the obligor is not permitted to earn wages from employment outside the correctional facility, and does not include probation or work release. ", "4. ", "The expiration of a monthly support obligation under subsection 1 does not affect any past-due support that is owed before the expiration of the obligation. ", "Oregon 2017 SB 682 Or. ", "Rev. Stat. § ", "25.247 (1) An obligor who is incarcerated for a period of 180 or more consecutive days shall be rebuttably presumed unable to pay child support and a child support obligation does not accrue for the duration of the incarceration unless the presumption is rebutted as provided in this section. (", "2) The Department of Justice and the Department of Corrections shall enter into an agreement to conduct data matches to identify the obligors described in subsection (1) of this section or as determined by the court. (", "3) Within 30 days following identification of an obligor described in subsection (1) of this section whose child support obligation has not already been modified due to incarceration, the entity responsible for support enforcement services under ORS 25.080 shall provide notice of the presumption to the obligee and obligor and shall inform all parties to the support order that, unless a party objects as provided in subsection (4) of this section, child support shall cease accruing beginning with the first day of the first month that follows the obligor becoming incarcerated for a period of at least 180 consecutive days and continuing through the support payment due in the last month prior to the reinstatement of the support order as provided in subsection (6) of this section. ", "The entity shall serve the notice on the obligee in the manner provided for the service of summons in a civil action, by certified mail, return receipt requested, or by any other mail service with delivery confirmation and shall serve the notice on the obligor by first class mail to the obligor's last-known address. ", "The notice shall specify the month in which the obligor became incarcerated and shall contain a statement that the administrator represents the state and that low-cost legal counsel may be available. (", "9) An obligor's incarceration for at least 180 consecutive days or an obligor's release from incarceration is considered a substantial change of circumstances for purposes of child support modification proceedings. (", "10) Proof of incarceration for at least 180 consecutive days is sufficient cause for the administrator, court or administrative law judge to allow a credit and satisfaction against child support arrearages for each month that the obligor was incarcerated or that is within 120 days following the obligor's release from incarceration unless the presumption of inability to pay has been rebutted. ", "Or. ", "Rev. Stat. § ", "416.425 (11) An obligor’s incarceration for a period of at least 180 consecutive days or an obligor’s release from incarceration is considered a substantial change of circumstances for purposes of proceedings brought under this section. ", "Rhode Island 2017 HB 5553 2017 SB 406 R.I. Gen. Laws § 15-5-16.2 (c) (3) When the department of human services, office of child support services, becomes aware of the fact, through an electronic data exchange of information with the department of corrections, or by any other means, that the noncustodial parent is or will be incarcerated for one hundred eighty (180) days or more, the department may automatically file a motion to modify or a motion for relief, to be heard before the court via a video conference hearing or other type of hearing. ", "A specific request for the filing of this motion need not be made in writing or otherwise by the incarcerated, noncustodial parent, but the parent shall be notified of the hearing and provided a meaningful opportunity to respond. ", "The court shall schedule a hearing to determine the noncustodial parent's ability to pay, taking into consideration the assets and financial resources and any benefits the noncustodial parent may be receiving, the length of the sentence, and shall modify or suspend all child-support orders, after setting forth in its decision specific findings of fact that show circumstances upon which the court has decided to modify or suspend all child-support orders during the period of incarceration. ", "Upon the obligor's release, the department of human services, office of child support services, shall file a motion for support, and a hearing shall be scheduled to determine the obligor's ability to begin paying child support pursuant to the child support guidelines in effect. ", "This section does not apply to those individuals who are serving a sentence for criminal nonsupport in state or federal prison, or who are found to be in civil contempt for failure to pay child support and incarcerated for that reason. ", "Utah 2017 SB 153 Utah Code § 78B-12-203 (6) Incarceration of at least six months may not be treated as voluntary unemployment by the office in establishing or modifying a support order.", "\n\nState Prison Outreach and Data Collection\n\n2015 Hawaii SB 913: Requires the Department of Public Safety to collect data relating to the number of incoming offenders into the state correctional system who are parents, and the number of children they have that are under the age of eighteen, in order to provide services to incarcerated parents and their children. ", "Requires a plan for the management of the data collected and public disclosure of the data.", "\n\nIllinois has several programs that are working with incarcerated parent who have child support orders. ", "The Paternity Establishment Prison Project (PEPP) enables noncustodial parents to establish paternity while incarcerated through genetic testing or voluntary acknowledgements of paternity and then establish an administrative child support order based on that determination of paternity. ", "From this program came Project CHILD (Collaboration Helps Inmates Lessen Debt), which has been in place for more than 10 years and assists incarcerated noncustodial parents with review and modification of support orders. ", "Project CHILD includes dedicated, specially trained staff, who go into prisons to talk to incarcerated parents, provide the required forms and answer any questions they may have.", "\n\nMinnesota’s “Child Support Liaison” program allows newly incarcerated noncustodial parents to speak with a child support enforcement representative upon intake into prison. ", "That liaison then educates and informs the offenders about the child support system during inmate orientation, facilitates communication between the offender and the county child support enforcement agencies, and helps families support their children while the noncustodial parent is incarcerated. ", "The liaison is also available to assist incarcerated noncustodial parents with the typical child support enforcement services, such as requesting a modification, obtaining genetic testing and other child support issues the parent may be facing.", "\n\nTexas recently performed a demonstration project called Behavioral Interventions to Advance Self-Sufficiency (BIAS). ", "This project used behavioral economics to help incarcerated parents apply for child support modification by changing the way child support enforcement staff contacted and interacted with incarcerated parents. ", "The project increased the application for modification response rate from 28 percent to 39 percent.", "\n\nLegislative Considerations\n\nWhile there is a great deal that we do know, there is also a lot that we do not know, including how many incarcerated parents have child support orders and how many people are incarcerated for nonpayment of child support. ", "Having this information could greatly inform both child support and criminal justice policy in the states.", "\n\nQuestions to Consider:\n\nHow many noncustodial parents are incarcerated in county jails for failure to pay child support?", "\n\nDo these parents have the ability to pay the amount of support that is court-ordered, or the amount required to get out, or stay out, of jail?", "\n\nWhat is the cost of incarceration in county jails?", "\n\nHow much child support has been collected by using civil contempt?", "\n\nHow much child support has been collected by using diversion programs?", "\n\nWhat administrative or judicial process exists to adjust child support once a noncustodial parent is incarcerated?", "\n\nPolicy Considerations:\n\nIs incarceration treated as voluntary or involuntary unemployment?", "\n\nCan incarcerated noncustodial parents modify their child support orders?", "\n\nCan the agency or judicial entity automatically modify a child support order?", "\n\nWill debt and interest accrue while the parent is incarcerated?", "\n\nContact Us\n\nFor more information or to request technical assistance on state or federal child support policies and programs, please send a message to Children & Families staff. ", "As a membership organization serving state legislators and legislative staff, we do not respond to inquiries or provide legal advice related to individual child support or family law cases.", "\n\nAdditional Resources" ]

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[ "preownedguitar\nNice takes in the collab! ", "Was that you saying, We have lift off in 3..2..1... in your recording? ", "Nice effects :) Im working on the major scale like you said. ", "Keep on rocking patrick.", "\n9 Mar 2008 - 10:00" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n.printout command: why sending printing commands separately for each copy?", "\n\nWhen the code below executes, Excel sends separate printout commands to the printer for each copy instead of sending only one command for all copies.", "\nThat problem slows down the print process a lot. ", "How do I speed up by sending less commands to the printer instead of separate commands for each copy?", "\nSub tryPrint()\nDim Barcode As Worksheet\nSet Barcode = Sheets(\"ETIKET\")\n\nApplication.", "PrintCommunication = False\nWith Barcode.", "PageSetup\n .FitToPagesTall = 1\n .FitToPagesWide = 1\nEnd With\nApplication.", "PrintCommunication = True\n\nBarcode.", "PrintOut , Preview:=False, Copies:=4, ActivePrinter:=\"\\\\MUHASEBE\\Argox OS-214 plus series PPLA\"\n\nEnd Sub\n\nFor example: with 4 copies specified, the code sends 4 different commands to the printer:\nBarcode 1\nBarcode 1\nBarcode 1\nBarcode 1\n\nInstead, I would like it to send as in:\nBarcode 4\n\nThat way, it would speed up the process by 100%. ", "\nThanks for any suggestions!", "\n\nA:\n\nI could not reproduce this, but the solution apparently works:\nSource: www.papercut.com\nSetting Collate:=False when passing the arguments to .Printout should do the trick. ", "You would have to manually sort the copies after this, but since you are printing the same label anyway it makes no difference.", "\nThe documentation can be found here: Excel.", "Worksheet.", "PrintOut\n\n" ]

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[ " UNPUBLISHED\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n No. ", "06-6839\n\n\n\nMICHAEL RANKINS,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellant,\n\n versus\n\n\nDENNIS ROWLAND; MICHAEL A. MUNNS; RICHARD T.\nJONES; BOBBY MONTAGUE; J. A. REID; SHARON\nSNIDER; NURSE CRAIG,\n\n Defendants - Appellees.", "\n\n\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern\nDistrict of North Carolina, at Raleigh. ", "Louise W. Flanagan, Chief\nDistrict Judge. (", "5:05-ct-00621-FL)\n\n\nSubmitted: August 14, 2006 Decided: August 29, 2006\n\n\nBefore MICHAEL and KING, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior\nCircuit Judge.", "\n\n\nDismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion.", "\n\n\nMichael Rankins, Appellant Pro Se.", "\n\n\nUnpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.", "\nSee Local Rule 36(c).", "\n\fPER CURIAM:\n\n Michael Rankins appealed the district court’s order\n\ngranting his pro se motion to reconsider the dismissal of two\n\ndefendants, denying his motion for preliminary injunctive relief,\n\ndenying his motion to reconsider dismissal of one defendant,\n\ndenying his motion for appointment of counsel, and ordering him to\n\nparticularize his claims against some defendants in his § 1983\n\naction. ", " In his action, Rankins sought compensatory and punitive\n\nmoney damages, declarative relief, a temporary restraining order,\n\nand preliminary injunctive relief. ", "While we grant Rankins leave to\n\nproceed without prepayment of fees under the PLRA, we dismiss this\n\nappeal.", "\n\n As in his previous appeal before this panel, Rankins v.\n\nRowland, No. ", "05-7811, 2006 WL 1836671 (4th Cir. ", "June 27, 2006)\n\n(unpublished), Rankins alleged the ventilation system of the “H-Con\n\nSupermax Unit” in which he was housed at the Butner Correctional\n\nFacility was inadequate because the air contained dust and lint\n\nparticles that caused him to have burning eyes, to cough\n\nexcessively, and to cough up mucus mixed with blood. ", " He alleged in\n\nhis complaint that his grievances were denied in June and July 2005\n\nand that his medical treatment for the cough, chest pain, stomach\n\npain, vomiting, and blood in his stool was inadequate. ", " He also\n\nclaimed he was denied exercise.", "\n\n\n\n\n - 2 -\n\f Rankins is now incarcerated in Central Prison in Raleigh,\n\nNorth Carolina, so his claims for a temporary restraining order and\n\ninjunctive relief are now moot, and we dismiss the appeal as to\n\nthose claims for that reason. ", "Though Rankins does not complain on\n\nappeal about the district court’s disposition of his claims for\n\ndamages (which are not mooted by his transfer) based upon\n\ninadequate medical care and harm from the alleged inadequate\n\nventilation system at Butner, his appeal as to those claims is\n\ninterlocutory. ", "The district court ordered Rankins to particularize\n\nthose claims, so the court’s order is not a final, appealable order\n\nin that respect. ", " For these reasons, we dismiss Rankins’ appeal.", "\n\nWe dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal\n\ncontentions are adequately presented in the materials before the\n\ncourt and argument would not aid the decisional process.", "\n\n\n\n DISMISSED\n\n\n\n\n - 3 -\n\f" ]

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[ "José Carlos Fernández (Peruvian footballer)\n\nJosé Carlos \"Zlatan\" Fernández Piedra (born 14 May 1983 in Trujillo, Peru) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a center forward for Peruvian Primera División club Carlos A. Mannucci.", "\n\nHe is nicknamed \"Zlatan\" because of his physical resemblance to Swedish footballer Zlatan Ibrahimović.", "\n\nClub career\nFernández began his playing career in early 2000 with local club Defensor Taller de Laredo. ", "Then in 2002 he transferred to Sport Coopsol Trujillo. ", "Fernández made his official debut in the Torneo Descentralizado on 22 September 2002 in round 11 of the 2002 Torneo Clausura. ", "His debut match was played at home in the Mansiche Stadium against Coronel Bolognesi, which ended in a 4–0 loss for Coopsol Trujillo.", "\nJosé Carlos scored his first official goal in the Descentralizado on 1 December 2002 in a league match against Alianza Atlético in round 21 of the Clausura season. ", "He scored in the 80th minute, but it was not enough as Alianza Atlético won 4–2 in Trujillo. ", "He finished his first season in the top-flight with 15 appearances and 3 goals. ", "However, Coopsol Trujillo finished in 12th place and were relegated to the Copa Perú division.", "\n\nThen in 2003 he joined Lima based club Sport Coopsol, which at the time was participating in the Peruvian Second Division. ", "There he would win his first silverware as he helped Sport Coopsol win the 2003 Peruvian Second Division championship. ", "Sport Coopsol won promotion to the First Division but instead decided to sell their spot to newly formed club Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres. ", "As a result, Fernández transferred to Universidad San Martín for the 2004 Torneo Descentralizado season.", "\n\nHe then went on to have stints at 4 other Peruvian clubs: Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo, FBC Melgar, Coronel Bolognesi, and Cienciano. ", "He spent two years playing in Europe. ", "First with the Ukrainian team FC Chornomorets Odessa, where he stayed 4 months, playing in 2 games and totaling 19 minutes. ", "Then on 30 May 2008, Fernández signed a contract with Cercle Brugge, which ended on 10 February 2009. ", "It was announced at the same time that Fernández moved back to his home country, to play for Alianza Lima. ", "He played in the 2012 Copa Libertadores and scored decisive goals for his club.", "\n\nFinally, in October he played for the Argentine club Argentinos Juniors. ", "Unfortunately he didn't make any goal because he had a serious injury that left him for several months. ", "In 2013, he moved to the Peruvian team Sporting Cristal to play the 2013 Copa Libertadores and Peruvian First Division.", "\n\nInternational career\n\nInternational goals\n\nHonours\n\nClub \n Sport Coopsol:\n Peruvian Second Division: 2003\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1983 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Trujillo, Peru\nCategory:Peruvian footballers\nCategory:Peru international footballers\nCategory:Peruvian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Sport Coopsol Trujillo footballers\nCategory:Universidad San Martín footballers\nCategory:Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo footballers\nCategory:FBC Melgar footballers\nCategory:Coronel Bolognesi footballers\nCategory:Cienciano footballers\nCategory:FC Chornomorets Odesa players\nCategory:Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players\nCategory:Alianza Lima footballers\nCategory:S.D. Quito footballers\nCategory:Argentinos Juniors footballers\nCategory:Sporting Cristal footballers\nCategory:Real Garcilaso footballers\nCategory:Sport Huancayo footballers\nCategory:Peruvian Primera División players\nCategory:Ukrainian Premier League players\nCategory:Belgian First Division A players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Belgium\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Ecuador\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Argentina\nCategory:Peruvian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine\nCategory:Peruvian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium\nCategory:Peruvian expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador\nCategory:Peruvian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina" ]

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[ "The annual dairy industry awards are underway and the first regional finalists have been named. ", "The top awards for the North Island Central Plateau have all gone to South African born people who came to NZ for careers in dairying." ]

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[ "District of Columbia Baptist Convention\n\n__NOTOC__\nThe District of Columbia Baptist Convention (DCBC) is a coalition of Baptist churches in or near the Washington, DC area. ", "The DCBC is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and the Progressive National Baptist Convention. ", "It also holds a separate membership in the Baptist World Alliance. ", "\n\nBefore May 2018, the DCBC was also affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC). ", "The SBC severed its relationship when the DCBC refused to expel Calvary Baptist Church after the congregation hired a legally married lesbian couple as co-pastors.", "\n\nHistory\nThe organization traces its founding to 1801 with the establishment of First Baptist Church in Washington DC. ", "The first predecessor group to the DCBC was formed on November 26, 1877, as the Columbia Association of Baptist Churches.", "\n\nMission and positions\nThe DCBC's slogan is \"One Faith. ", "Many Cultures. ", "Endless Possibilities.\" ", "The DCBC has not taken positions on controversial social issues including abortion and homosexuality, leaving those decisions to the individual churches.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Religious organizations established in 1877\nCategory:Baptist denominations established in the 19th century\nCategory:Christianity in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:1877 establishments in Washington, D.C." ]

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[ "High dose-intense chemotherapy alone or in combination with interleukin-2 for small cell lung cancer: a pilot study.", "\nGiven the antitumor activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2) against some drug-resistant cancer cells, 17 previously untreated patients with small cell lung cancer entered a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and immunological effects of combining 12-week high dose-intense chemotherapy based on a modified Evans regimen (CAV/PE) with different IL-2 schedules (6-12 MU/m2 week as a 48-72-h infusion using the same cumulative dose, 72 MU/m2). ", "Despite significant myelotoxicity, up to 70% of the intended dose intensity was delivered, showing no differences with regard to the IL-2 schedule used. ", "Immunotherapy-induced toxicity was usually mild and manageable. ", "No limiting effects were observed in patients receiving immunotherapy except for a very poor compliance to the 12-week IL-2 regimen. ", "The low-dose 72-h infusion was the optimal IL-2 schedule. ", "As given in this study, neither of the alternating CAV/PE regimens abrogated the effects of IL-2 on T-cell and NK-cell subsets, showing typical kinetics with rebound in lymphocytes following each discontinuation of the IL-2. ", "While immunological changes cannot predict the antitumor effect of IL-2, they are consistent with those described for IL-2 alone, suggesting its compatibility with high dose-intense chemotherapy. ", "Although no definite advantages have been demonstrated in this small pilot study with significant unbalanced prognostic factors (12% 2-year survival), both the preserved immunostimulatory effects and the lack of limiting overlapping toxicity make this combined approach promising and worthy of further clinical investigation." ]

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[ " United States Court of Appeals\n For the Eighth Circuit\n ___________________________\n\n No. ", "19-1087\n ___________________________\n\n Spencer Pierce\n\n lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant\n\n v.\n\n Jerry Lovejoy; Mike Roth; Rex Sparks; Securus Technology; John P. Sarcone;\n Matthew Towers; Trudy Simonson; Brad Youngblut; Gerald Fisher; Mark\nPaulson; John Doe; Lorna Garcia; James Entrekin; Michael McTaggart; Brady Carney\n\n lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees\n ____________\n\n Appeal from United States District Court\n for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines\n ____________\n\n Submitted: November 6, 2019\n Filed: November 13, 2019\n [Unpublished]\n ____________\n\nBefore COLLOTON, SHEPHERD, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.", "\n ____________\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\f Spencer Pierce appeals three district court1 orders disposing of his pro se 42\nU.S.C. § 1983 action. ", "Following a careful review, we conclude that the district court\ndid not err in dismissing the case. ", "See Plymouth Cty. ", "v. Merscorp, Inc., 774 F.3d\n1155, 1158 (8th Cir. ", "2014) (dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)\nis reviewed de novo); Johnson v. Blaukat, 453 F.3d 1108, 1112 (8th Cir. ", "2006) (grant\nof summary judgment is reviewed de novo). ", "Accordingly, we affirm for the reasons\nstated by the district court. ", "See 8th Cir. ", "R. 47B.\n ______________________________\n\n\n\n\n 1\n The Honorable John A. Jarvey, Chief Judge, United States District Court for\nthe Southern District of Iowa.", "\n\n -2-\n\f" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to sketch $\\{(x, y) \\in \\Bbb R^2 : -1 \\leq \\text{max}\\{|x|,|y|\\} \\leq 1 \\cup 2 \\leq \\text{max}\\{|x|,|y|\\} \\leq 4\\}$\n\nAfter checking this answer, I did not quite get what I was trying to understand.", "\nI have a routine exercise which states: Let $f: \\Bbb R^2 \\rightarrow \\Bbb R$, $(x,y) \\rightarrow \\text{max} \\{|x|,|y|\\}$ Sketch $f^{-1}([-1,1] \\cup [2,4])$\nOk, so here's how the answer goes for this:\nBy definition, $f ^{-1}([-1, 1] \\cup [2, 4]) = \\{(x, y) \\in \\Bbb R^2 : -1 \\leq \\text{max}\\{|x|,|y|\\} \\leq 1 \\text{ or } 2 \\leq \\text{max}\\{|x|,|y|\\} \\leq 4\\}$. Hence, an\nappropriate sketch is:\n\nBut how do they sketch this? ", "What are the steps for this?", "\n\nA:\n\nSince change of $x$ to $-x$ and $y$ to $-y$ leaves the curves invariant, they symmetric in all quadrant. ", "So consider only the first quadrant where $x,y \\ge 0$.\n(1) The first figure is bounded by four lines: $ x=0, y=0, x=1$ and $y=1$. Finally it is\na square with corners $(1,1), (-1,1), (-1,-1),(1,-1)$. So, it is a region with all points inside it and hence it is full grey.", "\n(2) Similarly, $max{|x|,|y|} \\ge 2$ indicates all points outside the square with corners $(2,2),(-2,2),(-2,-2),(2,-2)$ and $max{|x|,|y|}\\le 4$ means all points inside the square with corners $(4,4),{-4,4),(-4,-4),(4,-4)$. So the required area is the overlap of these two squares and it is greyed..\nFinally, required region is the union of these two grey regions. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "(CNN) Extreme weather is striking parts of Asia with deadly flash-flooding in Vietnam, a tropical storm prompting evacuations and disrupting travel in China and an ongoing heat wave in Japan.", "\n\nIn Vietnam, 21 people have died and more people are missing after Tropical Depression Son Tinh triggered flash floods and landslides, submerging villages in the northern provinces of Thanh Hoa and Yen Bai, state-run Vietnam News Agency (VNA) reported Sunday.", "\n\nLocal government groups are \"searching for missing ones, arranging temporary accommodation for households who have lost their homes, and actively evacuating and relocating people from dangerous areas,\" VNA said.", "\n\nResidents clear debris in a village damaged by flash flooding in Vietnam's Yen Bai province on Saturday.", "\n\nThe government is also mobilizing forces to fix infrastructure, including homes, heath care centers, hospitals and schools.", "\n\nWinds from the storm had reached up to 52 kph (32 mph) at 10 a.m. Sunday local time (11 p.m. Saturday ET). ", "It is expected to continue to affect Vietnam until Tuesday, according to the Vietnam National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting.", "\n\nCNN meteorologist Derek Van Dam said forecast rainfall estimates could approach 500 mm (nearly 20 inches) across northern Vietnam and southern China over the next few days.", "\n\n190,000 relocated in Shanghai\n\nMeantime, Tropical Storm Ampil is bearing down on eastern China -- impacting the area from Shanghai to Jiangsu Province.", "\n\nMore than 190,000 people have been evacuated to \"safer\" places in Shanghai as Ampil makes landfall, bringing with it heavy rain and strong winds, Chinese state media Xinhua reported on Sunday.", "\n\n\"Ampil, the 10th typhoon this year, has made landfall on the island of Chongming in Shanghai at 12:30 p.m. local time Sunday (12:30 a.m. ET), packing winds of up to 28 meters per second near its eye,\" the municipal meteorological observatory told Xinhua.", "\n\nThe local government municipal flood control confirmed that it has \"completed relocating a total of 192,727 people living in the coastal areas as well as temporary housing and construction sites as of early Sunday morning.\"", "\n\nWinds gusting up to 100 kph and heavy rain from Ampil are disrupting travel, with more than 500 international and domestic flights canceled at Shanghai's two main airports Sunday morning.", "\n\n\"Tropical Storm Ampil is fast-approaching Shanghai, affecting our airports' flight schedules. ", "Several airlines have made the difficult decision of canceling certain flights leaving and arriving at Shanghai Pudong Airport and Hongqiao Airport between 0:00 and 20:00 on July 22,\" the Shanghai Airport Authority said.", "\n\nA local drives through a flooded street caused by heavy rainstorms in Harbin city, northeast China's Heilongjiang province on July 19.", "\n\nCNN's Van Dam says air traffic control expects their takeoff and landing capacity to be reduced by 75% through mid afternoon Sunday, and all the city's ferry services have been suspended due to strong wind.", "\n\nRainfall amounts of 100-200 mm (4-8 inches) are forecast; with localized falls of up to 300 mm (12 inches).", "\n\nVan Dam says the storm will weaken as it moves further inland but that heavy rain will continue as moisture is drawn into the region.", "\n\nPhilippines monsoon\n\nFurther south, the Philippines' monsoon season has been exacerbated by Son Tinh, Ampil, and now Tropical Depression 13W (known locally as \"Josie\").", "\n\nSevere weather has caused two deaths and 728,000 people to be evacuated from their homes, with 585 villages affected by heavy rain, according to state news agency Philippines News Agency (PNA).", "\n\nCurrently \"Josie\" is skirting the most northeastern island of the Philippines and bringing with it winds gusting up to 86 mph (138 kph), according to PNA, which cited data from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).", "\n\nFlooding caused by the tropical depression has caused 6 to 7 inches (15-17 cm) of flooding in metro Manila but the storm is expected to leave the Philippines on Monday, the news agency reports.", "\n\nAnother tropical depression is swirling to the country's east.", "\n\nJapan heat wave\n\nMeantime, much of central and southern Japan is continuing to swelter in excessive heat.", "\n\nVan Dam says nearly 110 million of Japan's 128 million people have been impacted by the heat wave over the past two weeks, with roughly 90% of the country experiencing extreme heat.", "\n\nPedestrians use their parasols to avoid strong sunlight in Tokyo on July 12.", "\n\nWhile temperatures remain in the mid-30s Celsius (90s Fahrenheit), the heat index -- which factors in relative humidity -- has soared into the lower and middle 40s.", "\n\n\"Sweating is only as good as your body's ability to evaporate that sweat off of the skin. ", "Heat indices in the mid 40s are making it nearly impossible for the body's response to properly take effect,\" he says.", "\n\nAs of Wednesday, 13 deaths had been linked to the heat wave, following flooding that killed at least 210 in Japan earlier this month." ]

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[ "I was able to make it to pre dawn breakfast! ", "I had a breakfast of fresh strawberries and two poached eggs. ", "I ate them and thank God for them, and then I went back to bed for another two hours.", "\n\nI decided that morning but I wanted to go to a local church I haven’t been to before; for the experience, for life in community, and also as part of my church incognito project.", "\n\nChurch was very good, I went to a Church Of The Brethren, and I will be writing about that in a day or two. ", "What struck me about the church I attended was their vocalization about the shooting at the church in Charleston, and about racially motivated violence in the USA. ", "One of the men in the service read off a letter written by the General Secretary Stanley J. Noffsinger, the head of their denomination, and it was a beautiful letter of solidarity and support for the AME Church in Charleston (click here to read it).", "\n\nI was partially inspired by this letter to take the time to be intentional in writing letters to my parents as I haven’t communicated with them for a while. ", "So when church was over I made my way back to my apartment, and I started writing. ", "I went over several rough drafts, ever wanted to capture everything for the most part without coming across as redundant. ", "As I was writing by hand I realized how much I had to say and wanted to say, I wouldn’t say I was long winded, but I think I said enough this time around.", "\n\nIt was truly cathartic and and its own right, freeing. ", "When I was done writing, I promptly dropped off my letters at my parents house.", "\n\nSo with all that being said, writing was my keyword on the 4th day of Ramadan. ", "Thanks me to God, The Great Writer, who writes on our hearts and our minds dreams desires goals and aspirations. ", "May we be inspired by what is written on our hearts and our minds and change the world for good!", "\n\nSalaam alaikum be yours now and always,\n\nNathanael" ]

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[ "# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.", "\n# See LICENSE for details.", "\n\n\"\"\"\nDefault processing factory plugin.", "\n\"\"\"\n\nfrom xml.dom import minidom as dom\n\nfrom twisted.lore import tree, latex, lint, process\nfrom twisted.web import sux\n\nhtmlDefault = {'template': 'template.tpl', 'baseurl': '%s', 'ext': '.html'}\n\nclass ProcessingFunctionFactory:\n\n def getDoFile(self):\n return tree.doFile\n\n def generate_html(self, options, filenameGenerator=tree.getOutputFileName):\n n = htmlDefault.copy()\n n.update(options)\n options = n\n try:\n fp = open(options['template'])\n templ = dom.parse(fp)\n except IOError, e:\n raise process.", "NoProcessorError(e.filename+\": \"+e.strerror)\n except sux.", "ParseError, e:\n raise process.", "NoProcessorError(str(e))\n df = lambda file, linkrel: self.getDoFile()(file, linkrel, options['ext'],\n options['baseurl'], templ, options, filenameGenerator)\n return df\n\n latexSpitters = {None: latex.", "LatexSpitter,\n 'section': latex.", "SectionLatexSpitter,\n 'chapter': latex.", "ChapterLatexSpitter,\n 'book': latex.", "BookLatexSpitter,\n }\n\n def generate_latex(self, options, filenameGenerator=None):\n spitter = self.latexSpitters[None]\n for (key, value) in self.latexSpitters.items():\n if key and options.get(key):\n spitter = value\n df = lambda file, linkrel: latex.convertFile(file, spitter)\n return df\n\n def getLintChecker(self):\n return lint.getDefaultChecker()\n\n def generate_lint(self, options, filenameGenerator=None):\n checker = self.getLintChecker()\n return lambda file, linkrel: lint.doFile(file, checker)\n\nfactory = ProcessingFunctionFactory()\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nbeaker InvalidCryptoBackendError: No AES library is installed error\n\nHI i get following error for beaker on Mac os x sno leopard 10.6.8\nInvalidCryptoBackendError: No AES library is installed, can't generate encrypted cookie-only Session\n\nWhat's the workaround or fix for this?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe solution is very simple . ", "pycrypto python library was missing.", "\npip install pycrypto\n\n" ]

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[ "In recent years there have been many advances in the production of polyolefin homopolymers and copolymers due to the introduction of single site catalysts such as metallocene catalysts. ", "Metallo catalysts and are usually described as catalysts which are single site in nature.", "\nThe above single site catalyst systems such as metallocene complexes may be used for the polymerization of olefins in solution, slurry or gas phase. ", "When used in the slurry or gas phase the metallocene complex and/or the activator are suitably supported. ", "Typical supports include inorganic oxides eg. ", "silica or polymeric supports may alternatively be used.", "\nExamples of the preparation of supported metallocene catalysts for the polymerization of olefins may be found in WO 94/26793, WO 95/07939, WO 96/00245, WO 96/04318, WO 97/02297 and EP 642536.", "\nThe above supported polymerization c cene catalysts offer the advantage of generally a higher activity than traditional Ziegler catalyst systems may in some cases lead to certain disadvantages such as cost, instabilities as well as poor morphology of the resultant polymers as well as problems with gels and the like when subsequently transformed into films and other articles.", "\nIn recent years attempts have been made to replace the activator or cocatalyst components of the supported polymerization catalyst systems by use of activating supports.", "\nEP 906920 describes fluorine-containing activator solid supports for metallocenes wherein the surface of the support has been modified by aluminium (or magnesium) Lewis-acid sites of formula Al—F or AlF2. ", "The supports are prepared by a method comprising reaction of the surface —OH radicals with a functionalisation agent followed by fluorination.", "\nWO 2005/075525 describes methods for preparing activating supports for metallocenes wherein the supports are treated with fluorinated functionalizing agents followed by heating and treatment with oxygen.", "\nWO 2007/014889 describes similar supports prepared by functionalizing the support with an alkylating agent followed by heating under an inert gas then under oxygen and finally treatment with a fluorinating agent.", "\nWO 2007/12465 describes fluorinated transition metal catalysts based on supports comprising bonding sequences selected from Si—O—Al—F, F—Si—O—Al, F—Si—O—Al—F.\nWO 2007/131856 describes mono- or di-fluorinated metallocene catalyst components supported on fluorinated activating supports.", "\nWO 2010/037808 describes activating supports based on perfluorinated boronic acids and aluminium alkyls and their use in the activation of metallocene complexes.", "\nWO 2007/005676 describes activator compositions based on metal oxide supports having surface hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups and organoaluminium compounds having bulky functional ligands resulting in aluminate anions covalently bonded to the metal oxide via two chelating oxygen atoms.", "\nUS 2008/0319148 describes the use of halogenated alcohols or amines in the preparation of modified supports suitable for use in the polymerization of olefins." ]

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[ "Published 21.05.2014 16:19 GMT+3 | Author John Sanful\n\nThe city of Minsk is centre stage for the international hockey community. ", "With Belarus in the quarter-finals, expectations have been exceeded.", "\n\nAt the 2009 World Championship in Switzerland, Belarusian hockey would be greatly impacted. ", "It was decision time on the host of the 2014 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship with Belarus, Hungary, Latvia and Ukraine all in contention.", "\n\nWith 75 votes, Belarus was the overwhelming choice much to the delight of the bid organizers. ", "The next closest country was Hungary receiving 24 votes.", "\n\nFive years later, a nation’s dream is realized as they are poised to be the best attended World Championship in this history of the tournament. ", "To date there have been 536,518 total fans attending games at the arenas.", "\n\nWith six playoff games, including the finals, left to play, this World Championship is on course to break the record set at the 2004 World Championship in the Czech Republic when 552,097 fans were attended.", "\n\nWith the first puck drop, Belarus became the 18th country to have staged a World Championship.", "\n\nThe arenas have featured their share of thrilling and memorable matches but it’s perhaps been loudest at Minsk Arena.", "\n\nThen, of course, there is the crowd. ", "Fans attending the games are loud, supportive and have added an emotion dimension when the national team plays.", "\n\n“The crowd is a huge factor for us. ", "I think it is a big advantage for our team,” said Belarusian defenceman Kiril Gotovets. “", "Even when teams score on us they don’t give up. ", "Their support has been incredible.”", "\n\nBelarus forward Geoff Platt agreed:\n\n“The fans are like a sixth man out there for us. ", "I’ve never experienced anything like what we’ve experienced so far here at Minsk Arena.”", "\n\nThe 15,000-seat arena was constructed in the hopes of not only hosting the World Championship. ", "It has been the home of Belarus’s Kontinental Hockey League representative Dynamo Minsk. ", "There is a genuine excitement in the city as the hockey world has turned its attention to Minsk, the spectacle of international hockey and the 1.8 million residents of the capital city. ", "Minsk’s residents now find their city receiving a lot of international attention and they are the ambassadors in showing those who have come far and wide that Belarus, though an emerging hockey nation, can not only put on a quality tournament but provide plenty of charm as well.", "\n\nBack to Overview" ]

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[ "The Fulton tax commissioner earns more in fees from the city of Atlanta alone — $225,000 — than he does from his current county salary of $161,000. ", "And he’s managed to grow his income despite a 2017 state law that abolished controversial fees he once earned from selling tax liens.", "\n\nCritics say Ferdinand and other tax commissioners who pocket such fees are using their public office for personal gain. ", "Each of Georgia’s neighboring states bar the practice.", "\n\nFerdinand has not disclosed his extra earnings to taxpayers since at least 2010, despite Georgia's law requiring elected officials to disclose outside fees and income on financial reports available to the public. ", "The AJC and Georgia News Lab spent months tracing the sources Ferdinand's income, which involved contacting and obtaining information from the county and each of Fulton's 15 cities.", "\n\nIn 2017, the AJC reported Ferdinand's total compensation for 2016 was about $390,000. ", "But that analysis did not include about $71,000 that Ferdinand now earns from Atlanta for collecting a special 911 emergency services assessment on Atlanta property owners. ", "It also did not include the fees that Ferdinand began earning in 2017 from the new city of South Fulton for collecting its taxes.", "\n\nFerdinand also has contracts with the cities of Sandy Springs and Johns Creek, and he is poised to begin earning fees on two new tax collection contracts with the cities of Chattahoochee Hills and Mountain Park.", "\n\nThe tax commissioner lives on a 70-acre farm about 30 miles southwest of Atlanta, and has also faced criticism for accepting public farm subsidies on his property.", "\n\nFerdinand owns a 70-acre farm off Hutcheson Ferry Road in south Fulton County. ", "The AJC reported in 2013 that he tapped federal farm subsidies to make improvements to the property. ", "BRANT SANDERLIN / AJC\n\nFerdinand canceled an interview with the AJC, and stopped responding to requests that he comment for this story. ", "In the past he has defended his fee income from cities as legal under Georgia law, and pointed to strong collection rates as proof that he delivers a good value for cities.", "\n\n“If he’s entitled to it, which he is, we’re more than glad to pay it,” Mountain Park City Clerk Karen Segars said in an email. “", "The tax commissioner’s office does us a huge service.”", "\n\nBut not all tax commissioners choose to take advantage of the fee system in the way that Ferdinand has.", "\n\n“It has never even occurred to me to negotiate any additional funds for myself,” Gwinnett County Tax Commissioner Richard Steele told the AJC. “", "My personal opinion is that I’m already adequately compensated by my salary. ", "It’s the work of the office that has to be done because it takes this entire office to do the job.”", "\n\n\"My personal opinion is that I'm already adequately compensated by my salary. ", "It's the work of the office that has to be done because it takes this entire office to do the job.\" —", "Gwinnett County Tax Commissioner Richard Steele, who does not take extra fees\n\n\n\nSteele’s office calculates the exact amount of resources and money it takes to collect taxes for eight Gwinnett cities and then bills individual cities for the cost. ", "The cities pay the county, not Steele.", "\n\nOn the other hand, Fulton County charges six cities 1% of their tax collections for the county’s administrative overhead, without calculating the exact cost of the service. ", "Ferdinand collects and keeps an additional $1 per parcel for four of these cities on top of the county charge. ", "Nine cities in the county choose to bill their own taxes.", "\n\nNew contract, new fee\n\nDuring much of the time that Ferdinand has grown his compensation from $70,000 to nearly $500,000 — an increase of 600 percent — the Legislature has made halting efforts to curb or abolish tax commissioner fees.", "\n\nWhen the city of Sandy Springs was established in the mid-2000s, Ferdinand approached the new city with a personal contract and fee of $26,000 to collect the city’s taxes. ", "Longtime former city attorney and and state legislator Wendell Willard was flabbergasted by Ferdinand’s ask given that the tax commissioner collected the county taxes for no fee before the city was incorporated.", "\n\n» RELATED: Georgia's elected tax commissioners get thousands in undeclared 'fees'\n\n» MAP: At least 48 Georgia tax commissioners boost salaries through fees\n\nIn 2007, Willard set out to abolish the fee system throughout Georgia but encountered stiff opposition from tax commissioners and other lawmakers who they lobbied to oppose regulation. ", "The resulting bill required contracts for city tax collection to be negotiated through the county, thereby making the arrangements more transparent. ", "But the legislation exempted all but the largest counties and preserved the ability of tax commissioners to negotiate a separate fee for themselves from the cities.", "\n\nIn 2013, Ferdinand angered some taxpayers — and lawmakers — when the AJC reported that he was aggressively selling delinquent tax liens to a private debt collector — and pocketing a $.50 fee on each transaction.", "\n\nCritics said the practice gave Ferdinand a financial incentive to sell the liens, and lawmakers vowed to stop it. ", "Some also tried once again to make the Fulton tax commissioner an appointed, rather than elected, position and limit the job’s compensation.", "\n\nThe proposal never passed. ", "And the Legislature did not succeed in abolishing fees collected on tax liens until 2017, which cut Ferdinand’s compensation by up to $31,000.", "\n\n» MORE: 'Something is out of whack': Lawmakers skeptical of tax officials' fees\n\n» FROM 2017: High pay of tax collectors in DeKalb and Fulton questioned\n\nUnbeknownst to most taxpayers, however, Ferdinand was already benefiting from a new fee from the city of Atlanta even as the controversy over the lien fees was percolating in the General Assembly.", "\n\nIn 2015, Atlanta assessed property owners a new fee to generate more revenue for its 911 emergency call center, which was operating at a deficit.", "\n\nFerdinand began collecting the 911 service fee from property owners — and pocketing $.50 from each residential and commercial parcel. ", "The assessment, $26 for single-family residential owners and $307 for others, was added to an existing garbage collection bill that Ferdinand was already collecting for the city.", "\n\nThe fee generates about $71,000 in extra income for Ferdinand and is more than twice what the tax commissioner lost when the Legislature took away his ability to earn fees from selling tax liens.", "\n\nAtlanta could hire two 911 dispatchers for what it pays Ferdinand to collect the assessment.", "\n\n\"If the people want to elect someone who's immoral, that's democracy. ... ", "This stuff about Ferdinand has been known for a decade or more. ", "And the people keep voting him in office.\" — ", "R.J. Morris, who ran against Arthur Ferdinand in 2012\n\n\n\nLora Hawk, an Atlanta resident, was unaware a portion of the 911 fee she pays contributes to the tax commissioner’s income.", "\n\nWhile she thinks the tax commissioner and his office employees should be well-paid, she doesn’t understand why Ferdinand’s “already inflated salary” has increased even more.", "\n\n“You’re essentially padding the pocket of an individual to provide basic emergency services for people,” Hawk said. “", "You have to question (the) systems and serve your moral compass.”", "\n\n‘This is an embarrassment’\n\nFollowing the AJC's reporting on the fee system in June, which revealed that dozens of other Georgia tax commissioners also collect fees, some current and former state lawmakers said the Legislature should once again attempt to curb or eliminate it.", "\n\n“I encourage my friends who followed me in the Legislature to pick up the baton and run with it and set aside this ancient practice for good,” said former Atlanta Rep. Edward Lindsey, who co-sponsored the bill to change the Fulton County tax commissioner’s elected position to an appointed one in 2013. “", "This is an embarrassment, and it’s a relic of an ancient past.”", "\n\n» FROM 2014: Fulton tax chief takes federal farm dollars, too\n\n» MORE: Top aides benefit as Kemp shuffles pay structure in governor's office\n\nFulton County District 2 Commissioner Bob Ellis told the AJC that there won’t be a fix until the state decides to say: “This is what it’s going to be and that form of compensation is disallowed.”", "\n\nFulton County voters have also been reluctant to challenge Ferdinand over the past two decades. ", "Ferdinand ran unopposed in 2004, 2008 and 2016.", "\n\nIn 2012, two Fulton County taxpayers stepped up to run against Ferdinand after feeling that the tax commissioner had wronged them by selling tax liens on their properties too quickly.", "\n\nBoth candidates pledged not to take fees and be less aggressive about selling tax liens to debt collectors. ", "Both lost.", "\n\nR. J. Morris, one of the candidates, said Ferdinand’s high collection rate earns him the support of government officials, who need the funds he collects for public projects. ", "Voters don’t understand the behind-the-scenes complexities of the tax system, Morris said.", "\n\n“If the people want to elect someone who’s immoral, that’s democracy,” said Morris, who also served two years on the Fulton County Board of Assessors. “", "This stuff about Ferdinand has been known for a decade or more. ", "And the people keep voting him in office — not just voting him in barely. ", "He wins through landslides.”", "\n\nIn the meantime, Fulton cities such as Atlanta will keep paying Ferdinand what he asks.", "\n\n“Right now, it’s allowed in law,” Atlanta City Council President Felicia Moore said. “", "As long as he has the ability to do that, and if the city wants to use his service, then we need to pay that fee. ", "If it changes, I’d be happy with that, too.”", "\n\nFerdinand, 78, has also been controversial for earning fees from the sale of tax liens, a practice that the General Assembly put a stop to in 2017. ", "JASON GETZ / AJC\n\nWhat Fulton County Tax Commissioner Arthur Ferdinand Earns\n\n$161,312: Fulton County base salary\n\n$153,973: City of Atlanta property taxes\n\n$71,107: City of Atlanta 911 fees\n\n$42,190: City of South Fulton property taxes\n\n$31,249: City of Sandy Springs property taxes\n\n$27,166: City of Johns Creek property taxes\n\n$4,196: Fulton County supplements\n\n$491,193: Total compensation\n\nSource: Fulton County, city figures\n\n*City of Atlanta amount includes approximately $70,000 from 911 call center fees. ", "Pending contracts in Chattahoochee Hills and Mountain Park will pay Ferdinand an estimated $3,500 per year more.", "\n\nOur reporting\n\nAJC reporting on fees paid to Fulton County Tax Commissioner Arthur Ferdinand prompted 2017 legislation that blocked him from collecting commissions from the sale of tax liens to private debt collectors. ", "An AJC/Georgia News Lab investigation in June identified 48 tax commissioners, including Ferdinand, who personally earn fees for collecting city taxes, a legal practice in Georgia. ", "Today’s story breaks down Ferdinand’s total compensation for 2018, which is about $100,000 more than the AJC reported in 2017 and the highest of any elected official in Georgia.", "\n\nHow we got the story\n\nReporting for this story grew out of a five-month investigation by the Georgia News Lab, a collaborative investigative reporting initiative at the Center for Sustainable Journalism at Kennesaw State University and supported by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and Channel 2 Action News. ", "The News Lab investigation examined how Georgia's 159 counties collect taxes, and identified at least 48 county tax commissioners who earn a personal fee for collecting a city's taxes. ", "The investigation was the first comprehensive examination of the fee system statewide, and built on previous AJC/Channel 2 reporting on the fee income earned by Fulton County Tax Commissioner Arthur Ferdinand and DeKalb County Tax Commissioner Irvin Johnson. ", "In reporting on fees statewide, News Lab journalists learned that Ferdinand was earning more in fees than had been previously reported, including a commission from the city of Atlanta for collecting a 911 emergency services assessment. ", "Reporters obtained records of payments to Ferdinand from Fulton County, the county's 15 cities, along with contracts between the tax commissioner and cities with which he has agreements. ", "Ferdinand canceled one interview and did not respond to requests to comment for this story. ", "Reporters Erin Schilling, Ashley Soriano and Anila Yoganathan are AJC summer interns and, along with classmate Kaley Lefevre and other classmates, reported the original News Lab investigation." ]

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[ "\nAsk HN: Resources for learning ASP.NET? - ", "Catalyst4NaN\nHey Guys,<p>For any of you who at one point or another had to pick up ASP.NET what resources did you use?", "\n======\nTheWiseOne\nThe ASP.NET website ([http://www.asp.net/](http://www.asp.net/)) itself has a\nbunch of useful guides. ", "Beyond that, Microsoft Virtual Academy has a few\ntraining videos/courses that might be useful.", "\n\n[https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/en-us/training-\ncours...](https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/en-us/training-\ncourses/introduction-to-asp-net-mvc-8322)\n\n[http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/training-\ncourses/crea...](http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/training-\ncourses/create-web-apps-with-asp-net)\n\n[https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/en-us/training-\ncours...](https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/en-us/training-courses/web-\napi-design-jump-start-8689)\n\n~~~\nCatalyst4NaN\nThanks, It's funny coming from having to learn Node.js in my old job really\nquickly there was so many tutorials that were easy to get started with.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * pSeries_reconfig.c - support for dynamic reconfiguration (including PCI\n * Hotplug and Dynamic Logical Partitioning on RPA platforms).", "\n *\n * Copyright (C) 2005 Nathan Lynch\n * Copyright (C) 2005 IBM Corporation\n *\n *\n *\tThis program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n *\tmodify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version\n *\t2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.", "\n */\n\n#include <linux/kernel.h>\n#include <linux/kref.h>\n#include <linux/notifier.h>\n#include <linux/proc_fs.h>\n#include <linux/slab.h>\n\n#include <asm/prom.h>\n#include <asm/machdep.h>\n#include <asm/uaccess.h>\n#include <asm/pSeries_reconfig.h>\n#include <asm/mmu.h>\n\n\n\n/*\n * Routines for \"runtime\" addition and removal of device tree nodes.", "\n */\n#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_DEVICETREE\n/*\n * Add a node to /proc/device-tree.", "\n */\nstatic void add_node_proc_entries(struct device_node *np)\n{\n\tstruct proc_dir_entry *ent;\n\n\tent = proc_mkdir(strrchr(np->full_name, '/') + 1, np->parent->pde);\n\tif (ent)\n\t\tproc_device_tree_add_node(np, ent);\n}\n\nstatic void remove_node_proc_entries(struct device_node *np)\n{\n\tstruct property *pp = np->properties;\n\tstruct device_node *parent = np->parent;\n\n\twhile (pp) {\n\t\tremove_proc_entry(pp->name, np->pde);\n\t\tpp = pp->next;\n\t}\n\tif (np->pde)\n\t\tremove_proc_entry(np->pde->name, parent->pde);\n}\n#else /* !", "CONFIG_PROC_DEVICETREE */\nstatic void add_node_proc_entries(struct device_node *np)\n{\n\treturn;\n}\n\nstatic void remove_node_proc_entries(struct device_node *np)\n{\n\treturn;\n}\n#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_DEVICETREE */\n\n/**\n *\tderive_parent - basically like dirname(1)\n *\t@path: the full_name of a node to be added to the tree\n *\n *\tReturns the node which should be the parent of the node\n *\tdescribed by path. ", " E.g., for path = \"/foo/bar\", returns\n *\tthe node with full_name = \"/foo\".", "\n */\nstatic struct device_node *derive_parent(const char *path)\n{\n\tstruct device_node *parent = NULL;\n\tchar *parent_path = \"/\";\n\tsize_t parent_path_len = strrchr(path, '/') - path + 1;\n\n\t/* reject if path is \"/\" */\n\tif (!", "strcmp(path, \"/\"))\n\t\treturn ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);\n\n\tif (strrchr(path, '/') !", "= path) {\n\t\tparent_path = kmalloc(parent_path_len, GFP_KERNEL);\n\t\tif (!", "parent_path)\n\t\t\treturn ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);\n\t\tstrlcpy(parent_path, path, parent_path_len);\n\t}\n\tparent = of_find_node_by_path(parent_path);\n\tif (!", "parent)\n\t\treturn ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);\n\tif (strcmp(parent_path, \"/\"))\n\t\tkfree(parent_path);\n\treturn parent;\n}\n\nstatic BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(pSeries_reconfig_chain);\n\nint pSeries_reconfig_notifier_register(struct notifier_block *nb)\n{\n\treturn blocking_notifier_chain_register(&pSeries_reconfig_chain, nb);\n}\n\nvoid pSeries_reconfig_notifier_unregister(struct notifier_block *nb)\n{\n\tblocking_notifier_chain_unregister(&pSeries_reconfig_chain, nb);\n}\n\nint pSeries_reconfig_notify(unsigned long action, void *p)\n{\n\tint err = blocking_notifier_call_chain(&pSeries_reconfig_chain,\n\t\t\t\t\t\taction, p);\n\n\treturn notifier_to_errno(err);\n}\n\nstatic int pSeries_reconfig_add_node(const char *path, struct property *proplist)\n{\n\tstruct device_node *np;\n\tint err = -ENOMEM;\n\n\tnp = kzalloc(sizeof(*np), GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!", "np)\n\t\tgoto out_err;\n\n\tnp->full_name = kstrdup(path, GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!", "np->full_name)\n\t\tgoto out_err;\n\n\tnp->properties = proplist;\n\tof_node_set_flag(np, OF_DYNAMIC);\n\tkref_init(&np->kref);\n\n\tnp->parent = derive_parent(path);\n\tif (IS_ERR(np->parent)) {\n\t\terr = PTR_ERR(np->parent);\n\t\tgoto out_err;\n\t}\n\n\terr = pSeries_reconfig_notify(PSERIES_RECONFIG_ADD, np);\n\tif (err) {\n\t\tprintk(KERN_ERR \"Failed to add device node %s\\n\", path);\n\t\tgoto out_err;\n\t}\n\n\tof_attach_node(np);\n\n\tadd_node_proc_entries(np);\n\n\tof_node_put(np->parent);\n\n\treturn 0;\n\nout_err:\n\tif (np) {\n\t\tof_node_put(np->parent);\n\t\tkfree(np->full_name);\n\t\tkfree(np);\n\t}\n\treturn err;\n}\n\nstatic int pSeries_reconfig_remove_node(struct device_node *np)\n{\n\tstruct device_node *parent, *child;\n\n\tparent = of_get_parent(np);\n\tif (!", "parent)\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\tif ((child = of_get_next_child(np, NULL))) {\n\t\tof_node_put(child);\n\t\tof_node_put(parent);\n\t\treturn -EBUSY;\n\t}\n\n\tremove_node_proc_entries(np);\n\n\tpSeries_reconfig_notify(PSERIES_RECONFIG_REMOVE, np);\n\tof_detach_node(np);\n\n\tof_node_put(parent);\n\tof_node_put(np); /* Must decrement the refcount */\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n * /proc/powerpc/ofdt - yucky binary interface for adding and removing\n * OF device nodes. ", " Should be deprecated as soon as we get an\n * in-kernel wrapper for the RTAS ibm,configure-connector call.", "\n */\n\nstatic void release_prop_list(const struct property *prop)\n{\n\tstruct property *next;\n\tfor (; prop; prop = next) {\n\t\tnext = prop->next;\n\t\tkfree(prop->name);\n\t\tkfree(prop->value);\n\t\tkfree(prop);\n\t}\n\n}\n\n/**\n * parse_next_property - process the next property from raw input buffer\n * @buf: input buffer, must be nul-terminated\n * @end: end of the input buffer + 1, for validation\n * @name: return value; set to property name in buf\n * @length: return value; set to length of value\n * @value: return value; set to the property value in buf\n *\n * Note that the caller must make copies of the name and value returned,\n * this function does no allocation or copying of the data. ", " Return value\n * is set to the next name in buf, or NULL on error.", "\n */\nstatic char * parse_next_property(char *buf, char *end, char **name, int *length,\n\t\t\t\t unsigned char **value)\n{\n\tchar *tmp;\n\n\t*name = buf;\n\n\ttmp = strchr(buf, ' ');\n\tif (!", "tmp) {\n\t\tprintk(KERN_ERR \"property parse failed in %s at line %d\\n\",\n\t\t __func__, __LINE__);\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t}\n\t*tmp = '\\0';\n\n\tif (++tmp >= end) {\n\t\tprintk(KERN_ERR \"property parse failed in %s at line %d\\n\",\n\t\t __func__, __LINE__);\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t}\n\n\t/* now we're on the length */\n\t*length = -1;\n\t*length = simple_strtoul(tmp, &tmp, 10);\n\tif (*length == -1) {\n\t\tprintk(KERN_ERR \"property parse failed in %s at line %d\\n\",\n\t\t __func__, __LINE__);\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t}\n\tif (*tmp !", "= ' ' || ++tmp >= end) {\n\t\tprintk(KERN_ERR \"property parse failed in %s at line %d\\n\",\n\t\t __func__, __LINE__);\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t}\n\n\t/* now we're on the value */\n\t*value = tmp;\n\ttmp += *length;\n\tif (tmp > end) {\n\t\tprintk(KERN_ERR \"property parse failed in %s at line %d\\n\",\n\t\t __func__, __LINE__);\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t}\n\telse if (tmp < end && *tmp !", "= ' ' && *tmp !", "= '\\0') {\n\t\tprintk(KERN_ERR \"property parse failed in %s at line %d\\n\",\n\t\t __func__, __LINE__);\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t}\n\ttmp++;\n\n\t/* and now we should be on the next name, or the end */\n\treturn tmp;\n}\n\nstatic struct property *new_property(const char *name, const int length,\n\t\t\t\t const unsigned char *value, struct property *last)\n{\n\tstruct property *new = kzalloc(sizeof(*new), GFP_KERNEL);\n\n\tif (!", "new)\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\n\tif (!(", "new->name = kmalloc(strlen(name) + 1, GFP_KERNEL)))\n\t\tgoto cleanup;\n\tif (!(", "new->value = kmalloc(length + 1, GFP_KERNEL)))\n\t\tgoto cleanup;\n\n\tstrcpy(new->name, name);\n\tmemcpy(new->value, value, length);\n\t*(((char *)new->value) + length) = 0;\n\tnew->length = length;\n\tnew->next = last;\n\treturn new;\n\ncleanup:\n\tkfree(new->name);\n\tkfree(new->value);\n\tkfree(new);\n\treturn NULL;\n}\n\nstatic int do_add_node(char *buf, size_t bufsize)\n{\n\tchar *path, *end, *name;\n\tstruct device_node *np;\n\tstruct property *prop = NULL;\n\tunsigned char* value;\n\tint length, rv = 0;\n\n\tend = buf + bufsize;\n\tpath = buf;\n\tbuf = strchr(buf, ' ');\n\tif (!", "buf)\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\t*buf = '\\0';\n\tbuf++;\n\n\tif ((np = of_find_node_by_path(path))) {\n\t\tof_node_put(np);\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\t}\n\n\t/* rv = build_prop_list(tmp, bufsize - (tmp - buf), &proplist); */\n\twhile (buf < end &&\n\t (buf = parse_next_property(buf, end, &name, &length, &value))) {\n\t\tstruct property *last = prop;\n\n\t\tprop = new_property(name, length, value, last);\n\t\tif (!", "prop) {\n\t\t\trv = -ENOMEM;\n\t\t\tprop = last;\n\t\t\tgoto out;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif (!", "buf) {\n\t\trv = -EINVAL;\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\trv = pSeries_reconfig_add_node(path, prop);\n\nout:\n\tif (rv)\n\t\trelease_prop_list(prop);\n\treturn rv;\n}\n\nstatic int do_remove_node(char *buf)\n{\n\tstruct device_node *node;\n\tint rv = -ENODEV;\n\n\tif ((node = of_find_node_by_path(buf)))\n\t\trv = pSeries_reconfig_remove_node(node);\n\n\tof_node_put(node);\n\treturn rv;\n}\n\nstatic char *parse_node(char *buf, size_t bufsize, struct device_node **npp)\n{\n\tchar *handle_str;\n\tphandle handle;\n\t*npp = NULL;\n\n\thandle_str = buf;\n\n\tbuf = strchr(buf, ' ');\n\tif (!", "buf)\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t*buf = '\\0';\n\tbuf++;\n\n\thandle = simple_strtoul(handle_str, NULL, 0);\n\n\t*npp = of_find_node_by_phandle(handle);\n\treturn buf;\n}\n\nstatic int do_add_property(char *buf, size_t bufsize)\n{\n\tstruct property *prop = NULL;\n\tstruct device_node *np;\n\tunsigned char *value;\n\tchar *name, *end;\n\tint length;\n\tend = buf + bufsize;\n\tbuf = parse_node(buf, bufsize, &np);\n\n\tif (!", "np)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\tif (parse_next_property(buf, end, &name, &length, &value) == NULL)\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\tprop = new_property(name, length, value, NULL);\n\tif (!", "prop)\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\n\tprom_add_property(np, prop);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int do_remove_property(char *buf, size_t bufsize)\n{\n\tstruct device_node *np;\n\tchar *tmp;\n\tstruct property *prop;\n\tbuf = parse_node(buf, bufsize, &np);\n\n\tif (!", "np)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\ttmp = strchr(buf,' ');\n\tif (tmp)\n\t\t*tmp = '\\0';\n\n\tif (strlen(buf) == 0)\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\tprop = of_find_property(np, buf, NULL);\n\n\treturn prom_remove_property(np, prop);\n}\n\nstatic int do_update_property(char *buf, size_t bufsize)\n{\n\tstruct device_node *np;\n\tunsigned char *value;\n\tchar *name, *end, *next_prop;\n\tint rc, length;\n\tstruct property *newprop, *oldprop;\n\tbuf = parse_node(buf, bufsize, &np);\n\tend = buf + bufsize;\n\n\tif (!", "np)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\tnext_prop = parse_next_property(buf, end, &name, &length, &value);\n\tif (!", "next_prop)\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\tnewprop = new_property(name, length, value, NULL);\n\tif (!", "newprop)\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\n\tif (!", "strcmp(name, \"slb-size\") || !", "strcmp(name, \"ibm,slb-size\"))\n\t\tslb_set_size(*(int *)value);\n\n\toldprop = of_find_property(np, name,NULL);\n\tif (!", "oldprop) {\n\t\tif (strlen(name))\n\t\t\treturn prom_add_property(np, newprop);\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t}\n\n\trc = prom_update_property(np, newprop, oldprop);\n\tif (rc)\n\t\treturn rc;\n\n\t/* For memory under the ibm,dynamic-reconfiguration-memory node\n\t * of the device tree, adding and removing memory is just an update\n\t * to the ibm,dynamic-memory property instead of adding/removing a\n\t * memory node in the device tree. ", " For these cases we still need to\n\t * involve the notifier chain.", "\n\t */\n\tif (!", "strcmp(name, \"ibm,dynamic-memory\")) {\n\t\tint action;\n\n\t\tnext_prop = parse_next_property(next_prop, end, &name,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t&length, &value);\n\t\tif (!", "next_prop)\n\t\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\t\tif (!", "strcmp(name, \"add\"))\n\t\t\taction = PSERIES_DRCONF_MEM_ADD;\n\t\telse\n\t\t\taction = PSERIES_DRCONF_MEM_REMOVE;\n\n\t\trc = pSeries_reconfig_notify(action, value);\n\t\tif (rc) {\n\t\t\tprom_update_property(np, oldprop, newprop);\n\t\t\treturn rc;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * ofdt_write - perform operations on the Open Firmware device tree\n *\n * @file: not used\n * @buf: command and arguments\n * @count: size of the command buffer\n * @off: not used\n *\n * Operations supported at this time are addition and removal of\n * whole nodes along with their properties. ", " Operations on individual\n * properties are not implemented (yet).", "\n */\nstatic ssize_t ofdt_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count,\n\t\t\t loff_t *off)\n{\n\tint rv = 0;\n\tchar *kbuf;\n\tchar *tmp;\n\n\tif (!(", "kbuf = kmalloc(count + 1, GFP_KERNEL))) {\n\t\trv = -ENOMEM;\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\tif (copy_from_user(kbuf, buf, count)) {\n\t\trv = -EFAULT;\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\tkbuf[count] = '\\0';\n\n\ttmp = strchr(kbuf, ' ');\n\tif (!", "tmp) {\n\t\trv = -EINVAL;\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\t*tmp = '\\0';\n\ttmp++;\n\n\tif (!", "strcmp(kbuf, \"add_node\"))\n\t\trv = do_add_node(tmp, count - (tmp - kbuf));\n\telse if (!", "strcmp(kbuf, \"remove_node\"))\n\t\trv = do_remove_node(tmp);\n\telse if (!", "strcmp(kbuf, \"add_property\"))\n\t\trv = do_add_property(tmp, count - (tmp - kbuf));\n\telse if (!", "strcmp(kbuf, \"remove_property\"))\n\t\trv = do_remove_property(tmp, count - (tmp - kbuf));\n\telse if (!", "strcmp(kbuf, \"update_property\"))\n\t\trv = do_update_property(tmp, count - (tmp - kbuf));\n\telse\n\t\trv = -EINVAL;\nout:\n\tkfree(kbuf);\n\treturn rv ? ", "rv : count;\n}\n\nstatic const struct file_operations ofdt_fops = {\n\t.write = ofdt_write,\n\t.llseek = noop_llseek,\n};\n\n/* create /proc/powerpc/ofdt write-only by root */\nstatic int proc_ppc64_create_ofdt(void)\n{\n\tstruct proc_dir_entry *ent;\n\n\tif (!", "machine_is(pseries))\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\tent = proc_create(\"powerpc/ofdt\", S_IWUSR, NULL, &ofdt_fops);\n\tif (ent)\n\t\tent->size = 0;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n__initcall(proc_ppc64_create_ofdt);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use parallel and sequential function call that depend on each other in AngularJs?", "\n\nservice\n(function () {\n 'use strict';\n\n angular\n .module('app.user')\n .factory('myService', Service);\n\n Service.$inject = ['$http', 'API_ENDPOINT', '$q'];\n\n /* @ngInject */\n function Service($http, API_ENDPOINT, $q) {\n\n var getUserDetails = function (paramData) {\n return $q(function (resolve, reject) {\n $http.get(API_ENDPOINT.url + '/user/details', paramData).then(function (result) {\n if (result.data.success) {\n resolve(result.data);\n } else {\n reject(result.data.msg);\n }\n });\n });\n };\n\n var getCountryDetails = function (paramData) {\n return $q(function (resolve, reject) {\n $http.get(API_ENDPOINT.url + '/country/details', paramData).then(function (result) {\n if (result.data.success) {\n resolve(result.data);\n } else {\n reject(result.data.msg);\n }\n });\n });\n };\n\n return {\n getUserDetails: getUserDetails,\n getCountryDetails: getCountryDetails\n };\n }\n})();\n\ncontroller\n(function () {\n 'use strict';\n\nangular\n .module('app.user')\n .controller('myService');\n\n/* @ngInject */\nfunction UserCtrl(userService,countryService) {\n var vm = this;\n\n vm.onCountryChange = function (id) {\n vm.states = vm.countries.filter(function (item) {\n return item.id === id;\n })[0].states;\n };\n\n function init() {\n\n var token = window.localStorage.getItem('TOKEN');\n vm.userData = jwt_decode(token);\n\n // gets all country and its states\n myService.getCountryDetails()\n .then(function(msg){\n vm.countries = msg.data;\n },function(errMsg){\n console.log(errMsg)\n });\n\n var paramData = {\n params : {\n id : vm.userData.id\n }\n };\n\n // gets user data \n\n myService.getUserDetails(paramData)\n .then(function (msg) {\n vm.user = msg.data.map(function (obj) {\n var rObj = {\n name: obj.name,\n email: obj.email,\n country : obj.country.id,\n state : obj.state.id\n };\n return rObj;\n })[0];\n // once user data is fetched it takes user country and then pass to filter function to get all its state\n vm.onCountryChange(vm.user.country.id)\n }, function (errMsg) {\n\n });\n }\n init();\n}\n})();\n\nHere onCountryChange() seems to load earlier even before it gets the user country id, to optimise I can call two services in parallel to fetch data and once the request is completed and user object is set, onCountryChange(countryId) can be triggered to fetch all the states of the country to which user belongs. ", "\nIt is useful to make two parallel http request ?", "\nHow to make sure when all the request is completed and only then I call second function?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere you have two options(both will work):\nOption1: build a promise chain which is calling getUserDetails in myService .getCountryDetails.then, then you don't have to change the logic of getUserDetails\nOption2: use Promise.all which will turn your getCountryDetails and getUserDetails to parallel and this way you can call vm.onCountryChange(vm.user.country.id) at Promise.all(p1, p2).then instead of at myService.getUserDetails(paramData).then\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.010869565217391304, 0.0009609224855861628, 0, 0, 0.004424778761061947 ]

[ "Im Oktober vergangenen Jahres hatte ich Gelegenheit nach Armenien zu reisen. ", "Der Aufenthalt ergab sich durch den Forschungsaufenthalt einer Freundin und die Möglichkeit sie währenddessen zu besuchen. ", "Gesagt, getan! ", "Der Flug mit Zwischenstopp in Moskau nach Armenien war schnell gebucht und der Koffer gepackt. ", "Rein geografisch ist es dem Balkan sicher nicht mehr zu zuordnen, dennoch will ich meine Bilder von dem schönen, faszinierenden Land hier gern zeigen.", "\n\nDie Hauptstadt Armeniens, Jerewan (Eriwan) lässt sich mit seinen mehr als 1.000.000 Einwohner gut zu Fuß erkundschaften und wenn es doch mal zu viel wird, auch mit dem Bus. ", "Besonders gern habe ich die Kaskaden mit dem Cafesjian Center of the Arts, dem Museum für zeitgenössische Kunst, besucht. ", "Hier gibt es nicht nur interessante Einblicke ins aktuelle, internationale Kunstgeschehen, schließlich war es als das Guggenheim des Kaukasus geplant, sondern man hat auch einen schönen Blick auf die Stadt und kann die warme Herbstsonne genießen.", "\n\nKaskade von Yerevan mit 100 Meter hoher Marmortreppe Eine der fünf Plattformen mit Hallen für Ausstellungen Kaskaden von Yerevan, 200 Exponate der modernen Kunst sind hier ständig zu Hause Blick von der Treppenanlage auf Yerevan Löwenskulptur von Ji Yong-Ho, gefertigt aus alten Autoreifen Blick von den Kaskaden auf das Opernhaus\n\nEin weiteres Highlight war für mich die Markthalle „Pak Schuka“. ", "Die in den 1950er Jahren erbaute, historische Markthalle wurde von dem Architekten Grigor Aghababyan und dem Ingenieur Hamazasp Arakelyan errichtet. ", "Der Markt gilt als einer der besten architektonischen Konstruktionen in Armenien und ist für seine besondere Bogenform und der kunstvollen Verzierung des Eingangsbereichs bekannt. ", "2012 wurde die Halle im Rahmen von Baumaßnahmen demoliert, die mehr als 25 Händler mussten ausziehen und seitdem nimmt ein Supermarkt den größten Teil der Fläche ein. ", "Einige wenige Verkäufer bieten am Rand ihre Waren an. ", "Die Händler der Markthalle halten Genüsse für alle Sinne bereit. ", "Angeboten wird Obst, Gemüse, Kräuter und Gewürze. ", "Vor allem getrocknete Früchte haben hier Tradition und überraschen mit einem sehr intensiven Geschmack. ", "Wer einen Blick auf das Treiben in der Halle vor 2012 und die tolle Produktvielfalt erhalten will, sollte sich die Bilder von Anja Birkner nicht entgehen lassen.", "\n\nFür eine Woche war ich Jerewan, einer der ältesten Städte der Welt unterwegs und unternahm von da aus Ausflüge ins Umland. ", "So war ich im nahe gelegenen Garni mit seiner berühmten Tempelanlage und im Weltkulturerbe Kloster Geghart. ", "Der größte See Armeniens sowie des Kaukasus, der Sewansee, stand ebenso auf dem Plan und empfing mich mit wunderbar sonnigem Wetter. ", "Das stell ich in einem zweiten Teil meiner Armenienreise vor.", "\n\nSt.-Grigor-Lusaworitsch-Kathedrale, dem Nationalheiligen, Gregor dem Erleuchter, geweihte Kathedrale Platz der Republik – Hanrapetutyan Hraparak Bummel durch die Altstadt Reich verziertes Eingangsportal der Markthalle „Pak Schuka“ Markthalle „Pak Schuka“ Blaue Moschee – die einzige erhaltene Moschee in Armenien Straße in Yerevan Universität an der Marshall Baghramyan Avenue" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSpeeding up export of a matrix to a dat file\n\nI'm trying to export a 1000*100 matrix of numbers to a .dat file using Export (I want the numbers to be separated by a tab) and it's very slow, it takes several minutes, whereas when I export to an Excel file it takes a few seconds. ", "\nIs there a way to speed this up ?", "\nAlso how can I control the number of decimals I want to export ?", "\nEdit\nI found the issue, this happens when I export my dat file on a network drive (at work), the export to an Excel file and a dat file must be implemented in different ways that produce different behaviours. ", "Thank you though for the different interesting answers.", "\n\nA:\n\nI suggest you watch the presentation BigData: Demystifying Large Datasets in Mathematica\nby Nick Lariviere. ", " He discusses the various possibilities quite clearly.", "\n\nA:\n\nTo answer your second question, to control the number of decimals of the exported data you could change the accuracy of your data using SetAccuracy. ", "For example if you only want to export the first two decimals of each entry you could do something like\ndata = RandomReal[20, {1000, 100}];\nExport[\"test.dat\", SetAccuracy[data, 3]]\n\nA:\n\nI cannot reproduce your behavior here. ", "For a $1000\\times 1000$ it requires only some seconds here\ndata = Table[N[i/j], {j, 1000}, {i, 1000}];\nAbsoluteTiming[\n Export[\"tmp/matrix.dat\", data, \"Table\", \"FieldSeparator\" -> {\"\\t\"}]]\n\n(*\n {13.442387, \"tmp/matrix.dat\"}\n*)\n\nIf your separator for numbers is always a tab, then clearly the way @Szabolcs pointed out in his comment should be the preferred one. ", "\nExport[\"tmp/matrix.dat\", data, \"TSV\"]\n\nMy sample shows, that you can basically use every desired line/field separator you like.", "\nHeike gave the answer to your second question. ", "I would like to point out, that you might lose information because real numbers are usually stored with $MachinePrecision. ", "When you use now SetAccuracy or SetPrecision you cut them off. ", "There is usually only one situation where you want this: When you look at the numbers. ", "I suspect you are looking at a $1000\\times 100$ matrix, so why do you want to cut your numbers? ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Facebook is adjusting the algorithm that runs the News Feed to promote posts from friends and family members over posts from publishers, the company said today. ", "This marks the second time in recent years that Facebook has committed publicly to tilting the feed to posts from people you know in real life. ", "In April of last year, Facebook announced it was rebalancing the feed in ways likely to reduce the reach of publishers like The Verge. ", "And indeed, many publishers did see a decline in the reach of the articles they posted to Facebook over the past year. ", "At the same time, Facebook began heavily promoting publishers' video content, opening up new avenues for them to grow.", "\n\nThe move matters because Facebook has become a dominant force in the distribution of news globally, with many publishers (The Verge included) relying on it for a significant amount of the traffic they receive. ", "Publishers that find they are unable to reach their audiences on Facebook risk seeing a collapse in their advertising-based business models. ", "And Facebook's decisions dictate not just which content is viewed but what kinds of content are created. ", "When the company declared last year that the News Feed would gradually transform into a feed of videos, publishers (The Verge included) scrambled to hire directors and producers to fill the channel.", "\n\nFacebook dictates not just which content is viewed but which content is created\n\nThe technical change this time around is that Facebook will favor links shared by your friends and family over links that publishers place directly into the News Feed through their pages. ", "The Verge will share this post on its Facebook page, but that will matter less than if large numbers of people paste this link into a new post on Facebook to share it with their friends directly. (", "Did you know there is a new Chrome extension from Facebook that will do that for you?) ", "On its face, the move seems likely to favor buzzy, water-cooler chatter over, say, the often mundane proceedings of your state and local governments, or the policy discussions that will shape the future of the internet.", "\n\nIn a blog post, a News Feed executive said today's changes reflect the company's ambition to curate a perfect collection of stories for each of Facebook's 1.09 billion daily active users. \"", "Our success is built on getting people the stories that matter to them most,\" said Adam Mosseri, vice president of product management at Facebook. \"", "If you could look through thousands of stories every day and choose the 10 that were most important to you, which would they be? ", "The answer should be your News Feed. ", "It is subjective, personal, and unique — and defines the spirit of what we hope to achieve.\"", "\n\nThe News Feed, which was introduced a decade ago, has become synonymous with Facebook and is by far the company's most lucrative product, thanks to the targeted advertising that appears there. ", "It has two priorities, Mosseri says: to inform and to entertain. ", "He laid out five values for the feed: friends and family come first; it's a platform for all ideas; it shouldn't contain fake, spammy, or sensationalist stories; you control what appears in your feed; and it will evolve over time.", "\n\n\"We are not in the business of picking which issues the world should read about.\"", "\n\nThe discussion of values is notable given the controversy last month over which stories were and were not included in Facebook's Trending Topics module. \"", "We are not in the business of picking which issues the world should read about,\" Mosseri said. \"", "We are in the business of connecting people and ideas — and matching people with the stories they find most meaningful.\" ", "Of course, the difference between connecting people and ideas and picking which issues the world should read about can be vanishingly small. ", "How do you connect a person with an idea without first picking the idea?", "\n\nFacebook would rather rely on signals such as \"how many comments is this story getting\" and \"how quickly are people sharing it\" than on editorial guidelines that attempt to sort stories by their significance. ", "In part, this is because developing a sense of news judgment for every city on the planet is a daunting task. ", "Facebook's ultimate measure of success is not whether people have an accurate picture of the world around them — it's whether people spend more time in the News Feed.", "\n\nThe question — if you're a dedicated consumer of news, or someone who publishes it — is whether the News Feed's priorities are diverging from your own. ", "Last month I had a long conversation with Will Cathcart, another Facebook vice president, about the company's relationship with the news. ", "My takeaway is that while Facebook is committed to users feeling informed, it's not interested in whether they're actually informed. ", "The company asks people who get their news from Facebook whether they feel informed by stories, for example, but it does not quiz them to see what knowledge they have retained. (", "Admittedly this gets into certain questions of epistemology that neither tech companies nor mainstream news outlets have ever been very successful at resolving!)", "\n\nMosseri concludes his post by saying the News Feed is only \"1 percent finished.\" ", "This is boilerplate in Silicon Valley, where it is always early days for everything, but in this case I hope he's right. ", "The perfect News Feed ought to do more than give you a fuzzy sense of satisfaction that you are more \"informed.\" ", "It should actually, measurably make you smarter about the world around you. ", "And on that subject, here in the 1 percent days, Facebook remains stubbornly indifferent.", "\n\nHow Facebook decides what’s trending" ]

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[ "The Estate (TV series)\n\nThe Estate is a BBC Northern Ireland documentary series similar to The Scheme, this time following the lives of several families in the Ballysally housing estate in Coleraine. ", "The series was broadcast every Monday at 10:35pm from 23 January 2012 to 12 March 2012 on BBC One Northern Ireland and was broadcast to the rest of the UK every Tuesday at 11:35pm, 27 March - 15 May 2012 on BBC One and BBC One HD (2nd episode broadcast on a Monday, 3rd, 4th & 5th episodes at 11:40pm & 6th episode at 11:50pm).", "\n\nEpisodes \nThe episodes were transmitted at the following times:\n\nThe episode shown on BBC One on 17 April 2012 was the final ever programme to be broadcast on the old analogue television system across London.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:2010s British documentary television series\nCategory:2012 British television series debuts\nCategory:2012 British television series endings\nCategory:2012 in Northern Ireland\nCategory:2012 in Scotland\nCategory:BBC Northern Ireland television programmes\nCategory:BBC television documentaries\nCategory:Coleraine\nCategory:Housing estates in Northern Ireland\nCategory:2010s television series from Northern Ireland" ]

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[ "\n184 Ga. App. ", "800 (1987)\n363 S.E.2d 2\nBUFFINGTON\nv.\nSASSER.", "\n74758.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Georgia.", "\nDecided September 22, 1987.", "\nRehearing Denied November 6, 1987.", "\nGlenville Haldi, for appellant.", "\nThomas J. Wingfield III, Herman L. Fussell, John P. Gallagher, for appellee.", "\nBANKE, Presiding Judge.", "\nPrior to 1972, appellant Robert Buffington and appellee Robert Sasser owned and operated separate mechanical subcontracting businesses known, respectively, as Dresco Mechanical Contractors, Inc., and Sasser and Company. ", "The complicated factual scenario giving rise to this litigation had its genesis in 1972, when Buffington and Sasser entered into a joint venture which they incorporated as Dresco Corporation. ", "Buffington served as the new company's president and Sasser as its vice-president and chief operating officer. ", "Dresco Corporation took over no business already undertaken by its principals' existing companies, which continued in operation as before.", "\nDresco Corporation undertook several projects, among them a subcontract to perform certain mechanical work in connection with a construction project at Central State Hospital in Milledgeville, Georgia (hereafter referred to as the \"Milledgeville project\"). ", "However, shortly after beginning work on this project, the parties decided to terminate their joint venture; and in October of 1972 they entered into a written agreement to that effect. ", "Pursuant to this agreement, the remaining work which the joint venture had undertaken to perform was divided between Buffington and his corporation on the one hand and Sasser and his corporation on the other, with the Milledgeville project being assigned to Buffington and his company, Dresco Mechanical Contractors, Inc. Each party agreed to indemnify the other for any liability arising out of the completion of the various projects assigned to them. ", "Buffington's agreement to indemnify Sasser (which was to become the subject of the present litigation) specifically provided as follows: \"Buffington and Dresco Mechanical agree to indemnify and save harmless Sasser & Company, Inc., Sasser and Dresco Corp. from any and all liabilities and responsibility for or arising out of the subcontracts, purchase orders and projects herein assigned to Dresco Mechanical, whether such liability and responsibility exists now or arises in the future, and do further agree to indemnify and save harmless Sasser & Company, Inc., Sasser and Dresco Corp. from any and all liability and responsibility for or arising out of: (a) any performance or payment bonds issued in connection with ... construction of ... [the Milledgeville project].\"", "\nIn 1976, Buffington and Dresco Mechanical Contractors, Inc., (hereafter sometimes referred to together as \"Buffington\") were named along with Sasser, Sasser and Company, Inc., and Dresco Corporation (hereafter sometimes collectively referred to as \"Sasser\") as third-party defendants in a federal court lawsuit stemming from the Milledgeville project. ", "In that litigation, Sasser filed a cross claim against Buffington, asserting that the termination agreement required *801 Buffington to indemnify him against any liability with which he might be charged in the suit. ", "The federal court granted summary judgment to Sasser on this cross-claim, concluding that \"the assignees [i.e., Buffington] must stand ready to indemnify the movants against any loss suffered in the litigation.\" ", "Both parties were, however, subsequently dismissed without prejudice from the federal litigation.", "\nDuring the course of the federal litigation, Sasser was represented by the law firm of Stokes and Shapiro. ", "Buffington initially had other counsel; however, it appears that at some point during the proceedings the firm of Stokes and Shapiro also began representing Buffington, pursuant to the parties' express consent to such dual representation. ", "Also, it appears that Buffington settled an unrelated claim against an unrelated party during the pendency of the federal litigation, resulting in his placement of $34,781.97 in escrow with Stokes and Shapiro, \"to be applied against any judgment, settlement or agreement of settlement between [Buffington] and Sasser and Sasser & Company.\"", "\nAfter Buffington and Sasser had been dismissed from the federal litigation without an adjudication of liability, Sasser demanded that Buffington reimburse him for his legal expenses incurred in defending the federal suit. ", "When Buffington refused, Sasser filed the present suit in the Superior Court of Fulton County to recover such attorney fees from the money being held in the escrow account, naming both Buffington and Stokes and Shapiro as defendants. ", "Stokes and Shapiro responded by filing a counterclaim against Sasser as well as a cross-claim against Buffington in the nature of an interpleader, in an effort to determine its responsibilities regarding disbursement of the escrow funds.", "\nBuffington moved to transfer the case to the Superior Court of Forsyth County, contending that venue was not proper in Fulton County. ", "The trial court denied the motion, and we denied a subsequent application by Buffington for interlocutory appeal review of that ruling. ", "The trial court later ruled in favor of Sasser on the merits of the case by granting his motion for summary judgment and denying a motion of summary judgment filed by Buffington. ", "This appeal followed. ", "Held:\n1. ", "The motion to transfer the proceedings based on improper venue was correctly denied. ", "Although the only named defendant residing in Fulton County was the law firm of Stokes & Shapiro, which was sued solely as a stakeholder, the plaintiff, Sasser, was also a resident of Fulton County. ", "In Williams v. Overstreet, 230 Ga. 112 (195 SE2d 906) (1973), the Supreme Court held that an action of this sort is properly brought in the county in which the stakeholder is subject to suit, where the stakeholder's response is in the nature of an interpleader and where one of the claimants to the fund is also a resident *802 of that county, even if the other claimants reside in different counties. ", "More recently, in Kelly v. C & S Nat. ", "Bank, 160 Ga. App. ", "405 (1) (287 SE2d 343) (1981), this court held that venue in an action where there is a counterclaim, cross-claim or third-party claim for interpleader is proper in any county where at least one of the claimants to the fund resides.", "\nBuffington's reliance on Currahee Constr. ", "Co. v. Rabun County School Dist., ", "180 Ga. App. ", "471 (349 SE2d 487) (1986), for a contrary result is misplaced. ", "In Currahee, the plaintiff sued a construction company and its \"builder's risk\" insurance carrier in Rabun County, the situs of the insured property, and sought to bring in the nonresident construction company as a joint obligor under the authority of OCGA § 9-10-31 and Art. ", "VI, Sec. ", "II, Par. ", "IV of the Georgia Constitution. ", "We held that the defendants were not jointly obligated and that the construction company consequently could not be sued in Rabun County because the alleged injuries and causes of action were different, the cause of action against the insurance carrier being in contract and the cause of action against the construction company being in tort. ", "That case has no application to the present case, where venue is based not on joint liability but on the separate legal principles applicable to interpleader actions. ", "Applying the rationale of Williams, supra, and Kelly, supra, we hold that the motion to transfer was properly denied.", "\n2. ", "Buffington contends that the enforceability of any obligation to indemnify Sasser which he may have acquired as a result of the termination agreement was contingent upon the entry of a judgment against Sasser in favor of a third party and that, because no such judgment or settlement was ever obtained against Sasser in the federal action, he (Buffington) is consequently entitled to summary judgment in the present action. ", "This claim is without merit. ", "OCGA § 51-12-32 (c) provides that, \"[w]ithout the necessity of being charged by an action or judgment, the right of indemnity, express or implied, from another or others shall continue unabated and shall not be lost or prejudiced by compromise and settlement of a claim....\" Accord Independent Mfg. ", "Co. v. Automotive Prods., ", "141 Ga. App. ", "518 (1) (233 SE2d 874) (1977) (permitting a cause of action for indemnity to be maintained prior to judgment); Robert & Co. Assoc. ", "v. Pinkerton & Laws Co., 120 Ga. App. ", "29, 33 (169 SE2d 360) (1969) (holding that a judgment fixing liability is not an absolute condition precedent to the enforcement of a contract of indemnity). ", "Based on these authorities, we hold that the trial court was correct in ruling that it was not necessary that a prior judgment have been entered against Sasser as a condition precedent to his right to enforce Buffington's indemnity obligations under the termination agreement. ", "It follows that Buffington's *803 motion for summary judgment on this basis was properly denied.", "\n3. ", "Buffington asserts, on three separate grounds, that the trial court erred in granting Sasser's motion for summary judgment. ", "Initially, he submits that there exists a factual dispute as to whether the termination agreement ever became enforceable, due to Sasser's non-performance of an alleged obligation under that agreement to effect the transfer of the Milledgeville project subcontract from Dresco Corporation to Buffington and Dresco Mechanical Contractors, Inc. This interpretation of the agreement is, however, contradicted by its clear and unambiguous language, which obligated Buffington, rather than Sasser, to use his best efforts to effect such an assignment of the Milledgeville project subcontract. ", "We find no evidence of any nonperformance on Sasser's part which would excuse Buffington from the performance of his contractual obligations under the termination agreement.", "\nBuffington secondly asserts the defenses of payment, release, novation, and accord and satisfaction, based on certain language appearing in a settlement agreement executed by the parties to the federal litigation, specifying that any right of recovery Sasser and Buffington might have against each other was to be contingent upon a recovery by the plaintiff in that action. ", "However, that settlement agreement, which has been made a part of the record in the present action, also contains a reservation of rights clause specifying that any existing right of recovery Sasser might have against Buffington was not to be diminished as a result of the agreement.", "\n\"There is no better settled rule as to the construction of contracts than that where the construction of any part is involved in doubt, an understanding of its meaning is to be sought in the light afforded by the meaning of all the other parts of the instrument. ", "Even if one part of the contract is somewhat repugnant to the remaining portions, the true meaning of the contract as a whole is to be ascertained and enforced.\" ", "Federal Rubber Co. v. King, 12 Ga. App. ", "261, 263 (76 SE 1083) (1912). ", "See also OCGA § 13-2-2 (4). ", "Construing the two contractual provisions in question as being harmonious rather than repugnant, it is clear that the provision making Sasser's future right of recovery against Buffington contingent upon a recovery by the plaintiff in the federal litigation applied only to such future claims as Sasser might have against Buffington as the result of the outcome of that action, whereas the reservation of rights provision applied to any existing right of recovery Sasser already had against Buffington at the time the agreement was signed. ", "The claim asserted by Sasser in the present litigation for indemnification of the costs incurred in defending the federal lawsuit obviously was already existing and liquidated at the time the settlement agreement in the federal *804 action was executed, and it was in no way dependent on the validity or future enforceability of any claim asserted by the plaintiff in that action. ", "It follows that the claim asserted by Sasser in the present case was not extinguished or diminished by the settlement agreement.", "\nFinally, Buffington contends that the indemnity clause contained in the termination agreement contravenes public policy and is unenforceable. ", "In this regard, he relies on OCGA § 13-8-2 (b), which specifies that a provision in a construction contract purporting to indemnify the promisee against damages resulting solely from his own negligence is against public policy. ", "However, the indemnity clause at issue here purports merely to \"indemnify and save harmless [Sasser] from any and all liabilities and responsibility arising out of the sub-contracts....\" It does not expressly apply to damage caused by Sasser's own negligence, nor is such indemnification sought in the present action.", "\nWe must seek to construe the contract so as to uphold it in its totality. ", "See OCGA § 13-2-2 (4). \"", "It is not to be presumed that people intend to violate the law, and the language of their undertakings must, if possible, be so construed as to make the obligation one which the law would recognize as valid.\" ", "Equitable Loan &c. Co. v. Waring, 117 Ga. 599 (16) (44 SE 320) (1903). ", "Accord Hartline-Thomas, Inc. v. Pew Constr. ", "Co., 151 Ga. App. ", "598 (260 SE2d 744) (1979). ", "We thus hold that the trial court acted properly in rejecting Buffington's public policy attack on the enforceability of the indemnification provision. ", "Having rejected each of the three grounds asserted by Buffington for the reversal of the summary judgment, we accordingly affirm the judgment of the trial court in its entirety.", "\nJudgment affirmed. ", "Carley, J., concurs. ", "Benham, J., concurs in judgment only as to Division 3 and fully concurs as to Divisions 1 and 2.", "\n" ]

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[ "Cleveland Heights, Ohio\n\nCleveland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, and an inner-ring suburb of Cleveland. ", " The city's population was 46,238 at the 2010 census. ", "As of the 2010 census, Cleveland Heights was ranked the 8th largest city by population in the Greater Cleveland metropolitan area and ranked 20th in Ohio. ", "It was founded as a village in 1903 and a city in 1921.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe area that is now Cleveland Heights was settled later than most of Cuyahoga County. ", " The first road through what is today the city, Mayfield Road, was not built until 1828. ", " Some of the land was divided into farms, but It also had quarries in the 19th century. ", " One of the early quarries was established by Duncan McFarland who mined bluestone. ", " This led to the settlement that grew up around the quarry for the workers to live in to be referred to as Bluestone. ", " There is still a road of this name in that area.", "\n\nIn 1873 John D. Rockefeller acquired about 700 acres in what is now the cities of East Cleveland and Cleveland, with the mansion itself in East Cleveland. ", " Eventually some of the land, straddling both suburbs, was turned into residential developments and, in 1938, the family donated land which is now Forest Hill Park. ", " There had been quarries within what is today Forest Hill Park previous to Rockefeller donating it to the city.", "\n\nRockefeller was not the only affluent Clevelander to come to what is now Cleveland Heights. ", " The Euclid Heights development was created by Patrick Calhoun starting in 1892. ", " It was centered around the Euclid Golf Course and began at the Cleveland city line, covering the area between Mayfield and Cedar roads as far east as Coventry Road. ", " There was a streetcar line from this location running to the center of Cleveland's business district.", "\n\nIn 1898 Marcus M. Brown began the development of Mayfield Heights along the south side of Mayfield Road and east of the current Coventry Road - taking advantage of the Mayfield Road streetcar. ", " Brown had purchased this land from Emil Preyer and his sister Mary Preyer Hellwig. ", " Emil was operator of a cedar mill.", "\n\nBy the end of 1899 the streetcar reached out along Mayfield Road to the old village of Fairmount. ", " In 1903 the village of Cleveland Heights was incorporated. ", " In 1910 Cleveland Heights had a population about 5,000 people. ", " It had a population of 15,396 in 1920 and was incorporated as a city on August 9, 1921. ", " By 1960 it had a population of 61,813.", "\n\nGeography\n\nCleveland Heights is located at (41.509652, -81.563301).", "\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. ", " Cleveland Heights is mostly within the Dugway Brook Watershed.", "\n\nEnvironment\n\nIn 1987, the city of Cleveland Heights was declared a nuclear-free zone.", "\n\nDemographics\n\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 46,238 people, 19,957 households, and 10,834 families residing in the city. ", "The population density was . ", "There were 22,465 housing units at an average density of . ", "The racial makeup of the city was 49.8% White, 42.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.1% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. ", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.", "\n\nThere were 19,957 households of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.7% were non-families. ", "36.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. ", "The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.05.", "\n\nThe median age in the city was 35.8 years. ", "22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. ", "The gender makeup of the city was 46.6% male and 53.4% female.", "\n\nThe median income for a household in the city was $53,024. ", "The per capita income for the city was $31,663. ", "About 19.3% of individuals were below the poverty line.", "\n\nPolitics and government\nCleveland Heights is governed by a city charter adopted in 1921 and amended in 1972, 1982, and 1986. ", "The charter specifies a council–manager form of government, with seven members of council elected to four-year terms. ", "Three councilmen are elected one year before a presidential election, and three one year after a presidential election. ", "All are elected using plurality at-large non-partisan voting. ", "The mayor is elected by council from among its members and has additional duties including parliamentary and ceremonial responsibilities.", "\n\nCleveland Heights is reliably Democratic. ", "Six of the seven current members of Council are Democrats. ", "In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama defeated John McCain 84.2%-15.0% while winning the state, while in the 2004 presidential election, John Kerry defeated George W. Bush 80.8%-18.8% in the city but was unable to win the state. ", "In 2012, every precinct in the city was carried by Barack Obama. ", "All of Cleveland Heights is in the 11th congressional district, a seat currently held by Marcia Fudge, elected in a special election following the death of Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones. ", "In 2003, voters supported a referendum to establish a domestic partnership registry; Cleveland Heights was the first Ohio city to establish one.", "\n\nThe current city council is composed of Mayor Jason S. Stein, Vice Mayor Kahlil Seren, Mary Dunbar, Melody Joy Hart, Davida Russell, Michael Ungar, and Melissa Yasinow.", "\n\nEducation\n\nPublic education in the city of Cleveland Heights is provided by two school districts. ", "Most of the city is served by the Cleveland Heights-University Heights City School District, while a small portion located on the northwest side of the city lies within the East Cleveland City School District.", "\n\nSeveral private schools are located within the city, including Beaumont School, Lutheran High School East, Horizon Montessori, Ruffing Montessori, Hebrew Academy of Cleveland, Saint Ann School, Mosdos Ohr Hatorah, and Yeshiva of Cleveland.", "\n\nNotable people\n\n Gina Abercrombie-Winstanley, diplomat\n Albert Ayler, jazz musician\n Hector Boiardi, A.K.A. Chef Boy-Ar-Dee; started his business in the early 1930s while living in Cleveland Heights.", "\n Timothy Broglio, Archbishop for the Military Services, USA.", "\n Eric Coble, playwright\n Eric Fingerhut, former congressman; president/CEO of Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life\n Margaret Hamilton, actress\n Herman Goldner, mayor of St. Petersburg, Florida, 1961–67 and 1971–73; reared in Cleveland Heights\n Joel Grey, Tony and Oscar winning actor\n Dave Hill (comedian), Comedian, radio host, and musician\n Diana Hyland, actress\n Darrell Issa, congressman (CA-49)\n Barry Cofield, NFL player\n Bill Kennedy, actor, television personality\n Ron Klein, former congressman from Florida, attorney\n Michael Krasny, English professor and talk show host\n Steve LaTourette, former congressman; president/CEO of Republican Main Street Partnership\n Clea Lewis, actress and singer\n Dean Martin, singer, actor\n Harvey Pekar, author, graphic novelist, jazz critic\n Michael Ruhlman, author, cook, entrepreneur\n Viktor Schreckengost, industrial designer, artist\n Justine Siegal, baseball coach\n Dr. Benjamin Spock, pediatrician, anti-Vietnam War activist\n Ivan Stang, film maker, publisher, broadcaster\nRobert D. Storey, philanthropist and corporate director\n Debra Winger, actress\n Sean Young, actress\n Jason Kelce, NFL player, Philadelphia Eagles\n Travis Kelce, NFL player, Kansas City Chiefs\nJack Stratton, Vulfpeck Band Leader\n\nSee also\n\n Forest Hill, Ohio\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSurrounding communities\n\nCategory:Cleveland Heights, Ohio\nCategory:Cities in Ohio\nCategory:Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio\nCategory:Cleveland metropolitan area\nCategory:Jewish communities in the United States\nCategory:Nuclear-free zones in the United States\nCategory:Populated places established in 1828\nCategory:Russian-American culture in Ohio" ]

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[ "Energy giant Npower is to cut 1,400 jobs as part of a major restructuring of its UK operations.", "\n\nThere are to be closures at a number of the company's sites in the UK, while some back-office operations will be outsourced to India.", "\n\nThe BBC has learned that a further 570 jobs will be outsourced within the UK.", "\n\nNpower, one of the UK's \"big six\" gas and electricity suppliers, currently employs 9,600 people in the UK.", "\n\nNpower announced a major overhaul of its UK operations in August. ", "It is expected that Npower will give details of the job losses on Thursday morning.", "\n\nCuts to come\n\nIn a statement, Npower said: \"As we announced a couple of months ago, Npower has been undertaking a major review of sites, operations and people across the UK.", "\n\n\"We've been doing this to improve our customer service and keep our costs down, at a time of external pressures on customers' bills.\"", "\n\nIn response to the news, Colin Smith, the GMB union's northern region senior organiser, said: \"GMB will vigorously campaign against the offshoring of jobs to India because it has absolutely nothing to do with customer service and everything to do with cost.\"", "\n\nGMB added that Thursday's announcement will include details of site closures, but it understands that these will be Peterlee in Durham, Thornaby in North Yorkshire, and Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire.", "\n\nNpower's parent company, German power giant RWE, announced plans earlier this month to cut 6,750 jobs across Europe and reduce costs by 1bn euros (£840m).", "\n\nThe company announced the cuts would be carried out between 2014 and 2016, in a bid to tackle low wholesale prices for energy and an increase in renewable capacity.", "\n\nProfits fall\n\nAlso earlier this month, RWE said that Npower had seen a 3% fall in operating profits to £176m (206m euros) in the first half of 2013.", "\n\nRWE pointed to new government regulations for simplified energy tariffs, as well as to energy-saving measures in domestic homes for dented profits.", "\n\nLast week, Npower said it would sell some subsidiaries to Telecom Plus, which trades as Utility Warehouse, for £218m.\n\nTelecom Plus will officially take over contracts to supply gas and electricity to 770,000 accounts as part of the deal." ]

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