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[ "\n <h1>Charles</h1>\n\n <h4>United Kingdom</h4>\n <p>United Kingdom's ISO country code is UK.</p>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.00980392156862745 ]

[ "数々のキャラクターに命を吹き込む超レジェンド声優の古谷氏\n\n『機動戦士ガンダム』のアムロ役でおなじみの古谷 徹さんが今、『名探偵コナン』の安室 透役で、\"安室の女\"現象を巻き起こし１０代、２０代女子を骨抜きにしまくっている......だと！？", "\n\nその現象の真相を本人に直撃ッ！！", "\n\n＊ ＊ ＊\n\n■アムロと安室。大御所の新境地！", "\n\n５０年以上、さまざまなキャラクターの声を演じ、第一線を走り続ける古谷 徹さん。そんなレジェンド声優が今、『名探偵コナン』原作者の青山剛昌（ごうしょう）先生の『ガンダム』好きが高じて生まれたキャラ、安室 透役で、ＪＫやＯＬを中心にブームを巻き起こしている！", "\n\nそこで、古谷さんに現在の安室透ブームについての本音を伺いつつ、アムロ・レイを演じた当時の裏話なども振り返っていただいた。", "\n\n―『名探偵コナン』の安室透は、\"安室の女\"（安室ファンの女性の愛称）なる言葉も生まれるほどで、人気はすさまじいですね！", "\n\n古谷 ５０年以上このお仕事をさせてもらってますが、初めての経験ですね。この年になってＪＫにキャーキャー言われるとは思いもしませんでした。中学生ぐらいの女のコから大人の女性まで、幅広く僕（安室）の恋人になってしまっているという状況ですからね（笑）。", "\n\n映画『名探偵コナン ゼロの執行人』の公開（今年４月～）が始まってからは特にすごくて、僕のツイッターのフォロワーが、女性を中心に一気に４万ぐらい増えまして。勢いは非常に感じてますね。", "\n\n―『機動戦士ガンダム』のアムロ・レイ役や『聖闘士星矢』のペガサス星矢役も女子人気は高かったと思いますが、それ以上？", "\n\n古谷 女性人気は桁違いですよ。というか、『ガンダム』ではシャア・アズナブル、『星矢』では（龍星座［ドラゴン］の）紫龍や（白鳥星座［キグナス］の）氷河のほうが女性人気は高かったんで、主役なのに実は悔しい思いをしていたことが多くて（笑）。『美少女戦士セーラームーン』で演じたタキシード仮面は女性人気が高かったですが、今の安室人気はそれ以上で圧倒的ですからね。", "\n\n―あらためて説明しておくと、古谷さんが演じる安室は３つの顔を持つ男なんですよね。喫茶店店員で探偵の「安室透」。黒ずくめの組織の「バーボン」。しかし、本当の顔は公安警察官の「降谷 零（ふるや・れい）」。難しい役どころです。", "\n\n古谷 同じひとりの男ですけど、その３つの顔ごとに声（演技）を変えるのが僕のこだわりなんですよね。バーボンのときはちょっと冷徹な雰囲気にしたりして、たとえ画面に顔が映ってなくても声だけでわかるようにしたくて。演じ分けは大変ですけど、役者冥利に尽きるとも思いますし、３つの顔をきっちり演じ分けることで、魅力も３倍になるんじゃないかと思ってます。", "\n\n―その３つの顔の演じ分けが、\"安室の女\"現象を引き起こしたんですね！ ", "ちなみに『名探偵コナン』には、『機動戦士ガンダム』のシャア・アズナブル役の声優、池田秀一さんが演じる「赤井秀一」というキャラもいて、安室とはライバル関係なんですよね。２年前の映画『名探偵コナン 純黒の悪夢（ナイトメア）』では、安室と赤井の肉弾戦が描かれ......ガンダムファン垂涎（すいぜん）でした！", "\n\n古谷 池田さんとは『ガンダム』以来４０年近いお付き合いになりますから、お互いの芝居の仕方などがわかりきってますし、収録で隣のマイクにいるとすごく安心感があるんですよ。仕事終わりはだいたい一杯飲みに行きますし、ゴルフも一緒に回ったりしますしね。ゴルフではアムロとシャア、安室と赤井のようにライバル関係です（笑）。", "\n\n―赤井秀一も相当人気の高いキャラですが、今や安室 透人気が上回った印象です。", "\n\n古谷 今回の映画（『名探偵コナン ゼロの執行人』）で抜きましたね、まんまとね（笑）。まぁでも安室に抜かれて赤井も黙ってはいないと思いますよ。ちなみに公安警察官に風見裕也というキャラがいるんですが、風見は『機動戦士Ｚガンダム』でカミーユ・ビダン役だった飛田（展男）君が演じてるんですよ。", "\n\n還暦超えながら安室 透を演じたことでＪＣ（女子中学生）、ＪＫ（女子高生）、ＯＬからキャーキャー言われる事態に。ご本人も喜びながら困惑！", "\n\n■劇場版三部作はやりたくなかった\n\n―『機動戦士ガンダム』は来年が４０周年。当時、アムロ・レイを演じた頃の思い出は？", "\n\n古谷 それまでは熱血ヒーローの主人公役ばかりやっていて、自分の中では『巨人の星』の星 飛雄馬役の熱血路線から抜け出せないでいる感覚が強かったんですよ。そんなプロとしてのジレンマを抱えていたときに出会ったのが『ガンダム』のアムロ役。ロボットに乗って戦うのに、本人は戦いたくない役だと聞いて、最初はすごく驚いたし不思議でしたね。", "\n\nでも、アムロはどこにでもいる少年、むしろ内向的で今で言うオタクタイプだったから、もしこの少年をうまく演じ切ることができたら、壁を打ち破れるんじゃないかと思ってました。", "\n\n―それまでの自分から脱皮する勝負の役だったんですね。", "\n\n古谷 いかに熱血キャラを封印して、肩の力を抜いてしゃべれるかがポイントでした。第１話の収録で、アムロの第一声が「ハロ、今日も元気だね」だったんです。そのセリフで、マイクに声が入らなくてもいいからとにかくひとり言みたいにボソボソしゃべってみようって演じたら、すごく自然にできたんですよ。そのとき、これはいけるかも、って自信を持てたのを鮮明に覚えてますね。", "\n\nガンダムに乗ってザクに斬りかかっていくシーンでは、逆にマイクが壊れてもいいってぐらいの気持ちで、本当に死ぬ気で絶叫して。あのときのアムロの心境を考えると、大きな声を出さないと怖さで押し潰（つぶ）されるだろうなと思ったので。", "\n\n―そんなに魂を削るように演じていたとは......！", "\n\n古谷 当時僕は２０代だったんですけど、あの『機動戦士ガンダム』のアムロに関しては、今の僕が演じるよりも絶対にあの頃の僕のほうがいいんですよね。演技の\"うまさ\"でいえば今のほうが技術はありますけど、それでもあのときの古谷 徹にはかなわない。", "\n\n当時は気持ちで演じてたので、それこそ本当に泣きながらしゃべっていたシーンもあって、語尾とかをはっきりしゃべってないセリフも多いんですよ。言葉を伝えようとせず、気持ちを伝えようとしてたので。テクニックはまだまだだったけど、それ以上にハートがやっぱりすごかったんですね。４０年前の古谷 徹には太刀打ちできないな、と（笑）。", "\n\n―アムロは一年戦争を通じて、劇中でどんどん成長していきましたよね。", "\n\n古谷 そうですね。僕もアムロと体験を共有して、僕も一緒に成長していったので、最終回を録り終えて、やっと戦争が終わった、って安堵（あんど）感と燃え尽きた感があったんですよ。だから、その後の劇場版三部作は正直言うとやりたくなくて（苦笑）。もう一度、初めからあの戦争に身を投じなくちゃいけないのか、と。これが本当に精神的につらくて、演技も難しかったですね。アムロとして経験した記憶を一度リセットして、またあの物語をなぞっていかなきゃいけなかったので。", "\n\n―では、仮定の話ですが、漫画『機動戦士ガンダム ＴＨＥ ＯＲＩＧＩＮ』のアムロがガンダムに乗る本編を、アニメ化するオファーが来たら？", "\n\n古谷 やりたいって気持ちは、すごく強くあります。『ＯＲＩＧＩＮ』も描かれるのは一年戦争ですけど、テレビ版とは絵が違うし、描写や解釈が違うところも多いので、新たなアムロ像をつくってみたい。自信もあります！", "\n\n―ありがとうございます。これからもアムロと安室の活躍に期待しています！", "\n\n●古谷 徹（ふるや・とおる）\n\n１９６８年に『巨人の星』の星 飛雄馬役を射止め、その後１９７９年に『機動戦士ガンダム』のアムロ・レイ役に出会う。近年は『ＯＮＥ ＰＩＥＣＥ』サボ役、『名探偵コナン』安室 透役でも人気" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Chemical context   {#sec1}\n==================\n\nHydrogen bonding is the most common way of generating supra­molecular organic systems in crystal engineering and mol­ecular recognition. ", "Hydrogen-bonded systems generated from organic cations and anions are of special inter­est as they would be expected to form stronger hydrogen bonds than those in neutral mol­ecules (Reetz *et al.*,1994[@bb24]; Bertolasi *et al.*, ", "2001[@bb3]). ", "Squaric acid (H~2~C~4~O~4~, H~2~sq), has been of inter­est because of its cyclic structure and potential aromaticity and is used as a building block in crystal engineering due to the simplicity of the cyclic units. ", "It can be found in three forms: uncharged H~2~sq, the Hsq^−^ monoanion and the sq^2−^ dianion. ", "The mono- and dianions are often produced following deprotonation by amines (Lam & Mak, 2000[@bb21]; Mathew *et al.*, ", "2002[@bb23]). ", "The squarate derivatives are almost flat because of the π-conjugation of their C---C and C---O bonds, and therefore their four oxygen atoms behave as planar (*sp* ^2^) electron donors of one or two lone pairs of electrons. ", "Recently, we reported the synthesis and characterization of the same organo­ammonium squarate as the title compound but as a hydrate in the triclinic space group *P* (Korkmaz & Bulut, 2013[@bb17]). ", "We report here the unsolvated form of this salt, which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group *P*2~1~/*c*.", "\n\nStructural commentary   {#sec2}\n=======================\n\n2-(Amino­meth­yl) pyridine forms a salt with two squaric acid mol­ecules and each mol­ecule of the acid loses one proton. ", "One of these is transferred to the N atom of the pyridine ring, generating the 4-(amino­meth­yl)morpholinium mono-cation. ", "The other from the second acid mol­ecule is engaged in the formation of a homo-conjugated hydrogen squarate anion *via* a short, symmetric O5---H5*A*⋯O3 \\[2.4583 (14) Å\\] hydrogen bond (Fig.", " 1[▸](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The electron density associated with this H atom is shared by the O5 and O3 atoms, indicating a large degree of ionic character (Gilli & Gilli, 2000[@bb10]). ", "Considering the range (2.38--2.50 Å) of Gilli's classification for such an inter­action, this hydrogen bonding can be referred to as negative charge-assisted hydrogen bonding \\[(−) CAHB\\] (Gilli & Gilli, 2009[@bb11]; Gilli *et al.*, ", "2001[@bb9] *;* Becke, 1993[@bb2], Lee *et al.*, ", "1988[@bb22]) and can be represented as \\[-O⋯H⋯O-\\]^−^.\n\nN1/C1--C5, C7--C10 and C11--C14 are defined as rings 1, 2 and 3, respectively, with centroids *Cg*1, *Cg*2 and *Cg*3. ", "The dihedral angles between the mean plane of ring 1 and those of rings 2 and 3 are 18.818 (8) and 31.564 (6)°, respectively. ", "The dihedral angle between the two squarate anions is 29.19 (1)°. ", "The angles between the C---C bonds in the Hsq^−^ anions are close to 90°, with the oxygen atoms directed almost along the diagonals.", "\n\nThe C---C distances in the planar squarate ring systems reflect partial double-bond character for C9---C10, C7---C10, C11---C12 and C11---C14 with distances of 1.4291 (17), 1.4357 (16), 1.4139 (17) and 1.4465 (18) Å, respectively. ", "In contrast C7---C8, C8---C9, C12---C13 and C13---C14 display more single-bond character with distances of 1.4886 (17), 1.4929 (17), 1.4802 (18) and 1.5141 (17) Å, respectively. ", "The Hsq^−^ ion has one C---O bond (C11---O5) at 1.3023 (17) Å, which is significantly longer than a normal single C---O bond. ", "This most likely reflects the involvement in the negative charge-assisted hydrogen bonding mentioned earlier. ", "At 1.3000 (15) Å, the C10---O4 bond is similarly extended. ", "The remaining C---O bonds in both rings display a similar pattern with one obvious C=O double bond in each ring \\[C8=O2, 1.2268 (15) Å and C13=O7, 1.2141 (17) Å\\] and the others of inter­mediate length in the range 1.2356 (16) to 1.2658 (15) Å, indicating some delocalization occurring in both rings.", "\n\nSupra­molecular features   {#sec3}\n==========================\n\nThe two hydrogen squarate anions are linked in the asymmetric unit by a short hydrogen-bonding inter­action O5---H5*A*⋯O3 \\[2.4583 (14) Å\\] related to the proton-sharing inter­action discussed earlier. ", "This pair of anions is further linked to the 2-(aza­niumylmeth­yl)pyridinium dication by an N1---H1*A*⋯O1 hydrogen bond, Fig.", " 1[▸](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "O5---H5*A*⋯O3, N2---H2*B*⋯O2^i^ and N2---H2*B*⋯O5^i^ hydrogen bonds form rings with an (7) graph-set motif while N2---H2*C*⋯O6^i^ and N2---H2*B*⋯O5^i^ hydrogen bonds combine to form (7) rings. ", "In addition, heteronuclear N2---H2*C*⋯O6^i^, and N2---H2*A*⋯O8^ii^ and homonuclear O4---H4*A*⋯O6^iii^ and O5---H5*A*⋯O3 hydrogen bonds generate a larger (14) ring motif (Fig.", " 2[▸](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The crystal packing also features unusual weak C7---O1⋯*Cg*2^ii^, C7---O1⋯*Cg*3^iv^ and C13---O7⋯*Cg*2^v^ inter­actions reinforced by π--π stacking inter­actions. ", "These latter contacts \\[*Cg*1· · ·*Cg*3 = 2.5382 (9) Å, *Cg*2· ··*Cg*2^ii^ = 3.5997 (9) Å, *Cg*2· · ·*Cg*3^iv^ = 3.6406 (10) Å and *Cg*3·· ·*Cg*2^v^ = 3.6406 (10) Å; symmetry codes: (ii) 1 − *x*, 1 − *y*, 1 − *z*; (iv)  − *x*,  + *y*,  − *z*; (v)  − *x*, − + *y*,  − *z*\\] also contribute to the stabilization of the crystal packing (Fig.", " 3[▸](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDatabase survey   {#sec4}\n=================\n\nA search of the Cambridge Structural Database (Version 5.38, update February 2017; Groom *et al.*, ", "2016[@bb12]) revealed the structures of various organo­ammonium squarates (Georgopoulos *et al.*, ", "2005[@bb8]; Wang & Stucky, 1974[@bb28]; Kanters *et al.*, ", "1991[@bb13]; Kolev *et al.*, ", "2000[@bb15]; Karle *et al.*, ", "1996[@bb14]; Angelova *et al.*,1996[@bb1]). ", "In the squarate anion form, the anions are generally linked to amines by N---H⋯O hydrogen bonds (Gilli *et al.*, ", "2001[@bb9]; Korkmaz *et al.*, ", "2011[@bb20]; Dega-Szafran *et al.*, ", "2012[@bb6]). ", "Structures of 2-(amoniometh­yl) pyridinium, di­hydrogen squarate and squaric acid derivatives are also known (Korkmaz *et al.*, ", "2011[@bb20]; Korkmaz & Bulut, 2013[@bb17], 2014[@bb18]). ", "Often, the supra­molecular architectures of similar structures have been investigated together with their spectroscopic properties, including their potential non-linear optical (NLO) behaviour (Bosshard *et al.*, ", "1995[@bb4]; Kolev *et al.*, ", "2008[@bb16]). ", "The literature also reveals that squarenes show photo-chemical, photo-conductive and NLO properties and that they can be used as electron acceptors in photo-sensitive devices (Korkmaz *et al.*, ", "2016[@bb19]).", "\n\nSynthesis and crystallization   {#sec5}\n===============================\n\nAll chemical reagents were analytical grade commercial products. ", "The solvent was purified by conventional methods. ", "Squaric acid (H~2~Sq; 0,46 g, 4 mmol) and 2-(amino­meth­yl)pyridine (0,24 g; 2 mmol) were dissolved in water (25 cm^3^) to obtain a mixture in the molar ratio 2:1 and the solution was heated to 323 K in a temperature-controlled bath and stirred for one h. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to room temperature. ", "The crystals formed were filtered and washed with 10 cm^3^ of methanol, and dried in air.", "\n\nRefinement   {#sec6}\n============\n\nCrystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2[▸](#table2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "All C-bound hydrogen atoms were included in calculated positions with C---H = 0.93 Å (aromatic) and 0.97 Å (methyl­ene) and allowed to ride, with *U* ~iso~(H) = 1.2*U* ~eq~(C). ", "The NH~3~ group (N---H = 0.89 Å) was also allowed to ride in the refinement with *U* ~iso~(H) = 1.5*U* ~eq~(N). ", "The O-bound H atoms and N1-bound H atom were located in a difference-Fourier map and refined with *U* ~iso~(H) = 1.2*U* ~eq~(O) and *U* ~iso~(H) = 1.5*U* ~eq~(N).", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\nCrystal structure: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989017004376/sj5524sup1.cif](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017004376/sj5524sup1.cif)\n\nStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989017004376/sj5524Isup2.hkl](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017004376/sj5524Isup2.hkl)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nSupporting information file. ", "DOI: [10.1107/S2056989017004376/sj5524Isup3.cml](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017004376/sj5524Isup3.cml)\n\nCCDC reference: [1538918](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/cr.cgi?rm=csd&csdid=1538918)\n\nAdditional supporting information: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?sj5524&file=sj5524sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?sj5524sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?sj5524&checkcif=yes)\n\nThe authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, Sinop University, Turkey, for the use of the diffractometer.", "\n\nCrystal data {#tablewrapcrystaldatalong}\n============\n\n --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------\n C~6~H~10~N~2~^2+^·2C~4~HO~4~^−^ *F*(000) = 696\n *M~r~* = 336.26 *D*~x~ = 1.586 Mg m^−3^\n Monoclinic, *P*2~1~/*n* Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å\n *a* = 7.4653 (7) Å Cell parameters from 9896 reflections\n *b* = 15.4548 (14) Å θ = 3.0--28.3°\n *c* = 12.2095 (12) Å µ = 0.13 mm^−1^\n β = 90.073 (4)° *T* = 296 K\n *V* = 1408.7 (2) Å^3^ Block, bronze\n *Z* = 4 0.17 × 0.13 × 0.11 mm\n --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------\n\nData collection {#tablewrapdatacollectionlong}\n===============\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------\n Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer 3090 reflections with *I* \\> 2σ(*I*)\n φ and ω scans *R*~int~ = 0.042\n Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2013) θ~max~ = 28.3°, θ~min~ = 3.0°\n *T*~min~ = 0.672, *T*~max~ = 0.746 *h* = −9→9\n 70681 measured reflections *k* = −20→20\n 3496 independent reflections *l* = −16→16\n ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------\n\nRefinement {#tablewraprefinementdatalong}\n==========\n\n ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Refinement on *F*^2^ 0 restraints\n Least-squares matrix: full Hydrogen site location: mixed\n *R*\\[*F*^2^ \\> 2σ(*F*^2^)\\] = 0.042 H-atom parameters not refined\n *wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.118 *w* = 1/\\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.0556*P*)^2^ + 0.5691*P*\\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3\n *S* = 1.11 (Δ/σ)~max~ \\< 0.001\n 3496 reflections Δρ~max~ = 0.26 e Å^−3^\n 227 parameters Δρ~min~ = −0.28 e Å^−3^\n ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSpecial details {#specialdetails}\n===============\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Geometry. ", "All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. ", "planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. ", "The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. ", "An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. ", "planes.", "\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapcoords}\n==================================================================================================\n\n ----- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------------- --\n *x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\\*/*U*~eq~ \n C1 0.3472 (2) 0.59963 (10) 0.10814 (12) 0.0377 (3) \n H1 0.376471 0.541181 0.111071 0.045\\* \n C2 0.2856 (2) 0.63543 (13) 0.01196 (13) 0.0479 (4) \n H2 0.270245 0.601292 −0.050069 0.058\\* \n C3 0.2473 (2) 0.72223 (14) 0.00899 (14) 0.0507 (4) \n H3 0.210063 0.747750 −0.056155 0.061\\* \n C4 0.2640 (2) 0.77205 (11) 0.10321 (14) 0.0442 (4) \n H4 0.236500 0.830733 0.101700 0.053\\* \n C5 0.32152 (18) 0.73381 (8) 0.19877 (12) 0.0305 (3) \n C6 0.3378 (2) 0.78078 (10) 0.30627 (14) 0.0419 (4) \n H6A 0.424710 0.751293 0.352098 0.050\\* \n H6B 0.381247 0.839005 0.293104 0.050\\* \n C7 0.61186 (16) 0.53092 (8) 0.38741 (10) 0.0245 (2) \n C8 0.59463 (17) 0.44771 (8) 0.32689 (10) 0.0273 (3) \n C9 0.71303 (18) 0.40741 (8) 0.41129 (10) 0.0278 (3) \n C10 0.72538 (16) 0.48889 (8) 0.46610 (10) 0.0247 (2) \n C11 0.64141 (18) 0.16148 (8) 0.29601 (10) 0.0289 (3) \n C12 0.54027 (17) 0.10155 (8) 0.23404 (10) 0.0271 (3) \n C13 0.57553 (18) 0.03307 (9) 0.31604 (10) 0.0293 (3) \n C14 0.67917 (17) 0.09946 (8) 0.38172 (10) 0.0272 (3) \n N1 0.36494 (15) 0.64919 (7) 0.19743 (9) 0.0288 (2) \n N2 0.16375 (17) 0.78523 (8) 0.36470 (10) 0.0346 (3) \n H2A 0.177821 0.813962 0.427290 0.052\\* \n H2C 0.125260 0.731888 0.378838 0.052\\* \n H2B 0.083844 0.812501 0.322984 0.052\\* \n O1 0.54865 (14) 0.60498 (6) 0.37564 (8) 0.0328 (2) \n O2 0.51318 (15) 0.42458 (7) 0.24462 (8) 0.0387 (3) \n O3 0.77376 (16) 0.33276 (6) 0.42957 (9) 0.0409 (3) \n O4 0.80146 (14) 0.51691 (6) 0.55513 (8) 0.0331 (2) \n O5 0.68219 (19) 0.24159 (7) 0.27431 (9) 0.0457 (3) \n O6 0.45452 (15) 0.10825 (7) 0.14494 (8) 0.0380 (3) \n O7 0.54053 (18) −0.04333 (7) 0.32469 (10) 0.0514 (3) \n O8 0.76167 (16) 0.09899 (7) 0.46951 (8) 0.0400 (3) \n H1A 0.419 (3) 0.6260 (13) 0.2598 (17) 0.048\\* \n H5A 0.725 (3) 0.2770 (14) 0.3380 (18) 0.060\\* \n H4A 0.868 (3) 0.4687 (15) 0.5894 (17) 0.060\\* \n ----- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------------- --\n\nAtomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapadps}\n=====================================\n\n ----- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -------------\n *U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^\n C1 0.0412 (7) 0.0344 (7) 0.0375 (8) 0.0016 (6) 0.0005 (6) −0.0072 (6)\n C2 0.0440 (8) 0.0679 (11) 0.0320 (7) −0.0028 (8) −0.0042 (6) −0.0111 (7)\n C3 0.0442 (9) 0.0732 (12) 0.0346 (8) 0.0039 (8) −0.0084 (6) 0.0176 (8)\n C4 0.0458 (8) 0.0362 (8) 0.0505 (9) 0.0057 (6) −0.0058 (7) 0.0159 (7)\n C5 0.0293 (6) 0.0253 (6) 0.0370 (7) −0.0015 (5) −0.0047 (5) 0.0011 (5)\n C6 0.0383 (7) 0.0333 (7) 0.0540 (9) −0.0031 (6) −0.0126 (7) −0.0137 (6)\n C7 0.0285 (6) 0.0245 (6) 0.0207 (5) −0.0021 (4) −0.0029 (4) 0.0028 (4)\n C8 0.0327 (6) 0.0254 (6) 0.0237 (6) −0.0010 (5) −0.0045 (5) 0.0012 (5)\n C9 0.0344 (6) 0.0230 (6) 0.0259 (6) −0.0008 (5) −0.0073 (5) −0.0009 (4)\n C10 0.0297 (6) 0.0222 (5) 0.0223 (5) −0.0007 (4) −0.0045 (4) 0.0009 (4)\n C11 0.0364 (6) 0.0242 (6) 0.0261 (6) 0.0020 (5) −0.0054 (5) −0.0052 (5)\n C12 0.0307 (6) 0.0257 (6) 0.0248 (6) 0.0040 (5) −0.0059 (5) −0.0052 (5)\n C13 0.0322 (6) 0.0280 (6) 0.0276 (6) −0.0013 (5) −0.0061 (5) −0.0020 (5)\n C14 0.0297 (6) 0.0287 (6) 0.0234 (6) 0.0000 (5) −0.0039 (5) −0.0035 (5)\n N1 0.0310 (5) 0.0265 (5) 0.0287 (5) 0.0017 (4) −0.0043 (4) 0.0019 (4)\n N2 0.0473 (7) 0.0276 (6) 0.0288 (6) 0.0021 (5) −0.0120 (5) −0.0032 (4)\n O1 0.0431 (5) 0.0240 (4) 0.0312 (5) 0.0049 (4) −0.0081 (4) 0.0028 (4)\n O2 0.0505 (6) 0.0340 (5) 0.0315 (5) −0.0006 (4) −0.0189 (4) −0.0030 (4)\n O3 0.0594 (7) 0.0227 (5) 0.0405 (6) 0.0071 (4) −0.0227 (5) −0.0051 (4)\n O4 0.0452 (5) 0.0257 (5) 0.0282 (5) 0.0014 (4) −0.0150 (4) −0.0028 (4)\n O5 0.0797 (9) 0.0227 (5) 0.0346 (5) −0.0061 (5) −0.0174 (5) −0.0021 (4)\n O6 0.0520 (6) 0.0309 (5) 0.0310 (5) 0.0043 (4) −0.0204 (4) −0.0050 (4)\n O7 0.0700 (8) 0.0309 (6) 0.0532 (7) −0.0154 (5) −0.0214 (6) 0.0067 (5)\n O8 0.0525 (6) 0.0386 (6) 0.0290 (5) −0.0023 (5) −0.0171 (4) −0.0034 (4)\n ----- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -------------\n\nGeometric parameters (Å, º) {#tablewrapgeomlong}\n===========================\n\n -------------------- -------------- ----------------------- --------------\n C1---N1 1.3388 (18) C9---O3 1.2593 (16)\n C1---C2 1.377 (2) C9---C10 1.4291 (17)\n C1---H1 0.9300 C10---O4 1.3000 (15)\n C2---C3 1.372 (3) C11---O5 1.3023 (17)\n C2---H2 0.9300 C11---C12 1.4139 (17)\n C3---C4 1.390 (3) C11---C14 1.4465 (18)\n C3---H3 0.9300 C12---O6 1.2658 (15)\n C4---C5 1.376 (2) C12---C13 1.4802 (18)\n C4---H4 0.9300 C13---O7 1.2141 (17)\n C5---N1 1.3475 (17) C13---C14 1.5141 (17)\n C5---C6 1.505 (2) C14---O8 1.2356 (16)\n C6---N2 1.485 (2) N1---H1A 0.93 (2)\n C6---H6A 0.9700 N2---H2A 0.8900\n C6---H6B 0.9700 N2---H2C 0.8900\n C7---O1 1.2462 (15) N2---H2B 0.8900\n C7---C10 1.4357 (16) O3---H5A 1.46 (2)\n C7---C8 1.4886 (17) O4---H4A 0.99 (2)\n C8---O2 1.2268 (15) O5---H5A 1.00 (2)\n C8---C9 1.4929 (17) \n \n N1---C1---C2 119.82 (15) C10---C9---C8 89.62 (10)\n N1---C1---H1 120.1 O4---C10---C9 135.48 (12)\n C2---C1---H1 120.1 O4---C10---C7 131.74 (12)\n C3---C2---C1 119.01 (15) C9---C10---C7 92.73 (10)\n C3---C2---H2 120.5 O5---C11---C12 129.70 (12)\n C1---C2---H2 120.5 O5---C11---C14 137.03 (12)\n C2---C3---C4 120.09 (15) C12---C11---C14 93.24 (11)\n C2---C3---H3 120.0 O6---C12---C11 132.49 (13)\n C4---C3---H3 120.0 O6---C12---C13 136.82 (12)\n C5---C4---C3 119.43 (15) C11---C12---C13 90.68 (10)\n C5---C4---H4 120.3 O7---C13---C12 135.73 (12)\n C3---C4---H4 120.3 O7---C13---C14 136.29 (13)\n N1---C5---C4 118.78 (14) C12---C13---C14 87.94 (10)\n N1---C5---C6 117.37 (12) O8---C14---C11 136.71 (12)\n C4---C5---C6 123.85 (14) O8---C14---C13 135.18 (12)\n N2---C6---C5 111.82 (11) C11---C14---C13 88.10 (10)\n N2---C6---H6A 109.3 C1---N1---C5 122.79 (12)\n C5---C6---H6A 109.3 C1---N1---H1A 119.1 (12)\n N2---C6---H6B 109.3 C5---N1---H1A 117.8 (12)\n C5---C6---H6B 109.3 C6---N2---H2A 109.5\n H6A---C6---H6B 107.9 C6---N2---H2C 109.5\n O1---C7---C10 135.70 (12) H2A---N2---H2C 109.5\n O1---C7---C8 134.73 (11) C6---N2---H2B 109.5\n C10---C7---C8 89.54 (10) H2A---N2---H2B 109.5\n O2---C8---C7 134.48 (12) H2C---N2---H2B 109.5\n O2---C8---C9 137.39 (12) C9---O3---H5A 108.5 (9)\n C7---C8---C9 88.12 (9) C10---O4---H4A 108.8 (12)\n O3---C9---C10 134.53 (12) C11---O5---H5A 115.9 (12)\n O3---C9---C8 135.83 (12) \n \n N1---C1---C2---C3 1.5 (2) O1---C7---C10---C9 177.87 (16)\n C1---C2---C3---C4 −2.5 (3) C8---C7---C10---C9 −0.11 (10)\n C2---C3---C4---C5 0.9 (3) O5---C11---C12---O6 −4.0 (3)\n C3---C4---C5---N1 1.8 (2) C14---C11---C12---O6 177.80 (15)\n C3---C4---C5---C6 −177.64 (15) O5---C11---C12---C13 176.91 (15)\n N1---C5---C6---N2 −96.31 (15) C14---C11---C12---C13 −1.33 (11)\n C4---C5---C6---N2 83.15 (19) O6---C12---C13---O7 4.0 (3)\n O1---C7---C8---O2 0.6 (3) C11---C12---C13---O7 −176.90 (19)\n C10---C7---C8---O2 178.65 (16) O6---C12---C13---C14 −177.79 (17)\n O1---C7---C8---C9 −177.91 (15) C11---C12---C13---C14 1.27 (10)\n C10---C7---C8---C9 0.10 (10) O5---C11---C14---O8 2.2 (3)\n O2---C8---C9---O3 −0.3 (3) C12---C11---C14---O8 −179.74 (17)\n C7---C8---C9---O3 178.15 (17) O5---C11---C14---C13 −176.71 (18)\n O2---C8---C9---C10 −178.57 (17) C12---C11---C14---C13 1.30 (10)\n C7---C8---C9---C10 −0.11 (10) O7---C13---C14---O8 −2.1 (3)\n O3---C9---C10---O4 −0.8 (3) C12---C13---C14---O8 179.77 (16)\n C8---C9---C10---O4 177.53 (16) O7---C13---C14---C11 176.91 (19)\n O3---C9---C10---C7 −178.19 (17) C12---C13---C14---C11 −1.24 (10)\n C8---C9---C10---C7 0.11 (10) C2---C1---N1---C5 1.3 (2)\n O1---C7---C10---O4 0.3 (3) C4---C5---N1---C1 −3.0 (2)\n C8---C7---C10---O4 −177.69 (15) C6---C5---N1---C1 176.53 (13)\n -------------------- -------------- ----------------------- --------------\n\nHydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) {#tablewraphbondslong}\n=============================\n\nCg2 and Cg3 are the centroids of the C7--C10 and C11--C14 rings, respectively.", "\n\n ---------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------------\n *D*---H···*A* *D*---H H···*A* *D*···*A* *D*---H···*A*\n N1---H1*A*···O1 0.93 (2) 1.74 (2) 2.6598 (15) 166.7 (19)\n N2---H2*B*···O2^i^ 0.89 2.05 2.8565 (16) 150\n N2---H2*B*···O5^i^ 0.89 2.56 3.1613 (17) 126\n N2---H2*C*···O6^i^ 0.89 2.02 2.8765 (16) 161\n N2---H2*A*···O8^ii^ 0.89 1.90 2.7580 (15) 162\n O4---H4*A*···O6^iii^ 0.99 (2) 1.51 (2) 2.4993 (14) 175 (2)\n O5---H5*A*···O3 1.00 (2) 1.46 (2) 2.4583 (14) 175 (2)\n C7---O1···*Cg*2^ii^ 1.25 (1) 3.38 (1) 3.3226 (14) 77 (1)\n C7---O1···*Cg*3^iv^ 1.25 (1) 3.39 (1) 3.3297 (14) 76 (1)\n C13---O7···*Cg*2^v^ 1.21 (1) 3.52 (1) 3.4188 (15) 75 (1)\n ---------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------------\n\nSymmetry codes: (i) −*x*+1/2, *y*+1/2, −*z*+1/2; (ii) −*x*+1, −*y*+1, −*z*+1; (iii) *x*+1/2, −*y*+1/2, *z*+1/2; (iv) −*x*+3/2, *y*+1/2, −*z*+1/2; (v) −*x*+3/2, *y*−1/2, −*z*+1/2.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"chem\"}, showing the atom-numbering scheme and 30% probability displacement ellipsoids. ", "Dashed lines indicate hydrogen bonds.](e-73-00586-fig1){#fig1}\n\n{ref-type=\"table\"} for numerical details).](e-73-00586-fig2){#fig2}\n\n![", "A packing diagram showing the C---O⋯π and π--π stacking inter­actions. ", "\\[Symmetry codes: (ii) −*x* + 1, −*y* + 1, −*z* + 1; (iv) −*x* + , *y* + , −*z* + ; (v) −*x* + , *y* − , −*z* + .\\] H atoms not involved in the inter­actions have been omitted for clarity.](e-73-00586-fig3){#fig3}\n\n###### Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)\n\n*Cg*2 and *Cg*3 are the centroids of the C7--C10 and C11--C14 rings, respectively.", "\n\n *D*---H⋯*A* *D*---H H⋯*A* *D*⋯*A* *D*---H⋯*A*\n -------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- -------------\n N1---H1*A*⋯O1 0.93 (2) 1.74 (2) 2.6598 (15) 166.7 (19)\n N2---H2*B*⋯O2^i^ 0.89 2.05 2.8565 (16) 150\n N2---H2*B*⋯O5^i^ 0.89 2.56 3.1613 (17) 126\n N2---H2*C*⋯O6^i^ 0.89 2.02 2.8765 (16) 161\n N2---H2*A*⋯O8^ii^ 0.89 1.90 2.7580 (15) 162\n O4---H4*A*⋯O6^iii^ 0.99 (2) 1.51 (2) 2.4993 (14) 175 (2)\n O5---H5*A*⋯O3 1.00 (2) 1.46 (2) 2.4583 (14) 175 (2)\n C7---O1⋯*Cg*2^ii^ 1.25 (1) 3.38 (1) 3.3226 (14) 77 (1)\n C7---O1⋯*Cg*3^iv^ 1.25 (1) 3.39 (1) 3.3297 (14) 76 (1)\n C13---O7⋯*Cg*2^v^ 1.21 (1) 3.52 (1) 3.4188 (15) 75 (1)\n\nSymmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) .", "\n\n###### Experimental details\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------\n Crystal data \n Chemical formula C~6~H~10~N~2~ ^2+^·2C~4~HO~4~ ^−^\n *M* ~r~ 336.26\n Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, *P*2~1~/*n*\n Temperature (K) 296\n *a*, *b*, *c* (Å) 7.4653 (7), 15.4548 (14), 12.2095 (12)\n β (°) 90.073 (4)\n *V* (Å^3^) 1408.7 (2)\n *Z* 4\n Radiation type Mo *K*α\n μ (mm^−1^) 0.13\n Crystal size (mm) 0.17 × 0.13 × 0.11\n   \n Data collection \n Diffractometer Bruker APEXII CCD\n Absorption correction Multi-scan (*SADABS*; Bruker, 2013[@bb5])\n *T* ~min~, *T* ~max~ 0.672, 0.746\n No. ", "of measured, independent and observed \\[*I* \\> 2σ(*I*)\\] reflections 70681, 3496, 3090\n *R* ~int~ 0.042\n (sin θ/λ)~max~ (Å^−1^) 0.668\n   \n Refinement \n *R*\\[*F* ^2^ \\> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\\], *wR*(*F* ^2^), *S* 0.042, 0.118, 1.11\n No. ", "of reflections 3496\n No. ", "of parameters 227\n H-atom treatment H-atom parameters not refined\n Δρ~max~, Δρ~min~ (e Å^−3^) 0.26, −0.28\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------\n\nComputer programs: *APEX2* and *SAINT* (Bruker, 2013[@bb5]), *SHELXT2014* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb25]), *SHELXL2016* (Sheldrick, 2015[@bb26]), *ORTEP-3 for Windows* and *WinGX* (Farrugia, 2012[@bb7]) and *PLATON* (Spek, 2009[@bb27]).", "\n" ]

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[ "Two activators of in vitro fertilization in mice from licorice.", "\nSystems for artificial insemination have been established in some animals. ", "However, due to limited availability of sperm and oocytes, more effective treatment methodologies are required. ", "Recently, it was demonstrated that the rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in mice was improved by adding a water extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), but not glycyrrhizic acid, to the artificial insemination culture medium. ", "In this study, we examined licorice extract for active compounds using bioassay-guided separation. ", "The results indicated that isoliquiritigenin and formononetin were the active molecules in licorice that contributed to the improved rate of IVF." ]

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[ "Filed under\n\nRelated tags\n\nPopular Entertainment Photo Galleries\n\nCar Snapped: Celebrities Caught On The Go\n\nCelebrity Twins\n\nNotable Deaths Of 2012\n\nAll-Time Father-Son Celebrity Duos\n\n25 Downs: NFL Injuries Over The Years\n\n» More Photo Galleries\n\nBALTIMORE (WJZ)– A Northeast Baltimore community continues to mourn the loss of five family members killed after their home went up in flames on Wednesday night. ", "Four of the victims were children, and two them attended a nearby elementary school.", "\n\nRochelle Ritchie speaks with the principal.", "\n\nWJZ has learned that two of the firefighters injured while fighting this fire are out of the hospital. ", "Another is still being treated for severe burns to the face and neck. ", "All the while, this neighborhood is still grieving.", "\n\nAs a little girl lays down a teddy in memory of her friend Tykia Manley, she breaks down in tears.", "\n\nSeven-year-old Manley lived at the home on Denwood Street along with several other children. ", "The home went up in flames Wednesday night, killing the little girl, three other kids and their grandmother.", "\n\n“I have seen the kids ride up and down my street and I have given them juice and popsicles. ", "That’s not going to happen anymore,” neighbor Vickie Banks said.", "\n\nFire In Northeast Baltimore Kills Grandmother & 4 Grandchildren\n\nManley and four-year-old Darryl Stewart attended Moravia Park Elementary School. ", "On Friday, a sign honoring their lives hangs in the hallway, signed by students and heartbroken teachers.", "\n\nGuests have descended on Goodwood racecourse for another day of racing, betting and quaffing champagne\nThe female racegoers displayed a range of elegant headgear for the penultimate day\nThe ladies showed....." ]

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[ "Erie city council is set to vote on a new ordinance, which aims to crack down on nuisance blight in the city of Erie.", "\n\n\n\nIt's called the Quality of Life Ticketing Ordinance, and Erie News Now was first to tell you about the program earlier this year.", "\n\n\n\nThe ordinance addresses about 40 different quality of life violations, from high grass, to large amounts of garbage outside of a home, to smoke detectors.", "\n\n\n\nThe ordinance would allow the city to issue a ticket on the spot, much like a parking ticket.", "\n\n\n\nAs the law stands right now, it can take code enforcement 90 days or more to address issues.", "\n\n\n\nThe goal is to crack down on the worst offenders, “As you start to see people take more pride in their neighborhood, and keeping it clean, and grasses mowed, then you'll start to see, once that pride really starts to develop in a neighborhood, things will change then,” said Code Enforcement Manager, Andy Zimmerman." ]

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[ "About\n\nJK Rowling, J.R.R Tolkien, Matthew Reilly (though he can be OTT at times), George R Martin\n\nFavorite Books:\n\nHarry Potter series, Lord of the Ring: The Fellowship of the Ring (haven't had chance to read the next two), Lord of the Flies, Contest, Animal Farm, Eldest, GoT,\n\nReligious Beliefs:\n\nAtheist\n\nPolitical Views:\n\nNo Preference\n\nI have been trying to find something enjoyable to do with my life. ", "I found myself using creative language even when writing a report, which is always frowned upon - especially when their formats are expected to be objective. ", "So I decided that while I love writing, this wasn't the way in which I wanted to do it. ", "I have turned my attention to writing fiction, a passion at school I had long forgotten.", "\n\nI have many interests such as films (all sorts), sports (all sorts), music (all sorts - though a personal fondness for drum and bass), and love getting lost in my own thoughts, daydreaming about people, scenarios and impossible things." ]

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[ "Description\n\nI wanted to be able to use a circlet instead of the helmet for the ebony armour (I just like the way it looks, especially if you're more of a mage)\n\nSo I made this mod for myself really but figured I may as well put it out there.", "\n\nIt adds a circlet to the ebony armour set so you'll still get the bonuses for wearing a full set, it can be made at the forge in the ebony category, it can be tempered and enchanted and I have added it to the leveled lists so you may get luck and find one(at the same stage as the rest of the ebony kit).", "\n\nI plan to do the same for other armour sets so keep your eyes peeled for your favorite." ]

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[ "The real stories from inside the F1 paddock\n\nGood news for Vijay\n\nThe Competition Commission of India is reported to have given its approval to the $2.2 billion deal that will see British firm Diageo take control of the United Spirits group, by buying a 27.4 percent stake and then acquiring an additional 26 percent stake by buying out public shareholders. ", "This may help Mallya’s grounded and now route-less Kingfisher Airlines, although the first priority will be to pay off the creditors who have started to make moves to recoup their money in other ways. ", "The deal was agreed in November but progress through the anti-monopoly body was slow. ", "Mallya keeps saying that the troubles of one company do not affect the other firms in which he has shareholdings, but it is hard to imagine that at least some of the cash will not be going towards the airline, unless even he has finally concluded that it could be a lost cause. ", "With no planes, no flying licence, no routes, an unhappy staff and massive debts it is hard to imagine that Kingfisher can be revived, but India is a funny place, so we should watch out to see if a resurrection is possible. ", "Mallya says that financial troubles will not affect the Formula 1 team.", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nRelated\n\n29 Responses\n\nMallya is a member of the Indian Parliament. ", "He influenced lots of decisions of the Ex-Minister for Civil Aviation to tweak rules in his favor. ", "I am sure he must be working on some of those angles at this moment.", "\n\nIndustrialist, who is also a Member of Parliament of a sovereign country. ", "Who say only F1 is infested with conflict of interests at all levels? :-)", "\n\nBut ad and likes him, because he plasters his came across many lines, and liberally, so if adland loves him, so do the editors.", "\n\nSo not much difference, the world around, eh?", "\n\nThe most interesting episode Tony F was involved with was that involving Mahatir Mohammed. ", "Somehow I think TF managed to deal as he inevitably had to, with his government, and used Proton / Lotus and all that as a diversion o lever, both to get what he wanted, an to get out of that kind of all too cozy relationship a real businessman never wants. ", "I think there’s a book in just that episode we know as the Lotus V Lotus sage documented here. ", "Documented nowhere else, for certain. ", "If you’ve not, please do take a look back. ", "It’s a invaluable record.", "\n\nI meant a episode within the Lotus V Lotus saga, because it was a important maneuver, and a real power adjustment that basically to my mind called the ultimate end of the naming cars argument long ahead of time. ", "I really hope one of my comments actually called that one at the time, appropriately seriously, but I certainly thought that most significant, even if I didn’t then predict the ending. ", "I think it a stupendously clever escape from political clutches on Tony’s part, and I’m confident there’s no other really robust reason or explanation.", "\n\nTony Fernandes has a very very rich sugar daddy. ", "He is heavily backed by one Daim Zainuddin (go wiki him). ", "He was the former Finance Minister of Malaysia and is widely known to be one of the richest men in Malaysia, although it is never published. ", "As a shrewd business operative, Daim has been known to have ammased a fortune into the billions prior to and during his tenure in office and wielded much influence.", "\n\nIf you think about it, Tony was just running a record company. ", "And all of a sudden be bought an airline, F1 team and Football team…you’ve got to have some serious cash behind you for this.", "\n\nHe needs to bow out of the Airline business. ", "If he couldn’t make it a success when he started it, he won’t manage now with the growing competition in India. ", "He doesn’t have the economies of scale other rivals do. ", "Take the money, pay off the creditors and focus on his other businesses. ", "Airlines rarely make their owners much money until they can achieve a certain size and status… a bit like a Formula 1 team.", "\n\nI just hope TF will do a Heathrow to KL route again. ", "Sad how he couldn’t keep up with the lunatic “eco” taxes. ", "Would love to fly his nice new planes to see my friend. ", "Not sure the taxes haven’t wrecked too much of the airline game lately. ", "You look out on the websites for “discount airfares”, and the utter rot you a presented with, not a single website playing anything but twisted games of contorted logic to deceive you. ", "Some even much with the tax numbers, more subtly than can be quickly explained, but watch out for that . .", "\n\nMe, I’m going to meet up with my old friend Riaz, who was once called the bucket shop king in the papers, because I am certain there’s a wedge to be driven into this fruit cake, when every single site is up to as much skulduggery as the other. ", "Failing that, top man and super company.", "\n\nWhen Laker was destroyed by BA and Maggie’s plans to float them, this was the trick: they used the Skytrain collapse as a argument to introduce bonds (ATOL / ABTA) for brokers. ", "When the self important lot got control of that, they refused to bond my pal, they didn’t want him to be there undercutting their fares. (", "My job at one time was to work out how to pull those fares from the SABRE screen and speed up finding the discounts. ", "Note how closely related are all airline ticketing systems .. )\n\nNow you see, Freddie had gained a court ruling of compensation in the billions, but Maggie telephoned The Gipper*, and got a Presidential decree to overturn the Supreme Court, so BA could survive to be floated. ", "My late BP was in the class action, as he’d fly weekly. ", "Got something like a hundred quid. ", "What a joke, because Laker’s proposition was London to NY for 99 quid. ", "The class action was for rigging the market to cut the legs off Laker, put him out, and compensation was for the increased cost of flying. ", "Ronnie was, by the by, trying to save Pan Am. ", "Both trying to act all pro business at the same time!", "\n\nAnyhow, it was Freddie Laker who saved Branson’s neck, with Virgin Atlantic, having a clue and a half how things work in the real world / Whitehall.", "\n\nAs you’ve guessed, I am no a Branson fan, but I do like the fact Laker got one back via Branson’s outfit. ", "Not much cop in F1, Branson, I think he slaps the Virgin name on things as a tax loss. ", "If he’d meant good for F1 he could easily have built that team up seriously. ", "That’s why I think he just fiddles the tax deductions, not actually does anything. ", "Cannot be he has bad advice. ", "If I was not already biased, a billionaire dabbling in a sport that needs money like you or I need air, is plain insulting. ", "We might have another much stronger team on the grid, and he could still cash out with little to no pain, head held high. ", "There’s a market for teams that are improving, not for teams that stay still or go backwards. ", "Amazes me how the Marussia – Virgin Racing team is ignored. ", "Yes, I think they are ignored. ", "Not because lack of interest in the team, but because editors in the mainstream media are scared to make Branson look bad, and loose advert sales.", "\n\nFreddie Laker’s career was set out by his experience running the Berlin Airlift. ", "There’s quite a lot in books about him, that give a very good perspective of the can do attitude of then, and that time going into the post war era, when to my amazement still, people were allowed to endeavor and improvise and try hard, without red tape and general “have you got a permit” lifestyle we suffer from now.", "\n\n*If you’ve ever wondered why Ronald Regan was called The Gipper, look it up. ", "Very bitter sweet story of a young football player, who died all too young of a throat infection the kind we just pop a pill for now. ", "All the more poignant because we’re by negligence letting infections become resistant to antibiotics, the same that would historically have saved untold lives. ", "Make me Premier or PM or dictator for the day, and give me one decision only, it would be to make serious sanction over the use of antibiotics, literally bring failure to use properly in line with manslaughter charges, because the definition of criminality is harming society, and not completing a course does cumulatively harm society, and is leading to many tragedies. ", "Please inform yourself and others in turn, because predictions of antibiotics failing are getting all too close to reality, and any wider even slight failing would be a unbelievable disaster. (", "public message quota fully used up for the month!)", "\n\nI have sometimes wondered what input some team principals have on the pit wall, are the Vijay, Flavio types really the guys a driver wants chimeing in their ear as they’re trying to put a race together? ", "Their role seems more of a flamboyant refuge for them or in Malyas case a welcome refuge from the business chaos. ", "I wonder what Kimi’s point of view on this question would be?", "\n\nAnother Airline linked with F1 was Lauda Air which was formed by Niki Lauda but ran into financial problems and was taken over by the Austrian national airline. ", "It did quite well for about 20 years though.", "\n\nThat is a ridiculous thing to say. ", "What have I said that is racist about Indians? ", "Nothing.", "\nBack up your bullshit with some facts.", "\nI expect you to withdraw it. ", "If you don’t then you are not welcome here.", "\nNever forget the Monty Python sketch “What have the Romans ever done for us…”. ", "It applies just as well to the English in India.", "\n\nWithout wanting to reduce this forum to a slanging match it would appear from your comment: “a typical Englishman, who display no manners and are nothing but fools” as exposing you sir as the one making comments of a racist / xenophobic / nationalistic nature.", "\n\nPersonally I am glad that Vijay has managed to sell off some of his shares in the drinks business to realise some much needed cash. ", "Lets now wait and see if he actually uses some of it to pay some of the many decent & hard working Indian’s who have been left unpaid for many months, causing them and their families much personal hardship.", "\n\nJoe I fully understand if you choose not to publish this post for fear of ‘fanning the flames’ being created as a response to you journalistically reporting matters of confirmed fact.", "\n\nWhile you may feel a sense of pride in Mallya as some sort of successful Indian figurehead and therefore feel the need to defend this fine upstanding doctor from perceived slights. ", "You may want to consider the plight of his employees. ", "You can be proud to know he seems every bit as selfish and ruthless as SOME shyster billionaires and CEOs of the west, who have ruined many a hard working decent persons retirement by blowing up their pensions and the global economy. ", "So in that way India has arrived, if you want to admire the hoarding, manipulation and mismanagement of money by your over-leveraged icon, instead of everyday Indian business executives who further the economy in a stable fashion, then who is the fool? ", "Your misguided rant against Englishman and hero worship of Mallya are an over-compensation for a lingering inadequacy representative of a third world country mentality – you’re holding your fellow Indians back.", "\n\nLastly what other country in the world opened its doors to as many emigrating Indians as England did? ", "Nice to see the gratitude. ", "I’m sure most Indians living in Britain are doing better than Mallyas unpaid employees." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-ijms-20-00212}\n===============\n\nProteins execute all kinds of biological functions in life; thus, they are under delicate control. ", "According to the central dogma, of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA, via mRNA to proteins, the generation of the entire proteome consists of four major regulatory steps: RNA synthesis (including epigenetic and transcriptional regulation), RNA degradation, protein synthesis (i.e., translational regulation) and protein degradation. ", "With the advance of current omics technology, mathematical models and omics measurements demonstrated that the translation regulation accounts for more than half of all regulatory amplitudes, beyond the sum of all other regulations \\[[@B1-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Therefore, translational regulation is the most important regulatory step in organisms. ", "A number of studies focusing on the translation process were carried out since the 1970s but the investigation on global scale was achieved only in recent years. ", "Similar to \"genomics\" for the whole genome, \"transcriptomics\" for all transcripts, \"proteomics\" for all proteins, the nomenclature \"translatomics\" was raised for the studies on all elements involved in translation.", "\n\nDue to technological difficulties, translatomics received little attention for some time. ", "First, both nucleic acids and proteins are involved in translational regulation, increasing the complexity and diversity of biological macromolecules involved in the translation process. ", "Various omics tools and skills are needed for translatomics studies. ", "Second, the translation machinery is highly complex and the response to environmental and physiological changes requires rapid and specific adaptation of the translation machinery within minutes, rendering the experiments challenging. ", "The lack of studies on translatomics indicates substantial gaps in the understanding of the most important regulatory step in the flow of genetic information. ", "In recent years, continuous development has been made in the field of translational regulation, allowing us to study the features of translation in comprehensive approaches.", "\n\nIn this review, we will give a brief introduction to the state-of-the-art methods of translatomics to interrogate the multifaceted translational control and the significance and application of translatomics.", "\n\n2. ", "Methods for Translatome Research {#sec2-ijms-20-00212}\n===================================\n\nThe generalized definition of translatome includes all elements that are directly involved in the translational process, such as mRNAs to be translated (also known as RNC-mRNAs), ribosomes, tRNAs, some regulatory RNAs (miRNA, lncRNA and so forth. ", "Note that not all regulatory RNAs are involved in translation), nascent polypeptide chains and various translation factors. ", "Usually the term \"translatome\" represents the entirety of translating mRNA. ", "In general, RNA and protein are two major categories of macromolecules in translatomics studies. ", "Their static components and dynamics are regulated by a complex and sophisticated system. ", "For each element involved in translation, specific methods have been developed to investigate it in global scale.", "\n\n2.1. ", "Method for Translating mRNA {#sec2dot1-ijms-20-00212}\n--------------------------------\n\nThe mRNA provides the blueprint for protein synthesis. ", "Investigating the translating mRNA is the primary task of translatomics. ", "Since the ribosomes non-covalently bind with mRNA, the ribosome nascent-chain complex (RNC) is very fragile and prone to dissociation or degradation after cell lysis. ", "Several important and classic methods were developed to analyse different features of translating mRNAs: polysome profiling, full-length translating mRNA profiling (RNC-seq), translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP-seq) and ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq). ", "The basic principle of these methods are illustrated in [Figure 1](#ijms-20-00212-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n### 2.1.1. ", "Polysome Profiling {#sec2dot1dot1-ijms-20-00212}\n\nPolysome profiling was developed in the 1960s, based on sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. ", "Ribosome is the largest macromolecular machinery in most cells with high density. ", "An mRNA molecule bound by more ribosomes would sediment faster in sucrose gradient. ", "Therefore, after sucrose density gradient centrifugation, free RNA and proteins float on the top of the sucrose gradient due to their density. ", "The sucrose solution was pumped slowly from the bottom and the mRNAs bound to different number of ribosomes can be separated. ", "The mRNAs in the fractions are then analysed using northern blot, microarray or RT-PCR to reflect the distribution of translation of transcripts. ", "The technique was commonly used in detecting large changes in translation. ", "For example, a significant increase in the composition of a single ribosome was observed under hyperosmotic pressure \\[[@B2-ijms-20-00212],[@B3-ijms-20-00212]\\], the number of ribosomes bound to a single mRNA increases significantly under oxidative stress \\[[@B3-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nTo be noted, researchers thought that actively translated mRNA usually binds multiple ribosomes. ", "However, recent studies have shown that translation are active for those mRNAs that bind single ribosomes. ", "For example, in HEK293 cells and exponentially growing *Escherichia coli* (*E. coli*), which are recognized to be very active in translation, the monosome fractions (70S for prokaryotes and 80S for eukaryotes) are dominant \\[[@B3-ijms-20-00212],[@B4-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "When the monosome fraction was separated and transferred to a cell-free translation system, the ribosomes can resume translation and produce proteins \\[[@B5-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, the monosomes are elongating, not initiating. ", "Short open reading frames (ORFs), fast-translating genes and the low-abundance mRNAs tend to be enriched in the monosome fraction \\[[@B6-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "These results proved the translational activity is not proportional to the number of ribosomes bounded on the mRNA.", "\n\nThe main drawback of the polysome profiling is the difficulty in performing in-depth analysis of the all translating mRNAs (RNC-mRNA). ", "Due to the large volume of the sucrose gradient, the RNC-mRNA concentration in each fraction is very low and high concentration of sucrose inhibits some further enzymatic reactions \\[[@B7-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "The total amount of RNC-mRNA recovered from sucrose gradient is generally only enough for RT-PCR quantification but difficult to acquire enough amount mRNA for full-spectrum analysis such as microarray or RNA sequencing unless using large amount of starting materials \\[[@B7-ijms-20-00212],[@B8-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n### 2.1.2. ", "RNC-Seq {#sec2dot1dot2-ijms-20-00212}\n\nThe full-length translating mRNA sequencing (RNC-seq) \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\], exhibits unique advantages and effectively resolves this problem. ", "The cell lysate is loaded onto a 30% sucrose cushion and ultracentrifugation is performed to separate all the translating mRNA associated with ribosomes from free mRNA and other cellular components. ", "The RNCs are sedimented by ultracentrifugation. ", "The RNC-mRNA can be easily recovered from the pelleted RNC and effectively avoid the interference of high concentration of sucrose facilitating downstream studies. ", "Next-generation sequencing of RNC-mRNA by this technique reveals the full-length information of translating mRNAs, including the abundance and types. ", "By optimizing the centrifugation and the sucrose cushion, the RNC recovery rate can reach 90% and the recovered RNC retains translation activity when proper buffer was given \\[[@B5-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "The technical difficulty of RNC-seq lays in the separation of intact RNC. ", "The fragility of RNC leads to ribosome dissociation and mRNA breakage/degradation, which result in biased analyses of RNC-mRNAs.", "\n\n### 2.1.3. ", "Ribo-Seq {#sec2dot1dot3-ijms-20-00212}\n\nRibosomal profiling (Ribo-seq), first published by Ingolia et al. ", "in 2009 \\[[@B10-ijms-20-00212],[@B11-ijms-20-00212]\\], investigates translation from another point of view. ", "Cell lysates were treated with a low concentration of ribonuclease (RNase) to degrade mRNA with exception of those RNA fragments protected by ribosomes. ", "Then, the 22--35 nt mRNA fragments (known as ribosome footprints, RFPs, which are equivalent to ribosome protected fragments, RPFs) were analysed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to reveal ribosome positions and densities. ", "Based on the positional information, the distributions and densities of ribosomes on each transcript it is possible to deduce information such as the start codon position (including non-ATG initiation), codon usage bias \\[[@B12-ijms-20-00212]\\], upstream ORFs (uORFs) \\[[@B13-ijms-20-00212]\\] and translational pausing landscape \\[[@B14-ijms-20-00212]\\] (see reviews \\[[@B15-ijms-20-00212],[@B16-ijms-20-00212]\\]). ", "These aspects could not be investigated by other translatomic methods. ", "In 2016, super-resolution ribosome profiling, an optimized method of Ribo-seq was developed, which enabled to observe the robust global 3-nt periodicity in individual transcripts. ", "In addition this method improved the ability of Ribo-seq to uncover small ORFs (sORFs) and unannotated new coding regions likely coding proteins from annotated noncoding RNAs and pseudogenes \\[[@B17-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Ribonuclease used in ribosome profiling was also take into consideration and found ribonuclease T1 was the best enzyme that can preserved the integrity of ribosome while converting polysomes to monosomes in examined species \\[[@B18-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "A variant of Ribo-seq is the translation complex profile sequencing (TCP-seq) \\[[@B19-ijms-20-00212],[@B20-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Formaldehyde was used to crosslink the snap-chilled yeast cells, by which any translation complex type to mRNA was stalled at their native positions, followed by RNase digestion. ", "Full ribosome and small subunit (SSU) were then separated using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and the RNA fragments up to 250 nt attached to these fractions were then sequenced to generate native distribution profiles during the initiation, the elongation and termination stages of translation, respectively. ", "This method enables observing the SSU footprints along 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA and captures the positions of any type of ribosome-mRNA complex at all phases of translation.", "\n\nHowever, Ribo-seq is complicated and costly. ", "It requires large number of cells as starting material, compared to the RNC-seq. ", "Since the hybridization-based rRNA depletion is necessary for Ribo-seq of all species, Ribo-seq is usually restricted to several model organisms. ", "For many other species, especially the large variety of bacteria, Ribo-seq is difficult to perform due to the lack of rRNA probes for rRNA depletion, where the costly customization of rRNA probes is seemingly the only choice. ", "Many other factors affect the number of RFPs such as pseudoRPFs. ", "Since Ribo-seq mainly analyse coding sequence (CDS), where ribosomes bind mRNA. ", "Untranslated regions (UTRs), which can be highly correlated with translational regulation, cannot be efficiently analysed \\[[@B7-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In addition, Ribo-seq often generates many \"RFPs\" which are mapped to non-coding RNAs, indicating that a considerable false positive rate \\[[@B21-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nAnother drawback is the short length of the RFPs (24\\~26 nt in prokaryotes and 28\\~30 nt in eukaryotes), which is restricted by the size of ribosomes and cannot be further extended. ", "In order to obtain sufficient coverage of medium-abundance mRNAs, exaggerated sequencing throughput is required (usually \\>100 million reads per sample), which means high sequencing and computational cost. ", "Even so, many translation events, especially the splice junctions of splice variants and circular RNAs are still hard to cover. ", "The spliced mapping algorithms are less effective on these short reads to detect junctions. ", "In contrast, the full-length RNC-seq sequences the entire mRNA; therefore, longer read length is applicable. ", "Longer reads result in almost full coverage of most translating mRNAs, including the low-abundance mRNAs \\[[@B22-ijms-20-00212],[@B23-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "This allows efficient detection and quantification of the junctions, for example, the various splice variants of the translating BDP1 and BRF1 \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\] and the translating circular RNA circLINC-PINT \\[[@B24-ijms-20-00212]\\], which were almost unrealistic using Ribo-seq.", "\n\nIt should be emphasized that the density of RFPs is NOT representing translational activity. ", "The RFP density is proportional to the translation initiation rate and inversely proportional to elongation velocity \\[[@B25-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "If the translation is completely stalled on a certain mRNA, the RFP will be highly enriched in this mRNA but the translational activity is zero.", "\n\n### 2.1.4. ", "TRAP-Seq {#sec2dot1dot4-ijms-20-00212}\n\nRibosome affinity purification (RAP) or translating RAP (TRAP) was reported by Inada, et al. ", "\\[[@B26-ijms-20-00212]\\], using the large ribosomal subunit protein Rpl25p produced under the control of a tissue-specific promoter and a fused affinity tag (such as polyhistidine, green fluorescence protein (GFP), etc.) ", "at the C-terminus \\[[@B26-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "These ribosomes are then purified with affinity (beads or columns) to be separated from the ribosomes of the other cell types. ", "TRAP-seq specifically enriches RNC-mRNA in a sample that is difficult to isolate for subsequent analysis \\[[@B27-ijms-20-00212]\\] and the ribosomes isolated by TRAP-seq should not be contaminated with non-ribosomal mRNPs that might co-sediment with ribosomes because TRAP-seq does not utilize ultracentrifugation. ", "TRAP-seq has its special advantages in complex tissues to isolate translating mRNAs from specific cell type \\[[@B28-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "However, TRAP-seq needs a stably transfected cell line to produce the tagged ribosomal protein. ", "When applied to plants and animals, constructing stably transgenic organisms is inevitable. ", "This is time-consuming, costly and is not applicable to species, for which no stable transformation method has been established \\[[@B27-ijms-20-00212],[@B29-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Moreover, overproduction of tagged ribosomal proteins has the potential to alter the structure and properties of these ribosomes. ", "Consequently, the system is no longer under physiological conditions; all conclusions should be carefully assessed before applied to general scenarios.", "\n\nThe technical comparison of these methods are listed in [Table 1](#ijms-20-00212-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Methods for tRNAome {#sec2dot2-ijms-20-00212}\n------------------------\n\nAs essential components of translation process, tRNAs recognize codons on mRNA and transporting corresponding amino acids for protein synthesis. ", "The types and amounts of tRNAs highly influence the speed of protein synthesis \\[[@B3-ijms-20-00212],[@B25-ijms-20-00212],[@B30-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Numerous tRNA genes have been predicted in genomes (89 tRNA genes in *E. coli* but 595 in hg19 *human* genome, 800 in *Oryza sativa* and up to 13105 in *zebrafish*, according to GtRNAdb \\[[@B31-ijms-20-00212]\\]).", "\n\nVarious kinds of tRNA molecules are highly homologous in nucleotide sequences: the primary sequence deviation between two different tRNAs can be as low as 1 nucleotide. ", "All tRNA species share highly similar and highly thermodynamically stable secondary and tertiary structures and physicochemical properties. ", "Their nucleotides are highly modified compared to other RNA types. ", "These features make separation and quantification of all tRNA species extremely difficult. ", "Dong et al. ", "\\[[@B32-ijms-20-00212]\\] and Kanaya et al. ", "\\[[@B33-ijms-20-00212]\\] isolated and quantified tRNAs in *E. coli* and *Bacillus subtilis* (*B. subtilis*) by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), respectively. ", "Mass spectrometry (MS) was also used to identify tRNA species but the extreme homology of tRNA sequences leads to insufficient signatures to distinguish each tRNA species, even in prokaryotes. ", "Kanduc et al. ", "separated 269 rat tRNAs into 62 peaks using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) \\[[@B34-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Resolution of mass spectrometry and hybridization-based microarray were severely restricted to 31\\~70 tRNA types, due to the extremely high homology of the tRNA sequences (reviewed in Reference \\[[@B35-ijms-20-00212]\\]). ", "NGS seems to be the only high-resolution method to perform the tRNAome identification and quantification. ", "However, the highly stable structures and the heavily modified nucleotides lead to low and unstable efficiency of reverse transcription and high error rate in the sequencing reads. ", "In 2015, Zhong et al. ", "\\[[@B3-ijms-20-00212]\\] performed the first tRNA-specific NGS for the *E. coli* tRNAome. ", "They used a primer designed for CCA-tail of tRNAs to prime reverse transcription universally for all tRNAs and performed reverse transcription at higher temperature to counteract the stable structures and modifications, enabling efficient reverse transcription. ", "The mismatches in the reads due to the modifications were tolerated by the highly accurate and robust *FANSe* algorithm \\[[@B36-ijms-20-00212],[@B37-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Shortly after that, AlkB-facilitated RNA methylation sequencing (ARM-seq) and demethylation (DM)-tRNA-seq was developed, using modified demethylase *AlkB* from bacteria to remove the methyl modification in tRNA and then sequenced the full-length tRNA \\[[@B38-ijms-20-00212],[@B39-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nHydro-tRNAseq, based on partial alkaline hydrolysis of tRNA, was also used to cleavage tRNAs into shorter reads, resulting in fewer errors at modification sites per sequence read, largely improved the tRNA read content in NGS datasets \\[[@B40-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "However, tRNA anticodons and mRNA codons do not show a one-to-one correspondence. ", "It is impossible to predict tRNA usage merely from mRNA codon usage from mRNA sequence obtained from ribosome profiling. ", "Ribo-tRNA-Seq was developed to investigate this unknown area \\[[@B41-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nVarious new developments enabled quantification of tRNAome for any species and the ability to decipher the functional roles of tRNAs under translational control.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Methods for the Folding State of Nascent Polypeptides {#sec2dot3-ijms-20-00212}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTraditional mass spectrometry methods are inappropriate to resolve the structure of nascent polypeptide sequence due to limited sensitivity and sequence coverage. ", "Currently, there is no method for detecting the structure of nascent polypeptide chains at global scale but it is possible to interrogate the nascent chain´s conformation of a single protein. ", "A general and convenient method is the limited protease digestion. ", "The intact RNC is treated by a non-specific protease such as proteinase K at low temperature ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-00212-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "During the protease treatment, the flexible parts of the protein are easily digested, while the tightly folded elements are less accessible to the protease and thus remain uncleaved. ", "The cleavage products can be analysed by gel electrophoresis or autoradiography to reveal the folded regions of the nascent chains \\[[@B5-ijms-20-00212],[@B30-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nThe analysis of the fine structure of the nascent polypeptide chain in RNC is demanding. ", "Despite technical advance in both X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) methods these techniques fail to provide high-resolution structures of nascent chains directly. ", "Since protein folding may follow multiple pathways in the folding landscape, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy appears to be more suitable for analysing the structure of nascent polypeptide chains due to its ability to determine the dynamic structure of biological macromolecules in solution. ", "In 2006, Hsu et al. ", "used NMR to resolve the nascent polypeptide chain conformation of Ig2 protein \\[[@B42-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In addition, structural information of nascent α-synuclein was successfully obtained in cultured bacteria, using ^1^H and ^15^N for metabolic labelling \\[[@B43-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "The labelling with stable isotopes eliminates the signals of the large ribosome.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Methods to Identify and to Quantify Nascent Peptides {#sec2dot4-ijms-20-00212}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nIdentification and quantification the nascent chain is also needed in monitoring the protein synthesis. ", "Although this could be partially replaced by RNC-seq and Ribo-seq, direct evidence at protein level is also preferred. ", "Typical techniques include pSILAC, BONCAT/QuaNCAT and PUNCH-P (illustrated in [Figure 2](#ijms-20-00212-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\nThe SILAC (Stable Isotope Labelling by Amino acids) uses the stable isotope added into the cell culture medium to label the newly-synthesized proteins \\[[@B44-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Mixed with the non-labelled proteins, the mass shift in the mass spectra allows direct comparison of the quantity of the two versions of the same peptides, thus provides accurate quantification. ", "Transferring cell culture to the heavy-isotope medium and start a time-course have been applied to track the protein half-life and turnover \\[[@B3-ijms-20-00212],[@B45-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "However, this measures the accumulation of newly-synthesized proteins, not the nascent peptides. ", "pSILAC (pulsed-SILAC) uses pulse incubation of cell cultures with stable isotopes. ", "If the pulse time is short enough, the heavy-isotope-labelled peptides would represent the nascent chains. ", "However, accurate SILAC quantification requires similar abundance of the labelled and non-labelled peptides. ", "Therefore, pSILAC requires prolonged pulses (\\>10 h) to achieve sufficient labelling efficiency \\[[@B46-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "This is order of magnitude longer than the translation process of a normal protein (minutes scale), resulting in inaccurate quantification of nascent peptides.", "\n\nBONCAT/QuaNCAT (Bio-Orthogonal/Quantitative Non-Canonical Amino acid Tagging) \\[[@B47-ijms-20-00212],[@B48-ijms-20-00212]\\] pulse-label newly-synthesized proteins using azidohomoalanine (AHA), a methionine analogue that allows click-chemistry. ", "Tagged proteins are then isolated and subjected to MS analysis. ", "However, this method requires depletion of the cellular methionine and addition of AHA, creating a stress to the cell and may alter the global translation dynamics and kinetics \\[[@B49-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Some small proteins would not contain methionine (the initiator methionine may be cleaved when the N-terminal of nascent peptide stretches out of the ribosomal tunnel) and thus cannot be labelled by AHA. ", "Moreover, similar to the pSILAC, the AHA pulse also needs prolonged time (hours) and thus cannot represent genuine nascent chains \\[[@B50-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "The identification power of BONCAT is also limited: 7414 BONCAT-labelled proteins were detected \\[[@B50-ijms-20-00212]\\], which was much less than the 9064 proteins identified using normal MS in comparable cell lines, published in the same year \\[[@B51-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nTo isolate genuine nascent peptides that are being synthesized, PUNCH-P (PUromycin-associated Nascent CHain Proteomics) uses puromycin to label the C-termini of nascent peptides and then enriched by conjugated biotin \\[[@B52-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "This method does not disturb the physiology of the cell until the addition of puromycin and therefore provides a snapshot of the global translation scenario at that moment. ", "However, the drawback is still the lower sensitivity and reproducibility compared to the normal MS. ", "A pioneer work of PUNCH-P identified only 3244 proteins with 5% false-discovery rate (FDR), which is inacceptable according to the Human Proteome Project (HPP) Guideline \\[[@B53-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Therefore, it is not often used for proteome-wide study but useful to study the dynamics of single proteins \\[[@B54-ijms-20-00212],[@B55-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In addition, the correlation of the PUNCH-P nascent peptides and the Ribo-seq RFP abundances are generally very low (*R* \\< 0.38) except very high abundance proteins, suggesting high variability and bias of such methods \\[[@B56-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nWith the advancement of MS experimental methods and bioinformatics, especially using the RNC-seq as an independent reference against the proteome at steady state, the sensitivity and confidence of MS have been substantially improved \\[[@B22-ijms-20-00212],[@B23-ijms-20-00212],[@B51-ijms-20-00212],[@B57-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Combining multiple techniques, we have used label-free MS method to identify 4140 nascent peptides in *E. coli*, which is approaching the sensitivity of Ribo-seq results (identified 4195 translating genes by RFPs) \\[[@B58-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n2.5. ", "Methods for Detecting mRNA Co-Translational Decay Intermediates {#sec2dot5-ijms-20-00212}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo maintain dynamic gene regulatory networks in cells, mRNA decay is an important process in controlling mRNA abundance at posttranscriptional level. ", "It is generally assumed that normal mRNAs undergoing translation are stabilized and protected from decay by a 5′-m7GpppN cap and a 3′-poly-A tail. ", "Moreover, recent report have revealed that mRNA decay can be coupled with translation \\[[@B59-ijms-20-00212],[@B60-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In general, mRNA degradation is mediated by three main mechanisms: 5′-to-3′degradation, 3′-to-5′decay and small RNA-mediated RNA silencing, which were different from degradation of aberrant mRNAs by other three pathways---non-stop decay (NSD), nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and no-go decay (NGD) \\[[@B61-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In RNA silencing, the small RNAs including microRNAs (miRNA) and small interfering RNAs (siRNA) can initiate argonaute (AGO)-mediated cleavage of target RNAs in special positions with complementarity base-paring interactions, which result the mRNA with a 5′-monophosphate and then the target mRNA was degraded. ", "Different high-throughput sequencing methods based on ligation of 5′-monophosphate such as genome-wide mapping of uncapped and cleaved transcripts (GMUCT), parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE), 5′-monophosphorylated ends sequencing (5Pseq) and degradome sequencing and so forth have been developed to specifically study the degradation of mRNAs \\[[@B62-ijms-20-00212],[@B63-ijms-20-00212],[@B64-ijms-20-00212],[@B65-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nGMUCT is useful to study genome-wide mapping of uncapped transcripts and miRNA-directed target RNA cleavage and co-translational RNA decay in eukaryotes transcriptomes \\[[@B66-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "PolyA-containing mRNAs were isolated and an adapter is ligated to the free 5′-monophosphate ends in mRNAs, intermediate and then the NGS library was generated and sequenced. ", "GMUCT was further used to investigate ribosome pausing during termination, uORFs finding during co-translational decay \\[[@B67-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "PARE is also developed to identify the miRNA cleavage sites \\[[@B63-ijms-20-00212]\\] and to investigate the ribosome stalling and the identification of translation regulators \\[[@B68-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "5Pseq direct ligate 5′-monophosphorylated(5P) ends of decapped transcripts and mRNAs from the same sample are treated with a phosphatase to block the 5P end of decapped transcripts and the capped mRNAs were captured and sequenced in parallel. ", "By compare the capped and decapped sequencing samples, the location of mRNA degradation intermediates could be revealed. ", "5Pseq can also reveal ribosome dynamics such as ribosome pausing and termination \\[[@B69-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Note that, all those methods above can only be used to measure the miRNA-mediated mRNA cleavage, NMD and 5′-to-3′degradation but cannot measure 3′-to-5′ decay of the mRNA intermediate. ", "And miRNA target cleavage sites can be detected in plants more obviously than in animal and human, because the different miRNA silencing mechanisms \\[[@B66-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n2.6. ", "Visualization of Translation In Vivo {#sec2dot6-ijms-20-00212}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe abovementioned methods require lysis of the cells. ", "To monitor live process of translation, single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was employed to determine the reaction rates within the elongation cycles and found that unfolding of mRNA secondary structures is more closely coupled to E-site tRNA dissociation than to tRNA translocation \\[[@B70-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "FRET was also used to identify ribosomes translating a given mRNA from a mixture of two different mRNAs \\[[@B71-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Nascent chain tracking (NCT) can monitor and quantify the protein synthesis dynamics at the single mRNA level by multi-epitope tags and antibody-based fluorescent probes \\[[@B72-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "By employing NCT, an elongation rate of \\~10 amino acids per second were revealed, with initiation occurring stochastically every \\~30 s. However, these methods are not high-throughput compatible.", "\n\n3. ", "Translatomics in Fundamental Biology {#sec3-ijms-20-00212}\n=======================================\n\n3.1. ", "The \"Quantitative\" Central Dogma of Molecular Biology {#sec3dot1-ijms-20-00212}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe quantitative correlation between mRNA and protein abundances in various species is generally poor (*R*^2^ \\~ 0.01--0.5) \\[[@B73-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "This means that mRNA levels are not sufficient to predict protein levels in many scenarios \\[[@B74-ijms-20-00212]\\] because translation control plays a major role in the flow of genetic information from DNA, via mRNA, to polypeptides, according to the *central dogma of molecular biology.* ", "In 2013, Wang et al. ", "discovered multivariate linear correlation among the abundance of translating mRNA, mRNA length of protein abundance in steady-state cells with *R*^2^ = 0.94 by employing mRNA-seq, RNC-seq and mass spectrometry \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "It quantitatively connected the key steps of the genetic flow from transcripts to functional proteins. ", "Taking the advantage of the high sensitivity and precision of NGS, RNC-seq may partially replace proteome quantification in steady-state cells in some cases.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Translational Pausing Induces Co-Translational Folding {#sec3dot2-ijms-20-00212}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nAny protein synthesized by ribosomes must be folded into a specific three-dimensional structure to fulfil its cellular functions. ", "Anfinsen's Dogma stated the primary sequence of a protein determines its three-dimensional structural conformation in a given environment. ", "According to Anfinsen's Dogma, it is generally believed that silent mutations do not alter the amino acid sequence and thus do not affect protein folding. ", "However, one amino acid can be encoded by various codons except for methionine and the concentration of corresponding tRNA can vary by more than one order of magnitude. ", "Therefore, the translation elongation velocity is non-uniform along the mRNA and the silent mutations may alter the elongation velocity. ", "Zhang et al. ", "proposed a mathematical model for predicting the translation elongation velocity based on tRNA concentration \\[[@B5-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "The translation velocity is effectively slowed down by several slow-translating codons. ", "These regions are called \"translational pausing\" or \"attenuation sites,\" where ribosomes move slower. ", "Pausing sites typically occur 20--70 amino acids downstream of a protein domain \\[[@B75-ijms-20-00212]\\], coordinating the fast protein biosynthesis and slow co-translational folding. ", "This mechanism simplifies the folding of a large protein into several smaller domains and solves the Levinthal's Paradox, according to which a folding protein, sampling all possible conformations, would practically never reach its native state \\[[@B76-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "There are more translation attenuation sites in longer proteins, which contain more domains to fold and thus rely more on pausing-mediated domain-wise co-translational folding \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "This tRNA-mediated protein folding mechanism is independent of molecular chaperone folding mechanism. ", "Acceleration of these pausing sites by silent mutations or tRNA overexpression can perturb the domain-wise co-translational folding, resulting in misfolding and mislocalization of proteins. ", "This \"stop-to-fold\" theory explains many diseases caused by silent mutations (reviewed in Reference \\[[@B77-ijms-20-00212]\\]). ", "Protein orthologs in different organisms share similar pausing profiles, although their codon usage and coding sequences substantially vary. ", "Therefore, translational pausing provides an additional selective force for evolution \\[[@B75-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n3.3. ", "Two-Dimensional Translational Control Initiation and Elongation {#sec3dot3-ijms-20-00212}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTranslation initiation and peptide elongation are the two major stages of protein synthesis control. ", "The translation ratio (TR) value of each gene can be calculated by measuring the mRNA and RNC-mRNA of the same sample in parallel \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In eukaryotes, translation initiation is the main rate-limiting step in protein synthesis; thus, TR approximately reflects the translation initiation efficiency \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In prokaryotes, most genes are organized in polycistrons, aggravating the determination of translation initiation efficiency of each individual gene.", "\n\nTo detect the translation elongation speed globally is even more demanding Ingolia et al. ", "measured translational elongation speed in mouse embryonic stem cells using Ribo-seq by inhibiting translational initiation and then tracking the length of the RFP-free mRNA regions \\[[@B78-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "However, an artificial lag of 60 s showed significant bias of this approach, making their approach far from the physiological conditions. ", "Substantial error limited this method in measuring average elongation speed of many genes. ", "The technical flaws lead to an ironic conclusion: there's no difference on the translational elongation speed of different types of genes.", "\n\nLian et al. ", "performed mRNA-seq, RNC-seq and Ribo-seq simultaneously for the same cell lines and obtained the elongation velocity index (EVI) for each individual gene under physiological conditions the first time \\[[@B25-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "tRNA concentration was found the only factor that regulates the translation elongation rate. ", "Various codon preference indices, such as codon adaptation index, codon bias index, tRNA adaptation index and so forth, are irrelevant to actual translation elongation speed. ", "mRNA secondary structure is also irrelevant to the global translation elongation speed.", "\n\nThe TR and EVI, representing translation initiation efficiency and elongation speed respectively, formed a two-dimensional translational control ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-00212-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}): (I) Most genes are similar concerning TR and EVI. (", "II) Productivity mode: high TR genes are very actively translated and the folding of these proteins was robust so that no translation pause is required. (", "III) Quality mode: low EVI genes are slow in translational elongation for better folding to ensuring their functionality. (", "IV) No gene is active in translation initiation and slow elongation to avoid \"ribosome traffic jam\".", "\n\nMost genes are organized in polycistrons in prokaryotes; therefore, it is still difficult to measure the translation initiation efficiency of each individual genes due to two reasons. ", "First, translation of one gene in a polycistron leads to detection of the entire operon in RNC-seq. ", "Second, besides canonical translation initiation process, a novel initiation mode, \"70S-scanning initiation,\" has been demonstrated to be ubiquitous in bacteria. ", "The \"70S-scanning initiation\" represents that the 70S ribosomes do not dissociate after termination step but rather scan along with the mRNA until reaching the initiation site of the downstream cistron of the same mRNA. ", "Binding of fMet-tRNA triggers 70S scanning, which occurs in the absence of energy-rich compounds (e.g., ATP, GTP) and seems to be driven by unidimensional diffusion \\[[@B79-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "The role of IF2 (initiation factor 2) is well defined. ", "It can bind directly to the 30S subunit, providing a docking site for fMet-tRNA \\[[@B80-ijms-20-00212]\\], while it can also enter the 30S subunit as ternary complex fMet-tRNA•IF2•GTP \\[[@B81-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Both IF2 and IF3 are essential for cell viability. ", "The binding site of IF3 is at the 30S interface \\[[@B82-ijms-20-00212]\\], which explains its anti-association effect \\[[@B83-ijms-20-00212],[@B84-ijms-20-00212]\\], as well as its role in dissociation of the terminating ribosome \\[[@B85-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Both IF3 and IF2 are also responsible for the fidelity of decoding the initiation AUG at the P site of 30S subunits \\[[@B86-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "IF1 is universal \\[[@B87-ijms-20-00212]\\] and essential for cell viability \\[[@B88-ijms-20-00212]\\] although it is the smallest factor, with only 72 amino acid residues in *E. coli*. ", "It binds to the decoding centre at the ribosomal A site \\[[@B89-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Several functions have been described, for example, stimulation of the formation of the 30SIC and subunit association \\[[@B90-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "It is recently reported that the task of IF1 appears to be the prevention of untimely interference by ternary aminoacyl (aa)-tRNA•elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu)•GTP complexes during the 70S scanning initiation \\[[@B79-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n3.4. ", "Alternative Translation Start Sites and Readthrough {#sec3dot4-ijms-20-00212}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nLike alternative splicing, which expands mRNA diversity, alternative translation start sites and readthrough expands the protein diversity at the translational level. ", "Specific inhibitors of translation initiation, such as harringtonine and lactimidomycin, enrich the ribosomes at translation start sites. ", "These sites can be analysed by Ribo-seq at genome-wide scale \\[[@B78-ijms-20-00212],[@B91-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Wang et al. ", "measured the translational status of mRNA isoforms with distinct start sites and revealed nearly 1/10 of the expressed genes in mouse fibroblasts exhibited significant isoform-divergent translation \\[[@B92-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Isoforms with longer 5′UTRs tended to translate less efficiently \\[[@B93-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nReadthrough, that is, continued translation at the stop codon, produces an extended protein with alternative functions. ", "In addition, readthrough is necessary for many viruses to complete their reproductive cycles. ", "The natural rate of readthrough is less than 0.1% \\[[@B94-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "In rare cases, natural stop suppression increases the readthrough rate by several orders of magnitude \\[[@B95-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Readthrough can be indicated by RFP distributions after the stop codon \\[[@B96-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Many readthrough candidates were both identified in yeast and in primary human foreskin fibroblasts, indicating that readthrough might be not only a ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic translation but also a novel mechanism to tune gene expression (reviewed in \\[[@B97-ijms-20-00212]\\]). ", "However, ribosomes do not dissociate from the mRNA immediately after the translation termination (\"run-off\"), which can be exaggerated under stress conditions \\[[@B2-ijms-20-00212],[@B98-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Some translation factors also promote programmed stop codon readthrough, for example, eIF3 \\[[@B99-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n3.5. ", "Ribosome Diversity {#sec3dot5-ijms-20-00212}\n-----------------------\n\nCanonical stereotype of ribosomes is just a macromolecular machinery for translation. ", "People usually consider that all functional ribosomes in one species are the same. ", "However, recent findings suggest ribosomes are not created equal. ", "Diversity of ribosome composition and activity may be more dynamically regulated to impart a new aspect of translational control (reviewed in References \\[[@B100-ijms-20-00212],[@B101-ijms-20-00212]\\]). ", "In brief, ribosome diversity may be caused by diversity of rRNA sequences, ribosome protein (RP) composition and translation factors. ", "The rRNA sequence can be sequenced using NGS and the protein components can be resolved using MS.", "\n\nIn rare cases, some species like *Plasmodium* parasites carry two types of ribosomal DNA genes in their genome, generating two types of ribosomes during different stages of their life cycles, respectively \\[[@B102-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "These ribosomes are distinct in function \\[[@B103-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "More common way to construct specialized ribosomes is to generate distinct RPs in different cells and tissues. ", "This includes alternative splicing of RPs \\[[@B104-ijms-20-00212]\\], cell-specific activation of RP homologs \\[[@B105-ijms-20-00212]\\], development stage-specific modification of RPs \\[[@B106-ijms-20-00212],[@B107-ijms-20-00212]\\], sex-specific RPs \\[[@B108-ijms-20-00212]\\] and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of RP genes \\[[@B109-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Ribosome-associated factors also affect ribosome function. ", "For example, Reaper protein inhibits cap-dependent translation and promotes IRES-mediated translation \\[[@B110-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n4. ", "Translatomics in Biology/Disease-Relevant Studies {#sec4-ijms-20-00212}\n====================================================\n\n4.1. ", "Perturbation of Global Translation in Cancer {#sec4dot1-ijms-20-00212}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nCancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide in high and middle-income countries. ", "The genome instability drives various mutations and leads to drug resistance. ", "Therefore, any treatment targeting genomic variation would be eventually invalid.", "\n\nWang et al. ", "found that the translation initiation efficiency (TR), calculated from RNC-seq and mRNA-seq results, is generally elevated in lung cancer cells compared to normal cells \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "The functions of top 123 TR up-regulated genes reflect almost all hallmarks of cancer, indicating that the preferentially translated genes determine the function and phenotype of the cells. ", "Shorter genes (corresponding to smaller proteins) are more actively translated than longer genes in cancer cells. ", "Guo et al. ", "proposed a mathematical model to explain this length-dependent translational priority \\[[@B111-ijms-20-00212]\\]: synthesis of shorter proteins are more effective due to less errors during the protein synthesis process (which is dominated by folding errors). ", "Therefore, to synthesize a functional proteome rather than a single protein, the length-dependent translation priority towards small proteins is the most energy-efficient way. ", "With increased translation elongation speed in cancer cells, the folding error rate increases, decreasing the effectiveness to produce large proteins. ", "Therefore, elevating TRs of small proteins facilitates the survival of cancer cells.", "\n\nLian et al. ", "used mRNA-seq, RNC-seq and Ribo-seq to calculate EVI to evaluate the translation elongation speed at individual gene level under physiological conditions \\[[@B25-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "They found the translation elongation speed of oncogenic genes is significantly reduced in cancer cells to ensure the correct folding and their malignant function \\[[@B25-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Meanwhile, the translation elongation speed of tumour suppressor genes is accelerated in cancer cells, perturbing their folding and functionality. ", "This bidirectional regulation on translation elongation allows cancer cells to maintain the malignant phenotypes.", "\n\nThese translatomic investigations provide new insights on the molecular basis of cancer, indicating novel therapeutic strategies.", "\n\n4.2. ", "Microbial Stress Resistance {#sec4dot2-ijms-20-00212}\n--------------------------------\n\nBacteria need to respond quickly to sudden environmental changes and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most common stress. ", "To counteract oxidative stress, the oxidative response system in bacteria, such as SoxRS system and OxyR system, is transcriptionally regulated and takes 20--30 min to take effect \\[[@B3-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "An alternative mechanism is needed to cope with stresses within minutes.", "\n\nZhong et al. ", "investigated *E. coli* protein synthesis using mass spectrometry and found that the protein synthesis was almost halted immediately after the application of oxidant \\[[@B3-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Detailed analysis showed that translation initiation rate was not affected but the translation elongation rate was severely slowed down. ", "tRNA-seq, validated by qRT-PCR, exhibited that almost all tRNAs was down-regulated at the beginning of oxidative stress. ", "Overexpression of low-abundance tRNAs accelerated translation, allowing faster growth under oxidative stress and protecting it against higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and tolerating ROS caused by ciprofloxacin. ", "Therefore, under normal condition, excessive tRNA levels abolish translation pauses, resulting in protein folding failure; under oxidative stress, higher tRNA levels maintain protein synthesis to replace the damaged counterparts. ", "This study discovered a new oxidation response mechanism mediated by tRNA for the survival and fitness of bacteria, providing a new perspective for bacterial resistance.", "\n\n*Streptococcus pneumoniae* (*S. pneumonia.*) ", "is one of the important human pathogens. ", "Iron uptake is essential for the survival of S. pneumonia. ", "Three transferrin protein complexes PiaABC, PiuABC and PitABC are already known. ", "Interestingly, knocked out of all 3 systems does not abolish iron uptake, indicating an alternative iron transport system exists. ", "Yang et al. ", "performed RNC-seq to identify up-regulated genes/proteins under iron deficiency stress \\[[@B112-ijms-20-00212]\\] and found a new iron-binding protein SPD_1609 which allows iron transport. ", "This protein and its function was then experimentally validated. ", "This study established an effective strategy to discover new functional proteins \\[[@B112-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n4.3. ", "Rhythmic Translation in Circadian Clock Regulation {#sec4dot3-ijms-20-00212}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nBoth gene expression in mammalian and plants displays widespread circadian oscillations. ", "Although most core clock factors are transcription factors, post-transcriptional control introduces delays that are critical for circadian oscillations. ", "Transcription rhythmicity overlap poorly to protein rhythmicity at global scale \\[[@B113-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Therefore, translational control plays a major role in this process. ", "About 150 mRNAs undergoes rhythmic changes in translation efficiency (obtained using Ribo-seq and mRNA-seq) and serve as predictor of footprint rhythms \\[[@B114-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Castelo-Szekely et al. ", "discovered tissue differences in translation efficiency modulate the timing and amount of protein biosynthesis from rhythmic mRNAs, consistent with organ specificity in clock output gene repertoires and rhythmicity parameters \\[[@B115-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n4.4. ", "Translational Control in Plants {#sec4dot4-ijms-20-00212}\n------------------------------------\n\nUnlike mammals or microbes, plants are immobile. ", "Therefore, they need mechanisms to quickly adapt to a wide variety of environmental stresses, where translational regulation plays an important role. ", "Translation in plants is globally reduced by 50--77% under heat stress \\[[@B116-ijms-20-00212]\\] or hypoxia \\[[@B117-ijms-20-00212]\\], while those mRNAs encoding stress response proteins are selectively translated. ", "Bai et al. ", "identified large sets of translational regulated genes during seed germination of Arabidopsis and found changes in polysome occupancy were not uniformly present throughout the germination process but were restricted to two temporal phases, one during encompassing seed hydration and another during seed germination, revealing an additional layer of gene expression regulation and its dynamics during germination \\[[@B118-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Polysome profiling and ribosome profiling is the most commonly used method. ", "Recently, RNC-seq is being applied to the studies of plant translational control, for example, the important contributors to plant immunity in Arabidopsis \\[[@B119-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n5. ", "Application of Translatomics {#sec5-ijms-20-00212}\n===============================\n\n5.1. ", "Missing Protein and New Protein Discovery {#sec5dot1-ijms-20-00212}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThe Human Proteome Project (HPP) aims at verifying all the proteins encoded by predicted coding genes \\[[@B120-ijms-20-00212],[@B121-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Mass spectrometry has become a major technique for proteome research; however, technical limitations of MS and the physical and chemical properties of proteins affect protein detectability, which become a hindrance to determine the whole proteome. ", "Though the draft-map of human proteome have been published in 2014 \\[[@B120-ijms-20-00212],[@B121-ijms-20-00212]\\], protein products of thousands of genes were still not detected \\[[@B122-ijms-20-00212],[@B123-ijms-20-00212]\\], including \"missing proteins\" (encoded by known coding genes but are not detected at protein level) and \"new proteins\" (or novel proteins, the proteins coded by the \"non-coding RNAs\"). ", "Translating mRNA provides direct translational evidence, regardless the physical and chemical properties of the proteins and identifies protein variations indirectly. ", "Taking the advantage of the high sensitivity of RNC-seq, translating mRNA showed its power in identifying missing proteins \\[[@B124-ijms-20-00212],[@B125-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Although with shorter reads and higher bias \\[[@B126-ijms-20-00212]\\], Ribo-seq also delivered insights with respect to the missing proteins \\[[@B127-ijms-20-00212],[@B128-ijms-20-00212],[@B129-ijms-20-00212],[@B130-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, Ribo-seq is less sensitive for specific isoforms \\[[@B131-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Much longer reads of RNC-seq avoid these problems, which makes RNC-seq a powerful tool in missing protein discovery.", "\n\nIn 2014, the Chinese Human Proteome Project completed the multi-omics level analysis of liver cancer cell lines \\[[@B51-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "From each cell line, more than 14,000 translating genes were detected and only 2/3 of the protein products were detected in MS, showing the high sensitivity of RNC-seq \\[[@B22-ijms-20-00212],[@B51-ijms-20-00212],[@B132-ijms-20-00212],[@B133-ijms-20-00212],[@B134-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\nDiscovering new proteins is one of the unsolved problems in the HPP. ", "RNC-seq has also achieved remarkable results in searching for new proteins. ", "6-frame translation of the genome would tremendously expand the protein database, increasing the false discovery rate (FDR) and thus decreasing the sensitivity \\[[@B135-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "RNC-seq can provide full-length translation evidence of proteins without relying on annotation databases directly. ", "Therefore, RNC-seq provides an accurate protein database which could exist in the sample without exaggerating the protein database, thus controlling the FDR and maintaining the sensitivity. ", "RNC-seq found 1397 genes that were annotated as non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in RefSeq database \\[[@B9-ijms-20-00212]\\] and some of them were later confirmed at protein levels \\[[@B136-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Due to the important contribution to the HPP, RNC-seq has become one of the four core pillars of the HPP \\[[@B22-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n5.2. ", "Enhancing Recombinant Protein Production {#sec5dot2-ijms-20-00212}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nRecombinant proteins are widely used for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. ", "Genes of interest are transferred to appropriate vectors, which are delivered to industrial protein expression systems such as bacteria or yeast to allow mass production, for example of insulin. ", "However, most heterologous recombinant proteins and enzymes cannot be expressed in active form because of misfolding \\[[@B137-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Several traditional methods have been used to overcome this problem, such as renaturation of inclusion bodies, co-expression of molecular chaperones and elevated levels of tRNAs decoding rare codons, which in general turned out to be rather ineffective. ", "According to the translation pausing theory \\[[@B5-ijms-20-00212]\\], proper translational pausing sites are necessary for most proteins. ", "Due to the different tRNAome in different species, the recombinant gene is not expressed at its optimal speed, leading to protein misfolding \\[[@B5-ijms-20-00212],[@B75-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "An overall decrease in translation rate by lowering the temperature may not be effective, because the folding rate is also temperature-sensitive. ", "Chen et al. ", "first developed the rational design of translational pausing for protein expression \\[[@B30-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "They made synonymous substitutions to Cyanovirin-N (CVN), an antiviral protein originated from cyanobacteria, to create a translational pausing site based on the structure. ", "Without changing the amino acid sequence and the expression conditions, the soluble yield of the pausing-optimized CVN variant was increased more than 2000×-fold compared to the wild type and the specific activity exceeded the natural protein, indicating that the folding is dramatically enhanced by the artificially generated pausing site. ", "Another successful example is the epoxide hydrolase from *Agrobacterium radiobacter*: the rational design of translational pausing increased the solubility by 40% \\[[@B138-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental validation showed that the steady-state structural fluctuation is a predictor of the necessity of pausing-mediated co-translational folding for proteins \\[[@B139-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "These works demonstrated substantial potential of the translational pausing optimization strategy in industrial protein production.", "\n\n6. ", "Internet Resources for Translatome {#sec6-ijms-20-00212}\n=====================================\n\nTranslatomics methods are mostly technically demanding and costly. ", "Therefore, public databases and analysis resources are highly welcomed. ", "There are already some static databases of Ribo-seq data online, such as RPFdb \\[[@B140-ijms-20-00212]\\], GWIPS-viz \\[[@B141-ijms-20-00212]\\] and RiboSeqDB \\[[@B142-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "However, their datasets are restricted in Ribo-seq. ", "TranslatomeDB collected RNC-seq, Ribo-seq and their corresponding mRNA-seq data to perform uniformed data analysis for TR and EVI \\[[@B143-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "Importantly, TranslatomeDB allows user to upload or specify new data and analyse promptly with the support of powerful cloud-computing clusters. ", "Unified, accurate and robust bioinformatics pipeline allows mutual differential expression analysis for any two datasets of the same species. ", "Besides the abovementioned primary analysis tools and databases, secondary databases for ORFs and translation initiation sites are also available, such as sORFs.org \\[[@B144-ijms-20-00212]\\] and TISdb \\[[@B145-ijms-20-00212]\\]. ", "For translational pausing sites prediction, Ribotempo (<http://www.translatome.net/RiboTempo/>) is an online server for *E. coli* and *B. subtilis* \\[[@B75-ijms-20-00212]\\], in which the absolute tRNA abundances were resolved. ", "More software is reviewed in Reference \\[[@B146-ijms-20-00212]\\].", "\n\n7. ", "Conclusion and Perspectives {#sec7-ijms-20-00212}\n==============================\n\nTranslational control is faster and more sensitive than transcriptional control, which greatly improved the flexibility and complexity of gene expression regulation, allowing organisms survive under various stress conditions. ", "Translatomics allow us to directly investigate the most important step at global scale. ", "It brings theoretical breakthrough and leads to new applications in medicine and engineering. ", "Future improvements of these methods would be focused on decreasing the amount of starting materials (e.g., single-cell translatomics), elevating the sensitivity while minimizing false positives, increasing the spatial and temporal resolution, reducing the cost and operational complexity and expanding the methods to more species and tissue types. ", "We believe that translatomics will demonstrate its significance in biology and biotechnology soon.", "\n\nWriting---original draft preparation, J.Z.; writing---review and editing, J.Z., G.Z., B.Q., R.N., C.M.T.S.; supervision, G.Z.; funding acquisition, G.Z.\n\nThis work was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China \"National key research and development program\" (2017YFA0505001/2018YFC0910201/2018YFC0910202) and the Distinguished Young Talent Award of National High-level Personnel Program of China.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n2-DE\n\n2-dimensional electrophoresis\n\n5Pseq\n\n5′-monophosphorylated ends sequencing\n\nAHA\n\nAzidohomoalanine\n\nBONCAT/QuaNCAT\n\nBio-Orthogonal/Quantitative Non-Canonical Amino acid Tagging\n\nCDS\n\nCoding sequence\n\nCVN\n\nCyanovirin-N, an antiviral protein originated from cyanobacteria\n\nFRET\n\nFluorescence resonance energy transfer\n\nGMUCT\n\nGenome-wide mapping of uncapped and cleaved transcripts\n\nEVI\n\nTranslation elongation speed\n\nFDR\n\nFalse discover rate\n\nHPP\n\nThe Human Proteome Project\n\nmiRNA\n\nMicroRNAs\n\nMS\n\nMass spectrometry\n\nncRNA\n\nNon-coding RNAs\n\nNCT\n\nNascent chain tracking\n\nNGS\n\nNext-generation sequencing\n\nNGD\n\nNo-go decay\n\nNMD\n\nNonsense-mediated mRNA decay\n\nNMR\n\nNuclear magnetic resonance\n\nNSD\n\nNon-stop decay\n\nORF\n\nOpen reading frame\n\nPARE\n\nparallel analysis of RNA ends\n\nPUNCH-P\n\nPUromycin-associated Nascent CHain Proteomics\n\npSILAC\n\nPulsed-SILAC, Pulsed Stable Isotope Labelling by Amino acids\n\nRFP\n\nRibosome footprints, equivalent to ribosome protected fragments, RPFs\n\nRibo-seq\n\nRibosome profiling\n\nRNC\n\nRibosome nascent-chain complex\n\nRNC-mRNA\n\nTranslating mRNAs\n\nRNC-seq\n\nFull-length translating mRNA profiling\n\nROS\n\nReactive oxygen species\n\nSSU\n\nSmall subunit of ribosome\n\nTR\n\nTranslation initiation efficiency\n\nTRAP-seq\n\nTranslating ribosome affinity purification sequencing\n\ntRNA-seq\n\nFull-length tRNA sequencing\n\nUTR\n\nUntranslated regions of genes\n\n{#ijms-20-00212-f001}\n\n{#ijms-20-00212-f002}\n\n{#ijms-20-00212-f003}\n\nijms-20-00212-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nTechnical comparison of translatomic methods.", "\n\n Technical Aspects Polysome Profiling RNC-Seq Ribo-Seq TRAP-Seq\n -------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------ -----------------\n Recovery of RNC-mRNA Full-length Full-length Ribosome protected fragments Full-length\n Difficulty in Recovering translating mRNA Demanding Simple Demanding Simple\n High-throughput methods can be used Microarray, NGS Microarray, NGS NGS Microarray, NGS\n Throughput requirement Low Low High Low\n Read length Any Any 22--35 nt Any\n Detecting sequence variations Simple Simple Demanding Simple\n UTR Yes Yes No Yes\n Obtain the position of ribosome, densities, ORF, uORFs No No Yes No\n Obtaining the amount of ribosomes in single mRNA Yes No No No\n Tissue specific No No No Yes\n Under physiological conditions Yes Yes Yes No\n Required experimental steps Simple Simple Complex Complex\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Organotin compounds in touristic marinas of the northern Adriatic Sea: occurrence, speciation and potential recycling at the sediment-water interface.", "\nButyltin compound (BTC) contamination was evaluated in two north Adriatic marinas, San Rocco (Italy) and Lucija (Slovenia). ", "BTC sedimentary concentrations (121 ± 46 and 352 ± 30 ng Sn g-1 in San Rocco and Lucija, respectively) evidenced the past use of antifouling paints, confirmed by the reduced tributyltin content (~ 46%) with respect to the sum of BTC. ", "Elemental and organic carbon isotopic (δ13C) analyses of bulk sediments and its lipid and humic substances were performed in order to evaluate their role in BTC partitioning and preservation. ", "The δ13C of sedimentary bulk and refractory organic matter suggested that diagenetic processes could play a role in the preservation or release of pollutants. ", "No contamination was found in water collected from the benthic chamber and thus, fluxes at the sediment-water interface were not assessed, except for MBT efflux at Lucija (28.9 ng Sn m-2 day-1). ", "Nevertheless, BTC concentrations in porewaters (up to 75 ng Sn l-1) and rather low sediment-porewater partitioning coefficients (Kd) with respect to the data reported in the literature would suggest a potential risk of the reintroduction of BTC into the water column at both sites: at Lucija, sedimentary contamination is high despite the greater Log Kd, whilst at San Rocco, the low BTC concentration is associated with a reduced sediment affinity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[Clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with systemic lupus erythematosus].", "\nTo identify the risk factors which will indicate the Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) infection in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and investigate the clinical features and to elevate the level to find out the high-risk patients and make early diagnosis and treatment. ", "The characteristics, clinical features, laboratory examinations, treatment and prognosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in children with SLE under 18 years of age treated in our hospital between January 2000 and January 2013 were prospectively reviewed. ", "A comparison was made with the 26 cases of SLE children without PCP who were matched for gender, age and course, and a literature review was made. (", "1) Five cases were enrolled, 3 were male and 2 female. ", "Their age range was 13-17 (14.0 ± 1.6) years. ", "All the children had kidney involvement. ", "The courses were from 3 months to 4.5 years. ", "All patients were receiving daily glucocorticoid therapy and immunosuppressive drugs before the diagnosis of PCP.Four patients were in the inactive phase of SLE (SLEDAI 2-4 points), and the fifth case was in active phase (SLEDAI 8, low complement 2 points, anti-dsDNA antibody positive 2 points, urine-protein 4 points). (", "2) Besides the clinical manifestations of SLE, most patients had progressive dyspnea, fever and dry cough at onset of PCP. ", "Two children accepted mechanical ventilation because of respiratory failure. ", "The mean duration of the symptoms to diagnosis was 10-30 (17.6 ± 7.8) days. ", "Lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) was elevated more or less, median was (700 ± 263) U/L. Lymphocyte count were (0.3-1.4)×10(9)/L (median 0.5×10(9)/L), and three children had CD4 T lymphocyte count <0.3×10(9)/L. Arterial blood gas analyses showed severe hypoxemia. ", "Chest radiographs showed in all cases diffuse interstitial infiltration. ", "Pc was positive in the sputum. ", "All patients were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroids. ", "When SLE children are treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, low lymphocyte count is the risk factor for Pc infection.", "It is essential to monitor lymphocyte count.", "We should pay more attention to fever, dry cough and hypoxemia. ", "Chest radiologic examination may help diagnose the PCP in SLE children.", "It may be helpful for SLE children whose CD4T lymphocyte was below 0.3×10(9)/L to take trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for PCP prophylaxis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Algorithms for variable length Markov chain modeling.", "\nWe present a general purpose implementation of variable length Markov models. ", "Contrary to fixed order Markov models, these models are not restricted to a predefined uniform depth. ", "Rather, by examining the training data, a model is constructed that fits higher order Markov dependencies where such contexts exist, while using lower order Markov dependencies elsewhere. ", "As both theoretical and experimental results show, these models are capable of capturing rich signals from a modest amount of training data, without the use of hidden states. ", "The source code is freely available at http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~jill/src/" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "861 F.2d 1290\n274 U.S.App.", "D.C. 95\nUnpublished DispositionNOTICE: D.C. Circuit Local Rule 11(c) states that unpublished orders, judgments, and explanatory memoranda may not be cited as precedents, but counsel may refer to unpublished dispositions when the binding or preclusive effect of the disposition, rather than its quality as precedent, is relevant.", "TEXAS INDEPENDENT PRODUCERS LEGAL ACTION ASSOCIATION, etal., ", "Appellants,v.INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, et al., ", "Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "88-5064.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.", "\nNov. 14, 1988.", "\n\nBefore SPOTTSWOOD W. ROBINSON, III, STARR and BUCKLEY, Circuit Judges.", "\nJUDGMENT\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\n\n1\nThis case was considered on the record on appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and on briefs filed by the parties and argument by counsel. ", " The court has determined that the issues presented occasion no need for an opinion. ", " See D.C.Cir.", "R. 14(c). ", " It is\n\n\n2\nORDERED and ADJUDGED that the judgment from which this appeal was taken be affirmed for the reasons stated by the district court in its order and memorandum filed on December 18, 1987.", "\n\n\n3\nThe Clerk is directed to withhold issuance of the mandate herein until seven days after disposition of any timely petition for rehearing. ", " See D.C.Cir.", "R. 15 (August 1, 1987). ", " This instruction to the Clerk is without prejudice to the right of any party at any time to move for expedited issuance of the mandate for good cause shown.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "CTL Analysis for Tumor Vaccines.", "\nMany studies have been conducted with the aim to stimulate a therapeutic immune response against tumors. ", "In most cases, efforts have been directed toward the induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), because this T lymphocyte subpopulation is considered to play a major role in the destruction of tumor cells (1). ", "In particular, vaccination protocols have been designed to increase the immunogenicity of intact cancer cells by using adjuvants or engineering tumor cells with cytokine or costimulatory molecule genes. ", "A second line of research has employed immunization with tumor-associated antigens (TAA). ", "These antigens are expressed from derepressed or mutated genes in tumor cells, and are recognized by CTL in the form of peptides associated with MHC class I molecules. ", "Genes encoding TAA have been inserted into recombinant viral vectors, which are then used to infect the host's cells and induce expression of the transgene. ", "Moreover, immunization with purified TAA peptides or with antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, pulsed with TAA peptides have been proposed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Today, Tuesday, November 21, 2017, the District B-2 (Roxbury) Community Service Office Third Annual Thanksgiving Luncheon for Seniors. ", "Each year, the B-2 CSO hosts a Thanksgiving Luncheon for community seniors in partnership with the Salvation Army Kroc Center and its culinary program. ", "The B-2 CSO Office raises money throughout the year to purchase food which is prepared by the culinary program. ", "This year, the officers were able to prepare meals for 140 seniors from the Roxbury and Dorchester neighborhoods, and the meals were served by high school youth from the B-2 Police Explorers program.", "\n\nAs you can see from the all the smiles, Boston Police Commissioner Evans, Chief Gross, our officers and officers from the Transit and Brookline police departments, all had a wonderful time getting into the holiday giving spirit!" ]

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[ "During rollout of an aircraft, in particular a transport airplane, on a runway of an airport, in the course of a landing phase, knowledge of the surface state of the runway is extremely important. ", "Indeed, the prediction of the aircraft's braking performance depends on this knowledge. ", "Indeed, in this case, it is possible to:\nbest estimate the distance required to stop the aircraft in a desire for safety; and\nnot overestimate the stopping distance required to immobilize the aircraft, and therefore not penalize, unduly, the usage operations in respect of the runway and the aircraft.", "\nIndeed, it is known that a lower than expected runway coefficient of friction or a greater than reported presence of contaminant form part of the main factors in respect of runway overshoot during landing.", "\nHowever, the braking performance of an aircraft on a contaminated runway is very difficult to predict because of the difficulty of ascertaining, in a reliable and accurate manner, the contribution of the runway state to the deceleration of the aircraft, in particular in terms of adhesion and spray drag and displacement drag in the case of thick contaminant.", "\nThe contaminants may be any element settling on the runway, such as for example rubber deposited during previous landings, oil, rainwater forming a more or less uniform layer on the runway, snow, ice, etc. ", "Knowledge of the runway state may therefore be exploitable in order to improve landing systems.", "\nIt is known that standard algorithms for runway state identification are based on a comparison between the current braking forces and reference braking forces (which represent the braking forces that the aircraft would have on reference states of the runway).", "\nHowever, such an estimation of the state of the runway may exhibit inconsistencies in certain situations.", "\nThis standard solution is therefore not optimal." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAsked to demonstrate I am efficient on job application\n\nI have been asked to give examples in a job application of things that show I am efficient. ", "A friend suggested that I should only give examples of ways in which I have done things on time or earlier.", "\nI think it would be good to give examples of things I have implemented that have made a task shorter than it would otherwise be (e.g. noticing that certain parts of the task can be skipped).", "\nBy way of examples, the first type of efficiency would be handing in a thesis early, where as the second type of efficiency would be automating various parts of writing a thesis (contents, index etc.).", "\nThe job is for a think tank, and my background is that I am finishing a PhD in maths.", "\n\nA:\n\nI'd say that either type is fine, and examples that cover both are even better.", "\nFor example: \n\nAfter writing my first thesis and handing it in on time, I found that certain parts of it could be automated to save time. ", " In between thesis papers, I wrote an automation script. ", " On the next thesis paper, the script saved me 20 hours of work. ", " The script took 40 hours to write, so I earned the time back after 3 thesis papers (saved 60 hours at that point!), ", "making it a net win\n\nI've seen that people fail to realize that \"efficiency\" is a double edged sword. ", " Profound, long lasting efficiency improvements often take an initial investment up front, that is LESS efficient than doing it the original way. ", " Showing that you have a sense for how to make your work more efficient, but that you remain sensitive to the idea that in the end, the bottom line is getting things done quickly with the same quality, is really important.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "US and Iowa state flags fly next to a corn field in Grand Mound, Iowa. ", "Midwestern farmers have increased their vigilance ever since Mo Hailong and five other Chinese nationals were accused by US authorities in 2013 of digging up genetically modified corn seeds from Iowa farms and planning to send them back to China.", "\n\nUnited States law enforcement agencies are a urging farmers and businesses more broadly to be increasingly vigilant amid a rise in attempted thefts of genetically engineered seed and other commercial secrets.", "\n\nMo Hailong, one of six Chinese nationals US authorities accused in 2013 of digging up seeds from Iowa farms with plans to send them back to China, pleaded guilty in January, according to Reuters. ", "Mr. Mo had his case prosecuted by the Justice Department as a matter of national security rather than a normal criminal case.", "\n\nThe FBI and Justice Department has reported a growing number of agricultural espionage cases in the past two years, including government research facilities, companies and research facilities. ", "While the FBI says it knows of connections between the accused individuals and the Chinese government, it does not have evidence to prove the link that would stand up in court. ", "The Chinese government denies it is involved.", "\n\nThe trend particularly highlights how highly coveted and vulnerable advanced food technology secrets are, particularly in China where 1.36 billion of earth's roughly 7 billion person population lives, Reuters said. ", "However, while the Chinese government has indicated it wants to be a leader in the biotechnology world, there is also evidence to suggest this may be stymied by Chinese consumer wariness about the yet unknown problems that could stem from the consumption of genetically modified food.", "\n\n\"Consumer resistance could present a major obstacle for President Xi Jinping, who wants China to be 'bold' in embracing biotechnology and transforming domestic farming. ", "After decades of gains, crops yields in China have flattened, and the government fears becoming overly dependent on imported food if agriculture isn’t adequately modernized. ", "They see engineered crops – mainly wheat, rice, and corn – as a way to increase productivity and possibly reduce use of fertilizers and pesticides,\" wrote Stuart Leavenworth for The Monitor earlier this year.", "\n\nUS senators recently called for a review of state-owned ChemChina’s $43 billion deal to buy Swiss seed group Syngenta, which generates nearly a quarter of its revenue from North America. ", "From the Chinese government’s point of view, such a deal would ease its concerns that foreign companies would control the supply of GM food in China.", "\n\nHowever, Carl Pray, a Rutgers University economist who specializes in Chinese agriculture, told the Monitor that \"it may not ease the concerns of consumers who are largely focused on food safety.\"", "\n\nAgribusiness giant Monsanto says if the Chinese were to acquire GMO seeds and recreate a corn plant it would allow Chinese companies to bypass around eight years of research, which costs the company roughly $1.5 billion per year, Reuters reported." ]

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[ "Chicken producer Wayne Farms is facing fines totaling $102,600 for labor violations at a processing plant in Jack.", "\n\nWorkers at the plant were exposed to safety and musculoskeletal hazards and suffered serious injuries, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.", "\n\n\n\nEmployees at the plant are also at a higher risk for developing carpal tunnel syndrome and other disorders that affect the nerves, muscles and tendons, according to the citation.", "\n\n\n\nAdditionally, plant workers were exposed to dangerous machinery and fall hazards, OSHA states. ", "A complaint by the Southern Poverty Law Center launched the investigation.", "\n\n\n\nThe citation comes on the heels of a joint letter the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Labor sent in August to all poultry plants regarding their responsibility to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.", "\n\nJoseph Roesler, OSHA's area director in Mobile, said that \"Wayne Farms effectively concealed the extent to which these poultry workers plant were suffering work-related injuries and illnesses.\"", "\n\n\n\nWayne Farms was cited for a repeat violation, with a penalty of $38,000, for failing to protect workers from a moving part of a machine during servicing and maintenance work, according to the complaint.", "\n\nIn this instance, the employer lacked lockout and tagout procedures for maintaining a plastic strapping machine, something it failed to do following a previous OSHA inspection in February 2012 at the company's facility in Enterprise, the complaint states.", "\n\nThe poultry company was also hit with seven serious violations, carrying penalties of $49,000, that involve exposing workers to serious safety hazards, including unguarded machines, slippery floors and fall hazards, according to the complaint.", "\n\n\n\nIn addition, OSHA issued two more serious general duty clause citations to Wayne Farms for musculoskeletal disorder hazards with penalties of $14,000, according to the complaint. ", "One general duty clause citation was issued for exposing employees on the debone line to hazards while performing prolonged, repetitive, forceful tasks, often while using awkward postures.", "\n\n\n\nAdditionally, OSHA alleged that the firm for exposing employees to repetitive lifting and carrying of totes filled with chicken that can weigh more than 75 pounds, according to the citation.", "\n\n\n\nA serious violation occurs when there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result from a hazard that the employer knew or should have known about.", "\n\nWayne Farms produces products under the brand names Dutch Quality House and Platinum Harvest. ", "Wayne Farms' Alabama plants are located in Albertville, Decatur, Dothan, Enterprise, and Union Springs.", "\n\n\n\nThe citations can be read here.", "\n\nSince 1994, OSHA has conducted 33 inspections at Wayne Farms facilities in Alabama, Ga., and Miss. The most recent inspection at the Jack plant was conducted in June 2011 when the company was cited for record-keeping violations.", "\n\n\n\nWayne Farms is the sixth largest vertically integrated chicken producer in the United States. ", "Its corporate office, based in Oakwood, Ga., and its Jack plant have a combined estimated 1,115 employees. ", "The company employs approximately 9,800 additional workers in its nine integrated complexes, comprised of nine hatcheries, eight feed mills, nine slaughter processing plants and two further processing plants." ]

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[ "Straight lengths of pipe are commonly joined by butt-welding. ", "Large numbers of butt-welded joints are made every day, worldwide in almost every industry.", "\nTo prepare for making such a joint, one or both lengths of pipe to be joined must be cut to exact length and the ends prepared to receive the weld. ", "Usually the end of each pipe is bevelled at 37.degree., ", "so that abutting the ends of the two pipes forms a symmetrical \"V\" groove of 74.degree. ", "included angle all around the joint to receive the welding bead, electric welding being taken as an example.", "\nBevels are usually formed on pipe ends either by machining, which is expensive and cumbersome, or by use of a gas cutting torch.", "\nA gas cutting torch such as an oxy-acetylene torch has the advantages of being quick, economical, lightweight, compact and easily maneuvered, but it requires years of experience to produce best results in pipe bevelling with a torch.", "\nA guide has been described for use in flat plate cutting with a gas torch, in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,273,313 issued on June 16, 1981 to John M. DeNardo for GUIDE FOR A CUTTING TORCH. ", "This patent discloses a cam with a convex axial face for installation on a torch tip to guide on a flat plate in cutting flat work.", "\nIn addition, large, complex, heavy automatic equipment for pipe bevelling by flame is known." ]

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[ "Fragbite Masters continues today\n\nFragbite Masters continues today with group D matches. ", "nerdRage will try to upset Fnatic, while Acer and AlienTech Black will battle it out in another match-up.", "\n\nFragbite Masters Coverage Hub Click here for results, VODs and all the other information\n\nThe fourth season of Fragbite Masters is already underway and the most of the group stage matches were played. ", "However, the group D will have its premier today with Fnatic taking on underdogs, nerdRage and Team Acer taking on AlienTech Black.", "\n\nThe first match-up of the day is between Fnatic and nerdRage. ", "Fnatic is coming to this match full of confidence after their the recent win at DreamHack Tours, where they showed that all the issues they had post-Katowice are gone and now with the Flusha's in-game calling they are once again delivering the top play and results. ", "On the other hand, nerdRage is a mix team which had to battle their way to the tournament throughout the qualifiers. ", "The line-up is gathered around Finish player, Joel \"jOELZ\" Aalto who will be trying to surprise one of the main favourites of the whole tournament.", "\n\nThe second match of the day will feature Team Acer and AlienTech Black. ", "Originally, group D was supposed to feature Mousesports against k1ck eSports. ", "However, Mousesports got replaced by Team Acer who managed to top the replacement qualifier, while k1ck eSports' line up is now playing under AlienTech Black name. ", "It will be really interesting to watch this match, as both teams will look for their opportunity in this GSL group stage format.", "\n\n18.00 CET - Fnatic vs nerdRage\n\n21.00 CET - Team Acer vs AlienTech Black\n\nMore content on GosuGamers:" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nReact JS pass state altering function to child\n\nI am currently working on a react js project for one of my classes and cannot seem to figure out where I am going wrong. ", "I cannot post any code for this, and I understand that this may make it fairly hard to answer this question, but here is my problem.", "\nI have a parent function, which has a state that decides between 3 different possible components to render as the page depending on the state variable 'currentPage'. ", "In this parent component, I have made functions that will alter the currentPage state variable. ", "I am trying to pass these state altering functions through props and then call them inside of the children components to change the state of the parent and re-render the page. ", "For example, I have a function called signup which changes the currentPage to 'signup', so I have <Login goToSignup = {this.signup} />. ", "Then, inside of my Login component, I try to set the on click of a button to: onClick = {this.props.goToSignup}. ", "But this doesn't seem to work. ", "I am very new to react and am maybe misunderstanding how I am supposed to do this, so any help would be much appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn this example, there are 3 components Detail, Post, XYZ and a parent component App. ", "On the basis of state value in parent, rendering the different component. ", "In all the 3 component passing a function that is used to change the currentPage state value in parent component. ", "\nFor Stateless Functional Component, check the DOC.", "\nCheck this example:\n\nvar Post = (props) => {\r\n return <div onClick={()=>props.changeComponent('detail')}> POST </div>\r\n}\r\nvar Detail = (props) => {\r\n return <div onClick={()=>props.changeComponent('xyz')}> DETAIL </div>\r\n}\r\nvar XYZ = (props) => {\r\n return <div onClick={()=>props.changeComponent('post')}> XYZ </div>\r\n} \r\n\r\nclass App extends React.", "Component{\r\n\r\n constructor(){\r\n super();\r\n this.state = {currentPage: 'post'}\r\n this.changeComponent = this.changeComponent.bind(this)\r\n }\r\n \r\n changeComponent(currentPage){\r\n this.setState({currentPage});\r\n }\r\n \r\n renderTab(){\r\n switch(this.state.currentPage){\r\n case 'post': return <Post changeComponent={this.changeComponent}/>\r\n case 'detail': return <Detail changeComponent={this.changeComponent}/>\r\n case 'xyz': return <XYZ changeComponent={this.changeComponent}/>\r\n }\r\n }\r\n \r\n render(){\r\n return(\r\n <div>\r\n {this.renderTab()}\r\n <div style={{marginTop: 100}}>*Click on Page name to render different page</div>\r\n </div>\r\n )\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\nReactDOM.render(\r\n <App/>,\r\n document.getElementById('app')\r\n)\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react.min.js\"></script>\r\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react-dom.min.js\"></script>\r\n\r\n<div id='app'>\n\nUpdate (OP asked for same example in es5)\nSame example written in ES5 (don't know much about es5, correct me if i did some mistake):\n\nfunction Post(props) {\r\n return <div onClick={()=>props.changeComponent('detail')}> POST </div>\r\n}\r\nfunction Detail(props){\r\n return <div onClick={()=>props.changeComponent('xyz')}> DETAIL </div>\r\n}\r\nfunction XYZ(props){\r\n return <div onClick={()=>props.changeComponent('post')}> XYZ </div>\r\n} \r\n\r\nvar App = React.createClass({\r\n\r\n getInitialState: function(){\r\n return (\r\n {currentPage: 'post'}\r\n )\r\n },\r\n \r\n changeComponent: function(currentPage){\r\n this.setState({currentPage});\r\n },\r\n \r\n renderTab: function(){\r\n switch(this.state.currentPage){\r\n case 'post': return <Post changeComponent={this.changeComponent}/>\r\n case 'detail': return <Detail changeComponent={this.changeComponent}/>\r\n case 'xyz': return <XYZ changeComponent={this.changeComponent}/>\r\n }\r\n },\r\n \r\n render: function(){\r\n return(\r\n <div>\r\n {this.renderTab()}\r\n <div style={{marginTop: 100}}>*Click on Page name to render different page</div>\r\n </div>\r\n )\r\n }\r\n})\r\n\r\nReactDOM.render(\r\n <App/>,\r\n document.getElementById('app')\r\n)\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react.min.js\"></script>\r\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react-dom.min.js\"></script>\r\n\r\n<div id='app'>\n\n" ]

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[ "\n493 F.3d 469 (2007)\nUNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,\nv.\nHOLY LAND FOUNDATION FOR RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT, etc.; ", "et al., ", "Defendants,\nDavid J. Strachman, in his capacity as administrator of the Estate of Yaron Ungar; Dvir Ungar; Yishai Ungar; Judith Ungar; Meir Ungar; Michal Cohen; Amichai Ungar; Dafna Ungar, Appellants.", "\nNo. ", "04-11282.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.", "\nJuly 18, 2007.", "\n*470 *471 Lewis Stanley Yelin, Vijay Shanker (argued), Douglas N. Letter, U.S. Dept. ", "of Justice, Civ. ", "Div., ", "App. ", "Staff, Washington, DC, for U.S.\nDavid J. Strachman (argued), McIntre, Tate, Lynch & Holt, Providence, RI, pro se and Stephen Cass Weiland, Patton Boggs, Dallas, TX, for Appellants.", "\nBefore JONES, Chief Judge, and KING, JOLLY, DAVIS, SMITH, WIENER, BARKSDALE, GARZA, DeMOSS, BENAVIDES, STEWART, DENNIS, CLEMENT, PRADO and OWEN, Circuit Judges.", "\nBENAVIDES and CARL E. STEWART, Circuit Judges:\nWe took this case en banc to reevaluate the panel's treatment of United States v. Thier, 801 F.2d 1463 (5th Cir.1986). ", "Relying on Thier, which held that the notice and hearing requirements of FED.R.CIV.P. 65 applied to restraining orders issued under the criminal forfeiture statute, a panel of this Court vacated the district court's restraining order for noncompliance with Rule 65. ", "United States v. Holy Land Found. ", "for Relief and Dev., ", "445 F.3d 771 (5th Cir.2006), vacated for reh'g en banc (2006). ", "For the reasons that follow, we conclude that Thier was wrongly decided, and is now overruled. ", "We further conclude that, having overruled Thier, we have no authority to consider the Ungars' additional arguments. ", "If the Ungars wish to challenge the ruling of the district court below, they must first do so in that court, either in a hearing under 21 U.S.C. § 853, or through some other procedural mechanism.", "\n\nI. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY\nAppellant David Strachman represents the estates of husband and wife, Yaron and Efrat Ungar, who were killed during a terrorist attack. ", "In February 2004, Strachman, along with members of the Ungar family and their representatives (\"the Ungars\"), obtained a $116,409,123 default judgment against Hamas[1] in Rhode Island's federal district court pursuant to the civil provisions of the Antiterrorism Act of 1991, 18 U.S.C. § 2333.[2]See Estates of Ungar ex rel. ", "Strachman v. Palestinian Auth., ", "304 F.Supp.2d 232, 238, 242 (D.R.I.2004). ", "That district court determined that its judgment was enforceable against the assets of the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development (\"HLF\").[3]Id. ", "at 241. ", "Based on this judgment, federal district courts in New York, *472 South Carolina, and Washington issued writs of execution against HLF that the Ungars allege were levied in the respective jurisdictions on or before September 13, 2004.", "\nMeanwhile, on July 26, 2004, the United States filed a forty-two count indictment against HLF in federal district court for the Northern District of Texas. ", "The indictment charged HLF with material support of a terrorist organization, tax evasion, and money laundering, and the Government sought forfeiture of HLF property. ", "In order to preserve HLF's assets in the event of a conviction, the Government sought a restraining order from the district court on September 24, 2004. ", "The district court issued that order ex parte with the authority given it in the criminal forfeiture statute, 21 U.S.C. § 853(e)(1)(A). ", "That order indefinitely froze the assets of HLF and its financial agents, including the bank accounts in New York, South Carolina and Washington.", "\nThe Ungars were suddenly unable to obtain the funds upon which they levied, and which they believed belonged to them. ", "They appealed the restraining order to this Court, alleging, among other things, that it was entered without providing them adequate notice or a fair opportunity to be heard. ", "On April 4, 2006, a panel of this Court agreed with them. ", "After deciding several jurisdictional and statutory questions, the panel concluded that it was constrained by our precedent in United States v. Thier, 801 F.2d 1463 (5th Cir.1986), to apply the notice provisions of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 to the ex parte restraining order. ", "Therefore, the panel vacated the restraining order for noncompliance with Rule 65 and remanded the case to district court for any further proceedings. ", "445 F.3d at 793. ", "In doing so, the panel repeatedly explained that it was bound to follow Thier until such time as it was overruled either by the Supreme Court or by our Court sitting en banc. ", "That time has come.", "\n\nII. ", "STANDARD OF REVIEW\nOrdinarily we review a district court's order of injunction for abuse of discretion, but where, as here, the district court's decision turns on the application of statutes or procedural rules, our review of that interpretation is de novo. ", "Cf. ", "Castillo v. Cameron County, Tex., ", "238 F.3d 339, 347 (5th Cir.2001) (\"Although the district court's decision to continue the injunctions is to be reviewed for an abuse of discretion, . . . ", "because the district court's decision . . . ", "turns on the application of § 3626(b) of the [Prison Litigation Reform Act], that interpretation is reviewed de novo.\") (", "citations omitted).", "\n\nIII. ", "DISCUSSION\nWe begin our inquiry with the question of the Ungars' standing to appeal the restraining order to this Court. ", "Unlike the panel, however, our primary concern here is not with the three constitutional requirements of standing, per se. ", "See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. ", "2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (identifying three requirements that constitute \"irreducible constitutional minimum\" of standing: \"injury in fact,\" causation, and redressability). ", "The panel opinion properly dealt with the question of the Ungars' personal stake in the outcome of this controversy, and we have no reason to revisit that inquiry. ", "445 F.3d at 779-81. ", "Indeed, even the Government does not now challenge the legitimacy of the Ungars' interest in this case. ", "Rather, its more specific argument, and our primary concern, is whether the Ungars are barred by statute from bringing their arguments to this Court at this time.", "\nThe Government argues that the Ungars must pursue their interest in HLF's property *473 in accordance with the scheme set out in the federal criminal forfeiture statute, 21 U.S.C. § 853.[4] If this is true, then the Ungars likely would have to wait until HLF's criminal trial is over and, if HLF is convicted, assert their interest in a post-trial hearing in the district court. ", "See 21 U.S.C. § 853(n) (detailing post-trial hearing). ", "At that hearing, the district judge would assess the primacy of their interest relative to that of the Government and any other third-party claimants, and distribute the property accordingly. ", "The Government urges, therefore, that this appeal is an attempt to circumvent that statutory scheme and must be dismissed.", "\nThe Ungars respond in two ways. ", "First, they assert that they are, in their words, the \"victims\" of a restraining order that was issued without notice or a hearing, and therefore our holding in Thier, which extended Rule 65's protections to parties \"adverse\" to a criminal restraining order, allows them to appeal that order to this Court. ", "Second, they argue that they need not wait for a post-trial hearing because § 201(a) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (\"TRIA\"), Pub.", "L. No. ", "107-297, 116 Stat. ", "2322, 2337, trumps the criminal forfeiture statute. ", "We consider these arguments in turn.", "\nA. The Ungars' right to notice under Thier\nThe Ungars argue that they have a right to appeal the district court's restraining order to this Court, rather than resort to the § 853 hearing, because we gave them that right in United States v. Thier, 801 F.2d 1463 (5th Cir.1986). ", "Thier presented the case of a post-indictment restraining order, issued by a district court pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853(e)(1)(A), which prevented a criminal defendant from disposing of his assets pending the outcome of his trial. ", "Id. at 1465-66. ", "The Government had requested the order and put forth sufficient evidence to convince the district judge that Thier \"might frustrate justice and endanger the government's interest in these properties by placing them beyond the jurisdiction of the court.\" ", "Id. at 1466. ", "Importantly, the court issued the order ex parte and ruled that it was to stay in effect until further ordered by the court. ", "Thier was served with a copy of the order the next day. ", "At his request, the court later held a hearing to consider modifying the order, but declined to do so. ", "Thier then appealed to this Court, alleging, inter alia, that the district court's restraint of his assets without an adversary hearing violated his due process rights under the Fifth Amendment.", "\nA panel of this Court held that post-indictment restraining orders and injunctions issued pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853(e)(1)(A) would not offend due process so long as the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 were satisfied. ", "Id. at 1468. ", "Rule 65 provides certain procedural safeguards to the \"adverse party\" when a district court issues an injunction or restraining order. ", "In the case of an ex parte restraining order, it states that such order is only effective for ten days unless the court chooses to extend it for one additional ten-day period *474 for good cause, or the party against whom the order is directed consents to an extension. ", "FED.R.CIV.P. 65(b); Thier, 801 F.2d at 1469. ", "The ex parte restraining order in Thier exceeded these hearing and duration limits, and so the panel remanded the case with directions to conduct a hearing on reasonable notice and in accordance with the other strictures of Rule 65. ", "Thus, Thier stands for the proposition that Rule 65 protects \"adverse parties\"[5] whenever an injunction or restraining order is issued pursuant to the criminal forfeiture statute, 21 U.S.C. § 853(e)(1)(A).", "\nThe Ungars argue that they are similarly situated to Thier, that they are an \"adverse party\" as that term is used in Rule 65, and that they were not given adequate notice or a hearing in the district court. ", "Accordingly, they maintain that they, like Thier, have the right to appeal that order to this Court. ", "The panel considered this argument at great length and concluded that it was \"constrained by Thier and its progeny\" to dissolve the restraining order. ", "445 F.3d at 789-93. ", "We are not so constrained. ", "We decide, here and now, that Thier is no longer the law of this Circuit.", "\nThere are several reasons why we have chosen to overrule Thier. ", "First, shortly after the case was decided, it was called into doubt by the Supreme Court in United States v. Monsanto, 491 U.S. 600, 109 S.Ct. ", "2657, 105 L.Ed.2d 512 (1989). ", "In fact, that opinion overruled Thier insofar as Thier applied a higher burden on the Government than the probable cause standard to justify pretrial restraint of forfeitable assets. ", "Id. at 615, 109 S.Ct. ", "2657.[6] It is true that the Court specifically declined to decide whether due process might require a hearing before a pretrial restraining order could be imposed, id. at 615 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. ", "2657, but the opinion nevertheless speaks in strong terms about the primacy we ought to give to the language of § 853. ", "It states that \"the language of § 853 is plain and unambiguous: all assets falling within its scope are to be forfeited upon conviction,\" and that \"Congress could not have chosen stronger words to express its intent that forfeiture be mandatory in cases where the statute applied, or broader words to define the scope of what was to be forfeited.\" ", "Id. at 606-07, 109 S.Ct. ", "2657. ", "This language strongly suggests that we need not read into § 853 the protections *475 of a wholly separate rule of civil procedure in order to satisfy the requirements of due process. ", "The apparent incongruity of the opinions recently prompted us to observe that \"[s]ome aspects of Thier appear to be in tension with Monsanto, and future cases may need to consider whether certain portions of Thier were overruled.\" ", "Melrose East Subdivision, 357 F.3d at 504.", "\nIn addition to the spirit of Monsanto, however, we are overruling Thier because it is out of step with the reasoning of several of our sister circuits.[7] Most circuits that have spoken to the issue do not resort to Rule 65's guarantee of a hearing to satisfy due process, but they also do not hold that a hearing is never required. ", "Rather, they rely on the time-honored test of Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 96 S.Ct. ", "893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976), to determine when a hearing is required. ", "See, e.g., United States v. Jones, 160 F.3d 641, 645-48 (10th Cir.1998); United States v. Monsanto, 924 F.2d 1186, 1193-98 (2d Cir.1991) (on remand from 491 U.S. 600, 109 S.Ct. ", "2657, 105 L.Ed.2d 512 (1989)); United States v. Moya-Gomez, 860 F.2d 706, 729-30 (7th Cir.1988); United States v. Harvey, 814 F.2d 905, 928-29 (4th Cir.1987), superceded as to other issues, In re Forfeiture Hearing As to Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered, 837 F.2d 637 (4th Cir.1988) (en banc), aff'd, 491 U.S. 617, 109 S.Ct. ", "2646, 105 L.Ed.2d 528 (1989). ", "Under this method, which we adopt, when the Government is seeking forfeiture and secures an indictment to that effect based on probable cause, a court may issue a restraining order without prior notice or a hearing. ", "In some cases, however, due process will require that the district court then promptly hold a hearing at which the property owner can contest the restraining order, without waiting until trial to do so. ", "To determine when such a hearing is required, we consider the three Eldridge factors: the private interest that will be affected by the restraint; the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the burdens that the hearing would entail. ", "424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. ", "893. ", "As we observed in Melrose East Subdivision, circuits employing this test have found that a property owner's interest is particularly great when he or she needs the restrained assets to pay for legal defense on associated criminal charges, or to cover ordinary and reasonable living expenses. ", "See Melrose East Subdivision, 357 F.3d at 499-500 (collecting cases).", "\nWe note that the Ninth Circuit still adheres to the view expressed in Thier, that the protections of Rule 65 apply to all injunctions and restraining orders under § 853(e)(1)(A). ", "See United States v. Roth, 912 F.2d 1131 (9th Cir.1990). ", "On the other end of the spectrum, the Eleventh Circuit maintains that no pretrial hearing is ever required, even when the restrained assets are needed to pay counsel. ", "See United States v. Register, 182 F.3d 820, 835 (11th Cir.1999) (\"We appear to be the only circuit holding that, although pre-trial restraint of assets needed to retain counsel implicates the Due Process Clause, the trial itself satisfies this requirement.\" (", "citing United States v. Bissell, 866 F.2d 1343, 1352-54 (11th Cir.1989))). ", "With due respect to both of those circuits, we believe the rule we adopt strikes an appropriate balance between those views. ", "It will spare the Government from frivolous challenges that might impede its ongoing criminal *476 investigations, but does so without jeopardizing the rights of property owners to access their assets in a timely fashion when necessary.", "\nReturning now to the Ungars, we find that their claim is substantially affected by our decision to overturn Thier. ", "It was Thier that incorporated Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, with its procedural safeguards for \"adverse parties.\" ", "That language, in turn, allowed the Ungars to bring their due process claim to this Court, for even though they were not parties to the underlying criminal action, the panel did consider them to be \"adverse parties\" for purposes of Rule 65.[8] 445 F.3d at 792. ", "Under the rule we announce today, however, there is no need to consider Rule 65, and there are no such protections for \"adverse parties.\" ", "Instead, if the Ungars wish to challenge the district court's order, they must be able to satisfy the Eldridge factors. ", "We turn now to the question of whether they can do so.", "\nB. The Ungars' interest in the forfeitable assets\nThe Ungars argued before the panel that the district court in Texas had no jurisdiction to restrain the bank accounts in question because other courts in New York, South Carolina and Washington had already levied writs of execution against those accounts, rendering them in custodia legis.[9] The panel considered this argument at great length, examined the status of each account individually, and concluded:\nOur review of the record reveals that none of the levies was perfected so as to transfer possession or control of HLF's interest in the bank accounts to the respective federal district courts or to the Ungars in such a manner that the Ungars may now challenge the Texas district court's jurisdiction to enter the restraining order.", "\n445 F.3d at 783 (emphasis added). ", "This reasoning was sound, and it bears directly on the question of the Ungars' property interest in the accounts. ", "Therefore, before going forward, we note that the entire portion of the panel opinion explaining that jurisdiction was not defeated on this basis, specifically Part III.D, is hereby REINSTATED. ", "445 F.3d at 782-85.", "\nHaving accepted the panel's conclusion that the Ungars had no perfected property interest in the subject accounts, we find that the private interest affected by the restraint in this case is minimal at best.[10] Accordingly, they do not have any right *477 under Eldridge to request a hearing at this time, nor do they have any right to appeal the district court's restraining order to this Court. ", "They are simply judgment creditors, and while they may have a viable third-party claim on the assets of HLF, there is currently no legal basis for them to appeal a restraining order on those assets. ", "In fact, the relevant law is to be found in the criminal forfeiture statute itself, which lays out a detailed scheme by which third-party claimants like the Ungars can assert their interest in the restrained assets.", "\nC. Third-party claims under 21 U.S.C. § 853\nThe criminal forfeiture statute is designed to balance the Government's interest in efficient and orderly prosecution with the rights of defendants and third parties who claim an interest in forfeitable property. ", "Two key provisions of the statute make clear that the Ungars may not intercede in the pending HLF prosecution at this time, at least not in the fashion in which they have done so.[11]\nSection 853(k) reads:\nExcept as provided in subsection (n) of this section, no party claiming an interest in property subject to forfeiture under this section may—\n(1) intervene in a trial or appeal of a criminal case involving the forfeiture of such property under this section; or\n(2) commence an action at law or equity against the United States concerning the validity of his alleged interest in the property subsequent to the filing of an indictment or information alleging that the property is subject to forfeiture under this section.", "\nThis bar on intervention makes an exception for the process set out in section (n). ", "That section, in turn, makes plain that the Ungars will have a chance to assert their interest in the subject property, but only after the termination of the pending criminal case. ", "In the event of a conviction, the court will enter an order of forfeiture, which will transfer Holy Land's assets to the Government of the United States. ", "Then:\n(1) Following the entry of an order of forfeiture under this section, the United States shall publish notice of the order and of its intent to dispose of the property in such manner as the Attorney General may direct. ", "The Government may also, to the extent practicable, provide direct written notice to any person known to have alleged an interest in the property that is the subject of the order of forfeiture as a substitute for published notice as to those persons so notified. (", "2) Any person, other than the defendant, asserting a legal interest in property which has been ordered forfeited to the United States pursuant to this section may, within thirty days of the final publication of notice or his receipt of notice under paragraph (1), whichever is earlier, petition the court for a hearing to adjudicate the validity of his alleged interest in the property. ", "The hearing shall be held before the court alone, without a jury.", "\n21 U.S.C. § 853(n).", "\nIt is plain, therefore, that if HLF is convicted[12] and its assets are forfeited to *478 the Government, the Ungars will receive notice of that occurrence. ", "At that time they may petition the court for a hearing. ", "The statute further states that such a hearing is to take place within thirty days of the filing of the petition, if practicable. ", "21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(4). ", "Moreover, the court is empowered to consolidate all petitions for such hearings into a single proceeding, so as to adjudicate all competing claims at once. ", "Id. In this way, then, the hearing is similar to a bankruptcy proceeding, at which the judge will consider the validity and priority of each party's alleged interest in the property. ", "If the district court determines that a third party, be it the Ungars or any other claimant,[13] has an interest superior to that of the Government, it will amend the forfeiture order accordingly. § ", "853(n)(6).", "\nWe can understand the Ungars' frustration at having to await the completion of the Government's case, but we are readily satisfied that the system set out in § 853 provides them with due process. ", "To be sure, the Ungars will have their day in court, but under the scheme set forth in § 853, they cannot have it today, and they cannot have it in this Court. ", "They must wait for the criminal prosecution to conclude, and, if HLF is convicted, they must take their arguments to that district court in the first instance.", "\nD. The Ungars' Reliance on TRIA\nDespite the clear language of § 853, the Ungars assert that it does not apply to them. ", "They argue that they need not wait for the post-trial hearing described in § 853(n), because another statute, TRIA § 201(a), trumps the criminal forfeiture statute. ", "The relevant portion of that Act provides that:\n\nNotwithstanding any other provision of law, . . . ", "in every case in which a person has obtained a judgment against a terrorist party on a claim based upon an act of terrorism, or for which a terrorist party is not immune under section 1605(a)(7) of title 28, United States Code, the blocked assets of that terrorist party (including the blocked assets of any agency or instrumentality of that terrorist party) shall be subject to execution or attachment in aid of execution in order to satisfy such judgment to the extent of any compensatory damages for which such terrorist party has been adjudged liable.", "\nTRIA § 201(a) (emphasis added). ", "The Ungars place great weight on the \"notwithstanding\" clause in this statute. ", "On the strength of that clause, counsel for the Ungars likens TRIA to \"legal kryptonite,\" and argues that it supercedes the criminal forfeiture statute and allows the Ungars to reach the assets that are \"blocked\" by the district court's § 853 restraining order. ", "TRIA, he says, makes the Ungars' claim qualitatively different from a typical judgment creditor's claim to forfeitable assets. ", "On this reading, because the court's restraining order currently prevents the Ungars from executing their judgment against HLF's assets, that order is in conflict *479 with TRIA § 201(a) and must be declared void.", "\nThe Government agrees that TRIA trumps previous laws that limit the attachment and execution of blocked assets, but maintains that the criminal forfeiture statute is not such a law. ", "On the Government's reading, § 853 does not \"block\" any of HLF's assets as that term is used in § 201(a). ", "Rather, says the Government, the criminal forfeiture statute sets out a system whereby the court can distribute those funds in an appropriate manner. ", "In short, § 853 does not say that the Ungars cannot execute their judgment; it merely tells them when and how. ", "Therefore, the two statutes do not conflict with one another, but work in tandem, and the \"notwithstanding\" clause should not be read to override § 853.", "\nThis is certainly an interesting legal question, but we have no license to consider it at this time. ", "The reason we have to refrain is that the Ungars never presented this TRIA argument to a district court in the first instance. ", "They are presently on appeal in this Court without being a party to the action below, or even trying to make themselves a party to it. ", "Importantly, this is not a question of their having waived the argument, but of the propriety of our considering arguments that have never been before a lower court. ", "If TRIA is the powerful tool that the Ungars say it is, then they must invoke it in the district court first, either in the § 853 hearing or through some other procedural channel, but we are not authorized to consider that question until a lower court has done so.", "\n\nIV. ", "CONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, Part III.D of the panel opinion is REINSTATED, while all other portions remain VACATED. ", "Having overruled Thier, there is no authority allowing the Ungars to appeal to this Court without first presenting their arguments to the district court. ", "Accordingly, the appeal is DISMISSED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] According to the indictment against the Holy Land Foundation, \"[t]he Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyya is Arabic for `The Islamic Resistance Movement' and is known by the acronym HAMAS. ", "HAMAS, which is sometimes referred to by its followers as `The Movement,' is a terrorist organization based in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.\"", "\n[2] 18 U.S.C. § 2333 provides a cause of action for American nationals injured in their person, property, or business by reason of an act of international terrorism.", "\n[3] Without reciting the entire history of HLF, we note that there is strong evidence that HLF works as a fundraiser for Hamas. ", "On December 4, 2001, the Treasury Department determined that HLF acted \"for or on behalf of\" Hamas and was thus a Specially Designated Terrorist under Executive Order 12947 and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under Executive Order 13224. ", "See Estates of Ungar ex rel. ", "Strachman, 304 F.Supp.2d at 241.", "\n[4] We note that the Government did not advance this argument in any detail before the panel. ", "By the time the case reached the en banc Court, however, the Government had taken up this position as its primary ground for relief. ", "At oral argument, counsel for the Government explained that the shift was the result of \"further deliberation within the Department since the panel's opinion was issued.\" ", "Whatever the reason for the change, we now have the benefit of full briefing on this issue and can give it its due consideration at this time. ", "To be sure, though the argument was not made forcefully, it is nonetheless preserved for our review.", "\n[5] Notably, Rule 65, as a rule of civil procedure, does not speak in terms of criminal defendants, but rather uses the more generic term, \"adverse parties.\" ", "To be sure, the Ungars, unlike Thier, are not defendants in the case below, and the restraining order on HLF's assets does not mention the Ungars at all. ", "However, the Ungars argue that the order was nonetheless directed at them because they were in the process of executing their judgment against HLF's assets. ", "The panel agreed and adjudged the Ungars to be an \"adverse party\" for purposes of Rule 65, which triggered the panel's compliance with Thier. ", "445 F.3d at 792. ", "However, that question is now moot in light of our decision to overrule Thier, and we need not consider it at this time.", "\n[6] We recently examined this tension in greater detail in United States v. Melrose East Subdivision, 357 F.3d 493, 504-05 (5th Cir.2004), but we briefly recount that observation here. ", "In addition to requiring an indictment based on probable cause, Thier demanded that the Government satisfy the traditional four-part test for a preliminary injunction, one part of which is to demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, in order to carry its burden at a § 853(e)(1)(A) hearing. ", "See Thier, 801 F.2d at 1470. ", "This undoubtedly imposes a higher burden than probable cause, but Monsanto makes plain that probable cause alone is sufficient to satisfy due process. ", "491 U.S. at 615, 109 S.Ct. ", "2657 (\"We conclude . . . ", "that assets in a defendant's possession may be restrained in the way they were here based on a finding of probable cause to believe that the assets are forfeitable.\"). ", "See generally Melrose East Subdivision, 357 F.3d at 504-05 & n. 12 (discussing cases in greater detail).", "\n[7] We first catalogued the different approaches of other circuits in Melrose East Subdivision. ", "See 357 F.3d at 499-500 (summarizing cases).", "\n[8] \"When dealing with a preliminary injunction, the `adverse party' means the party adversely affected by the injunction, not the opponent in the underlying action.\" ", "Parker v. Ryan, 960 F.2d 543, 545 (5th Cir.1992).", "\n[9] In custodia legis means \"[i]n the custody or keeping of the law. . . .\" ", "BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 768 (6th ed.1990); see also In re Chesnut, 422 F.3d 298, 301 (5th Cir.2005) (explaining that in custodia legis means \"literally, `in the custody of the law'; loosely, `in the care of the court'\").", "\n[10] While the first of the Eldridge factors largely disposes of the issue in this case, we note for the sake of completeness that the other two factors also favor the Government. ", "The risk of an erroneous deprivation of the Ungars' interest is minimal in light of the safeguards afforded to the Ungars by 21 U.S.C. § 853. ", "See infra Part III.C. As for the Government's interest, we have already referenced the Supreme Court's view that \"Congress could not have chosen stronger words\" to express its view that forfeiture should be both mandatory and broad in scope. ", "Monsanto, 491 U.S. at 606-07, 109 S.Ct. ", "2657. ", "From this we draw the related conclusion that it would be a significant burden on the Government to have to defend the forfeiture order from attack by a third party during the course of an ongoing criminal prosecution. ", "While future cases may present a different balance of interests, we find that the Eldridge factors do not support the Ungars' request for a hearing at this time. ", "See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. ", "893.", "\n[11] The Ungars concede that they could follow the procedure set forth in § 853, but add that they need not do so because TRIA gives them an independent remedy. ", "We consider this argument in greater detail in Part III.D, infra.", "\n[12] It goes without saying that if the Government fails to convict HLF, then the Ungars are in the same position they were before the criminal case arose. ", "They are still judgment creditors, and they may continue to execute that judgment against HLF's assets in the relevant jurisdictions.", "\n[13] We note that at least one other group of plaintiffs, the Boim family, have secured a judgment against HLF in the same fashion as the Ungars. ", "Amended Final Judgment in a Civil Case, Boim v. Quranic Literacy Inst., ", "No. ", "00-C-2905 (N.D.Ill. ", "Mar. 2, 2005). ", "That case is now on appeal in the Seventh Circuit, but if their judgment is affirmed, then presumably they, too, will have an interest to assert in a post-trial forfeiture hearing in the district court in Texas. ", "We suspect that potential conflicts of this sort were one reason that Congress chose to ban third-party intervention during the pendency of a criminal prosecution, and to move all such claims into a post-trial hearing instead. ", "While this delay may impose a burden on the claimants, the countervailing benefits to the Government, the court, and even the claimants themselves, are obvious.", "\n" ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\nHere's a joke: Hampton wants to play two more years!!!", "\n\nHe's been stealing money for the last two seasons, and he wants to play two more???!!! ", "If Hampton is back as the starting NT next season, that is a clear enough sign to me that they are not serious about winning a championship.", "\n\nHampton is like a broke man in Las Vegas...................................DONE!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!", "\n\nHis contract is up, if they bring him back it won't be for anything close to the money he's made during his career. ", "They'll offer a million or two per season if they really think he's still got something left in the tank but that's it. ", "McLendon knows his time is coming, he's got to be the main guy for next season but they'll still need a backup.", "\n\nAnybody think Ta'amu would be an option? ", "Don't bet against it completely if they think he's learned his lesson.", "\n\nHampton won't want to be a backup I'm sure but as old as he is it won't be easy finding a starting job elsewhere either.", "\n\nHampton is dog crap. ", "I don't want him back even for a dollar. ", "He's done. ", "Time for Mcclendon to get the bulk of the snaps. ", "And I'm not against Ta'amu being brought back either as long as he's learned a lesson about how to conduct yourself going forward.", "\n\nIs he really worth a roster spot at this point of his career?", "\nMaybe sign him to a one year deal and have him watch McClendon\nactually do things a NT is supposed to do. ", "Sorry Snack father time\nhas come knockin and you had your day." ]

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[ "Elton John piano will play globally from O.C. event\n\nJan. 18, 2013\n\nUpdated Aug. 21, 2013 1:17 p.m.\n\n1 of 3\n\nElton John, shown performing his show \"The Red Piano\" at Caesars Palace hotel and casino in Las Vegas in 2009, will play a piano at the upcoming NAMM show in Anaheim that will be digitally linked to pianos around the world. ", "JAE C. HONG, ASSOCIATED PRESS\n\n1 of 3\n\nElton John's red grand piano that was customized by Yamaha is a Disklavier, which allows the sound to be set to Elton John's specifications. ", "This was the only one made by Yamaha, though it inspired the production of a limited edition red baby grand piano signed by Elton John. ", "PAUL RODRIGUEZ, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER\n\n1 of 3\n\nA limited edition signed Elton John red baby grand piano that was inspired by the red grand piano Yamaha customized for Elton John sits at Yamaha's Buena Park headquarters. ", "Yamaha is celebrating it's 50th anniversary in Buena Park this year. ", "PAUL RODRIGUEZ, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER\n\nElton John, shown performing his show \"The Red Piano\" at Caesars Palace hotel and casino in Las Vegas in 2009, will play a piano at the upcoming NAMM show in Anaheim that will be digitally linked to pianos around the world. ", "JAE C. HONG, ASSOCIATED PRESS\n\nJAN. ", "23 UPDATE: Yamaha announced it will stream the concert free online, even for those without a piano. ", "Visit http://eltonjohn125.usa.yamaha.com or http://www.eltonjohn.com during the event, which kicks off at 8 p.m. Pacific time on Friday Jan. 25. ", "Elton John will perform around 10:25 p.m.. Also performing during the three-hour event will be Amy Grant, Chaka Khan, Dave Grusin, Earth, Wind & Fire, David Foster, Dave Koz, James Newton Howard, LEOGUN, Landon Pigg, Lucy Schwartz, Michael McDonald, Sarah McLachlan, Toto and Sinbad.", "\n\n---\n\nWhen Elton John comes to Anaheim this month, he won't just pound the keys on his flaming red custom Yamaha, he'll also be playing dozens of pianos spread across the globe, all at the same time.", "\n\nNo, the pop star hasn't been cloned. ", "In an attempt to add some luster to the player piano, the Japanese piano maker Yamaha, with its U.S. base in Buena Park, will digitally link a fleet of its high-tech $20,000-plus Disklavier pianos on Jan. 25 so that audiences around the world can hear John play \"live.\"", "\n\nWhether the technology will do anything to change the diminished place pianos hold in modern life is unclear. ", "Even so, the idea of broadcasting an artist's performance this way has stirred excitement in the music world.", "\n\n\"You're actually hearing a live instrument playing at its source, with the only unique factor being that the performer is 12,000 miles away,\" said Edward Bilous, director of the center for innovation in the arts at the Juilliard School in New York. \"", "The Disklavier becomes one instrument that is (that) big.\"", "\n\nPianos that play without anyone in front of them have been around since the late 1800s and rose to prominence in the 1920s as one of the earliest and most popular ways of bringing recorded music into the home. ", "Yamaha hopes its streaming concert technology could spark new interest in the instrument.", "\n\nJohn's concert and its worldwide accompaniment are the near-final realization of a technology project brewing for 25 years. ", "For decades, the big idea for Yamaha employees was to have an artist's performance in one location experienced by many listeners, not re-created by speakers but beamed over the air and reproduced with pinpoint accuracy by a musical instrument.", "\n\nIn Anaheim, when Elton John plays his \"Nikita\" red Yamaha Disklavier piano, phantom fingers will play similar Yamaha pianos in Japan, Korea, Russia, Canada and other locations around the world. ", "He is performing at a private concert at the Hyperion Theater inside Disney's California Adventure as part of the National Association of Music Merchants annual show.", "\n\n\"It is wonderful in terms of how I feel,\" said Bill Brandom, a former senior technical manager at Yamaha who retired in 2011 after 31 years at the company. \"", "I can see the dream came true.\"", "\n\nBrandom still consults for the company and remembers employees imagining the potential of a phantom artist playing a Disklavier live. ", "Yamaha introduced the brand of piano in 1987 in the United States; the instrument could play itself with hidden electromechanical solenoids (essentially magnets) playing the keys. ", "He told sales staff to talk to dealers and customers about the concept of beaming a performance over the air.", "\n\nYamaha initially used floppy discs and then CDs to play recorded music before moving to the Internet about six years ago. ", "For the past three years, the company has been working to sync up audio from singing and other instruments with video of a performance to round out a full entertainment experience.", "\n\nThe company demonstrated a multicontinent performance in March last year with three pianos in New York playing an abstract piece together. ", "Only one player was on stage; the other two pianists in Orange County and Japan appeared on projection screens. ", "In September singer Sarah McLachlan performed a concert playing a Disklavier at her studio in Canada that was broadcast to other pianos in the United States. ", "The performance by Elton John, who has a longstanding endorsement deal with the musical instrument company, will be the first global broadcast of the technology.", "\n\nThe Internet, not air, ended up as the medium to convey the artist's music.", "\n\n\"The experience has been much more dramatic than I envisioned,\" Brandom said.", "\n\nThat's because when Brandom and his co-workers originally envisioned the endeavor, home stereos and TV systems weren't that advanced. ", "But today's HD screens and surround-sound speaker systems can allow an entire concert to beam into a home in high fidelity – with the live piano rounding out the concert experience.", "\n\nThis technology \"is the piano's ability to remain relevant in the 21st-century multimedia living room,\" said Jim Levesque, marketing manager at Yamaha.", "\n\nYamaha plans to launch the streaming concert technology this spring as part of the company's existing subscription radio service for about $200 a year or $20 a month.", "\n\nThe radio service allows owners of the pianos, which range from $20,000 to $170,000, to set them to specific stations of streaming piano music.", "\n\nOther forms of entertainment born in the 20th century have left the instrument playing second string, but Yamaha hopes the technology provides new reasons for the piano to be in homes and schools.", "\n\n\"The obvious benefits for employing the Internet for musical performance art is for people who aren't in the same location to play together, and people who aren't in the location where the music is played can enjoy it,\" said Christopher Dobrian, a music professor at the UC Irvine Claire Trevor School of the Arts who has worked on synchronizing performances over the Internet.", "\n\n\"It's very much more exciting to hear it come out of a real piano than to hear it come out of speakers.\"", "\n\nThe high-tech gadgetry might be too pricey for most, but it provides a new forum for the piano.", "\n\n\"The piano industry in the 20th century you might say has seen a steady decline,\" said Stephen Carver, senior piano technician at Juilliard. \"", "It continues to hold an utter fascination for a small percentage of the population. ... ", "I think it's a durable thing in society.\"", "\n\nUser Agreement\n\nKeep it civil and stay on topic. ", "No profanity, vulgarity, racial\nslurs or personal attacks. ", "People who harass others or joke about\ntragedies will be blocked. ", "By posting your comment, you agree to\nallow Orange County Register Communications, Inc. the right to\nrepublish your name and comment in additional Register publications\nwithout any notification or payment." ]

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[ "Photo via AP\n\nI didn’t think Steph Curry would play tonight. ", "He probably didn’t think he’d log 37 minutes tonight. ", "His coach didn’t plan to let Curry loose and have him take a third of the Warriors’ shots, and yet, he torched the Blazers for 40 points on 32 shots to lead the Warriors to a crazy 132-125 win in the best game of the playoffs.", "\n\n\n\n\nAnd he wouldn’t have even been in position to murder the Blazers and stomp on their corpse in front of 19,441 Portlanders if not for Shaun Livingston losing his mind and getting tossed in the first half. ", "That’s a good place as any to start, since it neatly encapsulates just how acutely frustrating the first half was. ", "The officials were overactive—letting Andre Iguodala flop his way into some specious fouls—and frustration at their incompetence boiled over when Livingston got whacked in the head and made his feelings about the no-call known very clearly.", "\n\nPortland ran out to a big lead early and kept their foot on the gas throughout the half, and Steph was clearly not himself. ", "The timing on all of his passes was off, he airballed a three, and even though the team was better with him in the game, he was playing as jittery as he’s played all year. ", "Damian Lillard and C.J. McCollum traded big shots and Al-Farouq Aminu once again showed up to play. ", "The Blazers play with an intense camaraderie, and they controlled the game.", "\n\n\nUntil the fourth quarter, that is, when the game exploded into a grand prix of audacious shots and Curry came alive. ", "All of a sudden he’d regained that immutable swagger of his and he showed it off by putting C.J. McCollum in the blender before dishing to Draymond Green for a huge slam (As for Draymond, he was really damn good tonight, scoring 21 on nine shots, blocking seven shots, and generally out-working the entire Blazers squad).", "\n\nA few minutes before, Lillard hit a set three from goddamn Mars to give the Blazers a lead. ", "The Oakland native had the best 9-for-30 game I’ve ever seen, hitting all manner of big shots and truly rising to the occasion. ", "It appeared as if the Blazers were going to Do It and that Lillard would be the one to lead them.", "\n\n\nBut somehow, Steph Curry sparked into action in the most violent, severe way and he took out Portland all by himself in overtime. ", "His 17 points in the frame are the most all-time in any overtime, and his 40 off the bench is the highest total since 2003. ", "He scored the first 12 points of the period and ended the game with such sudden ease that the Moda Center was tomb-quiet for the last two minutes. ", "I mean, c’mon, look at this shit.", "\n\n\nHe made Paul Allen lose control of his facial muscles.", "\n\n\nHe’s back, goddamnit.", "\n\n\nCurry suffered a knee injury 15 days ago, has played two games in the past 29 days, and showed up out of shape to throttle the life out of the most determined, organized team left in the NBA playoffs. ", "If this is who Curry is again, good. ", "He certainly has more rust to shake off, but these playoffs are finally Steph Curry’s and that’s fun as hell.", "\n\nUpdate: Here’s the full, nine-minute highlight reel, Treat yourself. ", "You deserve it." ]

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[ "Adverse events during growth hormone therapy.", "\nThe aim of this study was to ascertain the frequency of adverse events occuring during GH therapy in Australia and New Zealand since 1988. ", "Data for children receiving GH has been collected prospectively on a national database, OZGROW, after informed consent has been given. ", "Adverse events were coded by clinicians and have been analysed in relation to the nature of the event and the underlying diagnosis. ", "There were 2922 subjects analysed, representing 9004 years of GH therapy. ", "151 subjects reported a total of 210 adverse events giving an overall frequency of 2.3% adverse events/patient treated year. ", "Events that were probably related to GH therapy included peripheral oedema, injection site problems and increased frequency of kyphoscoliosis and slipped epiphysis in some groups. ", "Adverse events were more frequent in growth hormone deficient children who had previously been treated for leukaemia, 8.1%, and in children previously treated for craniopharyngioma, 5.6%. ", "A lower frequency was found for those with a diagnosis of idiopathic short stature, 1.6%, and familial short stature, 0.9%. ", "Kyphoscoliosis was more frequently seen in Turner's syndrome, and slipped epiphyses in adolescent individuals with growth hormone deficiency, especially following treatment for leukaemia. ", "There were no de novo tumours reported but the frequencies of recurrence/patient year for leukaemia, solid cranial tumours and craniopharyngioma were 1.1%, 2.2% and 3.8% respectively. ", "A low frequency of adverse events has been reported on the OZGROW database but subsets of patients may be at increased risk of musculoskeletal abnormalities during GH therapy. ", "The frequency of tumour recurrence during therapy is not different from known rates of recurrence in individuals not treated with GH." ]

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[ "DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is a central process in genome maintenance, broadly divided into homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways. ", "Of these, NHEJ, the direct ligation of DSB ends, is most likely to execute the chromosomal rearrangements that cause cancer because such junctions typically lack extensive homology. ", "NHEJ is also a genome caretaker that promotes accurate repair of DSBs, however, underscoring its dichotomous role in genome (in)stability. ", "Prior work has led to the apparent identification of nearly all eukaryotic NHEJ proteins. ", "These include: (i) the structural end- binding protein Ku; (ii) DNA ligase IV, comprised of its catalytic subunit (Lig4/Dnl4) and two supporting proteins (XRCC4/Lif1 and XLF/Nej1); and (iii) end processing polymerases of the Pol X family (Pol <, Pol ;/Pol4). ", "Many features of these various proteins are also known, including substantial structural information. ", "What is not known is how they interact with each other and the DNA to achieve the dynamic process of repair. ", "There is an extensive protein architecture used during NHEJ with currently little insight into how its parts assemble onto the limiting DSB substrate in both space and time. ", "Once there, NHEJ enzymes use poorly understood mechanisms to overcome the unique challenge of catalyzing reactions on a DNA substrate comprised of unstably associated halves. ", "This project will explore these outstanding issues using powerful and novel genetic assays in the budding yeast model organism, with four specific aims addressing: (i) the interactions between Ku and DNA ligase IV that recruit and productively position the ligase for catalysis; (ii) the specific and multiple functions of the DNA ligase IV BRCT domains in supporting NHEJ; (iii) the specific features of Pol X family DNA polymerases that allow only them to catalyze certain synthetic events during NHEJ; and (iv) similar specific features of catalysis by DNA ligase IV that optimize its ability to join DSB ends." ]

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[ "Update on Power Line House picks\n\nAs we discussed in an earlier post, and as expected, Tom Cotton is crusing to victory in Arkansas’ 4th District. ", "He leads 58 percent to 38 percent. ", "Tom has a great political future ahead of him, in my opinion.", "\n\nMia Love, unfortunately, is trailing Jim Matheson by about 7,500 votes (53-46) with a little more than half of the vote counted.", "\n\nChip Cravaack is down by about 1,000 votes, but this is with only about 2 percent of the vote counted." ]

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[ "The proposed development, located at 2020-2110 E. 1st Street, calls for the construction of a six-story building that would feature 552 rental dwellings above approximately 10,000 square feet of ground-floor retail space and a 620-car parking garage. ", "Plans call for a mix of one-, two-, three-, and four-bedroom units, which are described as \"affordable family apartments.\"", "\n\nArchitects Orange is designing the podium-type complex, which will incorporate eight interior courtyards, which are being designed by Thomas H. Phelps Landscape Architecture.", "\n\nAccording to a staff report on the project, AMG would offer shuttle service for residents, with a direct connection to the Santa Ana Civic Center and commuter rail station.", "\n\nA staff recommendation to the Planning Commission suggests approval of the AMG project, which is being called \"First Point.\"" ]

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[ "Current diagnosis and management of toxoplasmosis in cancer patients.", "\nToxoplasmosis should be considered as a potential pathogen in cancer patients who have clinical syndromes, especially lymphadenopathy, for which the cause is not clear. ", "Patients with reticuloendothelial malignancies or solid cancers treated with systemic chemotherapy or with progressive disease appear to be at particular risk for life-threatening toxoplasmosis. ", "There has also been an explosion in the number of cases of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients infected with HIV. ", "Diagnosis rests on demonstration of trophozoites in tissue or body fluids, demonstration of characteristic serologic test results, and, in cases of lymphadenopathy, characteristic histologic features." ]

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[ "Colloids in cholesterics: size-dependent defects and non-stokesian microrheology.", "\nWe simulate a colloidal particle (radius R) in a cholesteric liquid crystal (pitch p) with tangential order parameter alignment at the particle surface. ", "The local defect structure evolves from a dipolar pair of surface defects (boojums) at small R/p to a pair of twisted disclination lines wrapping around the particle at larger values. ", "On dragging the colloid with small velocity v through the medium along the cholesteric helix axis (an active microrheology measurement), we find a hydrodynamic drag force that scales linearly with v but superlinearly with R-in striking violation of Stokes' law, as generally used to interpret such measurements." ]

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[ "The obvious advantage of blogging a conference with a partner or group of people is that you can divide up the speakers. ", "This leaves you with more time to do research on the subject you are covering and you can sit, relax and listen. ", "If you run a one-(wo)man blog, find people in your niche who may also attend the conference and suggest to blog collaboratively. ", "Not only is this a great way of networking and meeting new people it may also work wonders for your blog. ", "If you decide to cover the conference with two fellow bloggers who link to your conference articles you may end up with new readers from their blogs and vice versa.", "\n\nPrepare for offline blogging\n\nI’ve been at conferences in such new-built places that they did not even have the time to get the network running. ", "On top of that some conferences only have a protected network or a paid service network. ", "While it never hurts to bring a credit card in case you want to pay for access for a day, prepare for offline blogging in case there is no network access at all. ", "A weblog client such as BlogJet supports all the major blogging platforms and allows you to write your post offline, completely format it, save a draft version, add a category or tags and publish it to your blog when you have online access. ", "You may also install a local version of WordPress on your computer or a USB stick and send your files to your server later.", "\n\nBring a power chord\n\nOr even better, a power chord with multiple plugs. ", "I’ve made many people happy with my juice-sharing power chord. ", "Not all conferences are supplied with superior blog seating with tables and power chords like the blog plateau at the PICNIC07 conference:\n\nI usually bring a 15 meter/50 feet power chord and a power chord with three plugs. ", "This means I get can power from the other side of the room and share it with two people. ", "I can assure you, it’s a great way to make new friends. ", "It never hurts to pack an extra battery and to bring a (paper!) ", "notebook in case there is no power supply at all.", "\n\nUse a memo recorder\n\nIf you want to quote someone you either need to be a very fast typer or have a very good memory. ", "I use my phone’s recording abilities to solve both these issues. ", "I record the session so I can listen to it later when I sit down and transcribe it. ", "This is most useful for extensive blog posts that don’t require to be online immediately.", "\n\nDespite the fact that not all conferences and meetings support blogging facilities it is one of my favorite blogging activities. ", "The feedback and discussion that arises from conference posts is absolutely great. ", "Not everyone has the time, money or right geographical location to attend a conference so it is well-appreciated to cover a conference on your blog.", "\n\nYour words are your own, so be nice and helpful if you can. ", "If this is the first time you're posting a comment, it might go into moderation. ", "Don't worry, it's not lost, so there's no need to repost it! ", "We accept clean XHTML in comments, but don't overdo it please." ]

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[ "BINGHAMTON, N.Y.– The Binghamton Senators announced today that they have reassigned goaltender Brian Stewart to the Elmira Jackals of the ECHL.", "\n\nStewart, 26, was recalled to Binghamton for the sixth time this season on Jan. 22. ", "He has dressed as the B-Sens’ back-up goaltender for 14 games this season, but has not played.", "\n\nThe 6-4, 195-pound netminder has posted a record of 15-6-0 with 2.88 goals-against average and a .915 save percentage in 22 games with the Jackals this season.", "\n\nThe B-Sens return to action Friday as they travel to Manchester to take on the Monarchs at 7 p.m. Fans can tune into the action live on “Binghamton’s Classic Hits” BIG 107.5 (WBBI-FM) beginning 30 minutes before game time as Grady Whittenburg, the voice of the B-Sens, hosts the Countdown to Faceoff." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOdd Javascript/PHP behavior with AJAX Post\n\nI have a function that sends a post request to a php website. ", "I get 2 different behaviors by simply changing the capitalization of a variable. ", "The variable in question is the 'action' variable and either being set to \"deleteIndexMain\" or \"deleteIndexmain\" If the action variable is set to \"deleteIndexmain\" I get the popup displaying the html that the php returns. ", "If I set the variable to \"deleteIndexMain\" I get no popup. (", "meaning it appears to be a javascript issue?", "\nHere is the java script code:\nfunction deleteMe(v,r)\n {\n if(confirm(\"Are you sure\"))\n {\n var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();\n xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() \n {\n if(xhttp.readyState == 4 && xhttp.status == 200)\n {\n alert(xhttp.responseText);\n document.getElementById(\"indexmaintable\").deleteRow(r);\n }\n };\n xhttp.open(\"POST\", \"includes/control.php\", true);\n xhttp.setRequestHeader(\"Content-type\", \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\");\n xhttp.send(\"action=deleteIndexMain&file=\"+v);\n }\n\n }\n\nand here is the php code: \n<?", "php\n //Todo make sure to authenticate!", "\n\n session_start();\n require_once(\"config.php\");\n\n function deleteIndexMain($file)\n {\n unlink($file);\n $query = 'DELETE FROM indexmain WHERE linklocation=\"'.$file.'\"';", "\n $db->query($query);\n }\n\n print_r($_POST);\n if(isset($_POST) && $_POST['action'] == \"deleteIndexMain\")\n {\n echo 'Deleting '.$_POST['file'];\n deleteIndexMain($_POST['file']);\n }\n\n?", ">\n\nA:\n\nString comparison with == is case-sensitive. ", "If you want to perform a case-insensitive comparison, you can use strcasecmp():\nif(isset($_POST) && strcasecmp($_POST['action'], \"deleteIndexMain\") == 0)\n\nNotice that strcasecmp doesn't return a boolean, it returns a number that indicates whether the first string is less than, equal to, or greater than the second. ", "So you have to use == 0 to test if the strings are equal.", "\nOr you can convert everything to a single case with strtolower() before comparing normally.", "\nif(isset($_POST) && strtolower($_POST['action']) == \"deleteindexmain\")\n\n" ]

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[ "AppBrain appshttp://www.appbrain.com/browse/dev/Escapist+Games+LimitedSearch the Android market and discover the best Android apps from AppBrain, the leading Android app directory.en-usAndroidGoogle PlayMobile appsAppBrainAppBrain Web 4.0 Content Management SystemStar Charthttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart/com.escapistgames.starcharthttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart/com.escapistgames.starcharthttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart/com.escapistgames.starchart#commentsMon, 20 Dec 2010 17:34:33 +0000Used by over 20 million people world-wide, Star Chart provides a magical star gazing experience like no other.<br><br>*****<br><br>You can now have a virtual planetarium in your pocket! ", "Look through the eyes of your Android device to see a virtual window into the whole visible universe.<br><br>All you have to do is point your Android device&ordm; at the sky and Star Chart will tell you exactly what you are looking at.<br><br>Using state of the art GPS technology, an accurate 3D universe, and all of the latest high tech functionality, Star Chart calculates &ndash; in real time - the current location of every star and planet visible from Earth and shows you precisely where they are; even in broad daylight!<br><br>Want to know what that bright star is called? ", "Point your device at it &ndash; you might just find out it&rsquo;s a planet!<br><br>Want to know what the night sky looks like to people on the other side of the earth? ", "Well just point your device down!<br><br>Want to know where your star sign is in the sky? ", "Star Chart will tell you all this and more.<br><br>Star Chart's features include:<br>- Just point and view. ", "No need to scroll around the screen to find out what you are looking at*.<br>- Alternatively, look around the sky using finger gestures &ndash; perfect for armchair astronomers!<br>- Voice Control: Explore the solar system with commands like: &quot;Fly me to the Moon&quot; / &quot;Go to Saturn&quot; / &quot;Tour Mars&quot; / &quot;Look at Andromeda&quot; / &quot;Where is the Cigar Galaxy?&quot;[English only]<br>- Supports dynamic device orientation viewing. ", "Allows you to view the night sky whilst holding your Android device at any angle.<br>- Accurately depicts all the visible stars of the northern and southern hemispheres - a total of over 120,000 stars!<br>- Fly to and explore all the planets of the solar system, their moons and the sun all rendered in beautiful 3D with state of the art visual effects.<br>- Displays all 88 constellations, with constellation imagery based on the beautiful artwork by 17th century astronomer Johannes Hevelius.<br>- Includes entire Messier catalogue of exotic deep sky objects.<br>- Using the powerful Time Shift feature allows you to shift up to 10,000 years forward or backward in time.<br>- Tap on anything in the sky and get the facts on what you are looking at, including distance and brightness.<br>- Very powerful zoom function, lets you view the sky in extra detail, using intuitive finger gestures.<br>- Fully configurable. ", "Star Chart displays only the sky objects that you are interested in.<br>- Allows you to view the sky underneath the horizon. ", "So now you can see where the sun is, even at night!<br>- Manually set your location to find out what the sky looks like from anywhere in the world.<br>- Full search feature<br><br>So point your Android device at the sky and see what's out there!<br><br>------------ <br>Star Chart is published by Escape Velocity Ltd and developed by Escapist Games Ltd. We update Star Chart regularly, so please send us your feedback and feature requests to [email protected]. ", "<br><br>And thanks for all your feedback so far! ", "<br><br>Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/starchart <br>Follow Star Chart on Twitter: StarChartApp<br><br>&ordm; Augmented Reality (AR) mode only available if your device supports it, as this feature requires a built-in compass. ", "Manual scrolling is supported on all other devices.<br><br>* Star Chart does not require internet access for normal usage. ", "Internet access is only required initially to verify the license and subsequently when accessing the support page and external links.<br><br>Recent changes:<br>New in v.3.0.10:<br>- Improved star visuals on hi-res screens<br>- Fixed difficulties in selecting planets, meteor showers &amp; satellites on hi-res screens<br>- Object classification in data box<br>- Improved deep-link responses<br>- Integrated Google App-Indexing, so Star Chart results can show up in Google Search<br><br>v.3.0.08:<br>* Fixed the strange camera distortion issues when in AR Mode, which affected some devices, like the HTC One.<br>* Fixes crash on some older OS versions when notifications were triggered.", "Star Chart VRhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-vr/com.escapistgames.starchartvr.daydreamhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-vr/com.escapistgames.starchartvr.daydreamhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-vr/com.escapistgames.starchartvr.daydream#commentsFri, 18 Nov 2016 11:09:33 +0000The ultimate virtual reality* experience: Star Chart VR lets you explore the solar system in a beautiful and accurate real-time space simulation.<br><br>Delight in exploring the solar system, from the Sun to the smallest moons of Saturn and out to the coldest, darkest, farthest reaches of Pluto. ", "Gaze down and marvel at our solar system from above. ", "Look up in wonder at the rings of Saturn. ", "Feel the awe of floating in space around worlds no human has yet set foot on. ", "Understand how the constellations of our night sky are made up of stars distant to each other in both space and time. ", "Embrace the impossible distances of our solar system and the inordinate scale of our universe.<br><br>Star Chart VR is the virtual reality version of the hugely successful augmented reality astronomy &amp; star gazing app - Star Chart - downloaded by over 25 million people world-wide.<br><br>Features currently include:<br>- An accurate real-time simulation of the visible stars and planets as you see them from Earth<br>- A 3D solar system to explore, including the Sun, the planets and major moons<br>- All 88 constellations based on the beautiful artwork of 17th century astronomer Johannes Hevelius<br>- 5,000 of the most visible stars of the night sky<br>- Named geological surface features on most of the rocky planets and moons of the solar system.<br>- And much more.<br><br>Feel free to provide us with your thoughts, feedback and feature requests, and for help using Star Chart VR please see the Virtual Reality section of our Star Chart User Guide: www.escapistgames.com/starchart/instruction_manual.html<br><br>* Please note: This version of Star Chart requires a Daydream-ready phone, HMD (head mounted device) and a Daydream controller to work.<br><br>Recent changes:<br>- Improved handling of going between Daydream Home and the app<br>- Improved flow for location sevice permissions, with in-app messaging.<br>- Bug fixes including sky view sometimes losing the skyStar Chart Infinitehttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-infinite/com.escapistgames.starchartgoogleeducationhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-infinite/com.escapistgames.starchartgoogleeducationhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-infinite/com.escapistgames.starchartgoogleeducation#commentsWed, 11 Sep 2013 20:12:54 +0000Used by over 20 million people world-wide, Star Chart provides a magical star gazing experience like no other.<br><br>*****<br><br>This premium version of the best selling astronomy and star gazing app includes all the in-app upgrades from Star Chart in one neat package!<br><br>You can now have a virtual planetarium in your pocket! ", "Look through the eyes of your Android device to see a virtual window into the whole visible universe.<br><br>All you have to do is point your Android device&ordm; at the sky and Star Chart Infinite will tell you exactly what you are looking at.<br><br>Using state of the art GPS technology, an accurate 3D universe, and all of the latest high tech functionality, Star Chart Infinite calculates &ndash; in real time - the current location of every star and planet visible from Earth and shows you precisely where they are; even in broad daylight!<br><br>Want to know what that bright star is called? ", "Point your device at it &ndash; you might just find out it&rsquo;s a planet!<br><br>Want to know what the night sky looks like to people on the other side of the earth? ", "Well just point your device down!<br><br>Want to know where your star sign is in the sky? ", "Star Chart Infinite will tell you all this and more.<br><br>Star Chart Infinite includes:<br>- Just point and view. ", "No need to scroll around the screen to find out what you are looking at. *", "<br>- Displays all the planets of the solar system, plus the sun and the moon. ", "<br>- All 88 constellations, with constellation imagery based on the beautiful artwork by 17th century astronomer Johannes Hevelius.<br>- Accurately depicts all the visible stars of the northern and southern hemispheres - a total of over 125,000 stars!<br>- Includes Charles Messier's entire catalogue of 110 exotic deep sky objects.<br>- Includes the time and location of all the major meteor showers<br>- Includes the position of all the major satellites of Earth including Hubble &amp; the ISS<br>- Includes a set of extended solar system objects made up of moons, dwarf planets and large asteroids.<br>- Tap on anything in the sky and get the facts on what you are looking at, including distance and brightness.<br>- Very powerful zoom function, lets you view the sky in extra detail, using intuitive finger gestures.<br>- Fully configurable. ", "Star Chart Infinite displays only the sky objects that you are interested in.<br>- Manually set your location to find out what the sky looks like from anywhere in the world.<br><br>So point your Android device at the sky and see what's out there!<br>------------ <br>Star Chart Infinite is published by Escape Velocity Ltd and developed by Escapist Games Ltd. We update Star Chart regularly, so please send us your feedback and feature requests to [email protected]. ", "<br><br>And thanks for all your feedback so far! ", "<br><br>Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/starchart <br>Follow Star Chart on Twitter: StarChartApp<br>For help with Star Chart please visit our Star Chart User Guide: www.escapistgames.com/starchart/instruction_manual.html<br><br>&ordm; Augmented Reality (AR) mode requires a built-in compass.<br><br>* Star Chart requires internet access when accessing our support page.<br><br>Recent changes:<br>New in v.3.0.10:<br>- Improved star visuals on hi-res screens<br>- Fixed difficulties in selecting planets and meteor showers &amp; satellites on hi-res screens<br>- Added object category to databox<br>- Improved deep-link responses<br>- Integrated Google App-Indexing, so Star Chart results can show up in Google Search<br><br>v.3.0.08:<br>* Fixed the strange camera distortion issues when in AR Mode, which affected some devices, like the HTC One.<br>* Fixes crash on some older OS versions when notifications were triggered.", "Star Chart Cardboardhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-cardboard/com.escapistgames.starchartvrhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-cardboard/com.escapistgames.starchartvrhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart-cardboard/com.escapistgames.starchartvr#commentsSat, 20 Feb 2016 03:06:16 +0000The ultimate virtual reality experience: Star Chart VR lets you explore the solar system in a beautiful and accurate real-time space simulation.<br><br>Delight in exploring the solar system, from the Sun to the smallest moons of Saturn and out to the coldest, darkest, farthest reaches of Pluto. ", "Gaze down and marvel at our solar system from above. ", "Look up in wonder at the rings of Saturn. ", "Feel the awe of floating in space around worlds no human has yet set foot on. ", "Understand how the constellations of our night sky are made up of stars distant to each other in both space and time. ", "Embrace the impossible distances of our solar system and the inordinate scale of our universe.<br><br>Star Chart VR is the virtual reality version of the hugely successful augmented reality astronomy &amp; star gazing app - Star Chart - downloaded by over 20 million people world-wide.<br><br>Features currently include:<br>- An accurate real-time simulation of the visible stars and planets as you see them from Earth<br>- A 3D solar system to explore, including the Sun, the planets and major moons<br>- All 88 constellations based on the beautiful artwork of 17th century astronomer Johannes Hevelius<br>- 5,000 of the most visible stars of the night sky<br>- Named geological surface features on most of the rocky planets and moons of the solar system.<br>- And much more.<br><br>Cardboard Controls:<br>- Centre a solar body in your view (planet / moon / the sun / etc.) ", "to select it<br>- Tap on the pad / click to travel closer / go to a selected solar body<br>- At nearest view of a solar body, a tap or click will bring up a menu of options. ", "Depending on the body and available functionality, the following options may be present:<br> - Toggle Geological Surface names on / off. ", "Only available for those solar bodies that the IAU have confirmed names for.<br> - Toggle view mode. ", "Turning your head will either rotate the camera view or rotate the camera around the object.<br> - SkyView mode. ", "This will take you to the night sky view from Earth of your current GPS location.<br><br>Gamepad controller support includes:<br>- Tap button 1 to replicate the 'click' functionality<br>- Tap button 2 to return to 'go away' from your current view<br>- Left analog stick controls the 'rotate camera around object' view mode<br><br>Please NOTE:<br>1) Star Chart VR requires a VR viewer (eg Google Cardboard) with magnetic 'click' functionality to use. ", "Learn more and get your own Cardboard viewer at http://g.co/cardboard<br>2) Virtual Reality is best experienced running at 60 frames per second. ", "Most high end modern phones will provide you with smooth frame-rate (a result of processing speed) and seamless head tracking (a result of sensor update speed and accuracy). ", "If you are experiencing issues, shutting down background tasks may help with performance. ", "Star Chart for VR was developed on a Samsung Galaxy S6 running Android 5.1.1 and runs beautifully on this and higher end devices.<br>3) Written from the ground up for Virtual Reality, Star Chart VR is in many ways a superior product to the original Star Chart, but please do not expect feature parity. ", "We will continue to develop and enhance Star Chart VR over time, so at some point Star Chart VR may reach parity (where applicable), but there are no promises.<br><br>Feel free to provide us with your thoughts, feedback and feature requests, and for help using Star Chart VR please see the Virtual Reality section of our Star Chart User Guide: www.escapistgames.com/starchart/instruction_manual.html<br><br>Recent changes:<br>In this version:<br>- General Bug fixes and enhancements<br>- Added Messiers<br>- Added switch to earth sky view from any planet/moon<br>- New planet menus<br>- New basic tutorialFri, 18 Nov 2016 11:09:33 +0000Fri, 18 Nov 2016 11:09:33 +0000" ]

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[ "Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: when and how to treat?", "\nMitoxantrone (MX) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with worsening relapsing-remitting (RR) or secondary progressive (SP) multiple sclerosis (MS). ", "However, indications should be refined and mitoxantrone reserved as a rescue therapy to: (1) patients in the relapsing-remitting phase with frequent and disabling exacerbations likely leading to permanent severe disability and (2) to patients in the secondary progressive phase whose disability progression rate increases by one EDSS point or more per year and who do not respond to other current therapies. ", "An induction phase with the monthly intravenous administration of 12 mg/m(2) followed by a maintenance phase with 12 mg/m(2) every 3 months for 2 years seems the most effective and safe treatment regimen, not exceeding the maximum cumulative dose of 140 mg/m(2). ", "Given the potent myelosuppressive activity of mitoxantrone, dosage should be carefully adapted to the body surface and hematological changes. ", "Long-term toxicities (amenorrhoea and therapy-related leukemia) seem acceptable but a valid evaluation will need a longer follow-up in more patients. ", "Cardiotoxicity, the major long-term toxicity, is clearly dose-dependent and is a strict treatment duration limiting factor. ", "To reduce the risk of cardiac events, the drug should be administered by slow infusion (over 30 min). ", "Analogs of mitoxantrone with a much lower cardiotoxicity are currently investigated in animal experimental models." ]

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[ "\n\nAsk HN: How do I stop spam registrations? - ", "webstartupper\n\nHi All,<p>For the last few days, I have had an increased number of spam registrations at my website domcop.com. ", "Registrations are being made with fake email addresses. ", "I use Google Apps SMTP to send email from the server and all these emails have bounced back with the error \"rejected by the recipient domain\". ", "They all come from unique ip addresses and are being submitted manually. ", "I can't figure out why someone would do this. ", "They don't get access to the site without confirmation of the email addresses.<p>Anyone else out there have this issue. ", "Is there anything I can do to stop them? ", "I can't quite figure out how this benefits anyone - even my competition. ", "Am I missing something?<p>Thank you for your time\n======\nwebstartupper\nFor anyone else who is having the same issue, I found a brilliant article on\nverifying email addresses without sending an email.", "\n\n[http://www.webdigi.co.uk/blog/2009/how-to-check-if-an-\nemail-...](http://www.webdigi.co.uk/blog/2009/how-to-check-if-an-email-\naddress-exists-without-sending-an-email/)\n\n------\ngradschool\nDid any of the people with fake email addresses confirm their registration\nusing the confirmation links sent in the email? ", "Maybe the bounce messages are\nspoofed.", "\n\n~~~\nwebstartupper\nNone of the email addresses exists - hence all the emails bounce back. ", "The\nuser records are added to the system when the user registers but they cannot\nconfirm it since they never get the email. ", "The bounce messages are real.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Towards targeted epigenetic therapy of cancer.", "\nIncreasing number of publications in the last 10 years implicated that cancer development depends, except genetic alterations, also on inheritable gene expression patterns that are not bound to DNA sequence alterations. ", "These epigenetic mechanisms manifest mostly through changes in chromatin packing and in localized gene promoter changes that influence the transcription of the genes involved in carcinogenesis. ", "These changes are mitoticaly inheritable and potentially reversible, providing large possibilities of epigenetic therapy of cancer. ", "So far this therapy lacks specificity of targeting certain genes. ", "Instead, epigenetic therapy attempts either to reactivate or to silence genes that are important for the cancer progress. ", "Epigenetic therapy of cancer is based mostly on the usage of inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and anti-micro-RNA therapy. ", "Developments that involve integration of the latest technological advances, such as whole genome microarray expression profiling, help identify mechanisms of action of epigenetic drugs, leading to development of second generation of epi-drugs which would have greater specificity and efficacy. ", "The obtained results are promising, leaving great possibilities for improvement of cancer therapy." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDo I need to upgrade to Java 8 for my Android Studio if I'm just writing in Kotlin?", "\n\nI'm working on an old project, which uses Java. ", "It is based on Java 7. ", "\nBut it's now all Kotlin classes for new code.", "\nIn our gradle it is still\ncompileOptions {\n sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.", "VERSION_1_7\n targetCompatibility JavaVersion.", "VERSION_1_7\n}\n\nJust curious, is there a need to upgrade to Java 8, if moving forward I'll be writing in Kotlin?", "\ncompileOptions {\n sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.", "VERSION_1_8\n targetCompatibility JavaVersion.", "VERSION_1_8\n}\n\nFrom https://developer.android.com/studio/write/java8-support, it looks like the only reason to do the above is if we intend to write in Java 8. ", "But I'm curious and want to avoid not upgrading and missing out some neat new Java optimization that could benefit to Kotlin project in Android?", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, you should still upgrade to Java 8. ", "This is primarily because many modern versions of key libraries, such as okhttp 3.13 and higher now require Java 8. ", "In addition, all recent AndroidX -ktx artifacts, such as Fragment's fragment-ktx and WorkManager's work-runtime-ktx all require Java 8.", "\nIn the Android's Java 8 Support blog post:\n\nAndroid’s development toolchain and VM support of newer Java language features is still important even if you are writing 100% Kotlin code. ", "New versions of Java bring more efficient constructs in both bytecode and in the VM that Kotlin can then take advantage of.", "\n\nSo as the general toolchain support for Java 8+ continues to improve, the bytecode generated by your Kotlin code will also continue to improve.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing Facebook graph to get the fans of a fan page?", "\n\nI have a fan page located at http://www.facebook.com/shop4tronix. ", "I can access info on this page by going to:\nhttp://graph.facebook.com/shop4tronix\n\nHowever, I want a list of all the fans of my page returned. ", "I figured something like this would work:\nhttp://graph.facebook.com/shop4tronix/fans\n\nBut it doesn't. ", "Is there any way to get a list of fans returned using this method?", "\n\nA:\n\nLooks like it's not possible. ", "If you google a bit, you'll find people scraping the fan pages (as there seem to be no API access).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot is out and will not have official support for the Oculus Rift on Steam.", "\n\nIf you’re curious to know what we thought of Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot, you can read (or watch) our full review right here. ", "We weren’t very impressed. ", "It has some good ideas and takes advantages of one of the most well-known IPs in the entire game industry, but still comes up underwhelming.", "\n\nAnother disappointing part of its launch is the lack of official Oculus Rift support. ", "According to Jerk Gustafsson, Executive Producer at Machine Games, in an interview with UploadVR at E3, he had the following to say:\n\n“Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot will be compatible with the Vive, WMR, and also released on PlayStation VR playable with the Move as well as the DualShock pad,” says Gustafsson. “", "The game works on Oculus, but we don’t officially support it so we can’t really say if it’s gonna hold but at the moment it works and is compliant.”", "\n\nAs of this writing I’ve played all the way through Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot on PSVR and tested it on Rift S. From what I’ve seen it seems to work okay, but the lack of official support is still a sign that if there are issues or if a future patch alters something then it may break support in some way. ", "DOOM VFR is in the same boat with no official support and the last I checked controls were still a bit wonky.", "\n\nThe rest of the interview mostly discusses their excitement for VR in developing Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot.", "\n\nThis story originally appeared on Uploadvr.com. ", "Copyright 2019" ]

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[ "\nMongoDB 3.6.0-rc0 is released - stennie\nhttps://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/mongodb-user/--STTJpGkcE\n======\nchubs\nI'm curious to hear how many people are using open source persistence\nlibraries such as mongo vs whatever is supplied by their chosen cloud\nplatform? ", "I wonder what the long term trend would be, also.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Views\n\nDriving change in the automotive sector – is it facing a perfect storm?", "\n\nThe car industry is perhaps manufacturing sector facing the biggest effects of Brexit. ", "Patricia Godfrey, partner at CMS and vice-president of the GBF, provides a legal perspective.", "\n\nKey Points\n\n• The media is awash with news of concern, decline and uncertainty in the automotive sector. ", "Falling domestic demand and lack of clarity around Brexit are two key factors.", "\n\n• Confusion over diesel taxation and wider air quality plans are impacting domestic demand at a time when unprecedented technological advances are leading to growth in demand for electrically operated vehicles with driverless cars on the domestic horizon.", "\n\n• The lack of clarity surrounding Brexit could have a profound impact on the sector where much of the legal and regulatory framework derives from EU Regulations and Directives.", "\n\n• Decreasing domestic demand and the prospect of exports faltering if a cohesive Brexit plan does not emerge imminently means Banks, OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers), Tier 1 and 2 suppliers and a range of distributors need to be increasingly alert and ready to deal with distress and at worst failures in the sector.", "\n\nMarket Update\n\nThe once buoyant automotive sector is facing some challenges. ", "The sector has recently hit the headlines and the news has often been gloomy:\n\n• The Society for Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) and other trade bodies including the European Automotive Manufacturers Association (ACEA) have voiced their concerns in recent months about the impact of Brexit and other factors affecting financial performance, growth and stability in the sector. ", "The SMMT’s commentary has been widely disseminated in the UK media. ", "This culminated in the SMMT’s January figures showing overall demand for new cars fell by 5.7% in 2017 with December representing the 9th consecutive month of decline when new registrations fell by 14.4%. ", "On a positive note, demand for electric cars in 2017 reached a record high with approximately 120,000 Alternatively Fuelled Vehicles (AFVs) registered representing a 34.8% increase. ", "Nonetheless, AFVs remain a small segment of the sector where by contrast sales of diesel vehicles, a longstanding feature of the UK market, fell by 17.1%, notwithstanding advances in clean diesel and reduced CO2 emissions.", "\n\n• The accelerated dip in domestic demand for new vehicles coupled with a plunge in diesel sales is creating widespread concern in the industry. ", "Performance in the automotive sector is regarded as a key indicator for the economy’s health. ", "Statistics vary but it is estimated that approximately 170,000 workers are employed in car factories or their supply chains in the UK with estimates of 800,000 jobs dependent on the automotive sector as a whole. ", "These figures will not include the impact of distress or failure in the wider business community where key plants are situated.", "\n\n• Much of the recent press coverage focuses on the fall in domestic demand for new cars, but does not flag the huge variable in percentage terms between cars manufactured in the UK destined for export (approximately 80%) and the number produced for the domestic market (approximately 20%). ", "Whilst the export figures have largely held up, the impact of continued uncertainty surrounding Brexit must not be overlooked. ", "As about 50% of new cars exports are to the EU, the lack of a cohesive Brexit plan raises questions over how long the current EU export figures can be sustained.", "\n\n• Britain is the fourth largest producer of cars in Europe behind Germany, France and Spain. ", "Jaguar Land Rover is Britain’s largest car maker followed by Nissan (Sunderland) and BMW (which assembles the Mini in Cowley). ", "Collectively these three manufacturers account for nearly ¾ of all British car production. ", "Jaguar Land Rover invested (with significant Government support and taxpayer funding) in new diesel technology leading it to build a £500m engine factory near Wolverhampton. ", "Notwithstanding this huge investment, ongoing anti-diesel messages from the Government coupled with increased tax on diesel vehicles has been blamed for a 30% collapse in demand.", "\n\nSector Features and Challenges\n\n• Aside from being a sector in the grips of profound change, the underlying characteristics of the automotive sector create a significant interdependency between the key players. ", "In the early days, OEMs produced virtually everything necessary for the finished vehicle. ", "As the complexity and number of parts increased, key components started being produced by independent suppliers or wholly owned subsidiaries of the OEMs. ", "Over time those independent suppliers grew and subsidiaries were also sold off leading to the emergence of the current industry structure of OEMs, Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers and vehicle distributors.", "\n\n• The importance of the supply chain and the interdependence of key players on one another cannot be over-estimated, not least when the sector faces unprecedented challenge and change. ", "An ACEA publication in May 2017 estimated that most cars now have about 30,000 parts, around 30 components and undergo over 100 process steps to become a finished product. ", "In the course of its material journey a car may pass through 15 countries and cross borders multiple times. ", "Ongoing disruption in the sector together with Brexit heightens the need to guard against supply chain breakdown.", "\n\n• Technology presents both challenge and opportunity in the sector. ", "OEMs are competing to produce energy-efficient vehicles that will meet the demands of tomorrow’s consumers. ", "Old methods and products face the challenge of remaining relevant and competitive if they are to survive, meaning that the labour force must also be agile and open to change.", "\n\n• Domestic economic factors remain important. ", "Whereas a drop in the value of sterling helps keep automotive exports levels up, the flip side of the coin is margin erosion arising from the need to import increasingly expensive components to manufacture the finished product.", "\n\nBrexit Implications\n\nBrexit uncertainty continues to impact domestic demand for new cars and with it production output. ", "With overseas demand remaining the driving force for UK car production, clarity on the nature of our future EU trading relationship and any transitional arrangements is vital for growth and productivity. ", "The EU takes more than 50% of UK car production and multinationals such as Honda, Nissan and Toyota have specifically located in Britain to produce cars for mainland Europe with the benefit of customs-free access to the Single Market. ", "Confirmation that the current trading relationship will not be substantially disturbed is of particular significance to businesses operating in the transnational value chain. ", "Any reduction in tariff-free trade not only impacts price and competitiveness, but also raises the prospect of disruption leading to supply chain breakdown.", "\n\nThe voice of business has been championed from various corners including the CBI, European Chambers of Commerce and prominent trade bodies. ", "Consistent and repeated messages include:\n\n• The need for a regulatory framework which enables growth and keeps the administrative burden to a necessary minimum. ", "In practice this would mean a framework which closely aligns or retains the principal features of the current regime to enable the UK to stay competitive.", "\n\n• Free movement which allows continued access to the right talent so that the UK can source from abroad when the necessary skills set and expertise are not available here (and vice versa).", "\n\n• Tariff-free trade with the EU and other countries around the world. ", "This is vital for the automotive sector given the significance and interdependency of the transnational value chain.", "\n\n• Continued participation in European research & development projects, initiatives and programmes. ", "This is regarded as vital for the industrial and manufacturing sectors, not least the automotive sector where new technology continues to disrupt and challenge old ways and products.", "\n\nViewed from a legal perspective the messages from business raise a number of important legal issues where clarity on the post-Brexit position is vital – open issues include:\n\n• The regulatory framework for vehicle type approval is EU governed. ", "How will any changes impact our significant car exports to Europe?", "\n\n• EU Directives and Regulations cover important aspects including vehicle emissions, technical standards, product safety and compliance. ", "How this will be dealt with or replicated in the post-Brexit era is vital for OEMs.", "\n\n• Distribution systems are governed by EU competition rules with substantial case law on price collusion and anti-competitive behaviour – what will this look like in the post-Brexit era?", "\n\n• With the current web of EU legislation, how will barriers to trade in the form of tariffs be avoided and free access to the right talent be enabled in the future?", "\nSector specific issues to consider\n\nA chain is only as strong as its weakest link\n\n• OEMs and suppliers tend to enter into long-term relationships, not least because of the interdependence and complex nature of the relationship. ", "Just-in-time stock delivery arrangements mean smooth running is essential. ", "Any delay or failure to deliver crucial parts is likely to leave the OEM or Tier 1 supplier with little or no time to source elsewhere. ", "In a worst-case scenario it can lead to supply chain failure and substantial losses being incurred.", "\n\n• Litigation in the aftermath may feel like rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic when the ship is already sinking. ", "Preserving an open and transparent relationship with appropriate contractual back up is essential and should assist in spotting problems early and dealing with them in a timely manner.", "\n\n• OEMs may be willing to support suppliers with difficulties on terms. ", "For example, by having the ability to monitor, access and if necessary intervene should delivery be in jeopardy. ", "In a worst-case scenario an OEM may be prepared to support a supplier in administration providing suitable terms are agreed with the administrator, which may include the ability to pierce the moratorium in order to access and take finished parts in appropriate cases. ", "A similar position may be adopted between a supplier and a sub-supplier in financial difficulties. ", "Liability to deliver to the OEM typically sits with the Tier 1 supplier so it may be necessary for them to also offer concessions and support to the Tier 2 supplier on appropriate terms to ensure the Tier 1 supplier meets their own contractual obligations.", "\n\nWarning signs and a pattern of events which may spell trouble\n\nSigns of stress may include some or all of the following:\n\n• Defaults under finance documents and other covenant breaches.", "\n\n• A transfer from the bank’s good book to their impaired loans team.", "\n\n• Requests to fund additional working capital requirements.", "\n\n• Increased bad debt levels.", "\n\n• Late payments leading to litigation or Statutory Demands being served.", "\n\n• Too many competitors in a marketplace where only the fittest will survive.", "\n\nStakeholders who may influence a sequence of events\n\nTypically, one or a combination of the following will impact on the outcome:\n\n• Banks and other key trading partners – are they willing to support and exercise forbearance?", "\n\n• Employees & unions – job losses will often loom so the attitude of employees and the impact of union intervention may be crucial.", "\n\n• Government – in large-scale situations there will be public pressure to support the struggling business. ", "How might the government respond in specific cases and more widely? ", "For example, in the past a scrappage scheme was introduced to incentivise and stimulate new car sales whilst getting older vehicles with higher emissions off the road.", "\n\n• Pension Fund Deficits – many large businesses in the sector will have numerous employees. ", "Are there pension fund deficits and if so what is the plan for addressing them?", "\n\n• Opportunity Funds often feature where a larger business is in financial difficulties. ", "They will be looking to either acquire bank debt and control the future destiny of the business or to acquire its business and assets potentially through an administration free of debt and liabilities.", "\n\nFinal thoughts\n\nThe challenges facing the automotive sector show no sign of abating. ", "Businesses need a level of certainty and predictability which is sorely lacking on Brexit. ", "Many will have contingency plans in place which could have adverse implications for future productivity in the UK if implemented. ", "Those plans may well include timelines for execution. ", "Wider challenges and disruption in the sector seem set to continue as domestic demand tumbles month on month and consumers increasingly look to energy-efficient vehicles using new technology." ]

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[ "// +build go1.7\n\n// Package stack implements utilities to capture, manipulate, and format call\n// stacks. ", "It provides a simpler API than package runtime.", "\n//\n// The implementation takes care of the minutia and special cases of\n// interpreting the program counter (pc) values returned by runtime.", "Callers.", "\n//\n// Package stack's types implement fmt.", "Formatter, which provides a simple and\n// flexible way to declaratively configure formatting when used with logging\n// or error tracking packages.", "\npackage stack\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"errors\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"io\"\n\t\"runtime\"\n\t\"strconv\"\n\t\"strings\"\n)\n\n// Call records a single function invocation from a goroutine stack.", "\ntype Call struct {\n\tframe runtime.", "Frame\n}\n\n// Caller returns a Call from the stack of the current goroutine. ", "The argument\n// skip is the number of stack frames to ascend, with 0 identifying the\n// calling function.", "\nfunc Caller(skip int) Call {\n\t// As of Go 1.9 we need room for up to three PC entries.", "\n\t//\n\t// 0. ", "An entry for the stack frame prior to the target to check for\n\t// special handling needed if that prior entry is runtime.sigpanic.", "\n\t// 1. ", "A possible second entry to hold metadata about skipped inlined\n\t// functions. ", "If inline functions were not skipped the target frame\n\t// PC will be here.", "\n\t// 2. ", "A third entry for the target frame PC when the second entry\n\t// is used for skipped inline functions.", "\n\tvar pcs [3]uintptr\n\tn := runtime.", "Callers(skip+1, pcs[:])\n\tframes := runtime.", "CallersFrames(pcs[:n])\n\tframe, _ := frames.", "Next()\n\tframe, _ = frames.", "Next()\n\n\treturn Call{\n\t\tframe: frame,\n\t}\n}\n\n// String implements fmt.", "Stinger. ", "It is equivalent to fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%v\", c).", "\nfunc (c Call) String() string {\n\treturn fmt.", "Sprint(c)\n}\n\n// MarshalText implements encoding.", "TextMarshaler. ", "It formats the Call the same\n// as fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%v\", c).", "\nfunc (c Call) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {\n\tif c.frame == (runtime.", "Frame{}) {\n\t\treturn nil, ErrNoFunc\n\t}\n\n\tbuf := bytes.", "Buffer{}\n\tfmt.", "Fprint(&buf, c)\n\treturn buf.", "Bytes(), nil\n}\n\n// ErrNoFunc means that the Call has a nil *runtime.", "Func. ", "The most likely\n// cause is a Call with the zero value.", "\nvar ErrNoFunc = errors.", "New(\"no call stack information\")\n\n// Format implements fmt.", "Formatter with support for the following verbs.", "\n//\n// %s source file\n// %d line number\n// %n function name\n// %k last segment of the package path\n// %v equivalent to %s:%d\n//\n// It accepts the '+' and '#' flags for most of the verbs as follows.", "\n//\n// %+s path of source file relative to the compile time GOPATH,\n// or the module path joined to the path of source file relative\n// to module root\n// %#s full path of source file\n// %+n import path qualified function name\n// %+k full package path\n// %+v equivalent to %+s:%d\n// %#v equivalent to %#s:%d\nfunc (c Call) Format(s fmt.", "State, verb rune) {\n\tif c.frame == (runtime.", "Frame{}) {\n\t\tfmt.", "Fprintf(s, \"%%!%", "c(NOFUNC)\", verb)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\tswitch verb {\n\tcase 's', 'v':\n\t\tfile := c.frame.", "File\n\t\tswitch {\n\t\tcase s.Flag('#'):\n\t\t\t// done\n\t\tcase s.Flag('+'):\n\t\t\tfile = pkgFilePath(&c.frame)\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\tconst sep = \"/\"\n\t\t\tif i := strings.", "LastIndex(file, sep); i !", "= -1 {\n\t\t\t\tfile = file[i+len(sep):]\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tio.", "WriteString(s, file)\n\t\tif verb == 'v' {\n\t\t\tbuf := [7]byte{':'}\n\t\t\ts.Write(strconv.", "AppendInt(buf[:1], int64(c.frame.", "Line), 10))\n\t\t}\n\n\tcase 'd':\n\t\tbuf := [6]byte{}\n\t\ts.Write(strconv.", "AppendInt(buf[:0], int64(c.frame.", "Line), 10))\n\n\tcase 'k':\n\t\tname := c.frame.", "Function\n\t\tconst pathSep = \"/\"\n\t\tstart, end := 0, len(name)\n\t\tif i := strings.", "LastIndex(name, pathSep); i !", "= -1 {\n\t\t\tstart = i + len(pathSep)\n\t\t}\n\t\tconst pkgSep = \".\"", "\n\t\tif i := strings.", "Index(name[start:], pkgSep); i !", "= -1 {\n\t\t\tend = start + i\n\t\t}\n\t\tif s.Flag('+') {\n\t\t\tstart = 0\n\t\t}\n\t\tio.", "WriteString(s, name[start:end])\n\n\tcase 'n':\n\t\tname := c.frame.", "Function\n\t\tif !", "s.Flag('+') {\n\t\t\tconst pathSep = \"/\"\n\t\t\tif i := strings.", "LastIndex(name, pathSep); i !", "= -1 {\n\t\t\t\tname = name[i+len(pathSep):]\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tconst pkgSep = \".\"", "\n\t\t\tif i := strings.", "Index(name, pkgSep); i !", "= -1 {\n\t\t\t\tname = name[i+len(pkgSep):]\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tio.", "WriteString(s, name)\n\t}\n}\n\n// Frame returns the call frame infomation for the Call.", "\nfunc (c Call) Frame() runtime.", "Frame {\n\treturn c.frame\n}\n\n// PC returns the program counter for this call frame; multiple frames may\n// have the same PC value.", "\n//\n// Deprecated: Use Call.", "Frame instead.", "\nfunc (c Call) PC() uintptr {\n\treturn c.frame.", "PC\n}\n\n// CallStack records a sequence of function invocations from a goroutine\n// stack.", "\ntype CallStack []Call\n\n// String implements fmt.", "Stinger. ", "It is equivalent to fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%v\", cs).", "\nfunc (cs CallStack) String() string {\n\treturn fmt.", "Sprint(cs)\n}\n\nvar (\n\topenBracketBytes = []byte(\"[\")\n\tcloseBracketBytes = []byte(\"]\")\n\tspaceBytes = []byte(\" \")\n)\n\n// MarshalText implements encoding.", "TextMarshaler. ", "It formats the CallStack the\n// same as fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%v\", cs).", "\nfunc (cs CallStack) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {\n\tbuf := bytes.", "Buffer{}\n\tbuf.", "Write(openBracketBytes)\n\tfor i, pc := range cs {\n\t\tif i > 0 {\n\t\t\tbuf.", "Write(spaceBytes)\n\t\t}\n\t\tfmt.", "Fprint(&buf, pc)\n\t}\n\tbuf.", "Write(closeBracketBytes)\n\treturn buf.", "Bytes(), nil\n}\n\n// Format implements fmt.", "Formatter by printing the CallStack as square brackets\n// ([, ]) surrounding a space separated list of Calls each formatted with the\n// supplied verb and options.", "\nfunc (cs CallStack) Format(s fmt.", "State, verb rune) {\n\ts.Write(openBracketBytes)\n\tfor i, pc := range cs {\n\t\tif i > 0 {\n\t\t\ts.Write(spaceBytes)\n\t\t}\n\t\tpc.", "Format(s, verb)\n\t}\n\ts.Write(closeBracketBytes)\n}\n\n// Trace returns a CallStack for the current goroutine with element 0\n// identifying the calling function.", "\nfunc Trace() CallStack {\n\tvar pcs [512]uintptr\n\tn := runtime.", "Callers(1, pcs[:])\n\n\tframes := runtime.", "CallersFrames(pcs[:n])\n\tcs := make(CallStack, 0, n)\n\n\t// Skip extra frame retrieved just to make sure the runtime.sigpanic\n\t// special case is handled.", "\n\tframe, more := frames.", "Next()\n\n\tfor more {\n\t\tframe, more = frames.", "Next()\n\t\tcs = append(cs, Call{frame: frame})\n\t}\n\n\treturn cs\n}\n\n// TrimBelow returns a slice of the CallStack with all entries below c\n// removed.", "\nfunc (cs CallStack) TrimBelow(c Call) CallStack {\n\tfor len(cs) > 0 && cs[0] !", "= c {\n\t\tcs = cs[1:]\n\t}\n\treturn cs\n}\n\n// TrimAbove returns a slice of the CallStack with all entries above c\n// removed.", "\nfunc (cs CallStack) TrimAbove(c Call) CallStack {\n\tfor len(cs) > 0 && cs[len(cs)-1] !", "= c {\n\t\tcs = cs[:len(cs)-1]\n\t}\n\treturn cs\n}\n\n// pkgIndex returns the index that results in file[index:] being the path of\n// file relative to the compile time GOPATH, and file[:index] being the\n// $GOPATH/src/ portion of file. ", "funcName must be the name of a function in\n// file as returned by runtime.", "Func.", "Name.", "\nfunc pkgIndex(file, funcName string) int {\n\t// As of Go 1.6.2 there is no direct way to know the compile time GOPATH\n\t// at runtime, but we can infer the number of path segments in the GOPATH.", "\n\t// We note that runtime.", "Func.", "Name() returns the function name qualified by\n\t// the import path, which does not include the GOPATH. ", "Thus we can trim\n\t// segments from the beginning of the file path until the number of path\n\t// separators remaining is one more than the number of path separators in\n\t// the function name. ", "For example, given:\n\t//\n\t// GOPATH /home/user\n\t// file /home/user/src/pkg/sub/file.go\n\t// fn.", "Name() pkg/sub.", "Type.", "Method\n\t//\n\t// We want to produce:\n\t//\n\t// file[:idx] == /home/user/src/\n\t// file[idx:] == pkg/sub/file.go\n\t//\n\t// From this we can easily see that fn.", "Name() has one less path separator\n\t// than our desired result for file[idx:]. ", "We count separators from the\n\t// end of the file path until it finds two more than in the function name\n\t// and then move one character forward to preserve the initial path\n\t// segment without a leading separator.", "\n\tconst sep = \"/\"\n\ti := len(file)\n\tfor n := strings.", "Count(funcName, sep) + 2; n > 0; n-- {\n\t\ti = strings.", "LastIndex(file[:i], sep)\n\t\tif i == -1 {\n\t\t\ti = -len(sep)\n\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t// get back to 0 or trim the leading separator\n\treturn i + len(sep)\n}\n\n// pkgFilePath returns the frame's filepath relative to the compile-time GOPATH,\n// or its module path joined to its path relative to the module root.", "\n//\n// As of Go 1.11 there is no direct way to know the compile time GOPATH or\n// module paths at runtime, but we can piece together the desired information\n// from available information. ", "We note that runtime.", "Frame.", "Function contains the\n// function name qualified by the package path, which includes the module path\n// but not the GOPATH. ", "We can extract the package path from that and append the\n// last segments of the file path to arrive at the desired package qualified\n// file path. ", "For example, given:\n//\n// GOPATH /home/user\n// import path pkg/sub\n// frame.", "File /home/user/src/pkg/sub/file.go\n// frame.", "Function pkg/sub.", "Type.", "Method\n// Desired return pkg/sub/file.go\n//\n// It appears that we simply need to trim \".Type.", "Method\" from frame.", "Function and\n// append \"/\" + path.", "Base(file).", "\n//\n// But there are other wrinkles. ", "Although it is idiomatic to do so, the internal\n// name of a package is not required to match the last segment of its import\n// path. ", "In addition, the introduction of modules in Go 1.11 allows working\n// without a GOPATH. ", "So we also must make these work right:\n//\n// GOPATH /home/user\n// import path pkg/go-sub\n// package name sub\n// frame.", "File /home/user/src/pkg/go-sub/file.go\n// frame.", "Function pkg/sub.", "Type.", "Method\n// Desired return pkg/go-sub/file.go\n//\n// Module path pkg/v2\n// import path pkg/v2/go-sub\n// package name sub\n// frame.", "File /home/user/cloned-pkg/go-sub/file.go\n// frame.", "Function pkg/v2/sub.", "Type.", "Method\n// Desired return pkg/v2/go-sub/file.go\n//\n// We can handle all of these situations by using the package path extracted\n// from frame.", "Function up to, but not including, the last segment as the prefix\n// and the last two segments of frame.", "File as the suffix of the returned path.", "\n// This preserves the existing behavior when working in a GOPATH without modules\n// and a semantically equivalent behavior when used in module aware project.", "\nfunc pkgFilePath(frame *runtime.", "Frame) string {\n\tpre := pkgPrefix(frame.", "Function)\n\tpost := pathSuffix(frame.", "File)\n\tif pre == \"\" {\n\t\treturn post\n\t}\n\treturn pre + \"/\" + post\n}\n\n// pkgPrefix returns the import path of the function's package with the final\n// segment removed.", "\nfunc pkgPrefix(funcName string) string {\n\tconst pathSep = \"/\"\n\tend := strings.", "LastIndex(funcName, pathSep)\n\tif end == -1 {\n\t\treturn \"\"\n\t}\n\treturn funcName[:end]\n}\n\n// pathSuffix returns the last two segments of path.", "\nfunc pathSuffix(path string) string {\n\tconst pathSep = \"/\"\n\tlastSep := strings.", "LastIndex(path, pathSep)\n\tif lastSep == -1 {\n\t\treturn path\n\t}\n\treturn path[strings.", "LastIndex(path[:lastSep], pathSep)+1:]\n}\n\nvar runtimePath string\n\nfunc init() {\n\tvar pcs [3]uintptr\n\truntime.", "Callers(0, pcs[:])\n\tframes := runtime.", "CallersFrames(pcs[:])\n\tframe, _ := frames.", "Next()\n\tfile := frame.", "File\n\n\tidx := pkgIndex(frame.", "File, frame.", "Function)\n\n\truntimePath = file[:idx]\n\tif runtime.", "GOOS == \"windows\" {\n\t\truntimePath = strings.", "ToLower(runtimePath)\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc inGoroot(c Call) bool {\n\tfile := c.frame.", "File\n\tif len(file) == 0 || file[0] == '?' {", "\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\tif runtime.", "GOOS == \"windows\" {\n\t\tfile = strings.", "ToLower(file)\n\t}\n\treturn strings.", "HasPrefix(file, runtimePath) || strings.", "HasSuffix(file, \"/_testmain.go\")\n}\n\n// TrimRuntime returns a slice of the CallStack with the topmost entries from\n// the go runtime removed. ", "It considers any calls originating from unknown\n// files, files under GOROOT, or _testmain.go as part of the runtime.", "\nfunc (cs CallStack) TrimRuntime() CallStack {\n\tfor len(cs) > 0 && inGoroot(cs[len(cs)-1]) {\n\t\tcs = cs[:len(cs)-1]\n\t}\n\treturn cs\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy doesn't Stack Overflow highlight the “get” and “set” keywords? (", "C#)\n\nOk, сontinuing the theme of highlighting. ", "Why doesn't Stack Overflow highlight the \"get\" and \"set\" keywords? ", "Even with <!-- ", "language: lang-c# -->:\npublic class Something\n{\n private readonly int field;\n public int Property { get; protected set; }\n}\n\nEDIT: there is also an issue with \"readonly\".", "\n\nA:\n\nAs Tim noted in comments, this is something you'll need to take up with the Prettify folks to get this implemented (if it is even possible and desirable).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nVerilog simulation x's in output\n\nI Have some problem verilog and cannot resolve it. ", "Tried different changes but still no solution.", "\nThe code:\nmodule Perpetual_Calender();\n\n reg [3:0] year[277:0]; //14 different calendars can exist for 2033-1755 = 288 years \n reg [2:0] month[3:0][3:0]; //different calenders for combination of year and month\n reg [2:0] day [2:0][4:0]; //different days for combination of calender and day of month.", "\n\n reg Error;\n\n reg[0:3] c; reg[0:2] f, g; \n\n integer i,j;\n\n // fot Year 0 = A, 1 = B... 13 = N\n\n task Show_corresponding_day;\n input integer m;\n input integer d;\n input integer y;\n begin\n\n Error = 0;\n\n $display(\"# (m/d/y) %d/%d/%d = \",m,d,y);\n\n if(y<1755 || y>2033 || m<1 || m>12 || d<1 || d>31)\n Error = 1;\n\n if(!Error) begin \n c = year[y-1755];\n f = month[c][m];\n\n $display(\"c = %d, f = %d\", c, f);\n\n if(d > 29 + month[c][m+1] - (f+1)%7)\n Error = 1; \n\n if(!Error)\n g = day[f][d];\n\n $display(\"g = %d\", g);\n end \n\n case({Error, g}) \n\n 4'd1: $display(\"Monday\\n\");\n 4'd2: $display(\"Tuesday\\n\");\n 4'd3: $display(\"Wednesday\\n\");\n 4'd4: $display(\"Thrusday\\n\");\n 4'd5: $display(\"Friday\\n\");\n 4'd6: $display(\"Saturday\\n\");\n 4'd7: $display(\"Sunday\\n\");\n default: $display(\"ERROR\\n\"); \n\n endcase\n\n end \n endtask\n\n initial begin\n\n year[0] = 4'd2;\n\n for(i = 1756; i<=2033; i=i+1) begin\n\n if(year[i-1756] > 6)\n year[i-1755] = (year[i-1756]+2)%7;\n else\n year[i-1755] = (year[i-1756]+1)%7;\n\n j = i%4;\n if(i !", "= 1800 && i !", "= 1900 && j == 0)\n year[i-1755] = year[i-1756]+7; \n end\n\n for(i = 0; i<7; i=i+1) begin\n\n month[i][1] = i; month[i][2] = (i+31)%7;\n\n month[i][3] = (month[i][2]+28)%7; month[i][4] = (month[i][3]+31)%7; $display(\"m = %b, n = %b\\n\", month[i][4], (month[i][3]+31)%7);\n\n month[i][5] = (month[i][4]+30)%7; month[i][6] = (month[i][5]+31)%7;\n\n month[i][7] = (month[i][6]+30)%7; month[i][8] = (month[i][7]+31)%7;\n\n month[i][9] = (month[i][8]+31)%7; month[i][10] = (month[i][9]+30)%7;\n\n month[i][11] = (month[i][10]+31)%7; month[i][12] = (month[i][11]+30)%7;\n\n month[i][13] = (month[i][12]+31)%7; // used only in checking for errors \n\n end\n\n for(i = 7; i<14; i=i+1) begin\n\n month[i][1] = i%7; month[i][2] = (i+31)%7;\n\n month[i][3] = (month[i][2]+29)%7; month[i][4] = (month[i][3]+31)%7;\n\n month[i][5] = (month[i][4]+30)%7; month[i][6] = (month[i][5]+31)%7;\n\n month[i][7] = (month[i][6]+30)%7; month[i][8] = (month[i][7]+31)%7;\n\n month[i][9] = (month[i][8]+31)%7; month[i][10] = (month[i][9]+30)%7;\n\n month[i][11] = (month[i][10]+31)%7; month[i][12] = (month[i][11]+30)%7;\n\n month[i][13] = (month[i][12]+31)%7; // used only in checking for errors \n\n end\n\n for(i = 0; i <7; i=i+1) begin\n\n for(j=1; j<32; j=j+1) begin\n\n day[i][j] = (i+j-1)%7+1;\n\nend\n\n end\n\n Show_corresponding_day(7,31,2001);\n Show_corresponding_day(1,25,1987);\n Show_corresponding_day(4,31,2008);\n Show_corresponding_day(2,29,2005);\n Show_corresponding_day(6,30,2013);\n Show_corresponding_day(13,27,2013);\n Show_corresponding_day(11,30,1001);\n Show_corresponding_day(3,27,2012);\n\n end\n\nendmodule \n\nPart of output:\n# m = xxx, n = 00000000000000000000000000000110\n# \n# m = xxx, n = 00000000000000000000000000000000\n# \n# m = xxx, n = 00000000000000000000000000000001\n# \n# m = xxx, n = 00000000000000000000000000000010\n# \n# m = xxx, n = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\n# \n# m = xxx, n = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\n# \n# m = xxx, n = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\n\nWhy or how x's in output? ", "the modules sum displays correctly but output of register is only x.\n\nA:\n\nThe are small example to show the issue:\nmodule tb;\n reg [2:0] month[3:0][3:0];\n\n initial begin\n month[0][2] = 3'b011;\n month[0][3] = (month[0][2]+28)%7;\n month[0][4] = (month[0][3]+31)%7;\n\n $display(\"2: %b\", month[0][2]);\n $display(\"3: %b\", month[0][3]);\n $display(\"4: %b\", month[0][4]);\n end\n\nendmodule\n\nThe problem you have is month[0][4] when the definition is reg [2:0] month[3:0][3:0];\nYou can address month[0][0] upto month[3][3], anything past this is out of range. ", "\nAlso note that when I run your full code I get many array index out of bounds warnings due to this.", "\nYou at least want to define: reg [2:0] month[6:0][13:1]; it is also more common to swap the order of array bits ie:\nreg [2:0] month[0:6][1:13];\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Drown Review\n\nI was completely blown away by this story! ", "Very well-written and imaginative!", "\n\nI was at first skeptical, having read a bunch of reconstructed fairy tales, I did not believe that this novel would be any different. ", "And in the search for a book that had mermaids, I came across some very appalling or just strange novels that made me retire my pursuits and believe that an amazing novel with mermaid was nonexistent.", "\n\nLuckily, I was proven wrong. ", "It was a very creative and fresh interpretation of the tale, dark and beautiful as the mermaid discovered the danger of human emotions. ", "I was hooked from the first page, the writing is amazing with the attention to detail and the underwater setting was enthralling. ", "How Dalseno paid such close attention to detail, the kingdom, and its customs–you can tell she took her time to craft such a masterpiece and I admire that. ", "I love a novel where the setting is painted meticulously and it was definitely needed for a book underwater–I could almost believe I was there!", "\n\nI liked how the story followed the traditional route of the original fairy tale rather than the Disney version–the real tale is forbidding and does not have a tradtional/happy couple/ love wins all/ happy ending.", "\n\nAll the characters were intricate with their faults and desires and I loved how the author made the Prince to be a whiny, sullen boy. ", "Yes, he was handsome and intelligent but I found it compelling that he was filled with so much darkness–his doubts and insecurities his most formidable enemy. ", "It was hard for me to like him, but I can understand his motives because his emotions were so real.", "\n\nThe little mermaid was charming with her naiveté and curiosity, her eagerness for love and fulfillment relatable. ", "I pitied her because she was not ready for life’s disappointment but I am glad she was not with the moody Prince.", "\n\nI do not recommend this story for those looking for the Disney version but for those who want to be enraptured with a dark and wicked tale." ]

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[ "Load commonly used test logic\n $ . \"", "$TESTDIR/testutil\"\n\n $ hg init test\n $ cd test\n $ cat >>afile <<EOF\n > 0\n > EOF\n $ hg add afile\n $ hg commit -m \"0.0\"\n $ cat >>afile <<EOF\n > 1\n > EOF\n $ hg commit -m \"0.1\"\n $ cat >>afile <<EOF\n > 2\n > EOF\n $ hg commit -m \"0.2\"\n $ cat >>afile <<EOF\n > 3\n > EOF\n $ hg commit -m \"0.3\"\n $ hg update -C 0\n 1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved\n $ cat >>afile <<EOF\n > 1\n > EOF\n $ hg commit -m \"1.1\"\n created new head\n $ cat >>afile <<EOF\n > 2\n > EOF\n $ hg commit -m \"1.2\"\n $ cat >fred <<EOF\n > a line\n > EOF\n $ cat >>afile <<EOF\n > 3\n > EOF\n $ hg add fred\n $ hg commit -m \"1.3\"\n $ hg mv afile adifferentfile\n $ hg commit -m \"1.3m\"\n $ hg update -C 3\n 1 files updated, 0 files merged, 2 files removed, 0 files unresolved\n $ hg mv afile anotherfile\n $ hg commit -m \"0.3m\"\n $ cd ..\n $ for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do\n > mkdir test-\"$i\"\n > hg --cwd test-\"$i\" init\n > hg -R test push -r \"$i\" test-\"$i\"\n > cd test-\"$i\"\n > hg verify\n > cd ..\n > done\n pushing to test-0\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 1 files, 1 changesets, 1 total revisions\n pushing to test-1\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 2 changesets with 2 changes to 1 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 1 files, 2 changesets, 2 total revisions\n pushing to test-2\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 3 changesets with 3 changes to 1 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 1 files, 3 changesets, 3 total revisions\n pushing to test-3\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 4 changesets with 4 changes to 1 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 1 files, 4 changesets, 4 total revisions\n pushing to test-4\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 2 changesets with 2 changes to 1 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 1 files, 2 changesets, 2 total revisions\n pushing to test-5\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 3 changesets with 3 changes to 1 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 1 files, 3 changesets, 3 total revisions\n pushing to test-6\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 4 changesets with 5 changes to 2 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 2 files, 4 changesets, 5 total revisions\n pushing to test-7\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 5 changesets with 6 changes to 3 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 3 files, 5 changesets, 6 total revisions\n pushing to test-8\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 5 changesets with 5 changes to 2 files\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 2 files, 5 changesets, 5 total revisions\n $ cd test-8\n $ hg pull ../test-7\n pulling from ../test-7\n searching for changes\n adding changesets\n adding manifests\n adding file changes\n added 4 changesets with 2 changes to 3 files (+1 heads)\n (run 'hg heads' to see heads, 'hg merge' to merge)\n $ hg verify\n checking changesets\n checking manifests\n crosschecking files in changesets and manifests\n checking files\n 4 files, 9 changesets, 7 total revisions\n" ]

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[ "Detox Your Body Today!", "\n\nFor the present times, and for the active person, a herbal remedy main goal is always to quickly detoxify the body and help with the removal of waste. ", "Should you hate to identify more about significant home detox for weed talk, there are many databases you should think about pursuing. ", "For good natural home remedies, vinegar and herbal patches in many cases are us...\n\nSince the ancient times, people has recently realized the numerous benefits of detoxification. ", "The Chinese has long started with steam washing in their many hot water pools, and the Japanese too certainly are a firm believer of detoxification by steaming within their hot mineral pools.", "\n\nFor the modern times, and for the individual, a natural remedy main goal is always to quickly cleanse the human body and aid in the elimination of waste. ", "Best Right Home Detox For Weed contains further concerning the meaning behind this idea. ", "For great home cures, vinegar and herbal pads tend to be used for the underside of the feet, to cleanse your body of harmful chemicals.", "\n\nBasic Human anatomy Detox Program\n\nMake use of a herbal detox supplement in conjunction with the herbal colon cleansing for an occasional body detox. ", "Natural natural colon cleansing body detox and herbal products. ", "Use the herbal detox product in conjunction with the herbal colon cleanse for a regular body detox. ", "Pre-Cleanse supplements mix natural detoxifiers, cleaners, and diuretics to act as a booster to keep toxins from your body. ", "So, there you've it, four of the finest areas of the body to herbally cleansing. ", "Continue this detox system as many times as you wish and you'll begin to see the great things about cleansing your system of wastes and excessive toxins.", "\n\nThere are many detox programs available in the market now, but one of the most popular types are Grandma's Herbs natural colon cleanser and Blessed Herbs and body detox products These detoxifying products are made to obtain and keep a cleaner, healthier body. ", "Be taught further on this related site - Click here: guide to fantastic home detox for weed. ", "This original blend of special herbal extracts and vitamins helps detox the body through the digestive system, the glandular and circulatory systems. ", "Our organic supplements can assist in many of the different places to fix, when wanting to shed weight, slimming or purifying the human body. ", "What's Natural Detox Tea? ", "It's actually a very powerful natural tea useful for detoxing the body. ", "Herbal detox tea may be consumed as much times as desired for cleaning the human body. ", "Click this hyperlink cool angels of victory on-line to learn the inner workings of it.", "\n\nLook after your body...Use an all-natural colon cleansing and other herbal body cleansing items to remove toxic substances from your own body today!." ]

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[ "A genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for non-cardia gastric cancer at 3q13.31 and 5p13.1.", "\nGastric cancer, including the cardia and non-cardia types, is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. ", "To identify genetic risk variants for non-cardia gastric cancer, we performed a genome-wide association study in 3,279 individuals (1,006 with non-cardia gastric cancer and 2,273 controls) of Chinese descent. ", "We replicated significant associations in an additional 6,897 subjects (3,288 with non-cardia gastric cancer and 3,609 controls). ", "We identified two new susceptibility loci for non-cardia gastric cancer at 5p13.1 (rs13361707 in the region including PTGER4 and PRKAA1; odds ratio (OR) = 1.41; P = 7.6 × 10(-29)) and 3q13.31 (rs9841504 in ZBTB20; OR = 0.76; P = 1.7 × 10(-9)). ", "Imputation analyses also confirmed previously reported associations of rs2294008 and rs2976392 on 8q24, rs4072037 on 1q22 and rs13042395 on 20p13 with non-cardia gastric cancer susceptibility in the Han Chinese population." ]

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[ "// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library\n// for linear algebra.", "\n//\n// Copyright (C) 2012 Désiré Nuentsa-Wakam <[email protected]>\n//\n// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla\n// Public License v. 2.0. ", "If a copy of the MPL was not distributed\n// with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.\n\n\n/* \n \n * NOTE: This file is the modified version of sp_coletree.c file in SuperLU \n \n * -- SuperLU routine (version 3.1) --\n * Univ. ", "of California Berkeley, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center,\n * and Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.", "\n * August 1, 2008\n *\n * Copyright (c) 1994 by Xerox Corporation. ", " All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * THIS MATERIAL IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITH ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY\n * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. ", " ANY USE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK.", "\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted to use or copy this program for any\n * purpose, provided the above notices are retained on all copies.", "\n * Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is\n * granted, provided the above notices are retained, and a notice that\n * the code was modified is included with the above copyright notice.", "\n */\n#ifndef SPARSE_COLETREE_H\n#define SPARSE_COLETREE_H\n\nnamespace Eigen {\n\nnamespace internal {\n\n/** Find the root of the tree/set containing the vertex i : Use Path halving */ \ntemplate<typename Index, typename IndexVector>\nIndex etree_find (Index i, IndexVector& pp)\n{\n Index p = pp(i); // Parent \n Index gp = pp(p); // Grand parent \n while (gp !", "= p) \n {\n pp(i) = gp; // Parent pointer on find path is changed to former grand parent\n i = gp; \n p = pp(i);\n gp = pp(p);\n }\n return p; \n}\n\n/** Compute the column elimination tree of a sparse matrix\n * \\param mat The matrix in column-major format. ", "\n * \\param parent The elimination tree\n * \\param firstRowElt The column index of the first element in each row\n * \\param perm The permutation to apply to the column of \\b mat\n */\ntemplate <typename MatrixType, typename IndexVector>\nint coletree(const MatrixType& mat, IndexVector& parent, IndexVector& firstRowElt, typename MatrixType::StorageIndex *perm=0)\n{\n typedef typename MatrixType::StorageIndex StorageIndex;\n StorageIndex nc = convert_index<StorageIndex>(mat.cols()); // Number of columns\n StorageIndex m = convert_index<StorageIndex>(mat.rows());\n StorageIndex diagSize = (std::min)(nc,m);\n IndexVector root(nc); // root of subtree of etree \n root.setZero();\n IndexVector pp(nc); // disjoint sets \n pp.setZero(); // Initialize disjoint sets \n parent.resize(mat.cols());\n //Compute first nonzero column in each row \n firstRowElt.resize(m);\n firstRowElt.setConstant(nc);\n firstRowElt.segment(0, diagSize).setLinSpaced(diagSize, 0, diagSize-1);\n bool found_diag;\n for (StorageIndex col = 0; col < nc; col++)\n {\n StorageIndex pcol = col;\n if(perm) pcol = perm[col];\n for (typename MatrixType::InnerIterator it(mat, pcol); it; ++it)\n { \n Index row = it.row();\n firstRowElt(row) = (std::min)(firstRowElt(row), col);\n }\n }\n /* Compute etree by Liu's algorithm for symmetric matrices,\n except use (firstRowElt[r],c) in place of an edge (r,c) of A.\n Thus each row clique in A'*A is replaced by a star\n centered at its first vertex, which has the same fill. */", "\n StorageIndex rset, cset, rroot;\n for (StorageIndex col = 0; col < nc; col++) \n {\n found_diag = col>=m;\n pp(col) = col; \n cset = col; \n root(cset) = col; \n parent(col) = nc; \n /* The diagonal element is treated here even if it does not exist in the matrix\n * hence the loop is executed once more */ \n StorageIndex pcol = col;\n if(perm) pcol = perm[col];\n for (typename MatrixType::InnerIterator it(mat, pcol); it||!found_diag; ++it)\n { // A sequence of interleaved find and union is performed \n Index i = col;\n if(it) i = it.index();\n if (i == col) found_diag = true;\n \n StorageIndex row = firstRowElt(i);\n if (row >= col) continue; \n rset = internal::etree_find(row, pp); // Find the name of the set containing row\n rroot = root(rset);\n if (rroot !", "= col) \n {\n parent(rroot) = col; \n pp(cset) = rset; \n cset = rset; \n root(cset) = col; \n }\n }\n }\n return 0; \n}\n\n/** \n * Depth-first search from vertex n. No recursion.", "\n * This routine was contributed by Cédric Doucet, CEDRAT Group, Meylan, France.", "\n*/\ntemplate <typename IndexVector>\nvoid nr_etdfs (typename IndexVector::Scalar n, IndexVector& parent, IndexVector& first_kid, IndexVector& next_kid, IndexVector& post, typename IndexVector::Scalar postnum)\n{\n typedef typename IndexVector::Scalar StorageIndex;\n StorageIndex current = n, first, next;\n while (postnum !", "= n) \n {\n // No kid for the current node\n first = first_kid(current);\n \n // no kid for the current node\n if (first == -1) \n {\n // Numbering this node because it has no kid \n post(current) = postnum++;\n \n // looking for the next kid \n next = next_kid(current); \n while (next == -1) \n {\n // No more kids : back to the parent node\n current = parent(current); \n // numbering the parent node \n post(current) = postnum++;\n \n // Get the next kid \n next = next_kid(current); \n }\n // stopping criterion \n if (postnum == n+1) return; \n \n // Updating current node \n current = next; \n }\n else \n {\n current = first; \n }\n }\n}\n\n\n/**\n * \\brief Post order a tree \n * \\param n the number of nodes\n * \\param parent Input tree\n * \\param post postordered tree\n */\ntemplate <typename IndexVector>\nvoid treePostorder(typename IndexVector::Scalar n, IndexVector& parent, IndexVector& post)\n{\n typedef typename IndexVector::Scalar StorageIndex;\n IndexVector first_kid, next_kid; // Linked list of children \n StorageIndex postnum; \n // Allocate storage for working arrays and results \n first_kid.resize(n+1); \n next_kid.setZero(n+1);\n post.setZero(n+1);\n \n // Set up structure describing children\n first_kid.setConstant(-1); \n for (StorageIndex v = n-1; v >= 0; v--) \n {\n StorageIndex dad = parent(v);\n next_kid(v) = first_kid(dad); \n first_kid(dad) = v; \n }\n \n // Depth-first search from dummy root vertex #n\n postnum = 0; \n internal::nr_etdfs(n, parent, first_kid, next_kid, post, postnum);\n}\n\n} // end namespace internal\n\n} // end namespace Eigen\n\n#endif // SPARSE_COLETREE_H\n" ]

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[ "const Logo = require('../assets/logo.svg');\n\nconst API = process.env.", "NODE_ENV === 'production' ? '' : '", "/api';\n\nconst config = {\n name: 'vue-ts-admin',\n footerText: 'vue-ts-admin © 2018 xiaoyang',\n logo: Logo,\n icon: '/favicon.ico',\n API,\n openPages: ['/login', '/404', '/401'], // 全屏页面\n noLoginList: ['#/login'],\n};\n\nexport default config;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Transient auditory storage of acoustic details is associated with release of speech from informational masking in reverberant conditions.", "\nPerceptual integration of the sound directly emanating from the source with reflections needs both temporal storage and correlation computation of acoustic details. ", "We examined whether the temporal storage is frequency dependent and associated with speech unmasking. ", "In Experiment 1, a break in correlation (BIC) between interaurally correlated wideband or narrowband noises was detectable even when an interaural interval (IAI) was introduced. ", "The longest IAI, which varied markedly across participants, could be up to about 20 ms for wideband noise and decreased as the center frequency was increased for narrowband noises. ", "In Experiment 2, when the interval between target speech and its single-reflection simulation (intertarget interval [ITI]) was reduced from 64 to 0 ms, intelligibility of target speech was markedly improved under speech-masking but not noise-masking conditions. ", "The longest effective ITI correlated with the longest IAI for detecting the BIC only in the low-frequency (<or=400 Hz) narrowband noise. ", "Thus the ability to temporally store fine details contributes to perceptual integration of correlated leading and lagging sounds, which in turn, contributes to releasing speech from informational masking in noisy, reverberant environments." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The little boy, critically injured when a stranger threw him off a balcony at Minnesota's Mall of America in April, is back at school and walking normally, after numerous surgeries, physical therapy and an outpouring of public support.", "\n\nLanden Hoffman fell nearly 40 feet (12 meters) onto the concourse of the mall in Bloomington when he was five years old after he was randomly picked up and thrown from the third floor by 24-year-old Emmanuel Aranda.", "\n\nWhen he finally came back home in August, his legs were uneven, he was limping and he had an open wound in his stomach, family friend Noah Hanneman said on Friday on the GoFundMe page that raised more than $1million for Landen's medical expenses.", "\n\nAfter much physical therapy, he is now walking 'perfectly,' the family friend said in an update to more than 29,000 donors. '", "The wound has finally scabbed over and new skin is growing, and we are still optimistic he will be off some of his medications soon.'", "\n\nLanden Hoffman, five, is now walking perfectly and a belly wound has healed. ", "He suffered injuries following a random attack by stranger Emmanuel Deshawn Aranda (right)\n\nHoffman was thrown from a third-floor balcony (above), around 40ft high, by Emmanuel Aranda in April. ", "He suffered injuries including a broken leg and fractures to his face and skull\n\n'He loves being back to school and going to kindergarten at the same school his twin brother and sister go to,' Hanneman wrote. '", "He gets out of the car every morning happy and blows kisses all the way in! ", "He's a strong, happy boy.'", "\n\nThe man who admitted throwing Landen from the balcony is serving a 19-year prison term he accepted in June after pleading guilty in Hennepin County District Court to attempted first-degree murder.", "\n\nAranda told investigators he had been visiting the mall for years to try to talk to women, but was rejected and became angry. ", "He said he initially intended to kill an adult, but chose the boy instead.", "\n\nDespite the horrific ordeal, Hanneman said Landen has 'good memories' of the friends, family members and medical professionals who helped him in his recovery.", "\n\n'Landen knows people all over the world are praying for him and he loves all the cards he keeps getting in the mail,' he wrote. '", "There was one bad person, but from that came millions of Good people!'", "\n\nIn August the family announced that he was no longer in intensive care and was back at home but that he would need rehabilitation before he could return to school.", "\n\nHoffman (left) returned home five months after the attack in April with limp and uneven legs from a two-time broken femur, an open wound on his belly. ", "Aranda (right) told investigators he had been visiting the mall for years to try to talk to women, but was rejected and became angry. ", "He said he initially intended to kill an adult, but chose the boy instead\n\nA fundraising page (above) launched to help cover the medical costs of his treatment inside the hospital and rehabilitation outside received over a million dollars in donations\n\nHis extensive injuries included a broken leg and fractures to his face and skull.", "\n\nThe boy's treatment has included having fluid drained from his lungs and stomach and inserting a stent into a vein running through his liver.", "\n\nHoffman underwent more than 15 medical procedures and surgeries on his 'very challenging road to recovery' and the journey has helped the child bond with other children at school.", "\n\n'When his mommy asks him if she can look at his wound or asks how he's doing, he always responds with \"Mom, I’m healed, you don't need to ask me anymore.\" ", "Landen loves life and Jesus!' ", "the GoFundMe update states.", "\n\n'He tells people all the time when they get hurt, don’t worry, I fell off a cliff, but Angels caught me and Jesus loves me, so I’m ok and you will be too!'", "\n\nThe boy has more hospital appointments scheduled for December and the family friend asked for continued prayers for a full recovery.", "\n\nFamily members had called for Aranda to face the maximum sentence during the court appearances but later after sentencing claimed they had forgiven him.", "\n\nHe loves being back to school and going to kindergarten at the same school his twin brother and sister go to and loved ones are optimistic he will be off some of his medications soon\n\nIn statements from Hoffman's mother Kari, read by Senior Assistant County Attorney, by Cheri Townsend, she told him that he would 'take nothing' from the family.", "\n\n'I refuse to be full of anger and hatred. ", "I refuse to let you take my joy. ", "My sweet precious baby, my amazing gift from God is going to be OK.", "\n\n'You get to take nothing from us. ", "You chose to listen to the devil that day. ", "I don't get to judge you or hate you. ", "Instead I am full of God's love.'", "\n\nThe boy's father also stated religion as his reason for forgiving Aranda but condemned the actions as 'acts intended to kill and destroy.'", "\n\n'On what was to be a normal day for us of fun and playing, a day meant for good, you chose to commit a horrific, violent act.", "\n\n'Holding hate only harms me and I will not allow that,' he said in a note read by Townsend.", "\n\nOutside the courtroom Aranda's mother Becky claimed that she had not been able to ask him what happened and why, according to KSTP-TV.", "\n\nShe explained that her son had struggled with mental health issues.", "\n\nBecky Aranda said: 'I, myself, ask for forgiveness for my son and am hoping that the same God that she calls upon... will also show mercy for my son.'", "\n\nAranda agreed to a plead deal in June and must serve at least two-thirds of his sentence in prison.", "\n\nAranda avoided eye contact in court (above) and was sentenced to 19 years in prison in June after pleading guilty to attempted premeditated first degree murder" ]

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[ "On September 8, regional leaders of Right Sector and Automaidan were arrested in Odessa. ", "A day later Right Sector threatens with another wave of mobilization against the government. ", "Governor Saakashvili says it would be better to unite against oligarchs instead.", "\n\nSergey Sternenko (Right Sector) was arrested for kidnapping a MP. ", "According to speakers of the organization he stays in remand for at least two months. ", "Also Eugene Rezvushkin (Automaidan) stays in custody for two months. ", "He may be sentenced to up to seven years in prison. (", "censor.net.ua, hromadskeradio.org)\n\nA day after the arrests took place, Dmytro Yarosh leader of Right Sector asked government authorities to ‘stop repression against patriots’. ", "He warned the government that it could face an uprising because of the arrests. ", "He also called on “all citizens of Ukraine, fighters and activists of the national liberation movement ‘Right Sector’ to prepare for active civil disobedience, whose main aim will be to remove the regime of internal occupation and the attainment of national independence of the Ukrainian people.” (", "Yarosh on Facebook)\n\nRight Sector’s speaker, Varvara Chernoivanenko called the arrests politically motivated and accused the president, Odessa’s governor and head of police. ", "On September 13, a ‘peaceful march for freedom’ is supposed to take place. (", "odessamedia.net)\n\nYurii Butusov, chief editor of censor.net criticized the arrests. “", "Authorities create problems for themselves out of thin air.” ", "He explains that the detainees are not necessarily saints but patriots. “", "Head of the Regional State Administration Mikheil Saakashvili should voice public position on this issue. ", "It requires ultimate transparency and the highest level of attention.” (", "censor.net.ua, Butusov on Facebook)\n\nOdessa’s governor, Mikheil Saakashwili commented that he didn’t give direct orders for the arrests and that he wasn’t informed about it. ", "He stressed the need that ‘volunteers and patriotic groups’ unite in a front against external and internal enemies. ", "Once more he accused corruption and oligarchy for ‘robbing the country’, naming Igor Kolomoyskiy explicitly. “", "If we’ll be united and not give reason to discredit our case, a counter-revolutionary coup will not happen.” (", "odessa-life.od.ua)\n\nAutomadian prepares a petition for the resignation of Arsen Avakov, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. (", "zaxid.net)\n\nThere is more to come.", "\n\n(wf)" ]

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[ "#-------------------------------------------------\r\n#\r\n# Project created by QtCreator 2019-06-26T22:31:10\r\n#\r\n#-------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\ninclude(../../qtproject.pri)\r\ninclude($$QTCANPOOL_ROOT/src/shared/qtsingleapplication/qtsingleapplication.pri)\r\ninclude($$QTCANPOOL_ROOT/src/rpath.pri)\r\n\r\nQT += core gui network\r\n\r\ngreaterThan(QT_MAJOR_VERSION, 4): QT += widgets\r\n\r\nCONFIG -= qml_debug\r\n\r\nTARGET = app\r\nTEMPLATE = app\r\nDESTDIR = $$IDE_APP_PATH\r\n\r\n# The following define makes your compiler emit warnings if you use\r\n# any feature of Qt which has been marked as deprecated (the exact warnings\r\n# depend on your compiler). ", "Please consult the documentation of the\r\n# deprecated API in order to know how to port your code away from it.", "\r\nDEFINES += QT_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS\r\n\r\n# You can also make your code fail to compile if you use deprecated APIs.", "\r\n# In order to do so, uncomment the following line.", "\r\n# You can also select to disable deprecated APIs only up to a certain version of Qt.", "\r\n#DEFINES += QT_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_BEFORE=0x060000 # disables all the APIs deprecated before Qt 6.0.0\r\n\r\nCONFIG += c++11\r\n\r\n# lib\r\nLIBS *= -l$$qtLibraryName(ExtensionSystem) -l$$qtLibraryName(Aggregation) -l$$qtLibraryName(Utils)\r\n\r\nHEADERS += $$QTCANPOOL_ROOT/src/tools/qtcreatorcrashhandler/crashhandlersetup.h\r\nSOURCES += main.cpp $$QTCANPOOL_ROOT/src/tools/qtcreatorcrashhandler/crashhandlersetup.cpp\r\n\r\n# Default rules for deployment.", "\r\nqnx: target.path = /tmp/$${TARGET}/bin\r\nelse: unix:!android: target.path = /opt/$${TARGET}/bin\r\n!", "isEmpty(target.path): INSTALLS += target\r\n\r\nDISTFILES += \\\r\n $$PWD/app_version.h.in\r\n\r\nQMAKE_SUBSTITUTES += $$PWD/app_version.h.in\r\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSimplify this process for reading a text file with values joined by special delimiter\n\nCould somebody suggest a better solution, yet not too complex as I am still fresh, to my lengthly one please? ", "\ni.e. read a text file with values joined by a special delimiter and output into a csv\nTxt file:\none¬two¬thr,ee¬four\ntwo¬three¬fo,ur¬five\n\nExpected outcome:\none, two, thr,ee, four\ntwo, three, fo,ur, five\n\neach value should sit in it's own column, but can have commas, treat delimiter like a column\nCode:\n// main method \n\n var txtFile = File.", "ReadAllLines(\"test.txt\");\n var meta = new List<string>();\n\n foreach (var line in txtFile)\n {\n var first = line.", "Substring(0, GetNthIndex(line,'¬',1));\n var second = line.", "Substring(GetNthIndex(line, '¬', 1) + 1, GetNthIndex(line, '¬', 2) - GetNthIndex(line, '¬', 1) - 1);\n var third = line.", "Substring(GetNthIndex(line, '¬', 2) + 1, GetNthIndex(line, '¬', 3) - GetNthIndex(line, '¬', 2) - 1);\n var fourth = line.", "Substring(line.", "LastIndexOf('¬') + 1);\n\n meta.", "Add(\"\\\"\" + first + \"\\\"\" + \",\" + \"\\\"\" + second + \"\\\"\" + \",\" + \"\\\"\" + third + \"\\\"\", + \",\" + \"\\\"\" + fourth + \"\\\"\");\n }\n\n File.", "WriteAllLines(\"meta.csv\",meta);\n\n// outside main method\n\n public static int GetNthIndex(string l, char c, int n)\n {\n int counter = 0;\n for (var i = 0; i < l.Length; i++)\n {\n if (l[i] == c)\n {\n counter++;\n if (counter == n)\n {\n return i;\n }\n }\n }\n return -1;\n }\n\nAppreciate all responses\n\nA:\n\nIn order to do that, you have to:\n\nRead all lines from \"test.txt\".", "\nSplit each line by '¬'.", "\nJoin the split result by your new delimiter, comma. ", "Notice that you have to pad each cell* with \"\nWrite the new lines to \"meta.csv\".", "\n\n* string.", "Join concatenates all the elements of a string array, using the specified separator between each element. ", "The delimiter in our case is a comma (,), padded by double quotes (\") from both sides. ", "Don't forget to pad the result string with double quotes from both sides again. ", "For example: given a list of [x1,x2,x3], the result would be \"x1\",\"x2\",\"x3\", as the delimiter is \",\" and we padded the result with additional quotes from both sides.", "\nTry this:\nList<string> lLines = File.", "ReadAllLines(\"test.txt\").Select(line => \"\\\"\" + string.", "Join(\"\\\",\\\"\", line.", "Split('¬')) + \"\\\"\").ToList();\nFile.", "WriteAllLines(\"meta.csv\", lLines);\n\nOr a simpler solution without LINQ:\nstring[] aLines = File.", "ReadAllLines(\"test.txt\");\nList<string> lMeta = new List<string>();\nforeach (string sLine in aLines)\n{\n string[] aItems = sLine.", "Split('¬');\n lMeta.", "Add(\"\\\"\" + string.", "Join(\"\\\",\\\"\", aItems) + \"\\\"\");\n}\nFile.", "WriteAllLines(\"meta.csv\", lMeta);\n\n" ]

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[ "Two cases of acute dexmedetomidine withdrawal syndrome following prolonged infusion in the intensive care unit: Report of cases and review of the literature.", "\nProlonged infusion of dexmedetomidine, an α(2)-adrenoreceptor agonist anesthetic used in the intensive care unit, produces a withdrawal syndrome of sympathetic over-activity, characterized by tachycardia, hypertension and agitation, but there is no recommended standard treatment for this syndrome. ", "We describe two patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute dexmedetomidine withdrawal and its management with oral clonidine. ", "We utilized the principle of managing acute drug withdrawal with longer acting medications. ", "These two cases demonstrated the benefit of using oral, longer acting clonidine to manage acute withdrawal from shorter-acting, intravenous dexmedetomidine." ]

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[ "To give a heat sensitive adhesion property, a hot-melt adhesive powder is coated on a sheet such as a cloth, a non-woven fabric and the like. ", "Hitherto, to coat said hot-melt adhesive powder on said sheet, a method A wherein an aqueous dispersion in which the hot-melt adhesive powder is dispersed is coated on the sheet by using a mesh roller, a method B wherein said hot-melt adhesive powder is strewed on the sheet, and the like have been provided.", "\nNevertheless, the method A has a disadvantage that said mesh roller is apt to be clogg by the nap of the cloth or the non-woven fabric and the method B has a disadvantage that it is difficult to hold said hot melt adhesive powder on the surface of the cloth or the non-woven fabric since a considerable amount of said hot-melt adhesive powder enters into the space between the naps of the cloth or the non-woven fabric resulting in a poor heat sensitive adhesion.", "\nTo solve the above described disadvantages, a dispersion in which a hot-melt adhesive powder is dispersed in the water the viscosity of which is increased by adding a thickener has been provided. ", "Said dispersion has a structural viscosity such that said dispersion may not enter into the space between the naps to be held on the surface of the cloth or the non-woven fabric and said hot melt adhesive powder is effectively fixed on the surface of the cloth or the non-woven fabric." ]

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[ "Portable telephone units and the like portable information terminal apparatus are making remarkable evolution towards the compactness in size, lightness in weight and slimness in overall contour. ", "So, for the semiconductor devices and other electronic components such as filter, resonator, etc., ", "it is an essential requirement to be consistent with the above trends if they are to be adopted in such recent apparatus.", "\nAn example of such components is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. ", "H10-270975; a surface acoustic wave device, in which the surface acoustic wave element is covered with an empty cover in the function region formed of comb-like electrodes, and is connected to a terminal electrode provided on the surface of wiring board by means of bump, and a space between the surface acoustic wave element and the wiring board is filled with resin. ", "Also, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. ", "2000-323603 proposes a semiconductor device in which a terminal electrode is connected direct, eliminating a wiring board, with a bump formed on electrode pad of semiconductor device, and it is sealed with resin excluding the bottom surface of terminal electrode.", "\nIn the following, some of the conventional surface acoustic wave devices and the manufacturing method are described referring to the drawings.", "\nFIG. ", "16(a) is a cross sectional view showing a first example of conventional surface acoustic wave device. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "16(a), a piezoelectric substrate 41 is provided on the surface with a function region 42 formed of comb-like electrodes for exciting surface acoustic wave, and an electrode pad 43 for conveying electric signal to the function region 42. ", "Each of the electrode pads 43 is connected with corresponding terminal 44 of a package 46 via a thin metal wire 45. ", "The thin metal wire 45 is normally made of gold, aluminum, etc. ", "Package 46 in the present example is formed of laminated alumina ceramics 46a, 46b, 46c, and terminal 44 is electrically connected with terminal electrode 48 via an inner electrode 47. ", "Although not illustrated in the drawing, piezoelectric substrate 41 is glued to the inside of package 46 with a resin adhesive. ", "Package 46 is hermetically sealed with a lid 49 made of ceramic, metal, etc.", "\nIn the above-described first conventional example as shown in FIG. ", "16(a), however, a sufficiently large space needs to be secured in both the horizontal and vertical directions for the operation of bonding the thin metal wires 45, and respective electrode pads 43 as well as terminals 44 are requested to have a certain area that is large enough for the bonding operation. ", "These have been material factors that hindered the device downsizing. ", "Furthermore, a parasitic inductance intrinsic to thin metal wire 45 may deteriorate the high frequency characteristic of the element. ", "While on the production floor, thin metal wire 45 has to be bonded one by one to connect corresponding electrode pads 43 and terminals 44. ", "This has blocked the cost cutting efforts substantially.", "\nAddressing the above problems, a second example is proposed for a conventional surface acoustic wave device that enables further downsizing, as shown in FIG. ", "16(b). ", "In the proposed structure, a surface acoustic wave element 50 which is structured of a piezoelectric substrate 41, a function region 42 formed of comb-like electrodes, a bump electrode 53 provided on electrode pad 52, etc. ", "is mounted with the face down. ", "The function region 42 is covered with a space formation member 51 formed of a surrounding wall and a lid, so that a space for vibration is secured. ", "A wiring board 54 is provided with a terminal 55 on the surface, the surface acoustic wave element 50 is connected with terminal 55 via bump electrode 53. ", "Terminal 55 and terminal electrode 56 provided respectively on the upper surface and the bottom surface of wiring board 54 are connected via an inner electrodes 57 which is penetrating through the wiring board 54. ", "A space between the surface acoustic wave element 50 and the wiring board 54 is filled with a resin 58 in order to enhance fixing between the two.", "\nIn the structure of FIG. ", "16(b), however, contact location of bump electrode 53 and location of inner electrode 57 have to be shifted sidewise to each other, since terminal 55 and terminal electrode 56 disposed respectively on the upper surface and the bottom surface of wiring board 54 are connected by inner electrode 57. ", "Namely, because of difference in the curing/shrinking behavior between the base material of wiring board 54 and the electrode paste of inner electrode 57, the inner electrode 57 might protrude or sink in the thickness direction from the wiring board 54 during manufacturing.", "\nIn order to solve the above problem, a third example is proposed to a conventional structure, which enables to shrink the sidewise length too, as shown in FIG. ", "17(a).", "\nWiring board 54 is provided with a terminal electrode 56 which is stretching from the upper surface to the bottom surface covering the side face. ", "Bump electrode 53 of surface acoustic wave element 50 is connected to the terminal electrode 56. ", "Surface acoustic wave element 50 is provided with a space formation member 51 which secures a vibration space for function region 42, where surface acoustic wave excited on the main surface of piezoelectric substrate 41 propagates. ", "Space between the surface acoustic wave element 50 and the wiring board 54 is sealed with a resin 58.", "\nThe above-configured surface acoustic wave device is manufactured through the following process steps. ", "In the first place, a surface acoustic wave element 50 comprising a space formation member 51 covering function region 42 and a bump electrode 53, and a wiring board 54 comprising a terminal electrode 56 are prepared. ", "These are coupled together with bump electrode 53 aligned on terminal electrode 56 and connected to. ", "Space between surface acoustic wave element 50 and wiring board 54 is filled with a resin 58 for gluing the two together. ", "Resin 58 enhances the gluing strength and the reliability.", "\nIn the third example of conventional surface acoustic wave device as shown in FIG. ", "17(a), the main surface of surface acoustic wave element 50 is sealed with resin 58, and size of the wiring board 54 can be reduced to approximately the same as that of surface acoustic wave element 50. ", "However, reduction in the thickness is limited by the existence of a wiring board 54.", "\nThe downsizing and thickness-cutting race is proceeding rapidly also among the semiconductor devices. ", "For this purpose, a structure as illustrated in FIG. ", "17(b) is proposed. ", "A semiconductor chip 59 is provided with a bump electrode 61 formed on an electrode pad (not shown). ", "A terminal electrode 62 is connected with the bump electrode 61. ", "A first resin 63 is applied in a space between terminal electrode 62 and semiconductor substrate 60 with the bottom surface of terminal electrode 62 exposed. ", "The back surface of semiconductor substrate 60 is covered with a second resin 64 for enhancing the strength and the reliability.", "\nProcess of manufacturing the above-configured semiconductor device is shown with cross sectional views in FIG. ", "18(a) through (e).", "\nIn the first place, a carrier 65 which is made of resin base film provided with a terminal electrode 62 formed thereon, and a semiconductor chip 59 provided with a bump electrode 61 formed on electrode pad (not shown) of semiconductor substrate 60 are prepared as shown in FIG. ", "18(a). ", "Then, these two are coupled together, as illustrated in FIG. ", "18(b), with the bump electrode 61 aligned on the terminal electrode 62 and connected by an ultrasonic thermal compression process.", "\nAs shown in FIG. ", "18(c), a first resin 63 is applied surrounding the semiconductor chip 59 and the bump electrode 61, and cured to provide an under-fill. ", "Then, as shown in FIG. ", "18(d), the carrier 65 is clamped from the up and down with an upper mold 66 and a lower mold 67, and a resin filling space 68 is filled with a second resin 64 to form a sealing body. ", "And then, it is taken out of the molds, and the carrier 65 is removed. ", "Thus, a semiconductor device protected in a chip-sized package is provided as shown in FIG. ", "18(e); where it is protected by a sealing body formed of first resin 63 and second resin 64, and terminal electrode 62 is exposed in the bottom surface of the sealing body.", "\nThe above-configured structure and method of manufacturing seems to be applicable also to manufacturing of a surface acoustic wave device. ", "However, there are still a number of problems left to be solved before it is actually applied to the surface acoustic wave device.", "\nFor example, when a surface acoustic wave device is fabricated in the same configuration as the above-described semiconductor device, the overall thickness may be reduced by a thickness corresponding to the eliminated wiring substrate. ", "But the outer edge of terminal electrode 62 is disposed recessed from the side surface of thick sealing body of resin. ", "So, when mounting a surface acoustic wave device of the above configuration on a circuit board using a solder, a smooth solder flow is blocked by the very narrow gap between the bottom surface of sealing body and the wiring board. ", "As a result, accuracy in the height above wiring board and the positioning accuracy of surface acoustic wave devices may be dispersed by a dispersion in shape and area among individual lands formed on a wiring board and in quantity of dispensed solder. ", "Furthermore, due to the same reason as described above, bubbles in the molten solder are difficult to disappear during soldering on a wiring board. ", "This may cause voids in the solder.", "\nApplication of the above method for manufacturing semiconductor devices as illustrated in FIG. ", "18(a) through FIG. ", "18(b) to the manufacture of surface acoustic wave devices further encounters following difficulty. ", "Namely, since a resin base film is used for the carrier and each of the terminal electrodes is electrically independent, a surface acoustic wave element might suffer from pyroelectric damage caused by heat applied during the production process, from the connection of bump electrode to terminal electrode up to the step of sealing." ]

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[ "Main menu\n\nAn accomplished linguist and communicator, Hoshi Sato played a key role on the Enterprise (and in the Mirror Universe). ", "But there were also missed opportunities with her character. ", "Join us for a discussion of her most memorable moments. ", "Download Now…" ]

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[ "Wednesday, July 02, 2014\n\nRussia blackmailing Berlin?", "\n\nAccording to Ostro.org, seasoned and well-respected German Green Party Bundestag deputy, Marieluise Beck, posts the following on her Facebook page:\n\n\"Why is the EU so hesitant about sanctions? ", "In Berlin political circles well-informed sources say that highly placed Russian diplomats openly threatened that Russia will feel completely free to march straight into Ukraine in the event of serious sanctions ... If this is true, it explains so much, \"" ]

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[ "7 Things Nonprofits Can Talk About on Facebook Besides Themselves\n\nI came across this article the other day and thought it was a good one to share. ", "There are some great ideas to get the creative juices flowing and to ensure your Facebook posts never get stale. ", "There’s one extra point I’d like to add to the list: Tell a Story – share a heartfelt story of one of your supporters’, members’ or beneficiaries’ experiences with your organisation.", "\n\nRecently I met with a client who was sensitive about what they posted on Facebook, because they not only had privacy issues to be concerned with of their constituents, but they didn’t think that the other things they do would be applicable to their fans on Facebook. ", "In other words they didn’t think that their fans on Facebook cared about what their organization was doing other than fundraising.", "\n\nBut there are other things besides press opportunities and fundraising or awareness events that your fans are interested in learning more about. ", "As I’ve talked about before, social media is about being social, so when you talk only about yourself or your organization, it gets old quickly. ", "Spice it up. ", "Here’s a list of 7 things a nonprofit can talk about on Facebook besides themselves:\n\nIndustry news on your topic – Don’t just regurgitate the news for them, they can set up a Google e-alert for that, but rather, aggregate the news in a way that is engaging by asking them what they think. ", "Don’t just post a link to a news article, read it and ask a question about their opinion.", "\n\nNewsletters – almost all e-newsletters have an option where you can view the newsletter online in a browser. ", "Copy and paste that link into a Facebook post. ", "See tomorrow’s post on how to do an effective engaging newsletter.", "\n\nShare pictures – Facebook folks love pictures and it’s the perfect place to showcase the people who make the organization run or people that you impact. ", "Don’t take yourselves so seriously. ", "It’s a social network so have some fun with it (i.e. Goofy Face Friday)\n\nComment on current news – even if it’s not completely related to your organization, showing that there is a human behind the Facebook wall goes a long way with your constituents. ", "And it goes without saying, but I’ll say it anyway, always respond to comments to acknowledge that you hear them.", "Re-purpose content (photos/videos – not text) – I imagine that you probably have some great content out there of video or photos from past events, share them! ", "You can have fun with it by calling it, “Friday from the Archives” or “Spring cleaning and look what we found…”\n\nPublic opinion – ask your fans what they think about decisions you are struggling with internally. ", "Trying to decide on what date to have something, throw up a poll.", "\n\nTrying to decide on a new template for your newsletter – throw them both up and ask them what they think. ", "They want to help. ", "People like to be heard.", "\n\nBe shameless – Facebook fans of nonprofit organizations like to help out online. ", "They like to be given calls-to-action where they can make immediate impact. ", "So, ask them to help spread the word to 2 or 3 people in their network. ", "Maybe give away a $25 gift card to all of those who participated.", "Now you’ll notice that I didn’t list quotes. ", "Quotes get a bad rap because they’ve been overused on Twitter and on individual’s Facebook fan pages. ", "However, quotes are good every once in a while by a nonprofit, especially if they are something inspiring or hopeful. ", "But don’t be putting quotes out there every day or too frequently to fill up space unless you are a religious organization.", "So there are definitely things you can talk about on Facebook that are not about you or that are more engaging than you just shouting out your update. ", "Have you tried any of these techniques already? ", "Do you have any others you’d like to add to the conversation? ", "If so, post a comment below." ]

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[ "NXP ColdFire\n\nThe NXP ColdFire is a microprocessor that derives from the Motorola 68000 family architecture, manufactured for embedded systems development by NXP Semiconductors. ", "It was formerly manufactured by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly the semiconductor division of Motorola) which merged with NXP in 2015.", "\n\nInstruction set\nThe ColdFire instruction set is \"assembly source\" compatible (by means of translation software available from the vendor) and not entirely object code compatible with the 68000. ", "When compared to classic 68k hardware, the instruction set differs mainly in that it no longer has support for the binary-coded decimal (BCD) packed data format; it removes a number of other, less used instructions; and most instructions that are kept support fewer addressing modes. ", "Also, floating point intermediates are 64 bits and not 80 bits as in the 68881 and 68882 coprocessors. ", "The instructions are only 16, 32, or 48 bits long, a simplification compared to the 68000 series.", "\n\nModels\nIn February 1999, the μClinux project's Linux kernel was ported to two ColdFire processors (MCF5206 and MCF5307). ", "In 2006, the Debian project was looking into making its m68k port compatible with the ColdFires, as there are ColdFire models that can be clocked as high as 300 MHz. ", "This is much faster than the 68060, which can officially reach 75 MHz and can be overclocked to 110 MHz. ", "Stallion Technologies ePipe, Secure Computing SnapGear security appliances, and Arcturus Networks's System on Module products are based on ColdFire processors. ", "There are ColdFire Linux-based single-board computers (SBC) with Ethernet and CompactFlash as small as 23×55  mm or 45×45  mm or based on CompactFlash (37×43 mm) itself. ", "ColdFire based products have even been deployed to the International Space Station as an electronic nose project.", "\n\nThere are five generations or versions of the ColdFire available from Freescale:\n v1: Intended to support migration from 8-bit microcontrollers, it is a cut-down version of the v2 processor-wise. ", " It was launched in 2006, 12 years after the original ColdFire. ", "It is designed to easily replace the 8-bit Freescale 68HC08 microcontrollers and compete with low-end ARM chips.", "\n v2: The original ColdFire core launched in 1994. ", "Single-issue pipeline, no MMU, no FPU. ", "Versions are also available with MAC and enhanced MAC units.", "\n v3: Added an optional MAC unit.", "\n v4: Limited superscalar core.", "\n v4e (or eV4 in some documents): Enhanced version of the v4, launched in 2000. ", " Adds optional MMU, FPU, and enhanced MAC unit to the architecture.", "\n v5: Fully superscalar core.", "\n\nThere is also the Fido 1100, a microcontroller launched in 2007 aimed at predictable embedded control systems such as Industrial Ethernet applications using the 68k/CPU32 instruction set. ", "However, Fido has its own unique architecture and shares the instruction set with 68k only.", "\n\nIn November 2006, Freescale announced that ColdFire microprocessor cores were available for license as semiconductor Intellectual Property through their IP licensing and support partner IPextreme Inc. ColdFire v1 core is now available under Free license (and no per use royalty) for Altera Cyclone-III FPGA's.", "\n\nIn September 2007, Freescale launched the 32-bit Flexis microcontroller family with a ColdFire CPU core.", "\n\nIn June 2010, Freescale announced the ColdFire+ line, which is a ColdFire V1 core using a 90 nm TFS technology.", "\n\nIn 2010, Freescale also launched Kinetis, an ARM-based product line, leading some industry observers to speculate about the future of the ColdFire range, given that Freescale would have several competing CPU ranges.", "\n\nSee also\n FlexOS 68K for ColdFire MCF5251\n eCos and RTEMS open source real-time operating systems\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Freescale Semiconductor's Official ColdFire Site\n Differences between ColdFire & 68K\n Original announcement of ColdFire based Amiga clone and FAQ about it\n\nCategory:68k microprocessors\nCategory:NXP Semiconductors" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nA very different, difficult geometry problem that need to be helped-\n\nThe problem:\n\nIn $\\triangle PQR$, $ST$ is the perpendicular bisector of $PR$, and $PS$ is the bisector of $\\angle QPR$ and the point $S$ lies on $QR$. If $|QS|=9$ and $|SR|=7$ and $|PR|=x/y$, where $x$ and $y$ are co-primes, then what is $x+y$?", "\n\nI can come up with these steps only:\n$\\angle STR$ is equal to $90^\\circ$, so $\\triangle STR$ is a right triangle. ", "The same with $\\Delta STP$. In $\\triangle PST$ and $\\triangle STR$, $ST\\cong ST$, $PT\\cong TR$, and $\\angle PTS= \\angle STR$, so that $\\triangle PST\\cong\\triangle STR$. Therefore, $|PS|=|SR|=7$, and $\\angle SPT\\cong\\angle SRT$.\nThat's the end.", "\nI have no clue how to solve the next steps, or to solve the problem. ", "I don't even know if the above steps lead toward an answer to the problem!", "\nSo please help me see how I can solve this step. ", "I am a 8th grader. ", "So please be careful, so that I can understand the steps.", "\nSorry, I can't add the figure.", "\n\nA:\n\n$\\angle SRP=\\angle SPR = \\angle SPQ=\\theta,$ say. ", " Then adding up the angles in $\\triangle PQR$ gives $\\angle Q = 180^{\\circ}-3\\theta,$ and adding up the angles in $\\triangle PSQ$ gives $\\angle PSQ = 2\\theta=\\angle QPR.$ That is, $\\triangle PQR$ and $\\triangle PSQ$ are similar.", "\nCorresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional, so we have $$\n\\frac{|QP|}{9}=\\frac{16}{|QP|}$$ (On the left-hand side we have two sides of $\\triangle PQS,$ and on the right-hand side two we have two sides of $\\triangle PQR.)$ We conclude that $|QP|=12.$ Now using similarity once again, we have $$\\frac{|PR|}{|PQ|}=\\frac{7}{9}\\implies |PR|=\\frac{28}{3}$$\nThat is, $\\boxed{x=28,\\space y=3,\\space x+y=31}$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSoftware name in a question's title: good or repetitive?", "\n\nI couldn't find anyone asking this in here before, but there might be a similar question in other metas. ", "And it might be a silly one, but here it goes:\nIf a title is too short, or too specific, should the name of the software (ex. ", "illustrator question, inkscape, gimp) be in it? \"", "Enlarge path\", to name one. ", "It has the tag underneath, but at first glance you can't figure out what soft it relates to, and I am in doubt about editing. ", "Has this been agreed before (no soft on title)?", "\n\nA:\n\nI prefer to see the program's name in the question title. ", "I've never used GIMP, Inkscape, or Fireworks, as examples, so there's little point in my reading those questions because I can't contribute anything.", "\nI don't mind a little redundancy for the sake of clarity.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "#!", "/bin/sh\nhosts=`cat $1`\ncounter=0;\n\nfor i in `echo $hosts`; do\n host=`echo $i`\n ssh -i /home/ubuntu/.ssh/supermario.pem ubuntu@$host \"cd /home/ubuntu/sparseallreduce/PageRank/;./check.sh\"\n counter=`expr $counter + 1`\n echo $counter\ndone\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nTransform HTML to HTML: use XSLT?", "\n\nI have an HTML form on which I have no control, and I would like to display the contents (labels AND input text/choices) to the client with another layout on the page (actually, to do a \"review your answers\" page).", "\nSo I pretty much need to transform a complex HTML form into another HTML doc (or DOM node tree).", "\nIt seems to me very close to the usual use case for XSL transformations, except that the input is not XML.", "\nI just wonder if XLST is the de-facto way to go to do that, or if I could use another technique (maybe better suited for non-XML input)?", "\n\nA:\n\nNo, you can't do this, because HTML is no XML (unless it is of doctype xhtml).", "\nLet me explain with a simple example:\n<html>\n <body>\n <p>Para1\n <br>\n <p>Para2</p>\n </body>\n</html>\n\nThis is a valid HTML-fragment, but not a wellformed XML.", "\nAnd you cannot transform invalid XML with XSL.", "\nIf you can manage to transform the (invallid) HTML tp valid xhtm, before you transform it via XSLT, it may work. ", "You can try this by using jtidy, but I have no experience with jtidy,\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nusing git rebase -i\n\nso I'm trying to split commits using the instructions in http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-rebase.html\ntry searching for \"SPLITTING COMMITS\"\nthere it says to \"Mark the commit you want to split with the action \"edit\". \"", "\nhow exactly do I do that\nwhen I execute git rebase -i it opens a file\n# Commands:\n# p, pick = use commit\n# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message\n# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending\n# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit\n# f, fixup = like \"squash\", but discard this commit's log message\n# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell\n#\n# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.", "\n#\n# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.", "\n# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.", "\n#\n# Note that empty commits are commented out\n\n...\n\nhow exactly do I execute those commands from that dialog\nEDIT\nSo I managed to rebase successfully and committed to my local repo...\nThe problem is, when I try to push I get the error message:\n ! [", "rejected] JJ-4322 -> JJ-4322 (non-fast-forward)\n ! [", "rejected] master -> master (non-fast-forward)\nerror: failed to push some refs to 'url.git'\nhint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind\nhint: its remote counterpart. ", "Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull')\nhint: before pushing again.", "\nhint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.", "\n\nany ideas?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe \nrebase -i COMMIT\n\nWill present you with a list of commits, you can change the default pick command with any in that list\npick 6d6da13 0000, liquibase, fixing build snafu's\n\n# Rebase c56baf2..6d6da13 onto c56baf2\n\nBecomes\nedit 6d6da13 0000, liquibase, fixing build snafu's\n\n# Rebase c56baf2..6d6da13 onto c56baf2\n\nEdit:\nYour 2nd question is because you are rewriting history and you have already pushed older versions that now conflict with your current state. ", "You need to do:\ngit push --force YOURBRANCH\n\nThis will overwrite what is on the remote.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "import errno\nimport os\nimport selectors\nimport signal\nimport socket\nimport struct\nimport sys\nimport threading\nimport warnings\n\nfrom . ", "import connection\nfrom . ", "import process\nfrom .context import reduction\nfrom . ", "import semaphore_tracker\nfrom . ", "import spawn\nfrom . ", "import util\n\n__all__ = ['ensure_running', 'get_inherited_fds', 'connect_to_new_process',\n 'set_forkserver_preload']\n\n#\n#\n#\n\nMAXFDS_TO_SEND = 256\nSIGNED_STRUCT = struct.", "Struct('q') # large enough for pid_t\n\n#\n# Forkserver class\n#\n\nclass ForkServer(object):\n\n def __init__(self):\n self._forkserver_address = None\n self._forkserver_alive_fd = None\n self._forkserver_pid = None\n self._inherited_fds = None\n self._lock = threading.", "Lock()\n self._preload_modules = ['__main__']\n\n def set_forkserver_preload(self, modules_names):\n '''Set list of module names to try to load in forkserver process.'''", "\n if not all(type(mod) is str for mod in self._preload_modules):\n raise TypeError('module_names must be a list of strings')\n self._preload_modules = modules_names\n\n def get_inherited_fds(self):\n '''Return list of fds inherited from parent process.", "\n\n This returns None if the current process was not started by fork\n server.", "\n '''\n return self._inherited_fds\n\n def connect_to_new_process(self, fds):\n '''Request forkserver to create a child process.", "\n\n Returns a pair of fds (status_r, data_w). ", " The calling process can read\n the child process's pid and (eventually) its returncode from status_r.", "\n The calling process should write to data_w the pickled preparation and\n process data.", "\n '''\n self.ensure_running()\n if len(fds) + 4 >= MAXFDS_TO_SEND:\n raise ValueError('too many fds')\n with socket.socket(socket.", "AF_UNIX) as client:\n client.connect(self._forkserver_address)\n parent_r, child_w = os.pipe()\n child_r, parent_w = os.pipe()\n allfds = [child_r, child_w, self._forkserver_alive_fd,\n semaphore_tracker.getfd()]\n allfds += fds\n try:\n reduction.sendfds(client, allfds)\n return parent_r, parent_w\n except:\n os.close(parent_r)\n os.close(parent_w)\n raise\n finally:\n os.close(child_r)\n os.close(child_w)\n\n def ensure_running(self):\n '''Make sure that a fork server is running.", "\n\n This can be called from any process. ", " Note that usually a child\n process will just reuse the forkserver started by its parent, so\n ensure_running() will do nothing.", "\n '''\n with self._lock:\n semaphore_tracker.ensure_running()\n if self._forkserver_pid is not None:\n # forkserver was launched before, is it still running?", "\n pid, status = os.waitpid(self._forkserver_pid, os.", "WNOHANG)\n if not pid:\n # still alive\n return\n # dead, launch it again\n os.close(self._forkserver_alive_fd)\n self._forkserver_address = None\n self._forkserver_alive_fd = None\n self._forkserver_pid = None\n\n cmd = ('from multiprocess.forkserver import main; ' +\n 'main(%d, %d, %r, **%r)')\n\n if self._preload_modules:\n desired_keys = {'main_path', 'sys_path'}\n data = spawn.get_preparation_data('ignore')\n data = {x: y for x, y in data.items() if x in desired_keys}\n else:\n data = {}\n\n with socket.socket(socket.", "AF_UNIX) as listener:\n address = connection.arbitrary_address('AF_UNIX')\n listener.bind(address)\n os.chmod(address, 0o600)\n listener.listen()\n\n # all client processes own the write end of the \"alive\" pipe;\n # when they all terminate the read end becomes ready.", "\n alive_r, alive_w = os.pipe()\n try:\n fds_to_pass = [listener.fileno(), alive_r]\n cmd %= (listener.fileno(), alive_r, self._preload_modules,\n data)\n exe = spawn.get_executable()\n args = [exe] + util._args_from_interpreter_flags()\n args += ['-c', cmd]\n pid = util.spawnv_passfds(exe, args, fds_to_pass)\n except:\n os.close(alive_w)\n raise\n finally:\n os.close(alive_r)\n self._forkserver_address = address\n self._forkserver_alive_fd = alive_w\n self._forkserver_pid = pid\n\n#\n#\n#\n\ndef main(listener_fd, alive_r, preload, main_path=None, sys_path=None):\n '''Run forkserver.'''", "\n if preload:\n if '__main__' in preload and main_path is not None:\n process.current_process()._inheriting = True\n try:\n spawn.import_main_path(main_path)\n finally:\n del process.current_process()._inheriting\n for modname in preload:\n try:\n __import__(modname)\n except ImportError:\n pass\n\n util._close_stdin()\n\n sig_r, sig_w = os.pipe()\n os.set_blocking(sig_r, False)\n os.set_blocking(sig_w, False)\n\n def sigchld_handler(*_unused):\n # Dummy signal handler, doesn't do anything\n pass\n\n handlers = {\n # unblocking SIGCHLD allows the wakeup fd to notify our event loop\n signal.", "SIGCHLD: sigchld_handler,\n # protect the process from ^C\n signal.", "SIGINT: signal.", "SIG_IGN,\n }\n old_handlers = {sig: signal.signal(sig, val)\n for (sig, val) in handlers.items()}\n\n # calling os.write() in the Python signal handler is racy\n signal.set_wakeup_fd(sig_w)\n\n # map child pids to client fds\n pid_to_fd = {}\n\n with socket.socket(socket.", "AF_UNIX, fileno=listener_fd) as listener, \\\n selectors.", "DefaultSelector() as selector:\n _forkserver._forkserver_address = listener.getsockname()\n\n selector.register(listener, selectors.", "EVENT_READ)\n selector.register(alive_r, selectors.", "EVENT_READ)\n selector.register(sig_r, selectors.", "EVENT_READ)\n\n while True:\n try:\n while True:\n rfds = [key.fileobj for (key, events) in selector.select()]\n if rfds:\n break\n\n if alive_r in rfds:\n # EOF because no more client processes left\n assert os.read(alive_r, 1) == b'', \"Not at EOF?\"", "\n raise SystemExit\n\n if sig_r in rfds:\n # Got SIGCHLD\n os.read(sig_r, 65536) # exhaust\n while True:\n # Scan for child processes\n try:\n pid, sts = os.waitpid(-1, os.", "WNOHANG)\n except ChildProcessError:\n break\n if pid == 0:\n break\n child_w = pid_to_fd.pop(pid, None)\n if child_w is not None:\n if os.", "WIFSIGNALED(sts):\n returncode = -os.", "WTERMSIG(sts)\n else:\n if not os.", "WIFEXITED(sts):\n raise AssertionError(\n \"Child {0:n} status is {1:n}\".format(\n pid,sts))\n returncode = os.", "WEXITSTATUS(sts)\n # Send exit code to client process\n try:\n write_signed(child_w, returncode)\n except BrokenPipeError:\n # client vanished\n pass\n os.close(child_w)\n else:\n # This shouldn't happen really\n warnings.warn('forkserver: waitpid returned '\n 'unexpected pid %d' % pid)\n\n if listener in rfds:\n # Incoming fork request\n with listener.accept()[0] as s:\n # Receive fds from client\n fds = reduction.recvfds(s, MAXFDS_TO_SEND + 1)\n if len(fds) > MAXFDS_TO_SEND:\n raise RuntimeError(\n \"Too many ({0:n}) fds to send\".format(\n len(fds)))\n child_r, child_w, *fds = fds\n s.close()\n pid = os.fork()\n if pid == 0:\n # Child\n code = 1\n try:\n listener.close()\n selector.close()\n unused_fds = [alive_r, child_w, sig_r, sig_w]\n unused_fds.extend(pid_to_fd.values())\n code = _serve_one(child_r, fds,\n unused_fds,\n old_handlers)\n except Exception:\n sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info())\n sys.stderr.flush()\n finally:\n os._exit(code)\n else:\n # Send pid to client process\n try:\n write_signed(child_w, pid)\n except BrokenPipeError:\n # client vanished\n pass\n pid_to_fd[pid] = child_w\n os.close(child_r)\n for fd in fds:\n os.close(fd)\n\n except OSError as e:\n if e.errno !", "= errno.", "ECONNABORTED:\n raise\n\n\ndef _serve_one(child_r, fds, unused_fds, handlers):\n # close unnecessary stuff and reset signal handlers\n signal.set_wakeup_fd(-1)\n for sig, val in handlers.items():\n signal.signal(sig, val)\n for fd in unused_fds:\n os.close(fd)\n\n (_forkserver._forkserver_alive_fd,\n semaphore_tracker._semaphore_tracker._fd,\n *_forkserver._inherited_fds) = fds\n\n # Run process object received over pipe\n code = spawn._main(child_r)\n\n return code\n\n\n#\n# Read and write signed numbers\n#\n\ndef read_signed(fd):\n data = b''\n length = SIGNED_STRUCT.size\n while len(data) < length:\n s = os.read(fd, length - len(data))\n if not s:\n raise EOFError('unexpected EOF')\n data += s\n return SIGNED_STRUCT.unpack(data)[0]\n\ndef write_signed(fd, n):\n msg = SIGNED_STRUCT.pack(n)\n while msg:\n nbytes = os.write(fd, msg)\n if nbytes == 0:\n raise RuntimeError('should not get here')\n msg = msg[nbytes:]\n\n#\n#\n#\n\n_forkserver = ForkServer()\nensure_running = _forkserver.ensure_running\nget_inherited_fds = _forkserver.get_inherited_fds\nconnect_to_new_process = _forkserver.connect_to_new_process\nset_forkserver_preload = _forkserver.set_forkserver_preload\n" ]

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[ "25 mm grenade\n\nThe 25 mm grenade is a type of explosive ordnance used in some modern grenade launchers. ", "25 mm grenades are armed after launch, after traveling a safe distance. ", "Many types explode on impact, but others are designed to explode in mid-air after traveling a certain distance—used to clear entrenched or barricaded positions.", "\n\nExamples of weapons designed to launch 25 mm grenades are the experimental XM25, the Barrett XM109 payload rifle, and the XM307 ACSW. ", "The original use for this round was for the OCSW, now known as the XM307 ACSW. ", " Later, a low velocity variant of the OCSW round was chosen for the XM25, which is derived from the XM29 OICW.", "\n\nThere are two different versions of the 25mm grenade: the 25×40mm low-velocity round developed for the XM25, and the 25×59mm high-velocity round developed for the XM109 and XM307.", "\n\nSee also \n 25 mm caliber\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n 25 mm ammunition - Global Security\n\nCategory:Grenades" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAutomorphism groups of a group and of its Fitting subgroup\n\nThis was a comment to the answer here . ", "It is one of the series of questions about finite groups with automorphism groups of odd order and would reduce the question to nilpotent groups. ", "\nQuestion. ", "Is it true that a finite group $G$ has an automorphism of order 2 iff the Fitting subgroup $F(G)$ has an automorphism of order $2$.\nGeoff Robinson proved in a comment here that one of the implications is true if $G$ has odd order. ", "He doubts that \"iff\" is true but no example was given. ", "\n\nA:\n\nIt can happen that the whole group has no automorphism of order 2 although the Fitting subgroup does:\n\nLet \n\n$N$ be a non-abelian 2-generated $p$-group for some prime $p$, such that $N/Z(N)$ has no automorphism of order $2$;\n$L$ a nontrivial group of order coprime to $2p$ with no automorphism of order $2$.\n\nI claim that the wreath product $$G=N\\wr L= N^L\\rtimes L$$\n has no automorphism of order $2$, although its Fitting subgroup $N^L$ obviously does (permute 2 factors).", "\n\nIndeed, let $s$ be an automorphism with $s^2=1$. Then $s$ preserves the Fitting subgroup. ", "Also it preserves some conjugate of $L$: indeed, consider a $2|L|$-Hall subgroup of $G\\rtimes\\langle s\\rangle$, and let $L_1$ be its subgroup of index $2$: then $L_1$ is a $|L|$-Hall subgroup of $G$ and hence is conjugate to $L$. So henceforth assume that $s$ preserves $L$.\nSince $L$ has no automorphism of order $2$, $s$ acts as the identity on $L$. Hence on $N^L$, $s$ commutes with the $L$-action.", "\nLet now $t$ be an arbitrary automorphism of $N$ commuting with the $L$-action. ", "Let $N_u$ be the copy of $N$ indexed by $u\\in L$ in $N^L$. For $u\\in L$ let $M_u$ be the projection of $t(N_1)$ in $N$ (through the $u$-th projection to $N_u$). ", "Then for $v\\in L$, $t(N_v)=t(vN_1)=v(tN_1)$, so the $u$-projection of $t(N_v)$ is equal to $M_{v^{-1}u}$. Since $N_1$ and $N_v$ commute for $v\\neq 1$, we deduce that $M_u$ and $M_{v^{-1}u}$ commute for $v\\neq 1$.\nAlso since the $N_u$ generate $N^L$, the $M_u$ generate $N$. Now we will use that $N$ is 2-generated (so $N$ is a $p$-group for some odd prime $p$ and $N/[N,N]N^p$ has order $p^2$). ", "If there exists $u$ such that $M_u=N$, we deduce that $M_v$ is central in $N$ for all $v\\neq u$. Otherwise, there exist $u\\neq v$, $x\\in M_u$ and $y\\in M_v$ such that $\\{x,y\\}$ generates $N$; since $x,y$ commute, it follows that $N$ is abelian, contradiction.", "\nHence, modulo the center, $\\mathrm{Aut}(N^L)$ permutes the factors (I used the 2-generation condition there). ", "Now if we restrict to automorphisms commuting with the $L$-action, this action on $L$ is through the centralizer of the action of $L_{\\mathrm{left}}$, which is $L_{\\mathrm{right}}$.\nApplied to $L$, this shows that for every $u\\in L$, $s(N_u)$ equals $N_u$ modulo $Z(N^L)$. Composed with the projection to $N_u$, this yields an endomorphism $s_u$ of $N_u$, and we have $s_u^2$ induces trivial automorphism of $N_u/Z(N_u)\\simeq N/Z(N)$. Hence $s_u$ induces an automorphism of order $\\le 2$ of $N/Z(N)$, and by assumption, this implies that $s_u$ is trivial modulo the center. ", "Hence $s$ is trivial modulo the center. ", "But this implies that $s$ has order $p^k$ dividing the exponent of $Z(N)$. So $s$ is trivial.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Race is on for India nuclear market\n\nJust months after the opening of India to civilian nuclear trade with the world, the country is already shopping. ", "Russia, France and the US are the main rivals in getting billions of dollars worth contracts.", "\n\nSo what are the advantages of each of the sides?", "\n\nFor a long time, when it comes to nuclear energy, Russia has been the only game in town, but recently new players have emerged. ", "Russia now faces competition from France and the United States for Indian business.", "\n\nWhile France claims to have the latest technology, Russia is the only one to have already built reactors in India and has an old and close relationship with the Indians.", "\n\nThe US has also recently gained goodwill with India by helping to get the international community’s approval at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).", "\n\nSome say it was done with business interests in mind.", "\n\n“Many people wonder why President Bush signed this agreement with India. ", "There was a lot of pressure on him from the economic lobby and from the commercial lobby,” explains security analyst Shankar Prasad.", "\n\nBut whether the goodwill gained will turn into an advantage, experts feel that when it comes to placing orders India will look out for its interests first.", "\n\n“I would not say anyone has any more advantage than the other. ", "Let’s be quite clear about it – Indians, especially the Indian government people are very hard negotiators,” says security and defence analyst Jasjit Singh.", "\n\nSome experts feel that Russia is early in recognising India’s needs and is therefore ahead in the game. ", "Recently it signed up to provide two more reactors at Kudankulam.", "\n\n“India is not going to sign any contract with the US unless the reprocessing of spent fuel is guaranteed. ", "The Russians have already allowed it in Kudankulam. ", "The French are still dilly-dallying. ", "They have not made up their mind,” says Dr Balachandran from the Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (IDSA). “", "So the Russians have a definite advantage over both the French and the US in supplying reactors to India,” he believes.", "\n\nSome point out that America’s lack of recent experience in building reactors, and baggage from past deals with India are issues they will have to address when negotiating with India.", "\n\nAccording to India’s former foreign secretary Lalit Mansingh, there were instances when Americans showed themselves as unreliable suppliers.", "\n\n“We have had the case of the Tarapur nuclear power station where we had a contract for the Americans to supply fuel and halfway through they broke the contract. ", "The same thing has happened with defence supplies,” he said.", "\n\nHowever, America’s experience of competing in a free market could be an advantage to them.", "\n\n“America knows and understands markets well. ", "America has been a major player in world markets. ", "America probably understands the importance of the market probably better than any other country,” says IDSA senior research officer Rajiv Nayan.", "\n\nThere is speculation that India will place orders with a number of suppliers. ", "But the hope of getting the lion’s share of India’s nuclear energy market in these economically hard times is what is keeping suppliers running to India." ]

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[ "The internal rotational barriers about NCα and CαC backbone bonds of polypeptides.", "\nIn many studies on the protein folding problem it is assumed that the internal rotational barriers about NC(α) and C(α)C backbone bonds in unfolded polypeptides are quite small, around 0.7 kcal/mol, of an order comparable to the energy of kT at normal temperature (where k is Boltzmann's constant and T is the temperature in K) and hence that rotations about these bonds occur almost freely. ", "Here it is highlighted that such consideration is an unfortunate mistake. ", "Approximate values for the rotational barriers of NC(α) and C(α)C bonds are suggested from computations of U(ϕ, ψ) potential energy surface (PES) maps of a number of oligopeptides by a semiempirical method for conformational analysis. ", "The proposed values are about 16 kcal/mol for NC(α) bonds and 6 kcal/mol for C(α)C bonds. ", "The values of the same barriers estimated from some ab initio quantum-mechanical PES maps for several dipeptides available in literature are also highlighted." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'In this paper, we study the Ginzburg-Landau equations for a two dimensional domain which has small size. ", "We prove that if the domain is small, then the solution has no zero, that is no vortex. ", "More precisely, we show that the order parameter $\\Psi$ is almost constant. ", "Additionnally, we obtain that if the domain is a disc of small radius, then any non normal solution is symmetric and unique. ", "Then, in the case of a slab, that is a one dimensional domain, we use the same method to derive that solutions are symmetric. ", "The proofs use a priori estimates and the Poincaré inequality.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'A.Aftalion[^1]$\\ $ and E.N.Dancer[^2]'\ntitle: '**On the symmetry and uniqueness of solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau equations for small domains**'\n---\n\nIntroduction and main results\n=============================\n\nIn this paper, we study the properties of a superconducting cylinder submitted to an exterior magnetic field $\\hbox{\\bf H$_0$}$ parallel to the axis of the cylinder. ", "According to the Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity, the sample is in a state that minimizes the following energy:\n\n\\[engl\\] [E]{}\\_(,)=\\_|([1 ]{} -i)|\\^2+ [12]{}(||\\^2-1)\\^2+(-)\\^2  d. Here $\\Omega$ is a simply connected domain in $\\rit^2$ with characteristic length $d$. As usual, $\\kappa$ is the Ginzburg-Landau parameter that characterizes the type of superconductor, $\\hbox{\\bf A}(x,y)$ is the vector potential, so that $\\curl \\hbox{\\bf A}$ is the magnetic field and $\\Psi (x,y) $ is the order parameter. ", "Because $\\hbox{\\bf H$_0$}=H_0\\hbox{\\bf e$_z$}$ is along the $z$ axis, we can assume without loss of generality that $\\hbox{\\bf A}=(A_1,A_2,0)$. For a detailed description of the model, one may refer to [@du] or [@T].", "\n\nThe minimization process yields the classical Ginzburg-Landau equations (see [@du] for more details):\n\n$$\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n({1 \\over \\kappa} \\nabla-i\\hbox{\\bf A})^2 \\Psi=\\Psi(|\\Psi|^2-1) \\quad \\hbox{in}\n \\quad \\Omega,\\\\\n\n-\\curl \\curl \\hbox{\\bf A}={i \\over {2 \\kappa}} (\\Psi^* \\nabla \\Psi-\\Psi \\nabla \\Psi^*)\n+\\hbox{\\bf A}|\\Psi|^2 \\quad \\hbox{in}\\quad \\Omega,\\\\\n\n{{\\partial \\Psi} \\over {\\partial n}}-i\\Psi \\hbox{\\bf A}\\cdot \\hbox{\\bf n}=0 \\quad \\hbox{on}\\quad \\partial \\Omega,\\\\\n\n\\curl \\hbox{\\bf A}\\times \\hbox{\\bf n} =\\hbox{\\bf H}_0\\times \\hbox{\\bf n}\\quad \\hbox{on}\\quad \\partial \\Omega.", "\n\\end{array}\\right.\\eqno{(GL)}$$ It is common to use the gauge where $\\div \\hbox{\\bf A} =0$ and $\\hbox{\\bf A} \\cdot \\hbox{\\bf n}=0$ on $\\partial \\Omega$. Notice that this system has a special set of solutions with $\\Psi \\equiv 0$ and $\\curl \\hbox{\\bf A} \\equiv \\hbox{\\bf H}_0$, called [*normal solutions*]{}. ", "They correspond to a case where superconductivity is destroyed. ", "In the following, we will be concerned with solutions which are not in this set.", "\n\nIn this problem, there are 3 variable parameters: $\\kappa$, $H_0$ and $d$ the characteristic size of $\\Omega$. According to the values of these parameters, the properties of solutions (existence of non normal solutions, number, symmetry) change. ", "It has been the purpose of various authors to study the properties of solutions in some asymptotic limits: for instance, Giorgi and Phillips [@GP] have proved that for $\\Omega$ and $\\kappa$ fixed and $H_0$ large enough, then the only solution is the normal solution. ", "In the case where $d$ is fixed and $\\kappa$ is large, Sandier and Serfaty [@SS] have proved that the solutions can have a lot of vortices for a certain range of magnetic field. ", "There have been many other contributions in other asymptotic regimes.", "\n\nIn this paper, we are interested in the case where $d$, the characteristic length of $\\Omega$ is small, in particular compared to $1/\\kappa$. In this setting, it is expected that $\\Psi$ is almost constant and has no zero, that is no vortices, since a vortex is of size $1/\\kappa$. This result is often used in the physics literature, but we did not know any rigorous proof. ", "This is what we show:\n\n\\[main\\] Assume that $D$ is a fixed simply connected bounded domain and let $\\Omega=dD$. For any $d_0>0$, there exists $d_1>0$, such that if $d<\\min (d_0, d_1 / \\kappa)$, for any $H_0=H_0(d,\\kappa)$, then any solution of $(GL)$ which is not a normal solution is such that $\\Psi$ has no zero. ", "Moreover, $|\\Psi / |\\Psi|_\\infty -1|\\leq C\\kappa d$.\n\nWe let $H_0$ be a function of $d$ and $\\kappa$ because it is expected that a superconducting solution exists up to fields $H_0$ of the order of $C/d$ as we will explain in more details later. ", "Additionally, we prove a symmetry and uniqueness result when the domain is a small disc:\n\n\\[mainsym\\] Let $\\Omega$ be a disc of radius $d$. There exist constants $d_0$ and $d_1$, such that if $d<\\min (d_0, d_1 / \\kappa)$, for any $H_0=H_0(d,\\kappa)$, then any solution of $(GL)$ is radially symmetric, that is $\\Psi (x,y)=\\Psi (r)$ and $\\hbox{\\bf A} (x,y)=A(r)\\hbox{\\bf e}_\\theta$, where $r =\\sqrt { x^2+y^2}$.\n\n\\[mainuniq\\] Under the hypotheses of Theorem \\[mainsym\\], if there exists a non normal solution $(\\Psi,\\hbox{\\bf A})$ of $(GL)$, then this solution is unique up to multiplication of $\\Psi$ by a constant of modulus 1.", "\n\n\\[coruniq\\] Under the hypotheses of Theorem \\[mainsym\\], there exists $H_*=H_*(d,\\kappa)$, with $\\lim_{d\\to 0} d H_*(d,\\kappa)= 2\\sqrt 2$ and for $H_0<H_*$, there exists a unique non normal solution of $(GL)$, while for $H_0\\geq H_*$, the only solutions are the normal solutions.", "\n\nWe make a change of variables $x'=x /d$, $y'=y/d$ so that the new variable lies in a domain of unit size $D$. We also define $\\hbox{\\bf B}=\\kappa d \\hbox{\\bf A}$ and $ h_0= \\kappa d^2 H_0$. In the following, we will assume additionnally that \\[div\\] =0 =0 . ", "The equations then become\n\n$$\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n( \\nabla-i \\hbox{\\bf B})^2 \\psi=\\kappa^2 d^2 \\psi(|\\psi|^2-1) \\quad \\hbox{in}\n \\quad D,\\\\\n \\Delta \\hbox{\\bf B}= d^2 \\bigl ({{i} \\over {2} } (\\psi^* \\nabla \\psi-\\psi \\nabla\n \\psi^*)\n + \\hbox{\\bf B}|\\psi|^2\\bigr ) \\quad \\hbox{in}\\quad D,\\\\\n \n {{\\partial \\psi} \\over {\\partial n}}=0 \\quad \\hbox{on}\\quad \\partial D,\n \\\\\n \\curl \\hbox{\\bf B}\\times \\hbox{\\bf n}=\\hbox{\\bf h}_0\\times \\hbox{\\bf n}\\quad \\hbox{on}\\quad \\partial D.\n\\end{array}\\right.\\eqno{(GL_d)}$$ Note that another way of writing the equation for $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ is \\[eqB\\] =-d\\^2 (i, -i ), where $(\\ .\\ ,\\ .\\ )$ is the real part of the scalar product in $\\C$.\n\nWe allow $h_0$ to vary with $d$ and $\\kappa$ but we will prove that if there exists a solution, then in fact $ h_0$ is bounded, that is $H_0$ is bounded by $C/\\kappa d^2$.\n\nThe proof consists in obtaining a priori estimates for the solutions $(\\psi,\\hbox{\\bf B})$. This is done in Section 2. ", "In Section 3, we use these a priori estimates and the Poincaré inequality to derive that $\\psi$ is nearly constant, hence has no zero. ", "This will prove Theorem \\[main\\]. ", "Then, in Section 4, we define the functions $$\\tilde\\psi(x,y)=\\psi(-x,y), \\quad \\tilde{\\hbox{\\bf B}}(x,y)=\\left(\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\ \\ -B_1(-x,y)\\\\\nB_2(-x,y)\\end{array}\\right)\n,$$ \\[wz\\] w(x,y)=[1 ]{}((x,y)-(x,y)), (x)=(x,y)-(x,y), which satisfy elliptic PDE’s with small right hand side terms. ", "Then we use that $\\psi$ is nearly constant and hence we get that $w$ and $\\hbox{\\bf z}$ are identically zero. ", "This will prove Theorem \\[mainsym\\]. ", "In Section 5, we obtain the uniqueness result proving that any solution is necessary a local minimizer of the energy. ", "Finally in Section 6, we show how our proof can be adapted to the one dimensional case to provide a symmetry result in this setting and in Section 7 we summarize our results in terms of bifurcation curves and prove Corollary \\[coruniq\\].", "\n\n[**Remark:**]{} If $\\Omega$ is simply connected and symmetric in the $y$ direction, then our proof also gives that $\\psi$ and $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ are symmetric, in the sense that $\\tilde{\\psi}=\\psi$ and $\\tilde{\\hbox{\\bf B}}=\\hbox{\\bf B}$.\n\nWe note that in the case with no magnetic field, Bethuel, Brezis and Helein [@BBH] have proved the symmetry of solutions when the domain is small using the Poincaré inequality. ", "The radial symmetry of local minimizers has also been studied in [@M] for a different system with no magnetic field. ", "Here the proof is more involved since we have to deal with the system with applied magnetic field.", "\n\nLet us point out that the uniqueness proof of Section 5 is inspired by [@ABG] where it is obtained that any radial solution with a giant vortex of degree $N$ at the origin is a local minimizer of the energy.", "\n\nA priori estimates\n==================\n\n\\[aprioriest\\] Fix $p>1$. Assume that $(psi,\\hbox{\\bf B})$ is a non normal solution of $(GL_d)$ and (\\[div\\]). ", "For all constants $d_0$ and $d_1$, if $d<\\min (d_0,$ $ d_1 / \\kappa)$, then $\\psi$ and $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ are bounded in $W^{2,p}(D)$ by constants independent of $d$ and $\\kappa$. Moreover, for fixed $\\kappa$, \\[limd0\\] \\_[d0]{} [\\_0]{}=0\\_[d0]{} \\_[W\\^[2,p]{}(D)]{}=0.", "\n\nThe goal of this section consists in proving Proposition \\[aprioriest\\].", "\n\nFirst estimates for $\\psi$\n--------------------------\n\nFirst recall from Du-Gunzburger-Peterson [@du] that \\[psi1\\] || 1 Next we define \\[upi\\] u(x,y)=|(x,y)|\\^2 =-i . ", "One can compute easily that \\[equ\\] [1 2]{}u +\\^2 d\\^2 u(1-u)=|[****]{} |\\^2. ", "Integrate (\\[equ\\]) in $D$, use the boundary condition $\\partial \\psi / \\partial n =0$ and get the key estimate for $\\psi$: \\[ineqpi\\] \\_[L\\^2(D)]{} d \\_[L\\^2(D)]{}.", "\n\nEstimates for $\\hbox{\\bf B}$\n----------------------------\n\nWe decompose $\\hbox{\\bf B}=h_0 \\hbox{\\bf b}_0+\\hbox{\\bf b}_r$ where $\\hbox{\\bf b}_0$ is chosen such that $$\\curl \\curl \\hbox{\\bf b}_0 =0 \\ \\hbox{and} \\ \\div \n\\hbox{\\bf b}_0 =0 \\ \\hbox{in} \\ D, \\\n\\curl \\hbox{\\bf b}_0 =\\hbox{\\bf e}_z \\ \\hbox{and} \\ \\hbox{\\bf b}_0 \\cdot \\hbox{\\bf n}=0 \\ \\hbox{on} \\ \\partial D,$$ and $\\hbox{\\bf b}_r=\\hbox{\\bf B}-h_0 \\hbox{\\bf b}_0$.\n\nA particular choice for $\\hbox{\\bf b}_0$ when $\\Omega$ is a disc is $\\hbox{\\bf b}_0 = {1 \\over 2} (-y,x,0)$. Note that in any case $\\hbox{\\bf b}_0$ and $\\hbox{\\bf b}_r$ are vectors in the $x-y$ plane and their $curl$ are in the $z$ direction. ", "Making the difference between the equations for $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ and $\\hbox{\\bf b}_0$, we obtain the equation for $\\hbox{\\bf b}_r$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eqbr}\n&&\\curl\\curl \\hbox{\\bf b}_r = d^2 (i \\psi , {\\bf \\Pi} \\psi) \\quad \\hbox{and}\\quad \\div \\hbox{\\bf b}_r =0 \\quad \\hbox{in}\\ D, \\\\\n\\label{eqbrbound}\n&& \\curl \\hbox{\\bf b}_r = 0 \\quad \\hbox{and} \\quad \\hbox{\\bf b}_r\\cdot \\hbox{\\bf n} = 0 \\quad \\hbox{on}\\quad \\partial D.\\end{aligned}$$ Since $ \\div \n\\hbox{\\bf b}_r =0$ and $\\hbox{\\bf b}_r\\cdot \\hbox{\\bf n} = 0$ on $ \\partial D$, then $\\|\\curl \\hbox{\\bf b}_r\\|_{L^p(D)}$ is a norm in $W^{1,p}(D)$, that is \\[normcurl\\] \\_r\\_[W\\^[1,p]{}(D)]{}C \\_r\\_[L\\^[p]{}(D)]{}. ", "Now Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and (\\[eqbr\\]) imply that \\[ineqbr\\] | \\_r |\\_2 d\\^2 | [****]{}|\\_2. ", "Note that $|\\ .\\ |_2$ is the 2-norm for vectors in $\\rit^2$. From (\\[ineqbr\\]), we get the $W^{2,2}$ bound for $\\hbox{\\bf b}_r$. Thus, because of (\\[ineqpi\\]), (\\[ineqbr\\]) and the boundary condition (\\[eqbrbound\\]), it follows from the Poincaré inequality that \\[curlest2\\] \\_r\\_[W\\^[1,2]{}(D)]{}C d\\^3. ", "We gather (\\[normcurl\\]) and (\\[curlest2\\]) to obtain the key estimate for $\\hbox{\\bf b}_r$: \\[estbr\\] \\_r \\_[W\\^[2,2]{}(D)]{} C d\\^3, where $C$ is independent of $d$ and $\\kappa$. In order to get the bounds for $\\hbox{\\bf B}$, we only need to prove that $\\lim _{d\\to 0}h_0=0 $. ", "Let us assume that $h_0$ is bounded below by some constant $m$. Then we use an estimate by Giorgi and Phillips [@GP] (Lemma 2.8 p.349): there exists $C_2$ (which depends on $m$) such that\n\n\\[eqgiorgi\\] C\\_2 h\\_0 \\_D ||\\^2 \\_D | -i h\\_0 \\_0 |\\^2 . ", "In order to bound the right hand side of (\\[eqgiorgi\\]), we write $h_0 \\hbox{\\bf b}_0= \\hbox{\\bf B}-\\hbox{\\bf b}_r$ and use (\\[ineqpi\\]) and (\\[estbr\\]) to get \\[h0bdd\\] [(C\\_2 h\\_0 )]{}\\^[1 /2]{}(\\_D ||\\^2)\\^[1 /2]{} d (\\_D ||\\^2)\\^[1 /2]{} (1+C\\_1 d\\^2).", "\n\nSo we obtain a contradiction with the lower bound for $h_0$ when $d$ is small enough. ", "Hence $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ is bounded in $W^{2,2}$, independently of $d$ and $\\kappa$.\n\nOnce we have bounded $\\hbox{\\bf B}$, the equation for $\\psi$ can be thought of as a linear elliptic equation with bounded coefficients, so that the classical elliptic estimates imply bounds for $\\psi$.\n\nFinally, in order to get the $W^{2,p}$ bound for $\\hbox{\\bf B}$, that is for $\\hbox{\\bf b}_r$, we bootstrap equation (\\[eqbr\\]) (see [@GT]). ", "Thus we obtain that \\[curlest3\\] \\_r\\_[W\\^[2,p]{}(D)]{}C d\\^2. ", "and (\\[limd0\\]) is true for $\\hbox{\\bf B}$.\n\n$\\psi$ is nearly constant\n=========================\n\n\\[psiconst\\] For all $d_0>0$, there exists $d_1>0$, such that if $d< \\min (d_0,d_1 /\\kappa)$, then $\\|\\nabla \\psi / |\\psi|_\\infty \\|_\\infty$ and $|\\psi / |\\psi| _{\\infty} -1|$ are small, thus $\\psi$ has no zero.", "\n\nWe define $\\phi=\\psi / | \\psi|_\\infty$, then the equation for $\\phi$ can be written as $$\\Delta \\phi-2i \\hbox{\\bf B} \\cdot \\nabla \\phi=\\kappa^2 d^2 \\phi(|\\psi|_\\infty^2 |\\phi|^2-1)+|\\hbox{\\bf B}|^2 \\phi$$ and for $p<2$ \\[psiest\\] ||\\_[p]{}| |\\_[p]{}+|\\^2|\\_[p]{}|[1]{} [****]{} |\\_2||\\_[[2p]{}]{}+|\\^2|\\_p. ", "Since $|\\phi |\\leq 1$, and because of (\\[ineqpi\\]) and the previous estimates for $\\hbox{\\bf B} $, we see that the right hand side of (\\[psiest\\]) is small when $d$ is small. ", "Hence we go back to the equation for $\\phi$ and the Agmon Douglis Nirenberg estimates imply a bound for $\\phi$ in $W^{2,p}$ for any $p<2$. Hence by Sobolev embedding, $\\nabla \\phi$ is bounded in $L^p$ for any $p$ and going back to the equation for $\\phi$, we derive a bound for $\\phi$ in $W^{2,p}$ for any $p$, hence in $C^1$. In particular, $\\nabla \\phi$ is equicontinuous. ", "Now, when $d$ tends to 0, we know that $\\|\\hbox{\\bf B}\\|_\\infty$ tends to 0, so if we multiply the equation for $\\phi$ by $\\phi^*$ and integrate, we find that $\\|\\nabla \\phi \\| _{L^2(D)}$ is small. ", "Thus, since $\\nabla \\phi$ is equicontinuous, we see that $\\|\\nabla \\phi \\|_\\infty$ tends to 0 with $d$, which proves the first part of Proposition \\[psiconst\\].", "\n\nIn fact we can get a precise estimate for the smallness of $|\\psi / |\\psi| _{\\infty} -1|$. Take the equation (\\[equ\\]), multiply by $u$ and integrate to get \\[ineqgradu\\] \\_D |u|\\^2 \\^2 d\\^2 \\_D u\\^2 (1-u). ", "Next we define $v=u/| \\psi|^2_\n\\infty$. Then (\\[ineqgradu\\]) implies that $$\\int_D |\\nabla v|^2 \\leq \\kappa^2 d^2 |D|.$$ We call $v_{mean}$ the mean value of $v$ in $D$. The previous estimate and the Poincaré inequality yield \\[umean\\] v -v\\_[mean]{} \\_[L\\^2(D)]{} C\\_0 d. Let us call $r$ an upper bound for $\\nabla v$, independent of $d$ and $\\kappa$. We have seen in the first part of the proof that it exists. ", "Let us now prove that \\[vmean\\] |v(x) -v\\_[mean]{}| xD, \\^2=16C\\_0 r d/ , where $C_0$ comes from (\\[umean\\]). ", "Assume that (\\[vmean\\]) is not true. ", "Then there exists a point $x_0$ where this does not hold. ", "Set $\\eta=\\alpha/ 4r$. Note that when $\\kappa d$ is small, then $\\eta$ is small. ", "If $\\dist (x_0,\\partial D)\n \\leq 2 \\eta$, then for $\\kappa d$ small enough, there always exists a point $x_1$ in $D$ with $\\dist (x_1,\\partial D)\n \\geq 2 \\eta$ and $\\dist (x_1,x_0)\n \\leq 2 \\eta$. If $\\dist (x_0,\\partial D)\n \\geq 2 \\eta$ then we set $x_1=x_0$. Now we have $|v(x)-v_{mean}|>\\alpha/4$ for $|x-x_1|\\leq\n \\eta$. Define $D_1=D(x_1, \\eta)$, then $$\\|v -v_{mean} \\|_{L^2(D_1)} > \\eta\\sqrt \\pi \\alpha /4.$$ This provides a contradiction with the definition of $\\alpha$ and (\\[umean\\]).", "\n\nNow recall that $v$ is necessarily 1 for at least one point in $D$. So we use (\\[vmean\\]) to get $$|\\psi(x) / |\\psi| _{\\infty} -1|\\leq C\\kappa d \\quad \\forall x \\in D.$$ This implies in particular that for small $\\kappa d$, $\\psi$ is never equal to zero.", "\n\nRadial symmetry of the solutions in the case of a disc\n======================================================\n\nIn this Section, we assume that $\\Omega$ is a disc of radius $d$. We are going to use the previous a priori estimates to obtain radial symmetry. ", "We define the functions $w$ and $\\hbox{\\bf z}$ as in (\\[wz\\]). ", "They satisfy the following equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\Delta w -2 i \\hbox{\\bf B}\\cdot \\nabla w -{{2 i}\\over{|\\psi|_\\infty}} \\hbox{\\bf z}\\cdot \\nabla \\tilde{\\psi}=\\kappa^2 d^2 w(|\\psi|^2 +\\tilde{\\psi}(\\psi+\\tilde{\\psi})-1) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\hspace{4cm}+w |\\hbox{\\bf B}|^2+{\\tilde{\\psi}\\over{|\\psi|_\\infty}}\\hbox{\\bf z}\\cdot(\\hbox{\\bf B}+\\tilde{\\hbox{\\bf B}}) \\quad \\hbox{in}\\quad D,\\label{eqw} \\\\ \\label{bcw}\n&&\\displaystyle{{\\partial w} \\over {\\partial n}}=0 \\quad \\hbox{on}\\quad \\partial D,\\\\\n&&\\curl \\curl \\hbox{\\bf z}=d^2 \\bigl [ (i|\\psi|_\\infty w,{\\bf \\Pi}\\psi)+(i\\tilde{\\psi},|\\psi|_\\infty \\nabla w-i\\hbox{\\bf B}|\\psi|_\\infty w-i\\tilde{\\psi}\\hbox{\\bf z}) \\bigr ]\\nonumber \\\\\n&&\\hspace{6cm}\\hbox{and} \\quad \\div\\hbox{\\bf z}=0 \\quad \\hbox{in}\\quad D,\\label{eqz}\\\\ \\label{bcz}\n&&\\hbox{\\bf z}\\cdot \\hbox{\\bf n}=0\\quad\\hbox{and}\\quad \\curl \\hbox{\\bf z}\\times \\hbox{\\bf n}=0 \\quad \\hbox{on}\\quad \\partial D.\n$$\n\n\\[wzzero\\] There are constants $d_0$ and $d_1$ such that, if $d<\\min (d_0, $ $d_1/ \\kappa)$, then $w\\equiv \\hbox{\\bf z}\\equiv 0$.\n\nLet us multiply (\\[eqw\\]) by $w$ and integrate. ", "The first term only gives an integral of the gradient of $w$ because of the boundary condition (\\[bcw\\]). ", "We recall that $|\\psi|\\leq 1$ and $|w|\\leq 2$ to obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_D|\\nabla w|^2 &\\leq& 4\\|\\hbox{\\bf B}\\|_\\infty \\int_D|\\nabla w|+(4\\kappa^2d^2+\\|\\hbox{\\bf B}\\|_\\infty^2)\\int_D w^2\\\\\n& &+4(\\|\\nabla{\\psi\\over{\\|\\psi\\|_\\infty}}\\|_\\infty+\\|\\hbox{\\bf B}\\|_\\infty)\\int_D|\\hbox{\\bf z}|.\\end{aligned}$$ Then we use our previous estimates for $\\psi$ and $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ in Proposition \\[aprioriest\\] and \\[psiconst\\]. ", "In particular we recall that $\\|\\hbox{\\bf B}\\|_\\infty$ and $\\|{1 \\over{|\\psi|_\\infty}}\\nabla \\psi\\|_\\infty$ are small when $d$ is small to get: for all $\\eps>0$, if $d$ is small enough, then $$\\|\\nabla w\\|_2 \\leq \\eps \\|w\\|_2+\\eps \\|\\hbox{\\bf z}\\|_2.$$ Because of the definition of $w$, one can see easily that $w$ has mean value zero. ", "We can use the Poincaré inequality to get \\[wsmall\\] w\\_2 w\\_2+\\_2, where $\\mu>0$ is independent of $d$ and $\\kappa$. Thus \\[wlessz\\] w\\_2 \\_2\\_2, provided $\\eps/ (\\mu-\\eps)$ is less then 1.", "\n\nSimilarly, we multiply equation (\\[eqz\\]) by $\\hbox{\\bf z}$, integrate and use that the boundary condition implies $\\curl \\hbox{\\bf z}=0$ on $\\partial D$ to get $$\\int_D |\\curl \\hbox{\\bf z}|^2_2\\leq d^2 \\int_D |\\hbox{\\bf z}|_2 | \\Pi\\psi+\\nabla w+\\hbox{\\bf B}+\\hbox{\\bf z}|_2].$$ We can apply the previous estimates which give bounds on $\\psi$ and $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ to derive \\[zsmall\\] \\_2 \\_2. ", "Then we write $\\hbox{\\bf z}=\\hbox{\\bf z}_m+\\hbox{\\bf z}_t$ where $\\hbox{\\bf z}_m$ is the mean value of $\\hbox{\\bf z}$ (so $\\hbox{\\bf z}_m$ is a vector) and $\\hbox{\\bf z}_t$ has mean value zero. ", "Again we use the Poincaré inequality for $\\hbox{\\bf z}_t$ and equation (\\[zsmall\\]) to get \\[zest\\] \\_t\\_2\\_m\\_2w\\_2 \\_m\\_2. ", "Now we integrate (\\[eqz\\]) over $D$, use the boundary conditions which imply that the $\\curl \\curl$ term contribution vanishes and we get \\[finalest\\] \\_D [[||\\^2]{}]{}=\\_D (iw,[****]{})+(i, w-i w). ", "This yields $$|\\hbox{\\bf z}_m| \\int_D {{|{\\psi}|^2}\\over{|\\psi|_\\infty^2}}\\leq\\|w\\|_2\\|{\\bf \\Pi}\\psi\\|_2+\\|\\psi\\|_2\\|\\nabla w-i\\hbox{\\bf B} w\\|_2+\\int_D |\\hbox{\\bf z}_t|\\leq C\\eps|\\hbox{\\bf z}_m|.$$ The last inequality comes from (\\[zest\\]) and the bounds for $\\psi$ and $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ in Section 3. ", "If $\\hbox{\\bf z}_m$ is not zero, the boundedness of ${\\bf \\Pi}\\psi$, $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ and (\\[zest\\]) imply that $$\\int_D |\\psi|^2 / |\\psi|_\\infty^2$$ is small. ", "This provides a contradiction with Proposition \\[psiconst\\], where we have proved that $|\\psi|/|\\psi|_\\infty$ is nearly 1 for small $d$.\n\nLet us complete the proof of Theorem \\[mainsym\\]. ", "Indeed, once we know that $w$ and $\\hbox{\\bf z}$ are identically zero, then it implies as in [@GNN] that $\\psi $ and $|\\hbox{\\bf B}|$ are radial, where $|\\ .\\ |$ is the modulus. ", "Thus, we see that either $\\hbox{\\bf B}$ vanishes everywhere on the circle $|(x,y)|=r$ and there is nothing to prove, or nowhere on this circle. ", "In this case, we can argue that $\\hbox{\\bf B}(r,\\theta) $ is in the direction of ${\\bf e}_\\theta=(-\\sin\\theta, \\cos \\theta)$. Indeed, since $\\hbox{\\bf z}=0$, it implies in particular that $B_1(r,0)=0$, hence $\\hbox{\\bf B}(r,0) $ is in the direction of $(0,1)$. Then we use a reflection in the axis $T$ in the direction of $(\\cos \\theta , \\sin \\theta )$ and derive that the corresponding $w$ and $\\hbox{\\bf z}$ are zero. ", "This implies that $\\hbox{\\bf B}(r,\\theta)\\cdot{\\bf e}_r=0 $. ", "Since $B_1(r,0)=0$, a continuity argument implies that $\\hbox{\\bf B}(r,\\theta)=B(r) {\\bf e}_\\theta$, as we had claimed. ", "Let us show that one can choose $\\psi$ to be real. ", "Since $\\psi$ is radial and has no zero, we can write $\\psi=f(r) e^{i\\phi(r)}$, where $f$ is real. ", "The estimate of Proposition \\[psiconst\\] yields that $\\phi'(r)$ is small for small $d$. Thus, if we change gauge from $(\\psi,\\hbox{\\bf B})$ to $(f,\\hbox{\\bf Q})$ where $\\hbox{\\bf Q}=\\hbox{\\bf B}- \\phi'(r)\\hbox{\\bf e}_r$, then $(f,\\hbox{\\bf Q})$ is a solution of $(GL_d)$, $\\hbox{\\bf Q}\\cdot \\hbox{\\bf n}=0$ on $\\partial\\Omega$ and $|\\hbox{\\bf Q}|_\\infty$ is small. ", "Notice that in this section, we have not explicitely used that $\\div\\hbox{\\bf B} =0$. We have only used that $|\\hbox{\\bf B}|_\\infty$ is small, which was proved in Proposition \\[aprioriest\\] under the hypothesis $\\div\\hbox{\\bf B} =0$. Now, since $|\\hbox{\\bf Q}|_\\infty$ is small, this is enough to do the proof of this section with $(f,\\hbox{\\bf Q})$ instead of $(\\psi,\\hbox{\\bf B})$. It yields that $\\hbox{\\bf Q}$ is along $\\hbox{\\bf e}_\\theta$ and that $\\phi'=0$. Thus one can choose $\\psi$ up to multiplication by a constant of modulus 1. ", "This finishes the proof of Theorem \\[mainsym\\].", "\n\nUniqueness for the ball\n=======================\n\nIn this section, we assume again that $D$ is a ball. ", "We have proved in the previous section that we can assume that $\\psi=f(r)$ is real and $\\hbox{\\bf B}=\\hbox{\\bf Q}=Q(r)\\hbox{\\bf e}_\\theta$. Then the Ginzburg-Landau energy in this case is \\[enradial\\] E(f,Q)=\\_D [f’]{}\\^2+f\\^2Q\\^2+[[\\^2d\\^2]{}2]{}(f\\^2-1)\\^2+[1d\\^2]{}([1r]{}(rQ)’-h\\_0)\\^2. ", "We also have $\\div \\hbox{\\bf Q}=0$ then $\\|{1\\over r}(rQ)'\\|_{L^2}$ is an $H^1$ norm. ", "We are going to prove that any radial solution of $(GL_d)$ is a local minimizer of the energy (\\[enradial\\]). ", "If $(f,Q)$ is such a solution, then for any $g$ and $\\hbox{\\bf P}=P(r)\\hbox{\\bf e}_\\theta$ in $H^1$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nonumber\n0&=&\nE'(f,Q)\\cdot (g,P)\n= \\int_D f' g'+QPf^2+Q^2fg\\\\ &+&\n{1\\over d^2}({1\\over r}(rP)')({1\\over r}(rQ)'-h_0)+\\kappa^2 d^2(f^2-1)fg.\\label{en'}\\end{aligned}$$ Moreover $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nonumber\nE''(f,Q)\\cdot (g,P)&=& \\int_D {g'}^2+g^2Q^2+4fgQP\n+P^2f^2\\\\ \\label{en''}\n&+&{1\\over d^2}({1\\over r}(rP)')^2+\\kappa^2 d^2g^2(3f^2-1)fg\\end{aligned}$$\n\n\\[localmin\\] Let $(f,Q)$ be a radial solution of $(GL_d)$ with $d$ and $d\\kappa$ small. ", "Then $E''(f,Q)\\cdot (g,P) \\geq C (\\|g/f\\|_{H^1}+\\| P\\|_{H^1})$, where $C$ depends on $d$, $\\kappa d$ and $\\|f\\|_\\infty$.\n\nThe proof follows ideas from [@ABG]. ", "First compute $E'(f,Q)\\cdot (g^2/f,0)$. This yields $$0=\\int_D f'\\Bigr ( {g^2\\over f}\\Bigl )'+g^2Q^2+\\kappa^2d^2 (f^2-1)g^2.$$ Hence $$E''(f,Q)\\cdot (g,P)= \\int_D \\Bigr ({\\Bigr ({g\\over f}\\Bigl ) '}\\Bigl )^2f^2+4fgQP+\n+P^2f^2+{1\\over d^2}({1\\over r}(rP)')^2+2\\kappa^2 d^2g^2f^2.$$ We write $$4fgQP+\\kappa^2 d^2g^2f^2=(\\kappa d fg+{2\\over {\\kappa d}}PQ)^2-{4\\over{\\kappa^2 d^2}}P^2Q^2.$$ Hence $$E''(f,Q)\\cdot (g,P)\\geq \\int_D \\Bigr ({\\Bigr ({g\\over f}\\Bigl ) '}\\Bigl )^2f^2+\\kappa^2 d^2g^2f^2+{1\\over d^2}({1\\over r}(rP)')^2-{4\\over{\\kappa^2 d^2}}P^2Q^2.$$ Now we use that for $d$ small enough, $\\|Q\\|_\\infty$ is small hence $8\\int_D P^2 Q^2 \\leq \\kappa^2 \\int_D ({1\\over r}(rP)')^2$, thus the estimate of the Proposition holds.", "\n\nThis Proposition yields that any solution of $(GL_d)$ is non degenerate. ", "We are going to prove uniqueness using the bifurcation curve. ", "More precisely, any radial solution of $(GL_d)$ solves \\[glrad\\] {\n\n[ll]{} f”+[1r]{}f’=f(f\\^2+Q\\^2-1)\\\nq”+[1r]{}q’-[1r\\^2]{}q=f\\^2q,\n\n.with the boundary conditions \\[bcrad\\] f’(0)=f’(1)=0q(0)=0, ( q’+[1r]{}q) (1)=h\\_0. ", "We use shooting techniques, that is solve (\\[glrad\\]) with the initial conditions \\[init\\] f(0)=, f’(0)=0, q(0)=0, q’(0)=. Then the same kind of proof as in Kwong’s paper [@kwong] which applies the Sturm comparison principle to equation (\\[glrad\\]) shows that $f(r;\\beta, \\alpha)$, $q(r;\\beta, \\alpha)$ and $q'(r;\\beta, \\alpha)$ are increasing functions of $\\beta$ and $\\alpha$. Moreover, for each $\\beta$ in $(0,1)$, there exists a unique $\\alpha$ such that $f'(1;\\beta, \\alpha)=0$, that is the boundary condition is satisfied by $f$. Then $$h(\\beta)=\\Bigr (q'+{1\\over r}q\\Bigl ) (1;\\beta, \\alpha(\\beta))$$ is a continuous function of $\\beta$ with limit 0 as $\\beta$ tends to 1 and a finite limit as $\\beta$ tends to 0. ", "The nondegeneracy result of Proposition \\[localmin\\] implies that this curve is decreasing and it provides uniqueness.", "\n\nNote that uniqueness could also be proved by combining the compactness of solutions and Proposition \\[localmin\\] with Crandall Rabinowitz bifurcation Theorem. ", "The Crandall Rabinowitz bifurcation Theorem ensures that only one branch comes off the normal solutions. ", "Then the non degeneracy result of Proposition \\[localmin\\] and the implicit function Theorem guarantee that the value $\\beta$ continues locally uniquely as $h_0$ is varied. ", "This ensures uniqueness.", "\n\nThe 1-dimensional case\n======================\n\nWhen the superconducting material is an infinite slab of thickness $2d$ between the planes $x=-d$ and $x=d$, it is usual to assume that both $\\Psi$ and [**A**]{} are uniform in the $y$ and $z$ direction, and that the exterior magnetic field is tangential to the slab, that is $\\hbox{\\bf H$_0$}=$(0,0,$H_0$). ", "A suitable gauge can then be chosen so that $\\Psi=f(x)$ is a real function, and $\\hbox{\\bf A}=q(x)\\hbox{\\bf e}_y$, where [**e**]{}$_y$ is the unit vector along the $y$ direction (see [@GL] for more details). ", "The model can then be simplified to a system of 2 coupled ODE’s $(f,q)$ satisfy $$\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n{1 \\over \\kappa^2}f''=f(f^2+q^2-1)\n\\quad\\hbox{in}\\quad (-d,d),\\\\\nf'(\\pm d)=0,\\\\\nq''=qf^2 \\quad\\hbox{in}\\quad (-d,d),\\\\\nq'(\\pm d)=H_0.", "\n\\end{array}\\right.\\eqno{(gl_{d})}$$ In this setting, there are two types of solutions: symmetric solutions where $f$ is even and $q$ is odd, and asymmetric solutions. ", "A complete numerical study of the number and symmetry of these solutions has been done in [@AT1].", "\n\nUsing the same techniques as in the previous sections, we can prove\n\n\\[theo1d\\] There exist constants $d_0$ and $d_1$, such that if $d<\\min (d_0,$ $ d_1 / \\kappa)$, then any solution of $(gl_{d})$ is symmetric, that is $f$ is even and $q$ is odd.", "\n\nThis theorem together with the result of uniqueness for symmetric solutions proved in [@AT2] give a global uniqueness result for the solutions of $(gl_d)$ with small $d$.\n\nThe proof, as in the previous sections consists first in deriving a priori estimates for the functions $f$ and $q$. We recall from [@AT2] that a solution is such that $f$ has a unique maximum, which we call $x_0$, with $\\beta= f(x_0)=\\|f\\|_\\infty$, and $q$ is increasing with a unique zero $x_1$. A similar proof to what we did in Section 2 and 3 yields:\n\n\\[prop1dest\\] There exist constants $d_0$ and $d_1$, such that if $d<\\min$ $ (d_0, d_1 / \\kappa)$, then \\[est1d\\] |[[f(x)]{}]{} -1|C d, |q(x)-H\\_0 x|C d\\^2.", "\n\nUsing similar techniques as in [@AT2], one can get more precise estimates, which in particular give a relation between $\\beta$ and $H_0$.\n\n\\[prop2dest\\] Let $0<d<min(1,1/2\\kappa)$, then \\[fest\\] (1-[[\\^2]{}2]{} (x-x\\_0)\\^2)f(x)x(-d,d), and there exists $\\alpha$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\alpha (x-x_1)\\leq q(x)\\leq \\alpha (x-x_1)(1+2\\beta d)\\quad \\forall x\\in(x_1,d),\\\\\n\\alpha (x-x_1)(1-2\\beta d)\\leq q(x)\\leq \\alpha (x-x_1)\\quad \\forall x\\in(-d,x_1),\\\\\n|x_1|\\leq 2\\kappa^2d^3+2d^2,\\\\\n{\\sqrt{3(1-\\beta^2)}\\over \\sqrt{1+3\\beta d}}\\leq \\alpha d \\leq {\\sqrt{3(1-\\beta^2)+2d^2\\kappa^2}\\over \\sqrt{1- d^2\\kappa^2/2}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThese estimates mean that $f$ is nearly constant and that $q$ is nearly equal to $\\alpha x$, because its zero $x_1$ is very small and recall from Proposition \\[prop1dest\\] that $\\alpha$ and $H_0$ are very close. ", "We will not give the proof of Proposition \\[prop2dest\\] since Proposition \\[prop1dest\\] is enough for our purposes.", "\n\nThe second step of the proof consists in defining the functions $w$ and $z$ as before (note that the distances have been non dimensionnalized by $d$ as in the previous sections: \\[wz1d\\] w(x)=[1]{} (f(x)-f(-x))z(x)=[[q(x)+q(-x)]{}d]{}. ", "We derive the equations satisfied by $w$ and $z$, multiply them respectively by $w$ and $z$ and use the estimates of Proposition \\[prop1dest\\] to obtain $$|w''|\\leq \\eps|w|+\\eps |z|\\quad\\hbox{and}\\quad |z''|\\leq \\eps|w|+\\eps |z|.$$ Then we use the Poincaré inequality to get the equivalent of (\\[wlessz\\]) and (\\[zsmall\\]).", "\n\nFinally, we see that since $\\int_{-1}^{1} f^2 q=0$, then \\[final1d\\]\\_[-1]{}\\^[1]{} z[f\\^2\\^2]{}=\\_[-1]{}\\^[1]{} qw[[(+f)]{}]{}.As previously, we derive that if $z_m$ is different from zero, (\\[final1d\\]) provides a contradiction with (\\[est1d\\]), which means that $f(x)/\\beta$ is nearly constant.", "\n\nRemarks on the bifurcation curve\n================================\n\nIn order to describe the solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau equations, it is common to draw the bifurcation diagram. ", "The natural bifurcation diagram, which appears in the physics literature, is to plot the infinity norm of $\\Psi$ (that we call $\\beta$) against $H_0$. In our setting, recall that $\\Psi$ is nearly constant.", "\n\nFor the 1-dimensionnal model, Kwong [@kwong] has proved that for each $\\beta$, there exists a unique $H_0 (\\beta)$ such that $(gl_d)$ has a symmetric solution. ", "Recall that in our setting, we have proved that solutions are indeed symmetric. ", "Aftalion and Troy [@AT1] have established a complete picture of the bifurcation curves in the different regimes of $\\kappa$ and $d$. In the regime where $d$ is small compared to $1 /\\kappa$, then the curve $\\beta$ against $H_0$ is decreasing from 1 to 0 as $H_0$ increases from 0 to $C /d$. In [@AT2], it is proved that $\\lim_{d\\to 0} d H_0 (\\beta)=\\sqrt{3(1-\\beta^2)}$ uniformly with respect to $\\beta$ in $(0,1)$. Thus, for $H_0$ larger than $\\sqrt 3 /d$, the only solution is the normal solution. ", "For $H_0$ smaller, there exists a unique solution which is not normal; it is symmetric and has $\\Psi$ or $f$ almost constant to $\\beta$ between 0 and 1. ", "The value of $H_0$ for which the normal solution loses its stability has been studied in detail by Bolley-Helffer [@BH8].", "\n\nIn the 2 dimensionnal case, the same kind of behaviour holds. ", "A natural question is to wonder when the superconducting solution exists. ", "Using the result of Giorgi-Phillips, we have proved that if there exists a non normal solution then $d^2 H_0$ tends to 0 with $d$. Hence, if $H_0$ is not small enough, the only solution is the normal solution. ", "On the other hand, it is known that for $H_0$ small, there exists a superconducting solution close to 1.", "\n\nWhen there is a superconducting solution, we have also proved that these solutions are such that $\\Psi$ is nearly constant. ", "Let us call this constant $\\beta$. Then there is a relation between the value of $\\beta$ and $H_0$. This relation is obtained by integrating the equation for $\\Psi$ using the boundary condition. ", "One gets $$\\int \\Psi (\\Psi^2+|A|^2-1)=0.$$ In the 1-d case, since $q(x)$ is equivalent to $H_0 x$, we get $$\\lim_{d\\to 0} d^2H_0^2= 3(1-\\beta^2),$$ as proved in [@AT2]. ", "In the radial case, one can prove with a similar estimate to Section 2 that $A(r)$ is asymptotically $H_0 r/2$, hence $$\\lim_{d\\to 0} d^2H_0^2= 8(1-\\beta^2).$$ This gives an asymptotic limit of the bifurcation curve for small $d$ and finishes the proof of Corollary \\[coruniq\\].", "\n\n[**Ackowledgements:**]{} The authors would like to thank the referee for helpful suggestions and the second author would like to thank the Ecole Normale Supérieure for their support and hospitality.", "\n\n[99]{} 1999 [*On the solutions of the one dimensional Ginzburg-Landau equations for superconductivity.*]{} ", "Physica D [**132**]{} 214-232. 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", "1999 [*The breakdown of superconductivity due to strong fields for the Ginzburg-Landau model.*]{} ", "SIAM J. Math. ", "Anal. [**", "30**]{}, 341-359. ", "1995 [*On the one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau BVPs.*]{} ", "Diff. ", "Int. ", "Equations [**8**]{}, 1395-1405. ", "1996 [*Les minimiseurs locaux pour l’équation de Ginzburg-Landau sont à symétrie radiale.*]{} ", "C.R.A.S. Ser.", "I [**323**]{} 593-598. ", "1999 [*A rigorous derivation of a free boundary problem arising in superconductivity.*]{} ", "Preprint. ", "1975 [*Introduction to superconductivity.*]{} ", "McGraw-Hill, New-York.", "\n\n[^1]: Laboratoire d’Analyse Numérique, B.C.187, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.", "\n\n[^2]: School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, N.S.W.2006, Australia, partially supported by ARC.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Economy class trip from Kiev and the cities of Ukraine to Dubai will cost 1689 UAH and 2237 UAH respectively (round trip, taxes and surcharges included).", "\n\nPanorama Club – UIA frequent flyer loyalty program – members are entitled to increased baggage and hand luggage allowance. ", "Panorama Club Premium card holders enjoy extra privileges at the airport.", "\nPanorama Club members are able to make an upgrade en route Kiev – Dubai – Kiev for 5000 miles one way. ", "A round trip economy and business class award ticket can be issued for 40000 and 60000 Panorama Club miles respectively.", "\n\nPassengers traveling from every corner of Ukraine to the UAE are provided with additional comfort for they are able to pass web check-in procedure, choose a seat, and pre-book preferable on-board meal type.", "\n\n“UIA is committed to making our passengers` flight the most comfortable ones, – noted Sergey Fomenko, UIA Executive Vice President Commerce. – ", "By making Kiev – Dubai service double-daily, operating flights on the best UIA aircraft and offering our passengers the most beneficial loyalty program, UIA makes every effort to ensure those preferring warmer climates get the best cost/quality ratio in winter. ", "We hope our clients will appreciate the unique UIA product and will enjoy flying with the leading Ukrainian carrier”.", "\n\nFor more information on UIA visit the company’s website www.flyUIA.com\n\nBe among the first to know about the best offers, discounts and hot deals on UIA flights!", "\n\nE-MAIL *\n\nNewsletter Language\n\nFirst Name *\n\nLast Name *\n\nMy mobile number\n\nI’m interested in flights from\n\nI’m interested in flights from Select a country\n\nI hereby agree to receive from Ukraine International Airlines the information (marketing materials) with current special offers for airline travel and other services, including e-News, joint promotional campaign (fares) of UIA and its partners, on Panorama Club loyalty program, and I hereby agree to the processing of my personal data for the purpose of receipt of such information (marketing materials) and personalized commercial offers in compliance with UIA’s Privacy Policy\nYou can withdraw your consent for commercial subscription at any time either via the “unsubscribe” option as instructed in the relevant UIA’s e-letter or by sending a written request about unsubscribe to the Data Protection Officer of UIA\n\nEnglish may be used alongside with your preferred language.", "\n\n×\n\nSubscribe to special offers\n\nBe among the first to know about discounts and promotions on UIA flights!" ]

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[ "At a recent meeting, Utah ranchers and public officials discussed ongoing disputes over the use and administration of federal land. ", "And really, the disputes date back generations, back to the time of the Dust Bowl, when livestock roamed freely on public lands. ", "Some say that changes in federal policy and regulations have improved conditions, but some ranchers still cry foul. ", "Monday, we’re delving into the complicated history of ranching in the West to see what it tells us about the problems today.", "\n\nPat Shea is a private attorney, a research professor of biology at the University of Utah, and a former director of the Bureau of Land Management under the Clinton administration.", "\n\nRandy Simmons is the Charles G. Koch Professor of political economy at Utah State University. ", "He's also the president of Strata Policy, a think tank hired by the Utah State Legislature to promote its efforts to gain control of public lands." ]

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[ "VARTA Longlife Accu AA NiMH AA 2100mAh, 4 pcs\n\nSet of 4 rechargeable AA batteries edition of Longlife Accuse designed to provide long-lasting energy reserves all standard equipment. ", "Conventional rechargeable batteries during disuse loses its capacity. ", "These batteries using unique technology VARTA Ready2Use that this annoying phenomenon and minimizes battery even after storage retains 80% of its original capacity. ", "Batteries are after unpacking immediately ready for use, as they are shipped from the factory přednabité.", "\n\nSpecifications:\n\nType: AA\n\nElectrochemical Technology: Nickel Hydride (NiMH)\n\nCapacity: 2100 mAh\n\nVoltage: 1.2 V\n\nWeight: 26 g\n\nOnline chat\n\nDear customer, your question you can send us a message via the contact form here, respectively. ", "you can solve your query online using chat. ", "If you want to use the chat log , please.", "\n\npre-charged, according to the parameters loses its charge very slowly, the ratio of price vs. qualityLong charging on the charger - AA with a capacity of 2700mAh reloading me 2h 4h these batteries, a relatively small battery life, a low number compared to such cycles. ", "SANYO, but I doubt that I will use max.number cycles\n\nVáclav, Brno15/12/2013\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\nI had a week in an older camera for the occasional photo shoot and still OK. ", "With běžnýma NiMH 2500 - 2700 mAh worked an hour to 1 day.", "\n\nCustomer03/03/2012\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\notherwise good\n\nthemselves will not dischargesmall capacity\n\nTomáš, Vendryně18/03/2015\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\nPre-charged, hold long capacity.", "\n\nCustomer03/01/2015\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\nQuality, reliable akumulatory\n\nStamina\n\nCustomer29/04/2014\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\nI think that they fulfill what I expected them\n\nA battery life during periods of disuseNothing\n\nCustomer15/03/2014\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\nEverything OK\n\nCustomer28/02/2014\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\n-quality flashlightsnothing\n\nbedra07/02/2014\n\nTranslated by Google Translate\n\nwhen I received were, although Nabi but on insertion, the Chargers showed me the su charged to 25 percent. ", "I gave them charged and su ok" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nChoosing between WPF/C# and Qt/C++\n\nMe and my team are developing an application, which involves a back-end written in C++ and involves use of libraries such as OpenCV, MIL, etc.", "\nNow, we need to develop a GUI to interface with this program, such that the GUI displays the images, and the user can interact with the images and annotate / mark the images, and then run the image processing algorithms written in C++ to display results.", "\nFor the GUI, i am stuck choosing between WPF and Qt\nI personally find WPF to be easier, and more powerful than Qt\nI understand that WPF is not portable to Linux, but i am not worried about this too much... \nAlso, WPF uses the DirectX technology, which i may have to use to generate some 3-D visualization at a later stage.", "\nPlease help me with these points :\n\nCan I interface WPF directly with C++ (and not with Visual C# ??)", "\nIf (Point 1) is not possible, then consider this :\nThe code in C++ is going to be big, and involving some libraries too, so can i use C# to call C++ functions \nWould the time invested in learning Qt be lesser than making my unmanaged non-OO C++ code work with WPF ?", "\n\n(i have a sinking feeling that I'd have to write too much code for interfacing C++ with WPF, which may equal rewriting half of the actual program itself... :-( )\n\nA:\n\nI've used both Qt with C++ and WPF. ", " I much prefer WPF as a User Interface framework. ", " Qt isn't bad, especially post 4.0. ", " I wouldn't even touch earlier versions of Qt.", "\nAs others have said in comments, WPF is better documented, and the online community is larger. ", " If you are looking at styled applications WPF is certainly the way to go. ", " Qt's Declarative language which is new is a good step along that road, but because it's so new it tends to be a bit buggy. ", " WPF has been around longer, and is more mature and richer in features.", "\nHowever, I think the real issue in your case is the c++ code base that you have.", "\nWPF will require a C++/CLI layer (managed C++) in order to interface properly with your c++ code base. ", " This sounds complicated, and does require a little bit of work, but it is not as crazy as it might sound. ", " And there is tons of documentation about this as well. ", " Personally I would stay away from PInvoke.", "\nQt is a little easier because it is c++ based, but you will have some translation to do between c++ native types, and Qt types (like QString, QList etc...) that are used internally.", "\nAnother thing to consider is what look-and feel you would like for your UI. ", " For example if you were thinking about a nice Ribbon (office 2008, 2010) look, then you will not get this with Qt. ", " Also, there are a ton of third-party WPF controls, but I haven't found very many for Qt. ", " In some cases it is very handy to buy a nice set of controls to supplement the ones Microsoft gives by default.", "\nOver the past couple of years where we don't have a requirement to have a linux UI we have been using WPF, regardless of the code base. ", " We haven't regretted it yet.", "\nHowever, I will also suggest a third option. ", " Code-jock is a UI framework that is based on MFC I believe. ", " It is c++ and ActiveX based. ", " It has become quite sophisticated. ", " Check it out here.", "\nEDIT:\nQML has come a long way since I first looked at it. ", "I haven't had the time to look at it in depth, but from what I hear it offers some very interesting features. ", "It is worth an extra look.", "\nAlso, as a few comments have indicated, there are more Office-like controls such as a ribbon, and also some diagram and graphing controls that have added to the Qt toolset. ", " These do make Qt an interesting prospect.", "\nI will stand by something I said earlier though, that as a programmer I find making UIs with WPF a whole lot easier, and I am more pleased with my results than anything that I have ever coded with Qt.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf it's C++, stick to Qt. ", " 3D part of your project can be handled by Qt's OpenGL widget.", "\nChoosing WPF path will force you to do some parts in either C# or VB.net (always bad practice).", "\nThere isn't much advantage in using WPF with C++.", "\nBesides, the rest of your code is C/C++. ", "suits your needs.", "\nOpenCV, MIL etc are somewhat easier to integrate with Qt rather than making P/Invoke calls with WPF (which will also cause delays due to .Net marshalling).", "\n\nA:\n\nI'd say you should stick with Qt if you have a big C++ codebase already. ", "WPF is not as awesome and not as easy to develop as they say. ", "C++ and Qt is a well-known team, plain C++ (not .NET) with WPF is not.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "50,000 Runners, Moving in Waves\n\nWith 50,000 runners in 2014, there were far too many participants to begin the race all at once. ", "As runners were sent off in waves, some moved faster and some slowed down, causing the field to mix and even out over time. ", "At the front, elite runners break away and get far ahead of the pack.", "\n\nThe first year the New York marathon used waves was in 2008, when the field was divided in three. ", "Until then, the average time it took for a runner to run from the start line to the finish line, known as the net time or chip time, tracked closely with the gun time, which is the time from the first start signal until a runner crosses the finish line.", "\n\nSince the marathon started setting off in waves, average net time has remained steady while average gun time has gotten longer, meaning more people are on the course later in the day.", "\n\nMore Women Are Participating\n\n% 40 30 20 10 0 40% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 % 40 30 20 10 0 40 % 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014\n\nIn the first New York City Marathon, there were only 55 finishers, and none were women. ", "Since then, the participation rate for women has steadily climbed to about 40 percent.", "\n\nConnie Brown, 71, has run in 36 of the marathons, the most of any woman in New York City Marathon history. ", "She has not missed one since her start in 1978, when fewer than 10 percent of finishers were women.", "\n\nThat was also the year the Olympian Grete Waitz ran her first New York City Marathon. ", "She came in first, and went on to win eight more times after that, taking home more wins than anyone else and setting three world records in the process.", "\n\nAn International Marathon\n\nBrazil Canada United States 2.7% Venez. ", "48 percent of all runners in last 10 marathons Arg. ", "Peru Col. ", "Mexico 1.8% Japan 1.4% Spain Ireland Germany Italy France China 5.4% 7% 6.7% Australia Denmark Switzer- land Britain Norway Netherlands Sweden 5.9% 3.9% South Africa Belgium France United States 7% 48 percent of all runners in last 10 marathons Italy 6.7% Britain 5.9% Germany 5.4% Netherlands 3.9% Switzerland Spain Sweden Ireland Norway Mexico Canada Denmark Belgium 1.8% 2.7% Brazil Arg. ", "Col. ", "Japan Australia South Africa China 1.4% Chile Venezuela Peru\n\nThe United States has had, by far, the most participants in the marathon. ", "But the race is also a big draw internationally: In the past 10 marathons, about half of finishers ran for another country.", "\n\nFrance, Italy and the United Kingdom have had the most finishers outside the United States. ", "Canadians, who have the shortest commute, are down at No. ", "6. ", "Europe and North America account for 92 percent of all runners.", "\n\nInternational Winners\n\nTop countries by wins since 1970, with year of last win United States Kenya Norway Britain Italy Britain Ethiopia Brazil Latvia South Africa New Zealand 21 20 10 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 2009 2014 1992 2008 2001 1999 2011 2008 2006 2004 1983 Top countries by wins since 1970, with year of last win United States Kenya Norway Britain Italy Britain Ethiopia Brazil Latvia South Africa New Zealand 21 20 10 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 2009 2014 1992 2008 2001 1999 2011 2008 2006 2004 1983\n\nAn American has not won the marathon since 2009, when Meb Keflezighi, a 2004 Olympic silver medalist who was born in Eritrea, finished in 2 hours 9 minutes 15 seconds. ", "The last winner born in the United States was 30 years before that, when Bill Rodgers won in 1979.", "\n\nKeflezighi is a Californian; the last time a New Yorker even cracked the top 10 was when Gordon Bloch took sixth place in the 1992 marathon.", "\n\nA Race for All Ages, Especially Round Ones\n\nfinishers 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 20 40 60 80 Ages of all New York marathon finishers since 1971. ", "years finishers 40,000 20,000 0 20 40 60 80 Ages of all New York Marathon runners since 1971 years\n\nParticipants in the marathon have run the gamut from 8-year-old Wesley Paul, who ran the marathon in 1977 in 3 hours and 31 seconds, to 93-year-old Josef Galia. ", "In 1981 the official minimum age was set to 16. ", "It increased to 18 in 1988.", "\n\nWhile most runners are ages 20 to 50, there are big spikes at milestone ages like 40 and 50.", "\n\nElites vs. Everyone Else\n\nGary Muhrcke won the first running of the New York City marathon in 1970. ", "Don Hogan Charles/The New York Times\n\nMost of the racers you see in the marathon are not the elite runners. ", "The fastest pack in the New York City Marathon starts earlier, runs faster and rocks coveted low-number bibs.", "\n\nThe elite runners are closer in age to 30 than to 40, largely from another country and run about two hours faster on average than everyone else.", "\n\nThe great mass of runners behind them are closer to 40 than to 30, mostly men and mostly from the United States. ", "Every once in a while, though, someone in that pack beats their lower-bibbed cohorts, like the Brazilian Jovadir Acedo, who took 18th place in 2013.", "\n\nNot in It for a Record\n\nThe New York City Marathon is not the race you want to run to set a world record. ", "In contrast to other marathons, like Berlin’s, the course in New York City has not changed significantly since 1976. ", "No men’s world record has been set on this course, and the last women’s world record was set by Grete Waitz in 1980." ]

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[ "/*\r\n * This library is part of OpenCms -\r\n * the Open Source Content Management System\r\n *\r\n * Copyright (C) Alkacon Software (http://www.alkacon.com)\r\n *\r\n * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\r\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\r\n * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\r\n * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\r\n *\r\n * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\r\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\r\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "See the GNU\r\n * Lesser General Public License for more details.", "\r\n *\r\n * For further information about Alkacon Software, please see the\r\n * company website: http://www.alkacon.com\r\n *\r\n * For further information about OpenCms, please see the\r\n * project website: http://www.opencms.org\r\n *\r\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public\r\n * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software\r\n * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA\r\n */\r\n\r\npackage org.opencms.ade.configuration;\r\n\r\nimport org.opencms.util.", "CmsUUID;\r\n\r\n/**\r\n * Bean for representing a named dynamic function reference from the configuration.<p>\r\n */\r\npublic class CmsFunctionReference implements I_CmsConfigurationObject<CmsFunctionReference> {\r\n\r\n /** The function default page id. */\r\n private CmsUUID m_functionDefaultPageId;\r\n\r\n /** The function reference name. */", "\r\n private String m_name;\r\n\r\n /** A number used for sorting the function references.<p>*/\r\n private int m_order;\r\n\r\n /** The function resource structure id. */\r\n private CmsUUID m_structureId;\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * Creates a new function reference.<p>\r\n *\r\n * @param name the name of the function reference\r\n * @param structureId the structure id of the function\r\n * @param functionDefaultPageId the function default page id\r\n * @param order the number used for sorting the function references\r\n */\r\n public CmsFunctionReference(String name, CmsUUID structureId, CmsUUID functionDefaultPageId, int order) {\r\n\r\n m_name = name;\r\n m_structureId = structureId;\r\n m_functionDefaultPageId = functionDefaultPageId;\r\n m_order = order;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * Returns the function default page id.<p>\r\n *\r\n * @return the function default page id\r\n */\r\n public CmsUUID getFunctionDefaultPageId() {\r\n\r\n return m_functionDefaultPageId;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * @see org.opencms.ade.configuration.", "I_CmsConfigurationObject#getKey()\r\n */\r\n public String getKey() {\r\n\r\n return m_name;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * Returns the name of the function reference.<p>\r\n *\r\n * @return the name of the function reference\r\n */\r\n public String getName() {\r\n\r\n return m_name;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * The order information for sorting the function references.<p>\r\n *\r\n * @return the order information\r\n */\r\n public int getOrder() {\r\n\r\n return m_order;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * Returns the structure id of the dynamic function resource.<p>\r\n *\r\n * @return the structure id of the function\r\n */\r\n public CmsUUID getStructureId() {\r\n\r\n return m_structureId;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * @see org.opencms.ade.configuration.", "I_CmsConfigurationObject#isDisabled()\r\n */\r\n public boolean isDisabled() {\r\n\r\n return false;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * @see org.opencms.ade.configuration.", "I_CmsConfigurationObject#merge(org.opencms.ade.configuration.", "I_CmsConfigurationObject)\r\n */\r\n public CmsFunctionReference merge(CmsFunctionReference child) {\r\n\r\n return child;\r\n }\r\n}\r\n" ]

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[ "Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells isolated by a novel explantation technique can differentiate into functional endothelial cells and promote revascularization.", "\nStem cells transplantation holds great promise for the treatment of ischemic diseases through functional revascularization. ", "Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) are also an ideal candidate for cell-based bioengineering. ", "Herein, we report on the development of a simple and effective protocol to isolate UC-MSCs, and confirm their endothelial potential both in vitro and in vivo. ", "UC-MSCs were isolated by a novel explantation technique and induced to differentiate into endothelial-like cells. ", "Then UC-MSCs were transplanted into ischemic mouse model and cultured on 3D gel/MMT-CS composite scaffolds. ", "Morphological and proliferation assessments show that sufficient UC-MSCs can be generated during a relatively short culture period with explantation technique. ", "Increased expression of endothelial-specific markers (KDR and vWF), and functional markers (ac-LDL uptake and UEA-1 binding), indicate that functional endothelial progenitor cells are induced after 9 days of in vitro culture. ", "In an ischemic hindlimb mouse model, the ratio of ischemic/nonischemic limb perfusion 4 weeks after MSCs transplantation reached 0.84 +/- 0.09. ", "The capillary density of this group was 2.57-fold greater than that of sham-injected mice (P < 0.05). ", "Immunofluorescence and immunohistological analyses indicate that MSCs may act to salvage the ischemic tissue by incorporating into the local vasculature. ", "In vitro, UC-MSCs were observed to incorporate into 3D gel/MMT-CS composite scaffolds, to secrete extracellular matrix, to remain viable, and to retain their proliferation capacity. ", "In conclusion, UC-MSCs isolated by novel yet simple explantation technique are well suited for application in the development of novel stem cell-based revascularization therapies." ]

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[ "NOTE: This article is old, this hack is no longer necessary, as Debian includes dehydrated that makes all the work.", "\n\n\n\nFree SSL certificates for everyone! ", "the https://letsencrypt.org/ initiative backed by Akamai, Cisco, Mozilla and EFF, is going to offer free certificates. ", "On this post I am going to explain how I have automated the process of creation and renewal of certificates, on a Debian server with a lot of virtualhosts with the minimal modification of the apache conf files.", "\n\nThe idea of the project is to extend the use of SSL certificates everywhere, the aproach of the project is that the process of provisioning certificates is selfprovisioned from the servers with no manual interaction, to force that the certificates expiration is 90 days, forcing sysadmins to automate the proccess.", "\n\nIn order to validate and sign the certificate the Let’s Encrypt CA, will use the DNS and will query your webserver for some credentials issued during the certificate generation.", "\n\nMoreover your webserver will have to answer to some queries from the CA during the issue and renewal of certificates. ", "The let’s encrypt software is able to modify your webserver setup, or can launch its own webserver, but none of these aproaches are aceptable for me, I want to have full control of the webserver, and make only controlled changes, there are a lot specific apache setups. ", "Fortunately Let’s encrypt offer us a useful option called webroot that only need to put files on a place on your website, this allow us to create an automated script with full control of what is being done.", "\n\nFirst at all we follow the instructions to install the letsencrypt binaries:\n\n\n\napt-get install git\n\ngit clone https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt\n\ncd letsencrypt\n\n./letsencrypt-auto\n\n\n\nLet’s go, the only modification on the webserver in order to answer the challenges is this:\n\n\n\nAlias /.well-known /var/www/html/le/.well-known\n\n\n\nRestart apache, and then you can launch the command to issue your new certificate.", "\n\n\n\n/root/.local/share/letsencrypt/bin/letsencrypt --renew-by-default -a webroot --webroot-path /var/www/html/le/ --server https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory --email [email protected] --text --agree-tos --agree-dev-preview -d eblog.damia.net auth\n\n\n\nThen you have your certificates ready at:\n\n/etc/letsencrypt/live/eblog.damia.net/cert.pem\n\n/etc/letsencrypt/live/eblog.damia.net/chain.pem\n\n/etc/letsencrypt/live/eblog.damia.net/fullchain.pem\n\n/etc/letsencrypt/live/eblog.damia.net/privkey.pem\n\nThen you can create a new virtualhost on port 443, with:\n\n\n\n[...]\n\nSSLEngine on\n\nSSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/eblog.damia.net/cert.pem\n\nSSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/eblog.damia.net/privkey.pem\n\nSSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/eblog.damia.net/fullchain.pem\n\n[...]\n\n\n\nDone, you have your new certificate!", "\n\nWe can automate all the process of creation and renewal, I have developed a script that automate some tasks like:\n\nCheck the expire date of the certificate and renew when the remaining days are below a value\n\nCheck that the directory for the challenge is well mapped\n\nAlert the admin if it is not posible to renew the certificate\n\nYou can see the code here, or you can download the file autole\n\n\n\n#!", "/bin/bash\n\n##\n\n##\n\n## LETS ENCRYPT AUTOMATION\n\n##\n\n## by Damia Soler\n\n## Contact damia (at) damia (dot) net\n\n## https://blog.damia.net\n\n## https://github.com/damiadev/autole/\n\n##\n\n##\n\n##==================================================\n\n## SETUP\n\n##\n\n##\n\n##\n\n## REMAINING DAYS TO EXPIRE BEFORE RENEW\n\n##\n\nDAYSTORENEW=10\n\n##\n\n## REMAINING DAYS TO EXPIRE BEFORE ALERT\n\n##\n\nDAYSTOALERT=5\n\n##\n\n## EMAIL TO ALERT IF UNABLE TO RENEW\n\n##\n\nALERTEMAIL=root@localhost\n\n##\n\n## EMAIL ACCOUNT ON LETS ENCRYPT\n\n##\n\[email protected]\n\n##\n\nWEBROOT=/www/htdocs/le/\n\n##WEBROOT=/www/htdocs/le/$1\n\n##\n\n##\n\nLEBIN=/root/.local/share/letsencrypt/bin/letsencrypt\n\n##\n\nCERTFILE=/etc/letsencrypt/live/$1/cert.pem\n\n##====================================================================================\n\nif test $1 = \"--renew-all\" ; then\n\necho Checking certificates\n\nls -1 /etc/letsencrypt/live|xargs -n1 $0 ;\n\n/etc/init.d/apache2 graceful\n\nexit ;\n\nfi;\n\n##====================================================================================\n\nif test -a $CERTFILE ; then\n\nd1=$(date -d \"`openssl x509 -in $CERTFILE -text -noout|grep \"Not After\"|cut -c 25-`\" +%s)\n\nd2=$(date -d \"now\" +%s)\n\nDAYS=` echo \\( $d1 - $d2 \\) / 86400 |bc `\n\necho -n `date` DOMAIN $1 will expire in $DAYS days \" \"\n\nelse\n\necho -n `date` DOMAIN $1 new\n\nDAYS=$DAYSTOALERT;\n\nfi;\n\nif test $DAYS -lt $DAYSTORENEW ; then\n\necho Trying to renew ;\n\n### PRETEST TO NOT MESS LE SERVERS IF YOU ARE NOT ANSWERING THE CHALLENGE\n\nTESTFILE=$RANDOM\n\necho test> $WEBROOT/.well-known/acme-challenge/$TESTFILE\n\nURL=http://$1/.well-known/acme-challenge/$TESTFILE\n\nmkdir -p $WEBROOT/.well-known/acme-challenge\n\ntouch $WEBROOT/.well-known/acme-challenge/index.html\n\necho test> $WEBROOT/.well-known/acme-challenge/$TESTFILE\n\nif curl --output /dev/null --silent --head --fail \"$URL\"; then\n\necho $LEBIN --renew-by-default -a webroot --webroot-path $WEBROOT --email $LEEMAIL --text --agree-tos -d $1 auth\n\n$LEBIN --renew-by-default -a webroot --webroot-path $WEBROOT --email $LEEMAIL --text --agree-tos -d $1 auth\n\necho SSLEngine on\n\necho SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/$1/cert.pem\n\necho SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/$1/privkey.pem\n\necho SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/$1/fullchain.pem\n\nelse\n\necho \"CAN NOT ACCESS THE PRE-CHALLENGE $URL PLEASE ADD ALIAS TO YOUR VIRTUALHOST CONF\" ;\n\necho \"Alias /.well-known $WEBROOT/.well-known\" ;\n\nfi\n\nrm $WEBROOT/.well-known/acme-challenge/$TESTFILE\n\nelse\n\necho no close to expire ;\n\nfi ;\n\nif test $DAYS -lt $DAYSTOALERT ; then\n\necho ALERT DOMAIN $1 CERTIFICATE RENEWAL PROBLEM|mail $ALERTEMAIL ;\n\necho ALERT DOMAIN $1 CERTIFICATE RENEWAL PROBLEM ;\n\nfi;\n\nYou can use\n\n\n\n./autole www.mydomain.com\n\n\n\nAnd you will have your new certificate available for this domain. (", "remeber to add previously the alias on apache)." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCharacter literal for vertical tab?", "\n\nHow can I write a character literal for a vertical tab ('\\v', ASCII 11) in Scala?", "\n'\\v' doesn't work. (", "invalid escape character)\n'\\11' should be it, but...\nscala> '\\11'.toInt\nres13: Int = 9\n\nBut 9 is the ASCII code for a normal tab('\\t'). ", "What is going on there?", "\nEDIT: This works and produces the right character, but I'd still like to know the syntax for a literal.", "\nval c:Char = 11\n\nA:\n\nYou need to use '\\13'. ", "It's in octal.", "\nFor more information see Scala Language Specification.", "\n\n1.3.4 Character Literals\nSyntax:\ncharacterLiteral ::= ‘\\’’ printableChar ‘\\’’ | ‘\\’’ charEscapeSeq ‘\\’’\nA character literal is a single character enclosed in quotes. ", "The\n character is either a printable unicode character or is described by\n an escape sequence (§1.3.6).", "\nExample 1.3.4 Here are some character\n literals: ’a’ ’\\u0041’ ’\\n’ ’\\t’ Note that ‘\\u000A’ is not a valid\n character literal because Unicode conversion is done before literal\n parsing and the Unicode character \\u000A (line feed) is not a\n printable character. ", "One can use instead the escape sequence ‘\\n’ or\n the octal escape ‘\\12’ (§1.3.6).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWrite a lambda or anonymous function that accepts an out parameter\n\nI have a delegate defined in my code:\npublic bool delegate CutoffDateDelegate( out DateTime cutoffDate );\n\nI would like to create delegate and initialize with a lambda or anonymous function, but neither of these compiled.", "\nCutoffDateDelegate del1 = dt => { dt = DateTime.", "Now; return true; }\nCutoffDateDelegate del2 = delegate( out dt ) { dt = DateTime.", "Now; return true; }\n\nIs there way to do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use either lambda or anonymous delegate syntax - you just need to specify the type of the argument, and mark it as out:\npublic delegate bool CutoffDateDelegate( out DateTime cutoffDate );\n\n// using lambda syntax:\nCutoffDateDelegate d1 = \n (out DateTime dt) => { dt = DateTime.", "Now; return true; };\n\n// using anonymous delegate syntax:\nCutoffDateDelegate d2 = \n delegate( out DateTime dt ) { dt = DateTime.", "Now; return true; }\n\nWhile explicitly declaring arguments as ref/out is expected, having to declare argument types in lambda expression is less common since the compiler can normally infer them. ", "In this case, however, the compiler does not currently infer the types for out or ref arguments in lambda/anon expressions. ", "I'm not certain if this behavior is a bug/oversight or if there's a language reason why this must be so, but there's an easy enough workaround.", "\nEDIT: I did a quick check in VS2010 β2, and it still looks like you have to define the argument types - they are not inferred for C# 4.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Taken - Reels of single core cable for wiring - Recycle\n\nRecommended Posts\n\nI have 5 spools of single core cable for wiring of equipment. ", "Each I different colour. ", "They are each 7/0.2 Single core, PVC insulated.", "\n\nEach reel must be over 100m Long.", "\n\nI would imagine they would be suitable for wiring pedals or other similar. ", "Would this be of interest to anyone?", "\n\nIs it any good for this kind of thing?", "\n\nI don't want anything for it, but cost of postage would be good, if it needs shipping. ", "If anyone wants a few meters off each roll I can do that too, if you cover the cost of postage. (", "Large letter probably)." ]

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[ "357 BC\n\n__NOTOC__\nYear 357 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. ", "At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rutilus and Imperiosus (or, less frequently, year 397 Ab urbe condita). ", "The denomination 357 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "\n\nEvents \n By place \n\n Persian Empire \n Rhodes falls to the Persian satrap Mausolus of Halicarnassus.", "\n\nSee Purim\n\n Thrace \n The Athenian general and mercenary commander, Chares and the Euboean mercenary Charidemus regain the Thracian Chersonese for Athens from the Thracian king Cersobleptes. ", "Charidemus receives, from Athens, a golden crown for his part in the victory.", "\n\n Macedonia \n The Macedonian general, Parmenion, wins a great victory over the Illyrians. ", "King Philip II of Macedon, having disposed of an Illyrian threat, occupies the Athenian city of Amphipolis (which commands the gold mines of Mount Pangaion). ", "Philip II now has control of the strategic city which secures the eastern frontier of Macedonia and gives him access into Thrace.", "\n Philip II of Macedon marries Olympias, the Molossian princess of Epirus thus helping to stabilize Macedonia's western frontier.", "\n\n Sicily \n The brother-in-law of Dionysius I, Dion, exiled from Syracuse in 366 BC by Dionysius II, assembles a force of 1,500 mercenaries at Zacynthus and sails to Sicily. ", "Dion wrests power from the weak Dionysius II, who is exiled and flees to Locri.", "\n\nRome \n\nGaius Marcius Rutilus elected Consul\n\nBirths\n\nDeaths \n Chabrias, Athenian general\n\nReferences" ]

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[ "Van Dijk more than deserves to be crowned Standard Chartered’s first Player of the Month this season as he has cruised to stellar performances in the campaign. ", "The centre-back has effectively been a rock at the back for his side and is a key reason why Jurgen Klopp’s men have racked up so many clean sheets in their opening games. ", "While van Dijk clearly deserves another personal accolade for his shelf, reflected by the outpouring of love from supporters he received after he was announced the winner, it’s interesting that Mane and Salah were just behind in the voting for the award. ", "As while both attackers have done tremendously well this season in their early outings, it’s hard to find a Reds player who has struggled, Joe Gomez should have been in the running. ", "One supporter tweeted that Mane as well as Gomez should have been a close second to van Dijk for this award and it’s hard to disagree with them. ", "Gomez has shone this season back in his natural position of centre-back and should have at least made the top three in the voting." ]

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[ "Comprehensive computational assessment of blood flow characteristics of left ventricle based on in-vivo MRI in presence of artificial myocardial infarction.", "\nUnderstanding the effects of cardiac diseases on the heart's functionality which is the purpose of many biomedical researches, directly affects the diagnostic and therapeutic methods. ", "Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common complication of cardiac ischemia, however, the impact of MI on the left ventricle (LV) flow patterns has not been widely considered by computational fluid dynamics studies thus far. ", "In this study, we present an insightful numerical method that creates an artificial MI on an image-based fluid-structure interactional model of normal LV to investigate its influence on the flow in comparison with the normal case. ", "Seventeen different models were developed to evaluate the effects of location, percentage, myocardial material properties and dilation size of MI on the LV's performance, area strain, wall displacement, pressure-volume loop, wall shear stress and velocity field. ", "The results show that MI considerably changes blood flow features which are fully dependent on MI parameters. ", "For the case of constant MI location, the effect of a decrease of infarcted myocardium stiffness, increase of dilation size and increase of MI percentage are mostly similar. ", "Although the location differences of MI under other constant conditions have similar impact on the ejection fraction, they also lead to dissimilar variations in the LV flow pattern and other indicators. ", "The presented model showed a capable computational method for investigating various mechanical MI conditions with respect to cardiac flow pattern. ", "The perspective of this model development seems to be an applicable tool for MI clinical diagnosis and prediction of complications related to MI." ]

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[ "Assessing the appropriateness of physician prescribing for geriatric outpatients. ", "Development and testing of an instrument.", "\nIn a randomized, controlled trial evaluating the impact of clinical pharmacists' consultations on physicians' prescribing decisions, a seven-member physician/pharmacist panel developed an instrument to characterize and quantify the full range of drug-prescribing problems. ", "The instrument was tested for validity and reliability. ", "The instrument was applied in reviewing prescribing for 236 geriatric outpatients. ", "To ensure internal validity of the instrument, five panel meetings were devoted to reaching a consensus on procedures, categories, criteria, and scoring. ", "Each case was evaluated independently by two reviewers and each drug in the regimen was evaluated for drug-drug interactions, dosage, schedule, allergic reactions, therapeutic duplication, use of drugs without established diagnoses, and inappropriate drugs for the patient's clinical conditions; discrepancies were adjudicated by the panel chairperson. ", "Self-reported adverse effects of 60 study patients who were interviewed, and hospital readmissions of all study patients were used to test the external validity of the instrument. ", "Inter-rater reliability improved over time, reaching a high of 97.1 percent after six months. ", "A positive association was determined between the prescribing scores and the number of reported adverse effects (rho = 0.28, p = 0.02). ", "Although the number of patients with drug-related hospital readmissions was too few to establish a significant association between the prescribing scores and readmissions, the findings were expected. ", "Given current requirements for drug utilization reviews in hospitals, health maintenance organizations, and Medicaid programs, this instrument may prove to be very useful." ]

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[ "With a sexy pair of pigtails, knee socks and heels, deadly cleaver and bitchy schoolgirl skirt, Nicole gets you bad at the time she gets well, doing a DP herself with her fingers and playing with a vibrator. ", "cruz pornstar komik xxx bugil hinata\n\nShe'll take off her clothes slowly for her webcam and show us her dazzling body. ", "colonbiana da o que ten porno doido sildenafil 100\n\nxvideos carmen electra She didn't want to know anything else when she met Marco Banderas: she took him behind the bushes and pulled down his pants to suck his cock right there before going to the hotel. ", "tomoe yamanaka porno\n\nThis naughty young lady has sneaked into this guy's pool to take a sunbath. ", "Tits banana\n\nsex390 They meet in a hotel away from their houses and after exchanging oral sex,they improvise the sex session with the thrill of trying out new things in bed. ", "Culos desnudos de mujeres con granos incesto italiano video gratis\n\nxvideos carmen electra\n\nBut I don't think fresh water is actually what I need, I think I prefer a nice cumshot on my boobs to quench my thirst for sex. ", "Culos desnudos de mujeres con granos\n\nAngel Rivas is back at CumLouder and brings us a couple of special gifts, which we really appreciate, because we will be the first ones to get the privilege to enjoy them. ", "incesto italiano video gratis united healthcare otc catalog 2018\n\nTits banana I've showed off my boobs and ass on the street so I deserve a punishment and I want you to be my punisher.", "\n\nHe's a man who has lost almost all his attraction and doesn't even know where his car is.", "\n\ncolonbiana da o que ten porno doido Luckily there is always some guy wanting to help fixing the car and check if Yoha could pass the pussy inspection. ", "cruz pornstar\n\ntomoe yamanaka porno\n\nToday she's gonna be fucked by Rob Diesel, but this crazy Latina doesn't want this time to be normal, 'cause she wants to feel it deep in her ass. ", "sissy panties" ]

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[ "President Trump on Thursday used the situation in Venezuela to blast Democratic Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s idea of a 70 percent marginal tax for the rich.", "\n\nWhen asked a question about the troubled nation, Trump replied, “It’s a very sad situation. ", "That was the richest state in all of that area. ", "That’s a big, beautiful area—and by far the richest—and now it’s one of the poorest places in the world.”", "\n\n“That’s what socialism gets you when they want to raise your taxes to 70 percent,” Trump continued. “", "I’ve been watching our opponents are future opponents talking about 70 percent. ", "Number one, they can’t do it for 70 percent. ", "It’s got to be probably twice that number. ", "But maybe more importantly what happens is you really have to study and take a look at what’s happened to Venezuela.”", "\n\n18 PHOTOS Desolate grocery stores show dire food crisis in Venezuela See Gallery Desolate grocery stores show dire food crisis in Venezuela A woman selects goat cheese from partially empty refrigerators at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello Workers sit on empty shelves at the fruit and vegetables area in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello Empty refrigerators are seen at the fish area in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A woman stands in front of partially empty refrigerators at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello Police officers stand guard outside a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A woman selects lemons from partially empty shelves at the fruits and vegetables area in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A man walks past empty shelves at the bakery area in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A woman walks past empty shelves at the fruits and vegetables area in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello Stacked shopping carts are seen next to empty refrigerators at the deli area at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello Police officers control the crowd as people line up to buy sugar, outside a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 10, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello People walk past empty shelves at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A woman looks at a partially empty refrigerator in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A man looks at an empty refrigerator in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A man walks past an empty refrigerator at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello Empty refrigerators are seen at the butchery area in a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello An empty refrigerator is seen at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A woman walks past empty shelves at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello A woman walks past an empty refrigerator at a supermarket in Caracas, Venezuela January 9, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Marco Bello Up Next See Gallery Discover More Like This HIDE CAPTION SHOW CAPTION of SEE ALL BACK TO SLIDE\n\nOcasio Cortez proposed a marginal tax plan in an interview with CBS’ “60 Minutes,” meaning that the higher rate would only apply to money over a certain threshold.", "\n\n“Once you get to the tippy tops, on your $10 millionth dollar, sometimes you see tax rates as high as 60 percent or 70 percent,\" Ocasio-Cortez said. \"", "That doesn’t mean all $10 million dollars are taxed at an extremely high rate. ", "But it means that as you climb up this ladder, you should be contributing more.”", "\n\nIn Ocasio-Cortez’s plan, the tax dollars would be used to tackle the problems of climate change and income inequality.", "\n\nMore from :\n\nBacking down, Trump agrees to end shutdown without border wall money\n\nU.S. House to release all Russia probe transcripts -Schiff\n\nTrump announces short-term plan to reopen government during funding negotiations" ]

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[ "The Tumblr site features women holding handmade signs advertising their reasons for opposing feminism in its current incarnation. ", "The movement explains its position to make clear that members are focused on extreme versions of feminism (and possibly to limit the backlash they receive from women — nearly 40 percent of whom still consider themselves feminists):\n\nI don’t think “Anti-Feminism” is some kind of rigid ideology, creed, religion, or doctrine, even a real “ism.” ", "I think it’s just an umbrella term for people who think there is something seriously wrong with the actions of people acting in the name of “feminism.” . . . ", "Based on its overall actions, [feminism] is about socially engineering society to give special privileges to women and special punishments to men. ", "That’s not equality. ", "That’s not respecting genders. ", "Once again, I don’t give a crap about your dictionary definition. ", "It’s the actions that turned me against feminism. ", "The actions don’t match the rhetoric.", "\n\nAccording to outlets such as Bustle.com, Vice.com, and Cosmopolitan, it is the campaign’s supporters who are confused. ", "In response to the campaign, several Twitter users have tweeted some variation of this statement: “The only thing #WomenAgainstFeminism has taught me is that there are lots of women who have no idea what feminism is.”", "\n\nWell, what is it then? ", "The popular conception holds that the movement has gone through three distinct stages in the past century.", "\n\nFirst-wave feminism (from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries) was characterized primarily by the fight for women’s suffrage. ", "The sexual revolution and abortion rights came during the second wave, in the 1960s and 1970s. ", "Contemporary feminism, the third wave (from the 1990s to the present), has incorporated post-colonial and post-modern thinking, treating what used to be considered biological facts or innate tendencies as arbitrary social constructs.", "\n\nSome have also noted that while the distinction between the first and third waves is categorical, the second and third waves run on more of a continuum and are sometimes indistinguishable. ", "The deconstruction of traditional sexual morality beginning in the 1960s separated “ought” from “is” regarding sex. ", "By the 1990s, some feminists began to deny even objective biological and social facts if they interfered with ideology. ", "The Exposing Feminism blog has debunked many of these myths, including those about campus rape statistics and the so-called wage gap.", "\n\nCritics berate the anti-feminist movement for confusing the different waves of feminism. ", "These same critics then respond to complaints against the distinctly third-wave incarnation by invoking the accomplishments of the first wave — pointing out, correctly, that the right of women to vote was a hard-won victory over strong opposition. ", "But this is a straw man reply to the Women Against Feminism movement.", "\n\nThe women who send pictures to the Women Against Feminism Tumblr page may not know or care to study all the nuances of feminism through the ages. ", "What they do experience is the culture that contemporary feminists are in actuality trying to create for all the members of their sex. ", "Most women today support aspects of traditional feminism, but that support does not mean blanket support for all of contemporary feminism’s agenda.", "\n\nFeminists seem upset by this selective support, or simply deny altogether that it is possible. ", "If one doesn’t affirm the notion of rape culture or the necessity of feminist biology, then according to feminists, neither does she appreciate laws against marital rape or universal suffrage. ", "They would prefer that women deny their own common sense in order to support implausible ideas such as the belief that drawing any distinctions between humans threatens justice, or that a woman can behave with any degree of sexual license and not expect men to interpret her behavior as they naturally do. ", "Ultimately, feminist biology might be a nice idea, but when you’re visiting the doctor you’re better off with accurate biology.", "\n\nIn 1994, Katie Roiphe wrote about the feminist crusade against campus rape culture: “These feminists are endorsing their own utopian vision of sexual relations: sex without struggle, sex without power, sex without persuasion, sex without pursuit. ", "If verbal coercion constitutes rape, then the word rape itself expands to include any kind of sex a woman experiences as negative.” ", "Remaking sex into something it isn’t — a consumerist transaction that is fundamentally the same for both parties — doesn’t address the horror of rape.", "\n\nSeveral people tweeted that they need feminism because women “need self-agency.” ", "Actually, women don’t need self-agency (or simply “agency”), as if it were an external good; they possess it intrinsically because they are human beings.", "\n\nA failure to respect women is, in fact, a failure to respect all humans as equally human. ", "Feminism won’t solve rape or domestic abuse or misogyny because it doesn’t address the actual cause of these problems. ", "Ultimately, Women Against Feminism condemns contemporary feminism because for any legitimate issues it raises, feminism cites gender itself — rather than evil human behavior — as the cause.", "\n\n— Celina Durgin is a Franklin Center intern at National Review Online." ]

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