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[ "Positive Outcome With Hiring a Personal Injury Lawyer\n\nInjury attorneys specialize in the field of law which provides remedies and defenses associated with civil lawsuits brought on as a result of wrongful conduct. ", "This includes cases when an individual is harmed because of intentional or unintentional negligence of another party, company, or group of people.", "\n\nA personal injury is something that can happen to any person, and the probabilities are very high that at some point you will fall victim to the carelessness of another. ", "It can be physical damage to your body or it can be psychological. ", "Regardless of the reason for your injury, you can claim compensation.", "\n\nA Lincoln NE accident attorney understands the regulations for your state. ", "They will aid you in acquiring settlement for your losses because of time off work, medical costs, damaged property, as well as psychological anguish and suffering. ", "These are just some of the reasons to employ an expert in the area of personal injury law.", "\n\nDealing with Various Attorneys\n\nVia their network of experiences, a personal injury attorney is a specialist at managing negotiations with other attorneys and understands the very best approach to get you an ideal option. ", "Also, they will handle the insurance company's legal representatives if your situation moves past mediation and arbitration.", "\n\nBackground Knowledge of the Legal System\n\nA personal injury attorney understands the laws and the court system. ", "They will keep you apprised on every solution accessible to you and how you can successfully pursue them. ", "Their background assures they will exactly analyze the value of your case, whether it is worth pursuing, and how to move forward.", "\n\nIncrease Your Odds of Winning a Case\n\nFiling a case versus an insurance company without a legal representative an uphill battle without a solid strategy and the right tools to assist your climb. ", "No matter how ready you think you are as an individual, you just won't have the capability to put up a strong fight without a skilled specialist that knows how to research, analyze critical information and then present it to the court in written and verbal form.", "\n\nThe insurance agency has far more experience as well as negotiating power which they will certainly use to ensure you obtain the lowest payment possible. ", "The most effective plan of action is having a gifted accident attorney who could raise your odds of obtaining an appropriate settlement.", "\n\nOffer You Objectivity\n\nWhen you're hurt, it is very easy to be overwhelmed by the situation, making it hard to form a sound judgment. ", "An accident lawyer could help you make smart choices on your behalf and advise you on the correct path to take.", "\n\nSaves you Time\n\nAn accident lawyer assists you in gathering medical records, talking to police, as well as other evidence pertaining to your case. ", "They also communicate with the insurance representative. ", "Depending on your situation, you might not have sufficient time to round up these crucial details. ", "Gathering this proof and filing documentation in a timely manner also boosts your odds of winning a case.", "\n\nBest Approach to Achieve Resolution\n\nAn injury lawyer realizes when the opposition won't offer an appropriate settlement and what strategies for negotiation are important. ", "Their longstanding history with the judicial system will benefit you ways you can’t imagine. ", "The best car accident attorney will assist in every step of the process to help your life get back to normal." ]

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[ "I have noticed one thing. ", "I haven't run them scripts on gutsy but after i did it i have noticed that now even on gutsy i can't compile wine like before:( Some packages in this script are not good for my configuration or i am doing something wrong. ", "Now if I run mentioned app my bandwitch use is full and app is freezing. ", "Please tell me if the only way to come back with gutsy the way i was is to reinstall the system?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nwhen to malloc and when not to -- c programming\n\nI have few issues regarding when to use malloc or in this case strdup.", "\nBelow is the small function which I have stolen from internet.", "\nI am trying to understand the code but stuck with few issues.", "\n 1. ", "the code has assigned value to psrc and pdest. ", "example \nchar* psrc = dups; \nchar* pdest = s; \n\nDoubt: don't we need to use malloc to allocate space for psrc and pdest.? ", "If not then why. ", " \n\npdest [0] = '\\0';\nThe above line allocates termination character at the starting of pdest string. ", "then previously why we have assigned pdest to s . ", "example char* pdest = s;? ", " \n\nAny help or criticism will be helpful to me.", "\nThanks and regards,\nSam\n char* deldupchars (char* s) \n { \n char* dups = strdup (s); \n if (dups) \n { \n char* psrc = dups; \n char* pdest = s; \n char ch; \n\n pdest [0] = '\\0'; \n while ((ch = *psrc++) !", "= '\\0') \n { \n if (! ", "strchr (pdest, ch)) \n { \n *pdest++ = ch; \n } \n } \n pdest [0] = '\\0'; \n free (dups); \n } \n return s; \n } \n\nA:\n\nchar* psrc = dups; \n\nNo need to allocate here since dups was allocated by strdup.", "\nchar* pdest = s;\n\nNo need to allocate here since s was allocated by the caller.", "\npdest[0] = '\\0';\n\nThis writes into the contents of the string. ", "The assignment pdest = s assigns pointers but not contents.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "BMW 328Ci Replacement Control Arm Information\n\nRead Reviews for BMW 328Ci Control Arm -\n4.8 stars -\n(32 Reviews)\n\nBMW 328Ci Control Arm Reviews\n\nClose\n\nLoading Reviews...\n\nIf you own a high quality car, like the BMW 328Ci, be informed that when something goes wrong with your expensive ride the repairs will probably run a high bill. ", "First-rate engine power and automotive performance come from top-notch parts and accessories. ", "Your car or truck has a place in your heart due to its high performance and terrific style, so to keep it going in its best condition you'll need the best in replacement parts. ", "If a BMW 328Ci Control Arm breaks, it's usually a good idea to get the opposite arm looked at, as it may also require replacement. ", "A Control Arm is a vital component of your vehicle's suspension system, and it connects the steering knuckle to your car or truck's frame. ", "The slender end of the Control Arm attaches to your wheel in a ball joint while the wider end of the arm attaches to a car chassis and turns on a bushing. ", "Usually, Control Arms are formed like the letter A; the top end connects to the steering knuckle and the bifurcated end connects to the frame. ", "A vital aspect of numerous vehicle suspension styles, the Control Arm is relatively flat, triangular and mounts to the frame as well as the wheel.", "\n\nProduct Note: Up to production 7/99 control arms can only be replaced in pairs due to production design change. ", "This also requires that the control bushings be replaced due to a change in diameter size. ", "See also 31 12 6 783 376 control arm bushing kit.", "\n\nPosition of Product:Front Left Lower\n\nInventory:In Stock\n\nCondition:New\n\nMade By:OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer) - a replacement part made by the manufacturer of the original part.", "\n\nProduct Note: Up to production 7/99 control arms can only be replaced in pairs due to production design change. ", "This also requires that the control bushings be replaced due to a change in diameter size. ", "See also 31 12 6 783 376 control arm bushing kit.", "\n\nPosition of Product:Front Right Lower\n\nInventory:In Stock\n\nCondition:New\n\nMade By:OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer) - a replacement part made by the manufacturer of the original part.", "\n\nProduct Note: Up to production 7/99 control arms can only be replaced in pairs due to production design change. ", "This also requires that the control bushings be replaced due to a change in diameter size. ", "See also 31 12 6 783 376 control arm bushing kit." ]

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[ "[Epidemiology of HIV infections in Africa].", "\nAfrica is the continent most severely affected by the pandemic of immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2). ", "Nowadays (1990), at least 3 million individuals are infected and about 300,000 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been recorded. ", "HIV infections started in the seventies as sporadic cases in remote areas and spread throughout black Africa where they are now epidemic, with high seroprevalence (1p. ", "100-20 p. 100), even in the general population. ", "Due to heterosexual transmission, the groups at highest risk are female prostitutes and their customers and people with genital ulcers and/or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). ", "The vertical infection rates remain uncertain but may be estimated at 40 to 65 p. 100 of pregnancies in HIV-infected mothers. ", "Blood transfusions are the third mode of infection because of high demands for blood (sometimes not tested) arising from severe anaemias in children (malaria and sickle cell anaemia), in pregnant women and in patients needing surgery. ", "STDs causing ulcers undoubtedly are cofactors in the invasion by HIV, while the most important cofactors in AIDS progression are recurrent STDs, chronic activation of the immune system and repeated pregnancies that activate HIV-infected lymphocytes. ", "The minimum mortality rate of AIDS is about 1 in 5000. ", "Spatial, cultural and demographic factors should also be taken into consideration for all AIDS control programmes which must be integrated into the primary health care systems of African states." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n High-resolution spectroscopy of was obtained during quiescence. ", "We did not find a hot spot or gas stream around the outer boundaries of the accretion disk. ", "Instead, we detected a strong narrow emission near the location of the secondary star. ", "We measured the radial velocity curve from the wings of the double-peaked H$\\alpha$ emission line, and obtained a semi-amplitude value that is in excellent agreement with the obtained from observations in the ultraviolet spectral region by @sio98. ", "We present also a new method to obtain $K_2$, which enhances the detection of absorption or emission features arising in the late-type companion. ", "Our results are compared with published values derived from the near-infrared NaI line doublet. ", "From a comparison of the TiO band with those of late type M stars, we find that a best fit is obtained for a M6V star, contributing 5 percent of the total light at that spectral region. ", "Assuming that the radial velocity semi-amplitudes reflect accurately the motion of the binary components, then from our results: $ K_{em} = 107 \\pm 2$ km s$^{-1}$; $K_{abs} = 310 \\pm 5$ km s$^{-1}$, and using the inclination angle given by @zha87; $i = 69.7^\\circ \\pm 0.7$, the system parameters become: $ M_{WD} = 1.20 \\pm 0.05 \\,\n M_{\\odot}$; $M_{RD} = 0.42 \\pm 0.04 \\, M_{\\odot}$; and $ a = 1.55\n \\pm 0.02 \\, R_{\\odot}$. Based on the separation of the double emission peaks, we calculate an outer disk radius of $R_{out}/a \\sim\n 0.61 $, close to the distance of the inner Lagrangian point $L_1/a\n \\sim 0.63$. Therefore we suggest that, at the time of observations, the accretion disk was filling the Roche-Lobe of the primary, and that the matter leaving the $L_1$ point was colliding with the disc directly, producing the hot spot at this location.", "\nauthor:\n- 'Juan Echevarría, Eduardo de la Fuente and Rafael Costero'\ntitle: 'U Geminorum: a test case for orbital parameters determination'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#intro}\n============\n\nDiscovered by @hin56, U Geminorum is the prototype of a subclass of dwarf novae, a descriptive term suggested by @pay38 due to the small scale similarity of the outbursts in these objects to those of Novae.", "\n\nAfter the work by @kra62, who found U Gem to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period around 4.25 hr, and from the studies by @krz65, who establish the eclipsing nature of this binary, @wan71 and @sma71, established the classical model for Cataclysmic Variable stars. ", "The model includes a white dwarf primary surrounded by a disc accreted from a Roche-Lobe filling late-type secondary star. ", "The stream of material, coming through the L$_1$ point intersects the edge of the disc producing a bright spot, which can contribute a large fraction of the visual flux. ", "The bright spot is observed as a strong hump in the light curves of U Gem and precedes a partial eclipse of the accretion disk and bright spot themselves (the white dwarf is not eclipsed in this object).", "\n\nA mean recurrence time for U Gem outbursts of $\\approx$ 118 days, with $\\Delta$m$_V$=5 and outburst width of 12 d, was first found by @szk84. ", "However, recent analysis shows that the object has a complex outburst behavior [@coo87; @mat87; @can02]. ", "@sma04, using the AAVSO data on the 1985 outburst, has discovered the presence of super-humps, a fact that challenges the current theories of super-outbursts and super-humps for long period system with mass ratios above 1/3. ", "The latter author also points out the fact that calculations of the radius of the disc – obtained from the separation of the emission peaks [@kra75] in quiescence – are in disagreement with the calculations of the disc radii obtained from the photometric eclipse data [@sma01].", "\n\nSeveral radial velocity studies have been conducted since the first results published by @kra62. ", "In the visible spectral range, where the secondary star has not been detected, their results are mainly based on spectroscopic radial velocity analysis of the emission lines arising from the accretion disc [@kra62; @sma76; @sto81; @und06]. ", "In other wavelengths, works are based on absorption lines: in the near-infrared, on the Na I doublet from the secondary star [@wad81; @fri90; @nay05] and in the ultraviolet, on lines coming from the white dwarf itself [@sio98; @lon99].", "\n\nAlthough the research work on U Gem has been of paramount importance in our understanding of cataclysmic variables, the fact that it is a partially-eclipsed and – in the visual range – a single-lined spectroscopic binary, make the determination of its physical parameters difficult to achieve through precise measurements of the semi-amplitudes $K_{1,2}$ and of the inclination angle $i$ of the orbit. ", "Spectroscopic results of $K_{1,2}$ differ in the ultraviolet, visual and infrared ranges. ", "Therefore, auxiliary assumptions have been used to derive its more fundamental parameters [@sma01]. ", "In this paper we present a value of $K_{1}$, obtained from our high-dispersion Echelle spectra, which is in agreement with the ultraviolet results, and of $K_{2}$ from a new method applicable to optical spectroscopy. ", "By chance, the system was observed at a peculiar low state, when the classical hot spot was absent.", "\n\nObservations\n============\n\nU Geminorum was observed in 1999, January 15 with the Echelle spectrograph at the f/7.5 Cassegrain focus of the 2.1 m telescope of the Observatorio Astrónomico Nacional at San Pedro Mártir, B.C., México. ", "A Thomson 2048$\\times$2048 CCD was used to cover the spectral range between $\\lambda$5200 and $\\lambda$9100 Å, with spectral resolution of R=18,000. ", "An echellette grating of 150 l/mm, with Blaze around 7000 Å , was used. ", "The observations were obtained at quiescence ($V \\approx 14$), about 20 d after a broad outburst (data provided by the AAVSO: www.aavso.org). ", "The spectra show a strong H$\\alpha$ emission line. ", "No absorption features were detected from the secondary star. ", "A first complete orbital cycle was covered through twenty-one spectra, each with 10 min exposure time. ", "Thirteen further spectra were subsequently acquired with an exposure of 5 min each. ", "The latter cover an additional half orbital period. ", "The heliocentric mid-time of each observation is shown in column one in Table \\[tab:RadVel\\]. ", "The flux standard HR17520 and the late spectral M star HR3950 were also observed on the same night. ", "Data reduction was carried out with the IRAF package[^1]. ", "The spectra were wavelength calibrated using a Th-Ar lamp and the standard star was also used to properly subtract the telluric absorption lines using the IRAF routine [*telluric*]{}.", "\n\nRadial Velocities\n=================\n\nIn this section we derive radial velocities from the prominent H$\\alpha$ emission line observed in U Gem, first by measuring the peaks, secondly by using a method based on a cross-correlating technique, and thirdly by using the standard double-Gaussian technique designed to measure only the wings of the line. ", "In the case of the secondary star, we were unable to detect any single absorption line in the individual spectra; therefore it was not possible to use any standard method. ", "However, here we propose and use a new method, based on a co-adding technique, to derive the semi-amplitude of the orbital radial velocity of the companion star. ", "In this section, we compare our results with published values for both components in the binary. ", "We first discuss the basic mathematical method used here to derive the orbital parameters and its limitation in the context of Cataclysmic Variables; then we present our results for the orbital parameters – calculated from the different methods – and finally discuss an improved ephemeris for U Gem.", "\n\nOrbital Parameters Calculations {#orbparcal}\n-------------------------------\n\nTo find the orbital parameters of the components in a cataclysmic variable – in which no eccentricity is expected [@zah66; @war95] – we use an equation of the form $$\\mathrm{V(t)_{(em,abs)}} = \\gamma + \\mathrm{K_{(em,abs)}} sin[(2\\pi(t - \\mathrm{HJD_{\\odot})/P_{orb}})],$$\n\nwhere $\\mathrm{V(t)_{(em,abs)}}$ are the observed radial velocities as measured from the emission lines in the accretion disc or from the absorption lines of the red star; $\\gamma$ is the systemic velocity; $\\mathrm{K_{(em,abs)}}$ are the corresponding semi-amplitudes derived from the radial velocity curve; $\\mathrm{HJD_{\\odot}}$ is the heliocentric Julian time of the inferior conjunction of the companion; and $\\mathrm{P_{orb}}$ is the orbital period of the binary.", "\n\nA minimum least-squares sinusoidal fit is run, which uses initial values for the four ($\\mathrm{P_{orb}}$, $\\gamma$, $\\mathrm{K_{em,abs}}$, and $\\mathrm{HJD_{\\odot}}$) orbital parameters. ", "The program allows for one or more of these variables to be fixed, i.e. they can be set to constant values in the initial parameters file.", "\n\nIf the orbital period is not previously known, a frequency search – using a variety of methods for evenly- or unevenly-sampled time series data [@sch99] – may be applied to the measured radial velocities in order to obtain an initial value for $\\mathrm{P_{orb}}$, which is then used in the minimum least-squares sinusoidal fit. ", "If the time coverage of the observations is not sufficient or is uneven, period aliases may appear and their values have to be considered in the least-squares fits. ", "A tentative orbital period is selected by comparing the quality of each result. ", "In these cases, additional radial velocity observations should be sought, until the true orbital period is found unequivocally. ", "Time series photometric observations are usually helpful to find orbital modulations and are definitely important in establishing the orbital period of eclipsing binaries. ", "In the case of U Gem, the presence of eclipses and the ample photometric coverage since the early work of @krz65, has permitted to establish its orbital period with a high degree of accuracy [@mar90]. ", "Although in eclipsing binaries a zero phase is also usually determined, in the case of U Gem the variable positions of the hot spot and stream, causes the zero point to oscillate, as mentioned by the latter authors. ", "Accurate spectroscopic observations are necessary to correctly establish the time when the secondary star is closest to Earth, i.e in inferior conjunction. ", "Further discussion on this subject is given in section \\[ephem\\].", "\n\nTo obtain the real semi-amplitudes of the binary, i.e K$_{(em,abs)}$=K$_{(1,2)}$, some reasonable auxiliary assumptions are made. ", "First, that the measurements of the emission lines, produced in the accretion disc, are free from distortions and accurately follow the orbital motion of the unseen white dwarf. ", "Second, that the profiles of the measured absorption lines are symmetric, which implies that the brightness at the surface of the secondary star is the same for all its longitudes and latitudes. ", "Certainly, a hot spot in the disc or irradiation in the secondary from the energy sources related to the primary will invalidate either the first, the second, or both assumptions. ", "Corrections may be introduced if these effects are present. ", "In the case of U Gem, a three-body correction was introduced by @sma76 in order to account for the radial velocity distortion produced by the hot spot, and a correction to heating effects on the face of the secondary star facing the primary was applied by @fri90 before equating $\\mathrm{K_{abs}} = \\mathrm{K_{2}}$.\n\nAs initial values in our least-squared sinusoidal fits, we use $\\mathrm{P_{orb}} = 0.1769061911~d$ and $\\mathrm{HJD_{\\odot}} =\n2,437,638.82325~d$ from @mar90, a systemic velocity of 42 km s$^{-1}$ from @sma01, and K$_1 = 107$ km s$^{-1}$ and K$_2 =\n295$ km s$^{-1}$ from @lon99 and @fri90, respectively. ", "In our calculations, the orbital period was set fixed at the above mentioned value, since our observations have a very limited time coverage. ", "This allow us to increase the precision for the other three parameters.", "\n\n ------------- ------------------------- -------- ------- -------\n HJD $\\phi\\tablenotemark{*}$ Peaks Fxc Wings\n (240000+) \n 51193.67651 0.68 166.1 139.1 121.1\n 51193.68697 0.75 183.4 130.0 133.8\n 51193.69679 0.80 181.9 125.0 126.9\n 51193.70723 0.86 167.9 102.0 101.1\n 51193.71744 0.92 137.1 81.7 90.9\n 51193.72726 0.97 90.0 46.8 41.7\n 51193.73581 0.02 14.0 -17.9 6.9\n 51193.74700 0.09 -47.9 -48.1 -27.1\n 51193.75691 0.14 -67.1 -66.7 -48.2\n 51193.76743 0.20 -99.6 -84.6 -79.3\n 51193.77738 0.26 -132.3 -86.1 -75.7\n 51193.78900 0.32 -152.6 -60.2 -48.8\n 51193.80174 0.39 -77.9 -32.9 -33.6\n 51193.81211 0.45 9.0 10.9 14.5\n 51193.82196 0.51 104.3 79.2 65.1\n 51193.83176 0.56 134.6 113.7 107.0\n 51193.84175 0.62 141.0 142.8 124.9\n 51193.85156 0.67 159.3 158.6 147.6\n 51193.86133 0.73 165.6 148.0 131.7\n 51193.87101 0.79 192.9 142.8 130.3\n 51193.88116 0.84 175.0 120.7 110.6\n 51193.88306 0.91 154.6 106.5 91.1\n 51193.90530 0.98 90.6 32.3 31.9\n 51193.91751 0.05 -70.5 8.0 -23.1\n 51193.93029 0.12 -88.5 -71.8 -51.6\n 51193.94259 0.19 -97.1 -79.0 -66.7\n 51193.95483 0.26 -114.4 -88.8 -75.6\n 51193.95955 0.29 -142.2 -70.9 -67.9\n ------------- ------------------------- -------- ------- -------\n\n : Measured H$\\alpha$ Radial Velocities.[]{data-label=\"tab:RadVel\"}\n\n ------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n Orbital Peaks (a) Fxc (b) Wings (c)\n Parameters \n $\\gamma$ (km s$^{-1}$) 38 $\\pm$ 5 35 $\\pm$ 3 34 $\\pm$ 2\n $K$ (km s$^{-1}$) 162 $\\pm$ 7 119 $\\pm$ 3 107 $\\pm$ 2\n $\\mathrm{HJD_{\\odot}}$ 0.8259(2) 0.82462(6) 0.82152(9)\n (+2437638 days) \n $P_\\mathrm{orb}$ (days) (d) (d) (d)\n ${\\sigma}$ 25.2 12.2 9.1\n ------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n\n : Orbital parameters derived from several radial velocities calculations of the H$\\alpha$ emission line.[]{data-label=\"OrbParam\"}\n\nThe Primary Star {#prim}\n----------------\n\nIn this section we compare three methods for determining the radial velocity of the primary star, based on measurements of the H$\\alpha$ emission line. ", "Although, as we will see in the next subsections, the last method results in far better accuracy and agrees with the ultraviolet results, we have included all of them here because the first method essentially provides an accurate way to determine the separations of the blue and red peaks, which is an indicator of the outer radius of the disc [@sma01], and the second yields a $K_{em}$ value much closer to that obtained from UV results than any other published method. ", "This cross-correlation method might be worthwhile to consider for its use in other objects. ", "Furthermore, as we will see in the discussion, all three methods yield a consistent value of the systemic velocity, which is essential to the understanding of other parameters in the binary system.", "\n\nTo match the signal to noise ratio of the first twenty-one spectra, we have co-added, in pairs, the thirteen 5-minute exposures. ", "The last three spectra were added to form two different spectra, in order to avoid losing the last single spectrum. ", "A handicap to this approach is that, due to the large read-out time of the Thomson CCD, we are effectively smearing the phase coverage of the co-added spectra to nearly 900 s. However, the mean heliocentric time was accordingly corrected for each sum. ", "This adds to a total sample of twenty-eight 600 s spectra.", "\n\n### Measurements from the double-peaks {#double-peaks}\n\nWe have measured the position of the peaks using a double-gaussian fit, with their separation, width and position as free parameters. ", "The results yield a mean half-peak separation $V_{out}$ of about 460 km s$^{-1}$. The average value of the velocities of the red and blue peaks, for each spectrum, is shown in column 3 of Table \\[tab:RadVel\\]. ", "We then applied our nonlinear least-squares fit to these radial velocities. ", "The obtained orbital parameters are shown in column 2 of Table \\[OrbParam\\]. ", "The numbers in parentheses after the zero point results are the evaluated errors of the last digit. ", "We will use this notation for large numbers throughout the paper. ", "The radial velocities are also shown in Figure \\[fig:dob-peak\\], folded with the orbital period and the time of inferior conjunction adopted in the section \\[ephem\\]. ", "The solid lines in this figure correspond to sinusoidal fits using the derived parameters in our program. ", "Although we have not independently tabulated the measured velocities of the blue and red peaks, they are shown in Figure \\[fig:dob-peak\\] together with their average. ", "The semi-amplitudes of the plotted curves are 154 km s$^{-1}$ and 167 km s$^{-1}$ for the blue and red peaks, respectively.", "\n\n![", "Radial velocity curve of the double peaks. ", "The half-separation of the peaks, shown at the top of the diagram has a mean value of about 460 km s$^{-1}$. The curve at the middle is the mean from blue (bottom curve) and red (top curve).[]{data-label=\"fig:dob-peak\"}](f1.eps){width=\"0.9\\columnwidth\"}\n\n### Cross Correlation using a Template {#template}\n\n![ ", "H$\\alpha$ template near phase 0.02. ", "The half-separation of the peaks has a value of 470 km s$^{-1}$. []{data-label=\"fig:halfxc\"}](f2.eps){width=\"0.9\\columnwidth\"}\n\nWe have also cross-correlated the H$\\alpha$ line in our spectra with a template constructed as follows: First, we selected a spectrum from the first observed orbital cycle close to phase 0.02 when, in the case of our observations, we should expect a minimum distortion in the double-peaked line due to asymmetric components (see section \\[tom\\]). ", "The blue peak in this spectrum is slightly stronger than the red one. ", "This is probably caused by the hot spot near the $L_1$ point (see section \\[ugemb\\]), which might be visible at this phase due to the fact that the binary has an inclination angle smaller than 70 degrees. ", "The half-separation of the peaks is 470 km s$^{-1}$, a value similar to that measured in a spectrum taken during the same orbital phase in next cycle. ", "The chosen spectrum was then highly smoothed to minimize high-frequency correlations. ", "The resulting template is shown in Figure \\[fig:halfxc\\]. ", "A radial velocity for the template was derived from the wavelength measured at the dip between the two peaks and corrected to give an heliocentric velocity. ", "The IRAF [*fxc*]{} task was then used to derive the radial velocities, which are shown in column 4 of Table \\[tab:RadVel\\]. ", "As in the previous section, we have fitted the radial velocities with our nonlinear least-squares fit algorithm. ", "The resulting orbital parameters are given in column 3 of Table \\[OrbParam\\]. ", "In Figure \\[fig:rvhalfxc\\] the obtained velocities and the corresponding sinusoidal fit (solid line) are plotted.", "\n\n![", "Radial velocities obtained from cross correlation using the template. ", "The solid line correspond to the solution from column 3 in Table 2.[]{data-label=\"fig:rvhalfxc\"}](f3.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Diagnostic Diagram One. ", "Orbital Parameters as a function of width of individual Gaussians for several separations. ", "Crosses correspond to a = 180 pixels; Dots to a = 230 pixels ($\\approx 34 \\, \\rm{\\AA}$) and Open circles to a = 280 pixels; []{data-label=\"fig:diag1\"}](f4.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n### Measurements from the wings and Diagnostic Diagrams {#hdgram}\n\nThe H$\\alpha$ emission line was additionally measured using the standard double Gaussian technique and its diagnostic diagrams, as described in @sha86. ", "We refer to this paper for the details on the interpretation of our results. ", "We have used the [*convolve*]{} routine from the IRAF [*rvsao*]{} package, kindly made available to us by Thorstensen (private communication). ", "The double peaked H$\\alpha$ emission line – with a separation of about $20\\,\\rm{\\AA}$ – shows broad wings reaching up to $40\\, \\rm{\\AA}$ from the line center. ", "Unlike the case of low resolution spectra – where for over-sampled data the fitting is made with individual Gaussians having a FWHM of about one resolution element – in our spectra, with resolution $\\approx$ 0.34 $\\rm{\\AA}$, such Gaussians would be inadequately narrow, as they will cover only a very small region in the wings. ", "To measure the wings appropriately and, at the same time, avoid possible low velocity asymmetric features, we must select a $\\sigma$ value which fits the line regions corresponding to disc velocities from about 700 to 1000 $\\rm{ km s^{-1}}$.\n\nAs a first step, we evaluated the width of the Gaussians by setting this as a free parameter from 10 to 40 pixels and for a wide range of Gaussian separations (between 180 and 280 pixels). ", "For each run, we applied a nonlinear least-squares fit of the computed radial velocities to sinusoids of the form described in section \\[orbparcal\\]. ", "The results are shown in Figure \\[fig:diag1\\], in particular for three different Gaussian separations: $a = 180$, 230 and 280 pixels. ", "These correspond to the low and upper limits as well as to the value for a preferred solution, all of which are self-consistent with the second step (see below). ", "In the bottom panel of the figure we have plotted the overall rms value for each least-squares fit, as this parameter is very sensitive to the selected Gaussian separations. ", "As expected at this high spectral resolution, the parameters in the diagram change rapidly for low values of $\\sigma$, and there are even cases when no solution was found. ", "At low values of $a$ (e.g. crosses) there are no solutions for widths narrower than 20 pixels. ", "The rms values increase rapidly with width, while the $\\sigma(K)/K$, $\\gamma$ and phase shift values differ strongly from the other cases. ", "For higher values of $a$ (open circles) we obtain lower values for $\\sigma(K)/K$, but the rms results are still large, in particular for intermediate values of the width of the Gaussians. ", "For the middle solution (dots) the results are comparable with those for large $a$ values, but the rms is much lower. ", "Similar results were found for other intermediate values of $a$, and they all converge to a minimum rms for a width of 26 pixels at $a = 230$ pixels.", "\n\nFor the second step we have fixed the width to a value of 26 $\\rm{\\AA}$ and ran the double-Gaussian program for a range of $a$ separations, from about 60 to 120 $\\rm{\\AA}$. The results obtained are shown in Figure \\[fig:diag2\\].", "\n\n![", "Diagnostic Diagram Two. ", "The best estimate of the semi-amplitude of the white dwarf is 107 km s$^{-1}$, corresponding to a $\\approx 34 \\, \\rm{\\AA}$.[]{data-label=\"fig:diag2\"}](f5.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIf only an asymmetric low velocity component is present, the semi-amplitude should decrease asymptotically as $a$ increases, until $K_1$ reaches the correct value. ", "Here we observe such behavior, although for larger values of $a$, there is a $K_1$ increase for values of $a$ up to $40 \\,\\rm{\\AA}$, before it decreases strongly with high values of $a$. This behavior might be due to the fact that we are observing a narrow hot-spot near the $L_1$ point (see section \\[tom\\]). ", "On the other hand, as expected, the $\\sigma(K)/K$ vs $a$ curve has a change in slope, at a value of $a$ for which the individual Gaussians have reached the velocity width of the line at the continuum. ", "For larger values of $a$ the velocity measurements become dominated by noise. ", "For low values of $a$, the phase shift usually gives spurious results, although in our case it approaches a stable value around 0.015. ", "We believe this value reflects the difference between the eclipse ephemeris, which is based mainly on the eclipse of the hot spot, and the true inferior conjunction of the secondary star. ", "This problem is further discussed in section \\[tom\\]. ", "Finally, we must point out that the systemic velocity smoothly increases up to a maximum of about 40 km s$^{-1}$ at Gaussian separation of nearly 42 Å, while the best results, as seen from the Figure, are obtained for $a$ = 31Å. This discrepancy may be also be related to the narrow hot-spot near the $L_1$ point and might be due to the phase-shift between the hot-spot eclipse and the true inferior conjunction. ", "This problem will also be address in section \\[ephem\\]. ", "The radial velocities, corresponding to the adopted solution, are shown in column 5 of Table \\[tab:RadVel\\] and plotted in Figure \\[fig:velrad\\], while the corresponding orbital parameters – obtained from the nonlinear least-squares fit – are given in column 4 of Table \\[OrbParam\\].", "\n\n![", "Radial velocities for U Gem. ", "The open circles correspond to the measurements of the first 21 spectra single spectra, while the dots correspond to those of the co-added spectra (see section \\[prim\\]). ", "The solid line, close to the points, correspond to the solution with $K_{em} = 107 \\, {\\rm km \\, s^{-1}}$ (see text), while the large amplitude line correspond to the solution found for $K_2$ (see section \\[secon\\]). []{", "data-label=\"fig:velrad\"}](f6.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe Secondary Star {#secon}\n------------------\n\nWe were unable to detect single features from the secondary star in any individual spectra, after careful correction for telluric lines. ", "In particular we found no radial velocity results using a standard cross-correlation technique near the NaI $\\lambda\\lambda 8183.3, \\, 8194.8 \\, \\mathrm{\\AA}$ doublet. ", "As we will see below, this doublet was very weak compared with previous observations [@wad81; @fri90; @nay05]. ", "We have been able, however, to detect the NaI doublet and the TiO Head band around $\\lambda$7050 Å with a new technique, which enables us to derive the semi-amplitude $K_{abs}$ of the secondary star velocity curve. ", "We first present here the general method for deriving the semi-amplitude and then apply it to U Gem, using not only the absorption features but the $H\\alpha$ emission as well.", "\n\n### A new method to determine K$_2$ {#secon}\n\nIn many cataclysmic variables the secondary star is poorly visible, or even absent, in the optical spectral range. ", "Consequently, no $V(t)$ measurements are feasible for this component. ", "Among these systems are dwarf novae with orbital periods under 0.25 days, for which it is thought that the disc luminosity dominates over the luminosity of the Roche-Lobe filling secondary, whose brightness depends on the orbital period of the binary [@ech84]. ", "For such binaries, the orbital parameters have been derived only for the white-dwarf- accretion disc system, in a way similar to that described in section \\[orbparcal\\].", "\n\nIn order to determine a value of $K_{abs}$ from a set of spectra of a cataclysmic variable, for which the orbital period and time of inferior conjunction have been already determined from the emission lines, we propose to reverse the process: derive $V(t)_{abs}$ using $K_{pr}$ as the initial value for the semi-amplitude, and set the values of $P_{orb}$ and $\\mathrm{HJD_{\\odot}}$, derived from the emission lines, as constants. ", "The initial value for the systemic velocity is set to zero, and its final value may be calculated later (see below). ", "The individual spectra are then [*co-added*]{} in the frame of reference of the secondary star, i.e. by Doppler-shifting the spectra using the calculated $V(t)_{calc}$ from the equation given in section \\[orbparcal\\], and then add them together. ", "Hereinafter we will refer to this procedure as the [*co-phasing process*]{}. ", "Ideally, as the proposed $K_{pr}$ is changed through a range of possible values, there will be a one for which the [*co-phased*]{} spectral features associated with the absorption spectrum will have an optimal signal-to-noise ratio.", "\n\nIn fact, this will also be the case for any emission line features associated with the red star, if present. ", "In a way, this process works in a similar fashion as the double Gaussian fitting used in the previous section, provided that adequate criteria are set in order to select the best value for $K_{abs}$. We propose three criteria or tests that, for late type stars, may be used with this method: The first one consists in analyzing the behavior of the measured depths or widths of a well identified absorption line in the [*co-phased*]{} spectra, as a function of the proposed $K_{pr}$; one would expect that the width of the line will show a minimum and its depth a maximum value at the optimal solution. ", "This method could be particularly useful for K-type stars which have strong single metallic lines like Ca I and Fe I. The second criterion is based upon measurements of the slope of head-bands, like that of TiO at $\\lambda$7050 Å. It should be relevant to short period systems, with low mass M-type secondaries with spectra featuring strong molecular bands. ", "In this case one could expect that the slope of the head-band will be a function of $K_{pr}$, and will have a maximum negative value at the best solution. ", "A third test is to measure the strength of a narrow emission arising from the secondary. ", "This emission, if present, would be particularly visible in the [*co-phased*]{} spectrum and will have minimum width and maximum height at the best selected semi-amplitude $K_{pr}$.\n\nWe have tested these three methods by means of an artificial spectrum with simulated narrow absorption lines, a TiO-like head band and a narrow emission line. ", "The spectrum with these artificial features was then Doppler shifted using pre-established inferior conjunction phase and orbital period, to produce a series of test spectra. ", "An amount of random Gaussian noise was added to each Doppler shifted spectrum, sufficient to mask the artificial features. ", "We then proceeded to apply the [*co-phasing process*]{} to recover our pre-determined orbital values. ", "All three criteria reproduced back the original set of values, as long as the random noise amplitude was of the same order of magnitude as the strength of the [*clean*]{} artificial features.", "\n\n### Determination of K$_2$ for U Gem {#ugemb}\n\nWe have applied the above-mentioned criteria to U Gem. ", "The time of the inferior conjunction of the secondary and the orbital period were taken from section \\[ephem\\]. ", "To attain the best signal to noise ratio we have used all the 28 observed spectra. ", "Although they span over slightly more than 1.5 orbital periods, any departure from a real $K_2$ value will not depend on selecting data in exact multiples of the orbital period, as any possible deviation from the real semi-amplitude will already be present in one complete orbital period and will depend mainly on the intrinsic intensity distribution of the selected feature around the secondary itself (also see below the results for $\\gamma$).", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:sodcor\\] shows the application of the first test to the NaI doublet $\\lambda\\lambda$ 8183,8195 Å. The spectra were [*co-phased*]{} varying $K_{pr}$ between 250 to 450 km s$^{-1}$. The line depth of the blue and red components of the doublet (stars and open circles, respectively), as well as their mean value (dots) are shown in the diagram. ", "We find a best solution for $K_2$ = 310 $\\pm$ 5 km s$^{-1}$. The error has been estimated from the intrinsic modulation of the solution curve. ", "As it approaches its maximum value, the line depth value oscillates slightly, but in the same way for both lines. ", "A similar behavior was present when low signal to noise features were used on the artificial spectra process described above. ", "Figure \\[fig:sodspec\\] shows the [*co-phased*]{} spectrum of the NaI doublet of our best solution for $K_2$. These lines appear very weak as compared with those reported by @fri90 and @nay05. ", "We have also measured the gamma velocity from the co-phased spectrum by fitting a double-gaussian to the Na I doublet (dotted line in Figure \\[fig:sodcor\\]) and find a mean value $\\gamma = 69 \\,\\pm$ 10 km s$^{-1}$ (corrected to the heliocentric standard of motion). ", "We did a similar calculation for $\\gamma$ by [*co-phasing*]{} the selected spectra used in section \\[tom\\], covering a full cycle only. ", "The results were very similar to those obtained by using all spectra.", "\n\n![", "Maximum flux depth of the individual NaI lines $\\lambda 8183.3 \\, \\mathrm{\\AA} $ (top), $\\lambda 8194.8 \\, \\mathrm{\\AA}$ (bottom) and mean (middle) as a function of $K_{pr}$.[]{data-label=\"fig:sodcor\"}](f7.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Co-phased spectrum around the NaI doublet.[]{data-label=\"fig:sodspec\"}](f8.eps){width=\"0.9\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe second test, to measure the slope of the TiO band has at $\\lambda$7050 Å was not successful. ", "The solution curve oscillates strongly near values between 250 and 350 ${\\rm km \\, s^{-1}}$. We believe that the signal to noise ratio in our spectra is too poor for this test and that more observations, accumulated during several orbital cycles, have to be obtained in order to attain a reliable result using this method.", "\n\nHowever, we have co-phased our spectra for $K_2$ = 310 km s$^{-1}$, with the results shown in Figure \\[fig:tioband\\]. ", "The TiO band is clearly seen while the noise is prominent, particulary along the slope of the head-band. ", "We have used this co-added spectrum to compare it with several late-type M stars extracted from the published data by @mon97 fitted to our [*co-phased*]{} spectrum. ", "A gray continuum has been added to the comparison spectra in order to compensate for the fill-in effect arising from the other light sources in the system, so as to obtain the best fit. ", "In particular, we show in the same figure the fits when two close candidates – GJ406 (M6 V, upper panel) and GJ402 (M4-5 V, lower panel) – are used. ", "The best fit is obtained for the M6 V star, to which we have added a 95 percent continuum. ", "For the M4-5 V star the fit is poor, as we observe a flux excess around 7000 Å and a stronger TiO head-band. ", "Increasing the grey flux contribution will fit the TiO head band, but will result in a larger excess at the 7000 Å region. ", "On the other hand, the fit with the M6 V star is much better all along the spectral interval. ", "There are a number of publications which assign to U Gem spectral types M4 [@har00], M5 [@wad81] and possibly as far as M5.5 [@ber83]. ", "Even in the case that the spectral type of the secondary star were variable, its spectral classification is still incompatible with its mass determination [@ech83].", "\n\n![", "U Gem TiO Head Band near 7050 Å compared with GJ406, an M6V star (upper diagram), and GJ402, an M4 V star (lower diagram) (see text).[]{data-label=\"fig:tioband\"}](f9.eps){width=\"1.2\\columnwidth\"}\n\nFor the third test, we have selected the region around H$\\alpha$, as in the individual spectra we see evidence of a narrow spot, which is very well defined in our spectrum near orbital phase 0.5. ", "In this test we have [*co-phased*]{} the spectra as before, and have adopted as the test parameter the peak intensity around the emission line. ", "The results are shown in Figure \\[fig:hotflux\\]. ", "A clear and smooth maximum is obtained for $K_{pr}$ = 310 $\\pm$ 3 km s$^{-1}$. The co-phased spectrum obtained from this solution is shown in Figure \\[fig:maxiflux\\]. ", "The double-peak structure has been completely smeared – as expected when co-adding in the reference frame of the secondary star, as opposed to that of the primary star- and instead we observe a narrow and strong peak at the center of the line. ", "We have also fitted the peak to find the radial velocity of the spot. ", "We find $\\gamma = 33 \\,\\pm$ 10 km s$^{-1}$, compatible with the gamma velocity derived from the radial velocity analysis of the emission line, $\\gamma = 34 \\,\\pm$ 2 km s$^{-1}$ (see section \\[hdgram\\]). ", "This is a key result for the determination of the true systemic velocity and can be compared with the values derived from the secondary star (see section \\[discus\\]).", "\n\n![", "Maximum peak flux of the co-added $H\\alpha$ spectra as a function of $K_{pr}$ []{data-label=\"fig:hotflux\"}](f10.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Shape of the co-added $H\\alpha$ spectrum for $\\mathrm{K_{2}} = 310 \\,{\\rm km \\, s^{-1}}$.[]{data-label=\"fig:maxiflux\"}](f11.eps){width=\"0.8\\columnwidth\"}\n\nImproved Ephemeris of U Gem {#ephem}\n===========================\n\nAs mentioned in section \\[orbparcal\\], the presence of eclipses in U Gem and an ample photometric coverage during 30 years has permitted to establish, with a high degree of accuracy, the value of orbital period. ", "This has been discussed in detail by @mar90. ", "However, as pointed by these authors, this object shows erratic variations in the timing of the photometric mid-eclipse that may be caused either by orbital period changes, variations in the position of the hot spot, or they may even be the consequence of the different methods of measuring of the eclipse phases. ", "A variation in position and intensity of the gas stream will also contribute to such changes. ", "A date for the zero phase determined independently from spectroscopic measurements would evidently be desirable. ", "@mar90 discuss two spectroscopic measurements by @mar88 and @wad81, and conclude that the spectroscopic inferior conjunction of the secondary star occurs about 0.016 in phase prior to the mean photometric zero phase. ", "There are two published spectroscopic studies [@hon87; @sto81], as well as one in this paper, that could be used to confirm this result. ", "Unfortunately there is no radial velocity analysis in the former paper, nor in the excellent Doppler Imaging paper by @mar90 based on their original observations. ", "However, the results by @sto81 are of particular interest since he finds the spectroscopic conjunction in agreement with the time of the eclipse when using the photometric ephemerides by @wad81, taken from @arn76. ", "The latter authors introduce a small quadratic term which is consistent with the O-C oscillations shown in @mar90.", "\n\nIt is difficult to compare results derived from emission lines to those obtained from absorption lines, especially if they are based on different ephemerides. ", "Furthermore, the contamination on the timing of the spectroscopic conjunction – either caused by a hot spot, by gas stream or by irradiation on the secondary – has not been properly evaluated. ", "However, since our observations were made at a time when the hot spot in absent (or, at least, is along the line between the two components in the binary) and the disc was very symmetric (see section \\[tom\\]), we can safely assume that in our case, the photometric and spectroscopic phases must coincide. ", "If we then take the orbital period derived by @mar90 and use the zero point value derived from our measurements of the H$\\alpha$ wings, (section \\[hdgram\\]), we can improve the ephemeris:\n\n$$\\rm{HJD} = 2,437,638.82566(4) \\, + \\, 0.1769061911(28) \\,E \\, ,$$\n\nfor the inferior conjunction of the secondary star. ", "These ephemeris are used throughout this paper for all our phase folded diagrams and Doppler Tomography.", "\n\nDoppler Tomography {#tom}\n==================\n\nDoppler Tomography is a useful and powerful tool to study the material orbiting the white dwarf, including the gas stream coming from the secondary star as well as emission regions arising from the companion itself. ", "It uses the emission line profiles observed as a function of the orbital phase to reconstruct a two-dimensional velocity map of the emitting material. ", "A detailed formulation of this technique can be found in @mar88. ", "A careful interpretation of these velocity maps has to be made, as the main assumption invoked by tomography is that all the observed material is in the orbital plane and is visible at all times.", "\n\nThe Doppler Tomography, derived here from the H$\\alpha$ emission line in U Gem, was constructed using the code developed by @spr98. ", "Our observations of the object cover 1.5 orbital cycles. ", "Consequently – to avoid disparities on the intensity of the trailed and reconstructed spectra, as well as on the tomographic map – we have carefully selected spectra covering a full cycle only. ", "For this purpose we discarded the first 3 spectra (which have the largest airmass) and used only 18 spectra out of the first 21, 600 s exposures, starting with the spectrum at orbital phase 0.88 and ending with the one at phase 0.86 (see Table \\[tab:RadVel\\]). ", "In addition, in generating the Tomography map we have excluded the spectra taken during the partial eclipse of the accretion disc (phases between 0.95 and 0.05). ", "The original and reconstructed trailed spectra are shown in Figure \\[fig:spec2\\]. ", "They show the sinusoidal variation of the blue and read peaks, which are strong at all phases. ", "The typical S-wave is also seen showing the same simple sinusoidal variation, but shifted by 0.5 in orbital phase with respect to the double-peaks. ", "The Doppler tomogram is shown in Figure \\[fig:doptom\\]; as customary, the oval represents the Roche-Lobe of the secondary and the solid lines the Keplerian (upper) and ballistic (lower) trajectories. ", "The Tomogram reveals a disc reaching to the distance of to the inner Lagrangian point in most phases. ", "A compact and strong emission is seen close to the center of velocities of the secondary star. ", "A blow-up of this region is shown in Figure \\[fig:spottom\\]. ", "Both maps have been constructed using the parameters shown at the top of the diagrams and a $\\gamma$ velocity of 34 km s$^{-1}$. The velocity resolution of the map near the secondary star is about 10 km s$^{-1}$. The $V(x,y)$ position of the hot-spot (in km s$^{-1}$) is (-50,305), within the uncertainties.", "\n\nThe tomography shown in Figure \\[fig:doptom\\] is very different from what we expected to find and from what has been observed by other authors. ", "We find a very symmetric full disc, reaching close to the inner Lagrangian point and a compact bright spot also close to the L$_1$ point, instead of a complex system like that observed by @und06, who find U Gem at a stage when the Doppler Tomographs show: emission at low velocity close to the center of mass; a transient narrow absorption in the Balmer lines; as well as two distinct spots, one very narrow and close in velocity to the accretion disc near the impact region and another much broader, located between the ballistic and Keplerian trajectories. ", "They present also tentative evidence of a weak spiral structure, which have been seen as strong spiral shocks during an outburst observed by @gro01. ", "Our results also differ from those of @mar90, who also find that the bulk of the bright spot arising from the Balmer, He I and He II emission come from a region between the ballistic and Keplerian trajectories. ", "We interpret the difference between our results and previous studies simply by the fact that we have observed the system at a peculiar low state not detected before (see sections \\[intro\\] and \\[discus\\]) . ", "This should not be at all surprising because, although U Gem is a well observed object, it is also a very unusual and variable system.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:spottom\\] shows a blow-up of the region around the secondary star. ", "The bright spot is shown close to the center of mass of the late-type star, slightly located towards the leading hemisphere. ", "Since this is a velocity map and not a geometrical one, there are at two possible interpretations of the position in space of the bright spot (assuming the observed material is in the orbital plane). ", "The first one is that the emission is been produced at the surface of the secondary, i.e. still attached to its gravitational field. ", "The second is that the emission is the result of a direct shock front with the accretion disc and that the compact spot is starting to gain velocity towards the Keplerian trajectory. ", "We believe that the second explanation is more plausible, as it is consistent with the well accepted mechanism to produce a bright spot. ", "On the other hand, at this peculiar low state it is difficult to invoke an external source strong enough to produce a back-illuminated secondary and especially a bright and compact spot on its leading hemisphere.", "\n\nBasic system parameters {#baspar}\n=======================\n\nAssuming that the radial velocity semi-amplitudes reflect accurately the motion of the binary components, then from our results – $K_{em}\n= K_1 = 107 \\pm 2$ km s$^{-1}$; $K_{abs} = K_2 = 310 \\pm 5$ km s$^{-1}$ – and adopting $P=0.1769061911$ we obtain:\n\n$$q = {K_1 \\over K_2} = {M_2 \\over M_1} = {0.35 \\pm 0.05},$$\n\n$$M_1 \\sin^3 i = {P K_2 (K_1 + K_2)^2 \\over 2 \\pi G} = 0.99 \\pm 0.03 M_{\\odot},$$\n\n$$M_2 \\sin^3 i = {P K_1 (K_1 + K_2)^2 \\over 2 \\pi G} = 0.35 \\pm 0.02 M_{\\odot},$$\n\nand\n\n$$a \\sin i = {P (K_1 + K_2) \\over 2 \\pi} = 1.46 \\pm 0.02 R_{\\odot}.$$\n\nUsing the inclination angle derived by @zha87, $i =69.7^\\circ\n\\pm 0.7$, the system parameters become: $ M_{WD} = 1.20 \\pm 0.05 \\,\nM_{\\odot}$; $ M_{RD} = 0.42 \\pm 0.04 \\, M_{\\odot}$; and $ a = 1.55\n\\pm 0.02 \\, R_{\\odot}$.\n\nThe inner and outer size of the disc {#discsize}\n------------------------------------\n\nA first order estimate of the dimensions of the disc – the inner and outer radius – can be made from the observed Balmer emission line. ", "Its peak-to peak velocity separation is related to the outer radius of the accreted material, while the wings of the line, coming from the high velocity regions of the disc, can give an estimate of the inner radius [@sma01]. ", "The peak-to-peak velocity separation of the 31 individual spectra were measured (see section \\[double-peaks\\]), as well as the velocity of the blue and red wings of $H\\alpha$ at ten percent level of the continuum level. &", "gt;From these measurements we derive mean values of $V_{out} = 460 \\,\n\\, {\\rm km \\, s^{-1}}$ and $V_{in} = 1200 \\, \\, {\\rm km \\, s^{-1}}$.\n\nThese velocities can be related to the disc radii from numerical disc simulations, tidal limitations and analytical approximations (see @war95 and references therein). ", "If we assume the material in the disc at radius $r$ is moving with Keplerian rotational velocity $V(r)$, then the radius in units of the binary separation is given by [@hor86]:\n\n$$r/a = (K_{em} + K_{abs}) K_{abs} /V(r)^2,$$\n\nThe observed maximum intensity of the double-peak emission in Keplerian discs occurs close to the velocity of its outer radius [@sma81]. ", "From the observed $V_{out}$ and $V_{in}$ values we obtain an outer radius of $ R_{out}/a = 0.61$ and an inner radius of $R_{in}/a = 0.09$. If we take $ a = 1.55 \\pm 0.02 \\, R_{\\odot}$ from the last section we obtain an inner radius of the disc $R_{in}=0.1395 R_{\\odot}$ equivalent to about 97000 km. ", "This is about 25 times larger than the expected radius of the white dwarf (see section \\[discus\\]). ", "On the other hand, the distance from the center of the primary to the inner Lagrangian point, $R_{L_1}/a$, is\n\n$$R_{L_1}/a = 1 - w + 1/3 w^2 + 1/9 W^3,$$\n\nwhere $w^3= q/(3(1 + q)$ ([@kop59]). ", "Using $q=0.35$ we obtain $R_{L_1}/a = 0.63$. The disc, therefore, appears to be large, almost filling the Roche-Lobe of the primary, with the matter leaving the secondary component through the $L_1$ point colliding with the disc directly and producing the hot spot near this location.", "\n\nDiscussion {#discus}\n==========\n\nFor the first time, a radial velocity semi-amplitude of the primary component of U Gem has been obtained in the visual spectral region, which agrees with the value obtained from ultraviolet observations by @sio98 and @lon99. ", "In a recent paper, @und06 present high-resolution spectroscopy around H$\\alpha$ and H$\\beta$ and conclude that they cannot recover the ultraviolet value for $K_1$ to better than about 20 percent by any method. ", "Although the spectral resolution at H$\\alpha$ of the instrument they used is only a factor of two smaller than that of the one we used, the diagnostic diagrams they obtain show a completely different behavior as compared to those we present here, with best values for $K_{1}$ of about 95 km s$^{-1}$ from H$\\alpha$ and 150 km s$^{-1}$ from H$\\beta$ (see their Figures 13 and 14, respectively). ", "We believe that the disagreement with our result lies not in the quality of the data or the measuring method, but in the distortion of the emission lines due to the presence of a complex accretion disc at the time of their observations, as the authors themselves suggest. ", "Their Doppler tomograms show emission at low velocity, close to the center of mass, two distinct spots, a narrow component close to the $L_1$ point, and a broader and larger one between the Keplerian and the ballistic trajectories. ", "There is even evidence of a weak spiral structure. ", "In contrast, we have observed U Gem during a favorable stage, one in which the disc was fully symmetric, and the hot-spot was narrow and near the inner Lagrangian point. ", "This allowed us to measure the real motion of the white dwarf by means of the time-resolved behavior of the H$\\alpha$ emission line.", "\n\nOur highly consistent results for the systemic velocity derived from the H$\\alpha$ spot ($\\gamma = 33 \\,\\pm$ 10 km s$^{-1}$ and those found from the different methods used for the radial velocity analysis of the emission arising from the accretion disk (see section \\[prim\\] and Table \\[OrbParam\\]), give strong support to our adopting a true systemic velocity value of $\\gamma = 34 \\,\\pm$ 2 km s$^{-1}$. If we are indeed detecting the true motion of the white dwarf, we can use this adopted value, to make an independent check on the mass of the primary: The observed total redshift of the white dwarf (gravitational plus systemic)– found by @lon99 – is 172 km s$^{-1}$, from which, after subtraction of the adopted systemic velocity, we derive a gravitational shift of the white dwarf of 138 km s$^{-1}$. From the mass-radius relationship for white dwarfs [@and88], we obtain consistent results for $M_{wd}\n= 1.23 M_{\\odot}$ and $R_{wd}$ = 3900 km (see Figure 7 in [@lon99]). ", "This mass is in excellent agreement with that obtained in this paper from the radial velocity analysis.", "\n\n>From our new method to determine the radial velocity curve of the secondary (section \\[ugemb\\]), we obtain a value for the semi-amplitude close to 310 km s$^{-1}$. Three previous papers have determinations of the radial velocity curves from the observed Na I doublet in the near-infrared. ", "In order to evaluate if our method is valid, we here compare our result with these direct determinations. ", "The published values are: $ K_{rd} = 283$ km s$^{-1} \\pm 15$ ([@wad81]); $K_{rd} = 309$ km s$^{-1} \\, \\pm 3$, (before correction for irradiation effects, [@fri90]); and $ K_{rd} =\n300$ km s$^{-1}$ [@nay05]. ", "@wad81 notes that an elliptical orbital ($e=0.086$) may better fit his data, as the velocity extremum near phase 0.25 appears somewhat sharper than that near phase 0.75 (see his Figure 3). ", "However, he also finds a very large systemic velocity, $\\gamma = 85$ km s$^{-1}$, much larger than the values found by @kra62 ($\\gamma = 42$ km s$^{-1}$) and @sma76 ($\\gamma = 40 \\,\\pm$ 6 km s$^{-1}$), both obtained from the emission lines. ", "Since the discrepancy with the results of these two authors was large, @wad81 defers this discussion to further confirmation of his results. ", "Instead, and more important, this author discusses two scenarios that may significantly alter the real value of $K_{2}$: the non-sphericity and the back-illumination of the secondary. ", "In the latter effect, each particular absorption line may move further away from, or closer to the center of mass of the binary. ", "He estimates the magnitude of this effect and concludes that the deviation of the photocenter would probably be much less than 0.1 radii. ", "@fri90 further discusses the circumstances that might cause the photocenter to deviate, and concludes that their observed value for the semi-amplitude should be corrected down by 3.5 percent, to yield $ K_{2} = 298$ km s$^{-1} \\pm 9$. Although they discuss the results by @mart88 – which indicate that the relatively small heating effects in quiescent dwarf novae always lead to a decrease in the measured $K_{rd}$ for the Na I lines – they argue that line quenching, produced by ionization of the same lines, may also be important, and result in an increased $K_{rd}$. Another disturbing effect, considered by the same authors, is line contamination by the presence of weak disc features, like the Paschen lines. ", "In this respect we point out here that a poor correction for telluric lines will function as an anchor, reducing also the amplitude of the radial velocity measurements. ", "@fri90 also find an observed systemic velocity of $\\gamma =\n43 \\,\\pm$ 6 km s$^{-1}$ and a small eccentricity of $e=0.027$. @nay05 also discuss the distortion effects on the Na I lines and, based on their fit residuals, argue in favor of a depletion of the doublet in the leading hemisphere of the secondary, around phases 0.4 and 0.6, as removing flux from the blueward wing of the lines results in an apparent redshift, which would explain the observed residuals. ", "However, they additionally find that fitting the data to an eccentric orbit, with $e=0.024$, results in a significant decrease in the residuals caused by this depletion, and conclude that it may be unnecessary to further correct the radial velocity curve. ", "We must point out that a depletion of the blueward wing of the Na I lines will results in a contraction of the observed radial velocity curves, as the measured velocities – especially around phases 0.25 and 0.75 – will be pulled towards the systemic velocity. ", "@nay05 present their results derived from the Na I doublet and the KI/TiO region (around 7550-7750 Å), compared with several spectral standards, all giving values between 289 and 305 km s$^{-1}$ (no errors are quoted). ", "Based on the radial velocity measurements for Na I, obtained by these authors in 2001 January (115 spectra), and using GJ213 as template (see their Table 1), we have recalculated the circular orbital parameters through our nonlinear least-squares fit. ", "We find $K_{2} = 300$ km s$^{-1} \\, \\pm\n1$, in close agreement with their published value.", "\n\nIt would be advisable to establish a link between the observed gamma velocity of the secondary and the semi-amplitude $K_2$, under the assumption that its value may be distorted by heating effects. ", "We take as a reference our results from the radial velocity analysis of the broad $H\\alpha$ line and the hot-spot from the secondary, which support a true systemic velocity of 34 km s$^{-1}$. However, we find no positive correlation in the available results derived from the Na I lines, either between different authors or even among one data set. ", "In the case of @nay05, the gamma values show a range between 11 and 43 km s$^{-1}$, depending on the standard star used as a template, for $K_2$ velocities in the range 289 to 305 km s$^{-1}$. @wad81 finds $\\gamma = 85 \\,\\pm$ 10 km s$^{-1}$ for a low $K_2)$ value of 283 km s$^{-1}$, while @fri90 finds $\\gamma = 43 \\,\\pm$ 6 km s$^{-1}$ for $K_2$ about 309 km s$^{-1}$, and we obtain a large gamma velocity of about 69 km s$^{-1}$ for a $K_2$ value of 310 km s$^{-1}$. We believe that further and more specific spectroscopic observations of the secondary star should be conducted in order to understand the possible distortion effects on lines like the Na I doublet, and their implications on the derived semi-amplitude and systemic velocity values.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nE. de la F wishes to thank Andrés Rodriguez J. for his useful computer help. ", "The Thomson detector, used in our observations, was obtained through PACIME-CONACYT project F325-E9211.", "\n\nAnderson, N., 1988, ApJ., 326, 266 Arnold, S., Berg, R.A. & Duthie, J.G., 1976, ApJ., 206, 790 Berriman, G., Beattie, I.A., Lee, T.J., Mochnacki, S.W. & Szkody, P., 1983, MNRAS, 204, 1105 Cannizzo, J., K., Gehrels, N., & Mattei, J.A., 2002, ApJ, 579, 760 Cook, L.M., 1987, JAVSO, 16, 83 Echevarría, J, 1983, RMAA, 8, 109 Echevarría, J & Jones, D.H.P., 1984, MNRAS, 206, 919 Friend, M. T., Martin, J. S., Connon Smith, R., & Jones, D. H. 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[ "Q:\n\nAre there resources for identifying dinosaur tracks?", "\n\nThere are plenty of bird identification app or books or websites, is there anything similar for dinosaur tracks?", "\nI get that identifying dinosaur tracks is hard, if I remember correctly there are only three known sets of T-Rex tracks in the world, and it looks like many tracks are unidentified.", "\nStill it would be cool if there were resources for this.", "\n\nA:\n\nAre there resources for identifying dinosaur tracks?", "\n\nNo;\nDinosaur tracks are called trace fossils\n\nTrace fossils are classified in various ways for different purposes. ", "Traces can be classified taxonomically (by morphology), ethologically (by behavior), and toponomically, that is, according to their relationship to the surrounding sedimentary layers. ", "Except in the rare cases where the original maker of a trace fossil can be identified with confidence, phylogenetic classification of trace fossils is an unreasonable proposition. ", "Source\n\nThe two Wikipedia articles linked above, make for interesting reading, but the short answer to your question is, no there is no resource categorizing them, as in most cases there is no evidence indicating what animal actually left the prints. ", "\nThe study of dinosaur tracks is included in Paleoichnology which covers all the trace fossil types. ", " It would seem the best reference would be an Ichnology text book, I googled around and did not find anything was freely available and looked like it would work as a reference. ", " \nThere are a few dinosaur tracks that are identifiable. ", "There are even some parks like Dinosaur Valley State Park where a few types of tracks can be viewed, with very clear references for a very limited number of species. ", "I do not believe these qualify as \"resource\" as the OP seems be looking for more of a field guide for identifying tracks (Trace Fossils) found in non-developed areas. ", "\n\nA:\n\nThere are resources, but be aware that it is rather difficult to get a definitive answer.", "\nHere is a digital book published by the Earth Sciences department of the University of Bristol with a section on identifying track makers: http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Tracks/default.html\nHere's a page at the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology, and notice specifically the section near the bottom on identifying tracks: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/science/trackways/trackways4.php\nHere's a page on the Smithsonian site about identifying dinosaur fossils, with a section dedicated to tracks: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/exhibits/backyard-dinosaurs/faq.cfm\nIn all of these, you'll notice a trend that identification can be extremely difficult. ", "The reason for this is because we are having to extrapolate from a skeleton what a complete foot would have looked like, in addition to the fact that dinosaur tracks are rarely perfect molds. ", "However, there is ongoing research into modeling the tracks of extant species with respect to their skeletons, and a lot of headway has been made using this technique.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Rolling toolboxes do an ideal job of organizing large numbers of small tools. ", "Their mobility allows the tools to be rolled directly to the worksite, where time can be saved by eliminating frequent trips back and forth. ", "However, their design is optimized for use with hand tools that fit into drawers. ", "This approach does not work well with large tools or power tools such as drills and circular saws. ", "Likewise, small tools or supplies such as screws and nails tend to get lost and fall to the bottom. ", "Thus, while hand tools can be taken right to the job site, tools that are very large, or items that are very small require frequent trips back and forth, wasting time and money." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy does my then() never get invoked whenever I add a stream to my stream controller?", "\n\nI have a bloc which has a stream controller and in the constructor of the bloc I add the stream to the controller. ", "I wait until the stream is added and then I add a listener to it. ", "But the then() never get's invoked. ", "I'm sure that GeoLocator() code works because I had it in a stateful widget before and that worked like a charm but I decided to move the business logic to a bloc.", "\nimport 'dart:async';\n\nimport 'package:geolocator/geolocator.dart';\n\nclass LocationBloc {\n final Geolocator _geolocator = Geolocator();\n final LocationOptions _locationOptions = LocationOptions(accuracy: LocationAccuracy.high, distanceFilter: 10);\n StreamController<Position> _positionStreamController = StreamController<Position>();\n double _speed = 0;\n\n double get speed => _speed;\n\n LocationBloc() {\n print('it gets here');\n final Stream<Position> positionStream = _geolocator.getPositionStream(_locationOptions);\n print('and here');\n _positionStreamController.addStream(positionStream).then((value) {\n print('it never gets here');\n print(value);\n _positionStreamController.stream.listen((Position position) {\n this._speed = position == null ? ", "0 : position.speed;\n });\n });\n }\n\n void dispose() {\n print('dispose location stream');\n _positionStreamController.close();\n _speed = 0;\n }\n}\n\nWhen I dispose of he bloc provider when the widget get's disposed and call the dispose in the bloc it throws the following error\nBad state: Cannot add event while adding a stream\n\nThe stateless widget\nclass DigitalSpeedMeter extends StatelessWidget {\n\n static Widget create(BuildContext context) {\n return Provider(\n create: (_) => LocationBloc(),\n child: DigitalSpeedMeter(),\n dispose: (BuildContext context, LocationBloc bloc) => bloc.dispose(),\n );\n }\n\nA:\n\nI ended up using this\nimport 'dart:async';\n\nimport 'package:geolocator/geolocator.dart';\n\nclass LocationBloc {\n final Geolocator _geolocator = Geolocator();\n final LocationOptions _locationOptions = LocationOptions(accuracy: LocationAccuracy.high, distanceFilter: 10);\n StreamController<double> _streamController = StreamController<double>();\n Stream<double> get stream => _streamController.stream;\n\n LocationBloc() {\n _streamController.addStream(_geolocator.getPositionStream(_locationOptions).map((position) => position.speed ?? ", "0.0));\n }\n\n void dispose() {\n _streamController.close();\n }\n}\n\nWith a stream builder widget.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Norfolk has escaped the worst of the snow which is causing disruption across Britain but there is a warning of overnight ice.", "\n\nA Met Office yellow warning for ice across East Anglia remains in place until 11am today.", "\n\nPhil Garner, forecaster at Norwich-based Weatherquest, warned that temperatures could plummet to -5C overnight in certain parts of Norfolk and Suffolk.", "\n\nThere is also a high chance of ice forming across the region overnight and tomorrow morning.", "\n\nMr Garner said: “I think there will be widespread frost tomorrow morning. ", "Temperatures will turn colder overnight, particularly in west Norfolk and west Suffolk.”", "\n\nCoastal regions might escape ice because of offshore winds but areas about 10 miles inland are at risk of experiencing minus temperatures, according to the forecaster.", "\n\nMr Garner said temperatures today would be 1-2C inland and 4C on the coast and the rain could turn into snow and sleet this afternoon.", "\n\n“It could be a wintery end to the afternoon,” he added.", "\n\nThere could be a 1cm snowfall in parts of eastern Norfolk and Suffolk overnight.", "\n\nThis morning’s official Met Office yellow weather warning said: “Ice is expected to form across many places overnight into Monday morning (December 11). ", "Some injuries are likely from slips and falls on icy surfaces as well as icy patches on some untreated roads, pavements and cycle paths. ", "As well as this, lying snow from Sunday (December 10) will continue to be a hazard leading to longer and potentially hazardous journeys.”", "\n\nThe first KLM flight from Norwich Airport to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol was cancelled this morning because of heavy snow in Europe." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJavascript select individual option\n\nI have been trying lately to make a function that on change on the select box it return only the selected option value.", "\nMy markup looks like this:\n<select id='rangeSelector'>\n <option value='custom'>Custom</option>\n <option value='7 days'>7 days</option>\n <option value='14 days'>14 days</option>\n <option value='WTD'>WTD</option>\n <option value='MTD'>MTD</option>\n <option value='QTD'>QTD</option>\n <option value='YTD'>YTD</option>\n</select>\n\nand the javascript function: \nvar rangeSelector = document.getElementById('rangeSelector');\nrangeSelector.addEventListener('change', function(e) {\n var x = rangeSelector.children;\n for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {\n var newX = x[i].value;\n console.log(newX);\n } \n}, false);\n\nWhat I am trying to do is when I click on 7 days to return only 7 days.", "\n\nA:\n\n var rangeSelector = document.getElementById('rangeSelector');\n rangeSelector.addEventListener('change', function(e) {\n console.log(rangeSelector.value);\n }, true);\n\nYou do not need for loop for that, after firing event \"change\" rangeSelector.value already have value of chosen element.", "\nso if you wanna add \"active\" to selected option you can do same:\n var rangeSelector = document.getElementById('rangeSelector');\n rangeSelector.addEventListener('change', function(e) {\n var x = rangeSelector.children;\n var y = rangeSelector.selectedIndex;\n x[y].className = x[y].className + \" active\";\n console.log(rangeSelector.value);\n }, true);\n\nbut you should remove \"active\" class from all non-active, by looping them:)\n var rangeSelector = document.getElementById('rangeSelector');\n rangeSelector.addEventListener('change', function(e) {\n var x = rangeSelector.children;\n var y = rangeSelector.selectedIndex;\n for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {\n x[i].className = \"\"; //or x[i].removeAttribute(\"class\");`\n } \n x[y].className = x[y].className + \" active\";\n console.log(rangeSelector.value);\n }, true);\n\n" ]

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[ "Stanley Kubrick’s The Killing, much like the racetrack heist is portrays, is a finely tuned machine – an intricate meshing of myriad moving parts, some big, some small, and all of them integral to its success. ", "Although not Kubrick’s first film, The Killing was his true arrival on the scene as a cinematic force to be reckoned with.", "\n\nThe Killing is the story of ex-con Johnny Clay (Sterling Hayden), who assembles a make-shift crew of would-be crooks to rob the Bay Meadows racetrack of $2 million dollars during a big money stakes race. ", "In addition to the Hayden, who starred in another classic film noir caper, John Huston’s The Asphalt Jungle, Kubrick assembles a fantastic group of underutilized character actors to round out the gang." ]

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[ "\n\nKnown well in Southern California, Green Flash Brewing Co. is making it's way across the country, bringing with them the path to IPA enlightenment. ", "With an awe inspiring array of IPA style beers, they're looking to elevate your craft status with their love of hops. ", "Whether is a session, a single or a double IPA, Green Flash has something for everyone. ", "Though we highly suggest you try one of each.", "\n\nTo help you along your journey, Green Flash has teamed up with us to bring you the aptly named \"IPA Enlightened\" badge. ", "To unlock this badge and heighten your hop senses, simply check-in to ONE OF EACH of the following beers between February 17th - May 17th…\n\nTo learn more about Green Flash Brewing Co. check out greenflashbrew.com and follow along on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFlip fair coin n times to get $100 if 60% or over lands heads. ", "What should n be?", "\n\nIf we flip a fair coin n times and 60% or more of those flips lands heads, $100 is given. ", "Do I want the coin to be flipped 100, 1000, or 1M times? ", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you allowed to flip once, probability of winning $100 is 50%\nFor 2 flips, only HH win the pot. ", "$\\quad P = {1 \\over 4} = 25\\%$\nFor 4 flips, ways $=\\binom{4}{4} + \\binom{4}{3} = 1+4 = 5,\\quad P = {5 \\over 16}=31.25\\%$\nFor 6 flips, ways $=\\binom{6}{6} + \\binom{6}{5} + \\binom{6}{4} = 1+6+15 = 22, ,\\quad P={22 \\over 64} =34.375\\%$ \nIt seems chance of winning goes up, but no.", "\nThe denominator grows much faster than the numerator.", "\nFor 100 flips, $P = \\large{\\sum_{k=60}^{100}\\binom{100}{k} \\over 2^{100}} \\normalsize ≈ 2.84\\%$ \nFor 1000 flips, doing the same math, $P ≈ 0.0000000136\\%$ \nI'll pick the 100 flips.", "\n\nTrivia: Besides 1 flip, 3 flips and 5 flips also gives you 50% chance of winning !", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Our SpaceFlight Heritage: Huygens lands on Titan a decade ago\n\nJoe Latrell\n\nDescent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) image of Titan taken at 2km altitude during the descent. (", "Click for full-size image.) ", "Image Credit: ESA/NASA/JPL/University of Arizona\n\nTen years ago the clouds of an alien world were pierced by a small space probe hurled from the planet Earth. ", "On Jan. 14, 2005, NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) successfully deployed the Huygens probe to the cloud-covered Saturnian moon Titan.", "\n\nThe small probe was a first. ", "Never before had humanity landed anything on a moon of the outer Solar System. ", "Titan, shrouded in mystery for decades, was about to reveal some of its secrets.", "\n\nThe 703 lbs (319 kg) Huygens probe was carried out to Saturn as a piggyback payload on the Cassini spacecraft, a joint operation of NASA, ESA, and the Italian Space Agency. ", "The Cassini-Huygens package was launched from Earth on October 15, 1997. ", "After a trip lasting seven years, the Huygens probe detached from Cassini on December 25, 2004. ", "It landed safely on Titan on January 14, 2005.", "\n\nThe spacecraft used a heat shield to reduce velocity before deploying a parachute system in the upper atmosphere of Titan. ", "The Huygens probe relied on a timer, set before separation with Cassini, to control its wake-up and preparation for landing. ", "The probe had batteries that would last 153 minutes. ", "The parachute system would float the probe to the surface of Titan over the course of two hours with a brief bit of time planned for operations on the ground. ", "While the probe floated on its parachutes, Cassini listened and recorded the transmissions for 3 hours using its high gain antenna. ", "When the time was up, Cassini then aimed the antenna at Earth to relay Huygens’ findings.", "\n\nIn addition to Cassini listening in, very large radio telescopes on Earth were doing the same thing. ", "The strength of the signal from the Huygens probe was comparable to that of the Galileo probe that orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. ", "Using the detected carrier signal, scientists on Earth were able to detect wind speed and, by using the Doppler effect, pinpoint the landing site of the probe to within 0.6 miles (1 km) – all from a distance of over 745 million miles (1.2 billion km).", "\n\nScientists did not know if the Huygens probe would land on a solid surface. ", "Many thought there was a high probability it would land in a sea of liquid methane. ", "To counter this possibility, the Huygens probe was designed to float for about three minutes. ", "Fortunately, the Huygens probe landed on solid ground.", "\n\nThe surface of titan was not as scientists had expected. ", "The landing site was covered in small rocks of water ice. ", "The ground was a sandy texture. ", "The rocks appeared to have been worn smooth through some liquid erosion process, perhaps rain of methane or ethane. ", "The atmosphere, captured in photos from the probe, appeared thin and hazy. ", "The colors seemed saturated in oranges and yellows. ", "The temperature recorded at the lander’s final location was -290.83 °F (-179.35 °C).", "\n\nThe Huygens probe has six instrument packages on board. ", "The Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI), which was designed to collect information on the atmosphere during the decent phase. ", "The Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) was used to measure wind speed. ", "The Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) was used to study the radiation balance of the atmosphere. ", "The Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS), and the Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP) were on board to measure particulates and gasses in the Titan atmosphere. ", "The final package, the Surface Science Package (SSP), was built to study the landing site of the Huygens probe, measuring the physical properties of the surrounding area.", "\n\nSome science data was lost when the probe failed to collect some wind data due to a software design error. ", "That same error caused the loss of 350 of the planned 700 photos taken while the probe was operational.", "\n\nWhile the Huygens probe has fallen silent, the Cassini orbiter continues to return scientific data from Saturn.", "\n\nVideo Courtesy of European Space Agency" ]

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[ "COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME\nmysqld 2159 mysql cwd DIR 253,0 4096 1147154 /var/lib/mysql\nmysqld 2159 mysql rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 /\nmysqld 2159 mysql txt REG 253,0 7020332 1193496 /usr/libexec/mysqld\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 610836 1193402 /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 46680 3145768 /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 157304 1193401 /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 7880 3145731 /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 33680 1193400 /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 7748 3145745 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 190712 1193403 /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 125736 3147322 /lib/ld-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 1611564 3147323 /lib/libc-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 16428 3147327 /lib/libdl-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 129716 3147334 /lib/libpthread-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 208352 3147326 /lib/libm-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 245376 3147332 /lib/libsepol.so.1\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 93508 3147333 /lib/libselinux.so.1\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 44060 3147335 /lib/librt-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 75028 1193303 /usr/lib/libz.so.1.2.3\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 46636 3147328 /lib/libgcc_s-4.1.2-20080825.so.1\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 45288 3147338 /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 936908 1189810 /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6.0.8\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 101404 3147342 /lib/libnsl-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 76400 3147346 /lib/libresolv-2.5.so\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 1296932 3147341 /lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8e\nmysqld 2159 mysql mem REG 253,0 293108 3145752 /lib/libssl.so.0.9.8e\nmysqld 2159 mysql 0r CHR 1,3 1132 /dev/null\nmysqld 2159 mysql 1w REG 253,0 2741 1081665 /var/log/mysqld.log\nmysqld 2159 mysql 2w REG 253,0 2741 1081665 /var/log/mysqld.log\nmysqld 2159 mysql 3uW REG 253,0 10485760 1147207 /var/lib/mysql/ibdata1\nmysqld 2159 mysql 4u REG 253,0 0 2686979 /tmp/ibVANarW (deleted)\nmysqld 2159 mysql 5u REG 253,0 0 2686980 /tmp/ibsmCHGy (deleted)\nmysqld 2159 mysql 6u REG 253,0 0 2686981 /tmp/ibr2QeWa (deleted)\nmysqld 2159 mysql 7u REG 253,0 0 2686982 /tmp/ibc9nDcN (deleted)\nmysqld 2159 mysql 8uW REG 253,0 5242880 1147208 /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile0\nmysqld 2159 mysql 9uW REG 253,0 5242880 1147209 /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile1\nmysqld 2159 mysql 10u IPv4 6537 TCP *:mysql (LISTEN)\nmysqld 2159 mysql 11u REG 253,0 0 2686983 /tmp/ibX7zEzp (deleted)\nmysqld 2159 mysql 12u unix 0xcec4dac0 6538 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock\nmysqld 2159 mysql 13u REG 253,0 1024 1147160 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/host.", "MYI\nmysqld 2159 mysql 14u REG 253,0 0 1147161 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/host.", "MYD\nmysqld 2159 mysql 15u REG 253,0 2048 1147163 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.", "MYI\nmysqld 2159 mysql 16u REG 253,0 256 1147164 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.", "MYD\nmysqld 2159 mysql 17u REG 253,0 4096 1147157 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/db.", "MYI\nmysqld 2159 mysql 18u REG 253,0 876 1147158 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/db.", "MYD\nmysqld 2159 mysql 19u REG 253,0 1024 1147169 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/tables_priv.", "MYI\nmysqld 2159 mysql 20u REG 253,0 0 1147170 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/tables_priv.", "MYD\nmysqld 2159 mysql 21u REG 253,0 1024 1147172 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/columns_priv.", "MYI\nmysqld 2159 mysql 22u REG 253,0 0 1147173 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/columns_priv.", "MYD\nmysqld 2159 mysql 23u REG 253,0 1024 1147205 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/procs_priv.", "MYI\nmysqld 2159 mysql 24u REG 253,0 0 1147206 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/procs_priv.", "MYD\nmysqld 2159 mysql 25u unix 0xc9eb5200 135265 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock\n" ]

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[ "Gordon Taylor quotes\n\n“He has been the cornerstone, not just of the Chelsea defense, but the whole foundations on which their success over the last couple of years has been built. ", "John is the one person you would want alongside you in the trenches because he is strong, dependable, reliable and fearless.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\npass a custom data type list in a composite\n\nI created a composite, who has two method \n\npublic void intItem(List dataList) //can take primitive data type\npublic void vipInfoDataList(List dataList) // can take custom data type like: PlxVipInfo\n\n[note: i define \"PlxVipInfo\" data type in composite sheared folder and import in composite class]\nthen i make the composite as jar and put in my protlet.", "\nthen call this two method:\nList<Integer> myCoords = new ArrayList<Integer>();\nmyCoords.add(10);\nmyCoords.add(20);\n\nCommonWidget mycomposite = new CommonWidget();\n//mycomposite.intItem(myCoords);[**Note: when i call it gives data**]\nmycomposite.vipInfoDataList(vips);[**Note: when i call it gives error**] \n\nerror is :\ncompile-java:\n[javac] Compiling 1 source file to /home/bglobal/liferay-sdk/portlets/customer-common-gridview-portlet/docroot/WEB-INF/classes\n[javac] /home/bglobal/liferay-sdk/portlets/customer-common-gridview-portlet/docroot/WEB-INF/src/com/prolexic/portlet/proxy/client/PlxProxyServiceEntryPoint.java:174: vipInfoDataList(java.util.", "List<com.prolexic.composite.shared.", "PlxVipInfo>) in com.prolexic.composite.client.", "CommonWidget cannot be applied to (java.util.", "List<com.prolexic.portlet.proxy.shared.", "PlxVipInfo>)\n[javac] mycomposite.vipInfoDataList(vips);\n[javac] ^\n[javac] Note: /home/bglobal/liferay-sdk/portlets/customer-common-gridview-portlet/docroot/WEB-INF/src/com/prolexic/portlet/proxy/client/PlxProxyServiceEntryPoint.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.", "\n[javac] Note: Recompile with -Xlint:deprecation for details.", "\n[javac] 1 error\n\nNow what should i do?", "\n\nA:\n\nERROR clearly says, the custom type PlxVipInfo passing through vipInfoDataList() method and the one declared are diffrent.", "\nThey are 2 diffrent classes, one in the package com.prolexic.composite.shared and another in com.prolexic.portlet.proxy.shared.", "\nSo, in both places while passing as an argument and declaring the method use same type either \ncom.prolexic.composite.shared.", "PlxVipInfo or com.prolexic.portlet.proxy.shared.", "PlxVipInfo like below code snippet-\nvipInfoDataList(java.util.", "List<com.prolexic.composite.shared.", "PlxVipInfo>);\n\npublic void vipInfoDataList(java.util.", "List<com.prolexic.composite.shared.", "PlxVipInfo>)\n{\n}\n\nOR\nvipInfoDataList(java.util.", "List<com.prolexic.portlet.proxy.shared.", "PlxVipInfo>);\n\npublic void vipInfoDataList(java.util.", "List<com.prolexic.portlet.proxy.shared.", "PlxVipInfo>)\n{\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "The Four Main Types of Forex Trading Strategies and Systems\n\nThere are so many options and possibilities when it comes to Forex trading. ", "It can be difficult to decide which approach to take; some beginners get stuck right at the start and don’t know what kind of profits they are actually looking to make. ", "Mechanical rule-based systems, robots and software, discretionary strategies and price action strategies can all be used to make a lot of money in the Forex market; they are the four main types of Forex trading strategies and systems.", "\n\nMechanical rule-based Forex trading systems are of course rule-based and usually involve the use of one or more technical indicators. ", "Designers of these types of Forex trading systems will set specific entry and exit rules; these rules will usually be based off of formations/signals, produced by one or more technical indicators.", "\n\nMechanical rule-based Forex trading systems can work very well; if a good system is devised, it can be used again and again to make more and more profits. ", "However, these sorts of systems aren’t very adaptable; the market for currencies is always changing and a mechanical, rule-based trading system isn’t very versatile, especially if the rules laid out are rigid. ", "Also, because these types of trading systems usually involve the use of at least one technical indicator, they can prove to be very confusing and difficult to work with. ", "Beginners particularly tend to struggle with them.", "\n\nForex trading robots and software are growing in popularity every day. ", "There are so many trading robots and software available on the internet today. ", "The majority of these on the internet, claim that profits can be made on autopilot, automatically with little work or intervention needed. ", "However, these claims are generally false. ", "While some Forex trading robots and software work well, many don’t. ", "You do need to be careful when using these, especially when using ones that place orders for you automatically without asking for your permission, as they can cause you to deduce losses on autopilot rather than profits. ", "Forex trading robots and software and generally only suitable for experienced Forex traders who are also capable of programming their own custom robots and software.", "\n\nDiscretionary Forex trading strategies are very popular. ", "Most of them revolve around classic technical analysis techniques, such as the use of candlestick patterns and analysis, trend lines, Bollinger bands, Fibonacci, etc. ", "Discretionary strategies can definitely work and the techniques used when using a discretionary Forex trading strategy are worth knowing about and understanding. ", "However, more experienced Forex traders may want to branch out and only use these types of strategies when trading to form a foundation for their own trading strategies.", "\n\nForex price action trading strategies are popular too and arguably one of the better types of strategies for trading that you could go for, or at least start out with. ", "While these types of trading strategies are simple, they can also be very effective. ", "Forex price action trading is very flexible and adaptable; it is a dynamic type of strategy for trading that can be used to make profits regardless of the conditions of the currency markets. ", "It is technical-based and basically involves trading the action of prices – nothing else. ", "This is why you can apply price action trading to the currency markets in any situation at all. ", "It is also a very clean type of trading strategy to use because it doesn’t involve the use of technical indicators at all. ", "You can profit with a very simple price action trading setup; you don’t need much more than just your price charts and graphs. ", "Forex price action trading strategies are also flexible, as already mentioned and they can be used alongside and combined with discretionary trading strategies for example, in order to create strong strategies for trading.", "\n\nIn conclusion, most if not all Forex trading strategies and systems come under the following four types: mechanical rule-based systems, robots and software, discretionary strategies and price action strategies. ", "Every type of Forex trading strategy and system can be used to make money; different Forex traders will be better suited to different strategies and systems. ", "If you are just starting out, you should remember to do your research, as well as test different strategies and systems. ", "The bottom line is, everything can work; it’s more about finding what works for you." ]

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[ "PITTSBURGH (March 25, 2017) – The Pittsburgh Riverhounds (0-0-1) and defending league champion New York Red Bulls II (0-0-1) battled to a 3-3 draw in a back-and-forth affair that saw the Hounds three times overcome one-goal deficits.", "\n\nOpening the 2017 season in front of 3,352 people at Highmark Stadium, the Hounds were buoyed by a two-goal performance from Corey Hertzog, as well as one goal from captain Kevin Kerr. ", "Netting the tallies for New York was Vincent Bezecourt, also with two goals, and Florian Valot.", "\n\nThe pace of play was flying to open the match, as both clubs traded several chances resulting in a 1-1 score after 10 minutes. ", "Pittsburgh had two near misses. ", "In the second minute, Jack Thompson saw his shot from the center of the box miss high, and then in the fourth minute, Hertzog had a go from distance that missed right of the goal.", "\n\nNew York would not miss, converting on its first serious threat in the sixth minute, as Arun Basuljevic split the Hounds defense with a through-ball into the box to Valot for the eventual score.", "\n\nThe opposing squad’s lead was short lived, however, as Hertzog went full-highlight reel just minutes later. ", "Receiving the ball on the end line from Taylor Washington, Hertzog eluded two defenders and goalkeeper Rafael Diaz in an incredible balancing act before slotting the ball home.", "\n\nThe next couple minutes followed a similar theme with Pittsburgh controlling possession, but New York being opportunistic.", "\n\nIn the 16th minute, Andrew Tinari flicked a useful ball to Bezecourt in space, who then fired a shot past a diving Keasel Broome to recapture a 2-1 lead.", "\n\nStrong keeper play from Broome kept the deficit at one before a pretty run by defender Rich Balchan, making his Hounds debut, led to the first half equalizer in the 39th minute. ", "Balchan, Marshall Hollingsworth and Kerr connected with a quick three-touch effort resulting in the latter finishing past Diaz.", "\n\nLocked at two at halftime, pace of play slowed considerably in the final 45 minutes. ", "Physical play resulted in five cautions alone for the Hounds, as well as penalty kicks for each club.", "\n\nNew York was awarded the first PK in the 75th minute after Ryan Adeleye fouled second-half sub Ben Mines in the box. ", "Bezecourt would go onto secure the brace on the penalty try.", "\n\nThe Hounds attack did not relent though, mounting a considerable amount of pressure following the penalty, including a shot from distance by Victor Souto forcing a save from Diaz. ", "Regaining possession shortly after the save, the Hounds were awarded a PK in the 80th minute after Hertzog was taken down.", "\n\nShooting for his second goal of the night, Hertzog’s penalty take was initially saved by Diaz. ", "The Hounds forward though stayed with the shot after Diaz could not maintain possession, collecting the rebound and beating the keeper on the second chance attempt to secure a point for the Hounds.", "\n\nThe draw marked an encouraging start to the season for the Hounds compared to last year, when the club scored three or more goals only twice. ", "For Hertzog, his two-goal effort was the third of his career with Pittsburgh and his now 15 career goals in Black and Gold move him into a tie for eighth all-time in club history – Said Ali and Gary DePalma being the other two.", "\n\nThe Hounds are right back at it next Saturday at Highmark Stadium, as they will take on FC Cincinnati at 5 p.m. For more information, visit Riverhounds.com." ]

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[ "If that extremely implausible scenario where to unfold, then yes of course, it would be easier to do so if nobody was armed.", "\n\nPretty sure Jews thought it was \"extremely implausible\" to have millions of them shoved into ovens by a dictator as well.", "\n\nAt least you understand the point of the 2nd Amendment, you just don't \"agree\" with it. ", "That's fine, but changing or modifying the spirit of law should be put in front of the people, not behind closed doors.", "\n\nAs for your other points, most of it is dishonest strawmen, so forgive me if I don't address those points. ", "They aren't worth the time or effort." ]

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[ "Remember Shirley Temple By Singing Along to 'On the Good Ship Lollipop'\n\nAs the nation remembers “America’s Darling” Shirley Temple, several things come to mind. ", "Ringlets. ", "Dimples. ", "That smile. ", "And “On the Good Ship Lollipop,” which, with the news of Temple’s death, becomes a bittersweet melody.", "\n\nThe number, like its star, became an iconic fixture of American pop culture, and over the years the song has been referenced on The Brady Bunch, Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Simpsons – as well as name-checked in A Tribe Called Quest’s song “What?” ", "from The Low End Theory." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a system and program for demoting tracks from cache.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nWhen data is successfully written to a hard disk drive, the drive returns a write complete message to the host system that initiated the write operation. ", "However, if the read/write head of the hard disk drive is not operating properly, the disk drive may return a write complete without actually writing the data to the disk. ", "In large enterprise storage systems, the disk drive may return a complete to a destage of updated data to the drives. ", "If the read/write head does not write the data even though complete is returned, the data is lost and recovery may not be possible using error correction techniques or Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) algorithms because the data was never written to the disk. ", "This type of error is called a “dropped write” error. ", "Further, once a read/write head starts dropping writes, typically all writes following the failed write will also be dropped.", "\nDropped write errors may corrupt the parity data because the parity data for the dropped write is inconsistent with the data on the drive, which does not include the dropped write. ", "Subsequently calculated parity based on the block to which the dropped data should have been written would be corrupt because it is not calculated using the dropped data, thereby preventing recovery and reconstruction of the dropped data using the parity data." ]

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[ "Virology research in a Latin American developing country: a bibliometric analysis of virology in Colombia (2000-2013).", "\nBibliometric analysis demonstrates that the virology research in Latin America has increased. ", "For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate Colombian publications on viruses and viral diseases in indexed journals during the period from 2000 to 2013. ", "The bibliographic data were collected from MedLine, SciELO, LILACS and Scopus databases. ", "The database was constructed in Excel descriptive statistics. ", "The SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) was evaluated using the SCImago Journal &amp; Country Rank in 2013 and was used as an indicator of the quality of the journals used by the Colombian researchers. ", "The total number of papers published was 711, of which 40.4% were published in local journals, and 59.6% were published in foreign journals. ", "Most (89.2%) were original papers. ", "Moreover, 34.2% of the papers were published in collaboration with international researchers, with the United States being the most represented. ", "Of the journals used, 85.6% had an SJR, and 14.4% did not. ", "The median SJR of the papers was 0.789, and the median of the papers with international collaborators was higher compared to the SJR of the papers without international collaboration. ", "Papers were most frequently published in journals whose categories were medicine (miscellaneous), virology, and infectious diseases. ", "The viruses that appeared in the papers more frequently were HIV, dengue, and papillomavirus. ", "This study provides data for use in research, health planning, and policy analysis as it relates to virology in Colombia and other developing Latin American countries." ]

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[ "Grand Water Trine of July, 2013: Healing Crisis or Grand Opportunity\n\nHello friends. ", "One of the astrological events that already stands out for 2013 is the Grand Water Trine that will take place next July. ", "I have enclosed a copy of the chart (courtesy of the Grandtrines blog,) for those that would like to examine it via the link below.", "\n\nGrand Water Trine Chart information\n\nAnother very significant astrological event coming up in our future is the Cardinal Cross of 2014, which I will be exploring in another blog post. ", "I feel that these two events are linked together, and our consciousness and performance through this July event will assist us with possible impacts from in the Cardinal Cross event.", "\n\nThe Grand Water trine consists of Mercury, Mars and Jupiter in Cancer, trine Neptune and Chiron in Pisces, trine Saturn in Scorpio. ", "This will bring a significant DEPTH of feeling (Cancer,) intuitive knowledge and inspiration (Neptune,) as well as profound healing potential (Chiron.) ", "Also a natural depth perception and ability to perceive hidden truths; no matter how unpleasant or frightening they may be (Saturn in Scorpio.)", "\n\nAkashic Wisdom Keepers Commentary on the Grand Water Trine of 2013: Regarding the Grand Water Trine in Cancer, this has the potential to present a “healing crisis” for some, and for all a grand opportunity. ", "WATER is identified source of cleansing, power, life and regeneration. ", "It is in grand design that the “Yin” aspects of Gaia such as the waterways, lakes and oceans are highlighted at this time. ", "The Grand Water Trine event is a powerful opportunity for cleansing and connection at a divine level. ", "Those beings that feel a connection to the Mer-beings and Slyphs will be highlighted at this time, and messages from these Kingdoms may be more pronounced and clear.", "\n\nRegarding upcoming astro-cosmic events (this and the Cardinal Cross of 2014,) it is an opportunity to create and re-create the highest possible outcomes for the ALL together as ONE MIND. ", "Just as the human vehicle contains the knowledge, information and ability to heal and regenerate itself, so does Gaia.", "\n\nThis ability and information has been suppressed through dis-information, indoctrination and involuntary servitude by the former controlling interests of the planet. ", "Those that identify as Earth Stewards, Wayshowers, Light Anchors, and so forth, are now here and their purposes will be fulfilled. ", "Hold no doubt and full faith that this will be done.", "\n\nIt is vital to hold the highest loving context, knowing and state of purity for Gaia and all beings through these transitional periods to have the most positive outcome. ", "You are the ones that make it so. ", "And so it is. – ", "1.6.13\n\nNOTE: I will be adding material to this post as we get closer to this date. ", "Thank you." ]

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[ "Newtonian Reflector Telescopes\n\nThe Orion 8\" Dobsonian reflector telescope serves as a great optical instrument for amateur astronomers of any kind. ", "Included is a computerized object locator, enabling the user digital and automatic access to over 14,000 objects in the night sky, including solar system and deep sky.", "\n\nThe SkyQuest XT10 continues its dominance over all other 10\" Dobsonians worldwide by virtue of its dazzling optics, a contemporary new design, and most exciting of all, the ability to locate any of more than 14,000 fascinating celestial objects with pushbutton ease!", "\n\nHere is a fun and compact telescope that’s sure to inspire the whole family’s natural inclination to explore. ", "The Orion StarBlast 4.5 Astro Reflector Telescope is no toy - it’s a real reflecting telescope that is wonderfully simple to set up and use.", "\n\nColossal 14\"-aperture parabolic optics open up the heavens to new visual adventures!Enhanced reflectivity (94%) aluminum mirror coatings for brighter images14\" optics collect 36% more light than a 12\" mirror, and an amazing 96% more\n\nSkyQuest XX14i, Shroud, and Case Set PackageEverything you need for optimized use and transport of the 14-inch XX14i! ", "Traditional 8- truss design offers superior rigidity compared to other designs in this category IntelliScope computerized object-l" ]

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[ "API Reference\n==============\n\nCKEditor Object in Template\n----------------------------\n.. module:: flask_ckeditor\n\n.. autoclass:: _CKEditor\n :members:\n :undoc-members:\n\n\nCKEditor Object in Python\n----------------------------\n\n.. autoclass:: CKEditor\n :members:\n :undoc-members:\n\nImage Upload\n-------------\n\n.. autofunction:: upload_success\n.. autofunction:: upload_fail\n\nUtils\n-----\n\n.. module:: flask_ckeditor.utils\n\n.. autofunction:: get_url\n.. autofunction:: random_filename\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to group objects by every date within a range of dates\n\nI can create a hash like this:\n@time_offs_by_date = @time_offs.group_by{ |time_off| time_off.start_date}\n\nWhich I then iterate through using\n@time_offs_by_date[date] # I am drawing a calendar date-by-date\n# I then list details about every object grouped by the specified date\n\nI would like to group my objects by every date included in the range between time_off.start_date and time_off.end_date.", "\nHow would I do this? ", "\n\nA:\n\nThis should do it:\n@time_offs_by_date = @time_offs.group_by{ |time_off| time_off.start_date..time_off.end_date }\n\n@time_offs_by_date.each do |range, time_offs|\n # do your logic here\nend\n\nThis will produce a Hash with Range objects as keys, and an array of TimeOff as values.", "\nDocumentation about the class Range (Ruby 1.9.3): http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/Range.html\nHope that helps!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "#include \"license.hunspell\"\n#include \"license.myspell\"\n\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <ctype.h>\n\n#include \"affentry.hxx\"\n#include \"csutil.hxx\"\n\n#define MAXTEMPWORDLEN (MAXWORDUTF8LEN + 4)\n\nPfxEntry::PfxEntry(AffixMgr* pmgr, affentry* dp)\n // register affix manager\n : pmyMgr(pmgr)\n , next(NULL)\n , nexteq(NULL)\n , nextne(NULL)\n , flgnxt(NULL)\n{\n // set up its initial values\n aflag = dp->aflag; // flag\n strip = dp->strip; // string to strip\n appnd = dp->appnd; // string to append\n stripl = dp->stripl; // length of strip string\n appndl = dp->appndl; // length of append string\n numconds = dp->numconds; // length of the condition\n opts = dp->opts; // cross product flag\n // then copy over all of the conditions\n if (opts & aeLONGCOND) {\n memcpy(c.conds, dp->c.l.conds1, MAXCONDLEN_1);\n c.l.conds2 = dp->c.l.conds2;\n } else memcpy(c.conds, dp->c.conds, MAXCONDLEN);\n morphcode = dp->morphcode;\n contclass = dp->contclass;\n contclasslen = dp->contclasslen;\n}\n\n\nPfxEntry::~PfxEntry()\n{\n aflag = 0;\n if (appnd) free(appnd);\n if (strip) free(strip);\n pmyMgr = NULL;\n appnd = NULL;\n strip = NULL;\n if (opts & aeLONGCOND) free(c.l.conds2);\n if (morphcode && !(", "opts & aeALIASM)) free(morphcode);\n if (contclass && !(", "opts & aeALIASF)) free(contclass);\n}\n\n// add prefix to this word assuming conditions hold\nchar * PfxEntry::add(const char * word, int len)\n{\n char tword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n\n if ((len > stripl || (len == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) && \n (len >= numconds) && test_condition(word) &&\n (!", "stripl || (strncmp(word, strip, stripl) == 0)) &&\n ((MAXTEMPWORDLEN) > (len + appndl - stripl))) {\n /* we have a match so add prefix */\n char * pp = tword;\n if (appndl) {\n strncpy(tword, appnd, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n pp += appndl;\n }\n strcpy(pp, (word + stripl));\n return mystrdup(tword);\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\ninline char * PfxEntry::nextchar(char * p) {\n if (p) {\n p++;\n if (opts & aeLONGCOND) {\n // jump to the 2nd part of the condition\n if (p == c.conds + MAXCONDLEN_1) return c.l.conds2;\n // end of the MAXCONDLEN length condition\n } else if (p == c.conds + MAXCONDLEN) return NULL;\n\treturn *p ? ", "p : NULL;\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\ninline int PfxEntry::test_condition(const char * st)\n{\n const char * pos = NULL; // group with pos input position\n bool neg = false; // complementer\n bool ingroup = false; // character in the group\n if (numconds == 0) return 1;\n char * p = c.conds;\n while (1) {\n switch (*p) {\n case '\\0': return 1;\n case '[': { \n neg = false;\n ingroup = false;\n p = nextchar(p);\n pos = st; break;\n }\n case '^': { p = nextchar(p); neg = true; break; }\n case ']': { \n if ((neg && ingroup) || (!", "neg && !", "ingroup)) return 0;\n pos = NULL;\n p = nextchar(p);\n // skip the next character\n if (!", "ingroup && *st) for (st++; (opts & aeUTF8) && (*st & 0xc0) == 0x80; st++);\n if (*st == '\\0' && p) return 0; // word <= condition\n break;\n }\n case '.':", "\n if (!", "pos) { // dots are not metacharacters in groups: [.]", "\n p = nextchar(p);\n // skip the next character\n for (st++; (opts & aeUTF8) && (*st & 0xc0) == 0x80; st++);\n if (*st == '\\0' && p) return 0; // word <= condition\n break;\n }\n /* FALLTHROUGH */\n default: {\n if (*st == *p) {\n st++;\n p = nextchar(p);\n if ((opts & aeUTF8) && (*(st - 1) & 0x80)) { // multibyte\n while (p && (*p & 0xc0) == 0x80) { // character\n if (*p !", "= *st) {\n if (!", "pos) return 0;\n st = pos;\n break;\n }\n p = nextchar(p);\n st++;\n }\n if (pos && st !", "= pos) {\n ingroup = true;\n while (p && *p !", "= ']' && ((p = nextchar(p)) !", "= NULL));\n }\n } else if (pos) {\n ingroup = true;\n while (p && *p !", "= ']' && ((p = nextchar(p)) !", "= NULL));\n }\n } else if (pos) { // group\n p = nextchar(p);\n } else return 0;\n }\n }\n if (!", "p) return 1;\n }\n}\n\n// check if this prefix entry matches\nstruct hentry * PfxEntry::checkword(const char * word, int len, char in_compound, const FLAG needflag)\n{\n int tmpl; // length of tmpword\n struct hentry * he; // hash entry of root word or NULL\n char tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n\n // on entry prefix is 0 length or already matches the beginning of the word.", "\n // So if the remaining root word has positive length\n // and if there are enough chars in root word and added back strip chars\n // to meet the number of characters conditions, then test it\n\n tmpl = len - appndl;\n\n if (tmpl > 0 || (tmpl == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) {\n\n // generate new root word by removing prefix and adding\n // back any characters that would have been stripped\n\n if (stripl) {\n strncpy(tmpword, strip, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n }\n strcpy ((tmpword + stripl), (word + appndl));\n\n // now make sure all of the conditions on characters\n // are met. ", " Please see the appendix at the end of\n // this file for more info on exactly what is being\n // tested\n\n // if all conditions are met then check if resulting\n // root word in the dictionary\n\n if (test_condition(tmpword)) {\n tmpl += stripl;\n if ((he = pmyMgr->lookup(tmpword)) !", "= NULL) {\n do {\n if (TESTAFF(he->astr, aflag, he->alen) &&\n // forbid single prefixes with needaffix flag\n ! ", "TESTAFF(contclass, pmyMgr->get_needaffix(), contclasslen) &&\n // needflag\n ((!", "needflag) || TESTAFF(he->astr, needflag, he->alen) ||\n (contclass && TESTAFF(contclass, needflag, contclasslen))))\n return he;\n he = he->next_homonym; // check homonyms\n } while (he);\n }\n\n // prefix matched but no root word was found\n // if aeXPRODUCT is allowed, try again but now\n // ross checked combined with a suffix\n\n //if ((opts & aeXPRODUCT) && in_compound) {\n if ((opts & aeXPRODUCT)) {\n he = pmyMgr->suffix_check(tmpword, tmpl, aeXPRODUCT, this, NULL,\n 0, NULL, FLAG_NULL, needflag, in_compound);\n if (he) return he;\n }\n }\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n// check if this prefix entry matches\nstruct hentry * PfxEntry::check_twosfx(const char * word, int len,\n char in_compound, const FLAG needflag)\n{\n int tmpl; // length of tmpword\n struct hentry * he; // hash entry of root word or NULL\n char tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n\n // on entry prefix is 0 length or already matches the beginning of the word.", "\n // So if the remaining root word has positive length\n // and if there are enough chars in root word and added back strip chars\n // to meet the number of characters conditions, then test it\n\n tmpl = len - appndl;\n\n if ((tmpl > 0 || (tmpl == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) &&\n (tmpl + stripl >= numconds)) {\n\n // generate new root word by removing prefix and adding\n // back any characters that would have been stripped\n\n if (stripl) {\n strncpy(tmpword, strip, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n }\n strcpy ((tmpword + stripl), (word + appndl));\n\n // now make sure all of the conditions on characters\n // are met. ", " Please see the appendix at the end of\n // this file for more info on exactly what is being\n // tested\n\n // if all conditions are met then check if resulting\n // root word in the dictionary\n\n if (test_condition(tmpword)) {\n tmpl += stripl;\n\n // prefix matched but no root word was found\n // if aeXPRODUCT is allowed, try again but now\n // cross checked combined with a suffix\n\n if ((opts & aeXPRODUCT) && (in_compound !", "= IN_CPD_BEGIN)) {\n he = pmyMgr->suffix_check_twosfx(tmpword, tmpl, aeXPRODUCT, this, needflag);\n if (he) return he;\n }\n }\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n// check if this prefix entry matches\nchar * PfxEntry::check_twosfx_morph(const char * word, int len,\n char in_compound, const FLAG needflag)\n{\n int tmpl; // length of tmpword\n char tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n\n // on entry prefix is 0 length or already matches the beginning of the word.", "\n // So if the remaining root word has positive length\n // and if there are enough chars in root word and added back strip chars\n // to meet the number of characters conditions, then test it\n\n tmpl = len - appndl;\n\n if ((tmpl > 0 || (tmpl == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) &&\n (tmpl + stripl >= numconds)) {\n\n // generate new root word by removing prefix and adding\n // back any characters that would have been stripped\n\n if (stripl) {\n strncpy(tmpword, strip, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n }\n strcpy ((tmpword + stripl), (word + appndl));\n\n // now make sure all of the conditions on characters\n // are met. ", " Please see the appendix at the end of\n // this file for more info on exactly what is being\n // tested\n\n // if all conditions are met then check if resulting\n // root word in the dictionary\n\n if (test_condition(tmpword)) {\n tmpl += stripl;\n\n // prefix matched but no root word was found\n // if aeXPRODUCT is allowed, try again but now\n // ross checked combined with a suffix\n\n if ((opts & aeXPRODUCT) && (in_compound !", "= IN_CPD_BEGIN)) {\n return pmyMgr->suffix_check_twosfx_morph(tmpword, tmpl,\n aeXPRODUCT, this, needflag);\n }\n }\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n// check if this prefix entry matches\nchar * PfxEntry::check_morph(const char * word, int len, char in_compound, const FLAG needflag)\n{\n int tmpl; // length of tmpword\n struct hentry * he; // hash entry of root word or NULL\n char tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n char result[MAXLNLEN];\n char * st;\n\n *result = '\\0';\n\n // on entry prefix is 0 length or already matches the beginning of the word.", "\n // So if the remaining root word has positive length\n // and if there are enough chars in root word and added back strip chars\n // to meet the number of characters conditions, then test it\n\n tmpl = len - appndl;\n\n if ((tmpl > 0 || (tmpl == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) &&\n (tmpl + stripl >= numconds)) {\n\n // generate new root word by removing prefix and adding\n // back any characters that would have been stripped\n\n if (stripl) {\n strncpy(tmpword, strip, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n }\n strcpy ((tmpword + stripl), (word + appndl));\n\n // now make sure all of the conditions on characters\n // are met. ", " Please see the appendix at the end of\n // this file for more info on exactly what is being\n // tested\n\n // if all conditions are met then check if resulting\n // root word in the dictionary\n\n if (test_condition(tmpword)) {\n tmpl += stripl;\n if ((he = pmyMgr->lookup(tmpword)) !", "= NULL) {\n do {\n if (TESTAFF(he->astr, aflag, he->alen) &&\n // forbid single prefixes with needaffix flag\n ! ", "TESTAFF(contclass, pmyMgr->get_needaffix(), contclasslen) &&\n // needflag\n ((!", "needflag) || TESTAFF(he->astr, needflag, he->alen) ||\n (contclass && TESTAFF(contclass, needflag, contclasslen)))) {\n if (morphcode) {\n mystrcat(result, \" \", MAXLNLEN);\n mystrcat(result, morphcode, MAXLNLEN);\n } else mystrcat(result,getKey(), MAXLNLEN);\n if (!", "HENTRY_FIND(he, MORPH_STEM)) {\n mystrcat(result, \" \", MAXLNLEN);\n mystrcat(result, MORPH_STEM, MAXLNLEN);\n mystrcat(result, HENTRY_WORD(he), MAXLNLEN);\n }\n // store the pointer of the hash entry\n if (HENTRY_DATA(he)) {\n mystrcat(result, \" \", MAXLNLEN);\n mystrcat(result, HENTRY_DATA2(he), MAXLNLEN);\n } else {\n // return with debug information\n char * flag = pmyMgr->encode_flag(getFlag());\n mystrcat(result, \" \", MAXLNLEN);\n mystrcat(result, MORPH_FLAG, MAXLNLEN);\n mystrcat(result, flag, MAXLNLEN);\n free(flag);\n }\n mystrcat(result, \"\\n\", MAXLNLEN);\n }\n he = he->next_homonym;\n } while (he);\n }\n\n // prefix matched but no root word was found\n // if aeXPRODUCT is allowed, try again but now\n // ross checked combined with a suffix\n\n if ((opts & aeXPRODUCT) && (in_compound !", "= IN_CPD_BEGIN)) {\n st = pmyMgr->suffix_check_morph(tmpword, tmpl, aeXPRODUCT, this,\n FLAG_NULL, needflag);\n if (st) {\n mystrcat(result, st, MAXLNLEN);\n free(st);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n \n if (*result) return mystrdup(result);\n return NULL;\n}\n\nSfxEntry::SfxEntry(AffixMgr * pmgr, affentry* dp)\n : pmyMgr(pmgr) // register affix manager\n , next(NULL)\n , nexteq(NULL)\n , nextne(NULL)\n , flgnxt(NULL)\n , l_morph(NULL)\n , r_morph(NULL)\n , eq_morph(NULL)\n{\n // set up its initial values\n aflag = dp->aflag; // char flag\n strip = dp->strip; // string to strip\n appnd = dp->appnd; // string to append\n stripl = dp->stripl; // length of strip string\n appndl = dp->appndl; // length of append string\n numconds = dp->numconds; // length of the condition\n opts = dp->opts; // cross product flag\n\n // then copy over all of the conditions\n if (opts & aeLONGCOND) {\n memcpy(c.l.conds1, dp->c.l.conds1, MAXCONDLEN_1);\n c.l.conds2 = dp->c.l.conds2;\n } else memcpy(c.conds, dp->c.conds, MAXCONDLEN);\n rappnd = myrevstrdup(appnd);\n morphcode = dp->morphcode;\n contclass = dp->contclass;\n contclasslen = dp->contclasslen;\n}\n\n\nSfxEntry::~SfxEntry()\n{\n aflag = 0;\n if (appnd) free(appnd);\n if (rappnd) free(rappnd);\n if (strip) free(strip);\n pmyMgr = NULL;\n appnd = NULL;\n strip = NULL;\n if (opts & aeLONGCOND) free(c.l.conds2);\n if (morphcode && !(", "opts & aeALIASM)) free(morphcode);\n if (contclass && !(", "opts & aeALIASF)) free(contclass);\n}\n\n// add suffix to this word assuming conditions hold\nchar * SfxEntry::add(const char * word, int len)\n{\n char tword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n\n /* make sure all conditions match */\n if ((len > stripl || (len == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) &&\n (len >= numconds) && test_condition(word + len, word) &&\n (!", "stripl || (strcmp(word + len - stripl, strip) == 0)) &&\n ((MAXTEMPWORDLEN) > (len + appndl - stripl))) {\n /* we have a match so add suffix */\n strncpy(tword, word, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n if (appndl) {\n strcpy(tword + len - stripl, appnd);\n } else {\n *(tword + len - stripl) = '\\0';\n }\n return mystrdup(tword);\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\ninline char * SfxEntry::nextchar(char * p) {\n if (p) {\n\tp++;\n\tif (opts & aeLONGCOND) {\n \t // jump to the 2nd part of the condition\n \t if (p == c.l.conds1 + MAXCONDLEN_1) return c.l.conds2;\n\t// end of the MAXCONDLEN length condition\n\t} else if (p == c.conds + MAXCONDLEN) return NULL;\n\treturn *p ? ", "p : NULL;\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\ninline int SfxEntry::test_condition(const char * st, const char * beg)\n{\n const char * pos = NULL; // group with pos input position\n bool neg = false; // complementer\n bool ingroup = false; // character in the group\n if (numconds == 0) return 1;\n char * p = c.conds;\n st--;\n int i = 1;\n while (1) {\n switch (*p) {\n case '\\0':\n return 1;\n case '[':\n p = nextchar(p);\n pos = st;\n break;\n case '^':\n p = nextchar(p);\n neg = true;\n break;\n case ']':\n if (!", "neg && !", "ingroup)\n return 0;\n i++;\n // skip the next character\n if (!", "ingroup)\n {\n for (; (opts & aeUTF8) && (st >= beg) && (*st & 0xc0) == 0x80; st--);\n st--;\n } \n pos = NULL;\n neg = false;\n ingroup = false;\n p = nextchar(p);\n if (st < beg && p)\n return 0; // word <= condition\n break;\n case '.':", "\n if (!", "pos)\n {\n // dots are not metacharacters in groups: [.]", "\n p = nextchar(p);\n // skip the next character\n for (st--; (opts & aeUTF8) && (st >= beg) && (*st & 0xc0) == 0x80; st--);\n if (st < beg) { // word <= condition\n\t\t if (p) return 0; else return 1;\n\t\t}\n if ((opts & aeUTF8) && (*st & 0x80)) { // head of the UTF-8 character\n st--;\n if (st < beg) { // word <= condition\n\t\t\tif (p) return 0; else return 1;\n\t\t }\n }\n break;\n }\n /* FALLTHROUGH */\n default: {\n if (*st == *p) {\n p = nextchar(p);\n if ((opts & aeUTF8) && (*st & 0x80)) {\n st--;\n while (p && (st >= beg)) {\n if (*p !", "= *st) {\n if (!", "pos) return 0;\n st = pos;\n break;\n }\n // first byte of the UTF-8 multibyte character\n if ((*p & 0xc0) !", "= 0x80) break;\n p = nextchar(p);\n st--;\n }\n if (pos && st !", "= pos) {\n if (neg) return 0;\n else if (i == numconds) return 1;\n ingroup = true;\n while (p && *p !", "= ']' && ((p = nextchar(p)) !", "= NULL));\n\t\t\t st--;\n }\n if (p && *p !", "= ']') p = nextchar(p);\n } else if (pos) {\n if (neg) return 0;\n else if (i == numconds) return 1;\n ingroup = true;\n\t\t\twhile (p && *p !", "= ']' && ((p = nextchar(p)) !", "= NULL));\n//\t\t\tif (p && *p !", "= ']') p = nextchar(p);\n st--;\n }\n if (!", "pos) {\n i++;\n st--;\n }\n if (st < beg && p && *p !", "= ']') return 0; // word <= condition\n } else if (pos) { // group\n p = nextchar(p);\n } else return 0;\n }\n }\n if (!", "p) return 1;\n }\n}\n\n// see if this suffix is present in the word\nstruct hentry * SfxEntry::checkword(const char * word, int len, int optflags,\n PfxEntry* ppfx, char ** wlst, int maxSug, int * ns, const FLAG cclass, const FLAG needflag,\n const FLAG badflag)\n{\n int tmpl; // length of tmpword\n struct hentry * he; // hash entry pointer\n unsigned char * cp;\n char tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n PfxEntry* ep = ppfx;\n\n // if this suffix is being cross checked with a prefix\n // but it does not support cross products skip it\n\n if (((optflags & aeXPRODUCT) !", "= 0) && ((opts & aeXPRODUCT) == 0))\n return NULL;\n\n // upon entry suffix is 0 length or already matches the end of the word.", "\n // So if the remaining root word has positive length\n // and if there are enough chars in root word and added back strip chars\n // to meet the number of characters conditions, then test it\n\n tmpl = len - appndl;\n // the second condition is not enough for UTF-8 strings\n // it checked in test_condition()\n\n if ((tmpl > 0 || (tmpl == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) &&\n (tmpl + stripl >= numconds)) {\n\n // generate new root word by removing suffix and adding\n // back any characters that would have been stripped or\n // or null terminating the shorter string\n\n strncpy (tmpword, word, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n cp = (unsigned char *)(tmpword + tmpl);\n if (stripl) {\n strcpy ((char *)cp, strip);\n tmpl += stripl;\n cp = (unsigned char *)(tmpword + tmpl);\n } else *cp = '\\0';\n\n // now make sure all of the conditions on characters\n // are met. ", " Please see the appendix at the end of\n // this file for more info on exactly what is being\n // tested\n\n // if all conditions are met then check if resulting\n // root word in the dictionary\n\n if (test_condition((char *) cp, (char *) tmpword)) {\n\n#ifdef SZOSZABLYA_POSSIBLE_ROOTS\n fprintf(stdout,\"%s %s %c\\n\", word, tmpword, aflag);\n#endif\n if ((he = pmyMgr->lookup(tmpword)) !", "= NULL) {\n do {\n // check conditional suffix (enabled by prefix)\n if ((TESTAFF(he->astr, aflag, he->alen) || (ep && ep->getCont() &&\n TESTAFF(ep->getCont(), aflag, ep->getContLen()))) &&\n (((optflags & aeXPRODUCT) == 0) ||\n (ep && TESTAFF(he->astr, ep->getFlag(), he->alen)) ||\n // enabled by prefix\n ((contclass) && (ep && TESTAFF(contclass, ep->getFlag(), contclasslen)))\n ) &&\n // handle cont. ", "class\n ((!", "cclass) ||\n ((contclass) && TESTAFF(contclass, cclass, contclasslen))\n ) &&\n // check only in compound homonyms (bad flags)\n (!", "badflag || !", "TESTAFF(he->astr, badflag, he->alen)\n ) &&\n // handle required flag\n ((!", "needflag) ||\n (TESTAFF(he->astr, needflag, he->alen) ||\n ((contclass) && TESTAFF(contclass, needflag, contclasslen)))\n )\n ) return he;\n he = he->next_homonym; // check homonyms\n } while (he);\n\n // obsolote stemming code (used only by the\n // experimental SuffixMgr:suggest_pos_stems)\n // store resulting root in wlst\n } else if (wlst && (*ns < maxSug)) {\n int cwrd = 1;\n for (int k=0; k < *ns; k++)\n if (strcmp(tmpword, wlst[k]) == 0) {\n cwrd = 0;\n break;\n }\n if (cwrd) {\n wlst[*ns] = mystrdup(tmpword);\n if (wlst[*ns] == NULL) {\n for (int j=0; j<*ns; j++) free(wlst[j]);\n *ns = -1;\n return NULL;\n }\n (*ns)++;\n }\n }\n }\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n// see if two-level suffix is present in the word\nstruct hentry * SfxEntry::check_twosfx(const char * word, int len, int optflags,\n PfxEntry* ppfx, const FLAG needflag)\n{\n int tmpl; // length of tmpword\n struct hentry * he; // hash entry pointer\n unsigned char * cp;\n char tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n PfxEntry* ep = ppfx;\n\n\n // if this suffix is being cross checked with a prefix\n // but it does not support cross products skip it\n\n if ((optflags & aeXPRODUCT) !", "= 0 && (opts & aeXPRODUCT) == 0)\n return NULL;\n\n // upon entry suffix is 0 length or already matches the end of the word.", "\n // So if the remaining root word has positive length\n // and if there are enough chars in root word and added back strip chars\n // to meet the number of characters conditions, then test it\n\n tmpl = len - appndl;\n\n if ((tmpl > 0 || (tmpl == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) &&\n (tmpl + stripl >= numconds)) {\n\n // generate new root word by removing suffix and adding\n // back any characters that would have been stripped or\n // or null terminating the shorter string\n\n strncpy(tmpword, word, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n cp = (unsigned char *)(tmpword + tmpl);\n if (stripl) {\n strcpy ((char *)cp, strip);\n tmpl += stripl;\n cp = (unsigned char *)(tmpword + tmpl);\n } else *cp = '\\0';\n\n // now make sure all of the conditions on characters\n // are met. ", " Please see the appendix at the end of\n // this file for more info on exactly what is being\n // tested\n\n // if all conditions are met then recall suffix_check\n\n if (test_condition((char *) cp, (char *) tmpword)) {\n if (ppfx) {\n // handle conditional suffix\n if ((contclass) && TESTAFF(contclass, ep->getFlag(), contclasslen))\n he = pmyMgr->suffix_check(tmpword, tmpl, 0, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, (FLAG) aflag, needflag);\n else\n he = pmyMgr->suffix_check(tmpword, tmpl, optflags, ppfx, NULL, 0, NULL, (FLAG) aflag, needflag);\n } else {\n he = pmyMgr->suffix_check(tmpword, tmpl, 0, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, (FLAG) aflag, needflag);\n }\n if (he) return he;\n }\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n// see if two-level suffix is present in the word\nchar * SfxEntry::check_twosfx_morph(const char * word, int len, int optflags,\n PfxEntry* ppfx, const FLAG needflag)\n{\n int tmpl; // length of tmpword\n unsigned char * cp;\n char tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN];\n PfxEntry* ep = ppfx;\n char * st;\n\n char result[MAXLNLEN];\n\n *result = '\\0';\n\n // if this suffix is being cross checked with a prefix\n // but it does not support cross products skip it\n\n if ((optflags & aeXPRODUCT) !", "= 0 && (opts & aeXPRODUCT) == 0)\n return NULL;\n\n // upon entry suffix is 0 length or already matches the end of the word.", "\n // So if the remaining root word has positive length\n // and if there are enough chars in root word and added back strip chars\n // to meet the number of characters conditions, then test it\n\n tmpl = len - appndl;\n\n if ((tmpl > 0 || (tmpl == 0 && pmyMgr->get_fullstrip())) &&\n (tmpl + stripl >= numconds)) {\n\n // generate new root word by removing suffix and adding\n // back any characters that would have been stripped or\n // or null terminating the shorter string\n\n strncpy(tmpword, word, MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1);\n tmpword[MAXTEMPWORDLEN-1] = '\\0';\n cp = (unsigned char *)(tmpword + tmpl);\n if (stripl) {\n strcpy ((char *)cp, strip);\n tmpl += stripl;\n cp = (unsigned char *)(tmpword + tmpl);\n } else *cp = '\\0';\n\n // now make sure all of the conditions on characters\n // are met. ", " Please see the appendix at the end of\n // this file for more info on exactly what is being\n // tested\n\n // if all conditions are met then recall suffix_check\n\n if (test_condition((char *) cp, (char *) tmpword)) {\n if (ppfx) {\n // handle conditional suffix\n if ((contclass) && TESTAFF(contclass, ep->getFlag(), contclasslen)) {\n st = pmyMgr->suffix_check_morph(tmpword, tmpl, 0, NULL, aflag, needflag);\n if (st) {\n if (ppfx->getMorph()) {\n mystrcat(result, ppfx->getMorph(), MAXLNLEN);\n mystrcat(result, \" \", MAXLNLEN);\n }\n mystrcat(result,st, MAXLNLEN);\n free(st);\n mychomp(result);\n }\n } else {\n st = pmyMgr->suffix_check_morph(tmpword, tmpl, optflags, ppfx, aflag, needflag);\n if (st) {\n mystrcat(result, st, MAXLNLEN);\n free(st);\n mychomp(result);\n }\n }\n } else {\n st = pmyMgr->suffix_check_morph(tmpword, tmpl, 0, NULL, aflag, needflag);\n if (st) {\n mystrcat(result, st, MAXLNLEN);\n free(st);\n mychomp(result);\n }\n }\n if (*result) return mystrdup(result);\n }\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n// get next homonym with same affix\nstruct hentry * SfxEntry::get_next_homonym(struct hentry * he, int optflags, PfxEntry* ppfx,\n const FLAG cclass, const FLAG needflag)\n{\n PfxEntry* ep = ppfx;\n FLAG eFlag = ep ? ", "ep->getFlag() : FLAG_NULL;\n\n while (he->next_homonym) {\n he = he->next_homonym;\n if ((TESTAFF(he->astr, aflag, he->alen) || (ep && ep->getCont() && TESTAFF(ep->getCont(), aflag, ep->getContLen()))) &&\n ((optflags & aeXPRODUCT) == 0 ||\n TESTAFF(he->astr, eFlag, he->alen) ||\n // handle conditional suffix\n ((contclass) && TESTAFF(contclass, eFlag, contclasslen))\n ) &&\n // handle cont. ", "class\n ((!", "cclass) ||\n ((contclass) && TESTAFF(contclass, cclass, contclasslen))\n ) &&\n // handle required flag\n ((!", "needflag) ||\n (TESTAFF(he->astr, needflag, he->alen) ||\n ((contclass) && TESTAFF(contclass, needflag, contclasslen)))\n )\n ) return he;\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n\n#if 0\n\nAppendix: Understanding Affix Code\n\n\nAn affix is either a prefix or a suffix attached to root words to make \nother words.", "\n\nBasically a Prefix or a Suffix is set of AffEntry objects\nwhich store information about the prefix or suffix along \nwith supporting routines to check if a word has a particular \nprefix or suffix or a combination.", "\n\nThe structure affentry is defined as follows:\n\nstruct affentry\n{\n unsigned short aflag; // ID used to represent the affix\n char * strip; // string to strip before adding affix\n char * appnd; // the affix string to add\n unsigned char stripl; // length of the strip string\n unsigned char appndl; // length of the affix string\n char numconds; // the number of conditions that must be met\n char opts; // flag: aeXPRODUCT- combine both prefix and suffix \n char conds[SETSIZE]; // array which encodes the conditions to be met\n};\n\n\nHere is a suffix borrowed from the en_US.aff file. ", " This file \nis whitespace delimited.", "\n\nSFX D Y 4 \nSFX D 0 e d\nSFX D y ied [^aeiou]y\nSFX D 0 ed [^ey]\nSFX D 0 ed [aeiou]y\n\nThis information can be interpreted as follows:\n\nIn the first line has 4 fields\n\nField\n-----\n1 SFX - indicates this is a suffix\n2 D - is the name of the character flag which represents this suffix\n3 Y - indicates it can be combined with prefixes (cross product)\n4 4 - indicates that sequence of 4 affentry structures are needed to\n properly store the affix information\n\nThe remaining lines describe the unique information for the 4 SfxEntry \nobjects that make up this affix. ", " Each line can be interpreted\nas follows: (note fields 1 and 2 are as a check against line 1 info)\n\nField\n-----\n1 SFX - indicates this is a suffix\n2 D - is the name of the character flag for this affix\n3 y - the string of chars to strip off before adding affix\n (a 0 here indicates the NULL string)\n4 ied - the string of affix characters to add\n5 [^aeiou]y - the conditions which must be met before the affix\n can be applied\n\nField 5 is interesting. ", " Since this is a suffix, field 5 tells us that\nthere are 2 conditions that must be met. ", " The first condition is that \nthe next to the last character in the word must *NOT* be any of the \nfollowing \"a\", \"e\", \"i\", \"o\" or \"u\". ", " The second condition is that\nthe last character of the word must end in \"y\".", "\n\nSo how can we encode this information concisely and be able to \ntest for both conditions in a fast manner? ", " The answer is found\nbut studying the wonderful ispell code of Geoff Kuenning, et.al. ", "\n(now available under a normal BSD license).", "\n\nIf we set up a conds array of 256 bytes indexed (0 to 255) and access it\nusing a character (cast to an unsigned char) of a string, we have 8 bits\nof information we can store about that character. ", " Specifically we\ncould use each bit to say if that character is allowed in any of the \nlast (or first for prefixes) 8 characters of the word.", "\n\nBasically, each character at one end of the word (up to the number \nof conditions) is used to index into the conds array and the resulting \nvalue found there says whether the that character is valid for a \nspecific character position in the word. ", " \n\nFor prefixes, it does this by setting bit 0 if that char is valid \nin the first position, bit 1 if valid in the second position, and so on. ", "\n\nIf a bit is not set, then that char is not valid for that postion in the\nword.", "\n\nIf working with suffixes bit 0 is used for the character closest \nto the front, bit 1 for the next character towards the end, ..., \nwith bit numconds-1 representing the last char at the end of the string. ", "\n\nNote: since entries in the conds[] are 8 bits, only 8 conditions \n(read that only 8 character positions) can be examined at one\nend of a word (the beginning for prefixes and the end for suffixes.", "\n\nSo to make this clearer, lets encode the conds array values for the \nfirst two affentries for the suffix D described earlier.", "\n\n\n For the first affentry: \n numconds = 1 (only examine the last character)\n\n conds['e'] = (1 << 0) (the word must end in an E)\n all others are all 0\n\n For the second affentry:\n numconds = 2 (only examine the last two characters) \n\n conds[X] = conds[X] | (1 << 0) (aeiou are not allowed)\n where X is all characters *but* a, e, i, o, or u\n \n\n conds['y'] = (1 << 1) (the last char must be a y)\n all other bits for all other entries in the conds array are zero\n\n\n#endif\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nIntramyometrial pregnancy is the rarest subtype of ectopic pregnancy. ", "The first case of intramural pregnancy was reported in 1924. ", "Preoperative diagnosis is difficult and hysterectomy is always required because of delayed diagnosis.", "\n\n2. ", "Case Report {#sec2}\n==============\n\nWe report a case of intramyometrial pregnancy in twin pregnancy following IVF. ", "The 32-year-old patient had a history of 4 years of unexplained infertility with 3 implantation failures following IVF. ", "She became pregnant of a twin after an IFV-ET of 2 embryos in our department. ", "The embryo transfer was easy and without touching the uterine wall. ", "A spontaneous abortion of the first twin occurred at 9 weeks of gestation. ", "The 10 weeks scan showed a normal fetus which was described to be highly localized in the uterus but the diagnosis of intramyometrial pregnancy was not suspected. ", "The patient was admitted at 14 weeks of gestation with pelvic pain, hemorrhage, and shock. ", "Ultrasound showed an exocentric gestational sac with cardiac activity and suspected rupture of intramyometrial pregnancy. ", "The patient was immediately operated. ", "Surgical exploration showed a partial rupture of the right lateral uterine wall with a conceptus adherent to myometrium without communication with the uterine cavity (Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The conceptus was removed and the uterine wall closed with a 2 layers of resorbable sutures. ", "Followup was free of complications and a postoperative hysterosalpingogram (3 months after the surgery) demonstrated no uterine parietal defect nether uterine diverticulitis. ", "The patient had become spontaneously pregnant 11 months after the surgery and is actually at 32 weeks of gestation.", "\n\n3. ", "Discussion {#sec3}\n=============\n\nThe pathological definition of an intramyometrial pregnancy refers to a conceptus implanting within the myometrium and separated from both the uterine cavity and tubes as well as surrounded by myometrium. ", "It is amongst the rarest type of ectopic pregnancy and constitutes less than 1% of their total number. ", "This type of pregnancy very rarely goes further than 12 weeks\\' gestation, where the risk of uterine rupture is increased and the percentage of maternal mortality is approximately 2.5% \\[[@B1]\\]\n\n3.1. ", "Pathophysiology {#sec3.1}\n--------------------\n\nThere are many theories for the etiological factors of this rare ectopic pregnancy. ", "The most commonly cited aetiological factors is previous uterine trauma resulting in a sinus tract within the endometrium. ", "Other aetiological factors are increased trophoblastic activity and defective decidualisation which allow the conceptus to penetrate into the myometrium. ", "Implantation on the focus of intramural adenomyosis may also account for this phenomenon as may serosal implantation of the conceptus following external migration. ", "It is also known to be associated with in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer. ", "Traumatic factors, such as dilatation and curettage (D&C), cesarean section, myomectomy, manual removal of the placenta, or even difficult embryo transfer, are implicated in most cases \\[[@B2]\\].", "\n\nIntramural pregnancy after embryo transfer has been reported in the literature, where the creation of a false passage at a previous instrumentation of the cervix may be implicated in the ectopic placement of embryos \\[[@B2]\\].", "\n\n3.2. ", "Diagnosis {#sec3.2}\n--------------\n\nPelvic pain and uterine bleeding in the presence of a positive pregnancy test are the hallmark presentation of ectopic pregnancy. ", "However, early diagnosis of intramyometrial pregnancy is very difficult and always made intraoperatively. ", "Only three cases of intramural pregnancy have been correctly diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound and one by magnetic resonance imaging \\[[@B3], [@B4]\\].", "\n\nThe typical ultrasound appearance of intramural pregnancy is a gestational sac completely surrounded by myometrium. ", "The ultrasound appearance can mimic degenerating fibroid, congenital uterine anomaly, or pregnancy in a sacculation or diverticulum. ", "Some authors reported the use of hysteroscopy which allows for direct observation of the uterine cavity and tubal ostium and confirms the absence of the conceptus in the uterine cavity. ", "Serial *β*-hCG assay has been reported to be useful for the diagnosis \\[[@B3]\\].", "\n\n3.3. ", "Treatment {#sec3.3}\n--------------\n\nThe majority of reported cases of intramyometrial pregnancy were managed by hysterectomy \\[[@B3]\\]. ", "This high rate of hysterectomy probably reflects delayed diagnosis. ", "Laparotomy with hysterectomy was the treatment of choice in most cases until 5 years ago when transvaginal sonography allowed the early diagnosis and conservative treatment of the condition in infertile patients \\[[@B5]\\].", "\n\nThere are few cases of conservative management with surgical excision. ", "In our case even with delayed diagnosis and the rupture of uterine wall a conservative management was successfully performed.", "\n\nSome authors reported a successful medical treatment with local injection of methotrexate avoiding surgery \\[[@B2], [@B4], [@B5]\\].", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nEven intramyometrial pregnancy is a very rare type of ectopic pregnancy it should be kept in mind by gynecologist because it can become a life-threatening condition. ", "Early diagnosis is therefore very important, since it makes conservative treatment possible and helps preserve fertility.", "\n\nConflict of Interests\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n[^1]: Academic Editors: E. Cosmi and E. C. Nwosu\n" ]

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[ "As São Paulo's Poor Deal with Hunger, Some Rely on Handouts\n\n10/30/2017 - 14h59\n\nAdvertising\n\nMARIANA ZYLBERKAN\n\nGIBA BERGAMIM JR.", "\n\nFROM SÃO PAULO\n\nJust days ago, after announcing that a \"blessed\" product \"for the hungry\" in São Paulo, made from food about to expire, would hit the shelves, mayor João Doria (PSDB) not only caught his own team off guard, he also helped raise a question: who is in need of food in the country's wealthiest city?", "\n\nNot even the mayor's staff has an answer to the question. ", "The fact remains that Doria handled the promotion of the product poorly, although his diagnosis was correct: the reality of those living in the poor pockets of São Paulo is tough, as entire families live on a poor, repetitive and industrialized diet - that is, when they have access to food. ", "Many others have gone hungry.", "\n\nFolha explored different parts of the city and came across people who had no idea if they would have anything to eat the following day. ", "While some children had to skip breakfast and eat ramen for both lunch and dinner, the meals of other families simply consisted of rice - and nothing else.", "\n\nCases of this sort fall under a category devised by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, referred to as a state of \"severe dietary vulnerability\". ", "Families that are in such a vulnerable state suffer from food deprivation which, in its most extreme form, involves hunger.", "\n\nSuch is the case of Jeferson Oliveira, 29, who is unemployed, and his family. ", "He lives in a tiny shack with his wife and two kids, aged 9 and 10. ", "At their home in the Cimento favela, in São Paulo's eastern district, they sometimes \"just have beans\" for lunch, or all meals of the day will consist of ramen, which they cook on a haphazard stove made out of rocks and alcohol.", "\n\nIn São Paulo's southern district, over in Grajaú, 45 kilometers away from Jeferson's humble shack, neighbors and organizations provide small amounts of rice for Ivone de Fátima, 39, who is also unemployed, so she can feed her family. ", "She avoids cooking beans in order to save up on gas - a new gas canister runs her R$ 80 (approximately US$ 25).", "\n\nAccording to the Map of Dietary Insecurity elaborated in 2014 by the Ministry of Social Development - the most recent numbers on the matter available - Jeferson and Ivone belong to just two of the more than 50,000 families in São Paulo that are under the risk of malnutrition.", "\n\nTranslated by THOMAS MATHEWSON\n\nRead the article in the original language" ]

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[ "The Austrian Interior Ministry has banned several extremist symbols including those from Turkish ultra-nationalists, Kurdish terrorists, and the Muslim Brotherhood.", "\n\nIn total 13 flags and symbols fall under the new ban including the neo-fascist Grey Wolves from Turkey, the terrorist Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK), and the Muslim Brotherhood which originates in Egypt, Kronen Zeitung reports.", "\n\nThe ban, which comes into effect on March 1st, extends to anyone displaying the flags or symbols in public and subjects them to a fine of up to 4,000 euros and up to 10,000 euros for repeat offenders.", "\n\nTurkish Fascists March Openly In Germany, Clash With Kurds https://t.co/MzOMRT9JzL pic.twitter.com/X22DcAoDnx — Breitbart London (@BreitbartLondon) April 1, 2016\n\nThe plan to ban the symbols was a joint effort between the two parties of the ruling conservative-populist coalition of the Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) and the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) and comes after extremist symbols of Islamic State and the Al-Qaeda were previously banned.", "\n\nExemptions to the ban will apply for those not using the symbols to endorse the groups they represent including use for media, films, exhibitions, and academic use.", "\n\nWhile the Grey Wolves have a much bigger presence in neighbouring Germany, Austria has seen clashes between members of the Turkish ultra-right and the country’s Kurdish community as recently as August of 2016 when the two groups attacked each other in the middle of Vienna forcing tourists to flee into nearby shops to escape the violence.", "\n\nTourists Cower As Kurds And Turks Fight In Vienna Central Square https://t.co/xjDQQQAkjB pic.twitter.com/HUNeDPE7Fn — Breitbart London (@BreitbartLondon) August 18, 2016\n\nAustria has also taken issue with Turkish supporters of Islamist President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan who took to the streets in Vienna following the failed coup in 2016 and overwhelmingly voted for Erdoğan in last year’s national election prompting FPÖ Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache to write on social media, “I recommend all the Turks in Austria who voted for Erdoğan should return to Turkey!”", "\n\nThe PKK, while not a major force in Austria, has been allegedly linked to the firebombing of Turkish mosques in Germany allegedly working alongside far-left Antifa extremists. ", "The group is recognised as a terrorist organisation by the UK." ]

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[ "REVIEW\nThis book took me by surprise. ", "I have read all the historical books by this author but this one was very different.", "\nWe have Sara who is determined to marry for wealth. ", "Although to make that happen she has to ruin a friendship and much more.", "\nGodwin is a good man he has taken control of his family' estate after losing everyone. ", "He wants to fill his home with love and children and seeks to do just that however it's not all it's suppose to be with his choice in women.", "\nHe from the get go takes fancy to one woman although he ends up with Sara and quickly learns of her lies and deciet.", "\n\nWhat will become of this couple who are not even friends?", "\nCan Godwin ever have a great love? ", "A happy life?", "\nSo much takes place and it will keep you on your seat reading it." ]

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[ "Elles sont trois. ", "Trois femmes puissantes qui ont trouvé le courage de dénoncer en justice les viols qu’elles auraient subis de la part d’un seul et même homme. ", "Particularité ? ", "Cet homme, Luis D., aujourd’hui âgé de 45 ans, fut à un moment de leur vie un conjoint, un père pour l’enfant que chacune a eu avec lui, mais aussi un bourreau, selon leurs dires. ", "Lui conteste les faits qui lui sont reprochés. ", "Il devra pourtant s’en expliquer à compter de ce mardi devant la cour d’appel de Versailles (Yvelines), où il comparaît pour viols conjugaux.", "\n\nCe procès semble hors-norme à plusieurs titres : d’abord par le nombre de plaintes et de témoins faisant état de pareils faits appelés à la barre, et parce qu’il met en lumière un crime encore trop souvent banalisé. ", "En atteste le récent «sondage» polémique publié sur Twitter par Fun Radio : «Charlotte ne supporte pas que son mec lui fasse l’amour la nuit quand elle dort. ", "Vous trouvez cela normal ?» ", "Sur 583 répondants, 51 % ont estimé qu’il était anormal que la dénommée Charlotte s’insurge d’un tel comportement, pourtant puni par la loi. ", "Dans la foulée, des chroniqueurs de l’émission Touche pas à mon poste, diffusée sur C8 et présentée par Cyril Hanouna, ont livré des analyses douteuses sur le sujet. «", "Employer le mot \"viol\" pour ça, c’est une honte pour les gens qui sont violés. […] ", "On sait vraiment ce que c’est que le viol. […] ", "C’est pas un viol en l’attachant, en la contraignant», a notamment déclaré Matthieu Delormeau, suscitant une vague de protestations, y compris de la part de la secrétaire d’Etat en charge de l’Egalité entre les femmes et les hommes, Marlène Schiappa. ", "Le Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel (CSA) a quant à lui reçu des centaines de plaintes. ", "Il semble donc toujours bon de rappeler ce qu’est vraiment le viol, tel que défini par l’article 222-23 du code pénal : «Tout acte de pénétration sexuelle, de quelque nature qu’il soit, commis sur la personne d’autrui ou sur la personne de l’auteur par violence, contrainte, menace ou surprise.» ", "Peine encourue : quinze ans de prison, qui peuvent passer à vingt ans en cas de circonstances aggravantes. ", "Et le fait d’être en couple en est une, depuis 2006.", "\n\n«Cauchemar»\n\nFace à une telle banalisation, le Haut Conseil à l’égalité a tenté de quantifier l’ampleur de ce fléau : entre 2010 et 2012, sur les 83 000 viols ou tentatives de viol commis chaque année, 31 % des auteurs vivaient avec la victime au moment des faits. «", "Le viol conjugal est assez peu visible sur la scène judiciaire», observe Me Carine Durrieu-Diebolt, avocate de Nadège, l’une des parties civiles au procès en appel qui s’ouvre ce mardi. ", "Et de poursuivre : «C’est ce que démontrait une récente étude menée par l’équipe de recherches appliquées au droit privé de Lille (1). ", "On y lisait notamment que \"les viols conjugaux sont souvent sous-qualifiés au profit d’une qualification de violences volontaires, ce qui est une négation de la réalité du viol\".» ", "Les affaires de ce type, quand plainte il y a, sont également souvent renvoyées en correctionnelle et non devant les assises, voire classées sans suite, lorsque la justice estime disposer de trop peu de preuves ou bute contre le fameux «parole contre parole». ", "En cela, le procès de Luis D. se distingue. «", "Dans cette affaire, nous sommes face à un haut niveau de parole des victimes, d’une part par leur nombre, mais également quant au niveau de précision des faits évoqués», relève Me Durrieu-Diebolt.", "\n\nTout commence en septembre 2011, lorsque l’une d’entre elles, Nadège, dépose plainte pour des violences qu’aurait commises sur elle son ex-concubin, Luis D. Comme souvent dans ce genre de cas, la jeune femme minimise, ne parvient pas à apposer le mot «viol» sur ce qu’elle a vécu, par «pudeur», explique-t-elle. ", "C’est la policière en charge de l’enquête qui lui fait prendre conscience de la gravité des faits. ", "La jeune femme lui explique avoir contacté une autre ancienne compagne de cet homme, prénommée Vanessa, au moment de sa rupture, pour «comprendre ce qu’elle avait vécu». ", "Elle décrit des faits similaires, notamment des coups, insultes et menaces, pour lesquels elle a déposé des mains courantes. ", "Face à ces ressemblances troublantes, la policière prend contact avec plusieurs anciennes compagnes du mis en cause - son casier judiciaire comporte neuf condamnations, dont trois pour «violences volontaires par concubin». ", "Vanessa, en couple avec lui entre 2008 et 2010, fait part à la policière de nombreux rapports sexuels imposés.", "\n\nA lire aussi «Mon corps ne m’appartenait plus»\n\nVient ensuite Christelle, compagne de Luis D. de 2003 à 2006. ", "Questionnée sur cette relation ancienne, la jeune femme, qui vit désormais dans l’est de la France, la résume d’emblée comme «un cauchemar» ; «les pires années de [s]a vie». ", "Agée de 18 ans au moment de sa rencontre avec Luis D., Christelle décrit des gifles et autres violences physiques et verbales régulières. ", "Elle déclare avoir eu avec lui des rapports consentis, mais précise que la majorité survenaient sous la contrainte, parfois à l’aide d’objets (concombre, bouteille de champagne) ou encore pendant son sommeil. ", "Comme Nadège et Vanessa, Christelle évoque un contexte de forte emprise psychologique, d’isolement social et familial, de dépendance financière, instauré par un homme qui consomme beaucoup d’alcool et de cannabis. «", "J’étais sa chose», résume Christelle. ", "Elle et Vanessa déposent plainte à leur tour, en juillet 2012.", "\n\n«Mon client n’est ni un gourou, ni un membre du Temple solaire, il n’a d’emprise sur personne», rétorque Me Fabien Arakelian, l’un des avocats de la défense, pour qui «l’accumulation du nombre de plaignants ne fait pas office de preuve, ni de vérité». ", "Et de mettre en avant l’absence de certificats médicaux ou gynécologiques dans ce dossier. ", "D’autres anciennes compagnes de Luis D. ont été auditionnées lors de l’enquête. ", "Toutes n’ont pas fait état de violences, mais au moins trois d’entre elles ont évoqué un ou plusieurs rapports sexuels forcés. ", "Plusieurs indiquaient aussi qu’elles «finissaient parfois par céder» pour éviter tout regain de violence et que «ça se termine au plus vite». ", "Certaines interviendront comme témoins lors du procès en appel.", "\n\n«Domination»\n\nEn première instance, le 2 mars 2017, Luis D, qui a toujours nié ce qui lui était reproché, a été condamné à douze ans de réclusion. ", "Il a fait appel. ", "Les expertises réalisées au cours de l’instruction ont mis en avant une personnalité «immature», «narcissique», «dans le déni et la projection». ", "Pour justifier les faits évoqués, le quadragénaire a, par exemple, assuré que les plaignantes étaient très demandeuses sexuellement. ", "L’avocat général avait requis quinze ans de prison et souligné que le débat ne «portait pas sur un rapport de couple, mais de domination». «", "Ce qu’on lui reproche, c’est d’être un violeur. ", "Dans un couple, il n’y a pas de laissez-passer dans le corps de l’autre», avait-il dit. ", "C’est le message du Collectif féministe contre le viol (CFCV), qui s’est porté partie civile au procès.", "\n\n«Souvent, les victimes elles-mêmes n’ont pas conscience d’être confrontées à des viols, parce que dans l’imaginaire collectif, ceux-ci se passent encore forcément à 2 heures du matin sous la menace d’une arme, pas dans le cocon familial, même s’il est violent», souligne Me Lilia Mhissen, avocate du collectif. ", "Pour elle, le tabou qui perdure sur ce crime est en partie lié à sa reconnaissance tardive par la loi (lire ci-dessous) : «La notion de devoir conjugal était inscrite dans le code napoléonien. ", "Il a tout de même fallu attendre 1992 pour que la législation reconnaisse la possibilité de l’existence du viol entre époux», éclaire l’avocate. ", "Six mois après avoir été condamné en première instance, Luis D. a fait l’objet d’une nouvelle plainte pour viol conjugal, déposée en septembre 2017 par une jeune femme ayant partagé sa vie entre 2012 et 2014. ", "Il est actuellement placé en détention provisoire dans le cadre de cette dernière affaire, que Me Arakelian qualifie de «hasard troublant du calendrier».", "\n\n(1) Sylvie Cromer, Audrey Darsonville, Christine Desnoyer, Virginie Gautron, Sylvie Grunvald, Soizic Lorvellec, «Les viols dans la chaîne pénale». ", "Rapport de recherche, université de Lille (droit et santé-CRDP ); université de Nantes (droit et changement social), 2017.", "\n\nLoi : du devoir au viol conjugal" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is the penalty if you forget to pick in a professional match?", "\n\nIn League of Legends pro-scene, if you don't pick a champion in the allowed time, what would happen?", "\nWe sometimes see a forgotten ban, that just means that you lose that ban; and in normal play the lobby would be dissolved and everybody returns to the queue.", "\nBut in professional play, what would happen?", "\nWhat is the penalty if you don't pick your champion in a professional match?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt looks like there is no official ruling about that particular scenario, but Section 7.7 in the rulebook has all the rules about the pick and ban phase.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nImpossible to disable return value optimization for std::string?", "\n\nGiven this minimal example.", "\n#include <iostream>\n#include <string>\n\nvoid print_ptr(const std::string& s)\n{\n const char* data = s.data();\n std::cout << \"ptr: \" << (void*)data << std::endl;\n}\n\nstd::string str_return(const char* suffix)\n{\n std::string s(\"prefix\");\n s += \" \";\n s += suffix;\n print_ptr(s);\n return s;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n std::string s = str_return(\"suffix\"), t;\n print_ptr(s);\n t = str_return(\"suffix2\");\n print_ptr(t);\n return 0;\n}\n\nI compiled like this:\ng++ -std=c++98 -fno-elide-constructors -g -Wall str_return.cpp -o str_return\n\nMy g++:\ngcc version 4.7.1\n\nThe output:\nptr: 0x804b04c\nptr: 0x804b04c\nptr: 0x804b07c\nptr: 0x804b07c\n\nWhy are the pointers still equal?", "\n\nIt should not be return value optimization - I switched it off\nIt should not be move constructors since I took a really old standard of c++\n\nHow can I disable this behaviour?", "\n\nA:\n\nReturn value optimization affects the local object (s in your str_return function). ", "You never instrument that.", "\nThe string object itself manages dynamic memory and chooses to hand that managed memory over to the next string upon return. ", "What you're instrumenting is that managed memory. ", "Sensibly enough, that doesn't change.", "\nIf you really want to see the effect of RVO, instrument the local object:\n#include <iostream>\n#include <string>\n\nvoid print_ptr(const std::string& s)\n{\n std::cout << \"ptr: \" << static_cast<const void *>(&s) << std::endl;\n}\n\nstd::string str_return(const char* suffix)\n{\n std::string s(\"prefix\");\n s += \" \";\n s += suffix;\n print_ptr(s);\n return s;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n std::string s = str_return(\"suffix\");\n print_ptr(s);\n std::string t = str_return(\"suffix2\");\n print_ptr(t);\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nget xml element using php\n\nI have an XML page called (www.example.com/name.xml)\nit contains the bellow elements :\n<xml>\n <names>\n <name id='6' >Name 1 </name>\n <name id='7'>Name 2</name>\n <name id='8'>Name 3</name>\n </names>\n</xml>\n\nand here is my PHP script :\n<?", "php\n$id='6';\n$url = \"www.example.come/name.xml\";\n\n$xml = simplexml_load_file($url);\n\n$position =\"$xml->name id='$id' \";\n?", ">\n\nSo how can I get it ?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can simply use xpath for this:\n$id='6';\n$xml = simplexml_load_file($url);\n$position = (string)$xml->xpath(\"//name[@id='$id']\")[0];\necho $position;\n\nOutput:\nName 1\n\nThis uses xpath to get the text from the <name> where id is 6. ", "Then it casts the SimpleXMLElement to (string), thus providing the output.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnable to open BCP host data-file error\n\nHaving problem using BCP via xp_cmdshell. ", " \nI exported the table data to a file as .dat but when I try to import the file to a new table, I am getting the below error. ", "The SQL Server service and the account that I am using has full access on that drive. ", "I am not sure why I am still having issues.", "\n\nError = [Microsoft][SQL Server Native Client 10.0] Unable to open BCP\n host data-file.", "\n\nHere are the scripts that I am running.", "\nexec master..xp_cmdshell 'BCP database.dbo.tabel OUT d:\\tabledata.dat -T -c' \nexec master..xp_cmdshell 'BCP database.dbo.tabelnew IN d:\\tabledata.dat -T -c' \n\nA:\n\nI had the same - somehow a windows or SQL Server update changed something and a previously successful build started failing.", "\nIn my case it was access permissions to the folder containing the dat files that was failing.", "\nI could run the bcp from the command line and it worked but it failed from SQL Server.", "\nThe SQL Service needs access to the folder, basically.", "\nTo test this, try running\nEXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'DIR <your-dat-folder>'\n\nand if that fails check your access permissions (and grant as needed).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Roll-in shower hotels in Hasbrouck Heights\n\nMost recent review\n\n\"Everything was great but the toilet in our room would run unless we moved the handle around after we used the bathroom. ", "We only had one bar of soap by the sink and not in the shower. ", "Other then that it was great!\"", "\n\nRoll-in shower hotels within 5 miles of Hasbrouck Heights\n\nMost recent review\n\n\"This is a nice comfortable stay.", "\nThe Connectivity is simply superb, there is a NJ Transit bus stop across the street which connects you to port authority.", "\nThis allows you to seamleesly connect you to Manhattan.\"", "\n\nMost recent review\n\n\"This hotel was wonderful, was our paradise after a bad experience in a rental with another service. ", "The breakfast was included and I can say this is the first time I get a real good coffee in a hotel. ", "People was very kind and attentive and no complains about the room or cleanliness since they kep...\"\n\nMost recent review\n\n\"Stayed in this hotel right after Christmas.", "\nThe one bedroom suite was quite comfortable, with a soft bed, full-size refrigerator and other things that you'd expect out of an extended stay place. ", "We were happy to have windows that opened. ", "Would probably stay there again.", "\nA few nitpicks: If t...\"\n\nMost recent review\n\n\"i bought a bottle of wine ask the front desk to open it. ", "The house man try to open the bottle broke the wood from the cork into the wine the front desk women gave me a hard time about getting an another one with such attitude! ", "Otherwise than that my family enjoyed their stay.\"", "\n\nMost recent review\n\n\"Stayed here previously and had a great experience so it was a no-brainer to book Hampton Inn for my overnight stay. ", "Three rooms and 5 guests without one complaint. ", "While location is a little tricky every other aspect is spot on especially the hospitality! ", "Definitely recommended.\"", "\n\nMost recent review\n\n\"Nice clean hotel. ", "A bit out on a limb...but all the hotels in this area are (and there are quite a few hotels around here). ", "But rooms are nice. ", "It is clean and staff are very pleasant. ", "All in all, a very nice stay and would recommend.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the best way to rack beer off of fruit?", "\n\nI recently brewed a 5.5 gallon batch of witbier. ", " After primary, I bottled 3 gallons of it and racked the other 2.5 gallons into a 3 gallon carboy atop 24 ounces of raspberries.", "\nAfter the secondary fermentation had completed and the beer fell clear, there was a good bit of now-beige raspberry gunk in the bottom of the carboy, and just as much floating at the top. ", " I had a hard time siphoning the beer off of the fruit. ", " I used an auto-siphon wrapped in nylon pantyhose. ", " That worked well for preventing the fruit from getting into the siphon, but it kept clogging at the base and I was unable to get the last half gallon or three quarts of beer.", "\nI liked the way the beer turned out and I'll probably do it again, but in the future I want to have a better way to rack off the fruit. ", " Have you done it before? ", " What works well for you? ", " I'm thinking maybe if I secondary in a bucket and build some sort of round screen that I can use to push all the fruit to the bottom - like a French press - then rack from above the screen...\n\nA:\n\nIf you do use a bucket for the secondary then you can just keep the whole lot of berries in a muslin bag. ", "Just don't make it too tight so there is enough circulation to impart the flavors. ", "Other than that you may just have to convince yourself that it is an acceptable loss for some great beer. ", "\n\nA:\n\nWhen making beers that end up with a lot of trub I do this. ", "Go to your local hardware store and buy a paint straining bag (they are usually by the paint sprayers) this bag will fit over a five gallon bucket with an elastic on the top of the bag and the bag fills the bucket to the bottom. (", "see here http://forum.finevinewines.com/forum_posts.asp?TID=7887 Rack into the bucket using any preferred method and then simply pull the straining bag out. ", " I also use this technique to filter out hop trub after a boil. ", "Works like a charm.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Analysis of the body mass index and leg profiles of Asian women after total leg sculpture.", "\nIn addition to the conventional methods used to improve leg contours, total leg sculpture, including liposuction, selective neurectomy, and transilluminated powered phlebectomy, provides a one-time solution of leg contour problems, which is a major aesthetic concern among Asian women. ", "The authors present the postoperative results of total leg sculpture and determine any significance and correlation between the leg variables and body mass index by statistical analysis. ", "Thirty female patients who underwent total leg sculpture between 2005 and 2008 were included in the study, and prospective analysis of the patients' data was performed during a follow-up period of 1 year. ", "Local measurement variables and body mass index were recorded, and the correlation between them was determined by Pearson's correlation and regression analysis. ", "A paired t test was used to compare the postoperative outcomes. ", "Subjectively, all patient results were satisfactory. ", "There were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative measurements for all variables for total leg sculpture. ", "Body mass index was strongly correlated with all leg indexes, and there was a significant positive correlation between the index and variables related to the buttocks and upper thigh. ", "The satisfactory postoperative leg variables were buttocks circumference (87.85 cm), thigh circumference (T60, 44.20 cm), maximal calf circumference (32.24 cm), and calf ratio (0.78). ", "Each preoperative body mass index increment represents a 0.3 percent circumference improvement around the buttocks after surgery. ", "No obvious morbidities or long-term hospital stays were noted. ", "Total leg sculpture provides a combined aesthetic solution for improving limb contours with minimal morbidity. ", "Patients with larger body mass index values exhibit better aesthetic improvement than those with smaller values." ]

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[ "Porphyria cutanea tarda.", "\nPorphyrias are a group of rare metabolic disorders in which excessive quantities of porphyrins, or their precursors, are produced. ", "They are due to specific enzyme deficiencies resulting in abnormalities in the control of the porphyrin-haem metabolic pathway. ", "Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common of all the porphyrias. ", "However this condition is rarely seen in our Asian countries. ", "We describe a patient with PCT who presented clinically with blistering eruptions over the sun-exposed areas. ", "Coral pink fluorescence of uroporphyrins in an acidified urine specimen is diagnostic. ", "Definitive treatment involves the use of low-dose chloroquine and interval venesection." ]

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[ "Ernesto Araújo, o futuro Ministro das Relações Exteriores do governo de Jair Bolsonaro declarou na segunda que o Brasil não assinará o Pacto Global da Migração proposto pela Organização das Nações Unidas.", "\n\nPara o chanceler “a imigração não deve ser tratada como questão global, mas sim de acordo com a realidade e a soberania de cada país”. ", "Ernesto tratou o Pacto como um “instrumento inadequado” na solução do problema da imigração.", "\n\nO Brasil, conforme anunciou o chanceler, continuará recebendo refugiados venezuelanos ao mesmo tempo que trabalha para a restauração da democracia no país vizinho.", "\n\nJunto com o Brasil, dez países se recusaram a assinar o Pacto, sendo eles Áustria, Austrália, Chile, Eslováquia, Estados Unidos, Hungria, Letônia, Polônia, Republica Checa e República Dominicana.", "\n\nInformação da Caneta.org" ]

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[ "What is really going on in politics? ", "Get our daily email briefing straight to your inbox Sign up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nThe cost of cutting migration from the EU after Brexit would be significantly greater than the benefits of a US trade deal, a leaked government analysis reportedly warns.", "\n\nAnd new barriers to trade, such as loss of market access and customs and border checks would drive the cost of Brexit to the economy up even further.", "\n\nAccording to the analysis, published tonight by BuzzFeed News , the scale of UK borrowing could be tens of billions of pounds higher in 15 years than if we had stayed in the EU.", "\n\nThe figures come from the same paper leaked to the site on Monday, which suggested Britain would be worse off under every single Brexit scenario projected by the government.", "\n\nElsewhere, the calculates a free trade deal with the United States could add 0.2% to UK growth - but even less stringent immigration policies than those favoured by the government would wipe out this benefit.", "\n\n(Image: PA) (Image: Reuters)\n\nTory ministers caved in to pressure from Labour yesterday, agreeing to release the document to MPs.", "\n\nBut it will only provided on a single hard copy, to be held in a secure room in parliament for them to view - and will not be made available to the public.", "\n\nThe assessment, titled “EU Exit Analysis - Cross Whitehall Briefing” looked at the three most likely outcomes of Brexit.", "\n\nIf Britain is able to negotiate a comprehensive free trade deal with the EU, growth in the UK economy would be 5% lower over the next 15 years compared to current forecasts.", "\n\nA “No deal” Brexit, in which the UK would revert to World Trade Organisation Rules, would see growth reduced by 8%.", "\n\n(Image: PA)\n\nAnd even in the softest Brexit option, under which we would retain single-market access, would see growth 2% lower than current forecasts.", "\n\nIn every scenario, almost every sector of the economy would see a negative impact from Brexit, as would every region in the country.", "\n\nLabour MP and Best for Britain champion Tulip Siddiq said: \"\"This latest leak shows what a catastrophe the government's Brexit plans are in. ", "It’s not ‘Taking back Control' - it’s making the country poorer.", "\n\n\"Theresa May’s catastrophic Brexit threatens everything from the NHS to the construction industry.", "\n\n\"The government are ignoring all the advice they are getting unless it agrees with the Hard Brexiteers on their backbenches. ", "They are pandering to a few MPs in a desperate bid to avoid more letters landing in the safe of Graham Brady calling for a leadership election.", "\n\n\"Theresa May and her deluded immigration plan has been blown apart once and for all.", "\n\n\"The government have lied to the public for months about trade deals and Brexit reports. ", "Tonight they have been caught red handed. ", "It is time to make all of this analysis public and stop putting dogma above our economy.\"", "\n\nA government spokesperson told BuzzFeed on Monday: “We have already set out that the government is undertaking a wide range of ongoing analysis in support of our EU exit negotiations and preparations.", "\n\n\"We have been clear that we are not prepared to provide a running commentary on any aspect of this ongoing internal work and that ministers have a duty not to publish anything that could risk exposing our negotiation position.”", "\n\nA government source added: “As part of its preparations for leaving the European Union, officials from across Whitehall are undertaking a wide range of ongoing analysis.", "\n\n\"An early draft of this next stage of analysis has looked at different off-the-shelf arrangements that currently exist as well as other external estimates. ", "It does not, however, set out or measure the details of our desired outcome – a new deep and special partnership with the EU – or predict the conclusions of the negotiations.", "\n\n\"It also contains a significant number of caveats and is hugely dependent on a wide range of assumptions which demonstrate that significantly more work needs to be carried out to make use of this analysis and draw out conclusions.”" ]

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[ "New Labour MP – ‘I will stand up for and be voice of everyone’\n\nActing Leader of the Labour Party Harriet Harman (centre) with some of the newly elected Labour MPs during a photocall in Westminster, including Cat Smith (far right, third row).Photo: Yui Mok/PA Wire\n\nGayle Rouncivell\n\nPublished:14:50Thursday 14 May 2015\n\nNew MP Cat Smith has vowed to work “as hard as possible” for the people of the Lancaster district.", "\n\nMs Smith has experienced a manic week since winning the Lancaster and Fleetwood seat at the general election by a 1,265 majority.", "\n\nThe 29-year-old took the seat from Conservative Eric Ollerenshaw with 17,643 votes (42.3 per cent) to 16,378 (39.2 per cent), to become the first Labour MP for Lancaster since Hilton Dawson was elected in 1997 under the former Lancaster and Wyre constituency.", "\n\nAnd Ms Smith has ploughed straight in to meetings and training during a busy first week in Westminster.", "\n\nShe said: “There was no time off between the election and starting down in London.", "\n\n“I think it really sank in when I got to Westminster.", "\n\n“There is so much going on. ", "I am finding my way around and attending meetings and training.”", "\n\nMs Smith’s election made her the first Lancaster and Fleetwood MP to hold the seat when there is not a Labour government.", "\n\nBut despite the national picture for Labour being gloomy, Ms Smith said she will not let the Conservative majority government stop her from working her hardest for what she believes in.", "\n\nShe said: “It was obviously a bad night for Labour nationally but this was the best result we have had locally for a long time.", "\n\n“I think I stand out by being a 29-year-old woman, and I have no reason to be nervous.", "\n\n“The only people who should be nervous are the Tories, who I will be holding to account in Westminster.”", "\n\nAmong her priorities during her five years in office will be the future of the National Health Service, particularly the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), a series of trade negotiations being carried out between the EU and US.", "\n\nShe said: “For me, the future of the NHS is the most important issue. ", "We should be cautious and vigilant against any future privatisation and that is high up my agenda. ", "I’m concerned about the threat of TTIP to the NHS and as a consequence private companies making profits from our ill health.", "\n\n“Locally, I am concerned about the privatisation of pharmacy services at the infirmary.”", "\n\nMs Smith, who was born in Barrow-in-Furness but now lives in Lancaster with her fiance Ben, worked until last week for the British Association of Social Workers.", "\n\nShe said she is still looking for a suitable office space in Lancaster, and until her new staff are in place is urging people to call, email or text their issues to her.", "\n\nShe added: “I want to say a huge thank you to everyone who voted for me.", "\n\n“I am going to work as hard as I am physically able to to deliver what I said I would.", "\n\n“It’s not under the circumstances I would have liked but that will not deter me.", "\n\n“I will serve everybody equally, whether they voted for me or not.", "\n\n“My priority is to serve, stand up for and be the voice of everyone in Lancaster and Fleetwood.”" ]

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[ "What are the additional features of the ACET as compared to CAT? ", "Let's take a look…\n\nACET is a spreadsheet\n\nWhile the FFIEC Cybersecurity Assessment Tool (CAT) was called a tool, it was released in the form of a PDF download. ", "This forced financial institutions to complete the tool manually on paper, to develop their own mechanism to electronically complete the assessment, or to use third-party software such as Tandem to complete the assessment. ", "The ACET was released by the NCUA as a spreadsheet, partly, to provide credit unions a functional option for completing the CAT.", "\n\nACET includes a dashboard\n\nThe first sheet in the ACET spreadsheet is a dashboard. ", "The dashboard provides summary information of the credit union, a completion status for the inherent risk profile and cybersecurity maturity, and inherent risk levels. ", "The dashboard is helpful to let the credit union and their examiner see the completion status of the assessment.", "\n\nACET has an Admin sheet for NCUA examination use\n\nACET was primarily designed to be used during NCUA examinations; therefore, the NCUA included an Admin sheet to be used by NCUA examiners. ", "This sheet is primarily used to calculate and track review hours used during the examination process.", "\n\nACET contains a document request list\n\nSince ACET is used as an examination tool, or work program, a document request list was added. ", "The current version (v032618) of the ACET does not have a hyperlink from each document request to any inherent risk questions or maturity statements. ", "However, validation text added to these statements, in many cases, does reference back to the requested items.", "\n\nACET adds validation text to inherent risk statements\n\nAnswers to the inherent risk profile statements help institutions determine their overall cybersecurity inherent risk. ", "ACET expanded these statements to include \"Validation Approaches\" for each inherent risk statement. ", "The validation approaches language describes what an institution or examiner should review to answer, or validate the answer to, an inherent risk statement. ", "In many cases, these validation approaches reference back to documents you can review from the document request list.", "\n\nACET summarizes maturity in a Maturity Details sheet\n\nThe ACET includes a sheet called \"Mat. ", "Details.\" ", "This table provides a summary of the institution's maturity. ", "Percentages of \"Yes\" answers are displayed by Component for each maturity level. ", "This view provides a snapshot of the intuition's cybersecurity maturity across all of the Components.", "\n\nACET provides additional reporting fields for declarative statements\n\nThe ACET includes additional columns to help institutions document evidence or additional information related to each cybersecurity maturity declarative statement in the \"Domain\" sheets. ", "The first additional column, Comment [Required for Yes(c)], was added for credit unions to have a place to explain the \"Yes with compensating controls\" answer. ", "Two additional columns, Reviewed and Suggested Edits, were added to help examiners when reviewing the ACET.", "\n\nACET incorporates a guide with additional commentary and mappings\n\nThe ACET includes a sheet named \"Guide\" with additional commentary and mappings to help an institution or examiner understand and answer the cybersecurity maturity declarative statements. ", "The additional columns include:\n\nComment: commentary with additional details describing what is expected from the declarative statement and what value the control has on cybersecurity.", "\n\nExamination Approaches: describes what an institution or examiner should review to answer or validate the answer to a declarative statement.", "\n\nBaseline Mapping: mapping declarative statements to the FFIEC IT Examination Handbooks. ", "These are the same mappings in the CAT Appendix A.\n\nNIST Mapping: mapping declarative statements to NIST.", "\n\nACET and Tandem\n\nWhen the FFIEC Cybersecurity Assessment Tool (CAT) was first released, Tandem developed an application to aid in its use. ", "Now Tandem has updated the tool to include the additional ACET features and to allow Credit Unions to complete the assessment through Tandem and download the results in the ACET spreadsheet format. ", "The Tandem SaaS comes in both a free and paid version. ", "Join more than 1,000 other financial institutions and sign up for the free Tandem Cybersecurity Assessment Tool today by visiting conetrix.com/tandem/cybersecurity-assessment-tool-ffiec.", "\n\nIf you have ever been annoyed with Office AutoCorrect changing words like \"VMware\" to \"Vmware\", you'll be relieved to know there is help for you. ", "In any Office application, go to File->Options->Proofing-> AutoCorrect Options->Exceptions->INitial CAps. ", "There you can add the string in question (ex. \"", "VMw\") to the list to stop Office apps from constantly correcting your typing \"errors\".", "\n\nI've increasingly had issues getting Excel to open other Excel files if I already had one open. ", "I noticed it happened every time I was working in one of my spreadsheets that contained macros. ", "However after some research, I discovered that Microsoft has intentionally designed this so that if Excel thinks you are editing a cell, it will not allow you to open any other Excel files (even if they are unrelated).", "\n\nAlthough there isn't really a true solution, if you hit enter, or simply get out of the cell as if you're editing it, or hit save, you should be able to open other files.", "\n\nWe had a banking customer with a FiServ application consistently crashing under Windows 10. ", "The crash would always display a .Net framework error. ", "All users of this application were having issues with it, but the severity changed from user to user. ", "One user would crash once every couple of hours, while the other would crash once every other day. ", "No user was doing the exact same thing, and no other errors were showing before the crash. ", "It seemed to be a completely random occurrence.", "\n\nFiServ support could not recreate the issue and advised we update to Windows 10 1803. ", "While updating a PC to test this solution I checked the event logs and noticed a printer kept trying to map every 60 minutes and fail. ", "It just so happened that whenever this printer failed to map, the .Net error would also show up on event logs. ", "Group Policies were refreshing and triggering the printer mapping error. ", "I launched the application and ran a \"gpupdate\" and sure enough, the application crashed. ", "I looked into the GPO's and found the drive that was mapping the location of the program was set to \"replace\" instead of \"update\" or \"create\". ", "This was causing the file path to be lost every time there was a group policy update. ", "I changed this drive map to \"create\" and it resolved the issue.", "\n\nI have been working with a customer on a file server and domain migration project. ", "The original plan was to move the files to our Aspire datacenter on a server that was in a different domain. ", "Since we were moving domains, we were going to have to recreate the file permissions on the new domain. ", "I typically run Robocopy using the /COPYALL (which is equivalent to /COPY:DATSOU) parameter, but since we did not want to copy the security, owner, or auditing information, I used /COPY:DAT.", "\n\nAfter the initial seeding, the customer prioritized some other moves and postponed the file server migration. ", "During that time, the old datacenter suffered a three day Internet outage. ", "After the outage, the customer decided to move the files while client machines remained on the old domain to prevent another outage. ", "This caused us to need to copy the existing permissions instead of the original plan to translate the permissions at the time of migration.", "\n\nI changed my Robocopy scripts to use /COPYALL instead of /COPY:DAT. ", "Robocopy copied the permissions for the files that had changed or been added since the seeding, but it did not fix the security permissions for the files that had not changed. ", "This is by design as Robocopy only copies permissions when it copies a file. ", "In order to reevaluate the permissions, the /SECFIX parameter must be added. ", "I changed my script to include /COPYALL /SECFIX and it sync the files AND the permissions. ", "This Robocopy takes longer because it has to evaluate security instead of just the files.", "\n\nTo keep files and permissions in sync, you need to use the /COPYALL and /SECFIX. ", "You can add /v for verbose logging. ", "The Robocopy command I used to keep the files and permissions in sync was: \"robocopy source destination /COPYALL /SECFIX /MIR /S /E /DCOPY:T /R:0 /W:0 /LOG+:log.log\".", "\n\nWhat is Colorado Cybersecurity Regulation (HB 18-1128)?", "\n\nOn January 19, 2018, the General Assembly of the State of Colorado introduced House Bill 18-1128, Concerning Strengthening Protections for Consumer Data Privacy. ", "The regulation was signed into law on May 29, 2018 and goes into effect on September 1, 2018.", "\n\nThe new regulation contains four primary sections:\n\nDisposal of Personal Identifying Information\n\nProtection of Personal Identifying Information\n\nNotification of Security Breach\n\nSecurity Breaches and Personal Information\n\nThe first three sections focus on how a \"covered entity\" can protect personal identifying information (PII). ", "A \"covered entity\" is defined as a \"person\" (e.g., an individual, corporation, business trust, etc.) ", "who maintains, owns, or licenses PII in the course of their business, vocation, or occupation.", "\n\nSection Four shifts some wording around, but repeats the first three sections, replacing the term \"covered entities\" with \"governmental entities.\"", "\n\nDoes Colorado HB 18-1128 apply to Banks and Credit Unions?", "\n\nYes. ", "While the regulation defines PII a couple different ways, both definitions include things a financial institution would \"maintain, own, or license\" in the course of normal business (e.g., social security numbers, credit cards, debit cards, account numbers, etc.). ", "If you are a financial institution in the State of Colorado, Colorado HB 18-1128 applies to you.", "\n\nAre Financial Institutions in Compliance with Colorado HB 18-1128?", "\n\nLet's break this down by section.", "\n\nSection One: Yes.", "Financial institutions are already subject to GLBA, so the organization should already have a policy in place that defines the secure disposal of paper and electronic documents containing PII.", "\n\nSection Two: Yes.", "\n\nAgain, since financial institutions are already subject to GLBA, the organization should already have reasonable security procedures and practices in place to protect PII from unauthorized access, use, modification, disclosure, or destruction.", "\n\nSection Three: Partially.", "\n\nPer GLBA, each financial institution should have an incident response policy, program, and/or plan that outlines what the organization should do in the event of a security breach. ", "However, Section Three additionally includes new requirements, specific to the State of Colorado, about classification and notification of a security breach.", "\n\nFor example, Section 3(2)(e) states that if the security breach affected more than 500 Colorado residents, the covered entity must notify the Colorado Attorney General as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after determining a security breach occurred. ", "This requirement is new and it is specific to Colorado organizations, so it does not likely exist in your current incident response policy, program, and/or plan.", "\n\nHow to Prepare for September 1st\n\nTo prepare for the September 1st effective date, it would be beneficial for each financial institution to compare their existing incident response policy with the new requirements in Section Three and make updates, as needed.", "\n\nFor Tandem Customers: The resource also provides information about how the requirements of HB 18-1128 are already addressed in Tandem, including recommendations about how you can incorporate the Colorado-specific requirements into your existing information security program.", "\n\nWhat is Tandem?", "\n\nTandem is an online information security and compliance software designed to increase security and help financial institutions stay in compliance with GLBA and FFIEC guidance. ", "Tandem is now being utilized by financial institutions across the country and helps by saving both time and money without sacrificing information security, cybersecurity, or compliance.", "\n\nWe had a customer report that all browser windows were closing for users and this was increasing in frequency. ", "Most of the users reporting the issue were at the corporate office, which has about 150 users and is where the IT department is located. ", "I performed a remote session with on the users and confirmed the issue. ", "Internet Explorer, Chrome, and Firefox all would close, not crash, at the same time.", "\n\nMy first thought was that some remote assistance and IT management software they had recently installed was causing the issues. ", "We uninstalled the software and the issues continued. ", "My next thought was that something malicious was on the network and was killing the processes remotely. ", "I moved the PC to the guest wireless network and the issues stopped. ", "After moving the PC back to the internal network, the issues began again. ", "After a while, the issues randomly stopped for this user. ", "I moved on to looking at another user's PC. ", "The IT department did not know of any new devices that had been brought onto the network.", "\n\nWhatever was causing the issues was obviously powerful enough to kill processes. ", "The browsers seemed to be closing at regular intervals, at the top of the hour and half after the hour. ", "I started Process Monitor, Process Explorer, and WireShark, opened the browser, and waited. ", "As expected, the issue occurred again. ", "I started looking through the WireShark logs and did not see anything odd. ", "I looked at the Process Monitor log and found several cmd.exe processes killing the browser applications. ", "At about the same time I saw the cmd.exe commands that killed the browser processes, I saw nxclient.exe processes that called cmd.exe and ran taskkill commands.", "\n\nI started searching online and found a blog on the NxFilter support group discussing the same issue. ", "This customer has NxFilter for web filtering for several years. ", "They were using version 5.0 of NxClient, which was before the version mentioned in the NxFilter support group. ", "The NxFilter creator responded to that group and said that the client was doing so to force a refresh the user's session, but that this is not the correct behavior. ", "There was a new version of NxClient that fixed this behavior. ", "Version 9.1.3 of NxClient was current, so I updated the customer to use the newer version. ", "That resolved the issues.", "\n\nHow do you know what due diligence documents to gather from each of your vendors? ", "There are many methods available, but some result in more accurate documentation than others. ", "Today, I'm going to review two of the primary methods and discuss the effectiveness of each method.", "\n\nMethod #1: The Bucket Method\n\nI often see, what I will call, the bucket method.", "\n\nIt Goes Something like This\n\nImagine you have a list of questions you ask about vendor characteristics, and then you classify that vendor based on the number of questions answered as \"yes.\" ", "For example, a vendor should be considered:\n\n\"Level 1\" if two or less are answered as \"yes.\"", "\n\n\"Level 2\" if three to four are answered as \"yes.\"", "\n\n\"Level 3\" if five or more are answered as \"yes.\"", "\n\nThen, you could define the required due diligence based on the level of the vendor, or based on the bucket in which the vendor is grouped. ", "At \"Level 1,\" collect only a service level agreement. ", "At \"Level 2,\" collect a contract, a confidentiality agreement, and financial statements. ", "At \"Level 3,\" collect all document types (e.g., a contract, confidentiality agreement, financial statements, SOC report, examination report, BCP, etc.).", "\n\nWhat Happens Now?", "\n\nThis method seems relatively simple to carry out. ", "But in reality, it can create a lot of unnecessary document exceptions, and occasionally miss opportunities to request relevant documents.", "\n\nUnnecessary Document Exceptions in a Bucket MethodConsider a vendor who is \"Level 3.\" ", "While five characteristics applied to them, several of the required documents are both unnecessary to request, and at some rate, unreasonable. ", "This results in an exception record to explain each case and ultimately, requires more effort from you, as the vendor manager, to oversee the relationship.", "\n\nMissed Opportunities for Requesting Relevant Documents in a Bucket MethodConsider a vendor who is \"Level 2.\" ", "While only three characteristics applied to the vendor, one of them is very important. ", "If this vendor were to be unavailable for 24 hours, it would be detrimental for our business. ", "We should get their BCP, but we did not because it was not required for \"Level 2\" vendors.", "\n\nWhat This Means for You\n\nThe bucket method costs a lot of time and effort even though the labelling process seems quick and simple.", "\n\nMethod #2: The If-Then Method\n\nInstead of the bucket method, consider the more accurate if-then method.", "\n\nIt Goes Something like This\n\nImagine you have a list of questions you ask about vendor characteristics. ", "You could say that if you answer Question A as \"yes,\" then you should collect a specific type of document related to the effects of that characteristic, Document A. Here are a few examples to consider:\n\nIf a vendor performs critical functions or provides critical services, then you should get a service level agreement.", "\n\nIf a vendor uses subcontractors in the performance of critical functions, then you should get their Third party Due Diligence of Subcontracts.", "\n\nIf a vendor stores customer information, then you should get a SOC report.", "\n\nWhat Happens Now?", "\n\nBy using the if-then method, you only gather the documentation that is appropriate to the third party relationship. ", "This method can be continually refined. ", "If you notice you are creating a lot of document exceptions for a specific type of document, revisit the question you are asking that instigates this requirement. ", "Consider what assumptions are being incorrectly made about the characteristic's effects. ", "Update your list to appropriately account for this.", "\n\nLet's say you thought, \"If a vendor stores, transmits, or accesses customer data, then I should get their SOC report.\" ", "You would quickly find that not every vendor who can access your customer's data is going to have a SOC report, and that the SOC report is quite unnecessary for the service you are receiving. ", "In this case, you could create two separate questions. ", "One question would be about storing customer data, in which you would require a SOC report. ", "Then another about accessing and transmitting customer data, in which you would require a confidentiality agreement, but not a SOC report. ", "Making this adjustment would greatly reduce the number of documented exceptions.", "\n\nWhat This Means for You\n\nIn Summary\n\nWhile both methods provide standardized ways to gather due diligence documentation from vendors, the bucket method can actually cause more problems for your vendor managers. ", "By using the if-then method, you can manage your vendors based on the services that are being provided to you and easily change your program to meet the developing needs of your environment. ", "Couple this method with the Tandem Vendor Management Software, and increase the efficiency in which you conduct your program.", "\n\nAs a part of a recent data center move we had to reconfigure several APC management cards. ", "The first thing that I did to each of these NMCs was to reset to factory defaults and update the firmware.", "\n\nThis is a fairly simply process normally. ", "Connect the appropriate serial cable, connect to the comm port, press the reset button a couple of times, and log in with the default credentials (http://www.apc.com/us/en/faqs/FA156075/). ", "Once logged in, you can use the command to factory_reset or format the card and bring it back to factory settings.", "\n\nIn one case, however, the card didn't survive the factory reset. ", "In fact, it appeared the card had started to boot, but never finished the booting process. ", "By changing the baud rate around in my settings, I was able to connect to the BootMonitor using 57600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, no flow control. ", "It was also at this point that I saw an error related to the checksum of the AOS firmware which was preventing the card from booting. ", "We had another NMC that I could swap to if I needed to, but I wanted to see if I could simply reload the firmware onto the card and get everything working again. ", "Fortunately, APC has an article for that: http://www.apc.com/us/en/faqs/FA293874/\n\nUsing TeraTerm and XMODEM, I was able to upload the bootmon, AOS, and application module firmware files (in that order) to the NMC. ", "Once that had finally finished, simply rebooting the NMC brought everything back online.", "\n\nThis also had the positive side effect of updating the firmware on the card because I wasn't able to download old firmware files from APC's support site. ", "From there, I could complete my setup process and bring everything back online.", "\n\nWe recently moved a customer from a datacenter at one of their locations to a large datacenter in the Dallas/Ft. ", "Worth area. ", "One of the devices we moved was a Meraki MX84 being used as a VPN concentrator. ", "A VPN concentrator works by extending the network the VPN concentrator is on to the access points. ", "Basically, wireless clients at all locations get an IP address on the same layer two network. ", "This is important for a few reasons. ", "First, the VPN concentrator needs to be in it's own VLAN/DMZ. ", "Second, something on the layer two network the VPN concentrator is connect to needs to be handing out DHCP addresses. ", "In our case, we used a Fortigate UTM to run the DHCP server for that subnet. ", "Third, traffic needs to be allowed outbound to the Internet from all clients on the VPN concentrator layer two network so clients can connect to the Internet. ", "The traffic is tunneled from the access points to the VPN concentrator, so the traffic does not intermix with the normal network traffic.", "\n\nOne of the issues we had was that the access points would not create the tunnel back to the VPN concentrator. ", "After talking to Meraki support, we found that the issue was that the access points and the VPN concentrator would not connect to each other if their public IP address was the same. ", "This does not work because Meraki uses the same technology to build the VPN from the MX to the access points as they use to build a VPN mesh between MX devices. ", "Our devices were both using the default overloaded outbound NAT rule, so they were coming from the same public IP address. ", "The solution is to make the MX come from a different public IP address, which can be accomplished via an inbound and outbound NAT statement. ", "After we made this change, the access points connected to the VPN tunnel and wireless began to work.", "\n\nOne other thing to note is that the access points will not broadcast SSIDs if the VPN to the concentrator is not up when configured to tunnel traffic through a VPN concentrator. ", "This can be helpful when troubleshooting wireless when there are not clients at the location of the access points." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Pages\n\nWednesday, August 28, 2013\n\n'Coming Through' is the second track from Willis Earl Beal's new album Nobody knows. ", "The new song features Cat Power and is very touching and catchy, showing off Willis' incredible voice and songwriting skills.", "\n\nAfter two albums to their name The Vaccines are back with a 4-song EP titled 'Melody Calling'. ", "The single from the EP goes by the same name and has a new video that goes along with it. ", "The video has Justin, Freddie and Pete offering relationship advice to Arni, that happens to be of little help.", "\n\nTuesday, August 27, 2013\n\nThe National are having a strong 2013 thanks to their successful Trouble Will Find Me album along with a national tour. ", "In their newest video \"Graceless\" you get to see a fun visual as it describes the bands success and how much they enjoy what they do for a living.", "\n\nThursday, August 22, 2013\n\nHere at Fake Plastic Tunes, we have a couple of favorite things: talking about music, and day drinking. ", "Thus, in an effort to combine these things, we give you the second installment of our semi-regular segment, Local Music Happy Hour, where we talk to some local (primarily Milwaukee) bands, drink beer, and then introduce them to you, the internet.", "For this edition of Local Music Happy Hour, FPT was lucky enough to sit down with 5/6 of the strapping young men of Milwaukee band Kane Place Record Club over Bloody Mary's to discuss their upcoming self-titled album, performing live, and who has the most expensive shirt (stay tuned for reveal!).", "\n\nThe six-piece outfit has existed for roughly two years, with its current lineup for about one. ", "The band brings together high school friends Jon Scott (vocals/keys) and Francis Sullivan (guitar) with Eris Campbell (bass), Nick Tovarek (guitar), Chad Alsteen (violin/saxophone), and Maurice Liddell (drums). ", "Sullivan simplified the bands creation as, \"Two homies walked into a bar, and picked up four other homies...and they had a slumber party.\" ", "FPT was unable to confirm this particular origin story, but will publish any quotes mentioning slumber parties exclusively on principle. ", "Prior to listening to their album, it wouldn't be difficult to dismiss Korn Palace Rickshaw Company Kane Place Record Club as just a fun live band. ", "This is far from a negative trait; the band's live performances are easily some of the most enigmatic and high-energy around. ", "With the release of their first album, however, Korn KPRC has successfully solidified themselves musically, in addition to their live presence. ", "Their self-titled release brings together a huge variety of influences and contributions from individual band members--from soul and pop to electronic and hip hop--in an extremely enjoyable, cohesive manner, an accomplishment for any band. ", "That being said, those already familiar with Kane Place Record Club's live performances will be able to hear both new tracks as well as more polished studio versions of songs they are already familiar with from seeing the band live. ", "You can listen to or purchase the album here via the band's bandcamp page, and/or attend the album release show on August 31 at Linnemann's and receive a copy of the vinyl.", "As promised, the reveal of the owner of the most expensive shirt: frontman Jon Scott.", "\n\nJonathan Rado of Foxygen is on the verge of releasing his debut solo album titled 'Law and Order' on September 3rd via Woodsist Records. ", "He is now sharing the song 'Seven Horses' for the third listen in on the new album. ", "The song is a clear cut psychedelic dance jam that has no bass line, Rado states \"If you feel it all, clap your hands.\"", "\n\nLaw and Order Tracklist:\n01 Seven Horses\n02. ", "Hand in Mine\n03. ", "Looking 4a Girl Like U\n04. ", "Dance Away Your Ego\n05. ", "I Wood\n06. ", "Faces\n07. ", "Oh, Suzanna!", "\n08. ", "All The Lights Went Out In Georgia\n09. ", "I Wanna Feel It Now!!!", "\n10. ", "Would You Always Be At Home\n11. ", "Law & Order\n12. ", "Pot of Gold\n\nFriday, August 16, 2013\n\nEarlier this week Youth Lagoon premiered their newest video for \"Raspberry Cane\" from the sophomore album Wondrous Bughouse. ", "The song and video go hand in hand and the visuals that are added to the vocals continue to tell a story in Trevor Powers life.", "\n\nThursday, August 15, 2013\n\nFPT shoots the breeze with Moby on his new album- Innocents, post-modern collaboration, the hindsight of Play, Christmas on steroids, and the tyranny of the physical product.", "\n\nFR: So, do I call you Moby or Richard?", "\n\nMOBY: Well,\nI've been called Moby since I was born. ", "The story I've been told by my\nparents was that- before I was born- they decided I was going to be\nRichard Melville Hall if I was a boy. ", "Then they looked at me after I was\nborn and decided that was too big of a name for a little baby. ", "So, as a\njoke, they nicknamed me Moby- and for my entire life, I've been called\nby my innocent-joke nickname.", "\n\nFR: Alright. ", "Moby it is.", "Innocents is out October 1 and\nthe entire worldwide tour will comprise the weekend of October 2-4.", "\nWhy such a consolidated set of shows?", "\n\nMOBY: For a few reasons. ", "First\nand foremost, I've realized as I've gotten older that life is fairly\nshort. ", "My favorite thing is to be in my studio working on music.", "\nAnd the problem when I go on tour is that I'm not able to be in my\nstudio working on music. ", "I'll never complain about touring because\nthere's certainly nothing wrong about traveling around the world playing\nmusic- but when I go on tour, I sort of stop being creative. ", "And given\nthe choice between sitting in airports and hotels and not being\ncreative or sitting at home and being creative... I'd rather work on\nmusic. ", "So that's honestly one of the main reasons. ", "There's also\nanother slight reason. ", "When I first started touring in 1990 and 1991, I\nhad this experience where I was in London Heathrow Airport and I saw\nthis band- I don't remember who they were- but they were middle-aged and\ntired and kind of dumpy. ", "You could tell they'd been on the road\nforever. ", "They looked just kind of sick and unhealthy- so I vowed to\nmyself that I would never become that. ", "But then I found myself years\nlater at London Heathrow... looking middle-aged, tired, and dumpy. ", "I\nrealized that I had become what I had vowed to never become. ", "Maybe in\nthe future I'll tour again but life is too short to keep doing the same\nthing over and over and over again.", "\n\nFR: With each show divided into two performances of greatest hits and\nnewer material, I'm reminded of my own two Moby experiences. ", "The 9:30\nClub in support of 2009's Wait For Me featuring new material\nprominently and two years later at 2011's Moogfest which focused on the familiar hits. ", "Why is it important to shift focus with\ntwo different shows? ", "And do you think this is a model more long-lasting\nperformers may possibly adapt to?", "\n\nMOBY: I\nguess it's trying to figure out how to play new music that might not be\nthat interested as well as older music that- as far as I can tell- is\nthe reason people would pay money to buy a ticket. ", "Some bands just\nrefuse to play older songs and then some bands only play older songs- so\nI saw this as a way to pay honor to the new music on a new record\nwithout irritating people in the audience too much. ", "I'm sure we've all\nhad the experience where we've gone to see our favorite band and you're\nthere to hear your favorite band playing your favorite songs and- for\nwhatever reason- they only choose to play the music from the new\nrecord. ", "When I go see bands and they do that- honestly, I'm kind of\ndisappointed.", "\n\nFR: Innocents is being described as your most collaborative record yet.", "\nThat's a bold statement as you are indeed no stranger to\ncollaboration. ", "How do you feel the idea of collaboration in music has\nevolved since your earlier days?", "\n\nMOBY: First\noff, it's become a lot easier because in the \"ye olden days\" of\nthe late 80s and the early 90s, records were made on tape. ", "In order to\ncollaborate with someone, you had to ship tapes around- they were heavy\nand you had to rent a big studio with a 2\" tape machine and now you can\njust send ProTools files or Logic files back and forth so now it's just\neasier logistically. ", "And also, my belief is that we live in this age of\nexpanding eclecticism and I think that one of the reasons why people\nare so eclectic now is because music doesn't always cost anything. ", "In\nthe 70s, 80s, 90s, listening to music meant going out and buying a $20\nCD or an expensive record. ", "People had to be almost confined in their\ntaste because music cost a lot but now with Pandora, Spotify, these\nstreaming services, people can be very eclectic and it doesn't cost them\nanything. ", "I think that's made a lot of musicians more open to\ncollaboration than they would have been twenty years ago.", "\n\nFR: For example, I saw earlier this week that Alt-J had taken a stab at remixing the first single from Innocents \"A Case\nfor Shame\".", "\n\nMOBY: Yeah,\nI asked them to do it. ", "One of the most wonderful things about remixing\nis that you can get someone to do a remix and- especially now- it\ndoesn't really cost anything to make a remix so they can be completely\nexperimental doing whatever they want and it doesn't affect the original\nsong. ", "It's not like other art forms where if someone wanted to remix a\npainting, the painting would be destroyed. ", "With music, the original\nrecording isn't affected in the slightest.", "\n\nFR: Speaking of \"A Case for Shame\", was this your first experience directing a music video? ", "Have you ever thought about directing a movie? ", "After all, a lot of\nyour catalogue feels like the soundtrack to a movie only the listener\ncan see.", "\n\nMOBY: To be honest, I had actually directed one music video before-- for Mercury Rev.\n\nFR: Wow. ", "I didn't know that.", "\n\nMOBY: It was 1996\nor 1997. ", "But this last one was the first time I had ever directed any\nof my videos. ", "With the Mercury Rev video- it's called \"Young Man\nStride\"- I don't even know if anyone ever saw it. ", "So with this video-\nhonestly, I just felt that I had some cameras at my house and I invited a\nbunch of friends over and it was this open, relaxed, fun, creative\nafternoon where I dressed up my friends in masks and sheets and then\nshot them. ", "It's kind of the exact opposite how we made music videos in\nthe late 90s where you had like a four-day shoot that would cost as much\nas a house in suburban New York.", "\n\nFR: On the same note, I remember that you provided the score for that\nbatshit crazy Richard Kelley movie, Southland Tales, some years back and\nI found myself wondering when/if you\nwould be doing any more musical work for film?", "\n\nMOBY: I've\ncontributed songs to lots of people's movies. ", "I've worked with Danny\nBoyle, Paul Haggis, Michael Mann, Oliver Stone, but usually that's just\ngiving a director a song or two. ", "As far as doing a whole score for a\nmovie, I don't know. ", "The only thing that really interests me is writing\na film score for a more experimental, unconventional movie which is one\nof the reasons I loved working with Richard Kelley. ", "Southland Tales is\ncertainly unconventional. ", "It's interesting because that movie was\nalmost universally loathed when it came out. ", "I think the only positive\nreview it got was in New York magazine and the review consisted of the\njournalist saying \"this movie is batshit crazy and we don't know if it's\ngood or bad but it's certainly worth watching\".", "\n\nFR: That's exactly how I feel about it. ", "It exists unto itself.", "\n\nMOBY: Yep.", "\nIt's developed a cult following over time. ", "But I'd much rather do a\nweird, idiosyncratic music score for a weird, idiosyncratic movie that\nmight never be seen instead of doing a generic score for Madagascar 3 or something.", "\n\nFR: What licensing use of your music do you find most evocative? ", "Which one has best reflected your original emotion? ", "Has any licensing adaption surprised you in its interpretation?", "\n\nMOBY: When\nMichael Mann used the song \"God Moving Over the Face of the Waters\" at\nthe end of Heat, that one was the one I was most surprised by. ", "It felt\nlike such a perfect marriage of music and film. ", "At that point, I hadn't\nreally licensed that much music so I hadn't been as involved. ", "So I\nwent to the theater and had no idea if I was going to be hearing five\nseconds of the song or ten seconds and the fact that the song ran for\nfive-and-a half minutes... it was one of those personal and\nprofessional moments that felt like Christmas on steroids. ", "It was just\nso exciting. ", "As a musician growing up, I never expected anyone to\nlisten to the music that I made. ", "I never expected to have a record\ncontract. ", "I never expected to have a career as a musician. ", "So when\nthings like Heat happen, it's so exciting because it's contrary to\nanything I ever expected for myself. ", "I really thought that my life was\ngoing to be spent teaching community college and making music that no\none would ever listen to.", "\n\nFR: Heat was like Christmas on steroids for\npeople in the audience who obviously didn't write the music so I imagine\nit had to be pretty elating.", "\n\nMOBY: Yeah. ", "It's this quantifiable\nfeeling. ", "At that moment, I knew that other people were actually\nlistening to my music and I'd never expected it. ", "It was a really\nwonderful moment.", "\n\nFR: There seems to be a\ncontinuum of sampling styles, from going over-the-top like Girl Talk to\nthe subtleties of Burial. ", "Where do you see your own work on this\nspectrum? ", "Do you build songs around samples, or find the sample for the song?", "\n\nMOBY: As\na musician, my goal is- to be reductionist about it- is really quite\nsimple. ", "I'm trying to make music that I love and I'm never too concerned\nabout what the compositional elements are. ", "I'm not concerned what\ngenre I'm working in. ", "I'm not concerned who's singing. ", "So I guess I'm\nvery- in a weird way- emotionally utilitarian. ", "I'm trying to write\nmusic that affects me emotionally without being too concerned with how\nit's written or what it's comprised of. ", "I started using samples simply\nbecause I'm not such a good singer and I realized that, if I wanted to\nhave interesting vocals on my record, I had to work with other singers\nand work with vocal samples. ", "Also, samplers really came to prominence\nin the late 80s. ", "At the time, it seemed like the most exciting records I\nwas hearing were made with samplers so it just made me want to jump\nin. ", "But Girl Talk and Burial? ", "Aesthetically, my sensibilities are more\nin line with something like Burial but- at the same time- if it was\nFriday night and I was on a date, I'd rather go to a Girl Talk show.", "\n\nFR:A Burial show would be pretty cool too.", "\n\nMOBY: A\nBurial show would be great on a Monday night by myself. ", "But... Friday\nnight, on a date... I guess the only danger at a Girl Talk show would be\nyour date ending up on stage and you never seeing them again.", "\n\nFR: Myself- as well as many others- have often directly cited Play as the\nalbum that held hands across the bridge as the idea of what one's\nrelationship with music could be shifted into the new millennium. ", "How do you\nremember the Play experience? ", "Did it seem that pivotal a moment as it\nwas happening as it does in hindsight?", "\n\nMOBY: When I was making Play, I\nwas convinced it was going to be a complete failure- and I'm not just\nsaying that in a self-deprecating way. ", "The album before that- which was\nAnimal Rights and I loved- had been a complete failure. ", "So I was\nmaking Play and hoping Daniel Miller would release it almost as a favor\nto me. ", "But I didn't expect it to be successful at all. ", "The first show\nwe did for the release of Play was in a record store in Union Square and\nI think like eighty-five people came and I thought that the fact that I could get eighty-five people to come to the\nbasement of a record store and listen to me play was pretty impressive. ", "When it went on to\nbecome so weirdly successful, every aspect of it was surprising to me.", "\n\nFR: One of my favorite aspects of your discography are the diverse\ninfluences in your work- from punk to gospel to funk to ravecore- is\nthere a current artist you find yourself drawn to?", "\n\nMOBY: I\nguess probably James Blake. ", "I don't know that much about him. ", "As far\nas I can remember, I first heard about him when he signed to Warp\nRecords. ", "I thought of him as an electronic musician but when I heard\nhis version of the Joni Mitchell song, \"A Case of You\", I just loved the\nweirdness and the diversity and eclecticism of his approach to music.", "\nWith the most recent album he made, I love that he's made this soulful\nmusic using a lot of unconventional but traditional elements.", "\n\nFR: The music industry has really gone sideways in the past fifteen\nyears from Napster to iTunes to Pandora to Spotify and beyond.", "\nThe way people are encouraged to listen as well as experience music has\nchanged and you've had a front row seat to much of this evolution- we\ntouched on that a bit\nalready. ", "But where do you see the music\nscene going in the next fifteen years?", "\n\nMOBY: That's a really good question. ", "I don't know if I have an equally good\nanswer. ", "It does seem- and I'm hesitant to say this because I love\nbuying vinyl and I love listening to albums- but all indicators point to\na future based around music streaming which certainly doesn't mean the\nend of the album. ", "But it does mean that there may be a time in the near\nfuture where it seems anachronistic for people to own music. ", "Friends\nof mine are already experiencing that. ", "They'll get Spotify or Pandora\nand suddenly they'll get so excited to have way more music at their\nfingertips than they could ever consider owning. ", "It's certainly not the\nmost insightful thought because everyone else in the music business\nrecognizes that streaming is the future. ", "The fact that music\nproduction is less expensive as well- for the longest time, music production was expensive- now\nthough it costs nothing to make music. ", "Pretty much all you need is\nsoftware on your laptop and I only see music production getting more\negalitarian.", "FR: Is it difficult producing an album knowing that so\nmany people have instantaneous access to thousands of songs as opposed\nto when you were producing Animal Rights or even Play where you knew\nthat people would buy the CD and that CD would be the music they had for\nthat hypothetical day?MOBY: There is a part of me that loved the\ntyranny of physical product- cassettes, vinyl, CDs. ", "It was nice because\nif someone bought your CD, there was a good chance they would listen to\nthe whole album. ", "But, at the same time, everything has changed and it\nwould be a futile effort to complain. ", "I read some interview with Thom\nYorke- and of course I love Thom Yorke and I love Radiohead- where he\nwas complaining about Spotify and to me that just seems like you're\ncomplaining about aging or bad weather. ", "There's literally nothing you\ncan do about it. ", "And with bad weather and aging, the best thing you can\ndo is just accept it and make the most best out of it and see the\npositive in it. ", "So when I think about how easy it is to make music and\nhow easy it is to listen to music- on one hand, I think it's wonderful\nbecause it means that music has become such a ubiquitous art in so many\npeople's lives. ", "Of course though- when I make an album- I do have that\npresumptuous hope that at least a few people may listen to the album\nfrom start to finish. - ", "Fr. ", "Jones\n\nWhat was once a highly anticipated sophomore release for 2013 has shifted into one that is going to be highly scrutinized, especially if it proves to be lackluster. ", "English band Yuck's self-titled album was one of the best of 2011, but after the departure of frontman Daniel Blumberg, I became wary of what the sophomore effort (Glow & Behold) would reveal.", "\n\nThe group, now led by Max Bloom, is still unleashing heavily 90s-alt-based tracks, starting with the first single \"Rebirth\" and now with the latest single, \"Middle Sea\". ", "With each track the group released the pressure and potential skepticism is being lifted. ", "Check out the YouTube stream for \"Middle Sea\" below.", "\n\nThursday, August 8, 2013\n\nAdd \"Music Video Director\" to Matthew Houck's repertoire as renaissance man. ", "The frontman and brains behind the moniker Phosphorescent has just released a self-directed music video for the next single off of Phospho's brilliant Muchacho, \"Ride On/Right On\" which can be seen below.", "\n\nSometimes a song comes out and you're feeling kinda meh about it; nothing too fancy. ", "And I don't mean to say MGMT's new song is bad, because it's still highly entertaining and enjoyable, giving a fair preview into their third, self-titled, album. ", "Then there's times where that song gets matched with a video that perfects it, making it all that much more enjoyable. ", "With that in mind, we present you with MGMT's \"Your Life is a Lie\"\n\nWednesday, August 7, 2013\n\nLoud Like Love will be Placebo's seventh studio album, and is scheduled for a September 17 release date via Universal Music Enterprises. ", "The new album was recorded in London at RAK Studios during 2012 and 2013, and was produced by Adam Noble. ", "The English band originally formed back in 1994 and have went on to sell over 12 million records. ", "The one constant that I have always admired about Placebo is their unique sound and that starts with their frontman Brian Molko who continues to show off his one of a kind vocals almost 20 years later in this new single 'Loud Like Love'.", "\n\nTuesday, August 6, 2013\n\nOne of my favorite tracks of the summer has gotten the music video treatment: Poolside's \"If We Make It\" stands out as one of the best tracks of 2013 thus far. ", "No word yet on when our favorite Daytime Disco act will be putting out a followup to last year's amazing Pacific Standard Time, but the duo is headed out on tour this Summer." ]

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[ "The British manufacturer, which will become Red Bull's title sponsor from next season, is interested in F1's next engine rules cycle, but it is keen for costs to be reduced significantly.", "\n\nMarmorini worked for Ferrari in two stints, from 1990-99 and 2009-14. ", "In between, he ran the Toyota F1 team’s engine and electronics programmes.", "\n\nAston Martin president and CEO Andy Palmer told Motorsport.com the company has recruited \"the brainpower to be able to develop a Formula 1 engine\" in case the new rules prove to be a fit for the British brand.", "\n\nThe manufacturer has confirmed that Marmorini is now involved in its F1 engine evaluation, although that is as a consultant rather than a full-time appointment.", "\n\nIn a statement to Motorsport.com, an Aston Martin spokesperson said: \"Luca Marmorini is helping us on a consultancy basis as we continue to evaluate options for the 2021 power unit.", "\n\n\"We have not hired anyone to work full time on this and the power unit remains an area of study for the company, consistent with previous comments and our attendance at the Formula 1 Power Unit Working Group meetings.\"", "\n\nRed Bull team boss Christian Horner has stated that his team would be \"absolutely open\" to running an Aston Martin F1 engine in the future." ]

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[ "Wyverns Mod for MCPE\n\nThe Wyverns Mod adds a new dragon like creature to the Nether. ", "It is hostile and very dangerous but when slain there’s a chance it might drop an egg which you can use to hatch your own wyvern. ", "The wyvern can then be used as a flying mount. ", "They exist in six different colors. ", "The black and white ones are the best as they are stronger, faster and they will also give its a rider a night vision effect.", "\nAll items can be obtained in the creative inventory. ", "Remember to set the difficulty to max to make sure that the wyverns can spawn (as they are hostile mobs).", "\nSaddle (329) – 3 leathers + 2 iron ingots\nWyvern Spawn Egg (2899)\nRed Wyvern Egg (2898)\nBlue Wyvern Egg (2897)\nGreen Wyvern Egg (2896)\nYellow Wyvern Egg (2895)\nWhite Wyvern Egg (2894)\nBlack Wyvern Egg (2893)\nRiding\nOnce it has grown up you can place a normal saddle on the back of the creature to ride it. ", "Press the jump button to get off. ", "To ride it again tap on it with an empty hand.", "\nSaddle (329) – 3 leathers + 2" ]

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[ "Pan Sauce Secrets\n\nEnriched by the browned bits from a sautéed chicken breast, a simple pan sauce can transform an everyday boneless, skinless breast into a variety of quick and delicious meals. ", "Learn this basic technique, then customize the sauce with various ingredients for amazingly different results.", "\n\nThe process is simple: Cook chicken breasts, deglaze the caramelized juice and browned bits in the pan with liquid, add a few other seasonings, and you’ve got a tasty pan sauce. ", "For best results, use a nonstick skillet, and scrape up the sauce thoroughly from the bottom of the pan to get the concentrated flavor left behind by sautéing." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a sublimation thermal transfer image recording material, and more particularly, to a sublimation thermal transfer image recording material having good half tone image reproduction ability in which a recorded color image has uniform hue regardless of its image density, as well as to an image recording material useful for multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording which can maintain good image qualities such as high image density and the good half tone images without difference of hue when the image recording material is repeatedly used multiple times of use for n-fold speed mode multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording material.", "\n2. ", "Discussion of the Related Art\nRecently, the demand for full color recording has increased year by year. ", "There have been known various full color recording methods including electrophotographic recording methods, ink jet recording methods and thermal transfer recording methods. ", "Among these methods, thermal transfer recording methods are widely employed because of having the following advantages over the other recording methods:\n(1) a full color image having good image qualities can be recorded relatively speedily without generating noise; and PA1 (2) operation and maintenance of the recording apparatus are relatively easy. ", "PA1 (1) a sublimable dye is relatively expensive; PA1 (2) yellow, magenta, cyan and if necessary, black color recording materials, each individually being of equal size to the recorded image, are needed to obtain a full color image; and PA1 (3) used recording materials must be disposed of even though there may be large unused portions of the recording material. ", "PA1 (1) a dye is excessively added to a predetermined quantity of toluene at room temperature; PA1 (2) the dye solution is stirred and settled at the temperature for about 1 day to obtain a saturated toluene solution of the dye; and PA1 (3) the absorbance of the saturated solution is measured; and (4) the solubility of the dye to toluene is determined from the obtained absorbance with a relationship between the content of the dye and absorbance (i.e., an extinction coefficient) which has previously been obtained. ", "PA1 C.I. Disperse Yellows 1, 3, 8, 9, 16, 41, 54, 60, 77 and 116; PA1 C.I. Disperse Reds 1, 4, 6, 11, 15, 17, 55, 59, 60, 73 and 83; PA1 C.I. Disperse Blues 3, 14, 19, 26, 56, 60, 64, 72, 99 and 108; PA1 C.I. Solvent Yellows 77 and 116; PA1 C.I. Solvent Reds 23, 25 and 27; and PA1 C.I. Solvent Blues 36, 63, 83 and 105. ", "PA1 (1) a plurality of dye groups having different hues are dispersed in a binder resin solution so that each of values Dn is greater than about 0.5.times.", "Dh to form an ink layer coating liquid (A), or a plurality of dye groups having different hues are dispersed in a resin solution so that each of E values is greater than about 0.5.times.", "Eh to form an ink layer coating liquid (B), and then the ink layer coating liquid (A) (or (B)) is coated on a substrate and then dried to form an ink layer. ", "The ink layer preferably has two or more layers which are overlaid. ", "The ink layers may be aged after being dried, if required. ", "PA1 (2) an ink layer coating liquid (A) (or (B)) in which dyes are dispersed in a particulate state in a binder resin so that each of values Dn (or En) is more than 0.5.times.", "Dh (or more than 0.5.times.", "Eh) is coated on a substrate and dried to form a lower ink layer (hereinafter referred to as a dye-supplying layer), and then another ink layer coating liquid (A)' (or (B)') in which at least one dye is dispersed in a molecular state is coated on the dye-supplying layer to form an upper ink layer (hereinafter referred to as a dye-transferring layer). ", "The dye-transferring layer may include a resin layer having relatively low dye receivability. ", "The ink layers may be aged after being dried, if required. ", "PA1 (3) an ink layer coating liquid (A) (or (B)) in which dyes are dispersed in a particulate state in a binder resin so that each of values Dn (or En) is more than 0.5.times.", "Dh (or more than 0.5.times.", "Eh) is coated on a substrate and dried to form a dye-supplying layer, and then a resin layer coating liquid which includes a resin having relatively low dye receivability and a solvent is coated thereon to form a resin layer having relatively low dye receivability. ", "The ink layers may be aged after being dried. ", "PA1 (4) an ink layer coating liquid (A) (or (B)) in which dyes are dispersed in a particulate state in a binder resin so that each of values Dn (or En) is more than 0.5.times.", "Dh (or more than 0.5.times.", "Eh) is coated on a substrate and dried to form a dye-supplying layer, and then an ink layer coating liquid (A)' (or (B)') in which at least one dye is dispersed in a molecular state is coated on the dye-supplying layer to form a dye-transferring layer, and further a resin layer coating liquid which includes a resin having relatively low dye receivability and a solvent is coated thereon to form a resin layer having relatively low dye receivability. ", "The ink layers may be aged after being dried. ", "PA1 (1) selecting dyes which have different hues and which can produce a color image such as one of the three primary colors (i.e., yellow, magenta and cyan color) or one of special colors (e.g., flesh color or the like) so that the resultant recording material has good dye transferability and a recorded image has good image density, good reproducibility of the color, and light resistance; and PA1 (2) determining a content of each dye so that each of values Dn is greater than about 0.5.times.", "Dh, and if there is a value Dn which is less than 0.5.times.", "Dh, a dye which has relatively large solubility to toluene and which has the same hue as the dye groups whose value Dn is less than 0.5.times.", "Dh is added to increase he value Dn to be greater than 0.5.times.", "Dh. ", "PA1 (1) a dye-transferring coating liquid which includes a resin, the same dye groups as used in the dye-supplying layer, the ratio of the content of each dye group being almost equal to that of the dye-supplying layer, and a solvent to which the dyes included in the dye-supplying layer have almost equal solubility, is coated on the dye-supplying layer to maintain the ratio of the content of each dye group in the dye-transferring layer to be substantially the same as that of the dye-supplying layer even when the dyes in the dye supplying layer are migrated to the dye transferring layer when the dye transferring layer coating liquid is coated. ", "PA1 (2) a dye-transferring coating liquid which includes a resin, the same dye groups as used in the dye-supplying layer, the ratio of the content of each dye group being substantially the same as that of the dye-supplying layer, and a solvent to which the dyes included in the dye-supplying layer have relatively small solubility (less than about 20 g/l), is coated on the dye-supplying layer to prevent the dyes in the dye-supplying layer from migrating to the dye-transferring layer or to minimize the migration, resulting in maintenance of the ratio of the content of each dye group in the dye-supplying layer and the dye-transferring layer. ", "PA1 alcohol solvents such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, 3-methoxybutyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, 2-methyl pentanol, sec-hexyl alcohol, 2-ethyl butyl alcohol, heptyl alcohol, sec-heptyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, sec-octyl alcohol, nonyl alcohol, 2, 6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, trimethylnonyl alcohol and the like; and glycol ether solvents having a hydroxy group such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisoamyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-2-ethylbutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether and the like. ", "PA1 (3) when a dye-transferring layer coating liquid which includes a resin, the same dye groups as used in the dye-supplying layer, and a solvent to which the dyes included in the dye-supplying layer have different solubility, is coated on the dye-supplying layer, a dye which is included in the dye supplying layer and whose solubility to the solvent included in the dye-transferring layer coating liquid is relatively small compared to the other dyes included in the dye supplying layer should be contained in the dye-transferring layer coating liquid in an amount of content greater than the other dyes to maintain the ratio of the content of each dye group in the dye-transferring layer to be substantially the same as that of the dye-supplying layer in consideration that the extent to which the dyes in the dye-supplying layer are migrated to the dye-transferring layer corresponds to their solubility in the dye-transferring layer solvent. ", "PA1 (4) when a dye-transferring layer coating liquid including a solvent to which the dyes included in the dye-supplying layer have different solubility, is coated on the dye-supplying layer, another method which can be used to make the ratio of the content of each dye group substantially the same as that of the dye-supplying layer is to add, in the dye-transferring layer coating liquid, an additional dye whose solubility to the solvent included in the dye-transferring layer coating liquid is relatively large compared to the other dyes included in the dye-supplying layer and whose hue is the same as the dye group which has a relatively small solubility to the solvent of the dye-transferring layer coating liquid. ", "PA1 (1) a recording material in which a dye-transferring layer including at least one dye or a resin layer including a resin having a low dye receivability and at least one dye is formed on a dye-supplying layer which includes dyes and is formed on a substrate; PA1 (2) a recording material in which a dye-transferring layer including no dye or a resin layer including a resin having a low dye receivability and no dye is formed on a dye-supplying layer which includes dyes and is formed on a substrate; or PA1 (3) a recording material in which a dye-transferring layer including at least one dye is formed on a dye-supplying layer which includes dyes and which is formed on a substrate and further thereon a resin layer including a resin having a relatively low dye receivability and no dye is formed, the lower an ink layer is located, the higher dye content and/or the larger dye diffusion coefficient the ink layer preferably has. ", "PA1 (1) an n-time mode multiple recording method in which an image is formed on a receiving material using the above-mentioned one-time recording method but the recording material is repeatedly used n-times; and PA1 (2) an n-fold speed mode multiple recording method in which an image is formed on a receiving material while the recording material is fed at a speed of 1/n that of the receiving material. ", "PA1 (1) both of a dye-supplying layer coating liquid and a dye-transferring layer coating liquid are coated on a respective substrate made of the same material and dried to form two sheets of single-ink-layer type recording materials so that each coating weight of the coated layers is substantially the same; PA1 (2) each of the prepared recording materials is superimposed on a respective sheet of the same receiving material so that the coated surface of each recording material contacts the receiving layer of the receiving material, and heat is applied from the back side of each recording material, namely, heat is applied from the side of the substrate opposed to the ink layer, to record an image on the receiving layer; and PA1 (3) image density of each recorded image is measured. ", "PA1 (1) the dye concentration in the dye supplying layer is higher than that in the dye transferring layer; and/or PA1 (2) the diffusion coefficient of the dye supplying layer is greater than that of the dye transferring layer. ", "PA1 (1) preparing a coating liquid by mixing a resin solution having a solid content of from 5 to 20% by weight and a silicone oil which is a mixture of SF8411 and SF8427 (both of which are manufactured by Toray Silicone Industries Inc.) mixed in a ratio of 1/1 so that the ratio of the silicone oil to the solid of the resin is 0.3/1; PA1 (2) coating the coating liquid on a sheet of synthetic paper, Yupo FPG#95 manufactured by Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Co., Ltd., and drying the coated liquid for 1 minute at 70.degree. ", "C. to form a receiving layer so that the thickness of the receiving layer is 10 .mu.m on a dry basis; PA1 (3) aging the thus obtained receiving material at room temperature for more than 1 day; PA1 (4) superimposing a cyan colored recording material, e.g., a cyan colored recording material used for Mitsubishi Color Video Copy Processor SCT-CP200, on the receiving layer of the receiving material and recording an image on the receiving layer by imagewise heating the back side of the recording material using a thermal printhead, e.g., KMT-85-6MPD4 (manufactured by Kyocera Corp.), having a dot density of 6 dots/mm and an average electric resistance of 542 .OMEGA., ", "under a condition of applied energy of 2.00 mJ/dot; and PA1 (5) measuring the image density of the recorded image with a Macbeth reflection densitometer RD-918. ", "PA1 (1) forming a semiconductive layer on a substrate which includes a heat resistant resin such as polyester, polycarbonate, triacetyl cellulose, nylon, polyimide and aromatic polyamide, and powder of a metal such as aluminum, copper, iron, tin, nickel, molybdenum and silver which is dispersed in the heat resistant resin, and then forming an ink layer including a sublimable dye on the semiconductive layer; or PA1 (2) forming a semiconductive layer including powder of the above-mentioned metal described in method (1) on a substrate by an evaporation or a sputtering method and then forming an ink layer including a sublimable dye on the semiconductive layer. ", "PA1 (1) measuring the coating weight of the receiving layer when the receiving layer is formed; PA1 (2) cutting a sheet of the receiving material 50 mm wide and 100 mm long, and measuring the weight of the sheet; PA1 (3) dipping the sheet into 500 g of methyl ethyl ketone (or a good solvent for the binder resin in the receiving layer) for ten minutes; PA1 (4) pulling up the sheet from the methyl ethyl ketone and measuring the weight of the sheet after drying the solvent included in the sheet; and PA1 (5) obtaining the degree of gelation by the following equation: EQU (degree of gelation)={1-(weight difference between the sheet before dipping and after dipping)/(coating weight of the receiving layer of 50 mm wide and 100 mm long)}.times.100(%).", "\nThe thermal transfer recording methods are broadly classified into a thermofusing thermal transfer recording method which transfers thermofusible ink onto a receiving material to form an image thereon and a sublimation thermal transfer recording method which transfers a thermo-diffusional dye (hereinafter referred to as a sublimable dye) onto a receiving material to form an image thereon. ", "The sublimation thermal transfer recording method is superior to the thermofusing thermal transfer recording method because of having excellent half tone images caused by the transfer of a molecule of the thermo-diffusional dye. ", "Therefore the sublimation thermal transfer recording method is a suitable method for full color recording.", "\nIn sublimation thermal transfer recording, a sublimation dye image can be obtained on a sublimation thermal transfer image receiving material (referred to as a receiving material) upon application of heat with a thermal printhead, laser or the like to the back side of a sublimation thermal transfer image recording material (referred to as a recording material) having an ink layer which contacts the receiving material and which includes a sublimable dye. ", "The recording material includes a substrate and an ink layer which is formed on the substrate and includes a sublimable dye dispersed in a binder resin. ", "A full color image can typically be obtained by appropriately transferring a yellow color dye, a magenta color dye, a cyan color dye and, if necessary, a black color dye onto a receiving material. ", "The recording material may include a heat resistant layer on the back side thereof to make the recording material resistant to heat applied with thermal printheads. ", "The receiving material includes a substrate and optionally an image receiving layer (referred to as a receiving layer) which is formed on the substrate. ", "When heat is applied to the recording material, the sublimable dye diffuses into the receiving material or the receiving layer of the receiving material, so that an image is formed on the receiving material.", "\nSublimable dyes for use in the recording material have to have good diffusing ability under a heating condition in which a thermal printhead at high temperature (hundreds of degrees centigrade) contacts the recording material for a moment (several milliseconds) and have to have good color tone and good light resistance, to form an image having good image qualities such as high image density, good color tone reproducibility and good light resistance of the recorded image. ", "In addition, the sublimable dyes have to be safe. ", "There are few sublimable dyes having all of these properties. ", "Therefore, a plurality of yellow dyes, magenta dyes, cyan dyes and if necessary, black dyes are indeed used for forming a full color image, although it is preferable that a full color image can simply be formed with one kind each of a yellow dye, a magenta dye and a cyan dye. ", "For example, a magenta color recording material generally includes a red dye and a violet dye, a cyan color recording material includes a blue dye and a green dye and a black color recording material includes yellow, magenta and cyan dyes.", "\nRecording materials are typically manufactured with a gravure coating method. ", "When an image is recorded using a recording material which has a one layer type ink layer coated by a gravure coating method, the image tends to be uneven because the coated ink layer has unevenness corresponding to the form of cups of the gravure plate. ", "Therefore, an ink layer is generally formed by coating twice a recording layer coating liquid including a resin and a sublimable dye which are dissolved or dispersed in a solvent (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. ", "63-302089) to form an even ink layer. ", "Even in this case, when half tone images are recorded using a recording material having a recording layer including two or more sublimable dyes having different hues, the recorded half tone image tends to have different color tone depending on its image density. ", "For example, when half tone images are recorded using a magenta colored recording material including a red sublimable dye and a violet sublimable dye, the recorded half tone image having relatively low image density has relatively violet-like (or reddish) magenta color compared to the half tone image having relatively high image density.", "\nIn addition, the sublimation thermal transfer recording method costs more than other methods, because:\nTo obviate these shortcomings, so-called multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording methods and recording materials therefor have been proposed. ", "The multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording methods include an n-time (n is at least 2) mode multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording method and an n-fold (n is more than 1 and generally 5 to 20) speed mode multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording method. ", "A recording material for the multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording methods is disclosed which can produce images having good image qualities such as high image density even in a large-n-time or a large n-fold multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording method. ", "The recording material has two or more overlaid ink layers which are, for example, a dye-supplying layer which is formed on a substrate and which includes a sublimable dye dispersed in a resin, and a dye-transferring layer formed on the dye-supplying layer, wherein the dye releasing ability of the dye-supplying layer is larger than that of the dye-transferring layer.", "\nIn multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording, when a recording material including an overlaid ink layer in which at least the bottom ink layer includes two or more sublimable dyes is used, problems occur in which a color tone of the initially recorded image is different from that of the recorded image after the recording material is used n-times in the n-time multiple sublimation thermal recording or a color tone in a relatively light half tone image is different from that of a relatively dark half tone image.", "\nBecause of these reasons, a need exists for a sublimation thermal transfer recording material which can produce images having good image qualities, particularly produce half tone images having good evenness in color tone by a one-time or a multiple sublimation thermal transfer recording method." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Concentration effect of prostaglandin E2 on the growth factor expression and cell proliferation in bovine endometrial explants and their kinetic characteristics.", "\nBovine endometrium undergoes various physiological and histological changes that are necessary for blastocyst implantation during oestrous cycle. ", "From pro-oestrus to late-oestrus, endometrium thickens gradually for implantation preparation and exhibits remarkable capacity for self-repair after uterine lining shedding while implantation does not occur. ", "The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) secretion pattern is synchronized with endometrial growth during oestrous cycles in bovine endometrium; however, limited information is available regarding the association between PGE2 secretion and endometrial growth. ", "In this study, the concentration (10-9 to 10-5 M) and time effect (2-36 hr) of PGE2 treatment on a series of growth factors are essential for endometrial growth including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA and protein expression, and proliferation of epithelial and fibroblast cells was investigated in bovine endometrial explants in vitro. ", "The results indicated that PGE2 at concentration about 10-7 to 10-5 M could up-regulate CTGF, FGF-2, IL-8, MMP-2, TGF-β1, VEGFA mRNA and protein expression, and could induce the proliferation of epithelial and fibroblast cells and reduce the proapoptotic factor (caspase-3) expression in bovine endometrial explants in vitro. ", "These results collectively improved the possibility of PGE2 functions in endometrial growth during oestrous cycles." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nmdcolors not working in mddialog for Angular Material\n\nI have an mddialog that tries to use md-colors to set a backGround color of a div in a dialog. ", " However it is not respecting the current theme, instead defaulting to the blue theme.", "\nmd-colors=\"{backgroundColor: 'primary'}\"\n\nIs this a known issue? ", " Is there a workaround?", "\nUsing version 1.1.1\n\nA:\n\nThis works - CodePen\nMarkup\n<div ng-controller=\"TasksController as vm\" class=\"md-padding\" ng-cloak=\"\" ng-app=\"app\">\n <md-button class=\"md-primary md-raised\" ng-click=\"vm.show($event)\">\n Custom Dialog\n </md-button>\n\n <script type=\"text/ng-template\" id=\"test.html\">\n <md-dialog aria-label=\"Test\" layout-margin layout=\"column\" layout-align=\"center center\">\n <div style=\"width:100px; height:100px;\" md-colors=\"::{background: 'altTheme-primary-700'}\"></div>\n </md-dialog>\n </script>\n</div>\n\nJS\nangular.module('app',['ngMaterial', 'ngMessages', 'material.svgAssetsCache'])\n\n.config(function($mdThemingProvider) {\n $mdThemingProvider.theme('altTheme')\n .primaryPalette('purple')\n\n $mdThemingProvider.setDefaultTheme('altTheme');\n})\n\n.controller('TasksController', function($scope, $mdDialog) {\n var vm = this;\n vm.show = function(ev) {\n $mdDialog.show({\n templateUrl: 'test.html',\n parent: angular.element(document.body),\n targetEvent: ev,\n clickOutsideToClose:true\n });\n };\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates generally to printing. ", "In particular, it relates to the formation of stacks of printed material suitable for binding as checkbooks wherein images appear in a desired sequence through the steps of printing patterns onto a web, cutting the web to form a plurality of sheets, and stacking the sheets." ]

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[ "import designateControl from '../actions/designateControl';\n\nexport default [\n designateControl\n];\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "ADOLPH HITLER: The Real Father of Universal Health Care\n\nOtto von Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany and a dictator in his own right, started socialized healthcare in 1883 with the Reichsversicherungsverordnung or Reich Insurance Act. ", "However, only certain segments of the society were insured at that time. ", "It was Adolf Hitler, who actually imposed socialized healthcare on the entire German population, as a part of nazification of the healthcare industry, and for that reason he should rightly be called the *real* father of universal healthcare. ", "This collective universal healthcare concept was called “racial hygiene.” ", "This is history that people have largely forgotten, because it is inconvenient for many to remember it.", "\n\nHitler also literally rolled out, via panzer, his now universal healthcare to occupied France, Belgium and the Netherlands — those countries with mainly “Aryan” populations. ", "Hitler put universal healthcare in place in those very countries that he wished to aryanize and perfect by eliminating physical/mental defects in the populations via sterilization and medical killing.", "\n\nThe point is that universal healthcare gives any Government enormous power that can be misused, if the wrong people are in control, not that it is adminstered the same now as in Nazi Germany. ", "This is too much power to centralize in the hands of the Government, because governments sometimes go bad.", "\n\nThe first mass murders of the Holocaust were carried out in the socialized German hospitals and the techniques for mass murder were developed there. ", "Several hundred thousand handicapped and mentally ill persons were murdered in Hitler’s universal healthcare system. ", "Retarded and mentally ill children were euthanized and the T4 project did the same for handicapped, mentally ill and elderly adults. ", "In his orders permitting medical killing, Hitler called them “mercy killing” and “lives not worth living.” ", "In this way Germany produced great savings in healthcare, not only due to the extermination of existing patients, but many ill persons (and their families) became afraid to even check into the hospitals.", "\n\nRobert Jay Lifton, author of “The Nazi Doctors, points out that the extermination of the Jews and others of different ethnic groups was itself seen as a medical solution, a medical procedure for the collective healing of the Aryan race by elimination of the Jewish infection of Aryan blood. ", "So, the entire Holocaust can be seen as an extension of Hitlercare. ", "From that point of view, it is estimated that about 10 million people were murdered under Hitlercare, including six millions Jews. ", "The Nazi plan was ultimately to exterminate about 25 million Jews and Slavs in Eastern Europe in fulfillment of the so-called “racial hygiene” principle of the the German universal healthcare system.", "\n\nBecause resources are limited, the concept of Universal Healthcare requires the Government to make decisions on the distribution of healthcare that will determine the survivability of different groups in society. ", "That is, the welfare of the collective and government priorities are placed above that of the rights of any individual.", "\n\nOnce you have given the Government that much power, there is no natural barrier between you and the Holocaust of the Nazis. ", "It is only a matter of degree, of how far they want to take this concept that social welfare trumps individual rights.", "\n\nThis is the inherent evil of universal healthcare. ", "It gives Government the right to decide life and death for entire classes of society, as opposed to individuals contracting for their own healthcare. ", "This is why Hitler liked universal healthcare so much that he imposed it on conquered countries, not because he was so concerned for the well being of the subjected peoples, but because it gave him the right over entire classes of people to decide, who lives and who dies. ", "It gave him the power to engineer the composition of society to his own malicious requirements. ", "Entire classes of people can be killed — or, allowed to die — with no judicial process being necessary. (", "This is death panels on steroids.)", "\n\nThis is also the reason that Obama and others in the Government want universal healthcare so desperately. ", "The socialist elite need to be able to ignore the rights of the individual to engineer their new utopian society. ", "For that purpose, the same kind of centrally-controlled healthcare system that Hitler used is required.", "\n\nPost navigation\n\nLeave a Comment\n\nWe have no tolerance for comments containing violence, racism, vulgarity, profanity, all caps, or discourteous behavior. ", "Thank you for partnering with us to maintain a courteous and useful public environment where we can engage in reasonable discourse." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRunning command on new page\n\nI have a special letterhead command called \\newpageheader which adds a decorative figure and sets spacing for new pages:\n\\newcommand{\\newpageheader}{\\newpage \\thispagestyle{plain} \\hspace{-1in} \\includegraphics{letterhead.png} }\n\nCurrently, I have to add the \\newpageheader command deliberately, which involves finding natural breaks in the text based on the compiled PDF. ", "This is manual and time-consuming. ", "\nIs there a way to make a command like this run on each new page automatically? ", "My objective is for the formatting to be automatic, and not require any manual tweaks.", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, this can be done through page styles (like plain, which you're setting). ", "So, ideally one should create a letter head style, and you can use fancyhdr for that:\n\n\\documentclass{article}\n\\usepackage{fancyhdr,lipsum,graphicx}\n\\fancypagestyle{letterhead}{\n \\setlength{\\headheight}{2\\baselineskip}%\n \\fancyhf{}% Clear header/footer\n \\renewcommand{\\headrulewidth}{.4pt}% Header rule\n \\renewcommand{\\footrulewidth}{.4pt}% Footer rule\n \\fancyhead[C]{\\includegraphics[height=1.5\\baselineskip,width=.8\\textwidth]{example-image}}\n \\fancyfoot[C]{\\fbox{\\thepage}}\n}\n\\begin{document}\n\\pagestyle{plain}\n\\lipsum[1-20]\n\\pagestyle{letterhead}\n\\lipsum[1-20]\n\\end{document}\n\nThe above image shows pages 3 and 4, even though the page style was initiated on page 4. ", "It will remain unless changed using \\thispagestyle or \\pagestyle.", "\nNote that certain commands may force a specific page style (like \\chapter in report and book which force a plain page style on the chapter page).", "\n\nAnother subtle way of introducing content on a subsequent page without introducing a hard, visible break, would be to utilize afterpage. ", "However, I don't think this is what you're after.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Enabling conditions and children's understanding of pretense.", "\nTwo experiments examined whether preschoolers' difficulties on tasks that required relating pretending and knowledge (e.g., Lillard, A. S. (1993a). ", "Young children's conceptualization of pretense: Action or mental representational state? ", "Child Development, 64, 372-386) were due to children's inability to appreciate the causal mechanism behind enabling conditions. ", "In Experiment 1, 4-year-olds were told about a character who knew about one kind of animal and did not know about another. ", "The character acted in a manner consistent with both animals. ", "Children were asked whether the character was pretending to be the animal of which he was ignorant. ", "The character's knowledge was either represented in a generic manner (as a picture) or in a manner that suggested a particular enabling condition relation that children found accessible (as a battery, which most 4-year-olds recognize is critical for making toys work). ", "Children were more successful at relating knowledge and pretending in the battery condition. ", "This improvement in performance extended to another task in which children had to identify the enabling condition relation between knowledge and identification, in which there were reduced demands on the inhibitory mechanisms necessary for success. ", "Experiment 2 found that the results in Experiment 1 were not due to demands of the procedure used in Experiment 1. ", "These results are discussed in the context of recent theories of theory of mind that focus on the importance of causal relations among mental states." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "A South Asian ‘Game of Thrones:’ Behind Sri Lanka’s Political Crisis\n\nAre zero prime ministers better than two? ", "Sri Lanka is about to find out. ", "After five weeks of dramatic political developments that resemble a dark political thriller, Colombo is currently embroiled in an unprecedented political crisis that has undermined its democracy and thrown the country into disarray.", "\n\nOn October 26, President Maithripala Sirisena sacked Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe, a member of his own governing coalition since 2015, and replaced him with the leader of the opposition — former President Mahinda Rajapaksa — the bitter rival he ran against in 2015.", "\n\nShifting rivalries and alliances between these three men have turned Sri Lanka’s government into a real-life episode of Game of Thrones. ", "As a struggle for the prime minister’s role plays out between Wickremesinghe and Rajapaksa, with Sirisena acting more like a king than a democratically-elected head of state, the country remains in suspended animation — with no prime minister in charge and a government so divided that members of parliament actually came to physical blows.", "\n\nWith protesters swarming the streets, Speaker of Parliament Karu Jayasuriya warned of “a huge bloodbath” if the crisis isn’t swiftly resolved. ", "A prolonged crisis, Jayasuriya cautioned in October, “will set this country back on the international stage and damage our economy.” ", "But a month later, there is still no end in sight.", "\n\nWhat Started the Crisis?", "\n\nIn Sri Lanka’s 2015 presidential election, Sirisena, who had been a part of Rajapaksa’s cabinet, joined with the opposition to deal the sitting president — who had ruled Sri Lanka for the previous 10 years — a surprising defeat. ", "Rajapaksa’s demise heralded a hopeful moment for Sri Lanka. ", "He had presided over the defeat of the Tamil Tigers in a civil war, but his reign was stained by his consolidation of executive power, numerous human rights abuses, authoritarian governance, and corruption. ", "The new Sirisena-Wickremesinghe coalition promised a much-needed era of reconciliation, democratic reform, and economic development.", "\n\nThis optimistic phase came to a crashing halt on Friday, October 26, when Sirisena fired Wickremesinghe and forged an alliance with Rajapaksa, leading both men to claim to be prime minister. ", "A defiant Wickremesinghe took refuge in the official prime minister’s residence and indicated that he would only leave office if he lost majority support in parliament. ", "In response, Sirisena suspended parliament to give Rajapaksa time to secure support and dissolved the cabinet, allowing Rajapaksa to form a new one that had little credibility.", "\n\nIn the following week, Wickremesinghe, a majority of parliamentarians, and much of the international community called on the president and speaker to reconvene parliament to determine whether Wickremesinghe continued to enjoy majority support. ", "At first, Sirisena agreed — suggesting first that parliament would reconvene on November 5 and again on November 7 — but then changed his mind both times. ", "Given this evidence of Sirisena’s lack of good faith, Jayasuriya declared that the majority of parliament considered the president’s moves “unconstitutional” and that Wickremesinghe was the legitimate prime minister until a parliamentary majority approved Sirisena’s changes.", "\n\nUnder pressure, Sirisena finally announced parliament would reconvene on November 14. ", "Reports of problematic horse-trading, intimidation, and bribery surfaced right away, and individual parliamentarians received absurdly large offers of money to defect.", "\n\nDespite these efforts, Rajapaksa failed to cobble together enough support in parliament to form a government, losing two no-confidence votes — on November 14 and 16 — in a row. ", "Nevertheless, he and Sirisena have refused to budge. ", "Sirisena maintains he will never accept Wickremesinghe as prime minister — as if his personal whims carry some kind of legal and democratic mandate. ", "Having faced defeat in parliament, Sirisena pushed further into the extra-legal wilderness, dissolving parliament altogether and calling snap elections for January 2019.", "\n\nThe Supreme Court issued an interim order ruling Sirisena’s decision unconstitutional, staving off parliament’s dissolution and putting elections on hold. ", "In addition, on December 3, the Sri Lanka Court of Appeal issued a temporary order preventing Rajapaksa and his cabinet from holding office. ", "Both decisions are being appealed, meaning that for all intents and purposes, Sri Lanka currently has no government.", "\n\nWhat Drove Sirisena?", "\n\nSirisena’s actions surprised not only longtime international watchers of Sri Lanka but even members of the political parties involved in the controversy. ", "The collusion between Sirisena and Rajapaksa, in particular, stunned the nation. ", "The development was “not really in the domain of what you would consider being politically possible or feasible,” stated Sanjana Hattotuwa, senior researcher at the Sri Lankan think tank Centre for Policy Alternatives. ", "He likened the two men’s deal to Donald Trump asking Hillary Clinton to be his vice president after the 2016 U.S. election.", "\n\nSo what led Sirisena into the arms of his bitter rival?", "\n\nIn a speech two days after the coup, Sirisena gave two reasons for his decision to oust Wickremesinghe. ", "Neither stands up to much scrutiny. ", "First, he suggested that a cabinet member was involved in an assassination attempt against him and insinuated that the cabinet was blocking a proper investigation into the matter. ", "Sirisena has yet to produce credible evidence for these charges and his claims are further diluted by his earlier suggestion, which he then denied, that India was also indirectly involved. ", "It is possible that the assassination attempt was simply a story meant to distract from Sirisena’s extra-constitutional act.", "\n\nSecondly, Sirisena pointed to corruption as the reason for the firing, citing, in particular, a serious and legitimate fraud case involving the central bank and its governor, whom Wickremesinghe appointed. ", "While the controversy brought legitimate criticism onto Wickremesinghe and his party, the PM himself has not been personally implicated. ", "Regardless, alleged corruption is not a constitutionally recognized justification for the removal of the prime minister.", "\n\nThe real reason behind Sirisena’s moves seems to be political. ", "Many analysts, as well as Prime Minister Wickremesinghe himself, have attributed these developments to the president making a deal to secure his own political future. ", "Political scientist and constitutional scholar Jayadeva Uyangoda writes that Sirisena chose this path “in order to resolve a deepening political dispute between himself and Mr. Wickremesinghe.” ", "The coalition government Sirisena formed with Wickremesinghe following the 2015 elections had become brittle.", "\n\nThe country remains in suspended animation — with no prime minister in charge and a government so divided that members of parliament actually came to physical blows.", "\n\nDivision on a range of policy issues grew so stark that tensions between the governing partners started to play out in public. ", "Human rights attorney and an Asia Society Asia 21 Young Leader Bhavani Fonseka points to local elections earlier this year “where we saw [members of] the coalition government taking very different positions, and the president attacking his own coalition partner. ", "Since then, it’s been a very tense coalition.”", "\n\nGiven the clear division in the coalition government, Hattotuwa argues that “the most probable explanation” for the coup is that “Sirisena, fearful for his own political future, [saw] this as an option to galvanize whatever is left of the executive presidency and retain that office for himself for as long as possible.” ", "Sirisena saw a revamped alliance with the opposition and Rajapaksa as the most likely way to secure power going into the next elections. ", "The fact that Rajapaksa called for snap parliamentary elections in his inaugural statement as new PM last month indicated that both he and Sirisena have their eyes on securing power beyond the current term.", "\n\nHow Has the International Community Responded?", "\n\nHeightened divisions within Sri Lanka contrast starkly with the international community’s relatively unified reaction to the crisis. ", "Messages being relayed to Colombo from abroad reveal a clear international consensus: Sirisena must respect the constitution and reconvene parliament immediately to determine whether Wickremesinghe retains a democratic majority.", "\n\nChina has taken a different approach. ", "According to Dinusha Panditaratne, the former head of the Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute, a foreign policy think tank in Sri Lanka, “China is officially taking a non-interventionist stance but with indications of support for the new de facto regime. ", "For example, China did not explicitly counter a social media post by Rajapaksa about a visit by the Chinese Ambassador bearing wishes from President Xi Jinping. ", "It is also noteworthy that the few states to have reportedly recognized Rajapaksa include Burundi and Pakistan, both close partner states of China.”", "\n\nIndia, on the other hand, “was one of the first countries to cite democratic values in commenting on the constitutional crisis, underlining that it is a systemically different partner to non-democratic China,” said Panditaratne. ", "India wants to counter Chinese influence in Sri Lanka and is wary of Rajapaksa’s previously cozy relationship with Beijing. ", "However, New Delhi will want to preserve a relationship with the Sri Lankan government no matter who ultimately emerges as the sole prime minister.", "\n\nIt is an open secret that Rajapaksa was and remains close to Beijing. ", "His government oversaw the Chinese construction of the Hambontota Port, a failed project which saddled Sri Lanka with so much debt that the country was forced to hand the port over to Chinese control for 99 years. ", "In the 2015 election campaign, with the opposition criticizing Chinese influence, Chinese money flowed into Rajapaksa’s campaign, making it plain who Beijing wanted in power. ", "Rajapaksa’s subsequent defeat was therefore seen as a major setback for China as well.", "\n\n“Sri Lanka’s fragile process of democratic recovery is in peril.”", "\n\nHowever, China remained unperturbed, cozying up to Sirisena, despite his campaign criticism, by offering investments and gifts, including the construction of a hospital in Sirisena’s home constituency of Polonnaruwa. ", "Its strategy seems to be working. ", "India’s development projects in Sri Lanka, which were supported by Wickremesinghe, started to experience delays. ", "In fact, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s frustration about these delays led to one of the final public spats between Wickremesinghe and Sirisena before the crisis began.", "\n\nNow, with Rajapaksa back on the political scene in a major way, China once again has multiple powerful friends in Colombo. ", "If the crisis continues and if Wickremesinghe is illegitimately forced out, it will be worth watching how the international community, especially India and China, navigate the aftermath.", "\n\nWhat Does This Mean for Sri Lanka’s Democratic Future?", "\n\nHow will Asia’s oldest democracy survive the coup and this attack on its constitution? ", "There is room yet for more twists and turns. ", "Whatever happens, political scientist and constitutional scholar Jayadeva Uyangoda believes that “Sri Lanka’s fragile process of democratic recovery is in peril.”", "\n\nThe best case scenario for Sri Lanka would be Sirisena accepting the Supreme Court’s ruling and allowing parliament to determine the prime minister. ", "However, Sirisena and Rajapaksa have shown no inclination toward accepting that fate and may well decide to plow ahead with even more extra-legal mechanisms, even in the face of domestic and international opprobrium. ", "The security apparatus, which is generally fond of Rajapaksa and is under Sirisena’s direct control, could come into play. ", "If they move forward with an illegal election in January — one that Rajapaksa could well win — it would stain Sri Lanka’s democratic fabric for good.", "\n\nIf Wickremesinghe is eventually ousted as prime minister — even via a vote in parliament — the past month has set a problematic precedent for democratic rule and Sri Lanka’s constitution. ", "Hattotuwa believes that “we have crossed the Rubicon, where the great danger and tragedy is that it is now normalized that the constitution is optional.”", "\n\nIf Sirisena and Rajapaksa get their way, it will be fascinating to witness how long their own alliance lasts. ", "The impact of such a new regime on Sri Lanka’s policy approach is equally uncertain, with a danger that the country will slide backward in several key areas — democratic reform, transitional justice, ethnic reconciliation and more. ", "Fonseka expresses concern that “the reign of terror we saw during Rajapaksa’s period will return. ", "The safeguards, the checks and balances may all be dispensed with.”", "\n\nHow will this episode shape Sri Lanka’s democracy? ", "Uyangoda offers the most sobering picture, writing that “Sri Lanka has entered a hugely uncertain phase of its post-civil war politics.” ", "He believes that the dramatic events from the past month will only buttress the political cynicism and disillusionment of Sri Lanka’s citizens, with “another phase of radical alienation of the youth from politicians, political institutions, and the easily abused democratic processes.”", "\n\nIt seems that however this unconstitutional crisis is resolved, Sri Lanka loses." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Motoneuron properties during motor inhibition produced by microinjection of carbachol into the pontine reticular formation of the decerebrate cat.", "\nIt is well established that cholinergic agonists, when injected into the pontine reticular formation in cats, produce a generalized suppression of motor activity (1, 3, 6, 14, 18, 27, 33, 50). ", "The responsible neuronal mechanisms were explored by measuring ventral root activity, the amplitude of the Ia-monosynaptic reflex, and the basic electrophysiological properties of hindlimb motoneurons before and after carbachol was microinjected into the pontine reticular formation of decerebrate cats. ", "Intrapontine microinjections of carbachol (0.25-1.0 microliter, 16 mg/ml) resulted in the tonic suppression of ventral root activity and a decrease in the amplitude of the Ia-monosynaptic reflex. ", "An analysis of intracellular records from lumbar motoneurons during the suppression of motor activity induced by carbachol revealed a considerable decrease in input resistance and membrane time constant as well as a reduction in motoneuron excitability, as evidenced by a nearly twofold increase in rheobase. ", "Discrete inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were also observed following carbachol administration. ", "The changes in motoneuron properties (rheobase, input resistance, and membrane time constant), as well as the development of discrete inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, indicate that spinal cord motoneurons were postsynaptically inhibited following the pontine administration of carbachol. ", "In addition, the inhibitory processes that arose after carbachol administration in the decerebrate cat were remarkably similar to those that are present during active sleep in the chronic cat. ", "These findings suggest that the microinjection of carbachol into the pontine reticular formation activates the same brain stem-spinal cord system that is responsible for the postsynaptic inhibition of alpha-motoneurons that occurs during active sleep." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat does \"invalid statement in fillWindow()\" in Android cursor mean?", "\n\nI sometimes see this error in my logcat output, \nCursor: invalid statement in fillWindow().", "\n\nIt sometimes happens when I press the back key and then it goes to the default Android listview before going to my custom listview. ", "\nWhat does it mean? ", "How do I solve it? ", "Because it does not point to any line of code where the problem is coming from.", "\n\nA:\n\nWhen dealing with ListActivities, this issue has to do with the Cursor objects, CursorAdapter objects, and Database objects not being closed properly when the Activity stops, and not being set properly when the Activity starts or resumes.", "\nI had to make sure that I closed my SimpleListAdapter, my Cursors, and then my Database objects in that respective order, in the onStop method of the Activity that is called when the TabActivity resumes.", "\nI had already been closing the Cursor and Database objects, but had not been closing my SimpleListAdapter Cursor.", "\n/**\n * onStop method\n * \n * Perform actions when the Activity is hidden from view\n * \n * @return void\n * \n */\n @Override\n protected void onStop() {\n try {\n super.onStop();\n\n if (this.mySimpleListAdapterObj !", "=null){\n this.mySimpleListAdapterObj.getCursor().close();\n this.mySimpleListAdapterObj= null;\n }\n\n if (this.mActivityListCursorObj !", "= null) {\n this.mActivityListCursorObj.close();\n }\n\n if (this.myDatabaseClassObj !", "= null) {\n this.myDatabaseClassObj.close();\n }\n } catch (Exception error) {\n /** Error Handler Code **/\n }// end try/catch (Exception error)\n }// end onStop\n\nA:\n\nIt is of utmost importance that you close the Cursors, Databases, DBHelpers in the right order.", "\nfor e.g. \nfor the given code below.", "\nDBHelper dbhelper = new DBHelper();\nSQLiteDataBase db = dbhelper.getWritableDatabase();\n\nCursor c = db.query(/*some parameters*/);\n\nthe order of closing should be like: \nc.close();\ndb.close();\ndbhelper.close();\n\nOtherwise different errors keep on spawning and the developer does not even come to know about it. \"", "Cursor: invalid statement in fillWindow()\" being one of such errors.", "\n\nA:\n\nMaybe this can help you: http://www.ragtag.info/2011/feb/1/database-pitfalls/ \nIt seems that calls to getReadableDatabase and getWritableDatabase returns the same connection to the database (even if you made several calls to them). ", "\nSo, any call to close() on any of them will close both connection(s). ", "\nIf you tries to use a cursor later, you'll get the nice 'Invalid statement', since the connection which the cursor relies on, is already closed.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Studies on the effects of orally administered dicyclohexyl phthalate in the rat.", "\nThe oral administration of 500-2500 mg/kg/day dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) to young male Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 days resulted in liver enlargement and induction of some parameters of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism. ", "Additional studies indicated that the hepatic enzyme induction resembled that of sodium phenobarbitone rather than that of polycyclic hydrocarbons. ", "Morphological examination of the livers of DCHP treated rats revealed centrilobular cell hypertrophy and ultrastructural examination demonstrated marked proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. ", "Mitochondrial structure and numbers of peroxisomes (microbodies) were not affected. ", "DCHP treatment did not affect kidney and testes weights but some histological evidence of testicular damage was obtained with 2500 mg/kg/day of DCHP. ", "The metabolites of DCHP, namely monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP) and cyclohexanol, also induced certain parameters of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism. ", "MCHP, but not cyclohexanol also produced marked testicular atrophy. ", "It is concluded that DCHP is a weak drug-type inducer of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism in the rat and the hepatic effects of this phthalate diester are different from those of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Primary Menu\n\nBuy-Sell Agreements Relate to The whole Industries and Corporate Types\n\nMany employers think that their industry differs than all the industries in the unique problems and issues. ", "They also tend believe that as part of their industry, their company is also unique. ", "Usually are very well at least partially right. ", "Buy-sell agreements, however, utilized in every industry where different owners have potentially divergent desires and needs - which includes every industry currently have seen all ready. ", "Consider the many businesses in any industry once again four primary characteristics:\n\nSubstantial reward. ", "There are many associated with thousands of businesses that end up being categorized as \"mom and pop\" enterprises (with no disrespect whatsoever), and generally do not attain significant economic value. ", "We will focus on businesses with substantial value, or those with millions of dollars worthwhile (as low as $2 or $3 million) and ranging upwards numerous billions of worth.", "\n\nPrivately run. ", "When there is an energetic public industry for a company's securities, one more generally necessary if you build for buy-sell agreements. ", "Keep in mind that this definition does not apply to joint ventures involving one or more publicly-traded companies, where the joint ventures themselves aren't publicly-traded.", "\n\nMultiple investors. ", "Most businesses of substantial economic value have some shareholders. ", "Range of shareholders may range from a few of founders or initial investors, since dozens, as well as hundreds of shareholders in multi-generational and/or multi-family enterprises.", "\n\nCorporate buy-sell agreements. ", "Many smaller companies, and even some of significant size, have what these are known as cross-purchase buy-sell agreements. ", "While much from the we discuss will be helpful for companies with such agreements, we write primarily for firms that have corporate repurchase or redemption agreements (often together with opportunities for cross purchases under certain circumstances). ", "Some other words, the buy-sell Startup Founder Agreement Template India online includes the business as an event to the agreement, together with the stakeholders.", "\n\nIf your online business meets previously mentioned four characteristics, you have to have focus on your agreement. ", "The \"you\" previously previous sentence pertains regardless of whether you are the controlling shareholder, the CEO, the CFO, standard counsel, a director, an operational manager-employee, or a non-working (in the business) investor. ", "In addition, previously mentioned applies absolutely no the form of corporate organization of company. ", "Buy-sell agreements are crucial and/or appropriate for most corporate forms, including:\n\nCorporations, whether organized as S corporations or C corporations\n\nLimited liability companies\n\nPartnerships, whether between individuals or between entities while corporate joint ventures\n\nThe Buy-Sell Agreement Audit Checklist may provide assistance to your corporate attorney. ", "You ought to certainly a person talk about important difficulties with your fellow owners. ", "It can do help you focus on the need to have appropriate valuation expertise from the process of examining existing buy-sell legal papers.", "\n\nOur examination is always from business and valuation perspectives. ", "I am not legal assistance first and offer neither guidance nor legal opinions. ", "Towards the extent that the drafting of buy-sell agreements is discussed, the topic is addressed from those same perspectives." ]

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[ "Clinical outcomes and causes of death in Japanese patients with long-term inferior vena cava filter implants and deep vein thrombosis.", "\nWe assessed the causes of death and efficacy of permanent inferior vena cava (IVC) filters for preventing new pulmonary embolisms (PE) in Japanese deep vein thrombosis (DVT) patients with or without PE. ", "We studied the clinical outcomes during the follow-up period of 1 day to 9 years (median: 18 months; mean: 28 months) in 66 of 72 consecutive patients (44 with acute PE, 27 with intrapelvic DVT, and 1 with floating femoral vein thrombosis). ", "Fifty of 66 patients received anticoagulant therapy after the filter placement. ", "Five patients died within 1 month (median 9 days) after the filter placement: three from recurrence of PE, one from cancer, and one from sepsis. ", "Two of the three patients with recurrence of PE had preexisting intracardiac thrombi in the right atrium or main pulmonary artery before filter implantation. ", "Ten patients died from the underlying disease (cancer: 7; brain hemorrhage: 1; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: 1; pneumonia: 1) over 1 month after the filter placement (median follow-up period: 21 months). ", "No new symptomatic PE recurrence was observed over 1 month after the filter placement. ", "The 61 patients with long-term follow-up had no deterioration of DVT, and all the 31 patients who underwent multi-slice computed tomography showed no PE recurrence or filter thrombus occlusion, fracture, or migration. ", "Underlying diseases and preexisting intracardiac thrombi may be the determining factors for the prognosis of DVT patients. ", "Permanent IVC filters with anticoagulant therapy may be effective for preventing death from new PE in Japanese DVT patients." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Guy Debord’s Cat on the Tory Bullying Scandal\n\nBuddy Hell over at Guy Debord’s Cat also posted a piece about two weeks ago, asking what has happened to the Tory bullying scandal. ", "The Cat begins\n\nAs the Crown Prosecution Services prepares to announce whether it intends to prosecute over 30 Tory “individuals” (sic) for failing to correctly declare elections expenses during the 2015 General Election, it’s worth remembering the other scandal into which the Tory Election Expenses Scandal is interwoven. ", "That scandal is the Tory Bullying Scandal.", "\n\nIt is worrying that for more than a year the entire story has gone quiet. ", "Indeed, a current government minister, a former minister and the party chairman are entangled in its web. ", "A party worker actually committed suicide after a campaign of bullying and intimidation, and a sitting MP was blackmailed for having an affair.", "\n\nThe Cat provides a handy list of the salient facts. ", "These include the following points\n\nIn 2014, Mark Clarke was appointed director Conservative RoadTrip2015 by Grant Shapps, the then party chairman. ", "This organization, bussed activists around the country to key marginals. ", "RoadTrip2015 is at the heart of the Tory Election Expenses Scandal.", "\n\nClarke threatened to blackmail Robert Halfon, MP over an alleged sexual infidelity.", "\n\nElliott Johnson, a young party activist committed suicide after being bullied by Clarke and Andre Walker, whom he regards as a friend. ", "Walker himself was covertly recorded on a train plotting to smear Alison Knight, the deputy leader of Windsor Council with an associate. ", "Walker also claimed to be Johnson’s lover.", "\n\nThere was considerable overlap between Thatcherite group, Conservative Way Forward (CWF), Conservative Future (youth wing), RoadTrip2015 and Young Britons’ Foundation (YBF). ", "It was revealed that Clarke had sexually assaulted several female members of YBF. ", "This forced Donal Blaney, the YBF’s leader to cancel their annual conference. ", "Blaney was also forced to resign from CWF.", "\n\nThe internal Tory Party inquiry found there were 13 alleged victims. ", "The same inquiry, conducted by Clifford Chance, concluded that senior party figures were “unaware” bullying was taking place. ", "Elliott Johnson’s parents condemned the inquiry as a “whitewash”.", "\n\nThe Cat also notes that Clarke and friends also plotted to take over the Corporation of London and that he and Aidan ‘Nazi Boy’ Burley, the former MP for Cannock Chase, also worked together in an organisation dedicated to smashing the unions. ", "He speculates that the links between the various individuals involved suggests that the bullying also included several members of Hammersmith and Fulham Conservative Association.", "\n\nApart from Clarke and his cronies, in December 2015 it was revealed that Lucy Allen, the Tory MP for Telford, had left bullying messages to one of her workers on the answerphone. ", "She also added the words ‘unless you die’ to a message from someone criticising her for wanting to bomb Syria. ", "Despite this, Allen has never been investigated.", "\n\nThe Cat concludes\n\nThis is a scandal that goes right to the heart of Downing Street. ", "But why has this story gone so cold? ", "Could it have something to do with the Conservative Party’s internal inquiry, dubbed by some as a “whitewash”? ", "The corporate media dropped the story soon after the inquiry. ", "Yet questions about bullying in the Tory Party and the connection between RoadTrip2015 and the Tory Election Expenses Scandal persist. ", "Will we ever get to the truth?", "\n\nHe also adds an update from a report in the Guardian, which states that the Tories have not handed a report on the allegations to the cops, despite repeated calls for them to do so.", "\n\nJust like they haven’t handed over a report into their electoral fraud.", "\n\nSomehow I’m not surprised that this scandal involved the party’s various youth sections. ", "Some of us can still remember the uproar in the 1980s when the Nazi sympathies of the Union of Conservative Students came out, including their commitment to racial nationalism, their bullying of Tory ‘wets’ during a conference at one British university, their condemnation of Nelson Mandela as a terrorist, and how they used to sing ‘We Don’t Want No Blacks or Asians’ to the tune of Pink Floyd’s ‘Another Brick in the Wall’." ]

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[ "Land Newswire\n\nLand Rover is using the 2015 New York International Auto Show to launch a new range-topping version of the Range Rover called SVAutobiography. ", "Made at Special Vehicle Operations' Technical Centre in the UK, SVAutobiography features exterior design enhancements, a premium leather interior with bespoke trim finishes and the option of a 550hp 5.0-litre V8 supercharged engine for the first time.", "\nComment?", "\n\nOffering a blend of power and luxury, the Land Rover Range Rover SVAutobiography stands alone as the company's newest flagship. ", "A product of Rover's Special Vehicle Operations team , it's the most powerful production vehicle in their history, with a supercharged, 542 hp V8 engine at its heart, and a distinctive duo-tone paint scheme.", "\nComment?", "\n\n... beautiful detailing that considerably enhances the customer's experience of our flagship vehicle,\" said Gerry McGovern, Land Rover's Design Director and Chief Creative Officer. ", "The SVAutobiography will be set apart by a two-tone color scheme, ...\nComment?", "\n\n... was called the Autobiography Black at the top of the range. ", "SVAutobiography models are produced exclusively by Jaguar Land Rover Special Vehicle Operations. ", "Power for the SUV comes from a 550hp Supercharged V8 engine that was specifically tuned for ...\nComment?", "\n\nWith the SVAutobiography, which will debut at the New York Auto Show on Wednesday, the company is reasserting itself as the maker of the world's most luxurious SUV. ", "The competition at the exclusive end of the market is about to step up a gear -- SUVs from Bentley and Rolls-Royce are both on their way, but for the moment, Land Rover has the segment to itself.", "\nComment?", "\n\nYou're looking at the most powerful and luxurious production Range Rover ever. ", "Jaguar Land Rover's Special Vehicle Operations unit has come up with the Range Rover SVAutobiography, which replaces the Autobiography Black at the top of the range.", "\nComment?", "\n\nThe new top-of-the-line Range Rover, the $200,000+ SVAutobiography (via Land Rover's SVO division), is a 543 HP rolling bank vault of luxury and weaponized swank. ", "More importantly, it finally has a way for the 1% to be able to really sit back and ...\nComment?", "\n\nThe most expensive SUV just got even pricier. ", "Land Rover unveiled the new high end version of the Range Rover, the SVAutobiography at the New York auto show Monday, which has a $199,495 price tag.", "\nComment?", "\n\n... Jaguar even mounting an SUV offensive. ", "Hell, Ferrari is rumored to be working on a ute. ", "Ferrari! ", "But don't feel bad for Land Rover just yet - they're sold out on both Range Rover and Range Rover Sports, with a six-month wait list for the former and ...\nComment?", "\n\n... the appearance of the Landwind X7 , which was a much better but just-as-shameless clone of the Range Rover Evoque . ", "Land Rover lodged a complaint with Chinese authorities over Landwind's artistic license, and we'd say the Yueling X1 doesn't deserve ...\nComment?", "\n\nRange Rover's most luxurious 4x4 EVER set to go on sale - complete with tailgate chairs, deep-pile carpet, 150mph top speed ...and a A 150,000 price tag The most luxurious, exclusive and powerful production Range Rover ever launched has broken cover in New York - with a A 150,000 price tag to match. ", "From the company that is providing most of the villains' cars in the new 007 movie 'SPECTRE', the new flagship 4X4 has been specially engineered at Jaguar Land Rover's new elite Special Vehicle Operations unit.", "\nComment?", "\n\nStep aside, Autobiography Black . ", "For the 2016 model year, the most luxurious version of the Land Rover Range Rover is the SVAutobiography, which makes its public debut at the 2015 New York auto show.", "\nComment?", "\n\n... Range Rover to another level of comfort, craftsmanship and refinement,\" says John Edwards, managing Director of Jaguar Land Rover Special Operations, in a statement. ", "To distinguish the SUV from a mere Range Rover, customers will be able to order ...\nComment?", "\n\n... Continental concept, on display this week at the 2015 New York Auto Show and previewing the replacement for the MKS. ", "Land Rover has unveiled its priciest Range Rover yet. ", "It's called the \"Range Rover SVAutobiography\", and its price tag rings in at ...\nComment?", "\n\n... for more than 500 horsepower is a staggering thing. ", "It's spacious, luxurious and confidence inspiring. ", "So, how could Land Rover's special vehicle operations improve upon this? ", "Well, plenty of ways actually. ", "New York Auto Show Preview Read Agent ...\nComment?", "\n\nBritish premium automaker Jaguar Land Rover recently appointed company veteran Nick Rogers to serve as the company's new worldwide engineering chief, succeeding Wolfgang Ziebart in the position. ", "Jaguar Land Rover, a subsidiary of India's Tata Motors, announced in a statement that Rogers will have board member functions and responsibilities overseeing the carmaker's global engineering operations and he will report directly to the company's chief executive officer Ralf Speth.", "\nComment?", "\n\nWith prestigious brands Bentley and Maserati readying new luxury SUVs, fearing that its own contender in the segment, the Range Rover, may soon be seen as a bit too plebeian, Land Rover has launched a new flagship version developed together with its personalization department Special Vehicles Operations. ", "The flagship version is called the \"Range Rover SVAutobiography\", and it makes its world debut on Wednesday at the 2015 New York Auto Show.", "\nComment?", "\n\nStep aside, Autobiography Black . ", "For the 2016 model year, the most luxurious version of the Land Rover Range Rover is the SVAutobiography, which makes its public debut at the 2015 New York auto show.", "\nComment?", "\n\n... discerning, there has always been the Range Rover, but if you're keen to spend gratuitously, might we recommend the new Land Rover Range Rover SVAutobiography? ", "For starters, you know it's fancy right off the bat because its name contains 34 letters. ...", "\nComment?", "\n\nYou'd be forgiven for thinking that the purpose of Jaguar Land Rover's new Special Vehicle Operations division was to match Mercedes-AMG , BMW M or Audi RS with high-performers, like the Range Rover Sport SVR and F-Type Project 7 . ", "But as the all-new Range Rover SVAutobiography demonstrates, Special Vehicle Ops has no problem wrapping its iron fist in a velvet glove.", "\nComment?" ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\nHybrid View\n\nNew to site from Carmel, ME\n\nJust joined the Geocaching crowd 2 days ago, Heard about it from an old high school friend who posted pics on her FB of one of her Geocache finds. ", "7-20-10 was our 1st trip out, started with www.geocashing.com, 5 mile search from 04419. ", "Wife, daughter and I headed 2 find them and came home 3/3. ", "We had a blast. ", "After doing more research last night, came across your site so decided to join you all this morning. ", "Its an awesome way to meet new people and get out more with the family without spending money. ", "We borrowed the father-in-laws Gps. ", "Its older and i think slower on its accuracy but will do till we can get a new one. ", "Other than that, we are glad to have join you all and look forward to running into some of you some day. ", "Hitting the road to newburgh with the daughter tomorow in hopes of finding more.", "\n\nWelcome aboard. ", "I lived in Carmel from 74 to 87. ", "Graduated from Hermon High and now live in Scarborough. ", "My wife and I started geocaching this year and cant get enough. ", "Hope you all really enjoy it as much as we do. ", "The Chat night on monday on this site at 8pm is for new cachers and there are some very good people with a lot of knowledge willing to help with any ?", "'s" ]

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[ "Don’t miss your chance to get a FREE Adidas Football from Walkers. ", "To claim yours, and submit your Snap & Share photo to the comments. ", "Your photo will be of you combining your face with the face on the limited edition pack of Walkers crisps." ]

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[ "LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - A Los Angeles-area sushi restaurant that made international headlines after it was charged with serving endangered whale meat will close forever as a “self-imposed punishment,” according to a statement on its website.", "\n\nThe parent company of the The Hump, a popular Santa Monica restaurant, and sushi chef Kiyoshiro Yamamoto were charged on March 11 with violating the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which makes it illegal to sell whale meat.", "\n\nFederal prosecutors have said that the case stemmed from informants who were served whale meat at The Hump in October 2009 and evolved into a sting operation by U.S. wildlife and customs officials.", "\n\nThe federal charge carries a maximum penalty of one year in federal prison and a maximum fine of $100,000 for an individual or $200,000 for an organization.", "\n\nA statement on the website said the eatery, which was picketed by protesters after the charges made news around the world, would be shuttered as of Saturday.", "\n\n“The Hump hopes that by closing its doors, it will help bring awareness to the detrimental effects that illegal whaling has on the preservation of our ocean ecosystems and species,” the statement said.", "\n\n“Closing the restaurant is a self-imposed punishment on top of the fine that will be meted out by the court,” the statement said. ", "The restaurant apologized for its “illegal actions.”", "\n\nAccording to the statement, the restaurant’s owners would make a substantial contribution to organizations dedicated to the preservation of whales and other endangered species.", "\n\nThe New York Times has reported that the team of activists behind the “The Cove,” a film about dolphin hunting that won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Film earlier this month, coordinated with federal officials on the sting operation.", "\n\nThe paper said that an associate producer on “The Cove” created a tiny camera that two activists wore into the restaurant, where they were served the whale meat.", "\n\nThe activists sent samples to the Marine Mammal Institute at Oregon State University, which confirmed that they were from an endangered Sei whale, the Times said.", "\n\nThe Hump, which has only six tables and has a view of the Pacific Ocean, has been open for 12 years." ]

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[ " STATE OF MICHIGAN\n\n COURT OF APPEALS\n\n\n\nPEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED\n June 18, 2015\n Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\nv No. ", "319729\n Genesee Circuit Court\nCLEOPHIS HALL, LC No. ", "12-031247-FC\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\nBefore: STEPHENS, P.J., and BORRELLO and GADOLA, JJ.", "\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\n A jury convicted defendant of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a),\nfelon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.224f, and possession of a firearm during the\ncommission of a felony, MCL 750.227b. ", "The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth habitual\noffender, MCL 769.12, to concurrent prison terms of life in prison for the murder conviction and\n4 to 10 years for the felon-in-possession conviction, to be served consecutive to a two-year term\nof imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. ", "Defendant appeals as of right. ", "For the\nreasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.", "\n\n I. FACTS\n\n Defendant’s convictions arise out of the fatal shooting of his live-in partner, Joyce\nNelson, outside their shared Flint home early in the morning of June 21, 2012. ", "Neighbors Emma\nHasan and her nephew, Rashid Scott, heard gunshots and looked out their window. ", "They saw\nNelson lying on the ground, bleeding and trying to move or get up. ", "Scott saw defendant drop a\nshotgun on the ground and drive away in a red SUV. ", "Two other neighbors, Pearlane and Andre\nPurnell, also saw Nelson shortly after she was shot. ", "Nelson died from shotgun wounds to her\nchest. ", "Defendant drove to a police station. ", "He was unresponsive and covered in blood, an\nofficer called for an ambulance. ", "Defendant was transported to Hurley Hospital for a psychiatric\nevaluation and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ", "Police officers later\ninterviewed defendant at the hospital. ", "Defendant admitted shooting Nelson, but claimed that he\nshot her accidently while trying to protect her from a group of 25 to 50 people who were trying\nto kidnap her. ", "None of the neighbors observed anyone else in the area other than defendant.", "\n\n II. ", "EVIDENTIARY ISSUES\n\n\n\n -1-\n\f Defendant raises several claims of evidentiary error. ", "We review preserved claims for an\nabuse of discretion. ", "People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 93; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). ", "An abuse of\ndiscretion occurs when the trial court chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of\nreasonable and principled outcomes. ", "People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272\n(2008). ", "Decisions concerning a preliminary question of law, such as the interpretation of the\nMichigan Rules of Evidence, are reviewed de novo. ", "Dobek, 274 Mich App at 93. ", "Unpreserved\nclaims of evidentiary error are reviewed for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights.", "\nPeople v Benton, 294 Mich App 191, 202; 817 NW2d 599 (2011).", "\n\n A. EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE OF NEIGHBORHOOD DRUG DEALING\n\n Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by excluding evidence of drug\nactivities in his neighborhood. ", "The trial court sustained the prosecutor’s objection to Andre\nPurnell’s testimony about drug-related problems in the neighborhood, and the court also\nexcluded evidence of a 911 call that defendant made about a drug-related matter two days before\nthe shooting. ", "The trial court determined that this evidence was not relevant.", "\n\n “Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible at trial,” and “[e]vidence which is not\nrelevant is not admissible.” ", "People v Powell, 303 Mich App 271, 277; 842 NW2d 538 (2013)\n(citation and internal quotations omitted); MRE 402. “", "Relevant evidence is ‘evidence having\nany tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the\naction more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.’” ", "Powell, 303\nMich App at 277, quoting MRE 401.", "\n\n Defendant argues that evidence of drug-related activities in his neighborhood was\nrelevant to explain why he possessed a firearm, and to support the defense claim that Nelson was\nbeing attacked by others and that he shot her accidentally while trying to protect her from the\nattackers. ", "However, there was no evidence suggesting that the shooting was related to any drug\nactivity, or that either defendant or Nelson had ever been threatened by, harassed, or were\ninvolved with any drug dealers. ", "Without any such evidence, the mere existence of drug\ntrafficking in the neighborhood did not have any tendency to explain defendant’s possession of a\ngun on the night of the offense, and did not make defendant’s kidnapping explanation more\nprobable. ", "The trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding this evidence.", "\n\n B. OPINION TESTIMONY BY POLICE OFFICERS\n\n Defendant argues that three police officers were erroneously permitted to offer their\nopinion of defendant’s guilt.", "\n\n “A witness may not opine about the defendant’s guilt or innocence in a criminal case.”", "\nPeople v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 81; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). ", "Rather, the issue of an accused’s\nguilt or innocence is a question for the jury. ", "People v Bragdon, 142 Mich App 197, 199; 369\nNW2d 208 (1985). ", "It is also “improper for a witness . . . ", "to comment or provide an opinion on\nthe credibility of another person while testifying at trial.” ", "People v Musser, 494 Mich 337, 348-\n349; 835 NW2d 319 (2013). ", "However, MRE 701 permits a lay witness to state “opinions or\ninferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a\nclear understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” ", "This rule\n\n -2-\n\fpermits police officers to testify about their opinions and inferences based on their observations\nand rational perceptions as police officers where the opinions are not dependent upon scientific,\ntechnical, or specialized knowledge. ", "People v Oliver, 170 Mich App 38, 49-50; 427 NW2d 898\n(1988).", "\n\n The challenged testimony did not involve any improper opinion of defendant’s guilt, and\nit was within the parameters of MRE 701. ", "None of the officers offered an opinion that he or she\nbelieved defendant was guilty. ", "Their testimony pertained to discreet matters that, although\nprobative of defendant’s guilt, did not involve an opinion regarding the ultimate issue of\ndefendant’s guilt.", "\n\n Officer Herfert had the opportunity to observe defendant during the hospital visit. ", "Her\nopinion testimony that defendant appeared to be “acting” was rationally based on her personal\nobservations of defendant’s demeanor during his explanation of the shooting. ", "Officer Petrich\ntestified regarding his observations of the crime scene, and he explained how his observations\nwere consistent with premeditation. ", "He observed multiple spent casings both inside and outside\nthe house, which indicated to him that the shooter took overt action necessary to chamber each\nround of ammunition that was fired. ", "The presence of shotgun damage both inside and outside\nthe house also indicated that shots were fired over a period of time necessary to move from\ninside the house to the driveway. ", "Sergeant Bradford similarly testified regarding the aspects of\nthe crime scene that he observed, which he opined were consistent with planning. ", "With each\nwitness, the challenged testimony involved rational inferences based on the witness’s\nobservations, and did not reach the ultimate issue of defendant’s guilt. ", "Thus, the trial court did\nnot abuse its discretion in allowing the testimony.", "\n\n C. THE VICTIM’S HEARSAY STATEMENTS\n\n Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in allowing Barbara Arline to testify\nregarding Nelson’s hearsay statements made to her two days before Nelson’s death. ", "Arline\ntestified that Nelson told her that defendant had been “acting up,” by calling her names and by\npicking up a gun while arguing with her.", "\n\n Generally, hearsay is not admissible unless it comes within one of the hearsay exceptions\nprovided in the Michigan Rules of Evidence. ", "MRE 801; Musser, 494 Mich at 350. ", "The trial\ncourt agreed that Nelson’s statements were hearsay, MRE 801(c), but found that they were\nadmissible under the state-of-mind exception, MRE 803(3), which provides:\n\n A statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion,\n sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental\n feeling, pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or\n belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution,\n revocation, identification, or terms of declarant’s will.", "\n\n In this case, Nelson’s statements to Arline were not admissible under MRE 803(3). ", "Here,\nthe statements did not describe Nelson’s plans or intentions, but rather related to past events and\nwere statements of “memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed.” ", "See e.g.\nPeople v Moorer, 262 Mich App 64, 73; 683 NW2d 736 (2004) (statements showing past events\n\n -3-\n\fto prove “the fact remembered or believed” are inadmissible under MRE 803(3)). ", "Accordingly,\nthe trial court erred in determining that the statements were admissible under MRE 803(3).", "\nNevertheless, admission of the statement was harmless error where there was overwhelming\nevidence of defendant’s guilt, including eyewitness testimony. ", "See Moorer, 262 Mich App at 74\n(“Evidentiary error does not merit reversal unless it involves a substantial right, and after an\nexamination of the entire cause, it affirmatively appears that it is more probable than not that the\nerror was outcome determinative.”)", "\n\n D. DEFENDANT’S “SLEEP TALK”\n\n Defendant’s fourth evidentiary issue concerns “sleep talk” testimony provided by Travis\nBowles. ", "Bowles testified that he and defendant were housed in the same jail facility and were\namong a group of inmates who were chained together. ", "Bowles testified that the two of them\nwere “sleep deprived” for almost two weeks, during which defendant “stayed up like all the\ntime” and would make statements about shooting his girlfriend and that “she had it coming.”", "\nBowles described the statements as “sleep talking mantra type weird stuff.”", "\n\n Defendant did not object to this testimony at trial, our review of this issue is limited to\nplain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. ", "People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597\nNW2d 130 (1999). ", "An error affects substantial rights when it affects the outcome. ", "Id.\n\n Initially, because the “sleep talk” statements were not compelled or made during a\ncustodial interrogation, we find no merit to defendant’s argument that admission of the\nstatements violated his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. ", "People v Henry (After\nRemand), 305 Mich App 127, 145; 854 NW2d 114 (2014). ", "Moreover, defendant has not\ndemonstrated that the testimony in this case qualifies as plain error. ", "Defendant’s statements\nwere admissible as an admission of a party opponent under MRE 801(d)(2). ", "To the extent\ndefendant argues that the statements were inadmissible because he was asleep and unconsciously\ntalking, considering Bowles’ equivocation whether defendant’s statements were made when he\nwas only sleep deprived as opposed to actually sleeping, even assuming that “sleep talk” is not\nadmissible, defendant cannot show that his statements qualify as “sleep talk.” ", "For the same\nreason, defendant cannot show that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to\nBowles’ testimony. ", "See People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010)\n(“Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection does not constitute\nineffective assistance of counsel.”)", "\n\n III. ", "PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT\n\n Defendant next argues that he was denied a fair trial by the prosecutor’s improper\nstatements during jury voir dire and in closing argument.", "\n\n We review claims of prosecutorial misconduct on a case-by-case basis, and evaluate the\nprosecutor’s remarks in context. ", "People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627\n(2010). ", "The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the defendant was denied a fair trial.", "\nDobek, 274 Mich App at 63.", "\n\n At the start of voir dire, the prosecutor stated:\n\n\n -4-\n\f We hear a lot about the fact that the prosecution has the obligation of\n proving all the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. ", "And that the\n defendant is presumed innocent unless all the elements are proven. ", "Does anybody\n though think that my clients, the People of Michigan, are not entitled to a fair\n trial? ", "Does anybody think it’s a one way street? ", "Ms. Peraino, should it be a two\n way street? ", "Are we entitled—my clients entitled to a fair trial? [", "Emphasis\n added.]", "\n\n The prosecutor continued,\n\n You can expect in this case that I will be as aggressive as I can be to\n obtain the result that I think that my clients, the People of Michigan are entitled to.", "\n And that means that you’re going to hear me object and make certain arguments.", "\n And sometimes it gets very heated, okay. . . . ", "Is anybody going to punish my\n clients, the People of Michigan, because they happen to have an aggressive lawyer\n on this case? [", "Emphasis added.]", "\n\n The prosecutor asked Juror K if his previous experience with the police “would prevent\nyou from giving my clients a fair shake in the jury room after you’ve heard all the evidence?”", "\nThe prosecutor asked Juror S:\n\n I’m hired by the Attorney General to represent the People of Michigan,\n they’re my clients. ", "Do you think that that entitles me to any benefit or my clients\n to any benefit.", "\n\nThe prospective juror replied, “No.”", "\n\n Juror A admitted that he “had a little streak of getting into trouble” with the legal system,\nbut he did not have a bad opinion of the police or prosecutors because he “got what [he]\ndeserved.” ", "The prosecutor then asked, “Think my clients the People of Michigan are entitled to\na fair trial?” ", "The prospective juror replied that they were.", "\n\n In another instance, the following exchange occurred:\n\n Q. [PROSECUTOR]: [M]y clients the people of Michigan, which we are\n all the people, are they entitled to a fair trial?", "\n\n A. [JUROR Y]: Yes.", "\n\n Q. My clients entitled to a fair trial?", "\n\n A. Oh definitely, yes.", "\n\n Q. Cause there’s no King here; I don’t represent any King.", "\n\n At the conclusion of voir dire, the trial court held a bench conference. ", "Defense counsel\nstated:\n\n\n -5-\n\f To Mr. Whitesman and his questions had referred to the People of the\n State of Michigan and then we are all people . . . . ", "And I don’t think that was\n proper to bring the jury in as a prospective plaintiff in the case. ", "That has the\n effect of doing that.", "\n\nThe prosecutor replied:\n\n I think that the reality is that I represent the people of Michigan and that’s\n how it’s framed. ", "I made it clear that I’m hired by the government to represent the\n people. ", "And that’s the reality of who I represent.", "\n\nThe trial court stated:\n\n You know, it’s not the kind of objection I’m going to correct, but, you\n know, I think [defense counsel’s] correct. ", "He’s right in that what you’ve done is\n you’ve told the jury that you represent them. ", "And in a generic sense, yes you do,\n but in the sense of this trial, no you don’t. [", "Emphasis added.]", "\n\n Despite the trial court’s admonishment, during closing argument, the prosecutor\ncontinued with his theme, stating, “On behalf of my clients, the People of Michigan, who are\nvery real people, I want to thank you for your attention.” ", "He ended with the statement, “On\nbehalf of my clients, the very real people who seek justice, we’re requesting that you return a\nverdict of guilty as to all three.”", "\n\n The prosecutor’s repeated assertions that the “people of Michigan” were his clients\namounted to misconduct. ", "Although an introductory statement that includes the phrase “I\nrepresent the people of Michigan,” is acceptable, here, the prosecutor repeatedly told the\nprospective jurors, and then the jury, that the people of Michigan were his clients, on no less than\n11 separate occasions. ", "The prosecutor stated that he was “hired by the Attorney General to\nrepresent the People of Michigan,” that he did not represent “any King,” but rather resented “the\npeople of Michigan,” that “we are all people,” and that his “clients” were “very real people who\nseek justice.” ", "In constantly repeating this theme, the prosecutor risked leading the jurors to\nbelieve that he represented them. ", "It is well-established that prosecutors may not inject issues into\na trial that are broader than a defendant’s guilt or innocence. ", "People v Abraham, 256 Mich App\n265, 273; 662 NW2d 836 (2003). ", "Thus, prosecutors may not appeal to the jurors’ sense of civic\nduty, id., or attempt to persuade jurors based on the prestige of the office. ", "People v Cowell, 44\nMich App 623, 628; 205 NW2d 600 (1973). ", "The prosecutor came close to injecting issues into\nthe trial that were broader than defendant’s guilt or innocence, played on the prestige of his\noffice, and bordered on an appeal to the juror’s sense of civic duty. ", "The trial court clearly\nexplained to the prosecutor the nature of his error and in so doing implicitly cautioned him from\nusing the verbiage. ", "Despite the trial court’s statement, the prosecutor continued using the same\nverbiage. ", "This was improper.", "\n\n Although the prosecutor intentionally committed misconduct in this case, contrary to\ndefendant’s argument, the misconduct did not amount to a structural error warranting reversal.", "\nThat is, the error did not rise to the level of the very limited class of errors that constitute\nstructural errors that “affect the framework of the trial, infect the truth-gathering process, and\n\n -6-\n\fdeprive the trial of constitutional protections without which the trial cannot reliably serve its\nfunction as a vehicle for determination of guilt or innocence.” ", "People v Allan, 299 Mich App\n205, 211-212; 829 NW2d 319 (2013) (citation omitted). ", "Rather, instances of misconduct must\nbe reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine whether, when viewed in context of the entire\nproceeding, the misconduct denied defendant a fair trial. ", "Dobek, 274 Mich App at 63.", "\n\n In this case, the improper statements did not deny defendant a fair trial. ", "The prosecutor\ndid not offer the references as a reason for finding defendant guilty and there was overwhelming\nevidence of defendant’s guilt. ", "In addition, the trial court instructed the jury that it was to “decide\nthe case based upon the facts and the evidence and the law given to you by the Court and not\nyour sympathies or prejudices,” and that the lawyers’ statements and comments are not evidence.", "\nSee People v Petri, 279 Mich App 407, 414; 760 NW2d 882 (2008) (Jurors are presumed to\nfollow the trial court’s instructions).", "\n\n IV. ", "DEFENDANT’S STANDARD 4 BRIEF\n\n Defendant raises additional issues in a Standard 4 brief. ", "This brief is written in a\nrambling style and is largely incoherent. ", "See People v Kelly, 231 Mich App 627, 640–641; 588\nNW2d 480 (1998) (“An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this\nCourt to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment\nwith little or no citation of supporting authority.”) ", "The brief reiterates claims of evidentiary error\nand ineffective assistance of counsel that have already been addressed. ", "Defendant raises an\nadditional issue suggesting that the prosecutor fabricated evidence that defendant gave a written\nconfession in the course of a “mass” police investigation. ", "This argument is difficult to\ncomprehend and we have not found anything in our review of the lower court record to\ncorroborate any portion of that argument. ", "The prosecutor did not introduce a written confession\ninto evidence, and no prosecution witness represented that defendant wrote out or signed a\nconfession. ", "There was testimony that an officer typed defendant’s oral responses in the hospital\ninterview, but this writing was not offered as an exhibit. ", "To the extent that defendant raises\nadditional claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, he has not established any errors apparent\nfrom the record or demonstrated any basis for remanding this case for an evidentiary hearing.", "\nPeople v Nix, 301 Mich App 195, 207; 836 NW2d 224 (2013); People v Armisted, 295 Mich App\n32, 46; 811 NW2d 47 (2011).", "\n\n Affirmed.", "\n\n\n\n\n /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens\n /s/ Stephen L. Borrello\n /s/ Michael F. Gadola\n\n\n\n\n -7-\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Characterization of a macrophage chemokinetic factor in tumor cell culture media.", "\nMedia conditioned by tumor cells were studied for the presence of factor(s) that increase the rate of random migration (chemokinesis) of Corynebacterium parvum-activated macrophages. ", "A capillary tube assay was developed and utilized to expediently monitor the chemokinetic activity of macrophages incubated in whole and fractionated media. ", "Media conditioned by six different syngeneic and allogeneic mouse tumor cell lines demonstrated significantly higher chemokinetic activity than unconditioned or normal fibroblast conditioned media. ", "The chemokinetically active component of the Lewis Lung conditioned media was found to be a trypsin sensitive, heat stable, high molecular weight (300,000-480,000 dalton range) factor that had no chemotactic (directional migration) activity. ", "Pyran-activated macrophages also responded chemokinetically to the Lewis Lung factor while oyster glycogen and thioglycolate-elicited macrophages did not. ", "The similarity and differences between the physical properties of the chemokinetic factor, other migration stimulating factors, and tumor-associated proteins are discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Apologies. ", "Please note that I pasted the wrong graph in the previous version \nI sent. ", "This is the correct version.", "\n\nThanks,\nKate\n---------------------- Forwarded by Kate Lucas/HOU/ECT on 12/22/2000 02:56 PM \n---------------------------\n\n\nKate Lucas\n12/22/2000 02:27 PM\nTo: Vince J Kaminski/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: Vasant Shanbhogue/HOU/ECT@ECT, Nelson Neale/NA/Enron@Enron, Mauricio \nMora/NA/Enron@Enron \nSubject: interim report to Gary Hickerson for ag trading\n\nVince,\n\nPlease find attached the interim report on agricultural commodity trading for \nGary Hickerson. ", "Your comments are welcome as we would like to send this to \nGary as soon as possible.", "\n\nRegards,\nKate \next 3-9401" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }

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[ "Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. ", "Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. ", "Learn more\n\nDownload & Play\n\nQuestions\n\nNewspaper Page Text\n\ni\n1\nTECHS BEE\nAUTHORIZED AGENTS.", "\nEAST \"WASHINGTON.", "\nUOS.IPIololier, 1SJ J$ ireei ,\nKorlbcn6t,\n\"WKSTJ WASHINGTON.", "\nCJK. ", "Sedgwick lI6.fc27ih Street,\nSOUTH Washington.", "\nHUtANOH OFFICE,\nIt. ", "S. Laws. ", "Manager.", "\n\" uaLuenllnot\nHtlon- .: !, ", "v mice. ", "All remittances\no iiim'iiu. -- . ", "mnnBV older.", "\nllould be \"SriouW nled\nXbta!tne Oder's risk. ", "In\n!", "1X;;noneVihea1nountnna,vhatit1Bl0r\nlUuld be distinctly stated.", "\nAll business letter, etc., ", "should bo ad-\nniMiWl l THE EDITOR.", "\n- Washlncton D. 0\nchanged from the 4th to the 18th\nof June, owing to the dedicatory\nservices which are to he held there\nduring the first part of the month.", "\nFOR SALE Au excellent 7\noctavo rosewood caso PIANO for\nonly $100 cash Also a piano for\nrent tor only $10 per quarter.", "\nInquire of Mrs. Thompson 521\n11th street n. w.\nRev. \"W. Bishop Johnson, Pastor\nof 2nd, Baptist Church, was pre\nsented witu a very fine Ririt of\nclo:he3 hy the Lookout \"Working\nCluh No. ", "5. ", "of his church as a\nmark of the high esteem in which\nhe is held by the congragation.", "\nHe left Wednesdu' Night for As\nbury ParkN. J. where he has been\ninvited to address the American,\nBaptist llome Mission Society.", "\ni iw\nSUMMER RESORT.", "\nthe interests of the race was cjm\nraendable.", "JThere werejsome tilings,\nhowever, which should be kept\nout of a newspaper. ", "An attack of\nthis kind was oue which should\nhave been -.avoided. ", "A journal\nshould never assail private char\nacter and invade the sacredneB3 of\nthe household. ", "Personal papers were\nobnoxious and they should be\navoided. ", "The fact that au apology\nhad been made relieved the court\nof the necessity of passing a heavy\nsentence, and the fine he should\nimpose he hoped would improve\nthe papers. ", "Jle made the hue 50,\nwhich was paid.", "\nMonday Washington Star.", "\nNIUSHBD EVERY SATURDAY AT\n1109 1 ST.. -N \" \"\nWHERE THE BEE CAN BE HAD.", "\n,.lolUety's,M.leoUDet,eon12tlunul\niN-mtnvcsl. . ", "a M\n.1. ", "11. ", "Heller, Prupgisi. ", "cui.", "\nF'reet, Northwest. ", "Penusvl\nHenry -Poland's, coiner VA rt icn '\nvunla Avenue, Southwest.", "\nWa(Kucto,'? ", "Jewolry o, 13th an\nill streets, n. w.\n.Northwest. ", "juatPnnnsvanlaAve.", "\ntrhiladeiphl Mouse. ", "SlMKanfe3\"\nNorthwest. , ,,.. . ", "Washington,\na 31 5 27th strwt.", "\nMysoirs l.nrber Shop. ", "Uth and\njH sleets. ", "ii. ", "w-\n1S86.", "\nM-\nFACTS OF THE CURIOUS.", "\nMrs. Delia Howard, Wilhsville,\nYa., ", "is prepared to receive Sum\nmer Boarders. ", "Scenery and health\nfulness unsurpassed. ", "Mineral wa\nter, fine table, pure milk and\ncream. ", "Terms reasonable. ", "For\nterms apply to Mrs. Delia Howard\nVVelborn Post office, Loudon Co.,\nYirginia.", "\nS.VninAYsAlAy29\njio.si\nlnlledr.", "\nvu,.-rHh' for the I15HE.", "\nlu.-iityeentPiper month.", "\n-iH ooiiUiln all the news.", "\nale by nil mew-dealeip in the city\n.inWribers would confer :i favor\nIfuvin the amount of their Fubrcrip-\nal tln-ir (houses for the collector, ami\nae annoyance alike to patron and\nOn\nhmi\nhi- \"\nTl average (kitchen furnishes many\n. , ", "i. r ii).,ni..iu;.nnr\nPV1K)JCKIKJI11SUUI uji.u)iiii KUiiiuaii'i\nill- tO CMV.", "\nIn thea-coontsdliool examination j DRESS REFORM FOR LADIES\n., ", "n u i\nint very lew iQioreu appncauis\na-M'i\nMORE LAWYERS.", "\nThe graduating exercises of\nthe law department of Howard\nUniversity will be held in the\nCongegational Church Monday\nMay 31st. ", "H u, Robert M. La\nFollette, M. C. will address the\ngraduating class.", "\nThe graduates are Scott \"Wood,\nLewis J. Brown, John II. ", "Kiukle,\nJr. James F. Bundy, B. A, A. 11.", "\nMerchant, Ed, B. 'Brown, W. C.\nMartin, J. C. Ricks, Ai R, Bridge,\nC. F. Whittle, and Eliza A. Cham\nbers, Mr. Wood will deliver the\nvaledictory address.", "\n1 here will be a contest for a prize\nfor the best writen composition.", "\nAll the members of the class are\nallowed to compete for the prize\nexcept Mr. Wood.", "\n1.", "\nThe college graduating\nJune\nex-\n3d\n;os will lake iplace\nt the college chapel.", "\nDr. Bull's MtimorePilJs are one\nthose rare remedies which should\nwins be kept in the house.", "\nThe Capital City Cuard will be\nVan ess Garden, Monday\nlav asi.", "\naimers, stock-raisers, livery sta\nle men, and dairymen unite in pra\nfeu ot I )avs HHorse Powder.", "\nbe Washington Cadets will give\nicnie at Uieyer's park, formerly\nio ShiMitzen, Tub St. above Boun\nty iMav 31st.", "\nMi.", "Bartbaillogan, -left for Ells-\nrtli Maine last week.", "\nli-e. Mogan is a lady of preposes-\n: manners.", "\nThe death of Mrs. Minster Pen\nsion is a .great lost to the Amer\ni lHio(ple. ", "She was a lady of re\nin nu-ut and waB universally\nVul.", "\nI' i hoaltfh ofitiheibaby is depended\npoii Us flivectiom from the nerui-\nttsefle.s-of opium. ", "Always use\n. ", "hull's flia'by Syrup in its stead.", "\nfcc\nbur friends will please accept\njinks for their congratulations\nd iiivore. ", "It is our desire to deal\n:rly towaids all. ", "There are none\n)ie willing at all timesto correct\nerror when noticed.", "\nOur 2sew Book, just out, enti\ntled, 'Dress Reform tor Ladies,5\nwith elegant wood engraving and\nBiography of \"Worth, the \"King\nof Fashion, Paris; sent FREE\n(to Ladies only) on receipt of 4\ncents in stamps to pay Postage.", "\nWe also want lady Agents for\nour Celebrated Madame Dean's\nSpinal Supporting Corsets. ", "No\nexperience required. ", "Four orders\nper day give the Agent $150\nmonthly. ", "Our Agents report from\nfour to twenty sales daily. ", "Send\nat once for term3 and full particu\nlars. ", "$3.00 outfit free.", "\nLewis Schiele & Co., 390 Broad\nway, Xew York.", "\n\"When your old sweet heart gets\nangry with you she seeks revenge.", "\nWatch the man who smiles m\nyour face.", "\nNever feed a man when he\ncomes to you huugry, because he\nwill compensate you with 'cusses.'", "\nThousands will kick a man\nwhen they think he is going down\nthe hill.-\nIf Wolseyhad served his God as\nhis king lie would not have been\nso exposed to his enemies.", "\nThere is always a time for ret\nribution. ", "Never say a thing unless you\nkuow it is true. ", "Don't depend\non friends' to support you.", "\nChristian hypocrisy is the pre\nvailing feature iu thfs city.", "\nPompey prepared a least for\nCaesar, but Caesar destroyed him\nand feasted at the table Pumpey\nprepared.", "\nSome people will swallow a cam\nel and become disgusted with a\ngnat.", "\nWomen are revengeful and men\nare dangerous.", "\nAlways think before von speak.", "\nIf you have any doubt as to the\nincorrectness of what you are go\niugtosay, banish the thought.", "\nThose whom you often aid are\nthe first to try to kill you.", "\nCae3ar had his Brutus and\nCharles 1, his Cromwell.", "\nAlways marry the girl yon love\nnotwithstanding your parents' op\nposition A verdict of a jury of en molds\npublic opinion. ", "Especially wheu\nthat opiuiou is made up by fools.", "\nNever seek revenge on those\nwho attempt to injure you. ", "They\ngeneially break their own necks.", "\nPROF. ", "JAMES M. GREGORY.", "\n1\nFhe parlor social given by the\niV -Guild ofSr. ", "Lukes chuieh\nevery par-\nladits de-\nciedit for\nenergetic\ns- a grand success in\nla i. These young\ni'e a great deal of\nir mau;tnou5 and\nft? ", "m jpiocuring money lo de-\nv\" uie expenses of the church.", "\nMint's Flora Williams and\n'Jackson, who have been\n:l.iig in Ya., ", "returned to the\nj fues.lay. ", "Miss Williams wa?", "\nhiiig at Wiillisviile and Misi\nn wvjss teaching at bloomes\nm. USotih ladies aie lookimr\nI'NiLuhi'O. Osborne spent a\ne ot days in ihi? ", "city during\neek: She was the fiiest ni\nm.cleMr. ", "Osborne of 3rd st.", "\nMiss Osborne is from Cam\nMass., and is on her way\nr infill Louisville Ky., where\nemployed as msrructie-s oi\n'. ", "reek and French in th-\nI university.", "\n-' 'late of the concert by Miss\n4 All liar 'lnrl Sf.", "Mi V . ", "4U\n-...,. ", "uu kWll VW. ", "til. ", "11JC\nrli.", "Mlm oli,ii.rtlA il.. U..\ni .-.. uiiuiwi, uav uwu\nThe college faculty uf Howard\nUniversity at their meeting on\nThursday of this week unanimous\nly re-elected Prof. Gregory Dean\nof the College department. ", "Thus\nshowing their appreciation of his\nskill and ability iu educational af\nfairs. ", "It is conceded by all who\nhave a knowledge of facts that\nProf. Gregory iu his posiion in\nthe University has no superior.", "\nTne lacuhy is considered the a\nblest in the history of the college.", "\nIt is composed of the following\nperson: W. W. Patton, D. D., L.\nL D. President, and Prof of\nMoral Philosophy; James M Greg\nory, A M, Dean ut College and\nProfessor of Latin Language and\nLiterature; Thomas Roninsou, A\nM, Professor of Natural Philoso\naud Chemistry; Charles A Keuas\nton, A M, Professor of tlie Greek\nLanguage and Literature; Rev\nCharles H A Bulkley, D D, Libra\nrian and Professor or English Lit\nerature, Rhetoric. ", "Logic and Eio\ncution; Richard Fatter, M iST S,\nTutor in Natural Science; George\nJ Cumming5, A M, Professor of\nPrepardtoiy studies.", "\nTHE BEE LIBLE CASE.", "\nEDITOR chase fined fifty dollars.", "\nThis morning, in the criminal\nCourt, Judge MacArthur, Assis\nts a District Attorney Taggai t call\ned aiteution to the case of W.\nCalvin Cbae, the editor of the\nWashington Be, fouv'cted last\nweek ot libel and io.-ii ned to\nthis morning for Hfentence. ", "The ac\ncused said that he luid nothing to\nnay save that he made a retraction\nund acknow'edged that he had\nbeen misled by the information\ngiven him.", "\nThe Court said that the fact that\na journal was being published iu\nWEST WASHINGTON.", "\nST. ", "E. SEDGWICK, Ageut aud Reporter, 1315\n1!7 Street.", "\nThe Sabbath school Union ot\nwhich R D. Rufiiu is president,\nand C. H. Turner is secretary held\nau interesting meeting Sunday last\nat 5 o'clock in Ebenezer A. M. E.\nchurch and completed their ar\nrangements for a competitive drill\nand entertainmeut ou June 25th.", "\nLook for advertisement in next\nissue. ", "Proceeds for the Union.", "\nThey also passed suitable resolu\ntions regretting the loss of the no-\nhle service of Rev. W. T. Ander\nson of Howard University who\nleaves for the west next week thev\nvoted him a handsome book in to\nken ot their respecUmd appointed\nJ N. Williams, N. White Lee\naud the president to buy it and\npresent the same to him.", "\nThe funeral of Miss Susie V.\nTate3 took place from the lsi Bap\ntist church Tuesday evening last,\nand was largely attended. ", "Her\nremains were taken to Mt. Zion\ncemetery where the interment\ntook place by the grand order of\nGood Samaritans. ", "Rev. Sandy\nAlexander ofhciated\nThe talk in this section is the\nremoval of Rev. O. D. Robinson\nas pastor cf Zion Union Mission,\nA. M. E church. ", "Rev. Smith of\nthe Metropolitan has charge,\nuntil further arrangements are\nmade b' A. M. E. conference,\nThose that left here a few even\nings ago to attend the closing ex\nercises of the Linco'nville school\nunder the supervision of their\ntt-acher, Mr. Wm. ", "H. Ferguson\nreceived quite a treat, and owing\nto theh illiant success or the\nschool they do not regret their\ntrip. ", "Mr. Ferguson has ended\nhis scholastic term for the year, and\nhas returned to his quiet home.", "\nMr. J.H. Sample, 2708 Dum\nbarton Ave., ", "will leave tor New\nYork Thursday nexK\nMr. and -Mrs. ", "Bartholomew Mc\nDauiel left a few days ago for U-\ntica N. Y., where they will remain\nduring the summer.", "\nMr. Singleton Coates, an aged\nand respected resident of this sec\ntion died at his residence Satur\nday last on Phoeuix hill, bet. ", "5th\naud 6th. ", "His funeral took place\nMonday from Mt. Zion M. E.\nchurch, Rev. Daniel Collins offici\nated. ", "His remains were escorted\nto the above church cemetery,\nwhere the interment took place,\nby the North Star Order of Good\nSamaritans No. ", "8.", "\nMis3 Catherine Davenport and\nMiss Mattie Lane has arrived\nhome from their schools looking\nwen.", "\nSince the alleged libel all mem\nbers of the Sous of Rest have be-\ncome fine lawyers having graduat\ned from the outside railings of the\nCriminal Cou it.", "\nMrs. John Harris of Baltimore,\narrived here Saturday evening\nlast, and is a guest of Miss Cathe\nrine Davenport, 2813 Dumbarton\nAvenue.", "\nThe proposed entertainments at\nMt. Zion M. E. and Ebenezer A.\nM. \"EcEurchea to come oti short\nly are attracting much attention in\nsocinl circles and aside from the\nexcellent object in view will be a\nvery attracthe aifair, as the com\nmittees in charge will spare no\nefforts to make them all that can\nbe desired.", "\nMr. Jacob Ben net has 1 ft for\nAtlantic City to remain during\nthe s ason.", "\nA brilliant crowd assembled at\nthe 1st Baptist church. ", "Tuesday\nevening last to witness the niiiri\nmonial allance between Churles\nN. Pryor and Miss Sarah T. Wil\nliams. ", "It was a most brilliant\naffair. ", "The attendance which- was\nquite large included many persons\nof distinction and all seemed to\nenjoy the occasion which brought\nthem so pleasantly together. ", "A\nmost notable feature of the event\nwas the dress of the bride, which\nwas white satin trimmed with\nSpanish lace. ", "The gioom and\nmaids were also handsomely at\ntired. ", "There were six ushers in\nattendance iu full dress. ", "Ou en\ntering the church the b klal party\nwas favored with a wedding\nmarch by Mr. J. E. Brown. ", "Rev.\nSandy Alexander performed the\nmarriage ceremon3, afterwhich\nthe bridal party and iuvited guests\nrepaired to the residence of the\nbnde, 2723 Dumbarton Avenue,\nwhere all the luxuries suitable to\nthe occasion awaited them. ", "Mr.\nand Mrs. Pryor were the recipients\nof many useful and costly presents.", "\nThey left Friday morning on an\nearly train to a beautiful village\nin southern Texas.", "\n$& MARVELOUS PRICES.", "\nBOOKS for the MILLION\nComplete Novels and Other Works, by Famous Authors, Almost Given Away!", "\nThe following books are published in nett pamphlet fonn,nian7orthcmhandoiiielTllIu!itrnteil,ami all are printed\noiu Eood type upon eood tinner. ", "Ther treat of a creat varietv of subjects, and wo think no one can examine tne\nit without tlndtn; therein maur thnt he or she would like to possess. ", "In cloth-bound f\nr.acu boot is complete in luelf.", "\nform these books would cost $1-00\nfrom\nlist\neach,\n1. ", "The Widow Jletlott Paper. ", "This Is the book\nover which your grandmothers laughed till they cried, aud\nit U just as funny to-day as erer.", "\n2. ", "Fatiey Work for Home Adornment, an en\ntirely new work upon this subject .containing easy and\npractical instructions for making rancy baskets, wall\ntockeU, brackets, needle work, embroidery, etc., ", "etc., ", "pro\nfusely and elegantly illustrated.", "\n3. ", "UrlminV Fntry Stories for the Younjr. ", "The\nfinest collection of fairy stories ever published. ", "The child\nren will be delighted with them.", "\n4. ", "Tlio Lady ol the Luke. ", "By Sir Walter Scott.", "\n\"The Lady or the Lake\" is a romance in terse, and of all\nthe works of Scott none Is more beautl'ul than this.", "\n5. ", "Mununl of Etiquette for Ladles and Gentlemen, a\nguide to politeness and good breeding, giving the rules of\nmodern etiquette for all occasions.", "\nC. The Standurd Letter Writer for Ladles and\nGentlemen, a complete guide to correspondence, giving\nplain directions for the composition of letters or every\nkind, with Innumerable forms and examples.", "\n7. ", "Winter Evening Kecreatlons, a large collection\nof Acting Charades, Tableaux, Games, Puzzles,, etc., ", "for\nsocial gatherings, private theatricals, and evenings at\nHome, illustrated.", "\n8. ", "Dialogues, ltcoltntlonn and Heading, a large\nnnd choice collection for school exhibitions and public and\nprivate entertainments.", "\n9. ", "Parlor Macic nnd Chemical Experiment,\na book which tells how to perform hundreds of amusing\ntricks In magic and instructive experiments with simple\nagents.", "\n10. ", "The Homo Cook Hook and Family Phyal\nclan, containing hundreds of excellent cooking recipes\nand hints to housekeepers, alo telling how to cure all corn,\nmon ailments by simple home remedies.", "\n11. ", "Mnnncntand Cutom In Far Awny Land,\nn. ery interesting and instructive book of travels, describ\ning the peculiar life, habits, mannersand customs of the\npeople of foreign countries; illustrated.", "\n1'2. ", "Sixteen Complete Storic by Popular Authors,\nembracing love, humorous and detective stories, stories of\nRucietv life, of adventure, of railway life, etc., ", "all very in\nteresting. ", "13. ", "TheHudsctor Wit, Humorand Fan, a large\ncollection of the funny stories, sketches, anecdotes, poems,\nand jokes that have been written for some vears ; illus'ted.", "\n14. ", "Useful Knowlcdco for the Million, a handr\nbook of useful in formation for all, upon many and various\nisiibjccts : illustrated.", "\n15. ", "Culled Huek. ", "A Novel, by Tlngh Conwav, author\nof\"DarkI)ays,\"ctc.", "\nflllD IIAlCflll AI EH fil?t? ", "CDs Wo will send any Tour of these books and our catalogue, containing\nUUn UI1C.IJIJU1-G11J UTrE.n5 nriees of alIteadfnirn.iDers and books for 12 cent in stamps. ", "Any 9\nbookn 20 ft.: ", "the whole 40 for 1.00. ", "Send H. O. Vote. ", "Registered Letter, or Money Order, and addrew U\nuce. ", "FKAXKLIX NEWS COMPANY, ?", "S3 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, Pa.\nw a-. :", "e:RA.:D:L.:Enr\nIS. ", "At the World's Mercy. ", "AXoTe!. ", "By Florence\nWarden, author or \" The House on the Marsh, etc\n17. ", "Mildred TrevanloH. A ovel. ", "By \"The Duch\ness.\" ", "author of Molly Iiawn.\" ", "etc.", "\n13. ", "Wark Days. ", "A Xovel. ", "by Hugh Conway, author\nor \" Called Hack' ,. ,. . ", "v. ,\n19. ", "The Mystery of the Jlolly Tree. ", "A hovel.", "\nBy the author of \"Dora Thorne.\" . ,", "\nW. Shadows on the Snow. ", "A Novel. ", "By B. L. ar.", "\njeon, author of \"Bread-and-Cheesc-and-KIsses.\" ", "etc.", "\n21. ", "The Gray Woman. ", "AKoveL By Mrs. Gaskell.", "\nauthor of \" Mary Barton,\" etc.", "\nK. The Frorcn Deep. ", "A Novel. ", "By Wllkia Collins,\nauthor of The Woman In White.\" ", "etc.", "\n23. ", "Ked Court Farm. ", "A Xovel. ", "By Mrs. Henry\nWood, author of Kast Ljnne.\" ", "etc. ,", "\n2t. In Cupid's Net. ", "A Novel. ", "BytheAuthorof \"Dora\nThorne.\" . .. ..", "\n25. ", "Hack to the Old Home. ", "A Novel. ", "By Mary Cecil\nHay. ", "author or-Hidden Perils,\" etc.", "\n26. ", "John Iiowcrbank's Wife. ", "A Novel. ", "By Miss\nMulock. ", "author of \"John Halifax. ", "Gentleman,\" etc.", "\n27. ", "Lady Gwendoline's Dream. ", "A Novel. ", "By the\nauthor of \" Dora Thorne,\" etc.", "\n23. ", "Jasper Dane's Secret. ", "A ovei. ", "isy iss i.r..\nBraddon. ", "author of \"Aurora Floyd.\" ", "etc.", "\n29. ", "lollne. ", "A Novel. ", "By Mary Cecil Hay, author of\n\"Brenda Yorke.\" ", "etc. .......", "\n30. ", "Gabriel's Marriage. ", "A Novel. ", "By Wllkle Collins,\nauthor of \"No Name.\" ", "etc.", "\n31. ", "David Hunt. ", "A Novel. ", "By Mrs. Ann S. Stephens,\nauthor of Fashion and Famine.\" ", "etc.", "\n32. ", "Kcupine the Whirlwind. ", "A .-.ovei. ", "uy Jiary\nHay. ", "author of \"Old Mlddleum's Money,' etc.", "\niUSiil. ..", "i\nCecil Har.", "\na. Dudley sjarteon.", "\nA Novel. ", "By:\n.Brad\ndon. ", "author of \" Lady Audley's Secret.\" ", "etc.", "\n31. ", "Emtlca: or Tu Mystery or nix Hxadla'idi. ", "A\nNot el. ", "By KttaW. Pierce, author of \"The Birth Mark.\" ", "etc.", "\n35. ", "A Golden Dawn. ", "A Novel. ", "By the author ot\n\" Dora Thorne.\" ", "etc.", "\n36. ", "Valerie's Fate. ", "A Novel. ", "By -Mrs. ", "Alexander,\nauthor or \"The Wooing O't,\" etc.", "\n37. ", "Sinter Rone. ", "A Novel. ", "By Wllkle Collins, author\nof \" The Woman in White.\" ", "etc.", "\n33. ", "Anne. ", "A Novel. ", "By Mrs. Henry Wood, author or\n\"East Lynne.\"", "\n39. ", "The Laurel Hash. ", "A Novel. ", "By Miss Mulock,\nauthor or \"John Halifax. ", "Gentleman.\" ", "etc.", "\n40. ", "Amos Hnrten. ", "A Novel. ", "By George F.llot, author\nof \"Adam Bede,\" \" The Mill on the i'loss,\" etc.", "\n2fcverld.erL Oorvn. .", "\n\"EOLE MANUFACTUREB,\nH, RICE & GO'S,, Solid Comfort Suckboards and Spindle Wagons, single and double seated,\nRiding qualities unsurpassed. ", "No jar to the feet. ", "Durable and stylish. ", "Prices reason\nable. ", "Shipments singly or by carload to all parts of the United States.", "\nResponsible Agent wanted in every town. ", "Send for Price List and descriptivo Catalogue.", "\nCorrespondence earnestly solicited. \"", "\n' N. B Every person acting as Agent for 'our TVagonsT will have his name with advertise\nment of Wagons advertised in the leading paper of the county or town where Agent resides,\nKratis for six mouths.", "\nTlie\nEOPLES' RESORT.", "\nJERRY ROBINSON\", Prop.", "\nOCT lltll St., ML. ", "w.\nHaving secured one of the finest\nbusiness localities in the city for\nthe accommodation of mv friends\nand public generally, I beg leave to\nsay that since ladies aud gentlemen\nare barred from public places of\nany importance, they can be served\nwith Oysters, Game, Wines and all\nkinds of refreshments of the season.", "\nThe proprietor desires lo say fur-\nthur that he has polite and accom\nmodating waiters aud one of the\nbest houses in the city. ", "This is the\nplace where ladies and gentlemen\nonly can be waited on and for that\nand other reasons, I respectfully\nask your patronage.", "\nFUSSELLS' ICE CREAM AND CAKES IN FINE\nStyle, served iu large dinning rooms.", "\nGive me a call it is first class in ev\nery particular.", "\n90711tlx St, ii, w.\nTE?eirfc or Sa'e.", "\nPROPERTY FOR SALE.", "\nIN ALL PARTS OF THE CITY.", "\nImproved and Unimproved;\nCASH PAYMENTS OR MONTH\nLY INSTALLMENTS.", "\nMONEY TO LOAN IN SUMS\nfrom $200 to 10,000\njON SHORT NOTICE.", "\nREAI ESTATE BROKER,\n1005 F. Street Northwest.", "\nHouses for rent and rents collec\nted. ", "Orders received for wall pap\nering on reasonable terms. ", "Money\nto loan on real estate.", "\nW. A. Stewart, 10th and F Sts., ", "N.\nFOR RENT A handsome fur\nnished room in a first class fami\nly, either front or back. ", "No. ", "226,\nD st. ", "S. W.\nA gentleman and his wife can ob\ntain board and lodging at 1922 12th\nSt., n. w.\nOPEN & CLOSE CARRIAGES\nFOR HIRE\n1422 Boundary, Steeet.", "\nThere are two very fine\nf.irnished rooms for rent at2028,\n13th st. ", "n. w. with all modern im\np ovements. ", "Call aud see them.", "\n- W. C. T0LS0H,\nCla:m Aseut, Bounty and Pen-\nsions made a specialty. ", "Commu\nnications through mail, from all\nparts ot the country may be Bei.t\nin reference to Claims in General,\nwhich will receive prompt atten\ntion. ", "1680 7th S'., ", "N. W\".", "\nMOST WONDERFUL BABGAINS\nIN\nBEAUTIFUL DRY GOODS,\nLawn?, ", "Ginghams, Seersuckers,\nPiintp, Ponzu, Nuns \"Veiling, Al\nl-atro.-s cloth, Cashmeres, Silks,\n&.!. &", "c, at a sacrifice Ladies and\nGents Collars and Cuffs, Hand\nkerchiefs, Underwear &c at raau\nufiicmrers price. ", "10 1-4 sheeting,\n15 3-4 cent; corsets, 25 cents;\nUmbiellas, Parasols, Hosiery and\nGl ves at coat Immense Bargaius\nin all departments.", "\nBroadhe vd and Co.\n907 F St., N. W. (Masonic Tem-p'e.)", "\n2 3\n2 CDo &\n8 3lL\nD CO g\nlogl\nOH S\nPI &\n\"0\n2\no\nFl\nCO\nCO\n3.", "\n3g:\nCD\nOP\nCD\no\nX\nCD\nC3\nCD\nCO\n- 3\n4\n3-nfT\nonO\npnPl\n2(0\n2Qn\nWsssssssssssssssMisssssssssK -4\nkHsiHHII ZH\nliiiiiiiiHHuI S33\nlibiiBHtl hzj\nIHUsssssBHsissHI nm\nKiHssssHlHnBl n\nw a -t? ", "sli on\nHOTCHKIN\nCARRIAGE WORKS\nPIANO LESSONS TAUGHT.", "\nPersons desiring instructions on\nthe Piano can avail themselves of\nthe opportunity at Mrs. Matthews,\n1007 21st st., ", "u. w. by the professor\nTuesdays aud Fridays. ", "Terms\nmoderate.", "\nJOSEPH S. DAVIS,\nA.t;torney-R,t Law\n30 N. Calvert St., Baltimore, Md.\n\"Will practice in all the courts ot the\ncity of Baltimore, and the supreme\ncourt ot the District of Columbia.", "\nCivil and Criminal cases conduct\ned ; collections made. ", "Legal docu\nmeuts drawn and careful attention\ngiven to actions in both the Law &\nEquity courts. ", "Washington com\nmunications left at the office of the\n\"Bee\" will receive immediate atten\ntiou.", "\nJames L-i. Tlioixiasm\nCATERER aot WAITER\n1013 SIXTEEXril ST., ", "N. W.\nOrders for Dinner Parties' Lunches nnd\nReceptions Promptly attended to.", "\nFIRST CLASS Table 'BOARD.", "\nNATIONAL \"EMPLOYMhNr\nCOMPANY,\nOFFICE 4)7 TENTH STREET N. V\n(Hatchet Building)\nWASHINGTON, J). ", "C,\nAU persons desiring help, skilled or com\nmon labor, can be fnrnised promptly, in iium\nbers to suit by mulcing upulicution by mail\nor attheoilice of the Company.", "\nA specialty is made in supplying labor to\nRailroad Companies, Contractors, Farm\ners, aud ..-\nDOMESTIC HELP FOR FAMILIES\nAll persons, mule or female, desiring\nwork should register their name, add res?,", "\nand kind of employment desired at tlie of\nfice. ", "For further particulars-, address\nNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT Cu.,", "\n407 Tenth St., N irthwest.", "\nH. PRICE WILLIAMS, Manager.", "\n1\nOUR No. ", "14 BUGGY.", "\n\"We manufacture Open and Top Bug\ngies, consisting of the Side Spring, End\nSpring, Brewster, Timken and Edward\nStorm Spring.", "\nAlso various styles of Two-Seated Cap\nriages, Wagons, Cutters and Sleighs.", "\nOUR No. ", "5 WAGON.", "\nLiberal discount to the trade.", "\nSend for Catalogue and Pi-ices before\nbuying.", "\nHOTCHKIN CARRIAGE WORKS)\nSYRACUSE, N. Y,\nWiNTPfl I flnYActive nnd Intelligent, to\nnnti IfaU imiiU 1 represent In her own locality\nan old Arm. ", "References required. ", "Permanent position\nand good salary. ", "GAY &, BROS., ", "12 Barclay St., N. Y.\n- -\n\" I\ni\nt\nJ" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "This magic is very quick.", "\nこのマジックはとても速いですよ。", "\nHere is a red card, and a blue card.", "\nここに赤のカードと青のカードがあります。", "\nHere are a can and a tab.", "\n缶と引き手があります。", "\nDon't blink.", "\n一瞬だからじっと見て。", "\n" ]

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[ "WEBO\n\nWEBO is an AM radio station licensed to Owego, New York. ", "WEBO is also rebroadcast on FM translators 98.5 (W253CH Owego), 101.3 (W267BQ Candor), 105.1 (W286CS Waverly) and 107.9 MHz (W300BV Endicott).", "\n\nThe station was purchased by the Radigan family from the Tioga Theater in May 2006 without a permanent transmitter site. ", "Studios and offices were established at 57 North Avenue in the village of Owego. ", " Land was purchased to build a new AM tower which was erected in 2007. ", " The radio station's studio and transmitter facilities were completely overhauled.", "\n\nThe station runs an adult contemporary format with music from the 1980s, 90's and Now with CBS Radio Network and AccuWeather operating on 1330 kHz as well as 4 FM translators. ", "The station is owned by the Radigan Broadcasting Group, LLC, which is a Radigan family partnership; Dave Radigan is the station's managing partner.", "\n\nThe station also broadcasts all NASCAR races through affiliations with Motor Racing Network (MRN) and the Performance Racing Network (PRN). ", "The station also has a local news and sports bureau serving Tioga County and the Triple Cities of Endicott, Johnson City, and Binghamton. ", "High School football, basketball, baseball, and softball are covered.", "\n\nSyracuse University football and basketball has been broadcast since 2009.", "\n\nWEBO provided six continuous hours of live coverage of the American Civic Association Binghamton shootings on April 3, 2009.", "\n\nWEBO was flooded out of its 57 North Avenue studios in the village of Owego during Tropical Storm Lee in 2011. ", " Despite this, the station managed to come back on the air 4 hours later from a camper at the station's AM tower site where it broadcast from, using generators, for a week. ", " Afterwards, the station moved into the living room of the station's general manager Dave Radigan, for approximately 3 months. ", " WEBO returned to its longtime home of downtown Owego on 11/11/2011 from new studios at 60 North Avenue, which remained under construction until December 2011.", "\n\nWEBO also provided continuous coverage during the Flood of 2006, but was unaffected.", "\n\nThe was station originally granted an FCC license in 1958. ", " WEBO broadcasts twenty-four hours per day.", "\n\nWEBO streams its programming on the Internet.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWEBO Official Web site\n\n \n\nEBO" ]

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[ "WEST SALEM, Ill. -- Residents across the Midwest were awakened Friday by a 5.2 magnitude earthquake that rattled skyscrapers in Chicago's Loop and homes in Cincinnati but appeared to cause no major injuries or damage.", "\n\nThe quake just before 4:37 a.m. was centered six miles from West Salem, Ill., and 45 miles from Evansville, Ind. It was felt in such distant cities as Milwaukee, Des Moines, Iowa, and Atlanta, nearly 400 miles to the southeast.", "\n\n\"It..." ]

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[ "Tracking health care costs: declining growth trend pauses in 2004.", "\nHealth care spending increased 8.2 percent in 2004. ", "This was virtually unchanged from 2003, which suggests that health care cost trends have stabilized. ", "Hospital spending grew 10.1 percent in 2004, also virtually unchanged from 2003, reflecting a small increase in the hospital utilization trend and a small decline in hospital price inflation. ", "Meanwhile, growth in prescription drug spending continued to fall as a result of slower growth in prices. ", "Growth in health insurance premiums slowed again in 2005, likely reflecting earlier years' slowing in cost trends and signaling that a turn in the insurance underwriting cycle might be under way." ]

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[ "Austerity Revisited: How Global Financiers Rigged the Bank Bailouts of the 1980s\n\nIn the first part of this Global Power Project series, I examined the origins and early evolution of the International Monetary Conference, an annual meeting (to be held June 1-3 in Munich) of several hundred of the world’s most influential bankers who gather in secrecy with the finance ministers, regulators and central bankers of the world’s most powerful nations. ", "The second part looked at the role of the IMC in the lead-up to the 1980s debt crisis. ", "Now, in Part 3, we examine the role the IMC played throughout that debt crisis which began in August of 1982.", "\n\nAt the 1982 International Monetary Conference, bankers noted that they had been cutting back extensively on loans to developing countries, with some leading bankers warning that the lending cut-backs could result in “aggravating the problems of countries already in economic difficulties and threatening to throw them into default” – which is exactly what happened a couple of months after that's year's conference.", "\n\nA. W. Clausen, former CEO of Bank of America, spoke at the IMC in 1982 as then-president of the World Bank, and told the assembled bankers it was “an honour to be the first President of the World Bank to address the International Monetary Conference,” noting that, “themes of partnership and interdependence have repeatedly been at the center of our IMC meetings.” ", "It was the subject Clausen wanted to address, “the tightening interdependence between the developed and the developing nations,” announcing “a new era of partnership between the World Bank and international commercial banks for helping the economies of the developing countries.”", "\n\nClausen told the bankers that “in order to develop a closer partnership with you, we intend to expand the International Finance Corporation [the investment arm of the World Bank] to explore the possibility of a multilateral insurance scheme for private investment, and to develop new mechanisms for attracting commercial bank co-financing.”", "\n\nHe also noted that the “fundamental objective of the World Bank” was “to help raise the standard of living of people, especially poor people, in the developing countries,” and argued that “people in developing countries will benefit from a closer partnership between the World Bank and international commercial banks.” ", "Clausen was speaking roughly three months before Mexico announced its debt repayment problems, sparking the debt crisis, though he acknowledged that the developing world was experiencing a “balance-of-payments disequilibrium and debt-servicing difficulties.”", "\n\nIn addition, Clausen noted that the affiliate organization of the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation, had a special purpose which was “to encourage productive private enterprises in developing nations” whose loans do not have to be guaranteed by governments, and which can take equity (or shareholdings) in corporations. ", "Clausen noted that together with the IMF and the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the World Bank “has helped to build an interdependent global economy,” adding: “International commercial banking depends on the relatively integrated, dynamic, and peaceful world economy that these official institutions have nurtured.”", "\n\nThus, he suggested, “we should now develop the complementarity between the World Bank and international commercial banks into a closer relationship of collaboration,” and recommended “greater collaboration between [the] IFC and commercial banks,” which “has great potential for stimulating commercial investment in the developing countries.” ", "All of the initiatives Clausen proposed revolved around the basic objective of increasing “the collaboration of the international banking community” with the World Bank, in order “to assist poor nations to better manage their economies through the establishment of economic policies that are conducive to economic growth and development” and thus “bringing them fully into the global economy.”", "\n\nThe Debt Crisis\n\nIn the first full year of the international debt crisis that tore Latin America and other developing countries into financial ruin – with entire populations pushed overnight into poverty through austerity measures that were demanded by the IMF and the global banks, in return for additional loans and debt rescheduling – the more than 200 global bankers at the International Monetary Conference met in Belgium where they were “treated like royalty,” met at the airport by “special hostesses” and were then chauffeured in Mercedes limousines to the Hyatt Regency Hotel.", "\n\nThe bankers attended a cocktail party at the Palais d’Egmont and hosted the King of Belgium for an afternoon lunch. ", "It was in this “fairy-tale atmosphere,” as the New York Times described it, that the world’s top bankers met with government officials and central bankers and enjoyed “the luxury of thinking about the grand problems of world finance, unfettered by the real world’s concerns.”", "\n\nThe bankers at the 1983 conference agreed that the major debtor countries, in particular Brazil and Mexico, would need time to reshape their economies, with estimates ranging from three to seven or eight years of austerity, and various \"structural reforms\" designed to enforce neoliberal economic policies upon those entire populations. ", "James Wolfensohn, a former partner at Salomon Brothers who started his own consultancy (and later went on to become President of the World Bank), delivered a popular speech at the IMC recommending that there could be no one solution to the debt crisis, but that each country would have to be handled on a case-by-case basis.", "\n\nThe banker William S. Ogden, a former vice chairman of Chase Manhattan, presented another popular speech at the IMC in which he explained that what was needed to resolve the debt crisis was “sustained world economic growth, avoidance of protectionism, increased government aid to the third world and more disciplined economic policies among the developing countries.” ", "In other words, harsh austerity measures.", "\n\nThat very same year, Ogden was in the midst of creating a unique organization of international banks and bankers to represent their collective interests as a global community in the face of the debt crisis. ", "That organization came to be known as the Institute of International Finance, itself the subject of a previous set of exposés in the Global Power Project.", "\n\nAt the 1984 meeting of the International Monetary Conference (IMC), a special meeting occurred among some of the top banks that held a large percentage of Mexico’s debt. ", "They participated in a “closed meeting” with major central bankers and finance officials, including representatives of the IMF, who recommended that the banks lower their interest rates on loans to Mexico in order to reduce pressure on the country. ", "Walter B. Wriston, chairman of Citicorp, who had previously opposed any concessions to the impoverished nations in crisis, at this point appeared willing to adhere to some reductions in interest rates for Mexico.", "\n\nThe closed meeting was also attended by Willard C. Butcher, Jr., the chairman of Chase Manhattan; John F. McGillicuddy, chairman of Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company; Lewis T. Preston, chairman of J.P. Morgan & Company; Walter V. Shipley, chairman of Chemical Bank; Wilfried Guth, managing director of Deutsche Bank; Guido R. Hanselmann, executive board member of Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), and Sir Jeremy Morse, chairman of Lloyds Bank of London.", "\n\nThe following day, the international banks announced that they would agree to negotiate a long-term debt solution for Mexico. ", "Included in the decision as well was the IMF managing director, Jacques de Larosiere; the chairman of the Federal Reserve, Paul Volcker; and a special representative of the banks, Citibank Vice Chairman William R. Rhodes, who announced the decision to negotiate on behalf of the banks and who was personally responsible for chairing multiple \"bank advisory committees\" that negotiated debt rescheduling with various countries in Latin America.", "\n\nThree years later, in 1987, Mexico was still caught in a painful crisis and the world’s bankers were still meeting for the IMC in luxurious surroundings, partaking in opulent social events to discuss the issue of world debt problems. ", "The more than 200 bankers at the meeting expressed their frustration with the problems of the global monetary system, the instability of the floating exchange rate system, and currency crises. ", "William Butcher, that year’s chairman of the IMC, warned that the global monetary system would not “correct itself” and instead the search for a new and more stable system “must be intensified.”", "\n\nThe most popular speech at the IMC that year was delivered by Japan’s vice minister of finance for international affairs, Toyoo Gyohten, who proposed the establishment of “some international mechanism” which would be responsible for managing international monetary crises, and would be required “to have at least several hundred billion dollars in order to influence the financial markets.”", "\n\nAt the next year’s meeting of the IMC, then-Chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, spoke to the assembled bankers, explaining that further declines in the U.S. Dollar would not help American exports. ", "His comments led to a rise in the Dollar, “greeted positively in the financial markets,” and stock and bond prices rose on Wall Street. ", "The heads of the central banks of other major industrial nations, such as West Germany and Britain, were also present at the conference where collectively the central bankers “reiterated the need to keep inflation down as a way to continue worldwide economic growth” – a position met with great approval by the bankers present at the meeting.", "\n\nAt the 1989 meeting of the IMC, many of Mexico’s largest international lenders attended a special meeting after which they announced a $5.5 billion “aid” package (aka bailout) for Mexico in cooperation between Japanese banks, the IMF and the World Bank. ", "But the so-called \"aid packages\" handed out by Western banks and international organizations to the crisis-hit developing nations were, in fact, bailouts for the major banks: the funds were given to the countries explicitly to pay the interest that they owed to the banks, while at the same time forcing those governments to implement strict austerity measures and other economic reforms.", "\n\nWilliam R. Rhodes, Citibank’s main official responsible for debt rescheduling agreements, was present at the meeting, which was also attended by Angel Gurria, the chief debt negotiator for Mexico. ", "Rhodes stated that the meeting at the IMC “set the stage for rapid progress.” ", "In the final part of the Global Power Project series on the International Monetary Conference, I examine the continued relevance of the IMC from 1989 to the present – including the bankers who composed its leadership, as well as a review of leaked documents pertaining to the 2013 meeting of the IMC in Shanghai.", "\n\nAndrew Gavin Marshall is a 26-year-old researcher and writer based in Montreal, Canada. ", "He is project manager of The People’s Book Project, chair of the geopolitics division of The Hampton Institute, research director for Occupy.com’s Global Power Project and the World of Resistance (WoR) Report, and hosts a weekly podcast show with BoilingFrogsPost." ]

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[ "Image caption Millions of jobs involved with fishing may have to be axed\n\nThe UN's top environment official has echoed warnings that commercial fishing could be destroyed within 50 years.", "\n\n\"It is not a science fiction scenario. ", "It is within the lifetime of a child born today,\" said Achim Steiner, head of the UN Environment Programme (Unep).", "\n\nHe made the remarks at a conference in New York previewing a new study on how to make the global economy more environmentally sustainable.", "\n\nHis colleague, Dr Pavan Sukhdev, said if current fishing practices continued, \"then we are in a situation where 30 or 40 years down the line we effectively are out of fish\".", "\n\nA similar warning was first aired several years ago by an international team of researchers led by the ecologist Boris Worm, of Dalhousie University in Canada.", "\n\nHowever, in more recent studies Dr Worm has noted that efforts to rein back overfishing are having some success, so the 2050 prediction may have to be revised.", "\n\nAs for the UN's figures, Dr Steiner said the report, which is due to be released formally in October, had not yet gone through the final stages of the peer-review process.", "\n\nHowever, he said the UN felt \"very confident on these elements already\".", "\n\nHeavy reductions\n\nA preview of the report says for fish stocks to be saved, up to 22 million jobs involved with fishing may have to be axed, and up to 13 million boats removed from service.", "\n\nThe UN calculates that 35 million people around the world are directly employed in fishing, and up to 500 million are indirectly employed through related industries.", "\n\nHowever, the UN says its projected lay-offs are a worst-case scenario that would only be necessary if untargeted cuts were applied across the world.", "\n\nOfficials hope instead that western countries, whose heavily-subsidised industries are responsible for the bulk of the problem, would make the heaviest reductions.", "\n\nThe authors estimate that annual subsidies to the fishing industry are currently worth $27bn.", "\n\nThey suggest that much of this aid could be redirected into training and education programmes for the fishermen who would be affected by the cuts.", "\n\nThey also suggest billions could be poured into \"sustainable\" fishing initiatives, such as Marine Protected Areas, where depleted fish species could recover.", "\n\nDr Steiner said continuing to subsidise the current \"dead-end strategy\" would also affect western consumers.", "\n\nHe pointed to the case of bluefin tuna, which experts warn is being driven to the point of extinction through high demand.", "\n\nDr Steiner criticised the assumption that the free market would somehow \"sort it out\".", "\n\nHe said: \"The market rewards those who will go out and go even further and get the last fish out the sea.\"", "\n\nInstead, the UN hopes the new study will prompt further international regulation.", "\n\nThe report suggests up to $220bn dollars may be needed over 40 years to address the situation.", "\n\nHowever, it also estimates that this would help make the global fishing industry more effective and productive." ]

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[ "Footage has surfaced alleging to show police officers forcing an unidentified woman to leave a women's restroom facility, once again proving the dire impact of the recent swath of anti-LGBT laws across the country. ", "The woman, reportedly a lesbian, is called \"sir\" by the officers as she's unfairly tasked with attempting to convince them she's a woman. ", "The footage, uploaded to Facebook by Tamara McDaniel, has quickly garnered millions of views since first being shared last week.", "\n\nThe officers are heard demanding ID from the woman, who reveals she doesn't have one on her. ", "A male officer is then seen screaming in the woman's face as friends plead for the officers to properly deescalate the situation. ", "These pleas, however, are instead met with hostility and repeated requests for an ID. ", "Of course, this loudly begs the question: Why the hell should anyone have to show an ID just to use the restroom? ", "The exact location of the footage, which made it to the Daily Star after surfacing on Facebook, is unknown.", "\n\nThese baffling anti-LGBT laws, like the one Stephen Colbert eviscerated on Tuesday's Late Show, have even inspired the public condemnation of our international allies. ", "The British Foreign Office, as reported by the Huffington Post last week, issued a warning to LGBT travelers regarding the recent passage of troubling laws in North Carolina, Mississippi, and elsewhere.", "\n\n\"The U.S. is an extremely diverse society and attitudes toward LGBT people differ hugely across the country,\" officials said in a fresh update to the country's American travel advisory. \"", "LGBT travelers may be affected by legislation passed recently in the states of North Carolina and Mississippi.\" ", "Britain's warning, as evidenced by upsetting footage like this, is a sad reminder of bigotry's continued presence in American politics." ]

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[ "Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of Eremurus spectabilis Bieb. ", "methanol extract and its isolated component isoorientin on indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in rats1.", "\nTo investigate the gastroprotective effect of methanol extract of E. spectabilis and its major component isoorientin. ", "Effects of isoorientin and methanol extract of E. spectabilis were investigated in indomethacin-induced gastric damage model on rats. ", "Famotidine was used as the standard antiulcer drug. ", "Numerical density of ulcer areas and oxidative status were determined on stomach tissues of rats. ", "All doses of isoorientin and methanol extract decreased MDA level and increased SOD activity and GSH levels in the stomach tissue of rats. ", "When numerical density of ulcer areas were analized, the 500 mg/kg dose of methanol extract (84%) exhibited a similar effect to 20 mg/kg dose of standart drug famotidine (87%). ", "The gastroprotective effects of E. spectabilis and its major constituent isoorientin in rats for the first time. ", "Detailed analyses suggested that potential antioxidant activity of both plant extract and isoorientin mediates the gastroprotective effect." ]

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[ "Competitive physical activity early in life is associated with bone mineral density in elderly Swedish men.", "\nIn this population-based study of 75-year-old men (n = 498), we investigated the association between physical activity (PA) early in life and present bone mineral density (BMD). ", "We demonstrate that a high frequency of competitive sports early in life is associated with BMD at several bone sites, indicating that increases in BMD following PA are preserved longer than previously believed. ", "Physical activity (PA) increases bone mineral density (BMD) during growth. ", "It is unclear if the positive effects remain at old age. ", "In this study, we aimed to determine if PA early in life was associated with BMD in elderly men. ", "In this population-based study, 498 men, 75.2 +/- 3.3 (mean+/-SD) years old, were included. ", "BMD was assessed using DXA. ", "Data concerning lifetime PA, including both competitive (CS) and recreational sports (RS), and occupational physical load (OPL), were collected at interview. ", "Subjects in the highest frequency group of CS in the early period (10-35 years), had higher BMD at the total body (4.2%, p < 0.01), total hip (7.0%, p < 0.01), trochanter (8.7%, p < 0.01), and lumbar spine (7.9%, p < 0.01), than subjects not involved in CS. ", "A stepwise linear regression model showed that frequency of CS in the early period independently positively predicted present BMD at the total body (beta = 0.12, p < 0.01), total hip (beta = 0.11, p < 0.01), trochanter (beta = 0.12, p < 0.01), and lumbar spine (beta = 0.11, p = 0.01). ", "We demonstrate that PA in CS early in life is associated with BMD in 75-year-old Swedish men, indicating that increases in BMD following PA are preserved longer than previously believed." ]

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[ "# makefile for libpng under FreeBSD\n# Copyright (C) 2014 Glenn Randers-Pehrson and Andrey A. Chernov\n# Copyright (C) 2002, 2007, 2009 Glenn Randers-Pehrson and Andrey A. Chernov\n#\n# This code is released under the libpng license.", "\n# For conditions of distribution and use, see the disclaimer\n# and license in png.h\n\nPREFIX?= /usr/local\nSHLIB_VER?= 16\n\nLIB=\t\tpng\nSHLIB_MAJOR=\t${SHLIB_VER}\nSHLIB_MINOR=\t0\nNO_PROFILE=\tYES\nNO_OBJ=\t\tYES\n\n# where make install puts libpng.a and png.h\nDESTDIR=\t${PREFIX}\nLIBDIR=\t\t/lib\nINCS=\t\tpng.h pngconf.h pnglibconf.h pngpriv.h pngstruct.h pnginfo.h pngdebug.h\nINCSDIR=\t/include/libpng\nINCDIR=\t\t${INCSDIR}\t\t# for 4.x bsd.lib.mk\nMAN=\t\tlibpng.3 libpngpf.3 png.5\nMANDIR=\t\t/man/man\nSYMLINKS= libpng/png.h ${INCSDIR}/../png.h \\\n\t\tlibpng/pngconf.h ${INCSDIR}/../pngconf.h \\\n\t\tlibpng/pnglibconf.h ${INCSDIR}/../pnglibconf.h\n\n# where make install finds libz.a and zlib.h\nZLIBLIB=\t/usr/lib\nZLIBINC=\t/usr/include\n\nLDADD+=\t\t-lm -lz\n#LDADD+=\t-lm -lz -lssp_nonshared # for OSVERSION < 800000 ?", "\n\nDPADD+=\t\t${LIBM} ${LIBZ}\n\nCPPFLAGS+=\t-I. -I${ZLIBINC}\nCFLAGS+=\t-W -Wall\n\n# Pre-built configuration\n# See scripts/pnglibconf.mak for more options\nPNGLIBCONF_H_PREBUILT= scripts/pnglibconf.h.prebuilt\n\nSRCS=\tpng.c pngset.c pngget.c pngrutil.c pngtrans.c pngwutil.c \\\n\tpngread.c pngrio.c pngwio.c pngwrite.c pngrtran.c \\\n\tpngwtran.c pngmem.c pngerror.c pngpread.c\n\n.c.o:\n\t$(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<\n\npngtest: pngtest.o libpng.a\n\t${CC} ${CFLAGS} -L. -static -o pngtest pngtest.o -L${ZLIBLIB} \\\n\t-lpng ${LDADD}\n\nCLEANFILES= pngtest pngtest.o pngout.png\n\ntest: pngtest\n\t./pngtest\n\npnglibconf.h: $(PNGLIBCONF_H_PREBUILT)\n\tcp $(PNGLIBCONF_H_PREBUILT) $@\n\nDOCS = ANNOUNCE CHANGES INSTALL KNOWNBUG LICENSE README TODO Y2KINFO\nwritelock:\n\tchmod a-w *.[ch35] $(DOCS) scripts/*\n\n.include <bsd.lib.mk>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Knowing how strong you are is an important aspect of training but testing your strength too frequently can actually hinder your ability to build it. ", "Dr. Mike Israetel talks about why too maxing out on your lifts too frequently is problematic: The post Fitness Myths..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0009046937339007854, 0.0007321792072616518 ]

[ "FIGS. ", "1A and 1B depict conventional magnetic elements 10 and 10′. The conventional magnetic element 1 is a spin valve 10 and includes a conventional antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer 12, a conventional pinned layer 14, a conventional nonmagnetic spacer layer 16 and a conventional free layer 18. ", "The conventional pinned layer 14 and the conventional free layer 18 are ferromagnetic. ", "The conventional nonmagnetic spacer layer 16 is conductive. ", "The AFM layer 12 is used to fix, or pin, the magnetization of the pinned layer 14 in a particular direction. ", "The magnetization of the free layer 18 is free to rotate, typically in response to an external magnetic field. ", "The conventional magnetic element 10′ depicted in FIG. ", "1B is a spin tunneling junction. ", "Portions of the conventional spin tunneling junction 10′ are analogous to the conventional spin valve 10. ", "Thus, the conventional magnetic element 10′ includes an AFM layer 12′, a conventional pinned layer 14′, a conventional insulating barrier layer 16′ and a conventional free layer 18′. The conventional barrier layer 16′ is thin enough for electrons to tunnel through in a conventional spin tunneling junction 10′.\nDepending upon the orientations of the magnetizations of the conventional free layer 18/18′ and the conventional pinned layer 14/14′, respectively, the resistance of the conventional magnetic element 10/10′, respectively, changes. ", "When the magnetizations of the conventional free layer 18/18′ and conventional pinned layer 14/14′ are parallel, the resistance of the conventional magnetic element /10′10 is low. ", "When the magnetizations of the conventional free layer 18/18′ and the conventional pinned layer 14/14′ are antiparallel, the resistance of the conventional magnetic element 10/10′ is high.", "\nTo sense the resistance of the conventional magnetic element 10/10′, current is driven through the conventional magnetic element 10/10′. Current can be driven in one of two configurations, current in plane (“CIP”) and current perpendicular to the plane (“CPP”). ", "In the CPP configuration, current is driven perpendicular to the layers of conventional magnetic element 10/10′ (up or down as seen in FIG. ", "1A or 1B).", "\nOne of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the conventional magnetic elements 10 and 10′ may not function at higher memory cell densities. ", "The conventional magnetic elements 10 and 10′ are typically written using an external magnetic field generated using current driven by components outside of the magnetic elements 10 and 10′. The magnetic field required to switch the magnetization of the free layer 18 or 18′ (switching field) is inversely proportional to the width of the conventional magnetic element 10 or 10′, respectively. ", "Because the switching field is higher for smaller magnetic elements, the current required to generate the external magnetic field increases dramatically for higher magnetic memory cell densities. ", "Consequently, cross talk and power consumption may increase. ", "The driving circuits used to drive the current that generates the switching field could also increase in area and complexity. ", "Further, the conventional write currents have to be large enough to switch a magnetic memory cell but not so large that the neighboring cells are inadvertently switched. ", "This upper limit on the write current amplitude can lead to reliability issues because some cells are harder to switch than others (due to fabrication and material nonuniformity) and may fail to write consistently. ", "Moreover, a higher write current is more likely to damage one or more of the layers of the magnetic elements 10 and 10′.\nAccordingly, what is needed is a system and method for providing a magnetic memory element which can be used in a memory array of high density, low power consumption, low cross talk, and high reliability, while providing sufficient readout signal. ", "The present invention addresses the need for such a magnetic memory element." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "User Rating: 5 out of 5\n\nThe game they are all trying to emulate 8 years on.", "\n\nBy far the best military combat game on console. ", "This game is still going strong even in 2020. ", "Lightyears ahead of COD and the likes of... Tanks, boats, helicopters, jets, jet skis, jeeps, quad bikes, mobile rocket lauchers, armoured personnel carriers and mobile anti aircraft. ", "Huge maps with destroyable buildings. ", "Sea storms, sand storms and snow. ", "This game is superb. ", "I would highly recommend. ", "The amount of weapons and gadgets is excellent. ", "A must have you will keep returning to." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0007388874655589461, 0.0006888056523166597, 0.0006086186040192842, 0.0010367956710979342, 0.05241267755627632, 0.0006690717418678105, 0.0008496179361827672, 0.0005539387348107994, 0.0005762046785093844, 0.0015234497841447592 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow can I append dynamically according to the number of values in json\n\nI am creating a program where I get value from json and I want to show that value in a table. ", "I am getting all the values in console but only the last arrays value is displayed in the table. ", "So I want to append the dynamically so that it will create new td according to the values in json file.", "\nHTML Code:\n <tr>\n <td>Count:</td>\n <td id=\"count\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Created:</td>\n <td id=\"created\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Lang:</td>\n <td id=\"lang\"></td>\n </tr>\n\n <tr>\n <td>ID:</td>\n <td id=\"id\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Name:</td>\n <td id=\"Name\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Rate:</td>\n <td id=\"Rate\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Date:</td>\n <td id=\"Date\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Time:</td>\n <td id=\"Time\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ask:</td>\n <td id=\"Ask\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Bid:</td>\n <td id=\"Bid\"></td>\n </tr>\n\nIn this file I have only one value for count, created and lang. ", "Whereas I have 29 values for the rest of the fields.", "\nJavascript file:\n$.getJSON('http://query.yahooapis.com/v1/public/yql?q=select%20*%20from%20yahoo.finance.xchange%20where%20pair%20in%20%28%22USDARS%22,%20%22USDAUD%22,%20%22USDBHD%22,%20%22USDBRL%22,%20%22USDGBP%22,%20%22USDCNY%22,%20%22USDHRK%22,%20%22USDDKK%22,%20%22USDEGP%22,%20%22USDSVC%22,%20%22USDEEK%22,%20%22USDETB%22,%20%22USDEUR%22,%20%22USDHKD%22,%20%22USDHUF%22,%20%22USDINR%22,%20%22USDIDR%22,%20%22USDJPY%22,%20%22USDKWD%22,%20%22USDNZD%22,%20%22USDNOK%22,%20%22USDPKR%22,%20%22USDPHP%22,%20%22USDPLN%22,%20%22USDRUB%22,%20%22USDSGD%22,%20%22USDZAR%22,%20%22USDSEK%22,%20%22USDCHF%22%29&format=json&env=store://datatables.org/alltableswithkeys', function (json) {\n\n // Set the variables from the query array\n //alert(json.query.results.rate.length);\n var count = json.query.count;\n console.log('Count : ', count);\n var created = json.query.created;\n console.log('Created : ', created);\n var lang = json.query.lang;\n console.log('Lang : ', lang);\n\n for(i=0; i<json.query.results.rate.length; i++)\n {\n var id = json.query.results.rate[i].id;\n console.log('ID : ', id);\n var name = json.query.results.rate[i].Name;\n console.log('Name : ', name);\n var rate = json.query.results.rate[i].Rate;\n console.log('Rate : ', rate);\n var date = json.query.results.rate[i].Date;\n console.log('Date : ', date);\n var time = json.query.results.rate[i].Time;\n console.log('Time : ', time);\n var ask = json.query.results.rate[i].Ask;\n console.log('Ask : ', ask);\n var bid = json.query.results.rate[i].Bid;\n console.log('Bid : ', bid);\n//}\n // Set the table td text\n $('#count').text(count);\n $('#created').text(created);\n $('#lang').text(lang);\n $('#id').text(id);\n $('#Name').text(name);\n $('#Rate').text(rate);\n $('#Date').text(date);\n $('#Time').text(time);\n $('#Ask').text(ask);\n $('#Bid').text(bid);\n }\n});\n\nJSON data (source):\n{\"query\":{\"count\":29,\"created\":\"2015-07-07T07:33:27Z\",\"lang\":\"nl-NL\",\"results\":{\"rate\":[{\"id\":\"USDARS\",\"Name\":\"USD/ARS\",\"Rate\":\"9.1173\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"9.1214\",\"Bid\":\"9.1173\"},{\"id\":\"USDAUD\",\"Name\":\"USD/AUD\",\"Rate\":\"1.3374\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"1.3376\",\"Bid\":\"1.3374\"},{\"id\":\"USDBHD\",\"Name\":\"USD/BHD\",\"Rate\":\"0.3770\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.3790\",\"Bid\":\"0.3770\"},{\"id\":\"USDBRL\",\"Name\":\"USD/BRL\",\"Rate\":\"3.1391\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"3.1392\",\"Bid\":\"3.1391\"},{\"id\":\"USDGBP\",\"Name\":\"USD/GBP\",\"Rate\":\"0.6428\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.6428\",\"Bid\":\"0.6428\"},{\"id\":\"USDCNY\",\"Name\":\"USD/CNY\",\"Rate\":\"6.2098\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"6.2104\",\"Bid\":\"6.2098\"},{\"id\":\"USDHRK\",\"Name\":\"USD/HRK\",\"Rate\":\"6.8687\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"6.8988\",\"Bid\":\"6.8687\"},{\"id\":\"USDDKK\",\"Name\":\"USD/DKK\",\"Rate\":\"6.7676\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"6.7701\",\"Bid\":\"6.7676\"},{\"id\":\"USDEGP\",\"Name\":\"USD/EGP\",\"Rate\":\"7.7327\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"7.7352\",\"Bid\":\"7.7327\"},{\"id\":\"USDSVC\",\"Name\":\"USD/SVC\",\"Rate\":\"8.7395\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"8.7445\",\"Bid\":\"8.7395\"},{\"id\":\"USDEEK\",\"Name\":\"N/A\",\"Rate\":\"N/A\",\"Date\":\"N/A\",\"Time\":\"N/A\",\"Ask\":\"N/A\",\"Bid\":\"N/A\"},{\"id\":\"USDETB\",\"Name\":\"USD/ETB\",\"Rate\":\"20.6850\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"20.7880\",\"Bid\":\"20.6850\"},{\"id\":\"USDEUR\",\"Name\":\"USD/EUR\",\"Rate\":\"0.9070\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.9070\",\"Bid\":\"0.9070\"},{\"id\":\"USDHKD\",\"Name\":\"USD/HKD\",\"Rate\":\"7.7551\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"7.7552\",\"Bid\":\"7.7551\"},{\"id\":\"USDHUF\",\"Name\":\"USD/HUF\",\"Rate\":\"286.5400\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"286.8600\",\"Bid\":\"286.5400\"},{\"id\":\"USDINR\",\"Name\":\"USD/INR\",\"Rate\":\"63.3839\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"63.3990\",\"Bid\":\"63.3839\"},{\"id\":\"USDIDR\",\"Name\":\"USD/IDR\",\"Rate\":\"13298.0000\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"13310.0000\",\"Bid\":\"13298.0000\"},{\"id\":\"USDJPY\",\"Name\":\"USD/JPY\",\"Rate\":\"122.6850\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"122.7000\",\"Bid\":\"122.6850\"},{\"id\":\"USDKWD\",\"Name\":\"USD/KWD\",\"Rate\":\"0.3027\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.3032\",\"Bid\":\"0.3027\"},{\"id\":\"USDNZD\",\"Name\":\"USD/NZD\",\"Rate\":\"1.5032\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"1.5035\",\"Bid\":\"1.5032\"},{\"id\":\"USDNOK\",\"Name\":\"USD/NOK\",\"Rate\":\"8.1378\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"8.1403\",\"Bid\":\"8.1378\"},{\"id\":\"USDPKR\",\"Name\":\"USD/PKR\",\"Rate\":\"101.7300\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"101.7600\",\"Bid\":\"101.7300\"},{\"id\":\"USDPHP\",\"Name\":\"USD/PHP\",\"Rate\":\"45.1575\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"45.1680\",\"Bid\":\"45.1575\"},{\"id\":\"USDPLN\",\"Name\":\"USD/PLN\",\"Rate\":\"3.8149\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"3.8180\",\"Bid\":\"3.8149\"},{\"id\":\"USDRUB\",\"Name\":\"USD/RUB\",\"Rate\":\"57.3045\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"57.3100\",\"Bid\":\"57.3045\"},{\"id\":\"USDSGD\",\"Name\":\"USD/SGD\",\"Rate\":\"1.3539\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"1.3540\",\"Bid\":\"1.3539\"},{\"id\":\"USDZAR\",\"Name\":\"USD/ZAR\",\"Rate\":\"12.4487\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"12.4562\",\"Bid\":\"12.4487\"},{\"id\":\"USDSEK\",\"Name\":\"USD/SEK\",\"Rate\":\"8.4844\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"8.4852\",\"Bid\":\"8.4844\"},{\"id\":\"USDCHF\",\"Name\":\"USD/CHF\",\"Rate\":\"0.9436\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.9437\",\"Bid\":\"0.9436\"}]}}}\n\nA:\n\nI think you'd be better off creating new rows instead of TD's:\n\nvar json = {\"query\":{\"count\":29,\"created\":\"2015-07-07T07:33:27Z\",\"lang\":\"nl-NL\",\"results\":{\"rate\":[{\"id\":\"USDARS\",\"Name\":\"USD/ARS\",\"Rate\":\"9.1173\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"9.1214\",\"Bid\":\"9.1173\"},{\"id\":\"USDAUD\",\"Name\":\"USD/AUD\",\"Rate\":\"1.3374\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"1.3376\",\"Bid\":\"1.3374\"},{\"id\":\"USDBHD\",\"Name\":\"USD/BHD\",\"Rate\":\"0.3770\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.3790\",\"Bid\":\"0.3770\"},{\"id\":\"USDBRL\",\"Name\":\"USD/BRL\",\"Rate\":\"3.1391\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"3.1392\",\"Bid\":\"3.1391\"},{\"id\":\"USDGBP\",\"Name\":\"USD/GBP\",\"Rate\":\"0.6428\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.6428\",\"Bid\":\"0.6428\"},{\"id\":\"USDCNY\",\"Name\":\"USD/CNY\",\"Rate\":\"6.2098\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"6.2104\",\"Bid\":\"6.2098\"},{\"id\":\"USDHRK\",\"Name\":\"USD/HRK\",\"Rate\":\"6.8687\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"6.8988\",\"Bid\":\"6.8687\"},{\"id\":\"USDDKK\",\"Name\":\"USD/DKK\",\"Rate\":\"6.7676\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"6.7701\",\"Bid\":\"6.7676\"},{\"id\":\"USDEGP\",\"Name\":\"USD/EGP\",\"Rate\":\"7.7327\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"7.7352\",\"Bid\":\"7.7327\"},{\"id\":\"USDSVC\",\"Name\":\"USD/SVC\",\"Rate\":\"8.7395\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"8.7445\",\"Bid\":\"8.7395\"},{\"id\":\"USDEEK\",\"Name\":\"N/A\",\"Rate\":\"N/A\",\"Date\":\"N/A\",\"Time\":\"N/A\",\"Ask\":\"N/A\",\"Bid\":\"N/A\"},{\"id\":\"USDETB\",\"Name\":\"USD/ETB\",\"Rate\":\"20.6850\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"20.7880\",\"Bid\":\"20.6850\"},{\"id\":\"USDEUR\",\"Name\":\"USD/EUR\",\"Rate\":\"0.9070\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.9070\",\"Bid\":\"0.9070\"},{\"id\":\"USDHKD\",\"Name\":\"USD/HKD\",\"Rate\":\"7.7551\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"7.7552\",\"Bid\":\"7.7551\"},{\"id\":\"USDHUF\",\"Name\":\"USD/HUF\",\"Rate\":\"286.5400\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"286.8600\",\"Bid\":\"286.5400\"},{\"id\":\"USDINR\",\"Name\":\"USD/INR\",\"Rate\":\"63.3839\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"63.3990\",\"Bid\":\"63.3839\"},{\"id\":\"USDIDR\",\"Name\":\"USD/IDR\",\"Rate\":\"13298.0000\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"13310.0000\",\"Bid\":\"13298.0000\"},{\"id\":\"USDJPY\",\"Name\":\"USD/JPY\",\"Rate\":\"122.6850\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"122.7000\",\"Bid\":\"122.6850\"},{\"id\":\"USDKWD\",\"Name\":\"USD/KWD\",\"Rate\":\"0.3027\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.3032\",\"Bid\":\"0.3027\"},{\"id\":\"USDNZD\",\"Name\":\"USD/NZD\",\"Rate\":\"1.5032\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"1.5035\",\"Bid\":\"1.5032\"},{\"id\":\"USDNOK\",\"Name\":\"USD/NOK\",\"Rate\":\"8.1378\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"8.1403\",\"Bid\":\"8.1378\"},{\"id\":\"USDPKR\",\"Name\":\"USD/PKR\",\"Rate\":\"101.7300\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"101.7600\",\"Bid\":\"101.7300\"},{\"id\":\"USDPHP\",\"Name\":\"USD/PHP\",\"Rate\":\"45.1575\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"45.1680\",\"Bid\":\"45.1575\"},{\"id\":\"USDPLN\",\"Name\":\"USD/PLN\",\"Rate\":\"3.8149\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"3.8180\",\"Bid\":\"3.8149\"},{\"id\":\"USDRUB\",\"Name\":\"USD/RUB\",\"Rate\":\"57.3045\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"57.3100\",\"Bid\":\"57.3045\"},{\"id\":\"USDSGD\",\"Name\":\"USD/SGD\",\"Rate\":\"1.3539\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"1.3540\",\"Bid\":\"1.3539\"},{\"id\":\"USDZAR\",\"Name\":\"USD/ZAR\",\"Rate\":\"12.4487\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"12.4562\",\"Bid\":\"12.4487\"},{\"id\":\"USDSEK\",\"Name\":\"USD/SEK\",\"Rate\":\"8.4844\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"8.4852\",\"Bid\":\"8.4844\"},{\"id\":\"USDCHF\",\"Name\":\"USD/CHF\",\"Rate\":\"0.9436\",\"Date\":\"7/7/2015\",\"Time\":\"8:33am\",\"Ask\":\"0.9437\",\"Bid\":\"0.9436\"}]}}};\r\n\r\nvar count = json.query.count,\r\n created = json.query.created,\r\n lang = json.query.lang;\r\n\r\nfor(i=0; i<json.query.results.rate.length; i++) {\r\n var row = json.query.results.rate[i]; // Save a reference to the row.", "\r\n\r\n $(\"<tr>\").appendTo($(\"#result\")) // Create new row, append it to the table's html.", "\r\n .append('<td>' + count + '</td>') // Add all the data to the table.", "\r\n .append('<td>' + created + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + lang + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + row.id + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + row.", "Name + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + row.", "Rate + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + row.", "Date + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + row.", "Time + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + row.", "Ask + '</td>')\r\n .append('<td>' + row.", "Bid + '</td>');\r\n}\n<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n<table id=\"result\">\r\n <tr>\r\n <th>Count:</th>\r\n <th>Created:</th>\r\n <th>Lang:</th>\r\n <th>Id:</th>\r\n <th>Name:</th>\r\n <th>Rate:</th>\r\n <th>Date:</th>\r\n <th>Time:</th>\r\n <th>Ask:</th>\r\n <th>Bid:</th>\r\n </tr>\r\n</table>\n\n(I removed the console.log calls to make the answer a little shorter)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "With devices, such as printers, copy machines, or facsimile machines, consumables, such as dry ink, a feed roll cartridge, a fuser module, a fuser web, or staples, will eventually run low or run out. ", "When this occurs, an individual typically will either call a supply center and place an order, fill out and send an order form to the supply center, or travel to the supply center to place the order for the needed consumables. ", "The order for the consumables is then filled and returned by or to the individual for use in the device as needed.", "\nUnfortunately, there are several drawbacks to this process for supply or resupplying the device with consumables. ", "For example, the process is very time consuming because typically an individual will have to travel to several different stores to check whether the stores even carry the particular consumable and if they do at what price and in what quantities. ", "Additionally, with this process there is a chance that the operator may purchase the wrong type of consumable or consumables for the device. ", "Further, the original manufacturer and original retailer have no influence on the operator's selection of a supplier or suppliers for the consumable or consumables. ", "As a result, these sales may end up going to a competitor of the original manufacturer of the device." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Alveolar phospholipids of 17-day-old pigs exposed to microorganisms of nonpulmonic origin.", "\nAlveolar lining material was obtained from gnotobiotic pigs; gnotobiotic pigs exposed to aerobes, anaerobes, or mixtures of both microorganisms; and conventional farm-raised pigs. ", "Alveolar lining material concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and lysolecithin were determined. ", "Seventy-four pigs were allotted to the following groups: 1--gnotobiotes (n = 13), 2--gnotobiotes with aerobes (n = 6), 3--gnotobiotes with anaerobes (n = 31), 4--gnotobiotes with anaerobes and aerobes (n = 2), 5--gnotobiotes with facultative anaerobes (n = 9), and 6--conventionally farm-farrowed (n = 13). ", "The conventionally raised pigs had lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylinositol concentrations that were significantly different from those of all other groups of pigs. ", "Phosphatidylethanolamine was significantly decreased in group 6 pigs when compared with that in all other groups. ", "There were also statistically significant differences between the gnotobiotic (group 1) and the exposed gnotobiotic (groups 2, 3, 4, 5) pigs, although the differences were less pronounced. ", "Since intestinal microbes produce alveolar lining material phospholipid differences, studies need to be concerned with phospholipid changes that occur after exposure to lung-specific microorganisms and with physiologic changes in lung function associated with the phospholipid changes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nExposure of mammalian cells to environmental factors, such as toxic pollutants, ionizing and UV radiation can have genotoxic consequences. ", "Modification of genomic DNA by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) catalyzed by these factors is implicated in the development of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and pathogenesis of numerous diseases including AIDS, Huntington\\'s, Parkinson\\'s, and Alzheimer\\'s. ", "Cells undergo oxidative stress when they are exposed to oxidative outbreaks that exceed their capability to compensate with internal antioxidants, such as glutathione, catalase or superoxide dismutase. ", "This can lead to many severe outcomes, which include peroxidation of cellular proteins and lipids, disruption of metabolic functions such as mitochondrial activity and DNA damage \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "Oxidative DNA damage leads to many types of structural perturbations. ", "These include DNA base lesions such as 8-hydroxyguanine as well as strand breaks. ", "Measurement of DNA damage allows the detection of the genotoxicity at an early stage \\[[@B2], [@B3]\\]. ", "Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), also known as comet assay, is a sensitive method that can be used to detect clinically relevant levels of DNA damage \\[[@B4]--[@B6]\\], and is widely used for genotoxicity testing \\[[@B7]\\]. ", "Cells undergoing the comet assay are imbedded in an agarose gel on microscope slides, followed by lysis, denaturation and electrophoresis, which allows broken DNA strands to migrate outside the nucleus. ", "Following staining with a DNA binding dye, the resulting comet-like patterns are analyzed with a microscope and quantified using densitometric and image analysis procedures \\[[@B3], [@B8]\\].", "\n\nThe comet assay, however, has been known to suffer from significant experimental variability from lab to lab, traceable to changes in certain steps of the procedure \\[[@B3], [@B9]\\]. ", "In a previous study, we examined the role of the microscope imaging and analysis on the assay output variation \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "Attempts have been made to reduce comet assay variation by adopting a completely standardized protocol but identification of one that is universally accepted using equivalent reagents and instrumentation remains to be established \\[[@B11], [@B12]\\]. ", "Additional efforts include the use of cells that were intentionally subjected to a genotoxic environment and could be utilized as calibrants during the comet assay procedure \\[[@B13], [@B14]\\].", "\n\nIn a preceding investigation we utilized an electrochemical potential gradient as an *in vitro* platform for simulating the cellular oxidative stress \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "In that study, we assayed viability in the cultured mammalian cells in a redox potential gradient and found that the electrochemical oxidation mimics oxidative stress and could be used to test the effect of antioxidants. ", "In a separate study, a controlled potential preparative electro-oxidation of soluble calf thymus DNA produced DNA lesions,that were quantified by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "In the current report, we examine the use of electrochemical oxidation to produce a controlled amount of DNA strand breaks in cultured mammalian cells. ", "We envision that after such treatment cells could be utilized as cellular genomic DNA reference materials that may facilitate calibration of genotox assays as well as other potential applications.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\nStock cultures of Chinese hamster ovary CHO K1 cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were grown at 37°C, 5% CO~2~ and 95% relative humidity in Iscove\\'s modified Dulbecco\\'s modified medium, IMDM (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA), 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, FBS (Gibco), 1% (v/v), penicillin-streptomycin (100 units/mL, and 100 *µ*g/mL).", "\n\n2.1. ", "Electrochemical Oxidation of Live Cells {#sec2.1}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nA uniform oxidative treatment was applied by growing the CHO cells on a working electrode surface polarized at a fixed positive potential. ", "Indium tin oxide (InSnO~2~) films on glass (Delta Technologies, Loveland, CO) were used as transparent electrodes (5 cm × 8 cm), placed in 140 mm diameter plastic Petri dishes with 0.5 mm Pt wire as a counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode (Microelectrodes, Inc.). ", "Working electrodes were cleaned by sonicating 15 min in hot water and ethanol mixture, followed by air drying prior to mounting them in Petri dishes. ", "Contacts to the conducting film surface were provided by wire attached via InGa eutectic and insulated with a waterproof silicone. ", "Electrode surfaces were treated for 1 h at room temperature with 25 *µ*g/mL bovine fibronectin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in Dulbecco\\'s phosphate buffered saline, DPBS (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA), to facilitate adhesion. ", "At first cells (seeded ≈ 10^6^cells in 40 mL growth medium, 8 × 10^3^ cells/cm^2^) were grown at 37°C, 5% CO~2~ and 95% relative humidity in complete growth medium (above) on the InSnO~2~ electrodes at open circuit potential (≈−0.1 V) until they reached confluence (≈3 days), then electrode potentials (E) at 0.5 V, 1.0 V and 1.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl) were applied for 12 h using EG&G Model 263 potentiostat along with an open circuit control for 12 h. Following oxidative treatment, electrodes were gently rinsed with DPBS and placed in a clean Petri dish. ", "Trypsin EDTA (2 mL of 2.5 mg/mL) was added for a few minutes at 37°C until complete cell detachment from the electrode surfaces. ", "The trypsin treatment was stopped with the addition of 10 mL Dulbecco\\'s modified Eagle\\'s medium, 10% (v/v) FBS. ", "The cells from the entire electrode surface, at each treatment level, were collected separately, concentrated by centrifugation at 250 × g for 5 min at 4°C and resuspended in DPBS.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Live/Dead Assay {#sec2.2}\n--------------------\n\nCell growth conditions were maintained during the electrochemical treatment (37°C, 5% CO~2~ and 90% relative humidity). ", "Immediately after terminating the potential application, the growth media was removed, electrode plate slides were rinsed twice with DPBS and live-dead assays (Live/Dead mammalian cell viability/cytotoxicity kit L-3224, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) performed according to the manufacturer\\'s protocol. ", "This assay uses calcein AM (emission at 515 nm) for live cell stain and ethidium homodimer-1 (emission at 628 nm) as a dead cell stain. ", "Following 30 min incubation with the fluorescent dyes, and rinsing with DPBS, the electrode slides were placed on the microscope stage for imaging. ", "A Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 microscope, equipped with a CoolSNAP HQ2 CCD camera and Colibri 2 LED light source was used for image acquisition. ", "A total of 32 areas (frames) were imaged along the full length of the electrode slide using a 5x lens. ", "The average of three parallel rows was imaged for each electrode slide spaced 3 mm apart. ", "Images were processed and analyzed with ZEN Pro2 (Zeiss) and Image J 1.48 software packages. ", "All experiments were true replicates conducted in triplicate from separate cultures on the electrodes. ", "Statistical analysis was performed using the SigmaPlot 12.5 software package (Systat Software, Inc.) Individual frame signals were spliced along the slide length resulting in a full slide live-dead cell image with subsequent averaging over 4 rows. ", "The fraction of live cells was calculated by integrating the live (green calcein AM) fluorescence channel normalized by the total of live and dead (red ethidium homodimer) fluorescence channels.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Comet Assay {#sec2.3}\n----------------\n\nDNA strand breaks were measured by alkaline comet assay. ", "Low melting point agarose (300 *μ*L, (LMPA), Trevigen, Inc., MD, USA Cat. ", "No. ", "4250-050-02) was heated to 37°C and combined (ratio 1:10 volume fraction) with 30 *μ*L of a ≈2 × 10^5^ cells/mL suspension of thoroughly mixed cells collected as described above. ", "Each well of a 20-well CometSlide (Trevigen, Inc., MD, USA Cat. ", "No. ", "4252-200-01) was filled with 30 *μ*L of a thoroughly mixed cell/agarose suspension. ", "The slides were placed in a 4°C refrigerator in the dark for 15 min to solidify. ", "Slides were then immersed in 50 mL of pre-chilled lysis solution (3.2% w/w glycine, N,N′-1,2 ethanediylbis\\[N-(carboxymethyl)-, 1% w/w n-dodecylsarcosine, 1% poly(oxy-1,2 ethanediyl), α-\\[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl\\]-ω-hydroxy-, Trevigen, Inc. Cat. ", "No. ", "4250-010-01) and left at 4°C for 30 min to facilitate cell membrane and histone removal. ", "After draining excess liquid, the slides were transferred to 50 mL of freshly prepared (same day) alkaline solution, (200 mmol/L NaOH, 1 mmol/L EDTA, pH \\> 13) and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 20 min to denature and unwind DNA. ", "After the unwinding step, electrophoresis was performed at 4°C in the CometAssay ES tank filled with alkaline solution (Trevigen, Inc., MD, USA) at 21 V (1 V/cm) for 30 min. ", "Slides were then rinsed with distilled water and fixed 5 min in 70% ethanol. ", "Slides were dried and stained 5 min at 4°C with SYBR Green I (Trevigen, Inc., Cat. ", "No. ", "4250-050-05) diluted 1 : 10 000 in 10 mmol/L Tris pH 7.5, 1 mmol/L EDTA, drained to remove excess staining solution and thoroughly dried at room temperature in the dark.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Microscopic Image Analysis {#sec2.4}\n-------------------------------\n\nSlides were visualized by epifluorescence microscopy (Olympus System microscope, Model BH-2) equipped with the appropriate optical filter set for SYBR® Green I (excitation/emission wavelength, 460 nm and 560 nm respectively, Chroma, 49002 ET GFP) and a LUDL MAC 6000 automated stage and a Photometrics Snapcool HQ2 monochrome CCD camera using NIKON Elements software. ", "Integrated intensities and Percent DNA in tail were determined using Image J (ver. ", "1.47v, NIH) and CometScore Pro (ver. ", "1.01.44, TriTek Corp., VA, USA) software utilizing the following equations:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\text{Total}\\text{head}\\text{intensity}I_{h} = \\sum I_{h{({x,y})}},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\text{Total}\\text{tail}\\text{intensity}I_{t} = \\sum I_{t{({x,y})}},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\%\\text{DNA}\\text{in}\\text{tail} = \\frac{100I_{t}}{I_{h} + I_{t}},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$\n\nwhere *I*~*h*(*x*,\\ *y*)~ and *I*~*t*(*x*,\\ *y*)~ are the individual pixel intensities within the head and tail regions of the comet image. ", "CometScore Pro is commercially available software which has been specifically developed to automate comet image analysis. ", "We used the automated microscope system, controlled by NIKON elements software, in combination with the CometScore Pro software to quantify DNA damage as % DNA in tail in our cultured CHO cells after oxidative electrochemical treatment. ", "All experiments were true replicates performed in triplicate originating from separate cultures on the electrodes.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\nCHO cells were grown on a transparent InSnO~2~ electrode surface maintained for 12 h at a fixed potential. ", "After treatment, the cells were analyzed while attached to the electrode by live/dead analysis or removed with trypsin from a separate electrode, treated in parallel, and analyzed by comet assay. [", "Figure 1(a)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} is a diagram of the electrode system with InSnO~2~ on glass serving as the working electrode. [", "Figure 1(b)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} is an image of the electrochemical cell. ", "The cyclic voltammetry curve of the InSnO~2~ electrode, recorded in the growth medium, shows that the double layer charging region extends up to *E* = 1.5 V, thus avoiding gas evolution due to water electrolysis and cell detachment (Supplementary Figure [S1](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}),\n\n[Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows typical fluorescent microscope images of the Live/Dead assay before (a) and after (b) electrochemical treatment after 12 h at *E* = 1.0 V. The live cells, in which the intracellular esterase activity is responsible for the green fluorescence of the calcein, are visible in the Figure. ", "The loss of plasma membrane integrity in dead cells allows nuclear DNA staining by the red fluorescent ethidium homodimer. ", "The fraction of live cells, calculated by integrating the calcein (green) fluorescence intensity normalized by the total of live and dead (ethidium bromide-red) fluorescence signal, before and after electrochemical treatment, is given in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Although the fraction of live cells in the untreated control is lower than expected for confluent cells grown in culture flasks, the gradual loss of cell viability is consistent with the electrode potential range that we observed previously with CHO cells grown in an electrochemical potential gradient \\[[@B15]\\].", "\n\n[Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows representative fluorescent microscope images of cell comets before and after the electrochemical treatment at three electrode potential values for 12 h. The comet tail shape and size indicate the increase in DNA strand breaks with rising oxidation potential.", "\n\nRepresentative histograms of the distribution of comets before and after treatment are shown in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The histogram bin size was set equal to an estimated limit in resolution (1% error) in the measurement of % DNA in tail of individual comets, based on previous measurements of the average imaging reproducibility \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "Histograms of all three replicate measurements (separate cultures on electrodes) are given in Supplementary Figure [S2](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "We found that both the average level of the DNA damage (obtained by dividing the total sample % DNA in tail by the number of cells/comets) and the comet size distribution change with the treatment level. ", "The *E* = 0.5 V treatment level yielded a relatively narrow distribution of comets with respect to % DNA that scales with the extent of DNA strand breaks. ", "Essentially all of the comets were close to 30% DNA in tail. ", "As expected, a higher oxidizing treatment level (*E* = 1.0 V) shifted comet size distribution towards a higher percentage of strand breaks (≈30% to 50% DNA in tail). ", "At 1.5 V the distribution of comets became very diffuse with a majority of them having greater than 50% DNA in tail but almost half remaining less than 40% DNA in tail. ", "This may be due to a population of cells that are able to maintain substantial DNA repair during this elevated level of treatment.", "\n\n[Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the box and whisker representation of the data shown in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This type of plot displays both the median value and the heterogeneity in the population of cells after treatment. ", "The plot confirms the increase in heterogeneity of the comets with increasing treatment levels, as indicated by the increasing vertical size of the boxes. ", "The box and whisker plots of the replicate data is shown in Supplementary Figure [S2](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. [", "Figure 6(a)](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} is a plot of the average and standard deviation of the medians, as a function of increasing treatment potential of the replicate data. ", "The increase in standard deviation, particularly at high electrode potential, is a reflection of experimental variation. ", "The expression of the replicate data in terms of median values is important in that it is particularly sensitive to experimental variation in the distribution of the comets, particularly at high treatment levels. [", "Figure 6(b)](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} is a plot of the average and standard deviation of the means of the replicate data. ", "Although the median and the mean values are expected to be different with non-symmetrical distributions, both plots show essentially a linear increase in the percentage of damaged DNA with increasing oxidizing treatment level from *E* = 0.5 V to *E* = 1.5 V. A further oxidizing potential increase to *E* = 2 V for 12 h yielded extensive broken cells and debris that impeded comet analysis.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nThe alkaline comet assay offers a sensitive detection of both single and double strand breaks. ", "However, the inherent bio-variability of the cell\\'s response to various steps of this procedure requires large numbers of cells to obtain a representative average. ", "To obtain quality metrics, for most applications, about 100 cells are analyzed and this is practical only using an automated system for data collection and analysis \\[[@B10], [@B17]\\]. ", "Another source of variability inherent in the comet assay is its multistep experimental procedure that contributes variation during lysis, electrophoresis, staining and imaging steps \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "In addition, there is no consensus as to which single parameter is the best representative of the DNA damage extent (percent DNA in tail, tail length, tail moment, etc.) ", "\\[[@B12], [@B18]\\]. ", "We have chosen to express our data in terms of the percentage of DNA in tail (% DNA in tail), since this method yields the simplest direct estimate of the extent of DNA strand breaks, without distinguishing differences in the distribution of strand size, which can affect the shape of the tail (i.e., olive tail moment) \\[[@B13], [@B18]\\].", "\n\nVarious internal and external standards have been proposed to improve comet assay reproducibility \\[[@B13], [@B14]\\] and facilitate data comparability between laboratories. ", "In the current study we have explored the electrochemical oxidation of surface attached CHO cells under potentiostatic conditions as a way to generate DNA damage reference materials for the comet assay. ", "These measurements demonstrate that electrochemical oxidation of live cells, growing on an InSnO~2~electrode surface, leads to reproducible DNA damage, as assessed by the comet assay, and could potentially be utilized for comet assay performance evaluation. ", "In addition, the ROS generated by electrochemical oxidation may have unique properties at high oxidizing potential levels that could be relevant in the study of senescence and apoptosis.", "\n\nA popular way to induce DNA damage *in-vitro* is to incubate the cells with chemical agents such as hydrogen peroxide. ", "However, several factors inherent to chemical use are difficult to control and hamper the data comparability. ", "The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is particularly difficult to quantify, primarily due to its instability in storage and in cellular media, which contains multiple reducing entities. ", "Other widely used DNA damage inducing agents, such as etoposide, ethyl methane sulfonate or bleomycin also have the issues of accurate dosing due to difficulties with removal from cell preparations after treatment \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "Alternatively, the exposure of cells to physical factors such as ionizing or UV radiation leads to a variety of DNA damage products which can be used as reference samples for the genotox assays. ", "This requires specialized equipment and calibration of the radiation source. ", "Radiation exposure of cells was reliably measured and dosing accurately controlled, by adjusting the exposure timing \\[[@B14], [@B18]\\]. ", "Notably, there are no lingering DNA damage reactions following such treatments as opposed to residual chemical agents that diffuse into various cellular compartments \\[[@B20]\\]. ", "In a similar fashion, the electrochemical treatment allows a well-controlled exposure of cells under a defined oxidative intensity level as prescribed by the electrode potential in a potentiostatic experiment.", "\n\nDuring such exposure cells are oxidized directly and also react with electrochemically produced ROS resulting from water electrolysis. ", "As in the case of ionizing radiation, electrode potential is easy to switch on and off, ensuring the accurate and reproducible dose control.", "\n\nPreviously, we showed that an electrochemical potential gradient can serve as a quantitative *in vitro* test platform for cellular oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "In that study we used a live/dead assay to measure cell viability following their exposure to a range of the oxidizing potentials. ", "We also have demonstrated that soluble genomic DNA is electro-oxidized on boron doped diamond electrodes under potentiostatic conditions \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "Our GC/MS/MS measurements of purified calf thymus DNA showed that base lesions (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-hydroxyadenine and 5-hydroxy-5-methylhydantoin) were produced during electrochemical treatment at *E* = 2.0 V for 1 h \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "Also, in an earlier study, using capillary electrophoresis, we found extensive strand breakage in calf thymus DNA when exposed for 1 h at *E* = 3.0 V and in Poly A and Poly G nucleotides exposed 1 h at *E* = 1.0 V \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "These studies show that the production of significant DNA damage under physiological conditions in this electrode potential range is consistent with our current studies of mammalian cells.", "\n\nIn the current investigation, we used the comet assay to examine the extent of DNA damage produced in live cells at increasing levels of oxidative stress exerted by the working electrode potential. ", "Our use of histograms to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of electrochemical treatment reveals a population of cells that apparently are able to maintain DNA repair at high treatment levels. ", "This type of plot, using a bin size at the measurement resolution of imaging % DNA in tail for individual comets, yields a complete picture of the heterogeneity in the distribution of comet size. ", "As shown in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, at treatment levels of *E* = 1.0 V and *E* = 1.5 V, a substantial percentage of the cells are able to maintain DNA damage levels approximating that observed at *E* = 0.5 V. This explanation seems likely given that about 30% of the cells remain viable at *E* = 1.0 V by the Live/Dead assay ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Since the asynchronous culture of cells was treated over a period of 12 h, they would be equally affected by treatment during their replication cycles. ", "However, some cells in the culture may be replicating faster than others and those cells may be more sensitive to damage. ", "If instead the heterogeneity was due to the cells exposed to a non-homogeneous environment (i.e., non-uniform potential on the electrode surface) a wider distribution of comets would also be expected in the histograms at the lower *E* = 0.5 V treatment level. ", "Instead the distribution of comets is more homogeneous at 0.5 V compared to the higher levels of treatment ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In this regard, *E* = 0.5 V may be an optimal range for use to produce a reference material. ", "The box and whiskers plot is particularly helpful to compare the extent of heterogeneity in the population of cells after treatment ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, a more in-depth analysis of the cell populations with increasing levels of treatment, using assays for apoptosis and senescence, may be required to elucidate the biological reasons for this heterogeneity.", "\n\nTo assess the repeatability of the electrochemical oxidation, including any subsequent variations in the comet assay, all three independent sets of treated and analyzed cells were compared (Supplementary Figure [S2](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Despite the observed heterogeneity and experimental variation, particularly at the higher treatment levels, when the three sets of medians and the means of the individual histograms were averaged, both the plot of the average median % DNA in tail ([Figure 6(a)](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and the plot of the average mean % DNA in tail ([Figure 6(b)](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed a linear dependence within the range of 0 V to 1.5 V. The standard deviations of the individual medians indicated a continuous increase in experimental variation with treatment level. ", "At *E* = 0.5 V, the variation of the means is much greater than that of the medians, which demonstrates the high sensitivity of the mean in detecting the high % DNA in tail outliers that can appear at this treatment level. ", "In addition, at *E* = 0 V, the 5% higher value of the average of mean % DNA in tail, plotted in [Figure 6(b)](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, indicates that the mean is more sensitive to data asymmetry. ", "This observation supports the concept that a low level of DNA damaging events, measured here in strand breaks, occurs as background in the absence of applied genotoxins (no threshold). ", "This is shown in the histogram in [Figure 4(a)](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} where a substantial number of cells containing DNA strand breaks at zero oxidative bias is evident and in the average of mean plot vs applied potential, where the asymmetry in the distribution is emphasized ([Figure 6(b)](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAlthough purified DNA containing various levels of damage can be stored for extended periods, the stability of the electrochemically treated mammalian cells during cold storage was not determined here. ", "As with other DNA damaging methods, the effect of active repair enzymes in electrochemically treated cells under various storage conditions will need to be examined. ", "In addition to stability during storage, a reference material would require identical aliquots from a single batch of treated cells. ", "The electrochemical method could be practical to produce reference materials, particularly at the lower treatment level (*E* = 0.5 V), where homogeneity and repeatability can be achieved. ", "Multiple preparations of about a million cells each, at this treatment level, could easily be combined into a single large batch of several million cells for storage and shipment of identical samples to different research groups for comparison between labs. ", "The box and whiskers and mean analysis can be used during this process for quality control and to eliminate any aberrant preparations from being included in the batch. ", "The resulting reference material aliquots could then be comet assayed in parallel with test materials, as a quality control of the procedure. ", "However, for use of the electrochemical system to generate custom samples on site as needed for a reference would require low treatment levels (i.e., *E* = 0.5 V) where repeatability is optimal. ", "For results to be comparable between different laboratories, the electrochemical system, cell type and treatment conditions would need to be completely specified. ", "Furthermore, measurements by alternative assay methods may be needed to verify the actual mass percentage of damaged DNA.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusions {#sec5}\n==============\n\nTreating CHO cells grown on an indium tin oxide electrode by electrochemical oxidation is an efficient method to produce DNA damaged cells under well-controlled conditions. ", "This approach has potential use in preparing cellular reference materials for the comet assay as well as other bio-analytical applications. ", "The appeal of this cellular treatment method is that it does not require complicated or hazardous equipment and samples for DNA damage assay calibration can conveniently be prepared. ", "However, for these products to be used as reference materials their complete characterization and analysis of stability will be required.", "\n\nWe thank Alessandro Tona for maintaining the stock of CHO cells and providing them for the electrochemical oxidative experiments.", "\n\nData Availability\n=================\n\nThe supporting data is available in the submitted manuscript and the supplementary materials files.", "\n\nDisclosure\n==========\n\nCertain commercial equipment, instruments and materials are identified in this paper to specify an experimental procedure, as completely as possible. ", "In no case does the identification of particular equipment or materials imply a recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply that the materials, instruments, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.", "\n\nConflicts of Interest\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nSupplementary Materials {#supplementary-material-1}\n=======================\n\n###### \n\nFigure S1: cyclic voltammetry of the indium tin oxide electrode, recorded in complete cell growth medium. ", "Scan rate is 10 mV/s. Figure S2: reproducibility of comet assay. ", "Histograms of comet data resulting from separate cultures and electrochemical treatments. (", "a) Control, open circuit for 12 h. (b) 12 h at *E* = 0.5 V. (c) 12 h at *E* = 1.0 V. (d) 12 h at *E* = 1.5 V. Treatment time and potential and number of comets counted are given above each histogram. ", "Box and Whisker Plots of the individual data sets are shown for each treatment level, which illustrates the median, the 25 and 75 percentiles and the outliers for each electrochemical treatment. *", "N* = 3 independent experiments are shown for each treatment level.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{ref-type=\"table\"}.](JNA2020-2928104.002){#fig2}\n\n{#fig3}\n\n{#fig4}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Boxes represent data within 25^th^ and 75^th^ percentiles. ", "The horizontal line within each box represents the median value. ", "Extended bars represent the max and minimum values.](JNA2020-2928104.005){#fig5}\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Error bars represent the standard deviation of the medians at each treatment level. (", "b) Plot of average of the comet assay means as a function of increasing treatment level. ", "Each data point at a given treatment level is the average of the means of the same 3 independent comet distributions (histograms shown in Supplementary Figure [S2](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The vertical error bars represent the standard deviation of the medians or means at each treatment level. ", "The horizontal error bars represent the small instrument uncertainty in the applied potential.](JNA2020-2928104.006){#fig6}\n\n###### \n\nLive/Dead analysis of cells before and after treatment.", "\n\n Treatment Fraction live\n ------------------ ---------------\n Control, 12 h 0.64 ± 0.29\n 12 h *E* = 0.5 V 0.53 ± 0.12\n 12 h *E* = 1.0 V 0.30 ± 0.15\n\nErrors are standard deviations of three independent measurements (*N* = 3).", "\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Ben Berkhout\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "\n396 N.W.2d 46 (1986)\nSTATE of Minnesota, Respondent,\nv.\nVictor Daniel MESICH, Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "C7-86-252.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Minnesota.", "\nNovember 10, 1986.", "\nReview Denied January 2, 1987.", "\n*47 Hubert H. Humphrey III, Atty. ", "Gen., Janet A. Newberg, Sp. ", "Asst. ", "Atty. ", "Gen., St. Paul, Roger S. VanHeel, Stearns Co. Atty., ", "St. Cloud, for respondent.", "\nC. Paul Jones, State Public Defender, Ann Remington, Asst. ", "State Public Defender, Minneapolis, for appellant.", "\nHeard, considered, and decided by the court, en banc, consisting of POPOVICH, C.J., and PARKER, FOLEY, WOZNIAK, SEDGWICK, LANSING, HUSPENI, FORSBERG, LESLIE, NIERENGARTEN, RANDALL, and CRIPPEN, JJ.", "\n\nOPINION\nWOZNIAK, Judge.", "\nVictor Daniel Mesich was found guilty by a Stearns County jury of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree, in violation of Minn.Stat. § ", "609.342(d) (1984). ", "He was sentenced to five and one-half times the presumptive sentence. ", "He appeals from the judgment of conviction and the sentence. ", "We affirm the conviction and the sentence.", "\n\nFACTS\nOn November 2, 1982, at approximately 10:15 p.m., the victim, an 18-year-old freshman at St. Cloud State University, left her on-campus dorm room to walk to a local grocery store. ", "As she took a shortcut through a church parking lot, a man stepped out from behind her, grabbed her around the neck with his left arm, and pushed a sharp object into her lower back. ", "The man pointed to a corner of the parking lot, told the victim to walk in that direction, and, holding her tight against his chest, forced her forward. ", "The victim observed a large, dark-colored, four-door car in the corner of the lot. ", "The man forced her into the rear passenger door. ", "As the assailant *48 opened the door, the victim noticed a knife with a six-inch blade in his hand.", "\nWhen the assailant shoved the victim into the car, she landed on her left side on the back seat and then rolled over onto her back. ", "He climbed in on top of her, putting his left knee on the seat beside her, and his right knee on the floor. ", "He shut the car door and put the knife on the hump on the floor.", "\nThe assailant roughly pulled down the zipper on the victim's jacket, pulled the jacket off, and threw it on the floor. ", "He pushed her sweatshirt up underneath her arms, exposing her breasts. ", "When he saw that she was not wearing a bra, he began taunting her, asking her if she was trying to \"flaunt,\" and if she \"thought she was so great\" because she had breasts. ", "He began to roughly pinch and twist the victim's breasts, causing a great deal of pain. ", "He then picked up the knife and pushed it under the victim's right breast. ", "He threatened to cut her breasts off, saying that she did not deserve to have them and that they should be thrown in the garbage. ", "The victim believed that he was really going to cut her breasts off. ", "She could see his face during this time, and testified that he looked very amused by how frightened she was, and at the same time he looked very angry.", "\nThe assailant then placed the knife on the shelf under the rear window. ", "He unzipped his pants and forced the victim to massage his penis for several minutes. ", "He removed the victim's pants, underpants and shoes, and roughly inserted his finger in her vagina, causing pain. ", "She closed her legs and tried to pull away, whereupon the rapist became extremely angry and punched her hard in the stomach several times. ", "He jabbed her in the stomach with the knife several times, causing several wounds and leaving one permanent scar. ", "He pushed her legs apart, inserted the tip of the knife inside her vagina, and said he should cut those parts out of her, that she did not deserve to have them, that he should just throw them away. ", "At this point, the victim believed the rapist was going to kill her.", "\nThe rapist then grabbed the back of the victim's head and forced his penis into her mouth. ", "She gagged and thought she was going to be sick. ", "As he forced her to perform fellatio, he said \"You must know what you're doing. ", "You must enjoy this, too.\"", "\nThe rapist then roughly forced intercourse upon the victim, hurting her badly. ", "He raped her for a long period of time, then pulled out and masturbated himself, ejaculating onto her chest.", "\nAfter ejaculating, the rapist got angry, hit the victim again, and told her that she was not any good, that rape was the only thing she was made for, that it would have been better with a dog, and that he should not have wasted his time on a piece of trash.", "\nFinally, the rapist zipped up his pants, threw the victim's clothes at her, and told her to get out of the car. ", "She got out as he started the engine, and he drove away immediately. ", "The victim got dressed in the corner of the parking lot and walked back to her dormitory. ", "Her roommate was not home that night. ", "The victim showered immediately and cried for the rest of the night.", "\nThe victim did not immediately report the rape to the authorities. ", "The first time she told another person about it was about two weeks later, on November 17, 1982, when she told her therapist. ", "The therapist urged the victim to report the rape, but the victim was very frightened that if she reported it, the rapist would come after her, because he had threatened her. ", "The victim was very reluctant to talk about it even to her therapist, and did not describe the rape in any detail.", "\nOn February 23, 1983, the victim met with her therapist and was very anxious. ", "She told her therapist that she had recently seen the rapist for the first time since the rape at the Crossroads Shopping Mall in St. Cloud.", "\n*49 In March of 1983, the victim began to open up more with her therapist about the rape and discuss the details of the rape with her. ", "As the anniversary of the rape approached in November of 1983, the victim was still feeling an extreme amount of anxiety. ", "She told her therapist that she was feeling a lot of shame about the rape, blaming herself, and talked about not wanting to be a woman any more, about having an operation to have her female organs removed. ", "The therapist testified that the victim had been angry and distrustful of men prior to the rape, but these problems escalated greatly afterwards. ", "At some point several months after the rape, the victim was admitted to the psychiatric ward of a St. Cloud hospital because of depression and suicidal thoughts.", "\nThe victim testified that in the summer of 1984 she began to see her assailant walking around the Crossroads Mall area on a regular basis. ", "She saw him with other people a lot, and on one occasion she saw him in the company of Joan West, a woman the victim knew from a local women's shelter.", "\nTowards the end of 1984, the victim began to feel guilty about not reporting the rape. ", "She testified that every time she heard that a rape had been committed in the St. Cloud area, she wondered if her attacker had done it. ", "She decided to report the rape to the police.", "\nOn January 15, 1985, the victim reported the rape to Officer Kathy Nolan of the St. Cloud Police Department. ", "She described the rapist to Nolan as a white man, approximately 6' 5\" and slender. ", "Nolan showed the victim a photographic lineup of five men matching this general description. ", "According to Nolan's testimony, the victim immediately pointed to the photograph of defendant as the man who raped her. ", "The photograph of defendant was from a state identification card issued to persons who do not qualify for a driver's license.", "\nDefendant was arrested and charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct. ", "Robert Diedrichs, Chief of Detectives for the St. Cloud Police Department, interviewed defendant about the attack. ", "The interview was taped. ", "Defendant admitted he knew Joan West, and indicated that he had lived with her for some time. ", "He denied being in St. Cloud in 1982. ", "He stated that he had never had a driver's license. ", "He stated during the taped interview that he was going to plead guilty, do his 20 years, and then file suit for false arrest.", "\nLater that same morning, Detective Diedrichs completed the booking procedure with defendant. ", "Diedrichs testified that as he was fingerprinting defendant, defendant stated, \"I did it.\" ", "Diedrichs asked \"Why?\" ", "Defendant replied, \"Because she didn't deserve to live.\" ", "The interview was over at this point and defendant's statements were not tape-recorded. ", "At trial, defendant admitted that, while being fingerprinted, he had told Diedrichs that he did it. ", "He testified that he said it out of \"rage and madness\" at being taken to jail. ", "He then testified that he told Diedrichs \"I might as well plead guilty to it and say I did it.\" ", "He denied telling Diedrichs that he did it because the victim did not deserve to live.", "\nMinneapolis police officer David Berekeley testified at defendant's trial that on June 10, 1983, he searched defendant and retrieved from defendant's sock a fillet knife with an overall length of ten inches, including the handle. ", "At that time, defendant's residence address was 829 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis, above the You All Come Back Saloon.", "\nDefendant testified at trial that he had not been in St. Cloud in either November 1982 or February 1983 and that he had been living at the Tourist Hotel, 829 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis, in the fall of 1982. ", "He testified that he moved to St. Cloud in August 1984 and that he had frequented both downtown St. Cloud and the Crossroads shopping mall in 1984. ", "He admitted that he knew Joan West and that he had a knife in his boot when he was searched by Officer Berekeley in 1983. ", "He denied that he had ever seen the victim before trial.", "\n*50 Defendant had only two crooked front teeth at the time of trial, having lost the rest of them to gum disease twelve to fifteen years earlier. ", "He testified that he did not have a driver's license, did not drive or own a car, and did not even know how to start a car.", "\nDefendant's mother and his current wife both testified in his behalf. ", "His mother recalled that in the fall of 1982, defendant's first wife had a breast removed due to cancer. ", "She testified that defendant and his wife were divorced in 1982. ", "She testified that, to the best of her knowledge, defendant had never had a driver's license, and she had never observed him driving a car. ", "She testified that she believed defendant was living in Minneapolis at two or three different addresses in 1982 and 1983, but she did not know the exact addresses. ", "She admitted that sometimes months would go by when she did not see the defendant, and she was not sure if he was currently married.", "\nDefendant's current wife testified that she had never observed defendant drive an automobile and that to the best of her knowledge he did not have a driver's license. ", "She admitted, however, that she had met the defendant for the first time within one month of the date they were married, January 9, 1985. ", "The rape thus occurred over two years before they first met.", "\nThe jury found defendant guilty as charged. ", "The trial court sentenced defendant to a term of 240 months imprisonment, a five and one-half times upward departure from the presumptive guidelines sentence of 43 months.", "\n\nISSUES\n1. ", "Was the evidence insufficient as a matter of law to sustain defendant's conviction?", "\n2. ", "Did the trial court abuse its discretion in imposing a five and one-half times upward departure from the presumptive sentence?", "\n\nANALYSIS\n1. ", "In State v. Merrill, 274 N.W.2d 99 (Minn.1978), the supreme court set forth the basic principles to be followed in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence:\nIn reviewing a claim of insufficiency of the evidence, we are limited to ascertaining whether, given the facts in the record and the legitimate inferences that can be drawn from those facts, a jury could reasonably conclude that the defendant was guilty of the offense charged. ", "We cannot retry the facts, but must take the view of the evidence most favorable to the state and must assume that the jury believed the state's witnesses and disbelieved any contradictory evidence. ", "If the jury, giving due regard to the presumption of innocence and to the state's burden of proving the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, could reasonably have found the defendant guilty, that verdict will not be reversed.", "\nId. at 111 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).", "\nDefendant does not dispute that the victim was brutally raped on November 2, 1982. ", "He argues, however, that insufficient evidence was presented at trial to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was the rapist.", "\nThe State must prove identity beyond a reasonable doubt. ", "State v. Armstrong, 311 Minn. 541, 249 N.W.2d 176, 178 (1976). ", "In State v. Burch, 284 Minn. 300, 170 N.W.2d 543 (1969), the supreme court listed the five factors to be considered in evaluating identification testimony:\nThe factors involved would include the opportunity of the witness to see the defendant at the time the crime was committed, the length of time the person committing the crime was in the witness' view, the stress the witness was under at the time, the lapse of time between the crime and the identification, and the effect of the procedures followed by the police as either testing the identification or simply reinforcing the witness' initial determination that the defendant is the one who committed the crime.", "\n*51 Id. at 315-16, 170 N.W.2d at 553-54. ", "Consideration of these five factors leads to the conclusion that the victim's identification testimony was reliable.", "\nFirst, the victim had ample opportunity to see the rapist at the time the crime was committed. ", "Through almost all of the attack, the victim was lying on her back, face-to-face with the assailant, looking at his face. ", "At trial, she testified as to the expression on his face. ", "Although the attack took place at night, the area was lit by a street light just across from where the attack occurred.", "\nDefendant argues that if he were the rapist and if there really had been sufficient light for the victim to view him during the attack, she surely would have noticed that he had only two front teeth, a fact she did not report when she initially described her attacker to the police. ", "However, the record does not indicate whether defendant's toothlessness is apparent when he speaks or opens his mouth. ", "In addition, the only evidence that defendant's teeth were in that condition on the date of the attack is his own testimony and his mother's.", "\nThe second factor listed by the Burch court, the length of time the defendant was in the witness's view, weighs in favor of reliability in this case. ", "The victim's testimony indicates that her attacker was in her view for almost the full duration of the attack.", "\nThe third factor listed by the Burch court to be considered in evaluating eye-witness testimony is the stress the witness was under at the time of the crime. ", "Here, the victim's testimony regarding the attack was sufficiently detailed to indicate that her fear did not prevent her from observing details at the time of the attack. ", "There is no indication that the stress the victim suffered affected the accuracy of her identification testimony.", "\nThe fourth Burch factor, the lapse of time between the crime and the identification, is more troublesome in this case because the victim did not pick defendant out of a photographic lineup until February 1, 1985, 27 months after the attack. ", "The victim first reported the rape on November 17, 1982, however, two weeks after it occurred. ", "She first reported seeing her assailant at the Crossroads Mall on February 23, 1983, three and one-half months after the attack. ", "She saw him at the mall and in downtown St. Cloud several times during the summer of 1984.", "\nThe fifth Burch factor, the effect of police procedures on the identification, is not at issue in this appeal. ", "There is no allegation that the photographic lineup was suggestive.", "\nDefendant also argues that the victim's identification of her assailant was not reliable because her initial description of the assailant was not sufficiently detailed. ", "The victim described her attacker to Officer Nolan as a white male, approximately 6' 5\", 170 pounds, slender build, dark brown or black hair, approximately 30 to 35 years old, and having a ruddy complexion as if he had been out in the sun quite a bit. ", "Officer Nolan testified that the description of defendant on his state-issued identification card was substantially similar to that given by the victim.", "\nIn addition to the victim's identification testimony, additional evidence was introduced here which corroborated that defendant was the assailant. ", "First, defendant admitted that he used to spend time hanging around the Crossroads Mall in St. Cloud, and that he knew Joan West.", "\nSecond, and much more important, however, is the evidence that defendant confessed to a police officer. ", "Detective Diedrichs testified that, while being fingerprinted following his arrest, defendant spontaneously said \"I did it\" and when asked why, responded, \"Because she didn't deserve to live.\" ", "At trial, defendant admitted that he said he did it, although he testified that he made this statement only out of anger at the police, and denied saying that the victim did not deserve to live. ", "In reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, however, this court must take the view of the evidence most favorable to the State, *52 and must assume that the jury believed the State's witnesses and disbelieved any contrary evidence. ", "State v. Merrill, 274 N.W.2d at 111.", "\nIn summary, the victim's identification testimony alone was probably sufficiently reliable that a reasonable jury could have found defendant guilty. ", "Even if the identification testimony alone were not sufficient, the corroborating evidence, particularly defendant's spontaneous confession, when viewed in conjunction with the identification testimony, provided sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict of guilty.", "\n2. ", "Defendant was convicted of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree in violation of Minn.Stat. § ", "609.342(d) (1984). ", "The presumptive sentence for this severity level 8 offense for an offender with a criminal history score of zero is 43 months. ", "The trial court sentenced defendant to the statutory maximum of 240 months, a five and one-half times upward durational departure. ", "The trial court stated the following reasons for departure:\n1. ", "The victim was treated with outrageously gross and vile physical and verbal cruelty.", "\n2. ", "The defendant forced the victim to engage in six different acts of sexual abuse, including various types of penetration.", "\n3. ", "The defendant's acts caused the victim to be significantly traumatized psychologically, and his actions were each consistent with a course of conduct intended to humiliate, degrade, and physically harm her.", "\nDefendant concedes that his conduct would justify a double durational departure, but argues that his conduct was not so egregious as to justify a greater departure.", "\nGenerally, in a case in which an upward durational departure is justified, the upper limit will be double the presumptive sentence. ", "A greater than double departure will be upheld only in \"rare cases\" in which the facts are \"unusually compelling.\" ", "State v. Evans, 311 N.W.2d 481, 483 (Minn. 1981). ", "Multiple penetrations alone will generally justify a double, but not greater, upward durational departure. ", "See, e.g., State v. Heinkel, 322 N.W.2d 322 (Minn. 1982); State v. Martinez, 319 N.W.2d 699 (Minn.1982).", "\nThe Minnesota Supreme Court upheld a 240-month sentence for first-degree criminal sexual conduct in State v. Herberg, 324 N.W.2d 346 (Minn.1982). ", "The defendant's conduct in Herberg was similar in many respects to the defendant's conduct here.[1] In Herberg, the defendant forced a 14-year-old girl into his car and drove her to an isolated area where he subjected her to various forms of sexual abuse and physical degradation. ", "As in this case, the defendant in Herberg subjected his victim to multiple penetrations. ", "The defendant in Herberg also cut his victim's vagina with a knife. ", "Here, the defendant inserted a knife in the victim's vagina and threatened to cut out internal organs. ", "In Herberg, the defendant forced his victim to stick a safety pin into one of her nipples and forced her to burn herself with a cigarette. ", "Here, the defendant punched and stabbed the victim repeatedly in the stomach after she attempted to stop the attack, causing a permanent scar. ", "In Herberg, the defendant choked his victim to the point of unconsciousness. ", "Here, the defendant forced his penis into the victim's mouth until she gagged.", "\nFinally, in Herberg, the defendant forced his victim to ingest excrement and urine. ", "While the defendant here did not subject the victim to this form of degradation, he nonetheless subjected her to vicious psychological degradation. ", "Defendant pushed a knife under the victim's breast, cutting her, and threatened to cut her breasts off and throw them away because she \"didn't deserve to have them.\" ", "Later, he stuck his knife into her vagina and told her that he *53 was going to cut out her female organs and throw them away because she did not deserve to have them. ", "Finally, when the attack was over, defendant told his victim that she was no good, that this kind of abuse was the only thing she was made for, that it would have been better with a dog, and that he should not have wasted his time on a piece of trash.", "\nOf course, any forcible rape at knifepoint will inflict emotional and psychological injuries. ", "Here, however, the defendant's vicious taunts, threats, and his cruel degradation of the victim constituted a form of emotional abuse which sets this case apart from a more \"typical\" rape. ", "The victim was seriously traumatized by the rape. ", "At the time the rape occurred, she was seeing a therapist because of emotional troubles. ", "As a result of the defendant's attack on her, she had to be hospitalized for depression and suicidal thoughts.", "\nIn Herberg, the supreme court held that the 240-month sentence was justified because the defendant \"subjected the victim to outrageously gross and vile physical abuse.\" ", "324 N.W.2d at 350. ", "Here, the defendant subjected the victim to extreme psychological and emotional abuse, as well as physical. ", "We agree with the trial court that this is one of those \"rare cases\" where the facts justify imposing a sentence greater than that allowed by the general doubling rule of State v. Evans, 311 N.W.2d 481, 483 (Minn.1981).", "\nAfter careful consideration, we have concluded that defendant's depraved and barbarous savagery to his victim justifies imposition of the maximum sentence permissible under the statute. ", "The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing defendant as it did.", "\n\nDECISION\nWe affirm the conviction and the sentence imposed by the trial court.", "\nAffirmed.", "\nRANDALL, Judge, concurring specially.", "\nI cannot disagree that the facts enunciated by the majority justify the 240 month sentence imposed by the trial court. ", "However, I cannot place the same reliance on State v. Herberg, 324 N.W.2d 346 (Minn. 1982), that the majority opinion does. ", "Both the Herberg trial court and the trial court here imposed the statutory maximum sentence of 240 months. ", "To that extent, the two upward departure decisions are parallel. ", "However, the Herberg court sentence was 3.7 times the presumptive sentence. ", "Here the trial court had to multiply the presumptive sentence by 5.5 to get to the maximum. ", "Although Herberg does not tell us that we cannot multiply a presumptive sentence by a factor of 5.5 times, it does not tell us that we can. ", "The issue in Herberg was how bad do the facts have to be to warrant upward departure to the statutory maximum, not how many times can you multiply the presumptive sentence to get there.[1]\nAlthough I cannot find a case where this issue has been precisely decided, I believe the spirit and intent of the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines is that upward departure of five, six, eight, or ten times the presumptive sentence is qualitatively different and constitutes a harsher sentence than doubling or tripling the presumptive sentence, even though the end result in terms of number of months is the same.", "\nTo illustrate, assume that a defendant commits a crime which carries a maximum penalty of 20 years or 240 months. ", "Assume that because of a high criminal history score the presumptive sentence for this defendant is 120 months (example one). ", "Then, to reach the maximum possible sentence, the trial court need only multiply the presumptive sentence by a factor of two.", "\nNow assume that a defendant commits, in an equally heinous manner, a crime calling for a maximum possible sentence of 240 months, but because of a zero history *54 score only has a presumptive sentence of approximately 40 months executed (example two). ", "Even though the heinousness and viciousness and substantial and compelling circumstances of both defendant's actions are the same, the trial judge in the second example has to multiply the presumptive sentence by a factor of six to get up to 240 months. ", "Is example one controlling precedent for example two? ", "I do not think so. ", "The sentence for defendant in example two is harsher than the sentence in example one, although the length is the same.", "\nWe do have clear direction in State v. Evans, 311 N.W.2d 481 (Minn.1981). ", "Evans held that upward durational departures should generally be limited to double the presumptive sentence and, absent \"unusual compelling\" facts, a departure of more than double cannot be justified. ", "See Evans 311 N.W.2d at 483.", "\nHerberg tells us that there do exist cases with extremely aggravating factors that allow for imposing sentences above and beyond the general doubling rule. ", "Herberg, however, while acknowledging that the maximum sentence authorized by law is the cap in terms of years, did not address whether or not there is a cap on the multiplying factor.", "\nThere appears to be a need for a cap on the multiplying factor. ", "If the only limit on upward departures is the maximum allowed by statute, there will be a trend toward departures of five, six, eight, ten, etc. ", "times the presumptive sentence in order to reach the maximum when the facts are aggravated. ", "This trend would emasculate the clear intent of the legislature when establishing the guidelines that the presumptive sentence had built into it due consideration for heinous elements of crime.", "\n[T]he legislature, to a great extent, has taken the vulnerability of the victims of rape and factors such as the use of knives and threats into account in distinguishing rape offenses by degree. ", "However, we have also indicated that each case must be considered on its own.", "\nHerberg, 324 N.W.2d at 349.", "\nI am concerned about a trend to treat the presumptive sentence as intended only for \"nice\" people who commit \"nice\" felonies. ", "Whenever the defendant is the least bit odd or different and the facts the least bit aggravated or bizarre, there appears to arise a \"presumption\" that an upward departure is the norm, and that imposition of the presumptive sentence is somehow a sign of leniency. ", "That is decidedly not the case. ", "There is never a \"presumption\" that the presumptive sentence is not sufficient to punish the defendant. ", "The power of trial courts to depart upward to double the presumptive sentence and then use unusual and compelling circumstances to go even higher is always a \"departure\". ", "Even in the face of aggravated acts, upward departures must be scrutinized to overcome the legislative presumption.", "\nThere would be no sense or good taste in discussing the underlying facts in Herberg and in this case to attempt to quantify which defendant was the bigger villain and which victim suffered the most harm and most degradation. ", "Both defendants committed extremely bad acts, and both victims suffered extreme injury. ", "What needs to be addressed is whether a multiplier cap is needed.", "\nWe already acknowledge the necessity of maximum caps regardless of the heinousness of the crime, as all crimes, except murder in the first degree, have a statutory maximum in terms of years.", "\nTo assist trial courts, prosecutors, and the criminal defense bar, I invite direction from our supreme court and the legislature. ", "Applying the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines and interpreting Evans and Herberg, I would hold that if there exist unusual and compelling circumstances so aggravated that more than double the presumptive sentence can be justified, then in no case can the sentence imposed exceed a factor of, for instance, 3.5 times the presumptive.", "\n*55 Since presumptive sentences are higher for each criminal history point, this standard would recognize the importance the guidelines place on sentencing people differently for committing the same crime if they have a higher criminal history score. ", "At the present time, the only sentencing cap in Minnesota is the statutory maximum. ", "The number of times a trial court can multiply the presumptive is the issue, not whether or not the statutory maximum can be reached. ", "This issue should be addressed.", "\nLESLIE, Judge (dissenting).", "\nI respectfully dissent. ", "I share the view of the majority that this is a case that justifies a departure from the guidelines. ", "I am also satisfied that the egregious facts of this case makes this that rare case justifying more than a double departure. ", "It is important, however, that some limit be established above which a trial court cannot go. ", "I would establish a triple departure as an absolute limit which this court would approve until expressly authorized to the contrary by the supreme court, the Sentencing Guidelines Commission or the legislature. ", "Otherwise, disparity will be the order of the day, the guidelines will become meaningless, and we can return to indeterminate sentencing.", "\nNIERENGARTEN, Judge (dissenting).", "\nI join in the dissent of Judge Leslie.", "\nCRIPPEN, Judge (dissenting).", "\nI join in the dissent of Judge Leslie.", "\nLANSING, Judge (dissenting).", "\nI join Judge Leslie's dissent, except his request for imposition of an absolute departure limit.", "\nFORSBERG, Judge (dissenting).", "\nI join in the dissent of Judge Leslie. ", "What is particularly bothersome in these \"extraordinary\" departures is the \"trivializing\" of the criminal history points.", "\nNOTES\n[1] We recognize that, beyond a certain point, comparative analysis of depraved behavior becomes an exercise in futility.", "\n[1] The presumptive sentence in Herberg was 65 months (60-70) whereas the presumptive sentence in this case is 43 months.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "The characteristics of the menstrual cycle in Nigerian schoolgirls and the implications for school health programmes.", "\nThe present study examines the characteristics of menstrual cycle among 361 Nigerian postmenarcheal schoolgirls derived from seven public secondary schools. ", "Survey questions covered preparation for menstruation, duration of flow, cycle length, regularity, premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. ", "For the study subjects the mean age (years) at the time of interview, at menarche, and completed since menarche are 16.5 +/- 3.3, 13.7 +/- 2.6 and 2.9 +/- 1.2 respectively. ", "Premenstrual counselling was reported in 84.2%; and 48.6% was provided by parents and guardians, and 23.7% by school teachers. ", "The findings indicate that menstrual flow < or = 2 days, and cycle length < or = 20 days are common; occurring in 20-30% of schoolgirls. ", "Abnormal patterns such as cycle length > or = 38 days, flow duration > or = 8 days and heavy menstruation occurred in less than 5% of study subjects. ", "Irregular menstrual cycles were recorded in 13%, and severe dysmenorrhea in 17.2%. ", "Severe premenstrual syndrome occurred in about 20% of schoolgirls, with symptom-complex mainly of behavioural change, arousal and impaired concentration. ", "The need for a multi-disciplinary school health counselling program that would provide relevant information on menstrual pattern and its common variation, identify abnormal patterns for early referral, provide psychological support and drug relief of distressing menstrual symptoms, and provide information on other contemporary adolescent problems is discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Denis Banks\n\nDenis Banks (born 16 June 1959) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the VFL/AFL.", "\n\nBanks was from East Reservoir and played as a centre-half-forward, but injuries prevented him from developing into a key position player. ", "He made his debut in 1979 and played in the losing Grand Final side for the Magpies. ", "In 1984 he won a spot in the VFL's Team of the Year.", "\n\nBanks was nearing the end of his career in 1990, but played another season and won a premiership medal in the drought-breaking Grand Final for Collingwood. ", "He retired in 1991, a year after premiership success. ", "Banks was inducted into the Collingwood Hall of Fame in 2007.", "\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1959 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Collingwood Football Club players\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Phenotypic dissection of cord blood immunoregulatory T-cell subsets by using a two-color immunofluorescence study.", "\nExpression of TQ1(Leu8) and 2H4 antigens on human cord blood T-cell subsets was evaluated by a double immunofluorescence analysis. ", "In normal adult blood all of the helper function for B-cell differentiation is confined to the smaller OKT4+TQ1-(Leu8-) cell subset, while the OKT4+TQ1+(Leu8+) cell subpopulation includes a subset of suppressor inducer 2H4+(JRA+) cells. ", "Our results indicated that the OKT4+TQ1-(Leu8-) cell subpopulation was decreased and the reciprocal OKT4+TQ1+(Leu8+) cell subset was markedly increased in cord blood E-rosetting OKT3+ cell population. ", "A rise in the number of cord OKT4+2H4+ cells was also found. ", "In addition, TQ1 antigen was present on OKT3+E-, a less mature, cord T-cell subset, not present in adult blood. ", "These findings may not only be of help in understanding lymphoid cell development during ontogeny, but also may agree with the reported strong-suppressor and weak-helper activities exerted by the T-cell subsets circulating in human cord blood." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\n625 F.Supp.2d 508 (2008)\nSAFECO INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Plaintiff,\nv.\nCPI PLASTICS GROUP, LTD., ", "et al., ", "Defendants.", "\nCivil Case No. ", "07-14135.", "\nUnited States District Court, E.D. Michigan, Southern Division.", "\nDecember 3, 2008.", "\n*510 Anthony J. Morrone, Cozen O'Connor, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff.", "\nKaren Libertiny Ludden, Mark E. Shreve, Garan Lucow, Troy, MI, for Defendants.", "\n\nORDER ACCEPTING AND ADOPTING THE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION\nSTEPHEN J. MURPHY, III, District Judge.", "\n\nINTRODUCTION\nBefore the Court are the defendants' \"Motion for Summary Judgment and/or to Dismiss\" and the Report and Recommendation of the Honorable Donald A. Scheer, United States Magistrate Judge. ", "The magistrate judge served the Report and Recommendation on the parties on July 28, 2008, and notified the parties that any objections must be filed within ten days of service. ", "The defendants filed timely objections. ", "For the reasons stated below, the Court overrules the defendants' objections and adopts the magistrate judge's Report and Recommendation.", "\n\nSTANDARD OF REVIEW\nThe Court's standard of review for a magistrate judge's Report and Recommendation depends upon whether a party files objections. ", "If a party objects to portions of the Report and Recommendation, the Court reviews those portions de novo. ", "28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) (C); Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 72(b)(3). ", "De novo review in these circumstances requires at least a review of the evidence before the magistrate judge; the Court may not act solely on the basis of a magistrate judge's Report and Recommendation. ", "See 12 Wright, Miller & Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 3070.2 (1997); see also Hill v. Duriron Co., 656 F.2d 1208, 1215 (6th Cir.1981). ", "After reviewing the evidence, the Court \"may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations\" of the magistrate judge. ", "28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) (c).", "\nFor those portions of the Report and Recommendation to which the parties have not filed objections, the Court does not need to conduct a review and can simply accept and adopt the Report and Recommendation. ", "See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 150, 106 S.Ct. ", "466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985). ", "In this case, the defendants have filed objections to only portions of the magistrate judge's Report and Recommendation, which will be addressed here.", "\n\nANALYSIS\n\nI. Background\nThe Report and Recommendation sets out the essential facts of the case:\nPlaintiff, Safeco Insurance Company of America (\"Safeco\") filed this action as subrogee of Gregory and Rachel Shepard *511 under a contract of insurance covering property damage to their residence. ", "The Shepards constructed an exterior deck on their home in 2005. ", "They used EON planks manufactured by Defendants (collectively designated \"CPI\"). ", "The EON product was purchased by Shepards from a local hardware outlet. ", "Construction of the deck was completed on or before June 10, 2005. ", "The Shepards placed an outdoor \"chimnea\" fireplace on the deck. ", "On February 28, 2006, while the fireplace was in use, the EON deck material caught fire. ", "The fire spread, despite Mr. Shepard's effort to extinguish it with a garden hose. ", "The local fire department responded to the homeowners' 911 call, but the residence was substantially destroyed. ", "No personal injury, however, resulted from the fire.", "\nThe Shepards submitted a loss claim under their insurance policy with Safeco. ", "Plaintiff paid the loss claim in the sum of $460,149.12. ", "Safeco, as subrogee of its insureds, seeks to recover from Defendants on the theory that the EON planks were made of highly flammable plastic polymers which liquified, ignited and fueled a runaway combustion.", "\nR & R, p. 514 (July 28, 2008) [docket entry # 15] (footnote omitted). ", "On October 1, 2007, the plaintiff Safeco filed its complaint against the defendants CPI, alleging three counts. ", "Count I is a claim based on a theory of negligence/implied warranty in tort; Count II is a contract claim pursuant to the Uniform Commercial Code (\"UCC\") for breach of express and implied warranty; and Count III is a claim of violation of the Michigan Consumer Protection Act, M.C.L. § 445.901 et seq. (\"", "MCPA\").", "\n\nII. ", "Count I: Tort Claim\nIn his Report and Recommendation, the magistrate judge ruled that the economic loss doctrine does not apply and that the plaintiff can pursue a claim in tort against the defendants. ", "The defendants filed objections to this ruling.", "\nAfter considering the defendants' objections and the Report and Recommendation and after conducting a de novo review of the record, the Court finds that the defendants' objections have no merit and that the reasoning and conclusions of the magistrate judge are sound and correct.", "\nThe magistrate judge correctly noted that the \"economic loss doctrine\" was adopted in the Michigan Supreme Court case of Neibarger v. Universal Coops., ", "439 Mich. 512, 486 N.W.2d 612 (1992):\nThe economic loss doctrine, simply stated, provides that \"`[w]here a purchaser's expectations in a sale are frustrated because the product he bought is not working properly, his remedy is said to be in contract alone, for he has suffered only \"economic\" losses.'\" ", "This doctrine hinges on a distinction drawn between transactions involving the sale of goods for commercial purposes where economic expectations are protected by commercial and contract law, and those involving the sale of defective products to individual consumers who are injured in a manner which has traditionally been remedied by resort to the law of torts.", "\nNeibarger v. Universal Coops., ", "439 Mich. 512, 520-521, 486 N.W.2d 612 (Mich.1992) (footnotes omitted). ", "The magistrate judge also correctly observed that courts of appeals in Michigan have expanded the scope of the economic loss doctrine to transactions made by consumers, as seen in Sherman v. Sea Ray Boats, 251 Mich.App. ", "41, 649 N.W.2d 783 (2002), a case heavily relied upon by the defendants. ", "The magistrate judge, however, was correct to distinguish the Sherman case from the current *512 case. ", "In the Sherman case, the court observed that the nature of damages was only the loss of economic expectation in the product. ", "Id. at 790. ", "Here, in the current case, the loss was not just the economic expectation in the product, but also the adjoining house which was substantially damaged. ", "Moreover, in Sherman, there were no tort concerns with product safety, whereas in this case, tort concerns in product safety clearly abound. ", "In short, the plaintiff has been injured in a manner that is traditionally considered in tort and not in contract. ", "It is thus proper for the plaintiff be permitted to pursue a claim in tort. ", "Accordingly, the plaintiff's claim is not barred by the economic loss doctrine.", "\n\nIII. ", "Count II: UCC Claim\nIn his Report and Recommendation, the magistrate judge found that Count II was time-barred under the applicable statute of limitations for the UCC. ", "Accordingly, the magistrate judge recommended that Count II be dismissed. ", "The parties did not object to this portion of the Report and Recommendation. ", "The Court thus adopts this portion of the Report and Recommendation and dismisses Count II, the plaintiff's contract claim under the UCC.", "\n\nIV. ", "Count III: MCPA Claim\nIn his Report and Recommendation, the magistrate judge found that the plaintiff had standing to assert a claim under the MCPA. ", "The defendants object to this finding by arguing that since the plaintiff is the subrogee of the Shepards, the plaintiff has not suffered a loss, as required under the MCPA. ", "This objection is without merit. ", "A subrogee \"stands in the shoes of the subrogor\" and acquires the rights possessed by the subrogor. ", "Yerkovich v. AAA, 461 Mich. 732, 610 N.W.2d 542, 544 (2000). ", "There is no question that the Shepards would have standing to assert a claim under the MCPA. ", "Consequently, the plaintiff has standing and can pursue a MCPA claim.", "\nIn its response to the defendants' motion to dismiss and at the May 28, 2008 hearing, the plaintiff indicated that it no longer wishes to pursue punitive damages. ", "Accordingly, the plaintiff is permitted to pursue a claim for a violation of the MCPA without seeking punitive damages.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\nAfter having reviewed the magistrate judge's Report and Recommendation, the defendants' objections, and the applicable portions of the record, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the defendants' objections [docket entry # 16] to the Report and Recommendation are OVERRULED.", "\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Report and Recommendation [docket entry # 15] is ACCEPTED and ADOPTED as the opinion of this Court.", "\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the defendants' motion for summary judgment and/or to dismiss [docket entry # 10] is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. ", "In particular, Count II is DISMISSED, and the plaintiff is permitted to go forward on Count I and on Count III without seeking punitive damages.", "\nSO ORDERED.", "\n\nREPORT AND RECOMMENDATION\nDONALD A. SCHEER, United States Magistrate Judge.", "\n\nI. RECOMMENDATION:\n\nI recommend that Defendants CPI Plastics Group, Ltd. and CPI Plastics Group, Inc.'s Motion to Dismiss and/or for Summary Judgment be denied as to Count I of the Complaint. ", "I further recommend that Defendants' Motion be granted as to Count II of the Complaint. ", "I further recommend *513 that Defendants' Motion be granted, in part, as to the punitive damages claim in Count III of the Complaint, and denied as to the balance of Count III.", "\n\nII. ", "REPORT:\n\n\nA. Procedural History\n\nPlaintiff filed its Complaint on October 1, 2007. ", "Defendants filed their Answer on December 17, 2007. ", "The instant Motion for Summary Judgment and/or to Dismiss was filed on April 3, 2008, and referred to the magistrate judge on April 21, 2008. ", "Plaintiff responded to the Motion on April 24, 2008. ", "Defendants filed a Reply Brief on May 5, 2008. ", "The Motion was brought on for hearing on May 28, 2008, and taken under advisement.", "\n\nB. Applicable Law and Standard of Review\n\nRule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that summary judgment \"shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "Fed. ", "R.Civ.", "P. 56(c). ", "Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding the existence of an essential element of the nonmoving party's case on which the nonmoving party would bear the burden of proof at trial. ", "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Martin v. Ohio Turnpike Comm'n, 968 F.2d 606, 608 (6th Cir.1992).", "\nIn considering a motion for summary judgment, the court must view the facts and draw all reasonable inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. ", "60 Ivy St. Corp. v. Alexander, 822 F.2d 1432, 1435 (6th Cir.1987). ", "The court is not required or permitted, however, to judge the evidence or make findings of fact. ", "Id. at 1435-36. ", "The moving party has the burden of showing conclusively that no genuine issue of material fact exists. ", "Id. at 1435.", "\nA fact is \"material\" for purposes of summary judgment if proof of that fact would have the effect of establishing or refuting an essential element of the cause of action or a defense advanced by the parties. ", "Kendall v. Hoover Co., 751 F.2d 171, 174 (6th Cir.1984). ", "A dispute over a material fact is genuine \"if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.\" ", "Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). ", "Accordingly, when a reasonable jury could not find that the nonmoving party is entitled to a verdict, there is no genuine issue for trial and summary judgment is appropriate. ", "Id.; Feliciano v. City of-Cleveland, 988 F.2d 649, 654 (6th Cir.1993).", "\nOnce the moving party carries the initial burden of demonstrating that there are no genuine issues of material fact in dispute, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to present specific facts to prove that there is a genuine issue for trial. ", "Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505. ", "To create a genuine issue of material fact, the nonmoving party must present more than just some evidence of a disputed issue. ", "Matsushita Elec. ", "Indus. ", "Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. ", "1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). ", "As the United States Supreme Court has stated, \"there is no issue for trial unless there is sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party. ", "If the [nonmoving party's] evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.\" ", "Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, *514 106 S.Ct. ", "2505 (citations omitted); see Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548; Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586-87, 106 S.Ct. ", "1348.", "\nConsequently, the nonmoving party must do more than raise some doubt as to the existence of a fact; the nonmoving party must produce evidence that would be sufficient to require submission of the issue to the jury. ", "Lucas v. Leaseway Multi Transp. ", "Serv., ", "Inc., 738 F.Supp. ", "214, 217 (E.D.Mich.1990) (Gadola, J.), aff'd 929 F.2d 701 (6th Cir.1991). \"", "The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiffs position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find the plaintiff.\" ", "Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505; see Cox v. Ky. Dep't of Transp., ", "53 F.3d 146, 150 (6th Cir.1995).", "\nFederal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides that a complaint must be dismissed if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. ", "A complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations. ", "Nonetheless, a plaintiffs obligation to provide the \"grounds\" of his entitlement to relief, as required by Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 8(a)(2), requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. ", "Rather, the factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that the allegations are true. ", "Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. ", "1955, 1964-65, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). ", "The pleading must contain something more than a statement of facts which creates a mere suspicion of a legally cognizable right of action. ", "The court should proceed on the assumption that all the allegations of the complaint are true. ", "A well pleaded complaint may proceed even if it appears \"that a recovery is very remote and unlikely,\" and Rule 12(b)(6) does not countenance dismissal based on a judge's disbelief of the plaintiffs factual allegations. ", "Id.\n\nC. Factual Statement\n\nThe essential facts of the case are undisputed. ", "Plaintiff, Safeco Insurance Company of America (\"Safeco\") filed this action as subrogee of Gregory and Rachel Shepard under a contract of insurance covering property damage to their residence. ", "The Shepards constructed an exterior deck on their home in 2005. ", "They used EON planks manufactured by Defendants (collectively designated \"CPI\"). ", "The EON product was purchased by Shepards from a local hardware outlet.[1] Construction of the deck was completed on or before June 10, 2005. ", "The Shepards placed an outdoor \"chimnea\" fireplace on the deck. ", "On February 28, 2006, while the fireplace was in use, the EON deck material caught fire. ", "The fire spread, despite Mr. Shepard's effort to extinguish it with a garden hose. ", "The local fire department responded to the homeowners' 911 call, but the residence was substantially destroyed. ", "No personal injury, however, resulted from the fire.", "\nThe Shepards submitted a loss claim under their insurance policy with Safeco. ", "Plaintiff paid the loss claim in the sum of $460,149.12. ", "Safeco, as subrogee of its insureds, seeks to recover from Defendants on the theory that the EON planks were made of highly flammable plastic polymers which liquified, ignited and fueled a runaway combustion.", "\n\nD. Analysis\n\nCount I of Safeco's Complaint seeks recover on a theory of negligence/implied *515 warranty in tort. ", "Count II seeks recovery under the Uniform Commercial Code for breach of express and implied warranty. ", "Count III alleges that Defendants violated the terms of Michigan's Consumer Protection Act (\"MCPA\"), M.C.L. § 445.901 et seq. ", "The MCPA count included a prayer for punitive damages.", "\n\n1. ", "Count I\n\nCount I of the Complaint asserts a products liability claim in tort, on the theory that CPI breached its duty under Michigan law to manufacture and supply products that were safe and reasonably fit for their intended use. ", "Plaintiff variously alleges that the plastic product in question \"burned readily and caused run way (sic) combustion to occur when confronted with reasonably anticipated heat sources; that, once ignited, the product was susceptible to accelerated heat release, which caused the \"dripping and dropping of flaming materials\" within 2.5 minutes; and that the planks \"supported and sustained flame even after an ignition source was removed.\" ", "Safeco asserts that the properties of Defendants' product posed a risk of fire damage far in excess of that associated with similar products, or wood, such that it was \"not fit for its intended purpose.\" ", "Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to warn consumers of the dangerous propensity of the product to burn out of control. ", "Based upon the foregoing alleged breaches of duty, Safeco seeks recovery of the amounts paid by it under its policy as a result of the damage to the home and personal property of the Shepard family.", "\nCPI argues that Safeco may not recover damages on a theory sounding in tort because its damages are \"solely economic in nature\" and \"arise from the sale of a product....\" (Defendants' Brief, Page 4). ", "Defendants posit that the Uniform Commercial Code (\"UCC\") (adopted by Michigan in 1964) \"governs all contract disputes arising from transactions for the sale of `goods'\". ", "It is undisputed that the EON product at issue in this case is a manufactured, movable good within the meaning of the UCC.", "\nCPI asserts that the \"economic loss doctrine\" abolishes all tort liability and limits Plaintiff to remedies sounding in contract. ", "They cite Neibarger v. Universal Cooperatives, Inc., 439 Mich. 512, 521, 486 N.W.2d 612 (1992) in which the court declared that:\nWhere a purchaser's expectations in the sale are frustrated because the product he bought is not working properly, his remedy is said to be in contract alone, for he has suffered only economic losses.", "\n439 Mich. 512, 521, 486 N.W.2d 612 (1992).", "\nA federal court sitting in diversity must apply the substantive law of the forum state. ", "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. ", "817, 82 L.Ed. ", "1188 (1938). ", "In Michigan, the existence of a legal duty is a question of law. ", "Beaudrie v. Henderson, 465 Mich. 124, 631 N.W.2d 308 (2001). ", "In following the mandate of Erie v. Tompkins to apply the substantive law of the forum state, a federal court \"must follow the decisions of the state's highest court when that court has addressed the relevant issue.\" ", "Talley v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Co., 223 F.3d 323, 326 (6th Cir.2000). ", "When the state supreme court has not yet decided a particular issue, the federal court must \"anticipate how that court would rule.\" ", "Imperial Hotels Corp. v. Dore, 257 F.3d 615, 620 (6th Cir.2001) (quoting Bailey Farms, Inc. v. NOR-AM Chem. ", "Co., 27 F.3d 188, 191 (6th Cir.1994)). ", "In doing so, the court must consider decisions of a state's intermediate appellate courts unless it is \"convinced by other persuasive data that the highest court of the state would decide otherwise. ", "West v. AT & T Co., 311 U.S. 223, 237, 61 S.Ct. ", "179, 85 L.Ed. ", "139 (1940); see also, Comm'r v. Bosch's Estate, *516 387 U.S. 456, 465, 87 S.Ct. ", "1776, 18 L.Ed.2d 886 (1967). ", "This court is bound to apply state law as it currently exists, and the adoption of innovative theories of recovery is inappropriate in the exercise of diversity jurisdiction. ", "Solomon v. Walgreen Co., 975 F.2d 1086, 1089 (5th Cir. ", "1992). ", "Logic dictates that innovation theories of defense must also be rejected.", "\nThe Michigan Supreme Court established the \"economic loss doctrine\" in this state in Neibarger v. Universal Cooperatives, Inc., 439 Mich. 512, 486 N.W.2d 612 (1992). ", "In that case, dairy farmers asserted claims of breach of express warranty, breach of implied warranty, and negligence against the designers of milking equipment which they had purchased. ", "They sought monetary damages for injury to their animals, and lost milk production and profits allegedly resulting from defects in the equipment. ", "The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary disposition, and the Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed on the theory that plaintiffs remedies \"laid (sic) exclusively within the UCC and were subject to the four year limitation period which began running upon delivery of the milking systems.\" ", "The Michigan Supreme Court considered whether Plaintiff's could avoid the consequences of the UCC limitation period by pleading claims sounding in tort. ", "It determined that they could not.", "\nWhere, as here, the claims arise from a commercial transaction in goods and the plaintiff suffers only economic loss, our answer is \"no\"—such claims are barred by the economic loss doctrine. ", "The economic loss doctrine, simply stated, provides that \"`[w]here a purchaser's expectations in a sale are frustrated because the product is not working properly, his remedy is said to be in contract alone, for he has suffered only \"economic\" losses'\". ", "This doctrine hinges on a distinction drawn between transactions involving the sale of goods for commercial purposes where economic expectations are protected by commercial and contract law, and those involving the sale of defective products to individual consumers who are injured in a manner which has traditionally been remedied by resort to the law of torts.", "\n\n439 Mich. 512, 520, 486 N.W.2d 612 (1992) (emphasis added). ", "The holding of the case is succinct. \"", "Accordingly, we hold that where a plaintiff seeks to recover for economic loss caused by a defective product purchased for commercial purposes, the exclusive remedy is provided by the UCC, including its statute of limitations.\" ", "439 Mich. at 527-28, 486 N.W.2d 612 (emphasis added).", "\nImmediately following its holding, the court further articulated its policy basis.", "\nA contrary holding would not only serve to blur the distinction between tort and contract, but would undermine the purpose of the legislature in adopting the UCC. ", "The code represents a carefully considered approach to governing \"the economic relations between suppliers and consumers of goods.\" ", "If a commercial purchaser were allowed to sue in tort to recover economic loss, the UCC provisions designed to govern such disputes, which allow limitation or elimination of warranties and consequential damages, require notice to the seller, and limit the time in which a suit must be filed, could be entirely avoided. ", "In that event, Article 2 would be rendered meaningless and, as stated by the Supreme Court in East River [Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval Inc., 476 U.S. 858, 106 S.Ct. ", "2295, 90 L.Ed.2d 865 (1986)], \"contract law would drown in a sea of tort.\"", "\n\n*517 Rejection of the economic loss doctrine would, in effect, create a remedy not contemplated by the legislature when it adopted the UCC by permitting a potentially large recovery in tort for what may be a minor defect in quality. ", "On the other hand, adoption of the economic loss doctrine will allow sellers to predict with greater certainty their potential liability for product failure and to incorporate those predictions into the price or terms of the sale.", "\n439 Mich. at 528, 486 N.W.2d 612 (emphasis added).", "\nSince Neibarger, various panels of the Court of Appeals of Michigan have considered the sweep of the economic loss doctrine. ", "Several cases have seemingly broadened its application well beyond the plain meaning of the Supreme Court language.", "\nDefendants rely heavily upon Sherman v. Sea Ray Boats, Inc., 251 Mich.App. ", "41, 649 N.W.2d 783 (2002). ", "In that case, the purchaser of a recreational power boat sued the manufacturer based upon the deterioration of fiberglass encased wooden structural members, first discovered after 12 years of use. ", "The buyer alleged that the deterioration frustrated her \"legitimate expectation that [the boat's] useful life would exceed 25 years.\" ", "Among the several counts of the complaint were claims of \"negligence\" and \"design defect.\" ", "251 Mich.App. ", "at 43, 649 N.W.2d 783. ", "The consumer plaintiff, who had purchased the boat from a dealer, sought an award of money damages from the manufacturer sufficient to repair the alleged defects. ", "There was no mishap, personal injury or damage to other property resulting from the condition of the vessel. ", "The issue before the Michigan Court of Appeals was whether the plaintiffs tort claims were precluded by the economic loss doctrine.", "\nDespite the Michigan Supreme Court's use of the terms \"commercial transaction\", \"commercial purchaser\" and \"product purchased for commercial purposes\" in Neibarger, the Michigan Court of Appeals determined that the doctrine applied to consumer purchases as well, despite any disparity in bargaining power. ", "The court was drawn to that result by its view that dicta in Neibarger could be read to support the position of either of the parties before it. ", "The Sherman court juxtaposed the statement in Neibarger that \"a consumer should not be charged with bearing the risk of physical injury from a product\" against the observation that \"a consumer may be charged with the risk that a product will not match his economic expectations unless the manufacturer agrees to it.\" ", "Proceeding from that perceived inconsistency, the Sherman court embarked upon an analysis which lead it to decide that the Plaintiffs tort actions were precluded \"by principles of Michigan law that evolved into the economic loss doctrine ....\" 251 Mich.App. ", "at 46, 649 N.W.2d 783.", "\nThe Sherman court found support for that conclusion in the decision of the Michigan Supreme Court in Hart v. Ludwig, 347 Mich. 559, 79 N.W.2d 895 (1956). ", "In that case, the defendant was alleged to have abandoned his oral contract to provide care and maintenance to the plaintiffs orchard. ", "His alleged omissions included the failure to prune, remove shoots, fertilize and protect against destructive animals. ", "The plaintiff alleged that such omissions constituted negligence. ", "The Supreme Court disagreed.", "\nWe have simply the violation of a promise to perform the agreement. ", "The only duty, other than that voluntarily assumed in the contract to which the defendant was subject, was his duty to perform his promise in a careful and skillful manner without risk of harm to *518 others, the violation of which is not alleged. ", "What we are left with is defendant's failure to complete his contractedfor performance. ", "This is not a duty imposed by the law upon all, the violation of which gives rise to a tort action, but a duty arising out of the intentions of the parties themselves and owed only to those specific individuals to whom the promise runs.", "\n\nHart, 347 Mich. at 565-66, 79 N.W.2d 895. ", "The Sherman court derived from that language that \"[t]he analysis of whether a duty arose that was separate and distinct from a contractual duty was not premised on or affected by the relationship of the parties.\" ", "Exactly how that quite correct observation supports the conclusion that the Michigan Supreme Court did not intend its clearly stated restriction of the economic loss doctrine to commercial transactions simply escapes this writer.", "\nSetting aside, for the moment, the Sherman court's determination that the economic loss doctrine applies to consumer transactions, it is important to note that the decision hinged primarily on the issue of whether the defendant boat manufacturer owed the plaintiff purchaser any duty beyond those imposed by reason of the contract of sale.[2] The Sherman court observed that the plaintiff was seeking to recover only the costs of repair to the vessel, and that there were no allegations of physical harm to persons or tangible property resulting from its allegedly defective condition.", "\nWhile plaintiff's allegations arguably make out a claim for \"negligent performance\" of the contract, there is no allegation that this conduct by the defendant constitutes tortious activity in that it caused physical harm to persons or tangible property; and plaintiff does not allege violation of an independent duty distinct from the duties arising out of the contractual relationship.", "\n* * *\n. . . ", "Michigan case law expressly provides that an action in tort may not be maintained where a contractual agreement exists, unless a duty, separate and distinct from the contractual obligation, is established. ", "In order to make this difficult distinction, an analysis of whether the omission is based on misfeasance or nonfeasance occurs. ", "If the omission is one of nonfeasance, a failure to act, the action lies in contract only.", "\nSherman, 251 Mich.App. ", "at 52, 649 N.W.2d 783 (citation omitted). ", "The court relied upon Rinaldo's Const. ", "Corp. v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 454 Mich. 65, 559 N.W.2d 647 (1997) in analyzing the misfeasance/nonfeasance distinction. ", "That case, in turn, relied upon the following passage from Prosser and Keaton:\n\nMisfeasance or negligent affirmative conduct in the performance of a promise generally subjects an actor to tort liability as well as contract liability for physical harm to persons and tangible things. ", "Generally speaking, there is a duty to exercise reasonable care in how one acts to avoid physical harm to persons and tangible things. ", "Entering into a contract with another pursuant to which one party promises to do something does not alter the fact that there was a pre-existing obligation or duty to avoid harm when one acts. *", "519 454 Mich. at 84, 559 N.W.2d 647 (quoting Prosser and Keaton, Torts, § 92, pp. ", "656-657).", "\nRelying upon the decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court in Hart v. Ludwig, 347 Mich. 559, 79 N.W.2d 895 (1956) and Ferrett v. General Motors Corp., 438 Mich. 235, 475 N.W.2d 243 (1991), the Sherman court determined that the boat manufacturer owed the purchaser no duty beyond that imposed by the terms of the contract.", "\nCases recognizing a right to maintain an action in tort arising out of breach of contract by the defendant, generally involve a separate and distinct duty imposed by law for the benefit of the plaintiff that provides a right to maintain an action without regard to whether there was a contractual relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant ....\nSherman, 251 Mich.App. ", "at 48, 649 N.W.2d 783 (quoting Ferrett, 438 Mich. at 245-46, 475 N.W.2d 243).", "\nThe Sherman court determined that the purchasers negligence claim based on failure to warn, caution, and instruct, was a claim of \"nonfeasance\" for which there is no duty alleged that was separate and distinct from the claim of breach of contract. ", "The court further decided that the boat purchasers tort claim could not be maintained because:\n..., even if Plaintiff could support a claim of negligence, any harm did not result in physical injury, but structural damage to the boat only. ", "The nature of damages arises not from physical harm, but from loss of economic expectation in the product. ", "Additionally, the overriding concern of the economic loss doctrine provides that where a plaintiff seeks damages for economic losses only, tort concerns with product safety no longer apply, and economic expectation issues prevail.", "\nSherman, 251 Mich.App. ", "at 53-54, 649 N.W.2d 783.", "\nIn the case before this court is readily distinguishable from Sherman. ", "The claim in Count I of the Complaint plainly implicates \"tort concerns with product safety,\" and the harm alleged clearly resulted in physical injury to the Shepard's residence and its contents, as well as the loss of the deck itself. ", "Michigan law certainly imposes a duty upon manufacturers to produce products which are reasonably safe when delivered. ", "Graham v. Ryerson and Sons, 96 Mich.App. ", "480, 292 N.W.2d 704 (1980); MCL 600.2946. ", "It provides for a \"product liability action\" based upon legal or equitable theories of liability for death or injury to persons \"or damage to property caused by or resulting from the production of a product.\" ", "MCL 600.2945(h) (emphasis added). ", "Personal injury to a human being is not essential to a valid products liability claim in Michigan. ", "See, e.g., Case v. Consumers Power Co., 463 Mich. 1, 615 N.W.2d 17 (2000).", "\nCPI cites adequate case authority for the proposition that the economic loss doctrine in Michigan extends to property other than the product itself. ", "Citizens Insurance Co. v. Osmose Wood Preserving, Inc., 231 Mich.App. ", "40, 585 N.W.2d 314 (1998); Quest Diagnostics, Inc. v. MCI WorldCom, Inc., 254 Mich. App. ", "372, 656 N.W.2d 858 (2002). ", "In fact, that principle was acknowledged in Neibarger itself, and there is little doubt as to its validity. ", "That is not to say, however, that the economic loss doctrine is the only body of law applicable to property losses. ", "As stated above, it is quite clear that tort law also permits recovery for property damage in the absence of personal injury. ", "Case, supra. ", "Safeco's claim against CPI is different in character from the claim addressed in Sherman. ", "Plaintiff here does *520 not merely allege the loss of the beneficial use of the EON deck. ", "Rather, the claim in Count 1 is that the Defendant manufactured and sold an unsafe product, and that the dangerous properties of that product caused damage to property other than the product itself. ", "Manufacturers are duty bound to design products that are safe for their intended or reasonably anticipated use. ", "They are also liable in negligence for failure to warn users about dangers associated with a product's intended use, and even forseeable misuse. ", "Antcliff v. State Employees Credit Union, 414 Mich. 624, 637-38, 327 N.W.2d 814 (1982). ", "That duty extends to all users, and is not founded upon contract principles. ", "Rather, it is a separate and distinct duty rooted in public policy. ", "In placing its EON planks into the stream of commerce, Defendant assumed a general duty to ensure that they were reasonably safe. ", "The sale of a product which does not meet that standard is malfeasance, and a tort claim will lie.", "\nUltimately, I am simply unwilling to conclude that the Michigan Supreme Court was careless in holding that the sweep of the economic loss doctrine was restricted to products \"purchased for commercial purposes.\" ", "While I acknowledge that the Michigan Court of Appeals decisions have applied the doctrine to consumer transactions, thus abandoning the clearly stated boundary, as well as eviscerating the freedom of contract and privity principles upon which it was explicitly based, I note that Defendant has cited no subsequent case from the Michigan Supreme Court which adopts or approves the extension. ", "Neibarger, then represents the current substantive law of Michigan, and this court need not \"anticipate\" a contrary policy based on the holdings of the state's intermediate courts.", "\nIn any event, the case at hand is readily distinguishable from the case presented to the Michigan Court of Appeals in Sherman. ", "The plaintiff there asserted a tort theory based on nonfeasance, and claimed no damage other than the loss of beneficial use of the product itself (after 13 years of use without injury to persons or other property!). ", "The Plaintiff in this case asserts a classic products liability claim in Count 1, alleging that Defendant manufactured and sold an unreasonably dangerous product which caused extensive damage to property other than the product itself. ", "I am satisfied that the facts of the case at bar will support a tort based products liability claim.", "\nThis court reached a similar result in Republic Insurance Co. v. Broan Manufacturing Co., Inc., 960 F.Supp. ", "1247 (E.D.Mi.1997). ", "In that case, a homeowners insurer brought a subrogation action against the manufacturer of an allegedly defective ceiling fan. ", "While the homeowners were absent, the fan's motor seized up and over-heated, causing ignition of a plastic fan blade. ", "The flames spread to adjacent combustibles and ceiling material, ultimately resulting in property damage in excess of $139,000.00. ", "No personal injury was suffered. ", "The insurance company compensated the homeowners for their losses, and became subrogated to any and all claims that the subrogors could assert against the manufacturer of the ceiling fan. ", "The insurer filed a complaint in two counts. ", "Count I alleged negligence and Count II asserted claims of breach of express and implied warrantee. ", "The defendant moved for summary judgment on the theory that the product liability tort claims were barred by the economic loss doctrine. ", "This court denied the motion.", "\nTort law, and product liability law specifically, governs the relationship between a consumer and a manufacturer, where it is impractical or impossible for the parties to negotiate either the terms *521 of a sale or each party's duty to the other. ", "In this context, product liability law places a burden on the manufacturer-the party in the better position to avoid the harm of a defective product-to produce a safe product. ", "In contrast, contract law applies to commercial transactions, where the terms and conditions of a transaction can be negotiated to each party's satisfaction. ", "Contract law operates on the premise that commercial actors, because of their ability to bargain for the terms of the sale, will be able to allocate the risks and costs of a product's potential performance.", "\n960 F.Supp. ", "at 1249-1250 (quoting Detroit Edison v. NABCO, Inc., 35 F.3d 236 (6th Cir.1994)). ", "Ultimately, the court determined that the purposes of tort law would be served by the assertion of a products liability claim, and that the economic loss doctrine did not apply. ", "The same result is appropriate here. ", "I recommend that Defendants' Motion be denied as to Count I of the Complaint.", "\n\n2. ", "Count II\n\nThere is no doubt that Count II of the Complaint asserts a claim of breach of express and implied warranties under the UCC. ", "Defendant maintains that the Plaintiffs claims are time barred under the applicable statute of limitations. ", "I agree.", "\nM.C.L.A. 440.2725(1) provides that \"an action for breach of any contract for sale must be commenced within four years after the cause of action has accrued. ", "By the original agreement the parties may reduce the period of limitation to not less than one year but may not extend it.\" ", "M.C.L.A. 440.2725(2) provides as follows:\nA cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party's lack of knowledge of the breach. ", "A breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made, except that where a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered.", "\nM.C.L.A. 440.2725(2).", "\nTender of delivery requires that a seller put and hold conforming goods at the buyer's disposition. ", "M.C.L.A. 440.2503(1); M.S.A. 19.2503(1). ", "The term \"conforming goods\" has been used to refer to goods offered in fulfillment of a contract even if there is a defect when the goods are measured against the specific contract obligation. ", "See, comment 1, M.C.L.A. 2503(1); M.S.A. 19.2503(1). ", "Delivery of nonconforming goods constitutes tender of delivery. ", "See Home Ins. ", "Co. v. Detroit Fire Extinguisher Co., Inc., 212 Mich.App. ", "522, 525 n. 2, 538 N.W.2d 424 (1995). (", "Under the UCC's statute of limitations, an action accrues when the non-conforming goods are delivered, not when the defect is discovered).", "\nPlaintiff argues in response that its UCC claims are not time barred because the applicable statute of limitations was tolled until the Shepards discovered the dangerous propensity of the EON product. ", "Safeco cites Moll v. Abbott Laboratories, 444 Mich. 1, 11-13, 506 N.W.2d 816 (1993) in support of that assertion. ", "The decision in Moll, however, pertained to the delivery of pharmaceutical products, and the holding is specific to such products. ", "While it is true that courts have applied a \"discovery rule\" to toll the running of a statute of limitations until the purchaser actually discovered the alleged defect, such rulings are exceptions to the general rule as stated in M.C.L.A. 440.2725(1). ", "Plaintiff has cited no case other than Moll in support of its position that a discovery rule should be applied in *522 this case. \"", "Without a warranty extending to the future performance of the subject goods, a cause of action has been determined to accrue upon tender of delivery. ", "In addition, the Michigan Supreme Court has specifically determined that the UCC `recognizes no discovery rule.'\" ", "Rembrandt Construction, Inc. v. Butler Mfg. ", "Co., 2006 WL 3375249 (Mich.App.). ", "There is no evidence that Defendant made any oral or written representation which might warrant the application of a discovery rule.", "\nThe limited warranty extended by Defendants as to its EON product explicitly declared that CPI made no representation concerning the merchantability of its product or its fitness for any particular use. ", "Rather, the warranty stated:\nCPI makes no warranty concerning the merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose with respect to the EON product (other than as described in this warranty certificate), and CPI shall not be liable for incidental, special, consequential or other similar damages arising out of any breach of this warranty. (", "Exhibit 4 to Defendants' Motion).", "\nIt is undisputed that Plaintiff's subrogors took possession of the EON product no later than June 10, 2002. ", "There is no dispute that the alleged fire loss occurred on or about February 28, 2006. ", "This action was filed on October 1, 2007. ", "Accordingly, I conclude that the applicable statute of limitations expired as to UCC claims prior to the filing of the Complaint, and Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to Count 2 should be granted.", "\n\n3. ", "Count III\n\nCount III of the Complaint asserts a claim under the Michigan Consumer Protection Act (\"MCPA\"). ", "M.C.L.A. 445.901 et seq. ", "Defendants' Motion challenges Safeco's standing to bring suit under that statute.", "\nDefendants argue that the MCPA provides a private cause of action to \"a person who suffers loss as a result of a violation of this act ....\" CPI cites Zine v. Chrysler Corp., 236 Mich.App. ", "261, 600 N.W.2d 384 (1999) for the proposition that the intent of the act is \"to protect consumers in their purchases of goods which are primarily used for personal, family or household purposes.\" ", "Defendants further cite Jackson County Hog Producers v. Consumers Power Co., 234 Mich.App. ", "72, 592 N.W.2d 112 (1999) in maintaining that \"every word or phrase in the statute should be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning, taking into account the context in which the words are used.\" ", "The defense argument is that \"Safeco did not suffer any loss because of any violation of the MCPA alleged in this Complaint.\" ", "On that basis, Plaintiff's standing to assert a claim under the Act is challenged.", "\nWhether a party has standing is a question of law. ", "Rohde v. Ann Arbor Public Schools, 265 Mich.App. ", "702, 705, 698 N.W.2d 402 (2005). ", "Where a party's claim is governed by statute, the party must have standing as bestowed by the statute. ", "46th Circuit Trial Court v. Crawford Co., 266 Mich.App. ", "150, 177, 702 N.W.2d 588 (2005), rev'd in part on other grounds, 477 Mich. 921, 722 N.W.2d 887 (2006). ", "CPI argues that the statute does not expressly grant standing to a third party subrogee. ", "I find the argument unpersuasive.", "\nWhile CPI's statements regarding the language of the MCPA, and the general rules of statutory construction, are accurate, there is judicial authority for the view that standing under the act is more expansive than Defendants admit. ", "In Labatt Ltd. v. Molson Breweries, 853 F.Supp. ", "965 (E.D.Mi.1994) this court (Judge Cohn) ruled that a corporate plaintiff had standing under the MCPA to sue a business *523 competitor on a claim of unfair trade practices even though it was not a consumer of the defendant's products. ", "The decision was based upon an analysis of the policies underlying the statute, as applied by various courts.", "\nImplicit in the cases finding a right of action in non-consumers under the MCPA is the understanding that the intent of protecting consumers is well served by allowing suit to be brought by non-consumers who have a significant stake in the events. ", "Allowing a competitor to bring suit under a statute designed ultimately to protect the interests of consumers is not a novel approach to enforcement, and is routine, for instance, in actions under the Lanham Act. ", "15 U.S.C. § 1125(a).", "\n* * *\nThe MCPA addresses in part the same policy as § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, and that policy is equally well served by allowing suit to be brought under the Act by business competitors. ", "No persuasive authority holds otherwise, and nothing in the text of the statute suggests an intention on the part of the legislature to limit to consumers the right of action created under the MCPA. ", "As Labatt points out, individual consumers who make mistaken purchases based on deceptive trade practices are unlikely to file suit for consumer fraud.", "\nLabatt v. Molson, 853 F.Supp. ", "at 970. ", "A similar conclusion was reached by the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan in Action Auto Glass v. Auto Glass Specialists, 134 F.Supp. ", "2nd 897 (W.D.Mi.2001). ", "As Plaintiff has paid its subrogors the full value of the property allegedly lost as a result of their use of Defendants' product, there is little doubt that Safeco has \"a significant stake in the events\" giving rise to this action. ", "Furthermore, I agree with Plaintiff that, under Michigan law, an insurer that has paid a loss under an insurance policy is entitled to all the rights and remedies belonging to the insured against a third party with respect to any loss covered by the policy. ", "Yerkovich v. AAA, 461 Mich. 732, 737, 610 N.W.2d 542 (2000). ", "A subrogee \"stands in the shoes in the subrogor and. ", "by virtue of its payment to its policy holders, Safeco has the right to pursue all claims which would have been available to them.\" ", "It is unlikely that the Shepards, having been fully reimbursed for their losses, would attempt to assert their rights as consumers against CPI. ", "I am satisfied, therefore, that the policy of the act would be furthered, and certainly not violated, by this action on Safeco's part. ", "Therefore, I recommend that Defendants' Motion be denied as to Count III, except as it pertains to Plaintiffs punitive damages claim.", "\n\n4. ", "Punitive Damages Claim\n\nCPI's Motion challenges the legal basis for an award of punitive damages arising from the alleged violation of the MCPA. ", "In its Response to the Motion, Plaintiff declared that it does not wish to pursue punitive damages in this case. ", "That position was reasserted by Plaintiffs counsel at the oral argument. ", "Accordingly, Defendants' Motion should be granted as to Plaintiffs original punitive damages request.", "\n\nIII. ", "NOTICE TO PARTIES REGARDING OBJECTIONS:\n\nThe parties to this action may object to and seek review of this Report and Recommendation, but are required to act within ten (10) days of service of a copy hereof as provided for in 28 U.S.C. Section 636(b)(1) and E.D. Mich. L.R. 72.1(d)(2). ", "Failure to file specific objections constitutes a waiver of any further right of appeal. ", "United *524 States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. ", "1981), Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 106 S.Ct. ", "466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985), Howard v. Secretary of HHS, 932 F.2d 505 (6th Cir.1991). ", "Filing of objections that raise some issues but fail to raise others with specificity, will not preserve all the objections a party might have to this Report and Recommendation. ", "Smith v. Detroit Federation of Teachers Local 231, 829 F.2d 1370, 1373 (6th Cir.1987), Willis v. Secretary of HHS, 931 F.2d 390, 401 (6th Cir.1991). ", "Pursuant to E.D. Mich. L.R. 72.1(d)(2), a copy of any objections is to be served upon this Magistrate Judge.", "\nWithin ten (10) days of service of any objecting party's timely filed objections, the opposing party may file a response. ", "The response shall not be more than five (5) pages in length unless by motion and order such page limit is extended by the Court. ", "The response shall address specifically, and in the same order raised, each issue contained within the objections.", "\nNOTES\n[1] This fact was not alleged in the Complaint, but is asserted in Plaintiff's Response to the instant Motion, and not contested by Defendants.", "\n[2] In fact, there was no direct contractual relationship at all between the purchaser and the manufacturer of the boat. ", "The consumer plaintiff purchased the vessel from a dealer, K & M Boat Company, which was dismissed from the litigation at the. ", "trial level. ", "251 Mich.App. ", "at 42, 649 N.W.2d 783.", "\n" ]

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[ "Now, board exams for Class 5 and Class 8 students in TN state board schools?", "\n\nThis reform comes roughly two years after board exams were introduced for Class 11.", "\n\nnews Education\n\nThe Tamil Nadu government is going to introduce board examinations for the students of class 5 and class 8, in addition to the already existing public exams for students in classes 10, 11 and 12.", "\n\nAccording to a circular issued to all the district education offices, the third term exams conducted in schools will henceforth be conducted as public exams. ", "These exams will have common question papers for all the schools in Tamil Nadu. ", "As of now, schools following the Samacheer Kalvi syllabus in Tamil Nadu have the liberty of setting question papers till class 9 within the school itself.", "\n\nThe syllabus for the exams will be the portion taught in the third term, with general questions taken from the portion taught in the first and second term. ", "According to the memo, each paper will be for 60 marks, and will be held for a duration of two hours. ", "However, details about detention if a student fails to pass these exams is yet to be clarified by the department.", "\n\nThe school education department also ordered all district-level education offices to submit the list of students studying in these two classes in all schools — government, government-aided and private — by Wednesday. ", "While students studying in government schools are exempt from paying fees for the exam, students studying in private schools must pay Rs 50 for the class 5 exams and Rs 100 for class 8 exams. ", "Government and government-aided schools which have more than 20 students taking the board exams will be considered for allocation to examination centres, stated the memo.", "\n\nHowever, Tamil Nadu School Education Minister KA Sengottaiyan's tweet on Wednesday evening stated that the decision to introduce board exams was not final yet. \"", "The decision to conduct board exams for classes 5 and 8 will be taken only in a meeting with the ministers. ", "Only if the School Education department issues a government order in this regard, public exams can be conducted,\" he wrote in Tamil.", "\n\nIt was in a similar move in 2017 that the Tamil Nadu government introduced board exams for class 11. ", "The reason cited for this was the importance of class 11 syllabus for competitive exams. ", "Many schools allegedly skipped the portion for class 11 altogether and focussed only on class 12 in order to push their students to secure state-level ranks in board exams. ", "The introduction of board exams for class 11 was aimed at breaking that trend." ]

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[ "Transportation of peripheral blood progenitor cell products: effects of time, temperature and cell concentration.", "\nPeripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) products are often transported at high cell concentrations (>200x10(9)/L) over long distances, requiring >36 h transport time. ", "Fresh PBPC samples from 12 healthy donors were studied with various viability assays regarding the effects of temperature, cell concentration and duration of storage. ", "Trypan blue exclusion was far less sensitive to cell damage than two-color fluorescence for CD34 and 7-AAD, and colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) assays; the latter assay proved the most sensitive. ", "All products stored at 4 degrees C maintained their viability for up to 4 days. ", "Thus, at 96 h, recovery of viable CD34(+) cells was still 82%, and of CFU-GM 57%, even at concentrations of 200x10(9)/L. Higher storage temperatures rapidly decreased the viability, with extensive variation between donors. ", "At room temperature 80% of viable CD34(+) cells and >90% of CFU-GM were lost after 48 h of storage at 200x10(9)/L. Lower cell concentrations allowed storage at higher temperatures: at 17 degrees C a concentration of 50x10(9)/L resulted in only 5% loss of viable CD34(+) cells after 48 h, while the loss was >30% at 200x10(9)/L. PBPC products should be transported at 4 degrees C. Dilution of the product may partly compensate for slightly higher temperatures. ", "Trypan blue exclusion should be abandoned as a method for assessing viability after prolonged transportation. ", "Proliferative assays should be used to validate transportation conditions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "4 Comments\n\nView replies by\n\nEv - posted on 07/14/2013\n\n8,327\n\n7\n\n919\n\nJodi brought up one issue you have not answered: Are you breast feeding the baby? ", "If you are an over night is not going to work as he will need to feed. ", "What you need to do then is establish visits at a time of the day where dad can come see his child for a couple of hours or so between feeds and then you could nap or something while dad sees his child too. ", "As Jodi also said, lawyers are needed to set visitation and custody and child support.", "\n\nOk, you aren't together any more - he has in the past relied on you to get up. ", "He can't do that anymore, so that's irrelevant. ", "What happened when you were together, unless he was abusive toward the child, is irrelevant.", "\n\nit is also irrelevant that your argument is you \"don't think you want to be without him for that long\". ", "Put the shoe on the other foot. ", "Maybe your ex doesn't want to be without him for that long either? ", "Or even better, what if you child doesn't want to be without either of you for that long? ", "Can you see why your reasoning probably won't cut it?", "\n\ni havn't said he cant see him i said he could have him one night a week to start with but he wants him for two but i'm not sure i want to be without him for that long. ", "he has stayed at his mums for a night due to going to a wedding. ", "I'm the one that does most things for the baby. ", "I get up every night with him and he generally stays in bed until dinner time every day.", "\n\nWell, you don't have to if there is no court order telling you to, but he could fight this. ", "If you are breastfeeding, it wouldn't be seen as in your child's best interests. ", "However, if you are not breastfeeding and you refuse any contact, it won't look good for you. ", "You don't necessarily have more rights than he does just because you are the mother. ", "It comes down to the child's interests, and courts these days believe it is in a child's best interests to have a relationship with both parents. ", "It may be an idea to get a lawyer and arrange court ordered visitation." ]

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[ "Striatal Transplantation of Human Dopaminergic Neurons Differentiated From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived From Umbilical Cord Blood Using Lentiviral Reprogramming.", "\nHuman induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are promising sources for regenerative therapies like the replacement of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. ", "They offer an unlimited cell source that can be standardized and optimized to produce applicable cell populations to gain maximal functional recovery. ", "In the present study, human cord blood-derived iPSCs (hCBiPSCs) were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons utilizing two different in vitro protocols for neural induction: (protocol I) by fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) signaling, (protocol II) by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor (TGF-β) inhibition. ", "After maturation, in vitro increased numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons (7.4% of total cells) were observed by protocol II compared to 3.5% in protocol I. Furthermore, 3 weeks after transplantation in hemiparkinsonian rats in vivo, a reduced number of undifferentiated proliferating cells was achieved with protocol II. ", "In contrast, proliferation still occurred in protocol I-derived grafts, resulting in tumor-like growth in two out of four animals 3 weeks after transplantation. ", "Protocol II, however, did not increase the number of TH(+) cells in the striatal grafts of hemiparkinsonian rats. ", "In conclusion, BMP/TGF-β inhibition was more effective than FGF-2 signaling with regard to dopaminergic induction of hCBiPSCs in vitro and prevented graft overgrowth in vivo." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nmysql trigger or php code\n\nI have MySQL database that has 21 tables, in each table I have 'created' column(timestamp).", "\nthis field holds insert time of row. ", "\nHowever:\n1- I can write a trigger for fill the column for each table like this:\nCREATE TRIGGER `created` BEFORE INSERT ON `some_table`\n FOR EACH ROW SET NEW.`created`=NOW()\n\n2- I can handle it by PHP:\n $result = mysqli_query($con,\"INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,created)\nVALUES (value1, value2, value3,now()) \");\n\nI concerned about writing trigger for each table has overhead. ", "Is it right?", "\nwhich one is better specific on performance?", "\nwhich one is better at all?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should not need to fill this column yourself if you configure the TIMESTAMP properties for it...\nhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/timestamp-initialization.html\nTo clarify from the documentation here is a working example of how subsequent updates do not change a timestamp field when correctly configured for the desired behaviour\ncreate temporary table example (apID int auto_increment, \n audit timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, \n name varchar(50),\n primary key(apID));\ninsert into example(name) values('test');\nselect * from example;\nupdate example set name='tes' where apID=1;\nselect * from example;\n\n" ]

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