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"Q:\n\nFinancial importance of the diffusion term in Black-Scholes partial differential equation\n\nConsider the Black-Scholes equation $$\\begin{equation}\\label{eq3} \n\\frac{\\partial{V}}{\\partial{t}}+\\frac{1}{2}\\sigma^2S^2\\frac{\\partial^2{V}}{\\partial{S}^2}+(r-D)S \\frac{\\partial{V}}{\\partial{S}}-rV=0,~~~~S\\in (0,\\infty),~~~t\\in(0,T)\n\\end{equation}$$\n where $D$ is the dividend yield, $\\sigma$ is the market volatility, $r$ is the interest rate. ",
"\nMy Question: \nWhat does the diffusion term $\\displaystyle \\frac{\\partial^2{V}}{\\partial{S}^2}$ mean financially in the model? ",
"I know that the diffusion term comes from the application of Ito's lemma to the stochastic differential equation $$\n dS=(\\mu-D) Sdt+\\sigma S dW\n ,$$ \n where, $\\mu$ is the drift rate , $dW$ is the increment of a standard Wiener process. ",
"But how can you explain the financial relevence of the diffusion term?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe Delta of the option is $\\Delta = \\dfrac{\\partial V}{\\partial S}$, which basically tells you the amount of shares you need to be short in order to perfectly hedge the option instantaneously. ",
"The other term is the Gamma, $\\Gamma = \\dfrac{\\partial^2 V}{\\partial S^2}$, which measures the sensitivity of $\\Delta$ with respect to changes in $S$. It is a measure of how quickly the number of shares needed to hedge the position changes, as the underlying asset itself changes. ",
"\nThis is an important notion to have, since in practice trades are not executed infinitely often throughout a finite interval, so one must have an idea of whether the hedge will still be reasonable some finite time after the trade was made. ",
"As you may expect, the larger the $\\Gamma$ in absolute value, the greater the discretisation error of the $\\Delta$-hedging strategy. ",
"\nThe $\\Gamma$ is also closely related to the Vega of an option, which is the sensitivity with respect to the change in volatility, $\\nu = \\dfrac{\\partial V}{\\partial S}$. You can check that for the Black-Scholes differential operator $L_{BS}$, one has:\n\\begin{equation}\nL_{BS} \\nu = -\\sigma S^2 \\dfrac{\\partial^2 V}{\\partial S^2} = - \\sigma^2 S^2 \\Gamma,\n\\end{equation}\nso that $- \\sigma^2 S^2 \\Gamma$ acts as a source for the Vega.",
"\n\n"
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[
"function Dh=hammingDist(B1, B2)\r\n%\r\n% Compute hamming distance between two sets of samples (B1, B2)\r\n%\r\n% Dh=hammingDist(B1, B2);\r\n%\r\n% Input\r\n% B1, B2: compact bit vectors. ",
"Each datapoint is one row.",
"\r\n% size(B1) = [ndatapoints1, nwords]\r\n% size(B2) = [ndatapoints2, nwords]\r\n% It is faster if ndatapoints1 < ndatapoints2\r\n% \r\n% Output\r\n% Dh = hamming distance. ",
"\r\n% size(Dh) = [ndatapoints1, ndatapoints2]\r\n\r\n% example query\r\n% Dhamm = hammingDist(B2, B1);\r\n% this will give the same result than:\r\n% Dhamm = distMat(U2>0, U1>0).^2;\r\n% the size of the distance matrix is:\r\n% size(Dhamm) = [Ntest x Ntraining]\r\n\r\n% loop-up table:\r\nbit_in_char = uint16([...\r\n 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 2 2 3 2 3 ...\r\n 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 ...\r\n 3 4 4 5 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 1 2 ...\r\n 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 ...\r\n 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 3 4 4 5 4 5 ...\r\n 5 6 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 4 5 5 6 5 6 6 7 1 2 2 3 ...\r\n 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 3 4 ...\r\n 4 5 4 5 5 6 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 ...\r\n 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 4 5 5 6 5 6 6 7 2 3 3 4 3 4 ...\r\n 4 5 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 4 5 5 6 ...\r\n 5 6 6 7 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 4 5 5 6 5 6 6 7 4 5 ...\r\n 5 6 5 6 6 7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 8]);\r\n\r\nn1 = size(B1,1);\r\n[n2, nwords] = size(B2);\r\n\r\nDh = zeros([n1 n2], 'uint16');\r\nfor j = 1:n1\r\n for n=1:nwords\r\n y = bitxor(B1(j,n),B2(:,n));\r\n Dh(j,:) = Dh(j,:) + bit_in_char(y+1);\r\n end\r\nend\r\n"
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"The Government has totally failed to address the crisis in social care – Barbara Keeley\n\nBarbara Keeley MP, Labour’s Shadow Cabinet Minister for Social Care, responding to reports of internal Government documents showing that if EU migrants are barred from coming to the UK there will be a shortfall of 28,000 care staff within five years, said:\n\n“The Government has totally failed to address the crisis in social care putting an increasing burden on family carers and meaning many carers have to give up work because the support they need just isn’t there.",
"\n\n“And now the Government’s chaotic approach to Brexit is making the workforce crisis in social care even worse.",
"\n\n“Ministers should immediately make clear that health and care staff are welcome here to care for our sick and our elderly after Britain leaves the European Union.”"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention is related to solid state storage and particularly to solid state storage cells with a phase change material memory element.",
"\n2. ",
"Background Description\nSolid state, phase change materials that are chalcogen (Group VI elements such as sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te)) alloys with at least one of germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), silicon (Si) and antimony (Sb) are known as chalcogenides and are well known. ",
"Chalcogenides exist in at least two different classifiable solid states or phases. ",
"The most extreme two states can be classified simply as amorphous and crystalline states with other less easily discernable states ranging between those two states. ",
"The amorphous state has a disordered atomic structure and the crystalline state generally is polycrystalline. ",
"Each phase has very different electrical properties. ",
"In its amorphous state, the material behaves as an insulator, i.e., an open circuit; in its crystalline state, the same material behaves resistively, as a p-type semiconductor. ",
"The resistivity of these materials varies in between amorphous and crystalline states.",
"\nIn particular, when heat is applied to some phase change chalcogenides, the material switches phases from one (e.g., amorphous phase) state to a second (e.g., crystalline phase) state. ",
"The transitions between these states is selectively reversible with heat, i.e., the phase change material may be set/reset. ",
"As with anything that has two or more discernable and selectable states, each of the 2 stable states can be designated as a logic one and the other a logic zero. ",
"Thus, phase change material has found use in storage devices and particularly, for non-volatile storage, e.g., as a memory cell storage media. ",
"In addition, multiple bit memory elements have been made using the intermediate states inherent in the variation in resistivity between amorphous and crystalline.",
"\nTypically, controlled heat must be precisely provided to the phase change storage media to effect reversible transitions between amorphous and crystalline states and back. ",
"Normally, such heat is provided using resistive heating. ",
"Unfortunately, a relatively of large current is needed for each memory element to heat the phase change material. ",
"In particular, resetting the phase change material may require heating the crystalline material to its melting point, generally above 600° C. Thus, it maybe difficult on one hand to provide sufficient localized heat to raise the crystalline phase change material to its melting point and, on the other hand, to avoid accidentally heating other adjacent cells to the phase change set point and inadvertently setting adjacent cells.",
"\nOne prior approach to localize heating in phase change switching is to minimize the phase change material contact area. ",
"Unfortunately, reducing the contact area normally increases cost, which is inversely proportional to the size of the contact. ",
"In particular, attaining a contact size below the minimum photolithographic image size for a particular technology complicates the process significantly and, correspondingly, increases cost. ",
"Further, normally, reducing contact size, reduces the heat delivery capability and increases resistance/reduces current delivered to the phase change material; all of which interferes with setting/resetting the material rather than enhancing it.",
"\nThus, there is a need for improved and very localized or focused heat delivery to phase change material in memory cells."
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[
"Honestly if he keeps his form up I'll be surprised if Massa doesn't win a race next season. ",
"The guy was pretty quick in every race from Japan onwards. ",
"If Ferrari can deliver the car he will win a race, as long as Ferrari support him.",
"\n\nAside from him, I'd be surprised if Jenson doesn't win a few, obviously Alonso, Vettel and Webber. ",
"I'd tip Maldonado for another win if Williams can deliver a strong car, he was on for good results in Valencia and Singapore as well as his win in Spain. ",
"If Bottas proves to be faster than him he might even win a race.",
"\n\nWouldn't surprise me if Perez, Hamilton and Rosberg go the whole season winless. ",
"Jury is out on Lotus, they did fall away a bit toward the end, save for Kimi's win.",
"\n\nI wouldn't be surprised if Hamilton doesn't win a race in 2013, but I wouldn't be surprised if he does. ",
"The Merc tends to start off the season strong then falls behind, so as history suggests Hamilton has until Montreal to win a race before the car starts to fall behind.",
"\n\nFrom the list that those who have chosen that they would be surprised if they didn't win, I wouldn't be surpirsed if Hulkenberg, Massa, Grosjean, Raikkonen or Maldonado dont win any races.",
"\n\nI'm not sure about Webber, Perez will be new to the team and Massa is always a question mark - will he be supported and if not, he can be v inconsistent.",
"\n\nLotus/Merc are a difficult call as who knows how good their car will be? ",
"Lotus was pretty good this year, but could fall behind in 2013, whereas Merc have been pretty bad the last few seasons. ",
"The Merc was good at the beginning of 2012, but the reliability was appalling - and they went backwards (compared to other teams) as the season progressed.",
"\n\nI would only be surprised if Vettel, Button and Alonso don't win. ",
"IMO worst case scenario for Red Bull, Ferrari and McLaren is that they're not quite good enough, but I believe they would still have the opportunity to win at least one race with the right driving and decision making and IMO these are the drivers good enough to make that happen. ",
"So I anticipate at least one win from each of them. ",
"I'd include Hamilton in that list if he was at McLaren, but I don't believe that Mercedes are necessarily going to be in any position to win a race at all.",
"\n\nVettel, Alonso and Button. ",
"Those 3 have the best teams behind them, and certainly hold, or should hold in the case of Jenson, the advantage over their teammates.",
"\n\nI wouldn't be surprised if Hamilton doesn't win a race. ",
"He'll get close to winning, maybe a couple of second places, but I just feel that the Merc will just be that tad bit too slow. ",
"History suggests Merc will have a .... decent car for the first portion of the season, then they'll start to tail off is the trend.",
"\n\nThere are a few drivers I kinda expect to win a race, but I wouldn't say I would be surprised if they didn't:\n\nSo, it comes down to both Redbulls, Button and Alonso.",
"\n\nI'd be surprised if Ferrari, Redbull and McLaren didn't put out a race winning car. - ",
"Vettel is obvious, but Webber normally has a couple of very good races even in a poor season, so I'd be surprised if he didn't pick up a win driving a Redbull.- McLaren wise, even if they don't have the best car I'd back Button to pick up a win at some point. ",
"Although I expect Perez to perform well and probably win a race he's somewhat unproven so I would be exactly surprised if he didn't.- What sort of car Ferrari put out next season is the great unknown after the last few, but I'd be surprised if Alonso didn't grind out a win at some point even in a very average car.",
"\n\nLike I said, it's a very different question to who I think will probably win a race next season: Massa, Perez, Hamilton, Raikkonen and maybe Maldonado would probably be on that list (looks potentially like quite an open season unless Redbull dominate), but I wouldn't exactly be surprised if any other those drivers didn't manage to win one, for various reasons.",
"\n\nWithout any major rule changes I'm expecting a similar pecking order to 2012. ",
"I'd therefore be surprised if either of the Red Bull or McLaren drivers fail to win a race. ",
"As for the Ferrari drivers, I'm expecting another championship challenge from Alonso but given that Massa never really even got close to a win last year I don't think it's likely he'll get a win in 2013. ",
"Lotus are a tricky one as they may have won a race last year but their track record in recent years doesn't fill me with confidence. ",
"Raikkonen is certainly capable of delivering but I'm not sure the team can match what they achieved last year. ",
"I also don't think Mercedes will win this year, they seem to be focusing on 2014 and they'll need to make a massive step forward from the tail end of last year\n\nWebber barely won a race two years ago. ",
"He only had two victories last year. ",
"It makes three victories in two years. ",
"I would not be surprised if he doesn't win anything this year.",
"Mclaren, if it is a crap, neither Button nor Perez have capacity to bring it to victory.",
"Mercedes barely had one victory, and if they are crap, neither Hamilton nor Rosberg will not be able to do anything about it.",
"Massa, he didn't win since 2008.Williams/Maldonado, Renault/Raikkonen need to game up if they want to see another victory.",
"\n\nAll the pressure is on the Hulk to win, considering Sauber was close to it last season and he's being hyped as the next big thing he needs to get at least one win.",
"\n\nhow exactly are u a driver instructor ?",
"\n\nHit a nerve have I?",
"\n\nWhat has a driver instructor/test driver job role got to do with an opinion about an F1 driver you don't agree with? ",
"Talk about taking things out of context about something you don't agree with. ",
"Instead of going personal about someones job because you don't agree with them, how about being constructive about it.",
"\n\nLast season Sauber made massive improvements and almost go their first win (Not as BMW-Sauber) In 2013 they will continue to push and are looking to get their first win. ",
"They brought Hulk in to help them achieve that goal, so the pressure is on him and the team to continue with their push and get that first win. ",
"Not only that, but the Hulk buckled last season to get his first one with two major crucial mistakes, so the pressure is on him now to show if he can challenge for those wins without the mistakes, if Sauber continue like they did last season. (",
"Along with the immense amount of Hype he is getting in the media and on the net)\n\nAll the pressure is on the Hulk to win, considering Sauber was close to it last season and he's being hyped as the next big thing he needs to get at least one win.",
"\n\nWell no. ",
"The pressure is on Sauber to prove they can build a car of that quality two years running. ",
"They are a midfield team, no one should expect their drivers to win anything until we see just how good their new car will be.",
"\n\nThe pressure is on Perez to win, we know McLaren produce a winning car more often than not. ",
"Same goes for Massa and to a small extent Webber. ",
"But not Hulk. ",
"He doesn't need to win, he just needs to be consistent, beat his team mate handily and possibly get the odd podium if the car is up to it.",
"\n\nLast season Sauber made massive improvements and almost go their first win (Not as BMW-Sauber) In 2013 they will continue to push and are looking to get their first win. ",
"They brought Hulk in to help them achieve that goal, so the pressure is on him and the team to continue with their push and get that first win. ",
"Not only that, but the Hulk buckled last season to get his first one with two major crucial mistakes, so the pressure is on him now to show if he can challenge for those wins without the mistakes, if Sauber continue like they did last season. (",
"Along with the immense amount of Hype he is getting in the media and on the net)\n\nLast season Sauber made massive improvements and almost go their first win (Not as BMW-Sauber) In 2013 they will continue to push and are looking to get their first win. ",
"They brought Hulk in to help them achieve that goal, so the pressure is on him and the team to continue with their push and get that first win. ",
"Not only that, but the Hulk buckled last season to get his first one with two major crucial mistakes, so the pressure is on him now to show if he can challenge for those wins without the mistakes, if Sauber continue like they did last season. (",
"Along with the immense amount of Hype he is getting in the media and on the net)\n\nSo? ",
"They are a midfield team. ",
"No one in the media will be expecting Hulk to win any races, they'll say it'll be a nice surprise but unless Sauber deliver a decent car then he has no chance. ",
"Sauber as just Sauber don't have a history of producing two very good cars in a row. ",
"Look at 2001, 4th in WCC but 2002 was a big drop in form for them again. ",
"I expect many expect a similar thing to happen in 2013. ",
"They could make another very good car but they may also not. ",
"But there is no certainty that they'll be near the top like there is with the Red Bull's or McLaren's for example.",
"\n\nYou are putting way to much expectation on Hulk. ",
"I'd prepare to be disappointed now. ",
"Hell you've probably already written posts in advance for how much of a disappointment he will be because he didn't drag a midfield team to a win.",
"\n\nAlso at Brazil last year Hulk was fighting at the front in a car that had no business being there, he over drove the car, pushed it past it's limits but before that he did things his team mate could only dream of achieving last season. ",
"Kimi Raikkonen buckled when he was fighting for his first potential win in France 2002, one race doesn't shape a career.",
"\n\nLast season Sauber made massive improvements and almost go their first win (Not as BMW-Sauber) In 2013 they will continue to push and are looking to get their first win. ",
"They brought Hulk in to help them achieve that goal, so the pressure is on him and the team to continue with their push and get that first win. ",
"Not only that, but the Hulk buckled last season to get his first one with two major crucial mistakes, so the pressure is on him now to show if he can challenge for those wins without the mistakes, if Sauber continue like they did last season. (",
"Along with the immense amount of Hype he is getting in the media and on the net)\n\nSo? ",
"They are a midfield team. ",
"No one in the media will be expecting Hulk to win any races, they'll say it'll be a nice surprise but unless Sauber deliver a decent car then he has no chance. ",
"Sauber as just Sauber don't have a history of producing two very good cars in a row. ",
"Look at 2001, 4th in WCC but 2002 was a big drop in form for them again. ",
"I expect many expect a similar thing to happen in 2013. ",
"They could make another very good car but they may also not. ",
"But there is no certainty that they'll be near the top like there is with the Red Bull's or McLaren's for example.",
"\n\nYou are putting way to much expectation on Hulk. ",
"I'd prepare to be disappointed now. ",
"Hell you've probably already written posts in advance for how much of a disappointment he will be because he didn't drag a midfield team to a win.",
"\n\nAlso at Brazil last year Hulk was fighting at the front in a car that had no business being there, he over drove the car, pushed it past it's limits but before that he did things his team mate could only dream of achieving last season. ",
"Kimi Raikkonen buckled when he was fighting for his first potential win in France 2002, one race doesn't shape a career.",
"\n\nThere's also the matter of safety car bunching them all up a couple of times. ",
"Hulk did make a mistake, but it was under weird circumstances and in a car which was considerably slower than one following it.",
"\n\nLast season Sauber made massive improvements and almost go their first win (Not as BMW-Sauber) In 2013 they will continue to push and are looking to get their first win. ",
"They brought Hulk in to help them achieve that goal, so the pressure is on him and the team to continue with their push and get that first win. ",
"Not only that, but the Hulk buckled last season to get his first one with two major crucial mistakes, so the pressure is on him now to show if he can challenge for those wins without the mistakes, if Sauber continue like they did last season. (",
"Along with the immense amount of Hype he is getting in the media and on the net)\n\nSo? ",
"They are a midfield team. ",
"No one in the media will be expecting Hulk to win any races, they'll say it'll be a nice surprise but unless Sauber deliver a decent car then he has no chance. ",
"Sauber as just Sauber don't have a history of producing two very good cars in a row. ",
"Look at 2001, 4th in WCC but 2002 was a big drop in form for them again. ",
"I expect many expect a similar thing to happen in 2013. ",
"They could make another very good car but they may also not. ",
"But there is no certainty that they'll be near the top like there is with the Red Bull's or McLaren's for example.",
"\n\nYou are putting way to much expectation on Hulk. ",
"I'd prepare to be disappointed now. ",
"Hell you've probably already written posts in advance for how much of a disappointment he will be because he didn't drag a midfield team to a win.",
"\n\nAlso at Brazil last year Hulk was fighting at the front in a car that had no business being there, he over drove the car, pushed it past it's limits but before that he did things his team mate could only dream of achieving last season. ",
"Kimi Raikkonen buckled when he was fighting for his first potential win in France 2002, one race doesn't shape a career.",
"\n\nThere's also the matter of safety car bunching them all up a couple of times. ",
"Hulk did make a mistake, but it was under weird circumstances and in a car which was considerably slower than one following it.",
"\n\nAgreed. ",
"Di Resta stuffed it in the wall too after a pretty terrible race in the same spec car but no one mentions that. ",
"Forget the incident, focus on what he managed before it, it was remarkable.",
"\n\nIf Hulk had moved to McLaren I'd see the point in very high expectations, but he's gone to Sauber, a team who have never won a race under their own name.",
"\n\nHonestly if he keeps his form up I'll be surprised if Massa doesn't win a race next season. ",
"The guy was pretty quick in every race from Japan onwards. ",
"If Ferrari can deliver the car he will win a race, as long as Ferrari support him.",
"\n\nAside from him, I'd be surprised if Jenson doesn't win a few, obviously Alonso, Vettel and Webber. ",
"I'd tip Maldonado for another win if Williams can deliver a strong car, he was on for good results in Valencia and Singapore as well as his win in Spain. ",
"If Bottas proves to be faster than him he might even win a race.",
"\n\nWouldn't surprise me if Perez, Hamilton and Rosberg go the whole season winless. ",
"Jury is out on Lotus, they did fall away a bit toward the end, save for Kimi's win.",
"\n\nIf he starts 2013 in his current form and keeps it up, I'm sure Ferrari will support him\n\nI'd be most surprised if both Vettel and Button didn't score a win. ",
"They've had the two best cars over the last four seasons and have always won multiple races.",
"\n\nMcLaren did have a tendency to come out with an absolute dog once every few years, but they look like they've become pretty consistent now. ",
"Even in the one recent year where they built a complete dog, they made big gains in the development race and it was one of the best cars in the field at the end of that season. ",
"So I don't worry about them coming out with a bad car.",
"\n\nWith the above considered, I'd be very surprised if Perez didn't win. ",
"He showed winning speed last year. ",
"He just needs to show he can cope with the expectation that comes with a top team.",
"With Webber I wouldn't be too surprised given he basically inherited a win in the last race of 2011, despite having the best car.",
"I don't trust Ferrari to give Alonso the car he needs, so I wouldn't be surprised to see him winless. ",
"I think they could be the biggest surprise/disappointment of this season. ",
"If they aren't, I'm sure either Lotus or Merc will be. ",
"I think only one of Alonso/Kimi/Lewis will win in 2013.",
"\n\n_________________I don't follow F1 so I don't know what I'm talking about\n\nLast season Sauber made massive improvements and almost go their first win (Not as BMW-Sauber) In 2013 they will continue to push and are looking to get their first win. ",
"They brought Hulk in to help them achieve that goal, so the pressure is on him and the team to continue with their push and get that first win. ",
"Not only that, but the Hulk buckled last season to get his first one with two major crucial mistakes, so the pressure is on him now to show if he can challenge for those wins without the mistakes, if Sauber continue like they did last season. (",
"Along with the immense amount of Hype he is getting in the media and on the net)\n\nSo? ",
"They are a midfield team. ",
"No one in the media will be expecting Hulk to win any races, they'll say it'll be a nice surprise but unless Sauber deliver a decent car then he has no chance. ",
"Sauber as just Sauber don't have a history of producing two very good cars in a row. ",
"Look at 2001, 4th in WCC but 2002 was a big drop in form for them again. ",
"I expect many expect a similar thing to happen in 2013. ",
"They could make another very good car but they may also not. ",
"But there is no certainty that they'll be near the top like there is with the Red Bull's or McLaren's for example.",
"\n\nYou are putting way to much expectation on Hulk. ",
"I'd prepare to be disappointed now. ",
"Hell you've probably already written posts in advance for how much of a disappointment he will be because he didn't drag a midfield team to a win.",
"\n\nAlso at Brazil last year Hulk was fighting at the front in a car that had no business being there, he over drove the car, pushed it past it's limits but before that he did things his team mate could only dream of achieving last season. ",
"Kimi Raikkonen buckled when he was fighting for his first potential win in France 2002, one race doesn't shape a career.",
"\n\nExactly right.",
"I'm probably one of Hulkenberg's biggest critics on this forum, but he really can't be blamed if he can't win with Sauber.",
"\n\nIn 15 previous seasons as an independent (1993-05, 2010-11) Sauber had only six third place finishes and never more than one in a single season.2012 was their best year by a country mile. ",
"If their history is anything to go by, there's absolutely no chance they match what they did last year. ",
"On the off chance Sauber do provide Hulkenberg with a great car, that is when we can judge Hulk based on whether he wins or not.",
"\n\n_________________I don't follow F1 so I don't know what I'm talking about\n\nLast season Sauber made massive improvements and almost go their first win (Not as BMW-Sauber) In 2013 they will continue to push and are looking to get their first win. ",
"They brought Hulk in to help them achieve that goal, so the pressure is on him and the team to continue with their push and get that first win. ",
"Not only that, but the Hulk buckled last season to get his first one with two major crucial mistakes, so the pressure is on him now to show if he can challenge for those wins without the mistakes, if Sauber continue like they did last season. (",
"Along with the immense amount of Hype he is getting in the media and on the net)\n\nSo? ",
"They are a midfield team. ",
"No one in the media will be expecting Hulk to win any races, they'll say it'll be a nice surprise but unless Sauber deliver a decent car then he has no chance. ",
"Sauber as just Sauber don't have a history of producing two very good cars in a row. ",
"Look at 2001, 4th in WCC but 2002 was a big drop in form for them again. ",
"I expect many expect a similar thing to happen in 2013. ",
"They could make another very good car but they may also not. ",
"But there is no certainty that they'll be near the top like there is with the Red Bull's or McLaren's for example.",
"\n\nYou are putting way to much expectation on Hulk. ",
"I'd prepare to be disappointed now. ",
"Hell you've probably already written posts in advance for how much of a disappointment he will be because he didn't drag a midfield team to a win.",
"\n\nAlso at Brazil last year Hulk was fighting at the front in a car that had no business being there, he over drove the car, pushed it past it's limits but before that he did things his team mate could only dream of achieving last season. ",
"Kimi Raikkonen buckled when he was fighting for his first potential win in France 2002, one race doesn't shape a career.",
"\n\nExactly right.",
"I'm probably one of Hulkenberg's biggest critics on this forum, but he really can't be blamed if he can't win with Sauber.",
"\n\nIn 15 previous seasons as an independent (1993-05, 2010-11) Sauber had only six third place finishes and never more than one in a single season.2012 was their best year by a country mile. ",
"If their history is anything to go by, there's absolutely no chance they match what they did last year. ",
"On the off chance Sauber do provide Hulkenberg with a great car, that is when we can judge Hulk based on whether he wins or not.",
"\n\nSauber had two opportunities to legitimately win races on merit last year. ",
"Had Hulkenberg been driving the car I think it is likely he would have won, the one time Force India had a car that could win a race he probably would have done had the Safety Car not compressed the field. ",
"Given next year is a continuation of this year in terms of the regulations it is likely that the status quo will continue into next year for most teams, with the only exception being Mercedes as they are the only team with a sizeable budget that did not have a competitive 2012 car. ",
"The current iteration of regulations are reaching the end of their life span so the performance being gained with each step is smaller and smaller (unless someone comes up with a new wildcard) so it is more likely the field will be even more compressed next year. ",
"With 19 races on the calendar it is highly likely that there will be a race in which the Sauber will have the opportunity to win, just as a likely as the Mercedes will. ",
"So it would be a surprise for someone that Hamilton would end the year winless it is not a stretch to say it would be a surprise that Hulkenberg would end the year winless. ",
"And if he doesn't, that doesn't reflect badly on him, (unless the reasons was because he blew it) but rather surprise that a race with the circumstances for him to win did not arise.",
"\n\nExactly right.",
"I'm probably one of Hulkenberg's biggest critics on this forum, but he really can't be blamed if he can't win with Sauber.",
"\n\nIn 15 previous seasons as an independent (1993-05, 2010-11) Sauber had only six third place finishes and never more than one in a single season.2012 was their best year by a country mile. ",
"If their history is anything to go by, there's absolutely no chance they match what they did last year. ",
"On the off chance Sauber do provide Hulkenberg with a great car, that is when we can judge Hulk based on whether he wins or not.",
"\n\nSauber had two opportunities to legitimately win races on merit last year. ",
"Had Hulkenberg been driving the car I think it is likely he would have won, the one time Force India had a car that could win a race he probably would have done had the Safety Car not compressed the field. ",
"Given next year is a continuation of this year in terms of the regulations it is likely that the status quo will continue into next year for most teams, with the only exception being Mercedes as they are the only team with a sizeable budget that did not have a competitive 2012 car. ",
"The current iteration of regulations are reaching the end of their life span so the performance being gained with each step is smaller and smaller (unless someone comes up with a new wildcard) so it is more likely the field will be even more compressed next year. ",
"With 19 races on the calendar it is highly likely that there will be a race in which the Sauber will have the opportunity to win, just as a likely as the Mercedes will. ",
"So it would be a surprise for someone that Hamilton would end the year winless it is not a stretch to say it would be a surprise that Hulkenberg would end the year winless. ",
"And if he doesn't, that doesn't reflect badly on him, (unless the reasons was because he blew it) but rather surprise that a race with the circumstances for him to win did not arise.",
"\n\nYou aren't wrong. ",
"I just think the constant changing of order last year was mainly due to tyres. ",
"They had such a narrow working range that winning races seemed to be more about getting the tyres working than having a fast car. ",
"Later on, a much clearer order seemed to emerge.",
"\n\nI expect 2013 to be a lot like early 2009 really. ",
"There was a clear order then, with Brawn and RB being the fastest cars, Toyota being there or thereabouts (except for Monaco) and Force India/Toro Rosso/McLaren being pretty slow. ",
"But the laptimes were very close, sometimes there was around a second between a top car and a backmarker in Q1. ",
"If that happens, track characteristics will change the order at some weekends, which would probably favour Sauber a lot seeing as their best performances in 2012 were at fast, flowing circuits such as Barcelona, Silverstone and Suzuka. ",
"They were pretty much average at best at most other tracks.",
"\n\nBut as you say, unless Hulkenberg throws away a winning opportunity, he can't be blamed for not winning. ",
"I just can't see him getting that opportunity. ",
"2012 was the kind of season we haven't seen in around 30 years and I'd be amazed if we had six winning teams again.",
"\n\n_________________I don't follow F1 so I don't know what I'm talking about\n\n_________________Champions are made from something they have deep inside of them - a desire, a dream, a vision. ",
"They have last-minute stamina, they have to be a little faster, they have the skill & the will but the will must be stronger than the skill. ",
"Muhammad Ali\n\nMcLaren did have a tendency to come out with an absolute dog once every few years, but they look like they've become pretty consistent now.",
"\n\nThat was Newey putting out a dog every other year when he was at McLaren. ",
"His cars were usually fast but fragile, and sometimes slow but fragile. ",
"I'll never forgive him for the MP4-18. ",
"THe 07 and 08 RBR's were pretty bad as well. ",
"I just have this inkling that because the rules haven't changed that much since last season, Newey might just try and be a bit too clever, and possibly outsmart himself. ",
"Either that or he'll produce something unbeatable!",
"\n\nF1 racing wins are mostly the result of arithmetic: car speed + driver speed =race speed. ",
"So any of the top few drivers,if their car is fast enough and close to the top, should be winners. ",
"Even if only once, as were those two cases when the Rosberg/Merc and Maldo/Williams packages were top in 2012.",
"\n\nProviding the Red Bull, Ferrari and Lotus-Renault cars are again the best and within no more than about 0.3 of each other driver-neutral, then Vettel, Alonso and Raikkonen should score wins. ",
"For their team-mates Webber and Massa though, it is far more difficult: they are just those crucial 0.3 to 0.4 slower, as well as being on the psychological back foot within their teams. ",
"Grosjean was almost as fast as his 'number one' Kimi, but he has quite a psycho barrier to overcome after his 2012 incidents, and I reckon Kimi will be faster in 2013 than he was in 2012. ",
"He'll know even more what he is doing!",
"\n\nButton will struggle to make up for any deficiency in his McLaren car speed to Vettel and Alonso. ",
"Perez's speed is unknown, but he could well be close to Button. ",
"To score a win against Vettel, Alonso and Raikkonen, Perez's McLaren will have to be top-rated, and theirs some way slower.",
"\n\nEven Alonso, Hamilton and Vettel if their cars end up with 2012 Mercedes-type pace or less, will struggle to win."
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[
"Where to Find the Best Baguettes in Paris\n\nWhere can you find a great baguette in Paris? ",
"Below we’ve listed and mapped the bakeries who have placed among the top ten winners in the city’s annual competition to determine Le Meilleur Baguette de Paris. ",
"Look for the bakery that’s nearest to you, or focus your efforts on those who have finished first – we’ve indicated the Grand Prix winners with a heart.",
"\n\nBenjamin Turquier from the bakery 134 RdT, which since 2015 has been renamed Tout Autour du Pain. ",
"This is the third time Turquier, who also wins awards for his buttery croissants, has placed in the top ten ranking for baguette. ",
"Located at at 134 rue de Turenne, 75003."
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[
"Bride weds in West Bromwich Albion-themed dress Published duration 2 May 2017\n\nimage copyright The Couture Company image caption The bespoke dress took between 40 and 50 hours to make\n\nA bride surprised her groom on their wedding day by wearing a dress based on his favourite football team.",
"\n\nBronwyn Beale, from Kidderminster, in Worcestershire, plotted to surprise her \"Baggies mad\" partner Peter who supports West Bromwich Albion.",
"\n\nHer dress incorporated the team's navy and white shirt stripes and featured an embroidered bird perched in a hawthorn bush, taken from the club's emblem.",
"\n\nThe couple married in Las Vegas last month.",
"\n\nMrs Beale said the idea for the dress came to her after her husband went down on one knee at his 50th birthday party held at the club's ground, The Hawthorns.",
"\n\nimage copyright Bronwyn Beale image caption Peter Beale wore a club tie on his wedding day\n\n\"None of the men in the wedding party knew about the dress, but the women did. ",
"They all liked it,\" she said.",
"\n\nMr Beale, 51, a former season-ticket holder, wore an Albion tie for the big day.",
"\n\nMrs Beale said he had a \"massive smile on his face\" when he saw her for the first time, ready to walk down the aisle.",
"\n\n\"He thought the dress was amazing,\" she added.",
"\n\nimage copyright The Couture Company image caption The dress incorporated the thrush and hawthorns from the club's emblem\n\n\"She is always surprising me, Mr Beale said.",
"\n\n\"I never had a clue... I thought it looked very nice. ",
"It was my wedding day, so it all just kind of overawes you.\"",
"\n\nimage copyright The Couture Company image caption Dress designer Jo Bromley said she did not get many requests like Mrs Beale's\n\nThe 48-year-old shop worker used The Couture Company, in Digbeth, Birmingham, to make the dress.",
"\n\nDesigner Jo Bromley, said: \"There was a concern that a football kit dress could be tacky but we really got our teeth into it.",
"\n\n\"The bride accessorised it beautifully and I think it worked really well.\""
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[
"ERROL PARKER | Editor-at-large | Contact\n\nAn older Australian has so far lived his life under the impression that when he’s got some folded ones to spend, he is the one who is always in the right.",
"\n\nHowever, this afternoon around 4pm, he met his match.",
"\n\nHand on heart, Graeme Pooley said he’d seen a cheaper socket set at the Mitre 10 in Betoota Heights and now that he was standing in front of a sales clerk at the Bunnings down the French Quarter, he felt he was entitled to the famous 10% discount on that item.",
"\n\nHowever, the said Bunnings sales clerk explained to Graeme that he was going to need more than his word.",
"\n\n“I’m telling you it’s exactly the same and I need that discount, thanks,” Graeme spat at Oscar Dollarhyde, a Bunnings wageman just minutes away from knockoff .",
"\n\n“I understand that, sir, but it’s company protocol. ",
"Do you have a catalogue or something?”",
"\n\nBut Oscar had already made up his mind that Graeme wasn’t going to be getting the $4 discount.",
"\n\n“Listen to me, son. ",
"I am the customer. ",
"I am always right. ",
"Let me speak to your manager,” said Graeme.",
"\n\nThough Oscar wasn’t a manager, he told Mr Pooley that he was.",
"\n\nHe told him that because the world of retail had worn him down, extinguishing any real hopes he had for his future.",
"\n\nIn fact, he also told our reporter that he didn’t care if he got fired. ",
"There’s plenty of other jobs just like his.",
"\n\n“So,” said Oscar.",
"\n\n“It seems that Graeme here has met his match. ",
"Today, the customer was wrong. ",
"But yeah, he was totally right about the discount thing, by the way.”",
"\n\nMore to come."
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[
"Steve Stone knows a lot about pitching. ",
"A savvy right-hander for four teams from 1971-1981, he hurled 43 complete games, and augmented a 101-93 record with a rock solid 3.97 ERA. ",
"Stone was especially stellar in the 1980 season, garnering 25 wins for the Baltimore Orioles and taking home the American League Cy Young Award.",
"\n\nHe doesn’t lack for opinions. ",
"Given his current job, he’s not supposed to. ",
"The 71-year-old has been in the broadcast booth for 30-plus years, the last 10 of them with the White Sox. ",
"As fans of Chicago’s South Side team can attest, Stone knows his stuff, and he’s not shy about sharing it. ",
"Agree with him or not, he’s rarely boring.",
"\n\nStone sat down for a wide-ranging interview — one that offered some blunt commentary on players and trends alike — during a visit to Fenway Park midway through the 2018 season.",
"\n\n———\n\nSteve Stone on learning as a young pitcher: “I pitched with Juan Marichal and Gaylord Perry. ",
"I pitched with Jim Palmer and Mike Flanagan. ",
"I pitched with Wilbur Wood. ",
"One thing I learned … I was very young when I was with Marichal and Perry. ",
"I didn’t have Hall of Fame talent, so it was hard to assimilate what they had to show me. ",
"Plus, Gaylord wasn’t forthcoming about anything that made him the pitcher he was. ",
"Marichal probably would have been, had I been able to understand how he did certain things.",
"\n\n“Perry threw a spitter. ",
"He wasn’t going to share that. ",
"Not unless I brought $3,000 to the park. ",
"That’s how much he said he’d charge to teach me the spitter. ",
"I was taking home $8,500. ",
"I didn’t want to give him 40% of my yearly take-home pay to try to learn a pitch that very few people can master.",
"\n\n“I didn’t learn as much from pitchers as I did from the assorted pitching coaches. ",
"One guy I learned a lot from was Ray Miller, with the Orioles. ",
"Ray told me a couple of different things. ",
"One was to work quickly. ",
"I had a tendency to work slow.",
"\n\n“I was in Baltimore — I was their first free-agent signing — and I remember he came running out to the mound with nothing going on. ",
"This was in maybe my second game with them. ",
"I asked Ray what he was doing out there. ",
"He said, ‘I have a message for you.’ ",
"I said, ‘From who?’ ",
"He said, ‘From your infield. ",
"They want you to throw the ball. ",
"They’re falling asleep.’",
"\n\n“He threw in a few expletives along the way, so I figured that working quickly was how they liked to do in Baltimore. ",
"It worked. ",
"When I started to work more quickly, I became more consistent. ",
"It was easier for me to repeat my motion, and my fielders were on their toes.”",
"\n\nOn setting up hitters: “Ray also mentioned that I had a tendency to throw all of my pitches to every hitter, in every sequence. ",
"I was giving away certain things I didn’t have to give away. ",
"Ray said to take my fastball and one other pitch — usually my curveball — and establish them first. ",
"Then I could slowly integrate my other pitches into the performance. ",
"I threw a slider and a cutter, and three speeds of a curveball. ",
"I never could throw a straight change.",
"\n\n“Let’s say you have a hitter who has a problem with a low-and-away fastball. ",
"Ted Williams used to call it ‘The .240 zone,’ and if he hit .240 on that pitch, you can imagine how difficult it is for mortal hitters. ",
"So, let’s say a guy’s soft spot is low and away. ",
"If each and every time up, you go low-and-away fastball, then low-and-away slider, you’re tipping your hand. ",
"Two outs and nobody on, early in the game, is a non-critical at bat. ",
"There’s no reason to give away how you’re going to get him out with runners on base in the late innings.",
"\n\n“Another thing I learned is to always go to my strength until the hitter showed me that he was better than my strength. ",
"My strength was inside fastballs to a right-handed hitter, outside to a left-hander, and then breaking balls away to both. ",
"All things being equal, I was going to go there before I went to the scouting report. ",
"Ideally, my strength is his weakness and then he doesn’t get many hits against me.",
"\n\n“The avocation is called ‘pitching.’ ",
"If you’re calling it ‘throwing,’ then you can throw as hard as you can, early, and try to blow everybody away. ",
"With ‘pitching,’ you don’t go max effort every pitch. ",
"You’re setting guys up for the third time through the order.”",
"\n\nOn third time through the order: “Pitchers were actually expected to go deep into games in those days. ",
"Now they’re expected to go as hard as they can, as long as they can. ",
"They’ll usually come out by the middle of sixth inning, leaving their bullpen to get the rest of the outs. ",
"That’s one of the reasons starters don’t have as many wins as they could — they’re not going deep enough into games to do that.",
"\n\n“You need to learn how to go through the order multiple times. ",
"Let’s say you try to shoot free throws in the NBA without ever practicing free throws. ",
"If you’re not expected to make free throws, you’re probably not going to be good at it. ",
"You have to convince guys that there’s a benefit to going a third time through, and hopefully a fourth time through, the order. ",
"If you yank somebody at the first sign of trouble, he can’t possibly become good at it.",
"\n\n“Third time through the order has a lot to do with how many times you threw the ball the first two times through the order. ",
"If you’re at 85-90 pitches, you’re probably not going to be as lively with your arm as you were at 65-70 pitches. ",
"If you struggle the first two times, you’re really going to struggle the third time. ",
"Plus, pitchers today aren’t used to going through the order a third time. ",
"We’ve seen a couple of guys … Reynaldo Lopez has fantastic numbers third time through. ",
"He’s a guy whose velocity doesn’t diminish. ",
"He’s still throwing 96-95 mph late in games. ",
"Extra velocity helps a pitcher get away with a few more mistakes than he would at 93.”",
"\n\nOn velocity and max effort: “Earlier in his career, Justin Verlander threw 98-99 mph — but he would throw 93 when the game started. ",
"Bob Gibson did the same thing. ",
"You might be able to pull the ball against Gibson in the first inning, but he faces that same guy in the ninth inning, maybe with the game on the line, and now he’s throwing 98-99 mph. ",
"He had that in the first inning, he just didn’t want to show it. ",
"Verlander doesn’t show you his big fastball early unless he’s in trouble. ",
"He understands what pitching is all about. ",
"He keeps that 98 in his back pocket until he needs it.",
"\n\n“I think one reason we’ve seen (Stephen) Strasburg go through a lot of arm injuries is that he was always max effort on every pitch. ",
"Young pitchers with really good arms go through this max-effort phase. ",
"If they don’t grow out of it, they end up getting hurt. ",
"If they do grow out of it, maybe they can have a long career.",
"\n\n“You’ll see a lot of max effort guys flying off the mound. ",
"When you’re flying off the mound to one side or the other, you can’t field your position. ",
"Before we saw all these massive shifts, the biggest hole in the infield was back up the middle. ",
"It used to behoove pitchers to be able to field. ",
"I’ve seen fewer good-fielding pitchers as they’ve gone to the max-effort approach. ",
"I prefer the Jim Kaat, Greg Maddux types. ",
"You don’t have to win Gold Gloves all the time, but squaring off your delivery keeps you centered and allows you to make plays defensively. ",
"It also helps you have a long career, because if you’re not max effort you’re not putting extra strain on your arm.”",
"\n\nOn splitters and keeping pitchers healthy: “I think a lot of pitchers will learn the lesson of Ohtani, who is on the shelf and looking at Tommy John surgery. ",
"It’s the splitter. ",
"A splitter is destructive. ",
"There aren’t a lot of guys who can thrive with it over the long haul. ",
"Roger Clemens threw it. ",
"Jack Morris threw it. ",
"There are a few guys in history who have thrown it well. ",
"But then you have Roger Craig, who completely decimated the San Francisco organization by teaching everybody splitters. ",
"The entire pitching staff broke down. ",
"It’s a wonderful pitch to get people out, but it takes velocity away from you and is ultimately destructive. ",
"If you want to shorten your career, throw splitters.",
"\n\n“We’ve had a healthy pitching staff here in Chicago. ",
"We have a very good pitching coach (Don Cooper) and the scouts place a lot of value on arm action. ",
"An exception was made with Chris Sale, and he’s held together outside of an elbow thing earlier on. ",
"For the most part the organization has been a pitching organization, and yes, we’ve had fewer guys break down than most. ",
"Some of that might be a matter of luck, but it’s also a matter of scouting.”",
"\n\nOn Reynaldo Lopez, Carlos Rodon, and Lucas Giolito: “Reynaldo’s ceiling is to be a No. ",
"1 starter on a very good baseball team. ",
"His stuff is that good. ",
"He’s a very young pitcher with a lot of growth in front of him, but one thing you can’t teach is a great arm. ",
"He’s also got a sense of competitiveness that you can’t teach. ",
"He does have a tendency to throw flat fastballs, because he’s kind of a short-armer, and occasionally he’ll open up too quickly in his delivery. ",
"But he’s got the fastball, a good slider, a really good changeup for a young pitcher. ",
"I think Reynaldo’s upside is unlimited.",
"\n\n“Reynaldo doesn’t have the best stuff on the team. ",
"That would be Carlos Rodon — when he’s completely healthy. ",
"Rodon’s slider is un-hittable. ",
"If he and Reynaldo stay healthy, we’re looking at two guys who can pitch of the top of anybody’s rotation.",
"\n\n“(Giolito) can be good, but he dropped three mph in his velocity. ",
"I don’t know why. ",
"He’s got a very good curveball; he doesn’t like to throw it. ",
"I don’t know why. ",
"He has a tendency to fall off the mound and yank the ball three feet wide of the plate. ",
"I don’t know why. ",
"I’m not his pitching coach; I don’t have to know why.”",
"\n\nOn strikeouts and sinkers: “Are strikeouts overrated? ",
"Tell Nolan Ryan that. ",
"Tell Tom Seaver. ",
"Tell Don Sutton. ",
"If your stuff is good, you’re going to strike out a lot of guys. ",
"If it’s not, you generally won’t. ",
"Guys who don’t have big fastballs or hard breaking balls … they call that ‘pitching to contact,’ which is a pseudonym for ‘your stuff is marginal, so you better hit your spots.’ ",
"There are also sinkerballers. ",
"Very few sinkerballers strike out a lot of guys. ",
"They live and die with ground balls.",
"\n\n“Is the sinker dying? ",
"Maybe, but in baseball everything dies and then it comes back. ",
"It’s back to the future. ",
"Dylan Covey throws two-seamers that sink and run, and I don’t think he’s going to abandon that any time soon. ",
"If a two-seamer is good enough, there’s no reason to go away from it.",
"\n\n“There is an infatuation with four-seam fastballs that stay up in the zone, and this year umpires are calling a higher strike, bringing that pitch back into play. ",
"Eventually, what’s going to happen is everybody will throw that same pitch, hitters will adjust to it, and somebody will come along and teach the true sinker — teach it well — and pitchers will throw that again.”",
"\n\nOn openers and fifth starters: “Is pitching the same animal it’s always been? ",
"To some people it is — to some coaches it is — but more times than not, it’s not. ",
"You have organizations like Tampa Bay using a reliever to start the game. ",
"Many times it’s the closer, so who is going to close? ",
"You need a closer at the end of the game. ",
"If starting pitches could close, they probably wouldn’t be starting pitchers — they’d be closers. ",
"Let’s see how this experiment goes. ",
"I don’t think it’s going to work out very well in the long run.",
"\n\n“The six-man rotation, to me, seems stupid. ",
"I believe that some forward-thinking organization is eventually going to go back to a four-man. ",
"They haven’t used that since the Mets came up with the five-man in ’69. ",
"I think you should.",
"\n\n“I did a breakdown of pitching from 2001-2005, and No. ",
"5 starters had 6.4 wins per season. ",
"They had 8.6 losses. ",
"Why have a five? ",
"If you’re only going to have guys go into the sixth inning, and that’s it, why not go with four starters? ",
"Then put another quality reliever in your bullpen. ",
"That’s where the game is going anyway. ",
"It’s a bullpen game, so why not have one more pen-man and one less starter?",
"\n\n“Of course, what it ultimately comes down to is that you need good pitchers. ",
"If you don’t have good pitchers, they’re going to get blown out regardless of what they do. ",
"You could have somebody stand on his head and throw nickels over his shoulder, and he’s still going to get hit. ",
"You need to have good pitchers who know how to pitch.”"
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"Helveconae\n\nThe Helveconae, or Helvaeonae, or Helvecones, or Aelvaeones, or Ailouaiones were a Germanic tribe mentioned by Roman authors. ",
"They are possibly connected to the Hilleviones of Naturalis Historia by Pliny the Elder. ",
"The Helveconae as such (manuscript variant Helvaeonae) are one of the tribal states of the Lugii mentioned by Tacitus in Germania. ",
"The Lugii were located in the Silesia area (today Poland). ",
"Their ethnicity is speculative. ",
"Subsequent authors, such as Johann Jacob Hofmann, 1635-1706, identified the people of Tacitus with a people of Ptolemy, the Ailouaiones in Greek, which has been Latinized to Aelvaeones. ",
"Perhaps the scholars innovated Helvecones, which is not attested in classical times.",
"\n\nSee also\n\nList of Germanic peoples\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Early Germanic peoples\nCategory:Lugii\nCategory:Iron Age peoples of Europe"
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[
"X for a difference\n\nThe only problem is, I knew in my heart of hearts I wasn’t voting for a party, but a person. ",
"And it was at that point where I almost turned around and ran.",
"\n\nFile image\n\nSo yet another general election has come and gone. ",
"Each time we look forward to it like a kid at Christmas. ",
"And year after year we are disappointed.",
"\n\nGranted, we don’t have to write the long, drawn out letter – we just go to a community meeting, rattle off our “mandate” and Bob’s your uncle.",
"\n\nIf only it was so easy.",
"\n\nThis little scenario reminds me of a Gordon Ramsey show I happened to watch the other day. ",
"I just put the TV on and it was the start of the programme. ",
"I can’t remember what it was called. ",
"I think it was the F-word or something like that. ",
"Anyway, what I could gather was that it was different families competing against each other. ",
"Mr Ramsey went around asking each family a couple of questions. ",
"But, seriously I was screaming at the TV, “Please, Gordon, show some sort of enthusiasm – even if you have to compete with Lady Gaga to win an Oscar. ",
"Just give something anything ”\n\nBut noooo. ",
"The man was obviously thinking about his next expletive rhyme in his head.",
"\n\nI guess that’s what some of our politicians do at community meetings and rallies too. ",
"I’ve seen quite a couple of well-known politicians taking a power nap at rallies regardless of the booming noise all round with the crowd clapping and waiting for a Melissa McCarthy Boss Lady to descend out of the sky on a golden throne. ",
"Or an Ellen Degeneres to come dancing down the aisle, grabbing two audience members to compete against each other for a chance to mark out their erf or win some electricity.",
"\n\nThis is reality folks. ",
"There is no Father Christmas. ",
"There is no “Boss Lady”. ",
"There is no Ellen Degeneres. ",
"It’s always going to be just us us against them.",
"\n\nYet every time we go to the polls we do wish for some or other miracle. ",
"I don’t know why we put ourselves through it. ",
"Not everybody is stupid. ",
"We have all been born with that little gene which helps us distinguish between right and wrong. ",
"Yet we tend to forget about that when we get given a T-Shirt, a food parcel and maybe, just maybe, a selfie with the leader of the party.",
"\n\nWhen you go to the polls to make your mark and are given those two ballot papers, you see a whole bunch of logos and you choose which party you want to “represent” you.",
"\n\nYou don’t per se get the choice of person you want.",
"\n\nBefore I trample on anyone’s toes here, you get sort of a chance at branch level and then it is supposed to filter up to the top. ",
"But sometimes the choices you have at this level leaves a lot to be desired. ",
"You just get told, “This is who you have, deal with it.”",
"\n\nIn 2014 I didn’t go and vote. ",
"This time around I thought, “Let me just go and do it.”",
"\n\nI have to say once I was standing in that polling booth, I just didn’t know what to do. ",
"You vote for the party which you have supported since the year of the rinderpest – but which has screwed up time after time, or do I go with the party which might bring a little bit of change in the country.",
"\n\nThe only problem is, I knew in my heart of hearts I wasn’t voting for a party, but a person. ",
"And it was at that point where I almost turned around and ran.",
"\n\nThe representative of the party I was voting for just didn’t do it for me. ",
"But, I had come this far, I couldn’t turn around now. ",
"I made my X.\n\nNow I just hope that that person can muster up the courage to be a man and really make a difference in this country and just outside my front door.",
"\n\nI don’t think the general election is anything like the excitement Christmas holds, I just hope we all made the right mark."
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[
"Title: Nadia is pooping for us\n\nDescription: Nadia is a sexy blonde teen girl. ",
"She decides to make her first scat video so he grabbed a pizza box and took a shit on it. ",
"Awesome.",
"\n\nDuration: 00:00:55\n\nViews: 28704\n\nAdded On: 21.01.2015\n\nTags: shit, poop, sexy\n\nDMCA or report this video\n\nBookmark This Clip\n\nRating: 4.222\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlease share this video"
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[
"Emergency department presentation of ketamine abusers in Hong Kong: a review of 233 cases.",
"\nTo study the acute clinical presentations of ketamine abusers in Hong Kong. ",
"Retrospective chart review. ",
"Fifteen accident and emergency departments in Hong Kong. ",
"Consultations associated with recent ketamine use either confirmed by history or urine test were searched for from the database of the Hospital Authority Hong Kong Poison Information Centre from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2008. ",
"Their medical records and investigation results were analysed. ",
"A total of 233 records of ketamine use were included for review. ",
"Patient ages ranged from 13 to 60, with a median of 22 years, and the male-to-female ratio being 2.1:1. ",
"The most common symptoms of ketamine misuse were impaired consciousness (45%), abdominal pain (21%), lower urinary tract symptoms (12%), and dizziness (12%). ",
"The most common abnormal physical findings were high blood pressure (40%), followed by tachycardia (39%), abdominal tenderness (18%), and white powder in the nostrils (17%). ",
"Most ketamine abusers presented acutely with transient central nervous system depression, abdominal pain, or lower urinary tract symptoms. ",
"Clinicians should be alert to the typical age-group, signs and symptoms of such abusers presenting in an acute medical setting."
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[
"An Independent Take on the American South\n\nMenu\n\nTag Archives: Bear Bryant\n\nThere’s an empty spot on the walk of fame at Alabama for Nick Saban, who brought Alabama back to the national championship in the Rose Bowl and coached the university’s first Heisman Trophy winner, Mark Ingram\n\nby Glynn Wilson\n\nThe University of Alabama Crimson Tide is back on top of the football world, hanging on to prevail over the Texas Longhorns in a game of unexpected twists and turns, including the early hit by Marcel Dareus that knocked Quarterback Colt McCoy out of the national championship game in the first quarter.",
"\n\nDareus later scored on a 28-yard interception return just before halftime, earning him the award for defensive player of the game.",
"\n\n“I was thinking about grabbing the guy with the ball, but then I said, `Let me just grab this football.’ ",
"I wasn’t even thinking about the highlight,” Dareus, a native of Birmingham who played at Huffman High School, said after the game. “",
"I was so excited. ",
"My legs were weak, my muscles were crazy, and I made it.”",
"\n\nThis Alabama team will go down in football history for going through 14 games undefeated and for Mark Ingram’s Heisman trophy, Alabama’s first. ",
"Ingram earned offensive player of the game honors for running for 116 yards and two touchdowns. ",
"His roommate, Trent Richardson, ran for 109 yards and two touchdowns.",
"\n\nThe No. ",
"1 Crimson Tide held off a rally by second-ranked Texas and beat the Longhorns 37-21 on Thursday night in the BCS title game with help from a late fumble recovery by Courtney Upshaw at the Texas 3-yard line. ",
"Ingram scored a clinching touchdown from 1 yard out with just about two minutes left in the game.",
"\n\nThe victory makes Alabama head coach Nick Saban, now called Saint Nick in Alabama, the first coach to win BCS titles at two universities, Alabama and LSU.",
"\n\nWhat do you think? ",
"Sign in below and give us your comments. ",
"Onto the story…\n\nby Paul Rockne\n\nIt’s Traditional Rivalry Week for Southeastern Conference football.",
"\n\nPhoto by Glynn Wilson\n\nFunny, when Paul “Bear” Bryant was alive, it was hard to get a picture of him where you could see his eyes, especially on the football field. ",
"Now, with the sun behind Bryant-Denny Stadium, it’s hard to get a photo of his new statue with his eyes in the picture…\n\nThere are three of these throw-out-the-record-books games, in which the outcome is the be-all and end-all for rabid fans, on tap this weekend – headed by the Iron Bowl, which annually pits Alabama against Auburn.",
"\n\nIn the state of Alabama, polls have shown that over the years some three-fourths of the population – young and old, women and men – watch the Bama-AU battle if it is offered on TV. ",
"This year it is being carried live on CBS (not a good omen for Alabama, which has fared poorly on that particular network in the past few years).",
"\n\nOutside of Alabamians, few football fans in the other 49 states will be tuned into CBS Saturday because they will be tuned into the big No. ",
"1 Ohio State vs. No. ",
"2 Michigan game over on ABC that will determine the Big Ten title and put the winner into the BCS national championship game.",
"\n\nThe Tide-War Eagle game is more important than life or death to a good number of the teams’ fans. ",
"While it doesn’t quite mean that much to the teams and players – winning or losing won’t mean a winning or losing season for either and a win won’t put either into the Western Division title game – it does have it’s importance to both.",
"\n\nFor Alabama, it will mean stopping a four-game losing streak to Auburn. ",
"A Bama win would also be big in that it would be the first-ever for the Tide in Tuscaloosa. ",
"Right now Auburn owns a five-game winning streak in T-Town, owns the Alabama home field. ",
"Add to that the fact that, so far, Bama Coach Mike Shula is 0-for against Auburn. ",
"No coach can last for long at Alabama if he can’t beat Auburn – and Shula knows that.",
"\n\nA win for Auburn would erase the two losses this season and send the Tigers a-bowling with a good taste in their mouths. ",
"It would also be win No. ",
"10 for the season for Coach Tommy Tuberville’s team. ",
"And it would probably mean a new version of the “Fear the Thumb” T-shirts that AU unveiled after last year’s Iron Bowl triumph.",
"\n\nPeople outside Alabama have a hard time understanding exactly why the “Iron Bowl,” if we should still call it that, is such a big deal (although ESPN announcers have been debating among themselves if it is or isn’t the nation’s fiercest rivalry, thus giving the game more national attention).",
"\n\nRemember, this is a series that was put on hold for 41 years over a dispute – following a tie game – over a referee and per diem money paid to players to travel. ",
"Alabama owns a 38-31-1 edge in the series, with the lone deadlock coming in that final game before the 41-year break. ",
"There have been 22 shutouts in the series (meaning a close, low-scoring game benefits the Tide?), ",
"while Auburn owns a 4-1 record in one-point games in the series (meaning a close game is a good omen for AU?).",
"\n\nOne final historical fact does seem to lean the Tide’s way. ",
"This is the eighth time since the series was rekindled in 1948 that both teams come into the Iron Bowl off losses. ",
"Alabama holds a 5-2 edge in games that followed the double losses.",
"\n\nThe other two other rivalry games set for Saturday include Ole Miss (3-7, 1-5) at No. ",
"9 LSU (8-2, 4-2) and No. ",
"22 Tennessee (7-3, 3-3) at Vanderbilt (4-7, 1-6). ",
"The schedule also includes one big non-rivalry matchup – No. ",
"5 Arkansas (9-1, 6-0) at Mississippi State (3-7, 1-5). ",
"Arkansas can clinch the Western Division crown with a win over the Bulldogs, or a win over LSU next week.",
"\n\nOther league games on tap this week include a trio of cremepuffs with the SEC taking on two Sun Belt Conference squads and one Divison 1-AA team: No. ",
"3 Florida (9-1) will get no computer points for its national title game bid with a win this week. ",
"The Gators host Division 1-AA Western Carolina (2-8). ",
"South Carolina (5-5) looks pretty assured of getting that sixth win to become bowl eligible as the Gamecocks host Middle Tennessee (7-3). ",
"Kentucky (6-4) will be at home against Louisiana-Monroe (2-7).",
"\n\nSaturday’s weekend TV football lineup, other than pay-for-view is as follows:\n\nThe return of the king … a different kind of homecoming … the oldie-but-goodie hit song, “The Boys (make that “boy”) Are Back in Town” … all could be the theme for the SEC Game of the Week in this, the second week of November, 2006.",
"\n\nSteve Spurrier, the ex-Florida Gator head coach who brought the national championship trophy to Gainesville in 1996 and built a dynasty on the way to the title, returns to The Swamp Saturday, bringing his South Carolina Gamecocks in to face Urban Myer’s version of the Gators.",
"\n\nThis game has more story lines than a national election. ",
"Spurrier is the winningest coach in the SEC, with a 95-21 record at Florida and now South Carolina. ",
"His name stands atop a list of legends. ",
"No. ",
"2 is Tennessee’s Gen. Robert Neyland. ",
"No. ",
"3 is Alabama’s Frank Thomas, followed in fourth place by Alabama’s (and Kentucky’s) Paul Bear Bryant.",
"\n\nSpurrier, who won a Heisman Trophy while playing for Florida, will be making his third trip to Gainesville this season and he is only hoping the third trip will be as pleasant an experience for him as the first two. ",
"Spurrier attended a reunion for the ’96 national title team in early September and then later in the month came back to be inducted into the Florida Ring of Honor.",
"\n\nAnother question Saturday in Gainesville is can Spurrier keep his winning streak alive in Florida-South Carolina games? ",
"Spurrier has never been on the losing sideline of a Gator-Gamecock matchup. ",
"He posted a 10-0 record at Florida against South Carolina and is 1-0 at S.C. vs. the Gators. ",
"Spurrier’s Gamecocks beat Meyer’s Gators last season in Columbia, S.C. – the first and only time Florida has lost to S.C.\n\nAnd while the storyline being watched by most is that of Meyer trying to escape the shadow of Spurrier’s legend at Florida, there are some real-time storylines as well. ",
"Spurrier bringing his 5-4 Gamecocks into Florida hoping for a win that will make his team bowl eligible and send South Carolina bowling for a second year in row. ",
"Meyer has his 8-1 Gators in the national championship mix, ranked No. ",
"6 in AP and No. ",
"4 on the BCS list.",
"\n\nThis week’s college football TV schedule kicks off tonight with Texas El-Paso at UAB live from Legion Field in Birmingham, Ala., at 7 p.m. on ESPN2. ",
"Saturday’s weekend TV lineup, other than pay-for-view is as follows:\n\nThe SEC spotlight will shine on Rocky Top this weekend as 5-2 (2-2 in league games) Alabama invades No. ",
"7 (or 8 depending on which poll you like) Tennessee (5-1, 1-1).",
"\n\nOverall, it’s a ho-hum lineup for SEC teams, with no other league team facing a ranked opponent. ",
"But there’s enough intensity, rivalry and drama in the game in Knoxville for an entertaining Saturday.",
"\n\nThe Tide and Vols first locked horns on Nov. 18, 1901, and after four quarters of play, nothing had been decided with that first meeting ending in a 0-0 tie and 2,000 fans on the field at Tuscaloosa fighting. ",
"The two teams have met on the third Saturday in October every year since 1928 except 1943 during World War II.",
"\n\nThe game has always served as a measuring stick for the two teams. ",
"Legendary Tennessee coach Gen. Bob Neyland, for whom the stadium in which the game will be played Saturday is named, always said the stiffest test for his team was when it played Alabama. ",
"Bama’s Coach Bear Bryant said, “We never know what kind of team we have until we play Tennessee.”",
"\n\nThat is the case this year with both teams coming into the game with winning records but many question marks. ",
"The rap on Alabama is that it wins against creampuff opponents but can’t beat quality foes. ",
"Tennessee has been erratic, looking good for parts of games and bad in others.",
"\n\nTennessee comes into the game ranked eighth nationally in passing offense and Vol QB Erik Ainge’s passer efficiency rating leads the SEC and ranks seventh in the nation.",
"\n\nOne interesting statistical anomaly that will be interesting to see how it plays out will come when Alabama gets a first down inside the Vol 20. ",
"Alabama has been miserable in red zone situations this year, having to settle for a field goal most of the time and often not making them. ",
"But Tennessee is just as futile in defending the red zone. ",
"Vol opponents have scored all 13 times they’ve reached the red zone – nine TDs, four field goals.",
"\n\nWhile everyone expects Tennessee to mount an aerial attack, the question is will Alabama go to its running game to try and melt the clock, shorten the game and keep the potent Tennessee offense off the field? ",
"Or will the Tide lean on its passing game to move the ball. ",
"Bama QB John Parker Wilson has racked up seven-straight 200-yard-plus passing games.",
"\n\nOther league games on tap this week include Tulane (2-4) at No. ",
"8 Auburn, Ole Miss (2-5) at No. ",
"15 Arkansas (5-1), Mississippi State (2-5) at Georgia (5-2), South Carolina (4-2) at Vanderbilt (3-4) and Fresno State (1-5) at No. ",
"14 LSU (5-2).",
"\n\nThis week’s college football TV schedule kicks off tonight, Friday, with\nWest Virginia at Connecticut at 7 p.m. on ESPN. ",
"Saturday’s weekend TV lineup, other than pay-for-view is as follows:"
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[
"Q:\n\nKnockoutJS on WordPress not working?",
"\n\nI have KnockoutJS loaded (or probably—loaded) on this WordPress website and KnockoutJS in particular doesn't seem to work (see below):\nhttp://dev.boltonremote.com/test-2/\nThe thing is, I don't think it's my browser or the site not loading JS properly, because:\n1.) ",
"NumeralJS works;\n2.) ",
"Ordinary JS works;\n3.) ",
"Bootstrap, too.",
"\nThat's a custom page in WordPress. ",
" I had to declare the CDNs and write the script raw on the page instead of putting it inside the page editor. ",
" But I believe that wasn't the case since I wrote a numeralJS script on the page too, and it worked. ",
" \nSo, does anyone know if Knockout is just not tested or proven not to load in WordPress, or is there some special way to load KnockoutJS?",
"\n\nA:\n\nFrom your code, instead of:\n<div class=\"liveExample\"> \n <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n /* omitted */\n </script> \n <form data-bind=\"submit: addItem\">\n /* omitted */\n </form>\n</div> \n\nRearrange so your <script /> block follows the <form />:\n<div class=\"liveExample\"> \n <form data-bind=\"submit: addItem\">\n /* omitted */\n </form>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n /* omitted */\n </script> \n</div> \n\nYou are executing knockout at a position on the page where the elements that are data-bound have not yet been defined, and so are not visible to knockout.",
"\n\n"
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[
"- Footage of what led to Naomi and Cameron’s physical altercation on E!",
"’s Total Divas has surfaced online. ",
"Tune into tomorrow night’s episode to see the aftermath.",
"\n\n– Ken Doane, formerly known as Kenny Dykstra in WWE, discussed his college football career in an interview with Telegram.com.",
"\n\n“When I was younger, I always wanted to go to college,” said the former Spirit Squad member, who is playing Tight End/Defense End for Division III school Nichols College in Massachusetts. “",
"Once I got released from WWE because of my knee injury, I moved back to this area. ",
"I saw Nichols had an open house, and I wanted to check it out.”"
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[
"Having enjoyed their first taste of life at an FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships in Mazury, Paraguay’s Patricia ‘Pati’ Caballero and Michelle Valiente are hopeful that their participation will help the sport grow back in their homeland.",
"\n\nThe duo were swamped with requests from the Paraguayan sporting media and were hopeful that by pushing football off the back pages and airwaves, they could raise the profile of beach volleyball.",
"\n\n“We want to play as long as we can and motivate the children and younger people to play, so some day they can play professionally,” Pati said. “",
"Not only to participate but also to win competitions and appear in tournaments like this.”",
"\n\nThe pair have to fight hard to find funds to compete internationally. ",
"Pati juggles life as a wife and mother with a fulltime job, while 15-year-old Valiente is still at school.",
"\n\nAs such the World Championships was only their second FIVB event of the year, along with the Corrientes Grand Slam. ",
"They also competed on the South American Tour, but costs mean that they can only really compete if there isn’t too much travel involved.",
"\n\nAt Beach Volleyball World Championships in Mazury the pair thoroughly enjoyed themselves despite slipping to three losses in their pool stage.",
"\n\n“I am very proud, because it’s a great opportunity to represent my country, but at the same time I am very nervous,” Pati added. “",
"It’s my first time at such a big event.”"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to manage test automation project with agile methodology when we have no control over the software we are testing\n\nA team is developing software and testing it using a dummy back end. ",
"That team is not allowed to have access to the real system for testing (politics), so my team is testing it with the real back end. ",
"Our team has nothing do with the team who developed the software.",
"\nWe get the User Story which was implemented on the last sprint and we get the software. ",
"We are external testers and not part of the Agile Team. ",
"Then we automate the test cases. ",
"Now the product owner wants us to automate the test case with Agile methods.",
"\nAccording to the Product owner, the specification team will gives us test cases (the product owner has no idea who writes the test cases) in the form of a User Story and we have to say how much story points for that user story. ",
"Has anyone worked like this before? ",
" \nLet's say our sprint ended today and we automated the regression part, but tomorrow we got the new version of the software. ",
"Our test cases may not work in the new version if there were UI or any other changes. ",
"That means we have to update our testcases in coming sprint and wait till our next sprint ends and product owner reviews it and accepts it before we can run the test. ",
"It would already be late for the result. ",
" \nHow can we make this situation work? ",
"Any tips for someone who has experience in automating test cases with agile methodology but is not the part of the agile team who developed the software would be appreciated.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere is no single \"correct\" answer here, but there are several things your team can do to deal with this situation. ",
"I'm going to assume that you have no problems with the estimation and sprint cycle aspect, and your main concern is that you don't want to be blocked when changes to the software you're testing break your existing tests.",
"\n\nLeave a maintenance buffer - This is probably the simplest way to handle things. ",
"Depending on how much time you think you're going to need for regression issues, you leave a buffer in your sprints for maintenance to update your automation and test cases to handle changes. ",
"If you don't know how much to leave, I'd suggest starting with a buffer of about 1/4 of your team capacity and adjusting up or down as you need.",
"\nAlways have a maintenance user story - If you are required to document all your activity, the next step is to have a maintenance user story that you size to about 1/4 of the team capacity to cover any regression issues you need to account for. ",
"\nBlock the new items - This would be my preferred choice. ",
"If changes impact your existing automation, block any new items until the changes (which are technically regression issues) have been accounted for. ",
"If you have to justify your action, point out that when you have failing test cases, they could be masking something more serious so fixing these is a higher priority than adding new tests. ",
"\n\nMake new items dependent on fixing failed tests - If possible, you should be treating the new tests as being dependent on the failing tests being fixed (and any errors they find being fixed by the development team). ",
"\nAdjust sprint items - If the fixes/problems turn out to overflow the sprint, move new tests out so fixes can be made.",
"\n\nI'd recommend having a discussion with your lead or manager about which approach would work best with your team and the project before you decide which method you use. ",
"The key aspect of an agile process is that you can adapt to changes and adjust as necessary, including within a sprint. ",
"\nOne thing I would suggest is that you run your existing test automation against the new version of the software before you plan your sprint - that way you'll know if you need to include work to adapt to changes. ",
"\nAbove all, remember that the most important thing you are working on is automated regression of the software you're testing. ",
"Everything else can and should be secondary to keeping your regression test suite in good shape.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe main thing to understand here is that there is no silver bullet. ",
" You have a bunch of different issues to address. ",
"I recommend you schedule a meeting and discuss the following points.",
"\n\nOur team has nothing do with the team who developed the software. ",
" Well, that's a problem. ",
" Please explain a lot more about why not. ",
" why can't that change?",
"\n\"We get the User Story\". ",
" That's command and control language. ",
" Why are you not contributing to the story upfront? ",
" a 10-minute conversation with a tester can save a week of development and similarly a 10-minute conversation with the development team can save a weeks worth of testing the wrong thing.",
"\n\"The product owner has no idea who writes the test cases\". ",
" Seriously? ",
" and you want advice? ",
" c'mon this you already know this is ridiculous. ",
" Please be braver in your conversations with them.",
"\n\"Our test cases may not work in a new version if there were UI or any other changes. \" ",
" What? ",
" you are not in the loop when things change. ",
" Is this dysfunctional? ",
"well yeah\nWho runs the tests? ",
" Get the developers the ability to run your tests and help maintain them when they break due to development changes. ",
" If the developer has to run passing tests themselves they can't pass on broken code.",
"\n\nIt doesn't matter to me if another team writes the software part, I just need to focus on:\n\nbeing part of the team that walks through the approach and high-level intent upfront and how to test the proposed solution BEFORE a single line of code is written.",
"\nscheduling meetings with the business and talking about how much you enjoy automating - but not being involved 'up-front' is a major issue they need to address to be effective... and keep employing you\nUsing agile practices in my testing so that even if the app state is fixed, I write quality, maintainable automation with peer reviews\n\nUltimately if the business says \"this is just the ways things are, please accept it and write automation\" then say that you want to create a quality solution based on good practices in the industry. ",
" Otherwise, you'll work somewhere that respect you, your team and good principles. ",
" Lay it on the line for such a messed up sounding situation is my advice. ",
" The language needs some work but I'm not gonna wordsmith it for you. ",
" Not easy and will require a LOT of tact.",
"\n\n"
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[
"The Mighty Mighty BossToneS – While We’re At It (Album Review)\n\n50 SHARES Share Tweet\n\nFenway Park and the Red Sox. ",
"The Celtics. ",
"A marathon. ",
"Some tea party in 1773. ",
"The Mighty Mighty BossToneS. Boston is home to its fair share of institutions, and no stranger to Ska Punk mayhem. ",
"Fortunately for everyone needing an excuse to raise a glass or order a pint, the long-awaited While We’re At It arrives Friday, June 15, 2018, thanks to Big Rig Records.",
"\n\nYou do not dare name your group The Mighty Mighty BosstoneS (or, informally, The BossToneS) and not hail from Beantown, no. ",
"The group formed here in 1983 and have been crafting some killer Ska Punk ever since. ",
"The nonet’s 1989 debut album, Devil’s Night Out, kicked off a party that has been running for nearly three decades and eight additional albums, ranging from 1992’s More Noise and Other Disturbances to 1997’s Let’s Face It – which contained the hit-single “The Impression That I Get” – to 2011’s The Magic of Youth. ",
"Sure, there were lineup changes, along with a slot opening for fellow Bostonians Aerosmith, hosting an episode of MTV’s 120 Minutes, performances at Lollapalooza (and Elmopalooza) and recurrent trips to the Vans Warped Tour, and, of course, parties, including the band’s annual Hometown Throwdown music festival in, no surprise here, Boston. ",
"Hell, December 28th is Mighty Mighty BossToneS Day in Beantown. ",
"How Punk Rock is that?",
"\n\nNow, it has been seven long years since The Mighty Mighty BossToneS – Vocalist Dicky Barrett, Guitarist Lawrence Katz, Bassist Joe Gittleman, Drummer Joe Sirois, Keyboardist John Goetchius, Saxophonist Leon Silva, Tenor Saxophonist Tim Burton, Trombonist Chris Rhodes, and Percussionist/Dancer Ben Carr – have put music to plastic. ",
"With While We’re At It, the 9-piece group (or nonet) return to cement their title as the best dressed band and continue their work as progenitors of the brass-infused, high-energy Ska and Hardcore Punk (Ska-core) sound. ",
"The 14-track collection sees the band casting an analytical eye on the world around us, but ignoring party lines and going instead for generalized commentary aimed at making the world a better place, one brass-led twist at a time.",
"\n\nWhile We’re At It begins with the upbeat Ska dance-a-thon of “Green Bay, Wisconsin,” which never sounds like cheese but instead tells the tale of one Skankin’ (the dance, people!), ",
"Vespa-riding gal. ",
"Horns introduce “The Constant,” the tic-toc of the clock of life, while the race is the human one in “Wonderful Day for the Race,” a driving celebration of being alive, fraught with peace, love, and good feels galore.",
"\n\nThe BossToneS take it a step down for the measured-pace of “Unified,” a hope for some understanding and compassion, unity in a world that is sorely divided. ",
"The end result is a song that seeks to bring people together, and yet never feels preachy, never draws party-lines nor swims too far into sociopolitical commentary. ",
"The opposite side of the coin here is “Divide,” a glance toward the criticism and unpredictability that can drive a wedge between us. ",
"But, as they emphasize, “it’s only a song,” a short little ditty, at that.",
"\n\n“Closer to Nowhere” sets a perfect Skanking pace before the band dip their toes into the island sands of “Walked Like a Ghost,” the tale of a man who lost all he believed in, along with his life, and ultimately a lament on the times when the world was a much better place. ",
"The band truly shines here, displaying their cohesive and stellar musicianship that bolsters their oft lyrical storytelling. ",
"Back to the upbeat dancing pace, “The West Ends” questions why anyone would want to gentrify the West End when it’s already the best end and shaking their fists mightily, they demand to be left alone. ",
"Damn you, urban renewal!",
"\n\nSome groovy bass work weaves throughout the core of “Here We Are,” a look around, a ponderance as to how we got here. ",
"Before it is too late, something has to change, and this sociopolitical eye-opener sets those realizations to a dangerously catchy, hip-shaking beat. ",
"Meanwhile, our fame-chasing consumerist world is a dog-eat-dog hypocrisy, and “The Mad Dash” expresses a gently catchy sway full of shame for our contributions to this endless, abysmal rat race of stagnant humanity.",
"\n\nAlways, it is important to admit when you are not in the right, and if you can do it with horns and a hip-swaying melody, kudos to you! “",
"Absolutely Wrong” confesses that we can not all be correct, and for this, the truth is forever elusive; consensus would be the ideal, so, you know, to progress our current state of affairs, you might have to learn to admit when you are in the wrong. ",
"Then, “In Honor Of” appreciates and tosses out some backhanded love, just because. ",
"Next, they explore the idea that there are wolves everywhere, radicals and refugees looking to control you are at the heart of the cautionary tale of “Hugo’s Wife,” proof that you can overcome these travails and save yourself.",
"\n\nUltimately, they lean a little more toward a sassy, jazzy lounge act on the first portion of “After the Music Is Over,” a fiercely stripped-down album closer that conjures flappers working the stages of smoky city dens. ",
"Though, with time, the song builds back into your standard BossTones’ fare, waving a theatrical goodbye to listeners as the album comes to its triumphant conclusion. ",
"Fourteen tracks to quench your seven year itch!",
"\n\nOn While We’re At It, The Mighty Mighty BossToneS open their eyes to the curiously damaged world around them. ",
"Sure, they dance and smile, shake and shimmy, but they also point an aware finger at the shifty goings-on of 2018. ",
"The result is a collection that sounds like a Skanking good time, and yet has a deeper level of storytelling and conscious commentary. ",
"A perfect blend that will open some eyes while inspiring others to be better and be brighter. ",
"Sometimes, the best curative is a good dance party, you know? ",
"This band is clearly an institution for a reason and very happy to throw it down with the best dressed boys in Boston. ",
"CrypticRock give The Mighty Mighty BossToneS’ While We’re At It 4 of 5 stars.",
"\n\nPurchase While We’re At It :"
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"Q:\n\nPath variable not recognized in Android Studio (ndk-build command is not recognized)\n\nI have an Android Studio project which won't recognize the PATH variable set for ndk-build.",
"\nIf I run ndk-build from Terminal I get:\nstpns-MacBook-Pro:~ stepanboltalin$ ndk-build\n Android NDK: Could not find application project directory ! ",
" \n Android NDK: Please define the NDK_PROJECT_PATH variable to point to it. ",
" \n /usr/local/Cellar/android-ndk/r10b/build/core/build-local.mk:148: *** Android NDK: Aborting . ",
" Stop.",
"\n\nBut if I try to compile project in Android Studio, I get error at 'ndk-build' commmandLine (below is the excerpt from build.gradle: \ntask ndkBuild(type: Exec) {\n\n # some stuff... \n\n if (ant.properties.os == 'windows') {\n commandLine 'ndk-build.cmd'\n } else {\n commandLine 'ndk-build'\n }\n\n}\n\nNow if I add the absolute path everything works fine:\ntask ndkBuild(type: Exec) {\n\n # some stuff... \n\n if (ant.properties.os == 'windows') {\n commandLine 'ndk-build.cmd'\n } else {\n commandLine '/usr/local/opt/ndk-build'\n }\n\n}\n\nAlthough the problem is seemingly solved, having build.gradle like that is sub-optimal for development. ",
"How can I fix this? ",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou can add the path to your NDK in the local.properties file of the root project:\nndk.dir=/opt/android/ndk\n\nThen replace the invocation of ndk-build like this:\ndef localProperties = new Properties()\nlocalProperties.load(project.rootProject.file('local.properties').newDataInputStream())\ndef ndkDir = localProperties.getProperty('ndk.dir')\ndef ndkBuildPrefix = ndkDir !",
"= null ? ",
"ndkDir + '/' : '';\n\nif (ant.properties.os == 'windows') {\n commandLine ndkBuildPrefix + 'ndk-build.cmd'\n} else {\n commandLine ndkBuildPrefix + 'ndk-build'\n}\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to display multiple validation errors with @Html.",
"ValidationMessageFor?",
"\n\nI can see that my ModelState.",
"Values[x].Errors is correctly populated with the two validation errors for a single property.",
"\nIf I use a @Html.",
"ValidationSummary() in my view, it correctly displays both errors.... albeit at the top of the page, and not next to the offending input.",
"\nUsing @Html.",
"ValidationMessageFor(model => model.",
"MyProperty) displays the first error only for that property! ",
" \nHow do I show both errors, next to the appropriate input?",
"\n\nA:\n\nOne solution is to implement your own extension method on HtmlHelper that does something different to the default ValidationMessageFor behavior. ",
" The sample @Html.",
"ValidationMessagesFor method below will concatenate multiple error messages that have been added to the ModelState during server-side validation (only).",
"\npublic static MvcHtmlString ValidationMessagesFor<TModel, TProperty>(this HtmlHelper<TModel> htmlHelper, Expression<Func<TModel, TProperty>> expression, object htmlAttributes = null)\n{\n var propertyName = ModelMetadata.",
"FromLambdaExpression(expression, htmlHelper.",
"ViewData).PropertyName;\n var modelState = htmlHelper.",
"ViewData.",
"ModelState;\n\n // If we have multiple (server-side) validation errors, collect and present them.",
"\n if (modelState.",
"ContainsKey(propertyName) && modelState[propertyName].Errors.",
"Count > 1)\n {\n var msgs = new StringBuilder();\n foreach (ModelError error in modelState[propertyName].Errors)\n {\n msgs.",
"AppendLine(error.",
"ErrorMessage);\n }\n\n // Return standard ValidationMessageFor, overriding the message with our concatenated list of messages.",
"\n return htmlHelper.",
"ValidationMessageFor(expression, msgs.",
"ToString(), htmlAttributes as IDictionary<string, object> ?? ",
"htmlAttributes);\n }\n\n // Revert to default behaviour.",
"\n return htmlHelper.",
"ValidationMessageFor(expression, null, htmlAttributes as IDictionary<string, object> ?? ",
"htmlAttributes);\n}\n\nThis is useful if you have custom business validation you're applying across a collection belonging to your model (for example, cross-checking totals), or checking the model as a whole.",
"\nAn example using this, where a collection of Order.",
"LineItems are validated server-side:\n@using MyHtmlHelperExtensions // namespace containing ValidationMessagesFor\n@using (Html.",
"BeginForm())\n{\n @Html.",
"LabelFor(m => m.LineItems)\n <ul>\n @Html.",
"EditorFor(m => m.LineItems)\n </ul>\n @Html.",
"ValidationMessagesFor(m => m.LineItems)\n}\n\nA:\n\nThe answer Dave A-W provided is essentially correct but will not work in all instances. ",
"To get the correct property name the source code of MVC 3 uses:\nvar propertyName = ExpressionHelper.",
"GetExpressionText(expression);\n\nThis takes care of any prefixes in the form data\n\n"
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[
"- Team Iron chef! ",
"3 amv-makers by group\n- 3 imposed musics\n- \"Dare\" From Gorillaz\n- \"Crazy Beat\" from Blur\n- \"Hey Boy Hey Girl\" from Chemical Brothers\n- The 3 musics had to be mixed to a minimum 5 minutes song!",
"\n- 48 hours to do the video and the mix!",
"\n\nThis edition was really tough, but we made it!!! ",
"We can sleep now!!!",
"\n\nOur video :\n\nEl Disturbed Gods Del Trash Of The Randomly Camomillas And Pedro\n\nMade by Kenzuka, Creed and Kyden (called the Foxy Gods)\n\nThe final video editing, the outro and also the audio mix were mastered by Kenzuka-sensei (We love you dude!! ",
"You were awesome!! ",
"XD)\n\n48 hours almost without sleeping or washing... laughs, cries and alcohol! ",
"I'll never do that again! ",
"XD"
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[
"Q:\n\nMatrix identity involing vec and Kronecker product, or a norm bound\n\nConsider two matrices $A$ and $B$ of the same size. ",
"Let $\\text{vec}(A)$ denote the operator that maps $A$ to a column vector by stacking its columns. ",
"Is there a wy to express $\\text{vec}(A) \\text{vec}(B)^T$ in terms of the Kronecker (tensor) product of the original matrices?",
"\nMore interestingly, can we give an upper bound on the operator norm of $\\text{vec}(A) \\text{vec}(B)^T$?",
"\n\nA:\n\nLet\n$$A = \\begin{pmatrix}\na_{11} & a_{12} & \\cdots & a_{1n} \\\\\na_{21} & a_{22} & \\cdots & a_{2n} \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\na_{n1} & a_{n2} & \\cdots & a_{nn}\n\\end{pmatrix}, ~~~~\nB = \\begin{pmatrix}\nb_{11} & b_{12} & \\cdots & b_{1n} \\\\\nb_{21} & b_{22} & \\cdots & b_{2n} \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\nb_{n1} & b_{n2} & \\cdots & b_{nn}\n\\end{pmatrix}.",
"\n$$\nSo we have\n$$\\begin{align}\n\\operatorname{vec}(A) \\operatorname{vec}(B)^T &=\n\\begin{pmatrix}\na_{11} \\\\ \\vdots \\\\ a_{n1} \\\\ a_{12} \\\\ \\vdots \\\\ a_{n2} \\\\ \\vdots \\\\ a_{1n} \\\\ \\vdots \\\\ a_{nn}\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\begin{pmatrix}\nb_{11} & \\cdots & b_{n1} & b_{12} & \\cdots & b_{n2} & \\cdots & b_{1n} & \\cdots & b_{nn}\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\\\ &= \n\\begin{pmatrix}\na_{11}b_{11} & a_{11}b_{21} & \\cdots & a_{11}b_{nn} \\\\\na_{21}b_{11} & a_{21}b_{21} & \\cdots & a_{21}b_{nn} \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\na_{nn}b_{11} & a_{nn}b_{21} & \\cdots & a_{nn}b_{nn}\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\end{align}$$\nWe see the rows of this $n^2 \\times n^2$ matrix are $a_{ij} \\operatorname{vec}(B)^T$. Taking a look at\n$$A \\otimes B = \\begin{pmatrix}\n a_{11} b_{11} & a_{11} b_{12} & \\cdots & a_{11} b_{1n} & \n \\cdots & \\cdots & a_{1n} b_{11} & a_{1n} b_{12} & \\cdots & a_{1n} b_{1n} \\\\\n a_{11} b_{21} & a_{11} b_{22} & \\cdots & a_{11} b_{2n} & \n \\cdots & \\cdots & a_{1n} b_{21} & a_{1n} b_{22} & \\cdots & a_{1n} b_{2n} \\\\\n \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots & & & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n a_{11} b_{n1} & a_{11} b_{n2} & \\cdots & a_{11} b_{nn} & \n \\cdots & \\cdots & a_{1n} b_{p1} & a_{1n} b_{n2} & \\cdots & a_{1n} b_{nn} \\\\\n \\vdots & \\vdots & & \\vdots & \\ddots & & \\vdots & \\vdots & & \\vdots \\\\\n \\vdots & \\vdots & & \\vdots & & \\ddots & \\vdots & \\vdots & & \\vdots \\\\\n a_{n1} b_{11} & a_{n1} b_{12} & \\cdots & a_{n1} b_{1n} & \n \\cdots & \\cdots & a_{nn} b_{11} & a_{nn} b_{12} & \\cdots & a_{nn} b_{1n} \\\\\n a_{n1} b_{21} & a_{n1} b_{22} & \\cdots & a_{n1} b_{2n} & \n \\cdots & \\cdots & a_{nn} b_{21} & a_{nn} b_{22} & \\cdots & a_{nn} b_{2n} \\\\\n \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots & & & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n a_{n1} b_{n1} & a_{n1} b_{n2} & \\cdots & a_{n1} b_{nn} & \n \\cdots & \\cdots & a_{nn} b_{n1} & a_{nn} b_{n2} & \\cdots & a_{nn} b_{nn} \n\\end{pmatrix}$$\nwe see that $a_{ij}\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T$ is the transposed vectorization of the $n \\times n$ submatrix at position $i, j$ in the $n^2 \\times n^2$ matrix $A \\otimes B$.\nIn other words, the rows of $\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T$ are the transposed vectorizations of the $n \\times n$ submatrices of $A \\otimes B$ taken top to bottom, then left to right.",
"\nEspecially, $\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T$ and $A \\otimes B$ have the same elements, but in different places, thus their Frobenius norm will be the same.",
"\nThe norm $\\|\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T\\|_\\infty$ is the greatest absolute row sum of the matrix. ",
"The absolute row sum of a row is:\n$$|a_{ij}| \\sum_{k, l} |b_{kl}|.$$\nSo, the maximum $|a_{ij}|$ will give the norm. ",
"A similar argument can be done for $\\|\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T\\|_1$, which is the greatest absolute column sum.",
"\n$\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T$ and $A \\otimes B$ will in general have different ranks. ",
"$\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T$ will have rank one and $A \\otimes B$ will have rank $\\operatorname{rank}(A)\\operatorname{rank}(B)$.\nSince $\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T$ has rank one, it has only one non-zero singular value, which will decide its spectral norm. ",
"Of course, we have a spectral value decomposition given by\n$$\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T = \\|\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\| \\|\\operatorname{vec}(B)\\| \\frac{\\operatorname{vec}(A)}{\\|\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\| }\\frac{\\operatorname{vec}(B)^T}{\\|\\operatorname{vec}(B)\\| },$$\ni.e. the singular value, and the spectral norm, is $\\|\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\| \\|\\operatorname{vec}(B)\\|$. $\\|\\operatorname{vec}(A)\\|$ is the same as the Frobenius norm of $A$, which is the square root of the sum of the squares of the singular values of $A$.",
"\n\n"
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[
" 665 - 71 for m.\n18\nSolve -6633 + 44268 = 1158*a - 18018 + 3543 for a.\n45\nSolve 163*n + 18260 = -214*n - 253*n + 215*n for n.\n-44\nSolve 0 = -99*q + 25*q - 959 - 1113 for q.\n-28\nSolve 313*w + 81*w + 24480 = -326*w for w.\n-34\nSolve -70195 = -3318*u - 3303*u + 33508 + 28717 for u.\n20\nSolve -254*v = -901*v - 16175 for v.\n-25\nSolve -7539607 = 101*g - 7531931 for g.\n-76\nSolve 296*o + 1751*o + 113368 = -34016 for o.\n-72\nSolve -79*y + 16170 = -1215*y + 674*y for y.\n-35\nSolve -2958950*g + 2958795*g + 4185 = 0 for g.\n27\nSolve 15478*m - 15751*m + 3276 = 0 for m.\n12\nSolve 8*w + 440 - 167 = 146 + 151 for w.\n3\nSolve -3280302 = 298*m - 3281494 for m.\n4\nSolve 26082 = -379*a - 755*a for a.\n-23\nSolve 0 = -29*h - 61*h + 14*h - 532 for h.\n-7\nSolve 86*g - 298*g + 52*g = 7520 for g.\n-47\nSolve 205*f = 1803 + 9472 for f.\n55\nSolve -19806 = 128*m - 319*m + 1013 for m.\n109\nSolve -145*z - 10671 = -47*z - 2411 - 1302 for z.\n-71\nSolve -116*l + 4105 - 454 = -4020 + 131 for l.\n65\nSolve 4992 = 720*h - 14448 for h.\n27\nSolve 874*w = -3618*w - 498612 for w.\n-111\nSolve 414*u = 877*u - 705*u + 7986 for u.\n33\nSolve -10664*z = -10501*z + 12388 for z.\n-76\nSolve 5350*o + 7736 = 280586 for o.\n51\nSolve 1560 = 17594*m - 17490*m for m.\n15\nSolve 3666*l + 2275*l - 1735*l - 49939 - 42593 = 0 for l.\n22\nSolve -404*q + 376*q = -201 - 615 - 136 for q.\n34\nSolve 932*n = -1394*n - 472*n + 289*n + 10036 for n.\n4\nSolve 276464 = -13943*n - 476458 for n.\n-54\nSolve -376 - 365 = -7*x - 650 for x.\n13\nSolve -4318078*m = -4318326*m + 14384 for m.\n58\nSolve 1341*u = 36983 - 6140 for u.\n23\nSolve -311*d - 286*d + 52*d + 15260 = 0 for d.\n28\nSolve 7637*i = -7840*i - 5504*i - 7080*i + 1936209 for i.\n69\nSolve 3460*w = -124893 - 185388 + 54241 for w.\n-74\nSolve 30922 = 2366*v - 3646 + 9117 - 19503 for v.\n19\nSolve 14209 - 902 = -313*b - 17958 - 2226 for b.\n-107\nSolve 75*y + 7*y + 177*y + 8458 = -1384 for y.\n-38\nSolve 322*l + 238*l - 4766 - 5242 = -274*l for l.\n12\nSolve -1697 = 173*q - q - 584 + 6799 for q.\n-46\nSolve 896*t = -1689*t - 881*t + 336202 for t.\n97\nSolve 81*g = -73*g + 1312 - 8088 for g.\n-44\nSolve 0 = 219*m + 153*m + 4493 + 1831 for m.\n-17\nSolve 714*u + 5120 = -265*u - 10544 for u.\n-16\nSolve 0 = 290*p + 1153*p + 744*p - 109350 for p.\n50\nSolve 75*h + 9321 + 9219 = 196*h + 85*h for h.\n90\nSolve -847148 + 847408 = -26*w for w.\n-10\nSolve 0 = -135091*a + 135017*a + 296 for a.\n4\nSolve 75*u - 13705 = -232*u - 1486 + 5280 for u.\n57\nSolve 285 - 1781 = 53*z - 82 + 2773 for z.\n-79\nSolve -754 - 168 - 185 = 123*l for l.\n-9\nSolve -17268 - 19781 = -824*y - 11138 + 11169 for y.\n45\nSolve -24*f + 192 = 840 for f.\n-27\nSolve -3231110*x = -3231018*x + 828 for x.\n-9\nSolve -39*q - 70*q = -52*q + 684 for q.\n-12\nSolve -28*q - 11*q - 303 + 1593 + 192 = 0 for q.\n38\nSolve -3828 = -23070*f + 23037*f for f.\n116\nSolve 7*x + 419 + 3245 = -47*x + 46 for x.\n-67\nSolve 1078*j - 414*j - 42592 = -667*j for j.\n32\nSolve -327*h + 40*h - 45630 = -794*h for h.\n90\nSolve 287 + 1768 = 114*m - 795 for m.\n25\nSolve -1821*r - 27398 - 24873 + 5478 = 7837 for r.\n-30\nSolve 106*g = 6191 - 2221 + 7796 for g.\n111\nSolve -1141*f - 16018 = 13648 for f.\n-26\nSolve 888*b - 79463 = -5648 - 3663 for b.\n79\nSolve 248*x - 424979 + 428203 = 0 for x.\n-13\nSolve -217576 = 3197*r + 1545*r - 170921 + 380125 for r.\n-90\nSolve -37*l + 133 + 105 + 27 = -1807 for l.\n56\nSolve -299*d + 1648 = 989 - 12198 for d.\n43\nSolve -208 + 1052 = -91*f - 761 - 1125 for f.\n-30\nSolve -2917 - 1157 = -90*j + 834 + 1212 for j.\n68\nSolve 511*j - 41220 = 47*j - 172*j - 280*j for j.\n45\nSolve -1837*w + 176175 = -10112 + 26468 for w.\n87\nSolve -9*s + 1064 - 657 = 2*s for s.\n37\nSolve 0 = 5267438*u - 5267548*u + 1430 for u.\n13\nSolve 1398*l = -5973 + 59097 for l.\n38\nSolve 90*k + 259 = -191 for k.\n-5\nSolve -137*x - 1468 = 747 - 5160 - 1987 for x.\n36\nSolve 0 = -396*h - 63543 + 7311 for h.\n-142\nSolve -164*j + 72*j + 31512 = 201*j + 10*j for j.\n104\nSolve -224*a + 838*a = -154*a - 26112 for a.\n-34\nSolve 82*m - 11*m = -90*m - 0*m - 4830 for m.\n-30\nSolve 0 = 9468*u - 8791*u - 3385 for u.\n5\nSolve -916*k - 19022 = 11577 - 6783 for k.\n-26\nSolve -3215*c + 3288*c = 3066 for c.\n42\nSolve -8259 - 18153 = -2575*k + 36172 + 24966 for k.\n34\nSolve 146236145*f - 146236082*f + 3339 = 0 for f.\n-53\nSolve -2466*l + 138477 = -98*l - 6756 - 11055 for l.\n66\nSolve 0 = 18030*i - 18655*i - 87500 for i.\n-140\nSolve 0 = -309*l - 480*l + 32950 + 188 for l.\n42\nSolve 0 = 4416*v - 4391*v + 2300 for v.\n-92\nSolve 35*h + 7357 = -57*h + 2*h + 2317 for h.\n-56\nSolve -236237 = -3893*b - 37694 for b.\n51\nSolve 20*v + 1727 + 881 = -35*v - 252 for v.\n-52\nSolve 0 = 694*s - 151*s + 10876 + 4328 for s.\n-28\nSolve 2508 - 1748 + 4588 = -764*x for x.\n-7\nSolve 408*f - 41813 = -7174 + 41 for f.\n85\nSolve 1640 = -64*x + 7*x - 59 - 638 for x.\n-41\nSolve 0 = 66*t + 71359 + 71485 - 145946 for t.\n47\nSolve 176*d + 23427 = -249*d + 5577 for d.\n-42\nSolve 147*v - 14971 + 10708 = 0 for v.\n29\nSolve -4474*o - 2200*o - 320292 = -1508*o for o.\n-62\nSolve 0 = 1703*p + 28738 + 29164 for p.\n-34\nSolve 8607 = -291*y + 418 - 1705 for y.\n-34\nSolve 12421*n - 419292 - 279896 + 957753 + 1244376 = 0 for n.\n-121\nSolve -91424 + 21478 - 39546 = 1766*m for m.\n-62\nSolve 63*m - 20808 = -497*m + 152*m for m.\n51\nSolve 24*p - 301*p = -67*p - 3990 for p.\n19\nSolve -67*b + 956 = 142*b + 30*b for b.\n4\nSolve -69 - 198 = -86*o + 260 - 11 for o.\n6\nSolve -352 = 45*n - 402 - 1165 for n.\n27\nSolve -464*w = 17053 + 6110 + 10227 - 4158 for w.\n-63\nSolve 389 = -34*r + 300 - 441 - 184 for r.\n-21\nSolve 56*x + 166*x = -339*x - 16830 for x.\n-30\nSolve 14 + 2 - 16 = 199*u - 76*u for u.\n0\nSolve -459*f = 238*f + 24395 for f.\n-35\nSolve -17*f - 84*f + 5115 = 122*f + 15373 for f.\n-46\nSolve 1552*y + 128938 - 52890 = 0 for y.\n-49\nSolve 0 = -228*d - 125*d - 27*d - 5349 + 16749 for d.\n30\nSolve -13181415*v + 38400 = -13180935*v for v.\n80\nSolve 418*z - 6912 = -224 for z.\n16\nSolve 1112*k + 1192*k - 3024*k = -1186*k + 36814 for k.\n79\nSolve 838*p - 9918 = -5728 for p.\n5\nSolve -735*n + 6494 + 14210 = 6437 - 15133 for n.\n40\nSolve -16*n - 239*n = 226*n + 39923 for n.\n-83\nSolve -3206*y = -3391*y - 2 + 2 for y.\n0\nSolve 5246*m = 12718*m + 396369 - 1061377 for m.\n89\nSolve -309*z = 716*z + 509*z - 101060 - 13990 for z.\n75\nSolve -8443*g - 503*g = -679896 for g.\n76\nSolve 351247 = -9838*f + 105297 for f.\n-25\nSolve 47913*f = 47943*f - 1920 for f.\n64\nSolve -394*v - 98*v - 184*v + 29533 = -21167 for v.\n75\nSolve -3479*f + 4959 - 45265 = 50148 for f.\n-26\nSolve -154*d + 80123 = 90903 for d.\n-70\nSolve 983*z = -9304 + 4389 for z.\n-5\nSolve 115*k - 26*k = -93*k - 12740 for k.\n-70\nSolve -437*c - 434*c + 1152 = -799*c for c.\n16\nSolve 4224 = 1070*m + 1951*m - 10881 for m.\n5\nSolve 58*j + 1833 = 5*j - 711 for j.\n-48\nSolve -169*g - 720388 + 712445 = 0 for g.\n-47\nSolve 1630 = 227*l - 857 - 10 for l.\n11\nSolve 600*x - 1122*x + 698*x = 1056 for x.\n6\nSolve -1014 + 762 = 418*m + 6854 for m.\n-17\nSolve 26*p = -16*p - 19*p + 36*p - 700 for p.\n-28\nSolve -5567 - 7313 = 460*c for c.\n-28\nSolve 31*b + 67*b + 2409 = -124*b + 189 for b.\n-10\nSolve 0 = -93786*i + 93479*i + 10745 for i.\n35\nSolve -6783727 = -275*z - 6804077 for z.\n-74\nSolve -7586 = 2010*m + 1783*m for m.\n-2\nSolve 1535*f + 1273*f + 2963 = 193907 for f.\n68\nSolve 967*m = -947*m + 1897*m + 1972 for m.\n116\nSolve -4211 = 3515*d - 42876 for d.\n11\nSolve 47*x = 211*x - 46*x - 55*x - 252 for x.\n4\nSolve 0 = 4118*m - 12056*m - 642978 for m.\n-81\nSolve -386*a - 167 = 63 - 1774 for a.\n4\nSolve -869*b - 982*b + 1153 = -626*b + 4828 for b.\n-3\nSolve 138*q - 11825 = 536*q - 283 for q.\n-29\nSolve 71*a + 23901 = 23191 for a.\n-10\nSolve 226*t = -496*t + 10830 for t.\n15\nSolve -42715*o - 33 - 3997 = -42405*o for o.\n-13\nSolve 0 = -23*a + 26777 - 27030 for a.\n-11\nSolve 1420*k = -2365 + 11946 + 19741 - 922 for k.\n20\nSolve 11192 - 22657 = -151*f - 12824 for f.\n-9\nSolve 5 + 205 = -5*h + 40*h for h.\n6\nSolve 335*b + 507*b - 560 - 3636 = -207*b for b.\n4\nSolve -1336*a + 41799 - 48668 + 90930 = -48203 for a.\n99\nSolve 1821*j + 53913 = 81228 for j.\n15\nSolve 2*q - 60*q = -42*q + 976 for q.\n-61\nSolve 1008 = 17*w + 21*w - 14*w for w.\n42\nSolve 636*k - 656*k + 31124 = 482*k for k.\n62\nSolve -15413 = 1629*n + 2506 for n.\n-11\nSolve -210*d - 84*d = 9702 for d.\n-33\nSolve 773*w - 53*w = -1003*w - 144*w + 151227 for w.\n81\nSolve -61325 = 9749*h - 9248*h - 25754 for h"
] | {
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[
"Discover Bangkok in Nana 4\n\nWhile it is incredibly easy to find cheap accommodation anywhere in Bangkok, the quality is not always guaranteed! ",
"In fact, the majority of the time if you are going for the cheapest option it is safe to say that you’ll be “getting your money’s worth”. ",
"There is however a few gems that lay scattered throughout Bangkok; take the Royal Ivory Hotel in Nana Soi 4 for example. ",
"If you are looking for a good budget hotel Bangkok we will not likely be able to offer you a much finer hotel for such reasonable prices.",
"\n\nThe Royal Ivory is a superb hotel that captures the elegance and beauty of the true Thai heritage wonderfully. ",
"All of the rooms are spacious and fully furnished with a delightful Thai style that will surely render any wary traveller feeling warm and welcome."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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0.0005785029497928917,
0.001606101170182228,
0.0005374602042138577,
0.000594946148339659,
0.000594420765992254,
0.0005331506254151464
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[
"1. ",
"Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nOver the past two decades, investigations of the unique physical and chemical characteristics of nanoscale materials in comparison to bulk materials have drawn considerable interest from academics and advanced industries. ",
"Remarkable reports concerning quantum photonics,^[@ref1]−[@ref3]^ photodynamic therapy,^[@ref4]−[@ref6]^ and the programmable architectures^[@ref7]−[@ref9]^ of nanoscaled gold have revealed that the dimensions, morphologies, and chemical modifications of artificial gold nanomaterials can be tailored for given applications. ",
"One-dimensional helical gold nanostructures, namely, gold nanohelices (AuNHs),^[@ref10]−[@ref16]^ gold nanospirals (AuNSs),^[@ref17],[@ref18]^ and gold nanosprings,^[@ref19],[@ref20]^ have been shown to exhibit specific forms of atomic packing, high degrees of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and plasmonic responses. ",
"In previous studies, several synthesis strategies, including peptide assembly, electrochemical deposition, galvanic displacement reaction, surfactant-assisted reaction, and glancing angle deposition, were utilized for the preparation of AuNHs, and growth pathways were also proposed to interpret the curved morphology of those one-dimensional gold nanomaterials. ",
"Our own previous study using a galvanic displacement reaction for aluminum--gold oxidation--reduction provides a new method for creating unique AuNSs.^[@ref17]^ The trunk of the AuNSs thus created has a helical structure, and the outer surface is made up of aggregate granule branches. ",
"In this study, we used a similar strategy in order to further control the growth of helical gold nanomaterials, adding three surfactants as the capping agents in combination with the seed-mediated growth to synthesize AuNHs.",
"\n\nGold nanostructures have attracted considerable attention regarding potential applications because localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is generated by irradiating the metal structures with electromagnetic (EM) waves. ",
"It has been observed that such LSPR on metal nanostructures can enhance the e-field near the nanostructures. ",
"In addition, the LSPR frequency (wavelength) is strongly related to the shapes and dimensions of the nanostructures. ",
"In particular, a metallic nanorod has different LSPR responses at longitudinal and transverse e-field irradiation,^[@ref21],[@ref22]^ that is, longitudinal LSPR is red-shifted compared to transverse LSPR. ",
"AuNHs are of interest with respect to LSPR, as the gap originating from their coiled structure would influence both their longitudinal and transverse LSPR responses. ",
"Moreover, enhanced EM waves inside of AuNHs would be anticipated because of their resemblance to solenoid coils. ",
"In order to characterize the LSPR and enhanced e-field profiles of AuNHs, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of AuNHs with changes to the incident direction, polarization, and wavelength of the irradiated light were carried out.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Results and Discussion {#sec2}\n=========================\n\n2.1. ",
"Synthesis of AuNHs {#sec2.1}\n-----------------------\n\nAuNSs with dendrite structures possess large amounts of surface area and nanoscale space that creates numerous hot spots for superior SERS properties.^[@ref17]^ The degree of field enhancement is greatly dependent on the dimensions of the space between the granule branches at a scale of only a few nanometers.^[@ref23]−[@ref25]^ Past studies that used a galvanic displacement reaction to grow AuNSs explored the role of surfactants in the reaction. ",
"However, with regard to synthesis, it is difficult to control the sample appearance using a galvanic displacement reaction, which results in the formation of dendrite structures on the surface of synthesized AuNHs and uneven dimensions of the overall product. ",
"Therefore, this study used a seed-mediated growth combining with surfactant-assisted method in order to control the growth of AuNHs more precisely. ",
"In the solution phase, three types of surfactants were used to provide the confined space for helix growth. ",
"Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) absorbed by a gold surface creates a double layer structure, which forces the nanogold to grow in a one-dimensional direction. ",
"Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) acts as a capping agent that surrounds the surface of the nanogold. ",
"The role of poly(ethylene glycol)(12)tridecyl ether (PEG) is to assist in the formation of spiral structures in aqueous solutions.^[@ref17]^ The seed-mediated growth method provides a homogeneous reaction environment, allowing for the control of product appearance. ",
"Because of the small quantity of Au nanoseeds that is added, the solution initially appears transparent and gradually becomes rose pink as the reaction time increases. ",
"After the completion of the reaction, a centrifugal method can be used to separate the product material from the solid portion in the reaction solution.",
"\n\n[Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}a shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the products obtained by 14,000 rpm centrifugation. ",
"The figure shows two types of product appearances, namely, gold nanoparticles and AuNHs, which were obtained after a 20 h reaction. ",
"A different centrifugation speed regarding the weight difference between the two products was then used to remove the gold nanoparticles. ",
"After multiple attempts, the centrifugation speed of 1000 rpm was determined to be the most effective. ",
"As seen in [Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}b, a large portion of the nanoparticles were removed, with the few remaining nanoparticles being attached to the helical material. [",
"Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the SEM of AuNHs obtained by 1000 rpm centrifugation. ",
"The low-magnification SEM image demonstrates the high productivity of helical products. ",
"The high-magnification SEM images ([Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}b,c) clearly show the even structure of the nanohelices; the helices' diameters range between 30 and 150 nm, and their lengths are several microns. ",
"EDS analyses indicated that the helical sample was constructed from gold ([Figures S3 and S4](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.9b02586/suppl_file/ao9b02586_si_001.pdf)). ",
"After separation, the sample included two types of structures: AuNHs, which were the main product ([Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}a,b), and ramified helical structures. ",
"The few ideal helical structures formed are shown in [Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ",
"However, the productivity of products with such an appearance was low. ",
"Moreover, some products were intertwined because of their structure, forming double helices ([Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}d).",
"\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n{#fig3}\n\nThe crystalline phases of the AuNHs obtained by separation were examined using XRD analyses, as shown in [Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The characteristic peaks of the AuNHs at 2θ = 38.1, 44.3, 64.5, and 77.5° were gold (111), (200), (220), and (311) (JCPDF 01-1172), respectively, indicating the face-centered cubical structure of the helices. ",
"Thus, it can be seen that the seed-mediated growth method allows for the easy synthesis of high-productivity AuNHs. ",
"This study also attempted to provide nucleation points without adding seeds in the reaction process in order to test whether the direct nucleation and growth of AuNHs from gold(III) ions is possible in the confined space produced using surfactants. [",
"Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}a,b show the SEM of the products obtained without the addition of gold nanoseeds in the reaction. ",
"After the separation of the solid products and liquids through 1000 rpm centrifugation, it could be clearly observed that few AuNHs were synthesized when gold nanoseeds were not added in the reaction as nucleation points. ",
"The number of particles in the product was predominant, and their size was much larger than that of the gold nanoparticles in [Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ",
"According to the above observations, the three types of surfactants form confined helical spaces in a homogeneous aqueous environment, and as a result, gold(III) ions were reduced on the Au nanoseeds and helices are formed through crystal growth. ",
"The lack of nucleation points leads to the growth of a large number of gold nanoparticles. ",
"Therefore, the addition of Au nanoseeds is necessary for achieving an effective increase in AuNH productivity.",
"\n\n{#fig4}\n\n{#fig5}\n\nIn past studies that used a galvanic displacement reaction, a heterogeneous redox reaction occurred in the interface between the aluminum substrate and the solution containing gold(III) ions, leading to the formation of thicker root ends in AuNSs. ",
"In contrast, the tail sections of the AuNSs shrank, forming conic structures. ",
"In this study, the gold seeds provided the nucleating points necessary for the growth of a large number of AuNHs. ",
"The crystal growth process produced products with even appearances via surfactant confinement. ",
"A smaller AuNH was selected in this study for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis to explore the atomic arrangement of AuNHs, as shown in [Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ",
"The high-magnification TEM in [Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}b shows the presence of a growth boundary in the structure (marked as R~1~). ",
"The partition line divides AuNHs into two sections, marked as I and II. [",
"Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}c shows the HRTEM of sections I and II divided by the R~1~ partition line, where two small figures demonstrate the fast Fourier transform (FFT) analyses of I and II and are marked as FFT-I and FFT-II, respectively. ",
"The images show that the (1̅11̅) plane of FFT-I and FFT-II (blue line) are vertical to R1 plane (red line), indicating that the twinning plane corresponding to the R~1~ partition line is the plane and that two (1̅11̅) planes create a 141° angle. ",
"The aforementioned high-resolution atomic images and an FFT conversion chart show that, during the growth of the AuNHs, a mirror-symmetric structure was formed on the twinning plane. ",
"HRTEM was used to observe the atomic arrangements of the helical nanomaterials, and the results for the AuNHs and the trunks of the AuNSs were similar, indicating that even if different nucleation and crystal growth methods are applied in the confined spaces produced using the surfactants CTAB, PEG, and PVP, the gold(III) ions can be effectively directed into a rotation during the restoration process.",
"\n\n{#fig6}\n\nA related study proposed that helical gold nanowires were grown by asymmetrical blocking of the organic capping agent, leading to the formation of twin boundaries.^[@ref13],[@ref18]^ Another study observed a phenomenon similar to that in this study and indicated that twin defects are frequently seen in such nanowires owing to the low twin boundary energy for gold.^[@ref26]^ If twin boundaries continue to appear during the process of gold nanowire growth, one-dimensional linear nanomaterials can transform into one-dimensional helical nanomaterials. ",
"When two helical nanowires are close to one another, they may be intertwined and form a double helix.^[@ref27]^\n\nTo understand the growth routes of AuNHs, TEM was used to observe the changes in the dimension of the products obtained at different reaction time. ",
"Two growth modes are observed and shown in [Figures [7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}. [",
"Figure [7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the sample obtained in the first 10 min of a reaction performed in an environment that contained gold nanoseeds. ",
"An HRTEM analysis ([Figure [7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}c) indicated the absence of twin boundaries or a dislocation in the atomic arrangement. ",
"These phenomena were also reproduced in other positions of the sample in [Figure [7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}a and in other small AuNHs, which indicates that this growth mode of AuNHs refers to the topotatic reaction, and there is no structural relationship between the nanoseed and the helix. ",
"The elemental mapping and selected area electron diffraction are shown in [Figure S4](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.9b02586/suppl_file/ao9b02586_si_001.pdf). ",
"However, few AuNHs still can be formed without adding gold nanoseeds in the reaction. ",
"Therefore, gold(III) ions in the reaction reduced as the seeds for the helices growth is the minor route of AuNH growth.",
"\n\n{#fig7}\n\n{#fig8}\n\nAnother growth mode of AuNHs is also found in the system, and the TEM images of the samples obtained at 5, 10, and 15 h reaction time are shown in [Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"At the initial stage of reaction ([Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}a,b), short AuNHs grew on the gold nanoparticle aggregates, indicated by the arrow, which suggests that the gold nanoparticle aggregates also play the roles of nucleation points for AuNHs growth. ",
"The length and the amount of AuNHs increase with the reaction time lasting to 10 and 15 h, which is shown in [Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}c,d, respectively. ",
"As the oxidation--reduction reaction occurs, the Au(III) ions reducing to gold atoms not only induces the formation of AuNHs but also facilitates the crystal growth of gold nanoseeds. ",
"The surfactants in the solution provide confined space leading to the AuNHs growth on these gold nanoparticle aggregates. ",
"The observation may explain that the gold nanoparticle aggregates are attached on AuNHs, as shown in [Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}b and [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}b,c, and cannot be removed after ultrasonication and centrifugation. ",
"However, this growth route is an obstacle to control the uniformity of the product dimension. ",
"In a typical seed-mediated growth reaction, nanoseeds are embedded in the products with the surfactant as the directing agent, leading to the formation of one-dimensional nanowires with uniform diameter. ",
"Once one-dimensional nanostructures grew on gold nanoparticle aggregates, as shown in [Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}, containing AuNHs and gold nanoparticles with different diameters, the AuNHs with different lengths and helical degrees are formed.",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"FDTD Simulations of AuNHs {#sec2.2}\n------------------------------\n\nTo characterize the optical properties of AuNHs, FDTD simulations in the visible range were carried out with an ideal AuNH model system. ",
"In the previous paper, we reported that the wavelength and polarization of incident-light-dependent efield enhancement in AuNHs of empirically observed dimensions are characterized by FDTD simulation measurements.^[@ref28]^ Dimensions of the ideal AuNH model were acquired from the perfect AuNH structure shown in [Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ",
"The gap distance between turns and the number of turns of the AuNH were determined to be 500 nm and four, respectively, as shown in [Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ",
"An AuNH approximately 2 μm long and 330 nm wide with a wire thickness of 115 nm was used in the FDTD simulations ([Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}a,b). [",
"Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c shows the spectra of the extinction cross-section of the AuNH obtained from the FDTD simulations. ",
"The simulations were carried out with three different incidences of the light. ",
"Respectively, *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) and *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) represent perpendicular incidences (*k*~*x*~) of the light with parallel (*E*~*z*~) and perpendicular (*E*~*y*~) e-field polarization with the AuNH, whereas *k*~*z*~(*E*~*y*~) represents a parallel incidence (*k*~*z*~) of the light with transverse (*E*~*y*~) e-field polarization. ",
"While the extinction cross-section of *k*~*z*~(*E*~*y*~) showed a relatively minimal intensity and gradually increased as the wavelength of the light increased to 700 nm, the *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) and *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) incidences showed maxima in spectrum at 660 and 570 nm, respectively, as shown in [Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ",
"These maxima of extinction spectra are also reflected in the total extinction cross-section spectrum of AuNH \\[*k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) + *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) + *k*~*z*~(*E*~*y*~)\\] in [Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ",
"UV--vis spectrum of AuNHs suspended in D.I. water shows the absorption maximum at a wavelength range of 500--700 nm ([Figure S5](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.9b02586/suppl_file/ao9b02586_si_001.pdf)), which corresponds with the FDTD simulation results. ",
"Two factors may make a discrepancy in experimental spectrum and simulations. ",
"The first factor is that the diameter of AuNHs synthesized is not even. ",
"Furthermore, three incidence conditions are used in FDTD simulations while the arrangement of AuNHs suspended in D.I. water is random.",
"\n\n![(",
"a,b) Schemes of AuNHs for FDTD simulations: (a) side and (b) top views with denotation of dimensions of the AuNHs and coordination of the simulation system. (",
"c) Wavelength dependent extinction cross-section of the AuNHs with different light incidences of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) (blue), *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) (red), and *k*~*z*~(*E*~*y*~) (purple). ",
"Total extinction cross-section of the AuNHs \\[*k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) + *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) + *k*~*z*~(*E*~*y*~)\\] is displayed as the black symbol. ",
"The red and blue dot arrows denote maxima wavelength of the extinction cross-section of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) and *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) incidences, respectively.](ao9b02586_0011){#fig9}\n\nIn order to characterize the modes of the plasmonically enhanced e-field in the AuNHs, e-field profiles in a cross-sectional plane of the AuNH were measured at the maxima wavelength of the extinction spectra (blue and red dot arrows shown in [Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c). [",
"Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}a,b shows maps of the absolute values of the e-fields in the *YZ* plane at 660 nm with perpendicular \\[*k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~)\\] and parallel \\[*k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~)\\] incidences, respectively. ",
"In the case of 660 nm incidence, strong e-field enhancement near the outside girth of AuNH is observed with *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~); on the other hand, e-field enhancement inside AuNH is observed with *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~), which is reasonably understood in light of the parallel e-field formation inside a solenoid coil. ",
"In addition, the area of the strong e-field enhancement resulting from the *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) incidence was smaller than that resulting from the *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) incidence, a result which is highly consistent with the larger excitation cross-section of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) than that of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*x*~) at 660 nm, as shown in [Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ",
"According to the e-field profiles of the *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) incidence at 570 nm, e-field enhancement near the outside of the AuNH still existed even though its intensity relatively decreased compared to that shown in [Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ",
"Similarly, relatively small e-field enhancement inside the AuNH resulting from the *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) incidence at 570 nm in comparison to that at 660 nm ([Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}b) is shown in [Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}d. ",
"However, the extinction cross-section of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) was larger than that of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) at 570 nm, as well as that of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) at 660 nm, as shown in [Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ",
"In general, the optical extinction cross-section of small particles can be represented as the sum of the absorption and scattering cross-sections.^[@ref29]^ Hence, the relatively large extinction of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) at 570 nm along with the lowest e-field enhancement inside the AuNH in comparison to that of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) at 570 nm and that of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) at 660 nm ([Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c) would be explained by the scattering cross-section of the *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) incidence at 570 nm being larger than that of *k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) at 570 nm and *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) at 660 nm. ",
"Interestingly, [Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}d shows stronger e-field propagation from the AuNH to the outside than is shown in the other figures, which is highly consistent with the assumption of relatively a large scattering cross-section in *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) at 570 nm.",
"\n\n{#fig10}\n\nIn terms of results, the peaks of total extinction \\[*k*~*x*~(*E*~*y*~) + *k*~*x*~(*E*~*z*~) + *k*~*z*~(*E*~*y*~)\\] at 660 and 570 nm, as shown in [Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}c, were dominantly influenced by absorption (strong e-field enhancement near the AuHN) and the scattering of light incidence, respectively. ",
"Owing to the e-field enhancement and scattering near the AuNH in the visible range confirmed by the FDTD simulation characterization, the AuNHs can be used as substrates for SERS measurement.",
"\n\n2.3. ",
"SERS Measurements Using AuNHs as the Substrate {#sec2.3}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nBased on the results of the FDTD simulations, it can be concluded that the e-field enhancement and scattering on AuNHs are significant at ∼660 nm. ",
"Therefore, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4MBA) molecules were employed as a probe, and He--Ne laser with the wavelength of 632.8 nm was employed as a light source for SERS observation. ",
"First, 4 mg of AuNHs soaked overnight in 1 mL of 4MBA aqueous solution with different concentrations were isolated by centrifugation and then placed on a Si substrate and dried. ",
"The 4MBA molecules acted as detection molecules as they carry the −SH functional group on one end and have the ability to form a covalent bond with gold, producing a self-assembly monolayer arrangement on the gold surface. ",
"The Raman signals of 4MBA molecules at 1075 and 1590 cm^--1^ are *v*~12C--Cring~ and *v*~8aC--Cring~, respectively.^[@ref30]^ The sample exposure time during the taking of measurements was 5 s. [Figure [11](#fig11){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig11){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that the SERS spectra the AuNHs soaked in 200 ppm, 2 ppm, 200 ppb, and 20 ppb of 4MBA. ",
"At higher concentrations, the −SH functional group in the 4MBA molecules was able to form a strong Au--S covalent bond with the gold surface, replacing the surfactant; therefore, their SERS characteristic peaks were clear. ",
"With the reduction of 4MBA concentration, the SERS signals were weakened. ",
"When the 4MBA concentration was too low and the surfactant could not be replaced, its characteristic peaks appeared, where ∼765, ∼1300, and ∼1480 cm^--1^ are the C--Br, C--C, and N--CH~3~ stretching modes, respectively, of CTAB.^[@ref31],[@ref32]^ The PEG and PVP characteristics peaks appeared at ∼1370 cm^--1^; other signals could not be clearly differentiated because of the overlapping of spectra.^[@ref33],[@ref34]^ When the concentration is as low as 20 ppb (∼0.13 μmol/L), 4MBA molecule signals can still be discriminated. ",
"However, as the number of 4MBA is not sufficient to replace the surfactant, the characteristic signals of the surfactant and 4MBA simultaneously appear in the SERS spectrum.",
"\n\n![",
"SERS spectra of AuNHs using 4MBA as the probe. ",
"4MBA with a concentration of 20 ppb is detectable using AuNHs as the substrate \\[excitation source: 633 nm He--Ne laser with 3.35(±1) mW power\\].](ao9b02586_0003){#fig11}\n\nIn comparison, a gold monolayer film was prepared as the SERS substrate to detect malachite green with a detection limit of 0.04 μmol/L.^[@ref35]^ The Au\\@Ag plasmonic chip with the limit of detection of 20 ppb was reported for detecting thiabendazole in food.^[@ref36]^ A similar gold nanostructure, namely, branched gold nanoworms, anchoring onto an ITO substrate was synthesized in an acetamide-based molten solvent possessing low 4MBA detection limit of ∼10^--2^ μmol/L.^[@ref37]^ Furthermore, the trace thiram (0.5 ppm) on an orange pericarp was detected with a correlation coefficient of 0.979 using a gold nanoparticle metafilm as the SERS substrate.^[@ref38]^ The SERS measurements taken in this study confirmed the results of the FDTD simulations. ",
"AuNHs and their helical structures can produce a large number of hot spots. ",
"When 4MBA molecules reach the hot spot, they are affected by the coupling effect of an electromagnetic field, which strengthens the detection signals.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Conclusions {#sec3}\n==============\n\nIn this study, we provide a new solution route for the synthesis of AuNHs with high yield using a surfactant-assisted method combined with a seed-mediated growth strategy. ",
"By precisely regulating the stoichiometry of the reactants and the surfactants, Au(III) ions were reduced and grew on the gold nanoseeds, leading to the formation of AuNHs in the confined space generated using the three surfactants. ",
"The driving force for the helical conformation is the twin growths on the {111} facets with mirror symmetry. ",
"The FDTD simulations showed that total extinction at 660 and 570 nm upon light incidences were dominantly influenced by absorption and scattering, respectively, while SERS measurements verified that AuNHs have superior SERS enhancement with the detection limit in the ppb region.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Experimental Section {#sec4}\n=======================\n\n4.1. ",
"Synthesis of AuNHs {#sec4.1}\n-----------------------\n\nCetyltrimethylammonium bromide ((CH~3~(CH~2~)~15~N(CH~3~)~3~Br, ≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich, 0.3633 g) was dissolved in deionized water (10 mL). ",
"Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate (HAuCl~4~·3H~2~O, 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, 50 mM 0.0363 mL) was then added and evenly stirred at a room temperature. ",
"When the solution cleared up and turned faint yellow in color, sodium borohydride (NaBH~4~, 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, 0.02 M 0.45 mL) was added. ",
"The solution was evenly stirred for 5 min and left at room temperature for 2 h, producing a gold nanoseed solution.^[@ref39]^ The AuNH synthesis method involved the addition of gold nanoseed solution (0.01 mL) into deionized water (20 mL), followed by the addition of PEG (C~13~H~27~(OCH~2~CH~2~)~*n*~OH, *n* ≈ 12, Sigma-Aldrich, 0.0194 mL), PVP ((C~6~H~9~NO)~*n*~, *M*~W~ ≈ 55,000, Sigma-Aldrich, 0.736 g, 0.667 mM), and CTAB (0.0242 g, 3.333 mM), after which the solution was stirred. ",
"HAuCl~4~(aq) (0.045 mM 0.0182 mL) and ascorbic acid (C~6~H~8~O~6~, 99.7%, Sigma-Aldrich, 0.1 M 0.056 mL) were then added in the solution. ",
"After the solution was evenly mixed, it was left for 20 h at 15 °C. ",
"The sample was then separated from the reaction solution using a centrifugal method. ",
"Repeated cleaning with deionized water and ethanol was used to remove excessive surfactants and gold nanoseeds.",
"\n\n4.2. ",
"Characterizations and Spectroscopic Measurements {#sec4.2}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nObservations of the morphology of the samples were carried out with a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-4700) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). ",
"The transmission electron microscopy images and electron diffraction patterns were obtained using a transmission electron microscope (JEOL 2100F). ",
"The surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra were acquired from a Raman spectrometer (NTEGRA Nt-MDT) using a 632.8 nm He--Ne laser with a power of 3.35 mW as the light source. ",
"The laser beam was focused to a spot approximately 1 μm^2^ with an accumulation time of 10 s.\n\n4.3. ",
"FDTD Simulations {#sec4.3}\n---------------------\n\nThe dimensions of AuNHs for the FDTD simulations (Lumerical Inc.) were assumed from the perfect AuNH structure obtained by the SEM measurement ([Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}c). ",
"The dimensions for the AuNH in the model system were set at a length of about 2 μm, a width of 330 nm, and a wire thickness of 115 nm with four turns (with the gap between turns being 500 nm) ([Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}a) with the center axis of the AuNH set along the *Z*-axis. ",
"The refractive index (*n*) and extinction coefficient (*k*) of the Au materials based on Johnson and Christy data were used.^[@ref40]^ A total-field scattered-field (TFSF) source with a plane monitor (placed at the *YZ* cross-section in the middle of the AuNH) was used for the simulations. ",
"The TFSF source was inlet through parallel (*k*~*z*~) and perpendicular (*k*~*x*~) directions of the AuNH. ",
"The e-field polarization of the perpendicularly inlet source (*k*~*x*~) was set as parallel (*E*~*z*~) and perpendicular (*E*~*y*~) to the center axis of the AuNH, while only one transverse e-field polarization (*E*~*y*~) was used in the source inlet in a parallel direction (*k*~*z*~) to AuNH because of a rotational symmetry. ",
"The mesh size of the simulation was set as 20 nm^3^ for an accurate calculation. ",
"In terms of results, the extinction cross-section of the AuNH in the visible range (λ: 400--700 nm) corresponded to the three different incidences. ",
"In addition, e-field profiles in the *YZ* cross-section in the middle of the AuNH were also measured to characterize the e-field enhancing mode at the maxima of the extinction cross-section of the AuNH. ",
"More details regarding the FDTD simulation works of electrical field enhancement in AuNHs can be found in our previous report.^[@ref25]^\n\nThe Supporting Information is available free of charge at [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.9b02586](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.9b02586?goto=supporting-info).More SEM, TEM images, and EDS analysis of products; color changes of the reaction solutions; and UV--vis spectrum of AuNHs suspended in D.I. water ([PDF](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.9b02586/suppl_file/ao9b02586_si_001.pdf))\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### \n\nao9b02586_si_001.pdf\n\n^∥^ Y.-H.C. and J.-W.J. contributed equally to this work.",
"\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interest.",
"\n\nY.-H.C., Y.-C.C., and T.-F.S. thank the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 105-2119-M-027-006 & 106-2113-M-027-006) for their financial support. ",
"J.-W.J. acknowledges the support from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (NRF-2019R1A2C1008497).",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"Rosamond Coursen and Walter R. Reed House\n\nThe Rosamond Coursen and Walter R. Reed House is a house located in southwest Portland, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.",
"\n\nIt has also been known as the Rosa Reed House.",
"\n\nSee also\n National Register of Historic Places listings in Southwest Portland, Oregon\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Historic district contributing properties in Oregon\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon\nCategory:Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Oregon\nCategory:Portland Historic Landmarks\nCategory:Queen Anne architecture in Oregon\nCategory:Southwest Portland, Oregon"
] | {
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[
"For many people, language may be typed and read almost as much as it is spoken and heard. ",
"The phrase \"talk to you later\" (abbreviated *ttyl*) often means that conversational partners will continue \"talking\" with their fingers. ",
"When they do, they are likely to use the QWERTY keyboard. ",
"The QWERTY layout was invented in 1868 (Logan & Crump, [@CR8]) and later sold to Remington to replace their alphabetical layout, which caused neighboring keys to jam during fast typing. ",
"QWERTY was designed to separate frequently used letter pairs to opposite sides of the keyboard, avoiding mechanical clashes. ",
"Additionally, QWERTY placed the letters in \"T-y-p-e W-r-i-t-e-r\" conveniently on the top row of keys, to help salesmen tap out what was, at one time, a brand name (David, [@CR5]).",
"\n\nThe QWERTY keyboard is now everywhere in our culture. ",
"Coffee shop chatter is being replaced by the sound of clicking keystrokes. ",
"Smart phones and laptops let people type messages virtually anywhere. ",
"Routinely, language is produced without speech. ",
"When linguists and psychologists talk about the *articulators* used in language production, they usually mean parts of the vocal tract. ",
"But increasingly, the articulators that produce our day-to-day language are the fingers.",
"\n\nThe way words are articulated with the mouth is related to their meaning. ",
"Although many sound--meaning mappings are arbitrary (de Saussure, [@CR6]), there are aspects of meaning that appear to be nonarbitrarily linked to the configuration of the vocal tract articulators used to produce them (Ohala, [@CR10]). ",
"Here, we propose a link between the meanings of words and the action of the *manual* articulators used for typing them. ",
"Because patterns of articulation are not independent of meaning, typing may introduce a new mechanism by which semantic changes in language can arise.",
"\n\nTyping is a special kind of motor action. ",
"Performing motor actions fluently generally leads to positive feelings and evaluations (Oppenheimer, [@CR11]; Ping, Dhillon, & Beilock, [@CR12]). ",
"Therefore, if letters on one side of the keyboard can be typed more fluently than letters on the other side, motor fluency could mediate relationships between the locations of letters on the QWERTY keyboard and the valence of the words they compose (i.e., the positivity or negativity of their meanings).",
"\n\nThe QWERTY keyboard is asymmetrical: There are more letters on the left of the midline than on the right. ",
"Therefore, striking one key among its neighbors should be more difficult on the left side of the keyboard than on the right side, due to greater response competition (Ridderinkhof, van den Wildenberg, Segalowitz, & Carter, [@CR14]). ",
"This proposal is supported by reaction time data showing that when participants are presented with letters in isolation and are asked to press the corresponding keys, they are faster to type letters from the right side of the keyboard than from the left (Logan, [@CR7]). ",
"Since this left--right asymmetry is built into the keyboard, it should affect skilled and unskilled typists alike.",
"\n\nIf letters on the right of the keyboard are easier to type, this should lead to positive feelings when people type words composed of more right-side letters and negative feelings when they type words composed of more left-side letters. ",
"Associations between typing fluency and emotion could cause \"right-side words\" to acquire more positive valences and \"left-side words\" more negative valences. ",
"People who know how to type implicitly activate the positions of keys when they read words (Logan & Crump, [@CR8]; Rieger, [@CR15]). ",
"Therefore, typing experience could influence the valence of words that people read or speak even when people are not typing, as has been shown previously for evaluations of meaningless letter strings (e.g., Beilock & Holt, [@CR1]; Van den Bergh, Vrana, & Eelen, [@CR16]).",
"\n\nHere, we explored the relationship between QWERTY key position and word meaning in three experiments. ",
"In Experiment 1, we tested for associations between left--right key position and emotional valence in words from three QWERTY-using languages (English, Spanish, and Dutch). ",
"In Experiment 2, we tested whether words coined after QWERTY's invention show a stronger association between key position and valence than do older words. ",
"In Experiment 3, we tested whether QWERTY key position affects the valence of pseudowords that have never been seen or typed.",
"\n\nExperiment 1: Does QWERTY predict valence ratings for words across languages? {#",
"Sec1}\n=============================================================================\n\nExperiment 1 tested for associations between the side of the QWERTY keyboard on which letters are located and the emotional valence of words that are spelled with these letters, in three languages.",
"\n\nMethod {#Sec2}\n------\n\n### Materials and procedure {#d29e284}\n\nWe analyzed valence-normed words from three corpora (see [Appendix A](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"} in the [Supplementary online materials](#SecESM1){ref-type=\"sec\"}): the Affective Norms for English Words corpus (ANEW; Bradley & Lang, [@CR2]), and two translation equivalents of ANEW in Spanish (SPANEW; Redondo, Fraga, Padrón, & Comesaña, [@CR13]) and Dutch (DANEW).",
"\n\nANEW consists of 1,034 words. ",
"Participants used a pencil to rate valence on a 9-point scale composed of five self-assessment manikins (SAMs), which ranged from a smiling figure at the positive end of the scale to a frowning figure at the negative end. ",
"Participants were told to mark one of the manikins or a space between two adjacent manikins (see Bradley & Lang, [@CR2]). ",
"In SPANEW, translations of the ANEW words were rated by native Spanish speakers using a similar procedure (see Redondo et al., [",
"@CR13]).",
"\n\nDANEW was created for the present study, adapting Bradley and Lang's ([@CR2]) procedure for computerized data collection (see [Appendix B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"} in the [Supplementary online materials](#SecESM1){ref-type=\"sec\"}). ",
"The 1,034 ANEW words were translated into Dutch by a native speaker. ",
"Three of the English words translated to the same Dutch word. ",
"Removing these duplicates left 1,031 words in the sample. ",
"Each of the participants (*N* = 132 native Dutch speakers; 14 left-handers, 118 right-handers by self-report) saw 85 of the translated ANEW words intermixed with 74 words from an unrelated experiment, which served as fillers. ",
"Participants saw words one at a time and rated them for emotional valence on 9-point SAM scales (ratings for arousal, dominance, imageability, and concreteness were also collected; see [Appendix B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"Whereas ANEW and SPANEW participants used pencil and paper, DANEW participants responded by clicking one of nine radio buttons located beside the five manikins or between two manikins. ",
"In ANEW and SPANEW, the manikins were arranged from left to right. ",
"In DANEW, the manikins were arranged vertically on the screen, to avoid any unintended interactions between a left--right rating scale and the left--right positions of the letters that composed stimulus words.",
"\n\nResults and discussion {#Sec3}\n----------------------\n\nFor each word in the corpus, we computed the difference of the number of left-side letters (q, w, e, r, t, a, s, d, f, g, z, x, c, y, b) and right-side letters (y, u, i, o, p, h, j, k, l, n, m), a measure we call the *right-side advantage* \\[RSA = (\\# right-side letters) − (\\# left-side letters)\\]. ",
"Overall, there was a significant positive relationship between RSA and valence in ANEW, SPANEW, and DANEW combined, according to a linear regression with items (ANEW words and their translation equivalents) as a repeated random factor using SPSS's GLM function \\[*b* = .044, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 5.34, *p* = .02; see [Appendix C](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}\\]. ",
"Words with more right-side letters were rated to be more positive, on average, than words with more left-side letters. ",
"We call this relationship *the QWERTY effect*.[1](#Fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n\nTo determine whether the QWERTY effect differed across languages, *language* was added to the regression model as a fixed factor. ",
"The mean valence ratings differed between languages, producing a main effect of language \\[mean valence ratings: Dutch = 5.07, *SD* = 2.27; English = 5.15, *SD* = 1.99; Spanish = 4.74, *SD* = 2.14; Wald *χ*^2^(2) = 101.09, *p* = .0001\\]. ",
"Importantly, however, language did not interact with RSA to predict valence \\[Wald *χ*^2^(2) = 0.23, *p* = .89\\], and the effect of RSA on valence remained significant when the effect of language and the interaction of language with RSA were controlled \\[*b* = .043, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 5.19, *p* = .02\\].",
"\n\nSince there was no significant difference in the strength of the QWERTY effect across languages, an analysis of each separate language is neither required nor licensed. ",
"With that caveat, we note that the predicted relationship between RSA and valence was significant in English \\[*b* = .043, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 4.61, *p* = .03\\] and in Dutch \\[*b* = .051, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 5.81, *p* = .02\\], and a trend in the same positive direction was found in Spanish \\[*b* = .035, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 1.04, *p* = .31\\]. ",
"It would be inappropriate to interpret these patterns as differing between languages, given the lack of any statistical difference (Wald *χ*^2^ \\< 1), which cannot be attributed to a lack of power (minimum *N* = 1,031 items).",
"\n\nA further analysis was conducted to control for possible effects of word length and for the frequency with which individual letters are used in each language (letter frequency).[2](#Fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"} RSA remained a significant predictor of valence when word length, letter frequency, language, and their interactions were controlled \\[*b* = .057, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 6.95, *p* = .008\\].",
"\n\nA final set of analyses tested for effects of handedness in the DANEW raters (no information is available about the handedness of the raters for ANEW and SPANEW). ",
"People tend to implicitly associate their dominant hand side of space with positive ideas and their nondominant side with negative ones (Casasanto, [@CR3], [@CR4]). ",
"For this reason, we added handedness to our model to test whether handedness would moderate the effect of RSA on valence. ",
"According to a mixed regression model using SPSS's MIXED function, with subjects and items as repeated random factors, handedness did not interact with RSA to predict valence, *F*(1, 6077) = 0.16, *p* = .69, and RSA remained a significant predictor of valence when the effect of handedness and the interaction of handedness and RSA were controlled (*b* = .061), *F*(1, 1224) = 4.00, *p* = .05. ",
"Although the QWERTY effect did not differ significantly between right- and left-handers, we conducted an exploratory analysis to determine whether handedness influenced the direction of the correlation between RSA and valence. ",
"Right-handers showed a positive association of RSA with valence (*b* = .060), *F*(1, 1020) = 4.84, *p* = .03. ",
"Left-handers showed a trend in the same positive direction, which did not approach significance, likely due to the small number of left-handers (*b* = .022), *F*(1, 416) = 0.27, *p* = .61.",
"\n\nOverall, words with more right-side letters were rated to be more positive in meaning than words with more left-side letters, controlling for effects of language, word length, letter frequency, and handedness.",
"\n\nExperiment 2: Does QWERTY influence new words more than old words? {#",
"Sec4}\n==================================================================\n\nIn Experiment 2, we tested the QWERTY effect in a larger corpus of English words (AFINN; Nielsen, [@CR9]), which included neologisms coined after the invention of QWERTY. ",
"We predicted that these new words should show a greater QWERTY effect than should older words, for three reasons. ",
"First, on average, the meaning of a newer word should be more malleable than that of an older word because it has a shorter history of use. ",
"Second, many of the new \"words\" in the AFINN corpus began as acronyms or abbreviations created by typists to facilitate the use of frequent expressions in social media (e.g., *LOL*, meaning *laugh out loud*). ",
"Words that are typed but rarely spoken should be particularly susceptible to biases introduced by the keyboard. ",
"Third, QWERTY may serve as a filter for the creation and use of new words. ",
"Words whose spatial locations are congruent with their valences (e.g., positive neologisms spelled with more letters on the right of the keyboard) might be remembered and used more often than incongruent words.",
"\n\nMethod {#Sec5}\n------\n\nThe AFINN corpus (Nielsen, [@CR9]) consists of 2,477 English words that were rated for emotional valence on a 10-point scale (−5 to −1 and 1 to 5; see [Appendix A](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"For consistency with our other experiments, we removed the unused zero point and renumbered the scale from 1 to 10. ",
"We identified 63 words in AFINN (including Internet acronyms) that were coined after the invention of QWERTY (see [Appendix D](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"If a word's date of origin was in question, we consulted [www.etymology.com](http://www.etymology.com) or [www.urbandictionary.com](http://www.urbandictionary.com).",
"\n\nResults and discussion {#Sec6}\n----------------------\n\nRSA was calculated as in Experiment 1. ",
"Overall, there was a significant positive relationship between RSA and valence according to a linear regression \\[*b* = .037, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 9.15, *p* = .002; see [Appendix C](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}\\]. ",
"The effect of RSA on valence was significant in pre-QWERTY words, alone \\[*b* = .029, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 6.00, *p* = .014\\], but was much stronger in post-QWERTY words, alone \\[*b* = .363, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 9.00, *p* = .003\\], as indicated by the interaction of newness with RSA \\[Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 17.75, *p* = .001\\]. ",
"Finally, as in Experiment 1, RSA remained a significant predictor of valence when word length, letter frequency, and their interaction were controlled \\[*b* = .06, Wald *χ*^2^(1) = 19.06, *p* = .001\\].",
"\n\nExperiment 3: Does QWERTY predict valence judgments for pseudowords? {#",
"Sec7}\n====================================================================\n\nExperiment 3 tested whether the QWERTY effect would be found for pseudowords, with no preexperimental meaning. ",
"This experiment addressed two questions raised by Experiments 1 and 2. ",
"First, could the QWERTY effect arise at a sublexical level (i.e., letters or clusters of letters)? ",
"Second, could the QWERTY effect be an artifact of lexical frequency? ",
"In principle, if words with higher RSAs also had higher frequencies, this could result in a spurious correlation between RSA and valence. ",
"Information about lexical frequency was not available for all of the words from Experiments 1 and 2, complicating an analysis to rule out possible frequency effects. ",
"In the present experiment, however, all items were novel and, therefore, had frequencies of zero.",
"\n\nMethod {#Sec8}\n------\n\n### Participants {#d29e621}\n\nNative English speakers (*N* = 800; 36 left-handers, 751 right-handers, 13 ambidextrous by self-report) were recruited via the Amazon Mechanical Turk Web site and participated online for payment.",
"\n\n### Materials and procedure {#d29e629}\n\nA corpus of pronounceable, single-syllable English pseudowords was generated by crossing 46 consonant (or cluster) onsets and 18 consonant codas, for a total of 828 onset--coda combinations (consonant frames \\[CFs\\]). ",
"These CFs were crossed with four vowels (e.g., *pleek*, *plook*, *plake*, *ploke*) to make 3,312 pseudowords. ",
"CFs with actual words, or their homophones, were excluded, and four additional CFs were removed at random, leaving 1,600 pseudowords presented in a Latin square design (see [Appendix A](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}, [Appendix E](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"Participants were instructed to read words in \"an alien language\" and to indicate how positive the meaning seemed on a 9-point scale by clicking a radio button. ",
"Each rated 20 words.",
"\n\nResults and discussion {#Sec9}\n----------------------\n\nRSA was calculated as in Experiments 1 and 2. ",
"There was a significant positive relationship between RSA and valence, according to a mixed linear regression with subjects and items as repeated random factors (*b* = .027), *F*(1, 1584) = 10.85 *p* = .001 (see [Appendix C](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}), replicating the main results of Experiments 1 and 2. ",
"When handedness (for left- and right-handers) was added to the model, it did not interact with RSA to predict valence, *F*(1, 15053) = 0.03, *p* = .86. ",
"In further exploratory analyses, right-handers showed a positive association of RSA with valence (*b* = .029), *F*(1, 1574) = 11.76, *p* = .001. ",
"Left-handers showed a trend in the same positive direction, which did not approach significance (*b* = .025), *F*(1, 600) = 0.68, *p* = .41. ",
"As in Experiment 1, there was no effect of handedness on the association between RSA and valence.",
"\n\nPseudowords with more right-side letters were judged to have more positive meanings in an alien language, suggesting that space--valence associations are stored or activated at the level of letters or combinations of letters. ",
"Importantly, the QWERTY effect in Experiment 3 cannot be explained by an unexpected relationship between lexical frequency and key position, since all items were novel and had frequencies of zero.[3](#Fn3){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n\nGeneral discussion {#Sec10}\n==================\n\nIn three experiments, we demonstrated a previously undocumented relationship between the meanings of words and the way they are typed: the QWERTY effect. ",
"On average, words spelled with more letters on the right of the keyboard were rated to be more positive in emotional valence than words spelled with more letters on the left. ",
"This was true even when raters were not typing. ",
"A similar relationship between word meaning and key position was found across three languages (English, Spanish, and Dutch). ",
"The QWERTY effect extended to pseudowords and was especially strong in neologisms coined after the invention of QWERTY, including abbreviations developed for texting. ",
"It appears that using QWERTY shapes the meanings of existing words and may also influence which new words and abbreviations get adopted into the lexicon and the \"texticon\" by encouraging the use of words and abbreviations whose emotional valences are congruent with their letters' locations on the keyboard.",
"\n\nDoes typing fluency give rise to the QWERTY effect? {#",
"Sec11}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nSince the present data are correlational, establishing the causal relationships underlying the QWERTY effect will require further research. ",
"We proposed that asymmetries in the distribution of letters over the left and right sides of the QWERTY keyboard should lead to more response competition among letters on the left of the keyboard and, therefore, to greater fluency in typing letters on the right. ",
"In turn, letters that are easier to type should come to carry more positive associations (and letters that are harder to type more negative associations) and should subtly influence the emotional valence of the words they compose.",
"\n\nThis proposal is broadly consistent with previous research showing influences of typing fluency on preference judgments for meaningless letter strings (e.g., Beilock & Holt, [@CR1]; Van den Bergh et al., [",
"@CR16]). ",
"However, previous studies have focused on different sources of typing fluency, such as finger repetition. ",
"For example, skilled typists prefer pairs of letters typed with different fingers (\"f--j\") over pairs typed with the same finger during standard touch typing (\"f--v\"; Beilock & Holt, [@CR1]). ",
"In exploratory analyses, we found no significant relationship between the number of finger repetitions in a word and its valence, nor was there any relationship between valence and the number of hand alternations used when typing a word---for any of the corpora we analyzed.",
"\n\nThese other sources of typing fluency are orthogonal to the number of right-side and left-side letters in a word, and the effects we report here remain significant when both finger repetition and hand alternation are controlled. ",
"Further investigation would be needed to determine why our variable of interest, the RSA, predicted the valence of words reliably, whereas these other fluency-related variables did not. ",
"We note, however, that finger repetition (and to a lesser extent, hand alternation) should produce fluency effects only in skilled touch typists, who use the prescribed finger--key mappings. ",
"We have no information about the typing skill of the raters for the five corpora we analyzed, but we assume that it varied among raters. ",
"Importantly, if the QWERTY effect depends on asymmetries built into the keyboard per se, it should obtain for all frequent QWERTY users, regardless of their typing skill, typing style, or handedness.",
"\n\nAlternative accounts of the QWERTY effect {#Sec12}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe fact that we found no differences in the strength of the QWERTY effect across English, Spanish, and Dutch argues against two alternative explanations for this effect. ",
"First, if the effect had been found in only one language, it could have been due to accidents of sound symbolism (Ohala, [@CR10]). ",
"In any single language, it could happen by chance that words with higher RSAs are more positive, due to sound--valence associations. ",
"But despite some commonalities, English, Dutch, and Spanish have different phonological systems and different letter-to-sound mappings. ",
"To maintain this skeptical alternative, it would be necessary to posit that RSA correlated with *different* letter-sound--valence mappings in each of these three languages, with strengths that did not differ across languages.",
"\n\nSecond, since the inventor of QWERTY was an English speaker, if we had found the QWERTY effect in English alone, it would seem plausible that implicit space--valence mappings had shaped the QWERTY layout, and not vice versa. ",
"People implicitly associate positive ideas with their dominant side of space and negative ideas with their nondominant side, causing right-handers to place positive things on their right side and negative things on their left (Casasanto, [@CR3], [@CR4]). ",
"There is about a 90% chance that the QWERTY inventor was right-handed, so implicit space--valence associations could have biased him to place letters that carried positive associations on the right of the keyboard and letters with negative associations on the left. ",
"Presumably, however, such implicit associations would be based on the peculiar roles these letters play in English words or sounds. ",
"The finding of similar QWERTY effects across languages suggests that, even if English-based letter-space--valence associations influenced QWERTY's design, QWERTY has now \"infected\" typers of other languages with similar associations.",
"\n\nOn a third alternative account, the QWERTY effect could result from general effects of manual motor fluency, which are not directly related to typing. ",
"The implicit associations between valence and left--right space described above (see Casasanto, [@CR4], for a review) are established through patterns of fluent and disfluent actions with one's dominant and nondominant hands. ",
"These associations then exert broad influences on judgments, even for abstract entities that can never be seen or touched. ",
"In principle, the QWERTY effect could reflect the general preference for things on the right side of space found in the right-handed majority.",
"\n\nThe finding that left-handers showed a trend to associate positive valence with letters on the *right*, rather than the left, argues against this possibility but does not rule it out entirely. ",
"Words meanings are normative. ",
"Variation in the way words are used is constrained by the community of language users, which is composed mostly of right-handers. ",
"The valence of words, therefore, may be shaped by fluency-based preferences in right-handers; left-handers' implicit preferences are overruled. ",
"Such normative influences are evident in linguistic metaphors and idioms (e.g., all English speakers must agree that the correct answer is the \"right\" answer---even if they are left-handed). ",
"It remains an open question whether \"good\" is associated with \"right\" on the keyboard because \"good\" is associated with \"right,\" more generally, in a world dominated by right-handers.",
"\n\nConclusions {#Sec13}\n===========\n\nAlthough the relationship between words' forms and meanings is largely arbitrary, aspects of how words are produced can shape their meanings. ",
"In the past, language was only spoken and was therefore subject only to constraints on hearing and speaking. ",
"Now language is frequently produced by the fingers, and for millions of people, it is filtered through QWERTY. ",
"As people develop new technologies for producing language, these technologies shape the language they were designed to produce.",
"\n\nThe meanings of words in English, Dutch, and Spanish are related to the way people type them on the QWERTY keyboard. ",
"Words with more right-side letters are rated as more positive in emotional valence than are words with more left-side letters. ",
"The finding of the QWERTY effect in neologisms, and even in pseudowords, suggests that new coinages in language may show effects of how they are typed immediately. ",
"People responsible for naming new products, brands, and companies might do well to consider the potential advantages of consulting their keyboards and choosing the \"right\" name.",
"\n\nElectronic supplementary material {#AppESM1}\n=================================\n\n {#SecESM1}\n\nESM 1(PDF 514 kb)\n\nThis research was supported in part by the Junta de Andalucía (P09-SEJ-4772) and by a James S. McDonnell Foundation Scholar Award to D.C.\n\nOpen Access {#d29e771}\n===========\n\nThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.",
"\n\nThe phrase *QWERTY effect* is sometimes used informally in economics to describe a product that is highly successful despite being inferior to its competitors. ",
"The semantic QWERTY effect we report here is unrelated.",
"\n\nInformation about frequency of letter use across languages was obtained from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency>, accessed April 10, 2011.",
"\n\nIt is possible that when judging the valence of pseudowords, participants activated real English words that were phonologically or orthographically similar. ",
"However, this is merely a source of noise and is unlikely to account for the observed RSA effect, since letters that are phonological or orthographic neighbors are unlikely to be *typographic* neighbors on the QWERTY keyboard.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"PORTLAND, Maine — Statewide voters won’t get a chance to weigh in on whether recreational pot use should be legal this fall, but Portland voters just might.",
"\n\nA group seeking to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Maine’s largest city announced Tuesday that it has enough signatures to get the issue on Portland’s November ballot.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Portland Green Independent Committee, which worked alongside the national Marijuana Policy Project, ACLU of Maine and the Libertarian Party of Maine to circulate the petitions, announced that the city clerk’s office certified 2,508 of the more than 3,200 signatures the groups had collected.",
"\n\nThe coalition needed about 1,500 signatures from registered Portland voters in order to push the legalization issue to a citywide vote.",
"\n\nConversely, a bill that would have legalized recreational use of marijuana statewide, proposed by Rep. Diane Russell, D-Portland, attracted 35 cosponsors but did not gain the endorsement of the Legislature’s Criminal Justice and Public Safety Committee. ",
"The House and Senate subsequently voted down a follow-up proposal that would have put the legalization issue before voters on statewide ballots in the fall.",
"\n\n“Portland voters will get the chance to make history this November through adopting this ordinance,” said Tom MacMillan, chair of the Portland Green Independent Committee, in a statement. “",
"The Maine Legislature failed again this year to end marijuana prohibition, and this ordinance begins that process. ",
"The Green Independent Party did not expect the Legislature to be able to reform our marijuana laws, so we did the hard work of collecting thousands of signatures to put this to a citywide vote.”",
"\n\nThe legalization ordinance proposed by the coalition would allow adults aged 21 and over to possess up to 2.5 ounces of marijuana with city limits, while prohibiting recreational use of the drug in public spaces, including school grounds and on public transportation.",
"\n\nThe Portland City Council is now required to set a date within 30 days for a public hearing on the proposed ordinance. ",
"The council must then decide whether to adopt the ordinance as requested in the petition or send it to the polls for a citywide vote, according to MacMillan.",
"\n\nThe Greens expect the issue to be placed on the November ballot, the group announced Tuesday.",
"\n\nProponents of the legalization measure, including City Councilor David Marshall, have said the prohibition of the drug is ineffective, drives use of the substance underground and unnecessarily ties up law enforcement resources. ",
"They say pot use should be allowed, regulated and taxed the same way as alcohol, which was prohibited in the 1920s in what is largely looked back on as a failed initiative.",
"\n\nOpponents of the move, including the Maine Chiefs of Police Association, argue that the step would exacerbate substance abuse problems that feed other crimes, and that overseeing regulation and distribution of pot would be an expensive and time-consuming task for overburdened state agencies.",
"\n\nEfforts to defang enforcement of marijuana laws in Portland in the past have fallen short. ",
"In 2011, activists gathered signatures on a petition seeking to make pot possession offenses the lowest enforcement priority for Portland police. ",
"But despite getting more than 2,100 signatures on the petition — 600 more than necessary to get a spot on the local ballot — the city clerk’s office found the document was invalid because only about 1,400 of the names were from verified Portland residents.",
"\n\nIn 2005, voters in Denver passed a law making it legal to possess a small amount of marijuana. ",
"It the first major U.S. city to do so. ",
"In 2012, Colorado joined Washington as the first states to legalize recreational marijuana use.",
"\n\nMaine is one of 18 states in which marijuana can be legally used for medical reasons, prescribed to patients to fight chronic pain, among other ailments."
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[
"In this study, a 2D numerical model is investigated for removal of CO2 in a hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. ",
"The model considers axial and radial diffusion in the membrane contactor. ",
"It also considers convection in the tube and shell side. ",
"The model governing equations were solved with using finite-element method. ",
"Simulation predictions were validated with the experimental data obtained from literature for CO2 absorption from the gas mixture by water. ",
"The simulation predictions were in good agreement. ",
"The results of this model are in good agreement with experimental data CO2 removal from the gas mixture by water. ",
"In velocity 5 m/s absorbent fluid removal efficiency carbon dioxide at a constant temperature of 10 and 40 °C, respectively, 55.36 and 46.25 %. ",
"In velocity of 5 m/s absorbent fluid and 0.2 m/s gas mixture removal efficiency of carbon dioxide absorbent 51.43 and 23.34 % respectively during counter current and co-current flow. ",
"Increasing liquid velocity led to an increase in removal efficiency of carbon dioxide. ",
"By increasing the gas mixture velocity, removal efficiency is reduced. ",
"It is shown that this method is able to predict the performance of the membrane contactor hollow fiber to absorb CO2 from the gas mixture."
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"Bagrationovsky\n\nBagrationovsky (masculine), Bagrationovskaya (feminine), or Bagrationovskoye (neuter) may refer to:\nBagrationovsky District, a district of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia\nBagrationovskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of district significance of Bagrationovsk in Bagrationovsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia is incorporated as\nBagrationovskaya, a station of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia"
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"Aki, Kōchi\n\nis a city located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan on the island of Shikoku. ",
"The city was founded on August 1, 1954.",
"\n\nAs of April 2017, the city has an estimated population of 17,810 and a population density of 56 persons per km2. ",
"The total area is 317.34 km2.",
"\n\nThe heart of Aki city is located along the Japan National Route 55 and faces the Pacific Ocean to the south. ",
"Aki city has six stops on the Tosa Kuroshio Railway Asa Line (also known as the Gomen-Nahari Line (ごめん-なはり線)), and the city office can be reached by stopping at Aki City's main station. ",
"The stations within Aki city include Akano, Ananai, Jyũjōmae, Ioki, Aki, and Shimoyama.",
"\n\nHistorical sites\nIwasaki Yatarō (岩崎 弥太郎): (founder of Mitsubishi) His childhood home is located in Aki, north of the Aki City Train station off of Route 29 in Inokuchi, Aki.",
"\nNoradokei Clock (野良時計): Located in Doi, Aki along Route 213.",
"\nSamurai Residence (武家屋敷): Located in Doi, Aki.",
"\nSugio Shrine (杉尾神社)\nRyutaro Hirota's music monuments: There are 10 music monuments, each engraved with a different song of Ryutaro's. ",
"They are located all around the city.",
"\nKariyon Clock (カリヨン時計): Large clock monument to Ryutaro Hirota. ",
"At certain hours, the clock plays music and has mechanical dolls that come out and dance.",
"\n\nSites of interest\nUchiharano Pottery Center: This pottery center sells locally made pottery and blown glass art. ",
"With an appointment, you can make your own pottery in the studio.",
"\nAki Station Jiba-San Market (安芸市ぢばさん市場): Located within the station's main building, local produce, plants, bakery goods, Aki City omiyage, and home-made bento are brought/made fresh every day and sold cheaply.",
"\nAki Dome: This is where the Hanshin Tigers practice in the spring (beginning in February) and play their first game of the season. ",
"It draws Hanshin Tigers fans every year from all over Japan. ",
"The Dome is located in Sakuragaoka-machi and is visible along Kokudo Route 55. ",
"One can also access the Dome by going to Jyūjōmae Station (球場前駅).",
"\nAki City Calligraphy Museum (安芸市書道美術館): Located in Doi-chō, Aki City along Route 29 next to the History Museum. ",
"The museum is a two floor establishment that displays and hosts many different calligraphy exhibitions and contests.",
"\nAki City History Museum (安芸市歴史民俗資料館): Located in Doi-chō, Aki City along Route 29 next to the Calligraphy Museum. ",
"The museum contains information on the evolution of Aki City through history, as well as an extensive history of Iwasaki Yatarou.",
"\nAki Fishing Port (安芸漁港)\nKikusui Sake Brewing Company (菊水酒造株式会社): Located in Hon-machi, Aki City, is a local sake brewery well known around Shikoku and the second largest producer of sake in Kochi Prefecture. ",
"The company constantly comes up with new and innovative products and is sold widely around the prefecture. ",
"Along with their constantly updating product list, they are well known for their \"Shimantogawa\" (四万十川) sake.",
"\nArimitsu Brewing Company: A very small sake brewery located in Akano-chō, Aki City (along the border of Geisei Village) that produces sake using traditional methods. ",
"Production is minimal and sales are limited to Aki City and select retail stores around Kochi City. ",
"The most well-known sake they produce is called \"Aki Tora\" (安芸虎), which is not named after the Hanshin Tigers but instead, after Kunitora Aki who resided in the Aki Castle.",
"\nNasu Park and Uchiharano Park: Located in Uchiharano-Chō, Aki City. ",
"Nasu park is known for the playground equipment shaped like vegetables (among which is eggplant). ",
"Uchiharano park is a large public park with a man-made lake. ",
"In the spring and summer, it is a good place to go for flower viewing while picnicking. ",
"Boats may be rented for a row around the lake.",
"\nDoyo Washroom: The Doyo Washroom is located next to the Aki City Office and is a bathroom known for playing the famous nursery rhymes that were created in Aki City.",
"\n\nCulture\nAki City is an agricultural city where many farmers reside and thus, is well known for its locally grown eggplant (なす), dekopon, yuzu, and tobacco. ",
"It is also well known for a dish called chirimendon (ちりめん丼), a bowl of rice covered in tiny sardines, green onions, and tsuyu sauce.",
"\n\nEvery August, Aki City holds a Yosakoi (よさこい) festival and parade in the city. ",
"Since Yosakoi dance originated in Kōchi Prefecture, many cities around the prefecture hold smaller-scale festivals in relation to the main three-day Yosakoi festival in Kōchi, which draws groups of performers from all over Japan. ",
"Aki City's festival is one of the larger festivals held on the east side of Kochi Prefecture, and takes place over two weekends in August. ",
"Various groups from around the city, nearby cities, as well as groups from Tokushima Prefecture and Ehime Prefecture come and perform in the Aki City Yosakoi festival in preparation for the three-day festival in Kōchi.",
"\n\nAnother well-known festival held in Aki City is the Aki City Candle-Light Festival and Illumination Event. ",
"This event takes place over two days and is held around the mid-end of December. ",
"The festivities take place in front of the Aki City train station where local music groups, junior high school bands, and high school bands perform while various local restaurants set-up stalls to sell food, drinks, and other local products. ",
"The event takes place around the birthday of Iwasaki Yatarō and is thus included in the festivities. ",
"There is also a very large display of handmade candles set up around the station, and nearby residence often participate by setting up Christmas \"illuminations\" and elaborate light displays.",
"\n\nSince Kōchi Prefecture is well known for shodo (書道) or calligraphy, the Aki City Calligraphy Museum holds a nationwide calligraphy contest every May, and another contest for high school students every July/August. ",
"Calligraphy from all over Japan is sent in to be judged by highly regarded calligraphy teachers from the prefecture, and later displayed in a public exhibition. ",
"Along with this contest, Aki City also holds a general arts (photography, painting, drawing, sculpture, wood-work) contest every September/October in the Aki City Shuminkaikan.",
"\n\nOther than these larger events, Aki City is also the host to various small festivals, local music performances, art exhibitions, and events. ",
"In addition, every November, Aki City is host to the \"Turtle Marathon,\" a marathon held for people ages 30 and over from all over Japan.",
"\n\nEducation\n\nElementary schools\nAkidaiichi E.S (安芸第一小)\nShimoyama E.S (下山小)\nHigashigawa E.S (東川小中)\nInokuchi E.S (井ノ口小)\nIoki E.S (伊尾木小)\nAkano E.S (赤野小)\nAnanai E.S (穴内小)\nKawakita E.S (川北小)\nDoi E.S (土居小)\n\nJr. High Schools\nAki Junior High School (安芸中)\nSeisuigaoka Junior High School (清水ヶ丘中)\nAki Prefectural Junior High School\n\nHigh schools\nAki High School (安芸高)\nSakuragauka High School (桜ヶ丘高)\n\nLocal Restaurants\nAki City has many unique and delicious restaurants which serve famous local foods.",
"\nChez Nous: Located along Route 55 in Ioki-Cho, Chez Nous is well known for their Soup Curry and macha pound cake.",
"\nIokiya: Located along Route 55 in Ioki-Cho, this restaurant is well known for Udon, especially the store's \"Bukkake Udon.\"",
"\nFurusatokan: Located in Doi-Cho near Route 29, this restaurant/shop is well known for Chirimendon and baked eggplant ice cream. ",
"This zakka also sells home-made bento and hand-made goods. ",
"There is also an \"ice cream\" (a creation of Kochi Prefecture which combines ice cream and sorbet) stand in front of the shop which sells experimental flavors of ice cream including egg, tomato, baked eggplant, pumpkin, and baked sweet potato.",
"\nOncahnchi: This restaurant is well known for their fried chicken (karaage).",
"\n\nMars\nThe name Aki has been used for a crater on the planet Mars by the International Astronomical Union, although not specifically commemorating the city.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Aki City official website \n Aki City Map \n Google Maps\n\nCategory:Cities in Kōchi Prefecture"
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"Ski Depo is a system for storing skis and snowboards that provides a possibility of automatic rental of cells, or, simply put, Ski Depo is a compact automatic locker for skis and snowboards, unparalleled in the world. ",
"The system is essentially a rack with lockable sections, each of which is equipped with an electronic lock and an opening sensor. ",
"At the same time, the width of a Ski Depo section is designed in such a way that it can only take in one pair of skis or one snowboard. ",
"The framework is made of rugged stainless steel with a waterproof control/display unit and a climate control system which allows for the outdoor use of the equipment. ",
"The control/display unit comes with a full-color information LED screen featuring a user-friendly interface and a skipass reader.",
"\n\nNow, let’s consider two basic scenarios of Ski Depo operation: (1) the cells are open by default, and (2) the cells are locked by default. ",
"When in the “open” mode, all the cells stay open – the skier picks any cell he likes, leaves his skis or his snowboard in it, and locks the door. ",
"After that, he applies his skipass to the reader on the control/display unit, and this specific cell gets assigned to his skipass, which also triggers the rental period. ",
"Should the skier for some reason forget to apply his skipass to the reader, the cell will unlock automatically in 5 seconds and give an electronic beep to the skier.",
"\n\nIn the “locked” mode, the reverse algorithm is used – all the cells are locked; the skier first applies his skipass to the reader, after which a random vacant cell opens, the skier leaves his pair of skis or his snowboard in it, and locks the cell, which triggers the count of the rental time – there is no need to re-apply the skipass.",
"\n\nSki Depo is a unique short-term parking system for skis and snowboards. ",
"Your guests will no longer have to worry about their expensive pair of skis or snowboard – all they will have to do is apply the skipass, and the cell will be safekeeping these things until the client comes back.",
"\n\nThis system is perfect for ski schools, mountain resort restaurants and cafés, and zones of storing personal belongings and skis/snowboards. ",
"Its features allow the system to operate in both chargeable and free-of-charge modes of cell rental. ",
"Installing Ski Depo at your mountain resort, you will not only protect your guests’ property but also make extra money on the new service of renting out the cells, generally improving the overall quality of skiing experience.",
"\n\nFeatures\n\n→ The system can operate outdoors (down to -35 Celsius).",
"\n\n→ The skier’s skipass is assigned to the rented cell.",
"\n\n→ Intuitive user-friendly interface\n\n→ Extended set of LED screen features (it can display the skipass balance, or function as an info-terminal of the resort’s services).",
"\n\n→ Safekeeping the skier’s property\n\n→ A possibility for uploading commercial advertising information to the terminal’s LED\n\n→ Compact design (50 cells only take up a few meters)\n\n→ Fully Russian design and development\n\n→ Less expensive in comparison with foreign analogs.",
"\n\nThe ERTEL Company and its SKISOFT division is your dependable partner for solving the tasks of mountain resorts, as well as other facilities of any level of complexity.",
"\n\nThe ERTEL Company was founded in 2003; it specializes in integrated automation of sports and entertainment industry facilities.",
"\n\nThe key focus area of ERTEL is the automation of property management processes, financial flow accountability, as well as ensuring the safety of the mountain resort’s guests and employees.",
"\n\nChoosing ERTEL as your general partner for the automation of your business, each of our clients gets a number of important benefits for implementation of their projects, such as:\n\nTurnkey Implementation of any of the client’s projects, including joint design of the business processes, advice from technical experts and software developers;\n\nWorking directly with the client, excluding any middlemen, ensures the maximally effective and efficient approach to the implementation of the project;\n\nThe company’s own staff of designers, technical experts, and installation workers provides an opportunity to quickly and efficiently solve tasks of virtually any complexity and implement projects of virtually any scale;\n\nOwn production line for laminated plastic cards with high-quality offset printing corresponding to the rigorous worldwide standards;\n\nGuaranteed stock of the equipment at the company’s own warehouse – the most popular expendable materials and products – and speedy delivery of replacement parts to keep the equipment in operation during the repair work;\n\nWarranty and post-warranty after-sales service of hardware and software\n\nWorking in close cooperation with other equipment manufacturers and software developers, we have an opportunity to come up with solutions that satisfy any requirements of our clients in such areas as: mountain resort management, access and control systems, industrial safety and labor protection, fire alarms, payment systems, television and telephone networks, as well as local computer networks with a secure connection to the Internet.",
"\n\nThe extensive experience of the ERTEL specialists working with a wide range of hardware and software from domestic and foreign manufacturers and developers allows the company to provide all-round support both for individual and integrated systems.",
"\n\nThanks to the practice of direct delivery, we offer our clients hardware and software at budget-friendly prices; we can also offer a flexible price-forming policy that will satisfy the clients’ expectations at any level."
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"Detection of Francisella-like endosymbiont in Hyalomma rufipes from Ethiopia.",
"\nThe expanding family of Francisellaceae includes the genus Francisella, where several pathogen bacteria, e.g. the zoonotic F. tularensis, and different Francisella-like agents belong to. ",
"Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLEs) are widespread in hard and soft ticks and their pathogenicity is unknown. ",
"The examination of 296 ticks collected in Ethiopia was performed for the detection of F. tularensis and FLEs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the amplification of 16S rRNA, sdhA and tul4 gene fragments. ",
"FLE was described in one Hyalomma rufipes tick based on the 16S rRNA and sdhA gene sequences. ",
"The 16S rRNA gene fragment was identical with the ones detected previously in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum in Bulgaria. ",
"The presence of endosymbionts with identical 16S rRNA gene sequence in both Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma species further supports the hypotheses, that certain FLEs had independent evolution from their tick hosts."
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"Q:\n\nnot able to checkout files\n\nThe client has asked me to checkout the file and the path is given as follows:\nsvn+ssh://company/home/svn/payroll\nWhat is the command that would extract the file? ",
"The following was tried and did not work.",
"\nsvn co http://company/home/svn/payroll/\n\nNor did this...\nsvn co localhost://company/home/svn/payroll/\n\nFor the first command I got the error...\nsvn: Repository moved temporarily to 'http://company.in'; please relocate\n\nSo I tried the following command.",
"\nsvn co http://company.in \n\nI got the following message...\nsvn: OPTIONS of 'http://company.in': 200 OK (http://company.in)\n\nI still do not see any files checkedout from repository.",
"\n\nA:\n\nTry:\nsvn checkout svn+ssh://company/home/svn/payroll\n\n"
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"El peritaje sobre la muerte de Nisman muestra golpes en el hígado y una fractura en la nariz\n\nEl informe oficial firmado hace instantes por los expertos de la Gendarmería Nacional señala que al fiscal Alberto Nisman lo mataron dos personas. ",
"Primero lo golpearon y luego le dieron ketamina para controlarlo.",
"\n\nAsí lo revelaron fuentes inobjetables a LA NACION, que señalaron que los expertos elevarán sus conclusiones a la Justicia a última hora de mañana o el viernes.",
"\n\nLa Junta Interdisciplinaria convocada para dilucidar si el fiscal Nisman se suicidó o fue asesinado se reunió hoy para redactar el informe oficial , que será entregado al fiscal Eduardo Taiano, a cargo de la investigación.",
"\n\nLos peritos de Gendarmería, junto a los expertos convocados en representación de la familia Nisman y los que asesoran al técnico informático Diego Lagomarsino, en total más de 30 personas, mantuvieron una reunión en el edificio Centinela, sede de la Gendarmería, para intentar acordar el informe.",
"\n\nAllí evaluaron lo que sucedió en la recreación que se realizó la semana pasada, y que dio lugar a que se filtrara que la Gendarmería daría por probado que Nisman fue asesinado.",
"\n\nLos expertos ponderaron distintas pruebas como la falta de pólvora en las manos, la ketamina hallada en el cuerpo de Nisman (antes no descubierta), la llamada \"autopsia psicológica\" o la manipulación del celular y las computadoras, todas sostenidas por la querella como indicadores de un magnicidio.",
"\n\nTras el informe de la Gendarmería efectivamente inclinándose por la hipótesis de un homicidio, se espera que los peritos de la defensa de Lagomarsino -que le prestó a Nisman el arma de la cual salió el balazo que lo mató- no acompañen esa versión y den su interpretación de los hechos, como un suicidio, en coincidencia con lo que habían postulado los peritos de la Corte Suprema en una junta médica que también se dispuso en la causa.",
"\n\nEl fiscal Taiano explicó que se hicieron dos juntas de expertos; una médica y otra criminalística, pero ninguna pudo aproximarse a la causa de la muerte de Nisman. ",
"Esta junta fue pedida con insistencia por la querella que representa a las hijas de Nisman y Sandra Arroyo Salgado, y finalmente fue dispuesta por el juez Ercolini y Taiano.",
"\n\nLos especialistas, según los anticipos de su trabajo que recibió Taiano, encontraron trazas de ketamina en el organismo de Nisman, droga que no se había hallado antes porque no se la había buscado.",
"\n\nNo se sabe cuánta droga ni cómo llegó al cuerpo. ",
"La ketamina es una droga que en grandes cantidades se usa como anestésico y en dosis menores de forma recreativa porque provoca alucinaciones. ",
"La defensa de Lagomarsino acepta la ketamina, pero cuestiona el procedimiento usado para encontrarla y la cadena de custodia de las muestras. ",
"Además quiere saber cuánta había y cómo llegó al cuerpo de Nisman. ",
"La droga es clave para reinterpretar la escena: hasta ahora la querella planteó la hipótesis de un asesino que tomó la mano del fiscal atontado y apretó el gatillo del arma que estaba apoyada sobre la cabeza. ",
"Sostiene que hubo manchas de sangre limpiadas en el lavatorio.",
"\n\nLa querella de Lagomarsino sostiene que estas manchas de sangre limpiadas (que aparecieron cuando se esparció Luminol) son anteriores a la muerte de Nisman. ",
"La Gendarmería cree que Nisman estaba inconsciente por la ketamina y que una persona lo sostuvo mientras que otra le pegó un tiro en la cabeza. ",
"Incluso la aparición de golpes en la cabeza y en las piernas fueron interpretados como orientados a reducir a la víctima."
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"On the 14th of September – the Feast of the Triumph of the Cross – the Irish Dominican friars received five novices during the conventual Mass in Saint Mary’s Dominican church, Pope’s Quay, Cork. ",
"On the same day (September 14th), during solemn vespers in Saint Mary’s Dominican church in Cork, Brother Alan Hopkins made Simple (first) Profession. ",
"On the following day, September 15th, during the conventual Mass, Brother Paul Hughes made his Simple Profession in the hands of the prior provincial Fr Pat Lucey OP.",
"\n\nThis short video includes images from the Reception of Habits and Br. ",
"Paul Hughes’ Simple Profession.",
"\n\nThis week on Wednesday, September 14th – the Feast of the Triumph of the Cross – the Irish Dominican friars received five novices during the conventual Mass in Saint Mary’s Dominican church, Pope’s Quay, Cork.",
"\n\nOn the same day (September 14th), in the evening, during solemn vespers in Saint Mary’s Dominican church in Cork, Brother Alan Hopkins made first profession. ",
"On the following day, September 15th, during the conventual Mass, Brother Paul Hughes made his first profession in the hands of the prior provincial Fr Pat Lucey OP.",
"\n\nThese are indeed very joyful days for the Irish Dominican Province and we ask you to keep all our brothers in your prayers.",
"\n\nFor the Friars of the Irish Dominican Province, the month of September is bringing with it a series of joyful events:\n\nOn the first Saturday of the month, September 3rd, our brother Brian Doyle OP will be ordained to the priesthood in his native Co. Wexford.",
"\n\nOn September 11th, following the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lady, two of our brothers, Luuk Dominiek Jansen OP and Colm Mannion OP, will make their solemn profession in the Dominican Priory church of Saint Saviour (Dominick Street, Dublin 1), during the 11:30 am Mass.\n\nThere was great joy in Port-of-Spain,Trinidad, on the 29th of August, as our brother Matthew Martinez OP made Solemn Profession as a Dominican. ",
"The profession took place during the celebration of the Eucharist at St. Finbar’s church in Diego Martin.",
"\n\nOn the Feast of Sts. ",
"Peter and Paul, there was great joy for the enclosed Dominican nuns who are based in Drogheda, Co. Louth, and for the wider Dominican family in Ireland, as Sr Mary Teresa Dunphy OP made her solemn profession. ",
"Final profession, called “solemn profession” among Dominicans, is the final commitment a man or woman makes to remaining a Dominican brother or sister for life.",
"\n\nSister M.Teresa is the second Dominican nun to make solemn profession in her monastery in 13 months, Sr Niamh Muireann Galvin having made solemn profession in 2010. ",
"The monastery currently has one sister in formation as a novice.",
"\n\nAbove is a short video showing the diaconate ordinations of brothers Denis Murphy OP, Maurice Colgan OP and Brian Doyle OP on the 2nd of January 2011. ",
"The ordinations took place in St. Saviour’s Priory, Dublin, the ordaining prelate was Archbishop of Dublin Diarmuid Martin of the Dublin Archdiocese.",
"\n\nThe Irish Dominicans joyfully celebrated the first profession of eleven brothers of the province who have just completed their novitiate year. ",
"The event took place during the celebration of the Eucharist at Saint Mary’s priory church at Pope’s Quay in Cork. ",
"The video below shows the highlights of this great event:\n\nThe Irish Dominican friars received two novices into the Order on Tuesday, the 14th of September, the Feast of the Triumph of the Cross which is the traditional day for the Irish Province to receive new novices. ",
"During the celebration of the Mass at Saint Mary’s Priory church, Pope’s Quay, Cork, brothers Paul Mary Hughes and Conal Mary O’ Callaghan were clothed in the Dominican habit by the prior of the novitiate house of the Irish province, Fr. ",
"Edward Conway OP. ",
"Our new novices were joined by many of the Dominican brethren from around the Irish Province along with their friends and families in a simple ceremony. ",
"Below is a short video with the highlights of the day.",
"\n\nMonthly Newsletter\n\nFirst Name\n\nLast Name\n\nEmail Address\n\nPhone Number\n\nInterestVocationsNews/articlesRosary\n\nIrish Dominicans will use the information you provide on this form to email you about updates and events in the Irish Province. ",
"You can unsubscribe by using the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email or by contacting us at [email protected]. ",
"We use MailChimp as our mailing list automation platform. ",
"The information you provide will be transferred to MailChimp for processing in accordance with their Privacy Policy and Terms. ",
"By clicking below, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms.",
"\n\nMonthly Newsletter\n\nFirst Name\n\nLast Name\n\nEmail Address\n\nPhone Number\n\nInterestVocationsNews/articlesRosary\n\nIrish Dominicans will use the information you provide on this form to email you about updates and events in the Irish Province. ",
"You can unsubscribe by using the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email or by contacting us at [email protected]. ",
"We use MailChimp as our mailing list automation platform. ",
"The information you provide will be transferred to MailChimp for processing in accordance with their Privacy Policy and Terms. ",
"By clicking below, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms."
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"Q:\n\nInput tag padding-left issue in ie browsers\n\nPlease have a look on fiddle\nhttp://jsfiddle.net/URBfj/\ni have given padding-left to input tag and now when i am scrolling text in input tag its working fine bt in ie its not working fine.",
"Ie not taking padding.",
"\n\nA:\n\nSee workaround on exact same question (though right instead of left side) HTML: IE: Right padding in input text box\n\n"
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"Blended learning in CME: the perception of GP trainers.",
"\nBlended learning (the combination of electronic methods with traditional teaching methods) has the potential to combine the best of traditional education with the best of computer-mediated training. ",
"We chose to develop such an intervention for GP trainers who were undertaking a Continuing Medical Education (CME) course in evidence-based medicine (EBM). ",
"This study reports on our experience and investigated the factors influencing the perception on usefulness and logistics of blended learning for learners in CME. ",
"In total, 170 GP trainers participated in the intervention. ",
"We used questionnaires, observations during the four face-to-face meetings and evaluations in the e-course over one year. ",
"Additionally we organised focus groups to gain insight in some of the outcomes of the questionnaires and interpretations of the observations. ",
"The GP trainers found the design and the educational method (e-course in combination with meetings) attractive, instructive and complementary. ",
"Factors influencing their learning were (1) educational design, (2) educational method, (3) topic of the intervention, (4) time (planning), (5) time (intervention), (6) learning style, (7) technical issues, (8) preconditions and (9) level of difficulty. ",
"A close link between daily practice and the educational intervention was considered an important precondition for the success of the intervention in this group of learners. ",
"GP trainers were positive about blended learning: they found e-learning a useful way to gain knowledge and the meetings a pleasant way of transferring the knowledge into practice. ",
"Although some preconditions should be taken into consideration during its development and implementation, they would participate in similarly designed learning in the future."
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to use JIRA to manage Waterfall projects?",
"\n\nIs it possible to have a custom template/workflow to manage a project that follows Waterfall methodology and use JIRA for managing such projects?",
"\nIs there a plugin or way to customize the default flow?",
"\n\nA:\n\nWow, it is really hard to believe that someone is still using the Waterfall model...\nAnyway I guess you can just have separate projects for each step of the model:\n\nSo for example if your project is called X then you can have:\n\nX_Requirements \nX_Design \nX_Implementation \nX_Verification \nX_Maintenance\n\nas projects in JIRA. ",
"Then create consecutive issues for all tasks.",
"\nAs a summary I'd like to strongly encourage shifting away from the Waterfall model in Software Development. ",
"Things have changed a lot for the last 10-15 years - not mentioning that the Waterfall is much older than that period.",
"\nModern agile (or not) methodologies provide a far better view of the iteration process in Software Development. ",
"\nYes switching may be hard initially (depending on the size of the company and what not) but the implications after are far more advantageous. ",
"You will experience a ton of optimizations and the most important factor - more communication with the client means a happier client!",
"\n\n"
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"Immunization Terminology\n\nThe following information includes the abbreviations and descriptions of the immunizations recommended by Snellville Pediatrics. ",
"We encourage parents to have their children vaccinated. ",
"If you have any questions about any particular vaccine, please contact your child’s provider.",
"\n\nTriage Team\n\nThe Triage Team at Snellville Pediatrics helps to determine the level of urgency presented by your child’s illness or condition so that we may better serve all our patients. ",
"This team is fully staffed and medically trained to answer the many questions you may have as a parent of a well, sick or injured child from infancy through young adulthood.",
"\n\nAppointment Hours\n\nHelpful Resources\n\nToday’s parents are always on the go and for that reason, we provide a symptom checker and other resources to benefit you and your child. ",
"Whether it is an app that you can download to your phone or tablet or a website you can access, these resources are nationally recognized as the leaders in the health, wellness and safety of your child."
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[
"Riverside Generating Station\n\nThe Riverside Generating Station is a 261 MW electric generating station operated by Exelon that is located at 4000 Broening Highway in Dundalk, Maryland. ",
"The station is on Sollers Point on the Patapsco River.",
"\n\nPlant description\nRiverside consists of Unit 4, a natural gas-fired steam electric unit with a nominal capacity of 78 MW, Unit 5, an 85 MW steam generating unit, Unit 6, a 135 MW natural gas and fuel oil-fired gas turbine, and Units 7 and 8, each 25 MW natural gas-fired gas turbines. ",
"Water from the Patapsco River is used as the heat sink of the condensers of the steam turbines.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nThe site of the Riverside Generating Station was originally purchased by the Consolidated Gas and Light Company of Baltimore, a predecessor company to Constellation Energy, in 1922 for the location of a manufactured gas facility that was never built. ",
"In 1942, the 60 MW steam turbine and boiler Unit 1 was installed at a cost of US$6.5 million. ",
"Two additional 60 MW steam electric units, Unit 2 and Unit 3, were placed in service in 1944 and 1948, and Units 4 and 5 entering commercial operation in 1951. ",
"Units 1, 2, 3, and 5 were shut down in 1993.",
"\n\nIn 2008, authorization was granted to modify and reactivate Unit 5 to operate only on natural gas at an estimated cost of US$25 million. ",
"Constellation Energy merged into Exelon in 2012. ",
"Exelon announced plans to shut down Unit 4 by mid-2016.",
"\n\nOperations\nExelon normally operates the Riverside Generating Station as a peaking power plant. ",
"As the mid-Maryland region is a summer peaking load, the majority of the plant's operating time will be during hot summer days. ",
"The Riverside Generating Station is dispatched by the PJM Interconnection regional transmission organization.",
"\n\nSee also\nList of power stations in Maryland\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Exelon - Riverside Generating Station\n\nCategory:Energy infrastructure completed in 1942\nCategory:Energy infrastructure completed in 1944\nCategory:Energy infrastructure completed in 1948\nCategory:Energy infrastructure completed in 1951\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Baltimore County, Maryland\nCategory:Dundalk, Maryland\nCategory:Natural gas-fired power stations in Maryland\nCategory:Exelon\nCategory:1942 establishments in Maryland"
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[
"Fresh Cantaloupe Soup\n\nMelon soup makes a refreshing first course or dessert for a summer dinner, or even a healthy snack any time of day. ",
"It also makes good use of peak of season cantaloupe, when the fruit has that remarkable sweetness that's balanced by just a touch of welcome bitterness. ",
"In this flavorful version, the melon is blended with yogurt, lime juice and zest,and fresh ginger until creamy, then chilled and garnished with fresh basil before serving.",
"\n\nIngredients\n\nservings:\n\n1cantaloupe\n\n1plain yogurt\n\n1/2lime (juice and zest)\n\n3centimeters fresh ginger\n\n6basil leaves\n\nsalt (to taste)\n\nDirections\n\nPeel the melon, remove the seeds and cut into pieces.",
"\n\nPlace in a blender with the yogurt, lime juice and zest, ginger, and salt. ",
"Grind to a creamy puree."
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[
" FILED\n United States Court of Appeals\n Tenth Circuit\n\n April 27, 2016\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n Elisabeth A. Shumaker\n TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court\n\n\n\n UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n No. ",
"15-5126\n v.\n (D.C. Nos. ",
"4:13-CR-00003-CVE-1 and\n 4:14-CV-00176-CVE-PJC)\n BRANDON ROYCE TAYLOR, a/k/a\n (N.D. Okla.)\n Bran Bran, a/k/a Larry Thomas,\n\n Defendant - Appellant.",
"\n\n\n ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *\n\n\nBefore BRISCOE, GORSUCH, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.",
"\n\n\n Brandon Taylor seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to contest the\n\ndistrict court’s order dismissing his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion for collateral relief\n\nfrom his conviction and sentence. ",
"To win a COA, Mr. Taylor must make “a\n\nsubstantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” ",
"28 U.S.C.\n\n§ 2253(c)(2). ",
"And to make this showing, he must establish “that reasonable\n\n\n\n *\n After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined\nunanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination\nof this appeal. ",
"See Fed. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. ",
"R. 34.1(G). ",
"The case is\ntherefore ordered submitted without oral argument. ",
"This order is not binding\nprecedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral\nestoppel. ",
"It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed.",
"\nR. App. ",
"P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. ",
"R. 32.1.",
"\n\fjurists could debate whether . . . ",
"the petition should have been resolved in a\n\ndifferent manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve\n\nencouragement to proceed further.” ",
"Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)\n\n(internal quotation marks omitted).",
"\n\n Even reviewing Mr. Taylor’s application with the liberality due pro se\n\napplicants, we cannot say it satisfies that standard. ",
"In his § 2255 motion before\n\nthe district court Mr. Taylor primarily sought to challenge adverse suppression\n\nrulings and counsel’s conduct in connection with them. ",
"But Mr. Taylor entered a\n\nplea agreement in which he expressly waived his right to collaterally attack his\n\nconviction or sentence, except for claims based on ineffective assistance of\n\ncounsel that challenge the validity of the guilty plea or the waiver itself. ",
"See\n\nUnited States v. Cockerham, 237 F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. ",
"2001). ",
"Accordingly\n\nand as the district court noted, it appears that “all of [the] claims” he sought to\n\npursue fell “within the scope” of his waiver. ",
"D. Ct. ",
"Op. ",
"at 10. ",
"To be sure, Mr.\n\nTaylor now wishes to pursue some new and additional arguments (like his claim\n\nthat counsel neglected to share certain discovery with him before his guilty plea),\n\nbut these arguments were not advanced before the district court and so are waived\n\nfor that additional reason. ",
"See Jones v. Gibson, 206 F.3d 946, 958 (10th Cir.",
"\n\n2000). ",
"Like the district court, we acknowledge too that Mr. Taylor’s application\n\nmight also be generously construed as suggesting that he didn’t fully understand\n\nthe rights he waived when entering his plea agreement with the government. ",
"But\n\n -2-\n\fthe argument here is at best conclusory and the record reveals he was amply\n\nadvised in advance about the rights he forfeited. ",
"In these circumstances, we do\n\nnot see reason to debate the district court’s conclusion that he was “fully advised”\n\nand so cannot say the standard for a COA is satisfied. ",
"D. Ct. ",
"Op. ",
"at 11; see also,\n\ne.g., United States v. Padilla-Rodriguez, 335 F. App’x 724, 727 (10th Cir. ",
"2009);\n\nUnited States v. Rabieh, 327 F. App’x 71, 74 (10th Cir. ",
"2009).",
"\n\n The request for a COA is denied and this appeal is dismissed.",
"\n\n\n ENTERED FOR THE COURT\n\n\n\n Neil M. Gorsuch\n Circuit Judge\n\n\n\n\n -3-\n\f"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to replace all existing records with one record in MongoDB\n\nIn my application I have multiple records that contain username and domain.",
"\nBefore, I used to keep all records when they have different value in version field but now I want to replace them all with just one version.",
"\nFor example, I have device collection that is structured as:\n{\n username: me,\n domain: stackoverflow.com,\n version: 1\n}\n{\n username: me,\n domain: stackoverflow.com,\n version: 2\n}\n\nAnd kept upserting whenever there's new version.",
"\nAnd now I would like to have only one record that replaces all existing documents. ",
"Whenever new document with new version is upserted, all records that match username and domain will be gone and merged into the new one.",
"\nI tried upsert: true and multi: true option but it does not delete the old records.",
"\nAny help would be great.",
"\n\nA:\n\nUpsert won't delete the old records. ",
"It can only replace or create new. (",
"documentation for upsert)\nYou'll need to clean up the old data manually. ",
"There are a few options:\n\nWait till you encounter a what before would have been a new version of the document and remove all versions before saving the new version. (",
"Clean up old, then put down new).",
"\nUse the aggregation framework to group on username and domain to return a list of all combinations. ",
"Then, for each combination, eliminate all but the newest (you could sort on version to get the highest and then do a query where you use $ne to remove all that match everything but the highest version number). ",
"While this will really hit your database hard, you'd only need to do it once.",
"\nFilter the data manually in your favorite programming language and move the data to a new collection. ",
"Again, slow, but you'd do it only once.",
"\n\n"
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0.0005919201648794115,
0.000635504606179893,
0.0006166136008687317,
0.000626933469902724,
0.0006377754034474492,
0.0005698712193407118,
0.0007867110543884337,
0.0006952096009626985,
0.0006584758521057665,
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0.0008377318736165762,
0.0006734391790814698,
0.0009895095136016607,
0.001457570935599506,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.00102 | 18 |
[
"Population response to toxicants is altered by intraspecific interaction.",
"\nNegative interaction between individuals is a distinctive feature of populations. ",
"The question is addressed whether the population response to toxicants (e.g., the pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate) is altered by the strength of negative intraspecific interaction. ",
"Larvae of the trichopteran Limnephilus lunatus Curtis were exposed for 1 h to fenvalerate, then larval survival and adult emergence were monitored in outdoor stream microcosms over eight months. ",
"Degree of interaction was varied by changing larval densities. ",
"No survival was observed after 15 d at 100 microg/L. Survival decreased slightly at 10 microg/L when strong interaction was present. ",
"Survival in the range of 0.001 to 1 microg/L was similar to that in the control, regardless of the strength of interaction. ",
"In contrast, chronic effects differed widely according to the degree of interaction. ",
"Weak interaction resulted in high survival of controls, a lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) (mortality) of 0.1 microg/L, a delay in development at 0.001 to 0.01 microg/L, and reduced weight of adults from 0.01 microg/L on. ",
"Strong interaction resulted in low survival of controls, a LOEC (mortality) of 100 microg/L, and a delay in development at 0.1 microg/L. The suggestion was made that these differences in chronic effects are caused by a toxicant-induced reduction of negative intraspecific interaction at high concentrations (> or =1 microg/L). ",
"Hence, direct effects of the toxicant are partly compensated because of indirect reduction of negative interaction compared to the control. ",
"Interaction is not decreased at low concentrations (< or =0.1 microg/L) and, thus, effects of the toxicant are not compensated. ",
"Accordingly, the response to toxicants at the population level when negative interaction is present differs from the response at individual level."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
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0.0006852812948636711,
0.0006413127994164824,
0.000637985416688025,
0.0006148876273073256,
0.0006298480438999832,
0.000611606054008007,
0.0006050483789294958,
0.0007323616882786155,
0.0006117468583397567,
0.0006624545785598457,
0.0006499490700662136,
0.0006548367091454566
] | 0.000649 | 13 |
[
"Autoradiographical localization of oxytocin binding sites on ovine oviduct and uterus throughout the oestrous cycle.",
"\nA highly specific oxytocin receptor ligand, 125I-labelled d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4,Tyr-NH9(2)] vasotocin (125I-OTA), was used to localize high affinity oxytocin receptors in ovine uterine and oviduct tissues throughout the oestrous cycle. ",
"The pattern of binding revealed by in vitro autoradiography correlated well with the results of the homogenate receptor assays using the same ligand and with previous binding assays using the tritiated ligand. ",
"At oestrus, specific 125I-OTA binding was evident on the luminal epithelium of the caruncular and intercaruncular regions, on the epithelial cells lining the secretory uterine glands and in the stroma underlying the caruncular epithelium. ",
"In the myometrium diffuse labelling was evident in the outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer. ",
"At Day 4 of the cycle, binding to the stroma was diffuse and virtually absent from the glandular epithelium. ",
"No specific binding was evident in either tissue at Day 12 of the luteal phase, but by Day 14, prior to the decrease in peripheral progesterone concentrations, binding was again apparent on the luminal epithelium only. ",
"Specific binding to the oviduct was localized to the smooth muscle layer of the isthmus region of oestrous ewes and was not detected at any other stage of the oestrous cycle. ",
"These studies extend our knowledge of the distribution of oxytocin binding sites in uterine and oviduct tissues throughout the oestrous cycle and suggest that oxytocin has an important role in stimulating oviduct and uterine motility at a time crucial to successful egg collection and/or sperm embryo transport."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0012296055210754275,
0.0009460715227760375,
0.0005851429887115955,
0.0010235152440145612,
0.0009538351441733539,
0.004065010696649551,
0.0008118095574900508,
0.0018225089879706502,
0.0015039616264402866
] | 0.001438 | 9 |
[
"[Primary epidermoid carcinoma of the stomach].",
"\nSquamous cell carcinoma primary of the stomach is an exceedingly rare neoplasm of unknown etiology. ",
"We report on a case of an antral tumour arising in the antrum of a 49-year-old woman. ",
"Histopathological study revealed a typical squamous cell carcinoma without evidence of glandular differentiation. ",
"Immuno-histochemical positivity for p53 suggests common etiopathogenic pathways with other histological types of gastric carcinoma."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.005015804432332516,
0.0016529817366972566,
0.0013031685957685113,
0.0011414623586460948,
0.0009779739193618298
] | 0.002018 | 5 |
[
"Protective effect of Glycine max and Chrysanthemum indicum extracts against cisplatin-induced renal epithelial cell death.",
"\nAlthough cisplatin is one of the most efficient chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of solid tumors, frequently observed nephrotoxicity has limited its use in several patients. ",
"The protective effect of Glycine max (GM) and Chrysanthemum indicum (CM) extracts on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human proximal tubular HK-2 cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Hoechst 33342, and propidium iodide assays. ",
"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by flow cytometry with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA). ",
"Cisplatin-induced renal cell toxicity through the induction of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and hydroxyl radical (OH(•-)). ",
"CM extract protected cisplatin-induced apoptosis by its anti-oxidant activity against H(2)O(2) and OH(•-), while GM extract scavenged only H(2)O(2). ",
"Furthermore, GM and CM extracts protect renal cells without significant interfering effect on cisplatin toxicity in lung cancer H460 and melanoma G361 cells. ",
"GM and CM extracts exhibited a promising protective effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity which could benefit the development for nephroprotective approaches."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0008342702640220523,
0.0006800984847359359,
0.0007269885390996933,
0.0007034788723103702,
0.0006009970093145967,
0.000804799550678581,
0.0009119813330471516,
0.0007068816921673715
] | 0.000746 | 8 |
[
"Regulation of cell proliferation by interleukin-3-induced nuclear translocation of pyruvate kinase.",
"\nExtracellular signaling molecules bound to cell surface receptors can regulate nuclear function with consequences for cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. ",
"To regulate nuclear function, signals must be transduced across the nuclear envelope to propagate the signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. ",
"Therefore, many signaling responses induce the nuclear translocation of transcription factors, kinases, and others. ",
"By using inducible translocation trap, a reporter gene-based system to detect inducible nuclear translocation, we found that the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis, translocates into the nucleus by interleukin-3, but not by epidermal growth factor, stimulation. ",
"The C domain of the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase was sufficient for interleukin-3-induced nuclear translocation. ",
"Interleukin-3-induced nuclear translocation of the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase was dependent on the activation of Jak2. ",
"Overexpression of the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase protein fused with a nuclear localization signal enhanced cell proliferation in the absence of interleukin-3, suggesting that the nuclear pyruvate kinase plays an important role in cell proliferation."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0007480451022274792,
0.0006098563317209482,
0.0006893152021802962,
0.0006044247420504689,
0.0006670982693322003,
0.0007674478692933917,
0.0008400283986702561,
0.0006906773778609931
] | 0.000702 | 8 |
[
"TubeStop is an extension for Mozilla-based Web browsers that disables the autoplay on YouTube videos. ",
"This means that you can open multiple YouTube videos in tabs in the background without them all starting to play at once. ",
"TubeStop also disables the autoplay on YouTube videos embedded on non-YouTube.com sites (MySpace, for example).",
"\n\nInstall TubeStop from Mozilla Add-ons\n\nIf you like TubeStop, check out my other YouTube-specific Firefox extension: YouTube Comment Snob. ",
"It adds powerful filtering controls to YouTube comment threads.",
"\n\nIf you’re having trouble with the extension or would like to see a new feature added, e-mail me at [email protected] or leave a comment below.",
"\n\nNote: watch the TubeStop section of my blog for information on updates to this extension."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
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0.0007490230491384864,
0.0005808352725580335
] | 0.007032 | 7 |
[
"Benefits of basmati rice\n\n\n\n\n\nA specific delicious fragrance originates from cooking any rice-however basmati rice is known for topping off roads with its sweet and lovely smell.",
"\n\nBasmati rice is an unusual strain of rice beginning in India. ",
"What's more, merely typical staple brands of rice you get at the supermarket, there are two white and brown colored Basmati rice \"Basmati\" really originates from the Hindu words \"bas\" and \"Mati,\" which means \"fragrant.\"",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n1. ",
"It's Diabetes-Diet Friendly\n\nNumerous people with diabetes trust that in the wake of being analyzed, they need to state farewell to pasta and rice. ",
"With basmati rice, that isn't valid. ",
"Basmati rice has a way bring down glycemic record than some other rice, as indicated by the Diabetes Association of Canada.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n2. ",
"It's Good For Dieting And Maintaining A Healthy Weight\n\nSustenance's that are high in fiber can control your hunger, hinder that measure of fat that your body assimilates, and give you a feeling of feeling full at a speedier rate. ",
"Basmati rice contains a high measure of amylose, which is a kind of starch that is more troublesome for the body to process. ",
"Abstaining from eating will be considerably less demanding when eating nourishment that is high in this kind of carb.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n3. ",
"It Can Promote Heart Health\n\nBasmati rice is substantially lower in saturated fats than different sorts of rice. ",
"An absence\n\nof immersed fats is now a substantial heart advantage; however, it additionally\n\ncontains a high measure of fiber that can furnish you with a sound\n\ncardiovascular framework on the off chance that you eat it frequently."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
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0.0006316075450740755,
0.0006737151998095214,
0.0009391900966875255,
0.000518128857947886,
0.0007763396133668721,
0.0015457659028470516,
0.001185585861094296,
0.03711627796292305,
0.005509783513844013,
0.030618848279118538,
0.00117425003554672,
0.001867849612608552,
0.0007555841002613306
] | 0.005997 | 14 |
[
"interface IRowGenerateData {\n id: number;\n reportsto: number | null;\n available: boolean | null;\n firstname: string;\n lastname: string;\n name: string;\n productname: string;\n quantity: string | number;\n total: string | number;\n price: string | number;\n date: Date;\n}\n\ninterface IRowGenerateOrdersData {\n id: number | string;\n parentid: number | null;\n customer: string;\n firstname: string;\n lastname: string;\n name: string;\n price: string | number;\n quantity: string | number;\n total: string | number;\n date: Date;\n}\n\nexport function generateData(rowscount?: ",
"number): IRowGenerateData[] {\n return generatedata(rowscount);\n}\n\nexport function generatedata(rowscount?: ",
"number, hasNullValues?: ",
"boolean): IRowGenerateData[] {\n const data: IRowGenerateData[] = new Array();\n\n if (rowscount === undefined) {\n rowscount = 100;\n }\n\n const firstNames =\n [\n 'Andrew', 'Nancy', 'Shelley', 'Regina', 'Yoshi', 'Antoni', 'Mayumi', 'Ian', 'Peter', 'Lars', 'Petra', 'Martin', 'Sven', 'Elio', 'Beate', 'Cheryl', 'Michael', 'Guylene'\n ];\n\n const lastNames =\n [\n 'Fuller', 'Davolio', 'Burke', 'Murphy', 'Nagase', 'Saavedra', 'Ohno', 'Devling', 'Wilson', 'Peterson', 'Winkler', 'Bein', 'Petersen', 'Rossi', 'Vileid', 'Saylor', 'Bjorn', 'Nodier'\n ];\n\n const productNames =\n [\n 'Black Tea', 'Green Tea', 'Caffe Espresso', 'Doubleshot Espresso', 'Caffe Latte', 'White Chocolate Mocha', 'Caramel Latte', 'Caffe Americano', 'Cappuccino', 'Espresso Truffle', 'Espresso con Panna', 'Peppermint Mocha Twist'\n ];\n\n const priceValues =\n [\n '2.25', '1.5', '3.0', '3.3', '4.5', '3.6', '3.8', '2.5', '5.0', '1.75', '3.25', '4.0'\n ];\n\n for (let i = 0; i < rowscount; i++) {\n const row = {} as IRowGenerateData; \n\n const productindex = Math.floor(Math.random() * productNames.length);\n const price = parseFloat(priceValues[productindex]);\n const quantity = 1 + Math.round(Math.random() * 10);\n\n row.id = i;\n row.reportsto = Math.floor(Math.random() * firstNames.length);\n\n if (i % Math.floor(Math.random() * firstNames.length) === 0) {\n row.reportsto = null;\n }\n\n row.available = productindex % 2 === 0;\n\n if (hasNullValues === true) {\n if (productindex % 2 !",
"== 0) {\n const random = Math.floor(Math.random() * rowscount);\n row.available = i % random === 0 ? ",
"null : false;\n }\n }\n\n row.firstname = firstNames[Math.floor(Math.random() * firstNames.length)];\n row.lastname = lastNames[Math.floor(Math.random() * lastNames.length)];\n row.name = row.firstname + ' ' + row.lastname; \n row.productname = productNames[productindex];\n row.price = price;\n row.quantity = quantity;\n row.total = price * quantity;\n\n const date = new Date();\n date.setFullYear(2016, Math.floor(Math.random() * 11), Math.floor(Math.random() * 27));\n date.setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);\n row.date = date;\n \n data[i] = row;\n }\n\n return data;\n}\n\nexport function generateordersdata(rowscount?: ",
"number): IRowGenerateOrdersData[] {\n // prepare the data\n const data: IRowGenerateOrdersData[] = new Array();\n\n if (rowscount === undefined) {\n rowscount = 10;\n } \n\n const firstNames =\n [\n 'Andrew', 'Nancy', 'Shelley', 'Regina', 'Yoshi', 'Antoni', 'Mayumi', 'Ian', 'Peter', 'Lars', 'Petra', 'Martin', 'Sven', 'Elio', 'Beate', 'Cheryl', 'Michael', 'Guylene'\n ];\n\n const lastNames =\n [\n 'Fuller', 'Davolio', 'Burke', 'Murphy', 'Nagase', 'Saavedra', 'Ohno', 'Devling', 'Wilson', 'Peterson', 'Winkler', 'Bein', 'Petersen', 'Rossi', 'Vileid', 'Saylor', 'Bjorn', 'Nodier'\n ];\n\n const productNames =\n [\n 'Black Tea', 'Green Tea', 'Caffe Espresso', 'Doubleshot Espresso', 'Caffe Latte', 'White Chocolate Mocha', 'Caramel Latte', 'Caffe Americano', 'Cappuccino', 'Espresso Truffle', 'Espresso con Panna', 'Peppermint Mocha Twist'\n ];\n\n const priceValues =\n [\n '2.25', '1.5', '3.0', '3.3', '4.5', '3.6', '3.8', '2.5', '5.0', '1.75', '3.25', '4.0'\n ];\n\n const companyNames = ['Dolor Foundation', 'Vivamus Non Lorem LLP', 'Vel Ltd', 'Turpis Incorporated', 'Egestas Nunc PC', 'At Pretium Aliquet Associates', 'Feugiat Inc.', 'Lacus Industries', 'Senectus Et Foundation', 'Sed LLC', 'Maecenas Mi Felis LLC', 'Pede Blandit Ltd', 'Pellentesque Habitant Morbi Institute'\n , 'Mollis Vitae Industries', 'Malesuada Vel Convallis LLP', 'Risus Duis Corp.', 'Convallis LLP', 'Lobortis Augue LLC', 'Auctor LLP', 'Neque Inc.', 'Lorem Eu Corporation'];\n \n for (let i = 0; i < rowscount; i++) {\n const row = {} as IRowGenerateOrdersData;\n \n row.id = i;\n row.parentid = null;\n row.name = 'Order ' + i;\n row.firstname = firstNames[Math.floor(Math.random() * firstNames.length)];\n row.lastname = lastNames[Math.floor(Math.random() * lastNames.length)];\n row.customer = companyNames[Math.floor(Math.random() * companyNames.length)];\n\n const date = new Date();\n const month = Math.floor(Math.random() * 11);\n const day = Math.floor(Math.random() * 27);\n date.setFullYear(2016, month, day);\n date.setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);\n row.date = date;\n row.price = '';\n row.quantity = '';\n data.push(row);\n\n const subRowsCount = 1+Math.round(Math.random() * 8);\n let t = 0;\n for (let j = 0; j < subRowsCount; j++) {\n const subRow = {} as IRowGenerateOrdersData;\n const productindex = Math.floor(Math.random() * productNames.length);\n const price = parseFloat(priceValues[productindex]);\n const quantity = 1;\n\n subRow.name = productNames[productindex];\n subRow.id = '' + i + '.' ",
"+ (1 + j);\n subRow.parentid = i;\n subRow.price = price;\n subRow.quantity = 1;\n\n const subDate = new Date();\n subDate.setFullYear(2016, month, day);\n subDate.setHours(Math.floor(Math.random() * 23), Math.floor(Math.random() * 59), 0, 0);\n subRow.date = subDate;\n\n row.firstname = firstNames[Math.floor(Math.random() * firstNames.length)];\n row.lastname = lastNames[Math.floor(Math.random() * lastNames.length)];\n subRow.customer = row.firstname + ' ' + row.lastname;\n t += quantity * price;\n data.push(subRow);\n }\n row.price = t;\n row.quantity = 1;\n }\n\n return data;\n}"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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0.0009458771673962474,
0.0009082451579160988,
0.0015578378224745393,
0.000969806918874383,
0.003957098349928856,
0.000977367628365755,
0.0012265191180631518
] | 0.0016 | 8 |
[
"In March, Ubisoft announced plans to combat \"chat toxicity\" in Rainbow Six Siege by implementing a system of bans for players who use hate speech, including racist and homophobic slurs, in the game. ",
"Today it elaborated on its goals in a blog post, saying that it aims to \"track negative player behavior, manage those that behave poorly, and eventually implement features that will encourage players to improve their behavior.\"",
"\n\nChat monitoring has already been underway since mid-March, but Ubisoft also wants to give players the ability to more directly moderate their interactions by allowing anyone to mute individual players' text chat in addition to voice, which has been silenceable for some time. ",
"An automated chat filtering system that will censor text chat based on a list of offensive words is on the way as well; it will also track the number of times players trigger the filter, and Ubisoft \"will take action as necessary for players that are intentionally having a negative impact on other players' gaming experiences.\"",
"\n\nIt's not just chat dickishness that's on Ubisoft's radar: It's also working on improving its systems for dealing with intentional team-killers, a longstanding issue in Siege. ",
"Ubi doesn't want to tip its hand about what it has in mind for teamkillers, but we've seen developers like Valve use methods like pairing players with recorded bad behavior with each other in matchmaking in an effort to clump bad eggs into their own baskets.",
"\n\nThe team-killer changes are expected to go live this year in season two, while the chat mute and filtering options have an ETA of season three. ",
"Exact start dates for those haven't been set yet, but historically they've been quarterly. ",
"Season one began with the launch of Operation Chimera last month.",
"\n\n\"These short-term changes will begin to address toxicity, but we do not plan to stop there,\" Ubisoft wrote. \"",
"We are serious about tackling the issues surrounding the potential for a negative player experience, and we will share any further changes with you prior to their implementation.\""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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0.0006126620573922992,
0.0005881295655854046,
0.0008321658824570477,
0.01339760608971119,
0.0008991096983663738,
0.000614306831266731,
0.0005726587842218578,
0.0006607748800888658,
0.0006231976440176368,
0.0005062873824499547
] | 0.002296 | 11 |
[
"Q:\n\nPrinting values in special format using printf\n\nI need to print the following values with printf as the follwoing around like this:\nprintf \"[`date +%d\"/\"%b\"/\"%G\"-\"%T`] [WARN] $PARAM1 $PARAM2 $PARAM3\n\nThe required output:\n[02/Jun/2010-11:08:42] [WARN] val1....val2...val3\n\nthe gap between val1 to val2 and from val2 to val3 must be const gap \nnot depend the length of the values\n\nA:\n\nprintf \"%s [WARN] %s %s %s\\n\" `date +\"%d/%b/%G-%T\"` foo bar baz\n\nNot sure what you meant by constant gap. ",
"If it is a column width for foo, bar and baz, try %13s, where 13 is minimum column width.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0016785003244876862,
0.0008140009013004601,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001496 | 3 |
[
"Netflix’s Glow Brings Back The Most Delightful ’80s Style\n\nTransport yourself back to a time when big hair styles, dishevelled tops and leg warmers were the norm. ",
"It was a decade that noticed large adjustments in music and vogue , and in retrospect, looks costume-loopy. ",
"But we have seen a whole host of well-known faces jumping on the bandwagon too, embracing an 80s kinda spirit in all it is gaudy glory.",
"\n\nSo put on your 80s style leg warmers and hearth up the hair spray and eighty’s clothes for a fantastic evening out. ",
"Picture by Nils Jorgensen/Shutterstock – MADONNA LOOKALIKE CONTEST AT THE BASIN NIGHTCLUB, LONDON, 1985. ",
"The 80s have been a time when material decisions became more numerous, and men weren’t afraid to say no to cotton and wool.",
"\n\nAthletic shoes had been worn as informal put on before, however for the primary time they turned a excessive-priced style item. ",
"And yeah, it appears that evidently the ’80s vogue developments will not be yet ready to go away the fashion world ultimately as a result of it will likely be reliving its glory on 2017.",
"\n\nIn Desperately Searching for Susan, it was out in full power; the pop star’s free-spirit large hair, lace gloves, and unapologetically glitzy jewels pretty much defined the last decade’s trend. ",
"Joel Goodsen’s biggest legacy: his dancing-in-underwear moves and the pale-pink Oxford as trend statement.",
"\n\nAdam Ant, the alter ego of Stuart Goddard, shot to the top of the charts in the early 80s together with his New Romantic pop-punk hits together with Stand And Deliver and Ant Rap. ",
"Think leopard print jackets, zebra striped trousers and snake skin accessories, the bolder the higher was the primary message of this common 80s vogue pattern."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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0.0006680803489871323,
0.0007371875108219683,
0.0042521473951637745,
0.0007144561386667192,
0.0007673776126466691,
0.0006123979110270739,
0.0006114795687608421,
0.0007628192543052137,
0.0009142429335042834,
0.002431992907077074,
0.0006011285586282611
] | 0.001249 | 12 |
[
"Aside from disassembling games, I also enjoy assembling them. ",
"While I don't have a lick of talent when it comes to the creative side of game creation, I love to work on the code and technical minutiae. ",
"In particular, I enjoy the Sega 16-bit era hardware, and while we have a great library for easy Megadrive development in the form of SGDK, the Mega CD is still a bit difficult to approach. ",
"I'd like to change that eventually..."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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[
"\"Bonjour, Madame.\" \"",
"Bonjour, Monsieur Ryder.\" \"",
"In the Spring of 1925, I returned to Paris to the friends I had found there and the habits I had formed.\" \"",
"I thought I should hear no more of Brideshead but life has few separations as sharp as that.\" \"",
"Rex!\" \"",
"Where is he, Charles?\" \"",
"I came by this morning.\" \"",
"They told me where you usually lunched but I couldn't find you.\" \"",
"Have you got him?\" \"",
"So he's given you the slip, too, has he?\" \"",
"We got here last night and were going to go onto Zurich today.\" \"",
"I left him at the Lotti after dinner, as he said he was tired and went round to the Travelers for a game.\" \"",
"And when you came back you found he was gone?\" \"",
"Not at all.\" \"",
"I wish I had.\" \"",
"No, he was waiting up for me.\" \"",
"I had a run of luck at the Travelers.\" \"",
"I cleaned up a packet.\" \"",
"Sebastian pinched the lot while I was asleep.\" \"",
"All he left me was two first class tickets to Zurich stuck in the edge of the looking glass.\" \"",
"There was close on three hundred quid, blast him!\" \"",
"So now he may be anywhere?\" \"",
"Anywhere.\" \"",
"You're not hiding him, by any chance?\" \"",
"My dealings with that family are over.\" \"",
"I think mine are just beginning.\" \"",
"I've got a lot to talk to you about but I promised this chap\" \"I'd give him his revenge back at the Travelers.\" \"",
"Will you dine with me?\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Where?\" \"",
"I usually go to Cingaro's.\" \"",
"Why not Paillards?\" \"",
"Never heard of it.\" \"",
"I'm paying, you know.\" \"",
"I know you are.\" \"",
"I'll order the dinner.\" \"",
"I see.\" \"",
"What's the name of that place again?\" \"",
"I'll write it down for you.\" \"",
"It was not expensive to live in France then.\" \"",
"It was very seldom, however, that I had an opportunity for dinner like this, and if I had to spend an evening with Rex it should at any rate be in my own way.\" \"",
"Did you stay long at Brideshead after I left?\" \"",
"Was my name mentioned much?\" \"",
"Was it mentioned?\" \"",
"I got sick of the sound of it, old boy.\" \"",
"The Marchioness got what she called a bad conscience about you.\" \"",
"She piled it on pretty thick, I gather, at your last meeting.\" \"",
"Callously wicked wantonly cruel\"\" \"Ouch!\" \"",
"Hard words.\" \"",
"It doesn't matter what people call you as long as they don't call you pigeon pie and eat you up.\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"It's a saying.\" \"",
"Ah.\" \"",
"I like a bit of onion with my caviar.\" \"",
"Chap who knew said it brought out the flavor.\" \"",
"Try it without first.\" \"",
"And tell me more news of myself.\" \"",
"Well, Greenacres, or whatever he was called The snooty Don\" \"Samgrass.\" \"",
"He came a cropper.\" \"",
"That was well received by all.\" \"",
"He was the blue-eyed boy for a day or two, after you left.\" \"",
"He was always being pushed down our throats.\" \"",
"So in the end Julia couldn't bear it anymore and gave him away.\" \"",
"That was the end of Samgrass.\" \"",
"I'll tell you one thing, Charles that Ma Marchmain hasn't let on to anyone.\" \"",
"She's a very sick woman.\" \"",
"Might peg out at any minute.\" \"",
"George Anstruthers saw her in the autumn and put it at two years.\" \"",
"What is this soup?\" \"",
"It's sorrel.\" \"",
"I thought you'd find it interesting after the caviar.\" \"",
"Is that true?\" \"",
"How do you know?\" \"",
"It's the kind of thing I hear.\" \"",
"With the way her family are going on at the moment, I wouldn't give her a year.\" \"",
"I know just the man for her in Vienna but she wont do anything about it.\" \"",
"I suppose it has something to do with that crack brained religion of hers not to take the body seriously.\" \"",
"You know the food here isn't half bad.\" \"",
"Someone ought to take this place up and make something out of it.\" \"",
"I'll tell you another thing.\" \"",
"They're in for a jolt financially if they don't look out.\" \"",
"But I thought they were enormously rich.\" \"",
"They're rich in the way people are who just let their money sit quiet.\" \"",
"Everyone of that sort's a lot poorer than they were in 1914 and the Flyte's don't seem to realise it.\" \"",
"Look at the way they live.\" \"",
"I closed my mind to him as best I could and gave myself to the food before me.\" \"",
"But sentences came breaking in on my happiness recalling me to the harsh, acquisitive world which Rex inhabited.\" \"",
"Those were the kind of things he dealt with mortal illness, debt and greed.\" \"",
"Julia's just rising 20.\" \"",
"I don't want to wait till she's of age.\" \"",
"But I don't want to marry her without doing the thing properly nothing hole in the corner.\" \"",
"His theme was plain.\" \"",
"He wanted a woman he wanted the best on the market and he wanted her cheap.\" \"",
"I've got to the time when notoriety has done its bit, I need setting up solidly, you know.\" \"",
"St Margaret's Westminster or whatever the Catholics have.\" \"",
"Royalty, the Prime Minister being photographed going into the church.\" \"",
"So, as the Marchioness won't play ball\" \"I'm off to see the old man and square things with him.\" \"",
"I gather he's likely to agree to anything that will upset her.\" \"",
"He's at Monte Carlo at the moment.\" \"",
"I'd planned to go on there after dropping Sebastian off in Zurich.\" \"",
"That's why it's such a bloody bore having lost him.\" \"",
"Now brandy is one of the things I do know a bit about.\" \"",
"Now this colour is too pale and I can't taste it in this thimble.\" \"",
"Waiter!\" \"",
"Garcon!\" \"",
"Are you sure you won't join me?\" \"",
"No thanks.\" \"",
"I'm quite happy with this.\" \"",
"Well, it's a crime to drink it if you don't really appreciate it.\" \"",
"The wedding was at the beginning of June.\" \"",
"I saw the notice in the continental Daily Mail and assumed that Rex had squared the old man\" \"But things did not go as expected.\" \"",
"No Royalty was present, nor was the Prime Minister nor were any of Julia's family.\" \"",
"It sounded like a hole in the corner affair but it was not for several years that I heard the full story.\" \"",
"It is time to speak of Julia who, till now has played an intermittent and somewhat enigmatic part in Sebastian's drama.\" \"",
"It was thus she appeared to me at this time.\" \"",
"And I to her.\" \"",
"But as Sebastian in his sharp decline seemed daily to fade and crumble, so much more did\" \"Julia stand out clear and firm.\" \"",
"When I first met her when she met me in the station yard and drove me home through the twilight that high summer of 1923 she was just eighteen and fresh from her first London season.\" \"",
"Some said it was the most brilliant season since the war and that things were getting into their stride again.\" \"",
"Through those halcyon weeks she darted and shone part of the sunshine between the trees part of the candle light in the mirror's spectrum.\" \"",
"She outshone by far all the girls of her age but she knew there were grave disabilities from which she suffered.\" \"",
"There was the scandal of her father that slight inherited stain upon her brightness that seemed deepened by something in her own way of life.\" \"",
"A waywardness and willfulness, a less disciplined habit than most of her contemporaries.\" \"",
"There was also her religion.\" \"",
"Wherever she turned, it seemed to stand between her and her natural goal.\" \"",
"But having been brought up a Catholic if she renounced her religion now, she would go to hell while Protestant girls of her acquaintance schooled in happy ignorance, could marry eldest sons live at peace with the world and get to heaven before her.\" \"",
"There could be no eldest son for Julia.\" \"",
"Perhaps in a family of three or four boys a Catholic might get the youngest without opposition, but younger sons who could not inherit, were indelicate things not to be much spoken of.\" \"",
"There were of course Catholics themselves but these came seldom into the little world\" \"Julia had made for herself.\" \"",
"What was there left?\" \"",
"That was Julia's problem after her weeks of triumph in London.\" \"",
"I was not her man.\" \"",
"She told me as much without a word when she accepted the cigarette from my lips.\" \"",
"When Julia left Sebastian and me alone for that first summer at Brideshead she went to stay with an aunt, Lady Roscommon in her villa at Cap Ferrat.\" \"",
"There she pondered her problem.\" \"",
"She knew it was not insurmountable.\" \"",
"There must, she thought, be a number of people outside her own world who were well qualified to be drawn into it.\" \"",
"The shame was that she must seek them.\" \"",
"Rex Mottram and Brenda Champion were staying at the next villa on Cap Ferrat, taken that year by a newspaper magnate and frequented by politicians.\" \"",
"They would not normally have come within Lady Roscommon's ambit but, living so close, the parties mingled and at once Rex began warily to pay his court.\" \"",
"Rex's age was greatly in his favour for among Julia's friends, young men were held to be gauche and pimply.\" \"",
"His seniors thought him a pushful young cad but Julia recognized the unmistakable chic the flavor of the Prince of Wales the Big Table in the Sporting Club the second magnum and the fourth cigar of the chauffeur kept waiting hour after hour without compunction\" \"which her friends would envy.\" \"",
"His social position had an air of mystery, even of crime about it.\" \"",
"People said Rex went about armed and certainly the fact of his being Brenda Champion's property sharpened Julia's appetite.\" \"",
"All that summer he had been feeling restless.\" \"",
"Mrs. Champion had proved a dead end.\" \"",
"It had all been intensely exciting at first but now the bonds began to chafe.\" \"",
"Rex demanded a wider horizon.\" \"",
"He wanted to consolidate his gains.\" \"",
"It was time he married.\" \"",
"There was little Rex could do at Cap Ferrat except establish a friendship which could be widened later.\" \"",
"He was never entirely alone with Julia but he saw to it that she was included in most things they did.\" \"",
"And that was enough to make Lady Roscommon write to Lady Marchmain and Mrs. Champion move him sooner than they had planned to Antibes.\" \"",
"But in the comparative freedom of London\" \"Rex became abject to Julia.\" \"",
"He planned his life about hers going where he would meet her ingratiating himself with those who could report well of him to her.\" \"",
"He was always ready in his Hispano Suiza to drive her wherever she wanted to go.\" \"",
"And all the time he never once made love to her.\" \"",
"By that time, at Brideshead, between Christmas and Easter he had become indispensable.\" \"",
"And then, without in the least expecting it, she found herself in love.\" \"",
"This disturbing and unsought revelation came to her one evening in May, when Rex had told her he would be busy in the Commons.\" \"",
"Driving by chance down Charles Street she saw him leaving what she knew to be\" \"Brenda Champion's house.\" \"",
"Yes, my lady?\" \"",
"Wilcox, I'm starving.\" \"",
"Will you bring me some bread and milk?\" \"",
"Bread and milk.\" \"",
"Is that all, my lady?\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Oh, and, Wilcox when Mr Mottram telephones in the morning whatever time it is, say I'm not to be disturbed.\" \"",
"Very good, my lady.\" \"",
"I'm shopping with her ladyship this afternoon so will you tell Lady Roscommon\" \"I won't be there till teatime.\" \"",
"Oh, and Beddoes, tell Wilcox I'm motoring to the Chasms on Friday so I'll need the car.\" \"",
"Did Mr Mottram ring up by any chance?\" \"",
"Oh yes, my lady.\" \"",
"Four times.\" \"",
"Shall I put him through when he rings up again?\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Tell him I'm out.\" \"",
"Mr Mottram is waiting, my lady.\" \"",
"I've shown him into the library.\" \"",
"Oh Mummy, I cant be bothered with him.\" \"",
"Do tell him to go away.\" \"",
"Thank you Wilcox.\" \"",
"That's not at all kind, Julia.\" \"",
"I've often said he's not my favorite among your friends but I have grown quite used to him almost to like him.\" \"",
"You really cannot take people up and drop them just like that.\" \"",
"Particularly people like Mr Mottram.\" \"",
"Oh Mummy, must I see him?\" \"",
"There'll be a terrible scene if I do.\" \"",
"Nonsense, Julia, you twist that poor man round your finger.\" \"",
"Have you been waiting long?\" \"",
"I had to have lunch with mummy.\" \"",
"She wanted me to go shopping with her.\" \"",
"How was the House last night?\" \"",
"Best described as dull.\" \"",
"Did you sit late?\" \"",
"I was home by half past one.\" \"",
"Why didn't you answer my calls?\" \"",
"What time did you get there?\" \"",
"About eight o'clock.\" \"",
"Maybe a bit later.\" \"",
"I had somewhere to go first.\" \"",
"Oh\" \"And where was that?\" \"",
"Julia\" \"It's finished.\" \"",
"What is?\" \"",
"You know very well.\" \"",
"She wanted me to tell her face to face.\" \"",
"I don't give a damn about Brenda Champion and I don't give a damn if you see her.\" \"",
"You can do just what you like.\" \"",
"Can I?\" \"",
"Can I?\" \"",
"I'll never see her again if that's what you want.\" \"",
"So Julia came out of the library an hour later engaged to be married.\" \"",
"I warned you this would happen if I went in there.\" \"",
"You did nothing of the kind.\" \"",
"You merely said there might be a scene.\" \"",
"I never conceived of a scene of this kind.\" \"",
"Anyway, you do like him, Mummy you said so.\" \"",
"He has been very nice in a number of ways\" \"I consider him entirely unsuitable as your husband.\" \"",
"So will everyone.\" \"",
"Damn everyone.\" \"",
"We know nothing about him.\" \"",
"Darling, the whole thing is impossible.\" \"",
"I can't see how you can have been so foolish.\" \"",
"Well, what right have I got otherwise to be angry with him if he goes with that horrible old woman?\" \"",
"You make a great thing about rescuing fallen women.\" \"",
"Well, I'm rescuing a fallen man for a change.\" \"",
"I'm saving Rex from mortal sin.\" \"",
"Don't be irreverent, Julia.\" \"",
"Well, isn't it a mortal sin to sleep with Brenda Champion?\" \"",
"Or indecent.\" \"",
"He's promised never to see her again.\" \"",
"I couldn't ask him to do that unless I admitted I was in love with him, could I?\" \"",
"Mrs. Champion's morals, thank God, are not my business.\" \"",
"Your happiness is.\" \"",
"If you must know, I think Mr Mottram a kind and useful friend, but I wouldn't trust him an inch and I'm sure he'll have very unpleasant children.\" \"",
"They always revert.\" \"",
"I've no doubt you'll regret the whole business in a few days.\" \"",
"Meanwhile nothing is to be done.\" \"",
"No one must be told anything or even allowed to suspect.\" \"",
"You must stop lunching with him.\" \"",
"You may see him here of course, but nowhere in public.\" \"",
"You had better send him to me and I will have a little talk to him about it.\" \"",
"Thus began a year's secret engagement for Julia a time of great stress, for Rex made love to her that afternoon for the first time, not as it had happened to her once or twice before with sentimental and uncertain boys\" \"but with a passion that disclosed the corner of something like it in her.\" \"",
"Their passion frightened her and she came back from the confessional one day determined to put an end to it.\" \"",
"When I went to Confession at school\" \"I used to make up stories about my sins because they seemed so dull.\" \"",
"Once I was in there for an hour and a quarter.\" \"",
"The rest of the class were kneeling outside waiting their turn.\" \"",
"Sister Goddard was furious.\" \"",
"We all missed going swimming.\" \"",
"But she couldn't ask me what I had said.\" \"",
"It's sacred, you see.\" \"",
"Today it only took five minutes.\" \"",
"What did they give you?\" \"",
"Three Hail Mary's.\" \"",
"And a clean slate?\" \"",
"That sounds very attractive to me.\" \"",
"It's not really clean, though.\" \"",
"To be forgiven you have to have a good intention\" \"Julia.\" \"",
"You always have the best intentions.\" \"",
"That's the point, Rex.\" \"",
"It can't go on like this.\" \"",
"Otherwise I must stop seeing you.\" \"",
"I have no desire to make you unhappy.\" \"",
"I know that.\" \"",
"I don't want to be unhappy.\" \"",
"I can't help it.\" \"",
"Neither can I.\" \"Hello Wilcox.\" \"",
"Good afternoon, sir.\" \"",
"Are you well?\" \"",
"Very well, thank you sir.\" \"",
"For six weeks they remained at arm's length kissing when they met and parted sitting meantime at a distance, talking of what they would do and where they would live and of Rex's chances of an under-secretaryship.\" \"",
"Julia was content, deep in love, living in the future.\" \"",
"Then, just before the end of the session she learned that Rex had been staying the weekend with a stockbroker in Sunningdale and that Mrs. Champion had been there too.\" \"",
"How was the constituency?\" \"",
"How do you mean?\" \"",
"The weekend.\" \"",
"You said you had a meeting at your constituency.\" \"",
"As a matter of fact, plans were changed.\" \"",
"I got trapped into a weekend with Teddy Behrens down in Sunningdale.\" \"",
"Bankers and stockbrokers, Julia.\" \"",
"Not your style.\" \"",
"You'd have hated it.\" \"",
"How was your weekend?\" \"",
"I missed you a lot.\" \"",
"Did Brenda Champion hate her weekend too?\" \"",
"I don't know.\" \"",
"I barely spoke with her.\" \"",
"It was quite a crowd.\" \"",
"Teddy had a house full.\" \"",
"I see.\" \"",
"What an extraordinary coincidence.\" \"",
"You must have been pleasantly surprised.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"No, I was surprised to find her there.\" \"",
"I had no idea that she knew Teddy that well.\" \"",
"Rex, please don't lie to me.\" \"",
"Julia\" \"Sometimes I find you very hard to understand.\" \"",
"What the hell do you expect?\" \"",
"Don't you ever try to see it my way?\" \"",
"Now, what right have you to ask so much when you give so little?\" \"",
"I'll telephone you later.\" \"",
"But surely Father, it can't be wrong to commit a small sin myself in order to keep him from a far worse one?\" \"",
"The Church would regard, Lady Julia, that you would have committed a mortal sin, not a small one.\" \"",
"A mortal sin and that the behavior of the gentleman in other circumstances would in no way alter or lessen your degree of sin.\" \"",
"I would like to be able to say what you would like to hear but I cannot.\" \"",
"It is my duty to tell you the Church's view.\" \"",
"And to remind you that Our Lord understands your tribulations and loves you all the more for striving against them.\" \"",
"Now I think it's time to hear your confession.\" \"",
"No, thank you.\" \"",
"I don't think I want to today.\" \"",
"Goodbye, Father.\" \"",
"From that moment, she shut her mind against her religion.\" \"",
"That Christmas Julia had refused to take Holy Communion and Lady Marchmain found herself betrayed first by me, then by Mr Samgrass in the first grey days of 1925.\" \"",
"She decided to act.\" \"",
"She forbade all talk of an engagement she forbade Julia and Rex ever to meet.\" \"",
"It was characteristic that even in this crisis she did not think it unreasonable to put Sebastian in Rex's charge on the journey to Dr. Borethus.\" \"",
"And Rex, having failed her in that matter went on to Lord Marchmain in Monte Carlo where he completed her rout.\" \"",
"You say my brother's lost?\" \"",
"Do you mean literally?\" \"",
"How very odd.\" \"",
"That's right.\" \"",
"Vanished into thin air along with three hundred quid that he took to help him on his way.\" \"",
"We shall reimburse you at once, of course.\" \"",
"No need for that, Bridey.\" \"",
"Are you sure you can't find him again?\" \"",
"I understood you knew how to go about this sort of thing?\" \"",
"This time it may be difficult.\" \"",
"Alcoholics develop great cunning.\" \"",
"Yes I can see that.\" \"",
"This will come as a very great worry for my mother.\" \"",
"It's a bad time for her.\" \"",
"You know she intends to take Julia abroad with her almost immediately.\" \"",
"I don't think that will happen, Bridey.\" \"",
"I don't understand you.\" \"",
"My mother plans to take Julia away for most of the winter.\" \"",
"I'm, afraid she feels that it's time that your associations with Julia came to an end.\" \"",
"Julia and I are getting married.\" \"",
"I don't think that's possible.\" \"",
"It's hardly likely that my mother will change her views.\" \"",
"Bridey, I've talked with your father.\" \"",
"I saw him in Monte Carlo.\" \"",
"And I have his written consent.\" \"",
"You know he seemed delighted with the whole idea.\" \"",
"Rex gave himself to the preparations with gusto.\" \"",
"He bought her a ring not, as she expected, from a tray at Cartier but in a back room in Hatton Garden from a man who brought the stones out of the safe in little bags and displayed them on a writing desk.\" \"",
"She was daily surprised by the things Rex knew and the things he did not know.\" \"",
"Both, at the time added to his attraction.\" \"",
"There was trouble about the marriage settlement with which Julia refused to interest herself.\" \"",
"I don't care what Bridey says, I'm not settling up my capital.\" \"",
"And what the hell do I want with trustee stock?\" \"",
"I don't know darling.\" \"",
"The lawyers were in despair.\" \"",
"Rex absolutely refused to settle any capital.\" \"",
"You see, I make money work for me.\" \"",
"I expect fifteen or twenty per cent and I get it.\" \"",
"It's pure waste tying up capital at three and a half.\" \"",
"I'm sure it is, darling.\" \"",
"I mean, these fellows act as though I were trying to rob you.\" \"",
"They're the ones who do all the robbing.\" \"",
"They want to rob you of two thirds of the income I can make you.\" \"",
"Does it matter, Rex?\" \"",
"We've got heaps, haven't we?\" \"",
"There's another thing your damn fool brother can't get into his head.\" \"",
"I want a decent wedding.\" \"",
"I went to the Bourbon-Parma wedding in Madrid.\" \"",
"That's the sort of thing I want for you.\" \"",
"It's one thing your Church can do, put on a good show.\" \"",
"You never saw anything to equal those Cardinals.\" \"",
"How many do you have here in England?\" \"",
"Only one, darling.\" \"",
"One?\" \"",
"Can we hire some others from abroad?\" \"",
"Well Rex, a mixed marriage is usually conducted very quietly no splash.\" \"",
"How do you mean mixed?\" \"",
"I'm not a nigger or anything.\" \"",
"No, darling, between a Catholic and a Protestant.\" \"",
"If that's all, it's soon unmixed.\" \"",
"I'll become a Catholic.\" \"",
"How does one go about it?\" \"",
"Belgrave Square, please.\" \"",
"Lady Marchmain was dismayed and perplexed by this new development.\" \"",
"It brought back memories of her own courtship and another conversion.\" \"",
"Rex\" \"I wonder if you realise how big a thing you are taking on in the Faith.\" \"",
"It would be a very wicked step to take without believing sincerely.\" \"",
"Lady Marchmain\" \"I don't pretend to be a very devout man and I am not much of a theologian but I do know it's a bad plan to have two religions in one house.\" \"",
"And a man does need a religion.\" \"",
"If you church is good enough for Julia then it's good enough for me.\" \"",
"Very well.\" \"",
"I will see about having you instructed.\" \"",
"Lady Marchmain, I haven't time.\" \"",
"Instruction will be wasted on me.\" \"",
"Just give me the form and I'll sign on the dotted line.\" \"",
"It usually takes some months often a lifetime.\" \"",
"Well, I'm a quick learner, try me.\" \"",
"So Rex was sent to Farm Street.\" \"",
"To Father Mowbray, a priest, renowned for his triumphs with obdurate catechumens.\" \"",
"Of course, you will know in a general way what is meant by prayer and the power of prayer.\" \"",
"Now I'd like you to tell me what you yourself mean by prayer.\" \"",
"Well, I don't mean anything.\" \"",
"You tell me.\" \"",
"Well\" \"Through prayer, every man be he the most humble or the most exalted is able to feel some sort of communion with God the Father to ask His forgiveness and to beg for his mercy.\" \"",
"Right.\" \"",
"Right, so much for prayer.\" \"",
"What's the next thing?\" \"",
"Well, would you say Our Lord has more than one nature?\" \"",
"Just as many as you say, Father.\" \"",
"Let me try another question.\" \"",
"Supposing\" \"Supposing the Pope looked up and saw a cloud and said It's going to rain Would that be bound to happen?\" \"",
"Oh yes, Father.\" \"",
"But supposing it didn't?\" \"",
"Supposing there was no rain?\" \"",
"I suppose it would be sort of raining spiritually.\" \"",
"Only we were too sinful to see it.\" \"",
"He's the most difficult convert I've ever met.\" \"",
"Oh dear, I thought he was going to make it so easy.\" \"",
"I can't get anywhere near him.\" \"",
"He doesn't seem to have the least intellectual curiosity or natural piety.\" \"",
"In fact, he doesn't even correspond to any degree of paganism known to the missionaries.\" \"",
"Julia\" \"Are you sure Rex isn't doing this thing purely with the idea of pleasing us?\" \"",
"I don't think it enters his head.\" \"",
"He's really sincere in his conversion?\" \"",
"He's absolutely determined to become a Catholic, Mummy.\" \"",
"Our Father who art in Heaven, hallowed by Thy Name thy kingdom come, they will be done, on earth as it is in Heaven\" \"Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us, And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil.\" \"",
"Amen.\" \"",
"Hail Mary, full of grace the Lord is with thee.\" \"",
"Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.\" \"",
"Holy Mary, Mother of God\" \"Pray for us\" \"Pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death.\" \"",
"Amen.\" \"",
"Will you tell me now, Mr Mottram, who it is who merits heaven?\" \"",
"Whosoever is good merits heaven, that is whosoever loves and serves God faithfully and dies in his Grace.\" \"",
"Good.\" \"",
"What do the wicked, who serve not God and die in mortal sin deserve?\" \"",
"The wicked who serve not God and die in mortal sin deserve hell.\" \"",
"Well, that's really quite encouraging.\" \"",
"We'll continue next time.\" \"",
"Now before you go, Mr Mottram\" \"Is there anything particular troubling you?\" \"",
"Look Father.\" \"",
"I don't think you're being straight with me.\" \"",
"I want to join your Church and I'm going to join your Church but you're holding too much back.\" \"",
"What do you mean \"holding too much back\"?\" \"",
"I've had a long talk with a Catholic a very pious and well-educated one, and I've learned a thing or two.\" \"",
"For instance, you have to sleep with your feet pointing East because that's the direction of Heaven so if you die in the night you can walk there.\" \"",
"Now I'll sleep with my feet pointing any way that suits Julia but do you expect a grown man to believe about walking to Heaven?\" \"",
"And what about the Pope who made one of his horses a Cardinal?\" \"",
"And what about the box you have in the church porch where if you put in a pound note with somebody's name on it, they get sent to hell.\" \"",
"Mr Mottram\" \"I'm not saying there may not be a good reason for all this but you ought to tell me about it and not let me go and find out for myself.\" \"",
"But who can he have been talking to?\" \"",
"Did he dream it all?\" \"",
"Cordelia, what's the matter?\" \"",
"What a chump!\" \"",
"What a glorious chump!\" \"",
"Cordelia It was you.\" \"",
"Oh Mummy, who would have believed that he would swallow it.\" \"",
"I told him such a lot besides.\" \"",
"About sacred monkeys in the Vatican and all kinds of things.\" \"",
"Well, you've very considerably increased my work.\" \"",
"Poor Rex.\" \"",
"You know, I think it makes him rather loveable.\" \"",
"You must treat him like an idiot child Father Mowbray.\" \"",
"I'm no expert, but this looks good.\" \"",
"Mr and Mrs. and Miss Pendle-Garthwaite, one afternoon tea set.\" \"",
"Oh, sorry.\" \"",
"Buntings, thirty bob I should think.\" \"",
"Jolly mean.\" \"",
"Another tea set from the Chasms.\" \"",
"Cordelia, please don't mix the cards up.\" \"",
"We're trying to make a list.\" \"",
"I was only looking.\" \"",
"It's going to be enough agony thanking people as it is.\" \"",
"In the end, Rex's instruction was continued and Father Mowbray consented to receive him into the Church just before his wedding.\" \"",
"Thus things stood.\" \"",
"The cards had gone out and presents were coming in fast.\" \"",
"Then came what Julia called Bridey's bombshell\" \"Chinky vases from Aunt Betty.\" \"",
"More replies, my lady.\" \"",
"Aren't they hideous?\" \"",
"They were on the stairs at Buckbourne.\" \"",
"I'm sure Rex will like them.\" \"",
"You'd better pack all this stuff up again.\" \"",
"Bridey.\" \"",
"What do you mean?\" \"",
"Only that the wedding's off.\" \"",
"Bridey!\" \"",
"I thought I'd better make some investigations into my prospective brother in-law, as no-one else seemed interested.\" \"",
"I've just got the answer.\" \"",
"He was married in Montreal in 1915 to a Miss Sarah Evangeline Cutler, who is still living there.\" \"",
"Rex\" \"Is this true?\" \"",
"Sure it's true.\" \"",
"What about it?\" \"",
"What about it?\" \"",
"What about it, you say?\" \"",
"Have you taken leave of your senses?\" \"",
"Are you quite mad?\" \"",
"Whoa!\" \"",
"Steady, Bridey.\" \"",
"You'd better explain, Rex.\" \"",
"I don't know why you're all looking so het up.\" \"",
"She isn't a thing to me.\" \"",
"I was just a kid.\" \"",
"It's the sort of mistake anyone could make.\" \"",
"You think that, do you?\" \"",
"We got our divorce back in 1919.\" \"",
"Look, for God's sake, what's all the rumpus?\" \"",
"You might have told me.\" \"",
"You never asked.\" \"",
"Honestly, I haven't given her a thought in years.\" \"",
"But don't you realise you poor sweet oaf you can't be married as a Catholic when you've got a wife still living?\" \"",
"But I haven't.\" \"",
"Didn't I just tell you?\" \"",
"I was divorced six years ago.\" \"",
"But you can't be divorced as a Catholic.\" \"",
"I wasn't a Catholic and I was divorced.\" \"",
"Now, I've got the papers somewhere.\" \"",
"But didn't Father Mowbray explain to you about marriage?\" \"",
"He said I wasn't to be divorced from you.\" \"",
"Well, I don't want to be.\" \"",
"I can't remember all Father Mowbray told me.\" \"",
"Sacred monkeys, and plenary indulgences and the four last things If I remember all he told me\" \"I shouldn't have time for anything else.\" \"",
"Now, how about your Italian cousin, Francesca?\" \"",
"She married twice.\" \"",
"She had an annulment.\" \"",
"All right then, I'll get an annulment.\" \"",
"What does it cost?\" \"",
"And who do I get it from?\" \"",
"Does Father Mowbray have one?\" \"",
"Look, I only want to do what's right.\" \"",
"Nobody told me.\" \"",
"What do you want me to do?\" \"",
"Don't tell me there isn't someone who can fix this?\" \"",
"There's nothing that can be done, Rex.\" \"",
"It simply means your marriage cannot now take place.\" \"",
"I'm sorry from everyone's point of view that this has come so suddenly.\" \"",
"You should have told us yourself.\" \"",
"Look, maybe what you say is right.\" \"",
"Maybe, strictly by law, I shouldn't be married in your Cathedral.\" \"",
"But the Cathedral is booked and no one there is asking any questions.\" \"",
"The Cardinal and Father Mowbray don't know about it.\" \"",
"Nobody except us knows a thing.\" \"",
"Why make trouble?\" \"",
"I wanna just stay mum and let the thing go through.\" \"",
"Who loses anything by that?\" \"",
"Maybe I risk going to hell.\" \"",
"Well, I'll risk it.\" \"",
"What's it got to do with anyone else?\" \"",
"Why not?\" \"",
"I don't believe these priests know everything.\" \"",
"I don't believe in Hell for things like that.\" \"",
"I don't know that I believe in it for anything.\" \"",
"Anyway, that's our look out.\" \"",
"We're not asking you to risk your souls.\" \"",
"Just keep away.\" \"",
"Julia, I hate you.\" \"",
"I think we're all very tired.\" \"",
"We should talk.\" \"",
"If there's anything more to say, I suggest we discuss it later.\" \"",
"There's nothing to discuss except what's the least offensive way we can close the whole incident.\" \"",
"Mother and I will decide that.\" \"",
"We must put a notice in The Times and The Morning Post.\" \"",
"Presents will have to go back.\" \"",
"I don't know what is usual about the bridesmaid's dresses do you, Julia?\" \"",
"Oh, shut up, Bridey.\" \"",
"Just a moment, just a moment.\" \"",
"Maybe what you say is right.\" \"",
"Maybe you can stop us marrying in your Cathedral, all right.\" \"",
"To hell, we'll be married in a Protestant church.\" \"",
"I can stop that too.\" \"",
"But I don't think you will, Mummy.\" \"",
"You see, I've been Rex's mistress for some time now and I shall go on, being married or not.\" \"",
"Is this true?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Damn it, it's not.\" \"",
"But I wish it were.\" \"",
"I see.\" \"",
"I can't go on any longer just now.\" \"",
"We must discuss this later.\" \"",
"What on earth you tell your mother that?\" \"",
"That's exactly what Rex wanted to know.\" \"",
"I meant I was much too deep with Rex just to be able to say\" \"\"The marriage arranged will not now take place\", and leave it at that.\" \"",
"I wanted to be made an honest woman.\" \"",
"I've been wanting it ever since, come to think of it.\" \"",
"So the talks went on and on.\" \"",
"Poor mummy.\" \"",
"In the middle of it Rex just telegraphed to papa:\" \"Julia and I prefer wedding ceremony take place by Protestant rites.\" \"",
"Have you any objections?\" \"",
"He answered, \"Delighted\"\" \"Oh, Charles, what a squalid wedding!\" \"",
"The Savoy chapel was the place where divorced couples got married in those days.\" \"",
"A poky little place, not at all what Rex had intended.\" \"",
"I wanted just to slip into a registry office one morning and get the thing over with a couple of char women as witnesses, but nothing else would do but Rex had to have bridesmaids and orange blossoms and the Wedding March.\" \"",
"It was gruesome.\" \"",
"Poor mummy behaved like a martyr and insisted on my having her lace in spite of everything.\" \"",
"Well, she more or less had to.\" \"",
"The dress had been planned round it.\" \"",
"My own friends came, of course and the curious accomplices Rex called his friends.\" \"",
"The rest of the party were very oddly assorted.\" \"",
"None of mummy's family came, of course one or two of papa's.\" \"",
"All the stuffy people stayed away you know, the Anchorages and Chasms and Vanbrughs.\" \"",
"And I thought\" \"Thank God, for that, they always look down their noses at me, anyhow\" \"But Rex was furious because it was just them he wanted apparently.\" \"",
"Poor Cordelia took it hardest.\" \"",
"At first she wouldn't speak to me.\" \"",
"Then on the morning of the wedding she came bursting in before I was up, straight from Farm Street\" \"in floods of tears.\" \"",
"Begged me not to marry then hugged me, gave me a dear little brooch she'd bought and said she prayed I'd always be happy.\" \"",
"Always happy, Charles.\" \"",
"So, you see, things never looked like going right.\" \"",
"There was a hoodoo on us from the start.\" \"",
"But I was still nuts about Rex.\" \"",
"Funny to think of, isn't it?\" \"",
"You know, Father Mowbray saw the truth about Rex at once that it took me a year of marriage to see.\" \"",
"He simply wasn't all there.\" \"",
"He wasn't a complete human being at all.\" \"",
"He was a tiny bit of one, unnaturally developed.\" \"",
"Something in a bottle, an organ kept in a laboratory.\" \"",
"I thought he was a sort of primitive savage but he was something absolutely modern and up to date that only this ghastly age could produce.\" \"",
"A tiny bit of a man pretending he was whole.\" \"",
"Well, it's all over now.\" \"",
"It was ten years later that she said this to me.\" \"",
"In a storm in the Atlantic.\""
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[
"Product Details\n\nThe Discovery of the \"Titanic\" by Robert D. Ballard\n\nQuick Overview\n\nAn account of the author's discovery of the wreck of the 'Titanic' after years of planning and research.",
"\n\nAdditional Information\n\nSKU\n\nGOR001500074\n\nTitle\n\nThe Discovery of the \"Titanic\"\n\nAuthor\n\nBy (author) Robert D. Ballard\n\nContributor\n\nBy (author) Rick Archbold\n\nCondition\n\nVERYGOOD\n\nBinding Type\n\nHardback\n\nPublisher\n\nHodder & Stoughton General Division\n\nYear Published\n\n1987\n\nPage Number\n\n232\n\nISBN\n\n0340412658\n\nISBN13\n\n9780340412657\n\nCover Note\n\nBook picture is for illustrative purposes only, actual cover or edition may vary.",
"\n\nPrizes\n\nNo\n\nEdition Text\n\nN/A\n\nNote\n\nThis is a used book - there is no escaping the fact it has been read by someone else and it will show signs of wear and previous use. ",
"Overall we expect it to be in very good condition, but if you are not entirely satisfied please get in touch with us."
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"JVC GC-PX10\n\nFull Review\n\nJVC's GC-PX10 is a unique little camera. ",
"The company seems to have taken the hardware of a camcorder, and simply affixed an ultracompact body to the back. ",
"Marketed as a \"true hybrid,\" the model is equal parts dedicated video device and dedicated still device. ",
"So we'll be testing as such.",
"\n\nWhat you're reading right now is the still shooting review. ",
"We're going to put the GC-PX10 through the very same set of tests that we would for any digital camera.",
"\n\nOur editors review and recommend products to help you buy the stuff you need. ",
"If you make a purchase by clicking one of our links, we may earn a small share of the revenue. ",
"Our picks and opinions are independent from any business incentives."
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"Preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors using Bayesian kernel-based methods.",
"\nTo develop flexible classifiers that predict malignancy in adnexal masses using a large database from nine centers. ",
"The database consisted of 1066 patients with at least one persistent adnexal mass for which a large amount of clinical and ultrasound data were recorded. ",
"The outcome of interest was the histological classification of the adnexal mass as benign or malignant. ",
"The outcome was predicted using Bayesian least squares support vector machines in comparison with relevance vector machines. ",
"The models were developed on a training set (n=754) and tested on a test set (n=312). ",
"Twenty-five percent of the patients (n=266) had a malignant tumor. ",
"Variable selection resulted in a set of 12 variables for the models: age, maximal diameter of the ovary, maximal diameter of the solid component, personal history of ovarian cancer, hormonal therapy, very strong intratumoral blood flow (i.e. color score 4), ascites, presumed ovarian origin of tumor, multilocular-solid tumor, blood flow within papillary projections, irregular internal cyst wall and acoustic shadows. ",
"Test set area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC) for all models exceeded 0.940, with a sensitivity above 90% and a specificity above 80% for all models. ",
"The least squares support vector machine model with linear kernel performed very well, with an AUC of 0.946, 91% sensitivity and 84% specificity. ",
"The models performed well in the test sets of all the centers. ",
"Bayesian kernel-based methods can accurately separate malignant from benign masses. ",
"The robustness of the models will be investigated in future studies."
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"These stunning photographs capture the punk rock life of California’s youth during the 1970s and 1980s. ",
"The California beaches were at the forefront of surfing and skating. ",
"These photographs were captured by Spot (Glen Lockett), a famous sound engineer and producer.",
"\n\n“I started taking photos in 1969,” Spot told in an interview. “",
"My first camera got stolen in ’72 and I didn’t get another one til ’76 when I was living in Hermosa and writing for the Easy Reader. ",
"Then it became photo-journalism. ",
"I lost my darkroom in 1981 when Media Art closed down. ",
"But all that damn musical punkin’, rockin’ and sockin’ had happened and I didn’t have time or facilities for photography anymore.”"
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"--\n-- CREATE_VIEW\n--\n\nCREATE VIEW static_view AS\n SELECT 'foo'::TEXT AS col;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE VIEW static_view AS\n SELECT 'bar'::TEXT AS col;\n\nCREATE VIEW datatype_view AS\n SELECT * FROM datatype_table;\n\nCREATE RECURSIVE VIEW nums_1_100 (n) AS\n VALUES (1)\nUNION ALL\n SELECT n+1 FROM nums_1_100 WHERE n < 100;\n"
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"Q:\n\nCounterexample or proof: Integral convergence wrt to some measure\n\nIs it true that $\\left(u_n \\right)_{n \\in \\mathbb{N}} \\subset \\mathcal{L}^1(\\mu)$ with $\\lim_{n \\rightarrow \\infty}u_n = u \\in \\mathcal{L}^1(\\mu)$ and $\\int u_n d \\mu \\rightarrow 0$ implies $\\int u d\\mu = 0$ where $\\mu$ is an arbitrary measure.",
"\nIf so, how do I prove this? ",
"If not, what is a counter example? ",
"My own intution tells me that this would not be satisfied in general due to the dominated convergence theorem ($u_n$ is not uniformly bounded) but I fail to find a counter example.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe preposition of the dominated convergence theorem guides us in finding a counterexample, as you wrote correctly.",
"\nConsider $[0,1]$ with the Lebesgue measure $\\mu$. Then the functions $u_n := 1- n\\chi_{(0, \\frac 1n)}$, are integrable with \n$$ \\int_0^1 u_n\\, d\\mu = 1 - n \\cdot \\frac 1n = 0 $$\nhence $u_n \\in L^1(\\mu)$ and $\\int_0^1 u_n \\, d\\mu \\to 0$. The functions converge pointwise to $1 =: u \\in L^1(\\mu)$, and \n$$ \\int_0^1 u\\, d\\mu = 1 \\ne 0 $$\n\n"
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[
"Miletus\n\nMiletus (; ; Hittite transcription Millawanda or Milawata (exonyms); ; ) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. ",
"Its ruins are located near the modern village of Balat in Aydın Province, Turkey. ",
"Before the Persian invasion in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.",
"\n\nEvidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. ",
"The first available evidence is of the Neolithic.",
"\nIn the early and middle Bronze age the settlement came under Minoan influence. ",
"Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges. ",
"The site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete.",
"\n\nThe Late Bronze Age, 13th century BC, saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. ",
"Later in that century other Greeks arrived. ",
"The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. ",
"After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BC and starting about 1000 BC was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. ",
"Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from the Peloponnesus.",
"\n\nThe Greek Dark Ages were a time of Ionian settlement and consolidation in an alliance called the Ionian League. ",
"The Archaic Period of Greece began with a sudden and brilliant flash of art and philosophy on the coast of Anatolia. ",
"In the 6th century BC, Miletus was the site of origin of the Greek philosophical (and scientific) tradition, when Thales, followed by Anaximander and Anaximenes (known collectively, to modern scholars, as the Milesian School) began to speculate about the material constitution of the world, and to propose speculative naturalistic (as opposed to traditional, supernatural) explanations for various natural phenomena.",
"\n\nMiletus is the birthplace of the Hagia Sophia's architect (and inventor of the flying buttress) Isidore of Miletus and Thales, a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher (and one of the Seven Sages of Greece) in c. 624 BC.",
"\n\nGeography \n\nThe ruins appear on satellite maps at 37°31.8'N 27°16.7'E, about 3 km north of Balat and 3 km east of Batıköy in Aydın Province, Turkey.",
"\n\nIn antiquity the city possessed a Harbor at the southern entry of a large bay, on which two more of the traditional twelve Ionian cities stood: Priene and Myus. ",
"The harbor of Miletus was additionally protected by the nearby small island of Lade. ",
"Over the centuries the gulf silted up with alluvium carried by the Meander River. ",
"Priene and Myus had lost their harbors by the Roman era, and Miletus itself became an inland town in the early Christian era; all three were abandoned to ruin as their economies were strangled by the lack of access to the sea. ",
"There is a Great Harbor Monument where, according to the New Testament account, the apostle Paul stopped on his way back to Jerusalem by boat. ",
"He met the Ephesian Elders and then headed out to the beach to bid them farewell, recorded in the book of Acts 20:17-38.",
"\n\nGeology \nDuring the Pleistocene epoch the Miletus region was submerged in the Aegean Sea. ",
"It subsequently emerged slowly, the sea reaching a low level of about below present level at about 18,000 BP. ",
"The site of Miletus was part of the mainland.",
"\n\nA gradual rise brought a level of about below present at about 5500 BP, creating several karst block islands of limestone, the location of the first settlements at Miletus. ",
"At about 1500 BC the karst shifted due to small crustal movements and the islands consolidated into a peninsula. ",
"Since then the sea has risen 1.75 m but the peninsula has been surrounded by sediment from the Maeander river and is now land-locked. ",
"Sedimentation of the harbor began at about 1000 BC, and by AD 300 Lake Bafa had been created.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nNeolithic \nThe earliest available archaeological evidence indicates that the islands on which Miletus was originally placed were inhabited by a Neolithic population in 3500–3000 BC. ",
"Pollen in core samples from Lake Bafa in the Latmus region inland of Miletus suggests that a lightly grazed climax forest prevailed in the Maeander valley, otherwise untenanted. ",
"Sparse Neolithic settlements were made at springs, numerous and sometimes geothermal in this karst, rift valley topography. ",
"The islands offshore were settled perhaps for their strategic significance at the mouth of the Maeander, a route inland protected by escarpments. ",
"The graziers in the valley may have belonged to them, but the location looked to the sea.",
"\n\nMiddle Bronze Age \nThe prehistoric archaeology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age portrays a city heavily influenced by society and events elsewhere in the Aegean, rather than inland.",
"\n\nMinoan period\nBeginning at about 1900 BC artifacts of the Minoan civilization acquired by trade arrived at Miletus. ",
"For some centuries the location received a strong impulse from that civilization, an archaeological fact that tends to support but not necessarily confirm the founding legend—that is, a population influx, from Crete. ",
"According to Strabo:Ephorus says: Miletus was first founded and fortified above the sea by Cretans, where the Miletus of olden times is now situated, being settled by Sarpedon, who brought colonists from the Cretan Miletus and named the city after that Miletus, the place formerly being in possession of the Leleges.",
"The legends recounted as history by the ancient historians and geographers are perhaps the strongest; the late mythographers have nothing historically significant to relate.",
"\n\nLate Bronze Age \nRecorded history at Miletus begins with the records of the Hittite Empire and the Mycenaean records of Pylos and Knossos, in the Late Bronze Age.",
"\n\nMycenaean period\nMiletus was a Mycenaean stronghold on the coast of Asia Minor from c. 1450 to 1100 BC. ",
"In c. 1320 BC, the city supported an anti-Hittite rebellion of Uhha-Ziti of nearby Arzawa. ",
"Muršili ordered his generals Mala-Ziti and Gulla to raid Millawanda, and they proceeded to burn parts of it; damage from LHIIIA found on-site has been associated with this raid. ",
"In addition the town was fortified according to a Hittite plan.",
"\n\nMiletus is then mentioned in the \"Tawagalawa letter\", part of a series including the Manapa-Tarhunta letter and the Milawata letter, all of which are less securely dated. ",
"The Tawagalawa letter notes that Milawata had a governor, Atpa, who was under the jurisdiction of Ahhiyawa (a growing state probably in LHIIIB Mycenaean Greece); and that the town of Atriya was under Milesian jurisdiction. ",
"The Manapa-Tarhunta letter also mentions Atpa. ",
"Together the two letters tell that the adventurer Piyama-Radu had humiliated Manapa-Tarhunta before Atpa (in addition to other misadventures); a Hittite king then chased Piyama-Radu into Millawanda and, in the Tawagalawa letter, requested Piyama-Radu's extradition to Hatti.",
"\n\nThe Milawata letter mentions a joint expedition by the Hittite king and a Luwiyan vassal (probably Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira) against Miletus, and notes that the city (together with Atriya) was now under Hittite control.",
"\n\nHomer mentions that during the time of the Trojan War, Miletus was an ally of Troy and was city of the Carians, under Nestor and Amphimachus.",
"\n\nIn the last stage of LHIIIB, the citadel of bronze age Pylos counted among its female slaves a mi-ra-ti-ja, Mycenaean Greek for \"women from Miletus\", written in Linear B syllabic script.",
"\n\nFall of Miletus\nDuring the collapse of Bronze Age civilization, Miletus was burnt again, presumably by the Sea Peoples.",
"\n\nDark Age\nMythographers told that Neleus, a son of Codrus the last King of Athens, had come to Miletus after the \"Return of the Heraclids\" (so, during the Greek Dark Ages). ",
"The Ionians killed the men of Miletus and married their widows. ",
"This is the mythical commencement of the enduring alliance between Athens and Miletus, which played an important role in the subsequent Persian Wars.",
"\n\nArchaic period\n\nThe city of Miletus became one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor.",
"\n\nMiletus was one of the cities involved in the Lelantine War of the 8th century BC.",
"\n\nTies with Megara\nMiletus is known to have early ties with Megara in Greece. ",
"According to some scholars, these two cities had built up a “colonisation alliance”. ",
"In the 7th/6th century BC they acted in accordance with each other.",
"\n\nBoth cities acted under the leadership and sanction of an Apollo oracle. ",
"Megara cooperated with that of Delphi. ",
"Miletus had her own oracle of Apollo Didymeus Milesios in Didyma. ",
"Also, there are many parallels in the political organisation of both cities.",
"\n\nAccording to Pausanias, the Megarians said that their town owed its origin to Car, the son of Phoroneus, who built the city citadel called 'Caria'. ",
"This 'Car of Megara' may or may not be one and the same as the 'Car of the Carians', also known as Car (King of Caria).",
"\n\nIn the late 7th century BC, the tyrant Thrasybulus preserved the independence of Miletus during a 12-year war fought against the Lydian Empire. ",
"Thrasybulus was an ally of the famous Corinthian tyrant Periander.",
"\n\nMiletus was an important center of philosophy and science, producing such men as Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes. ",
"Referring to this period, religious studies professor F. E. Peters described pan-deism as \"the legacy of the Milesians.\" ",
" \n\nBy the 6th century BC, Miletus had earned a maritime empire with many colonies, but brushed up against powerful Lydia at home, and the tyrant Polycrates of its neighbor to the west, Samos.",
"\n\nFirst Achaemenid period\n\nWhen Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus fell under Persian rule. ",
"In 499 BC Miletus's tyrant Aristagoras became the leader of the Ionian Revolt against the Persians under Darius the Great, who quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus by selling all of the women and children into slavery, killing the men, and expelling all of the young men as eunuchs, thereby assuring that no Miletus citizen would ever be born again. ",
"A year afterward, Phrynicus produced the tragedy The Capture of Miletus in Athens. ",
"The Athenians fined him for reminding them of their loss.",
"\n\nClassical Greek period\n\nIn 479 BC the Greeks decisively defeated the Persians on the Greek mainland at the Battle of Plataea, and Miletus was freed of Persian rule. ",
"During this time several other cities were formed by Milesian settlers, spanning across what is now Turkey and even as far as Crimea. ",
"The city's gridlike layout became famous, serving as the basic layout for Roman cities.",
"\n\nSecond Achaemenid period\n\nIn 387 BC the Peace of Antalcidas gave the Persian Achaemenid Empire under king Artaxerxes II control of the Greek city-states of Ionia, including Miletus.",
"\n\nIn 358 BC Artaxerxes II died and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes III, who in 355 BC forced Athens to conclude a peace which required its forces to leave Asia Minor (Anatolia) and acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies.",
"\n\nMacedonian period\n\nIn 334 BC the Siege of Miletus by the forces of Alexander the Great of Macedonia liberated the city from Persian rule, soon followed by most of Asia Minor. ",
"In this period the city reached its greatest extent, occupying within its walls an area of approximately .",
"\n\nWhen Alexander died in 323 BC, Miletus came under the control of Ptolemy, governor of Caria and his satrap of Lydia Asander, who had become autonomous. ",
"In 312 BC Macedonian general Antigonus I Monophthalmus sent Docimus and Medeius to free the city and grant autonomy, restoring the democratic patrimonial regime. ",
" After Antigonus I was killed in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC by the coalition of Lysimachus of Macedon, Cassander of Macedon, and Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, Miletus maintained good relations with all the successors after Seleucus I Nicator made substantial donations to the sanctuary of Didyma and returned the statue of Apollo that had been stolen by the Persians in 494 BC.",
"\n\nIn 295 BC Antigonus I's son Demetrius Poliorcetes was the eponymous archon (stephanephorus) in the city, which allied with Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt, while Lysimachus assumed power in the region, enforcing a strict policy towards the Greek cities by imposing high taxes, forcing Miletus to resort to lending.",
"\n\nSeleucid period\nAround 287/286 BC Demetrius Poliorcetes returned, but failed to maintain his possessions and was imprisoned in Syria. ",
"Nicocles of Sidon, the commander of Demetrius' fleet surrendered the city. ",
"Lysimachus dominated until 281 BC, when he was defeated by the Seleucids at the Battle of Corupedium. ",
"In 280/279 BC the Milesians adopted a new chronological system based on the Seleucids.",
"\n\nEgyptian period\nIn 279 BC the city was taken from Seleucid king Antiochus II by Egyptian king Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who donated a large area of land to cement their friendship, and it remained under Egyptian sway until the end of the century.",
"\n\nAristides of Miletus, founder of the bawdy Miletian school of literature flourished in the 2nd century BC.",
"\n\nRoman period\nThe New Testament mentions Miletus as the site where the Apostle Paul in AD 57 met the elders of the church of Ephesus near the close of his Third Missionary Journey, as recorded in Acts of the Apostles (Acts 20:15–38). ",
"It is believed that Paul stopped by the Great Harbour Monument and sat on its steps. ",
"He might have met the Ephesian elders there and then bade them farewell on the nearby beach. ",
"Miletus is also the city where Paul left Trophimus, one of his travelling companions, to recover from an illness (2 Timothy 4:20). ",
"Because this cannot be the same visit as Acts 20 (in which Trophimus accompanied Paul all the way to Jerusalem, according to Acts 21:29), Paul must have made at least one additional visit to Miletus, perhaps as late as AD 65 or 66. ",
"Paul's previous successful three-year ministry in nearby Ephesus resulted in the evangelization of the entire province of Asia (see Acts 19:10, 20; 1 Corinthians 16:9). ",
"It is safe to assume that at least by the time of the apostle's second visit to Miletus, a fledgling Christian community was established in Miletus.",
"\n\nByzantine period\nDuring the Byzantine age the see of Miletus was raised to an archbishopric and later a metropolitan bishopric. ",
"The small Byzantine castle called Palation located on the hill beside the city, was built at this time. ",
"Miletus was headed by a curator.",
"\n\nTurkish rule\n\nSeljuk Turks conquered the city in the 14th century and used Miletus as a port to trade with Venice.",
"\n\nIn the 15th century the Ottomans utilized the city as a harbour during their rule in Anatolia. ",
"As the harbour became silted up, the city was abandoned. ",
"Due to ancient and subsequent deforestation, overgrazing (mostly by goat herds), erosion and soil degradation the ruins of the city lie some from the sea with sediments filling the plain and bare hill ridges without soils and trees, a maquis shrubland remaining.",
"\n\nThe Ilyas Bey Complex from 1403 with its mosque is a Europa Nostra awarded cultural heritage site in Miletus.",
"\n\nArchaeological excavations \nThe first excavations in Miletus were conducted by the French archaeologist Olivier Rayet in 1873, followed by the German archaeologists Julius Hülsen and Theodor Wiegand between 1899 and 1931.",
"\nExcavations, however, were interrupted several times by wars and various other events.",
"\nCarl Weickart excavated for a short season in 1938 and again between\n1955 and 1957.",
"\nHe was followed by Gerhard Kleiner and then by Wolfgang Muller-Wiener.",
"\nToday, excavations are organized by the Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany.",
"\n\nOne remarkable artifact recovered from the city during the first excavations of the 19th century, the Market Gate of Miletus, was transported piece by piece to Germany and reassembled. ",
"It is currently exhibited at the Pergamon museum in Berlin. ",
"The main collection of artifacts resides in the Miletus Museum in Didim, Aydın, serving since 1973.",
"\n\nColonies \n\nMiletus became known for the great number of colonies it founded. ",
"It was considered the greatest Greek metropolis and founded more colonies than any other Greek city.",
"\nPliny the Elder mentions 90 colonies founded by Miletus in his Natural History (5.112), among them:\nAmisos\nApolonia\nDioscurias\nHistria\nOdessos\nOlbia\nPanticapaeum\nPhanagoria\nPhasis\nPityus\nSinope\nTanais\nTheodosia\nTomis\nTyras\nTrapezunt\n\nNotable people \nThales (c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC), Pre-Socratic philosopher\nAnaximander (c. 610 BC – c. 546 BC), Pre-Socratic philosopher and geographer\nCadmus (fl. ",
"c. 550 BC), writer\nAnaximenes (c. 585 BC – c. 525 BC), Pre-Socratic philosopher\nAristagoras (fl. ",
"6th-5th century BC), Tyrant of Miletus\nHecataeus c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC), Greek historian\nLeucippus (fl. ",
"first half of 5th century BC), philosopher and originator of Atomism (his association with Miletus is traditional, but disputed)\nHippodamus (c. 498 – 408 BC), urban planner\nAspasia (c. 470 – 400 BC) courtesan, and mistress of Pericles, was born in Miletus\nAristides (fl. ",
"2nd century BC), writer\nIsidore (fl. ",
"6th century AD), Greek architect\nHesychius (fl. ",
"6th century AD), Greek chronicler and biographer\n\nSee also \nAlexander Cornelius\nCities of the ancient Near East\nPergamon Museum\n\nReferences and sources\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website\nAusgrabungen in Milet official site of the excavations in Miletus by Ruhr-Universität Bochum \nAncient Coins of Miletus\nLivius picture archive: Miletus\nSome 250 pictures of site and museum\nGreek Inscriptions of Miletus in English translation\nThe Theatre at Miletus, The Ancient Theatre Archive, Theatre specifications and virtual reality tour of theatre\n\nVirtual Tour at Ancient Miletus\nWalking the sacred pagan path from Ancient Miletus to Didim\n\n \nCategory:Former populated places in Turkey\nCategory:Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region\nCategory:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey\nCategory:Roman sites in Turkey\nCategory:History of Aydın Province\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Aydın Province\nCategory:Ionian League\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Aydın Province\nCategory:Members of the Delian League\nCategory:Greek city-states\nCategory:Late Bronze Age collapse\nCategory:Populated places in ancient Caria\nCategory:New Testament cities"
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[
"Top three teams at prestigious FNH USA-Leupold Long Range Precision Shooting Competition are members of law enforcement\n\nMcLean, Va - After five full days of heated competition in extreme weather conditions, Officer Nate Mickle and PFC Rich McCampbell of the Baltimore County PD SWAT team took top overall team honors with 177 total points in the 2009 FNH USA - Leupold Long Range Precision Shooting Competition, which ended June 5th. ",
"The duo of Sgt. ",
"Trent Lebo and Sgt. ",
"Steve Tom from the Maryland State Police ‘A’ Team nailed down the second overall team ranking, scoring a 164. ",
"The San Diego PD squad of Officer Wayne Doeden and Officer Gordon Campfield took the third team overall spot, posting a 157-point total among the 29 two-person teams entered in the meet. ",
"Campfield also took the top overall individual shooting honors. ",
"Full event coverage is available at http://www.fnhusa1.com/leupold/.\n\nMickle and McCampbell each took home a new FN SCAR 16S semi-automatic tactical carbinee with a Leupold optics package for their efforts. ",
"Lebo and Tom were each awarded FNAR semi-auto rifles with Leupold scopes, while Doeden and Campfield each won FN PS90 semi-auto carbines. ",
"Campfield also received an FN pistol for his individual win.",
"\n\nThe non-profit event raised some $13,000 for the National Tactical Officers Association,Special Forces Association and Redwing 19 Special Warfare Family Fund to help support tactical officers and soldiers who have been wounded in action, and to help their families deal with the costs of their medical care and rehabilitation.",
"\n\nAbout FNH USAFNH USA is the sales and marketing arm of FN Herstal, S.A., Belgium. ",
"Its corporate mission is to expand its global leadership position in defense, law enforcement and commercial markets by delivering superior products and the finest in training and logistical support. ",
"Visit www.fnhusa.com to view the entire line of FNH USA products and services. ",
"FNH USA, P.O. Box 697, McLean, VA, 22101, U.S.A.\n\nPortland, Oregon-based, Leupold & Stevens, Inc. has been involved in the design, machining and assembly of precision optical instruments and other products for over 100 years."
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"In a radio interview on Tuesday, Kentucky Gov. Matt Bevin linked the recent violence at a white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, to the removal of Bible study from public schools, saying that the removal of “things that are biblically taught from society” is correlated with “the kind of mayhem” we saw in Charlottesville.",
"\n\nBevin spoke on Tuesday with West Virginia radio host Tom Roten about the Charlottesville violence and efforts to remove Confederate monuments from public lands, which Bevin said was a “sanitization of history” that he “absolutely” disagrees with.",
"\n\nBevin said that removing these monuments sets “a dangerous precedent” that we’re “not allowed to talk about certain elements of our history” and amounts to “revisionist history.”",
"\n\nHe then appeared to allude to efforts to remove statues of Roger Taney, the Supreme Court justice who wrote the Dred Scott decision, as part of a slippery slope set by removing Confederate memorials. (",
"Although Bevin did not name names, a statue of Taney was recently removed in Annapolis, Maryland.)",
"\n\n“At what point—If somebody happened to have been a judge and something was erected in their honor but they happened to have one ruling one time that somebody’s offended by, is that worthy of them being removed from pretending they ever existed?” ",
"he asked.",
"\n\nLater in the interview, Roten asked Bevin about a “Bible literacy” bill he signed in June that encourages public schools to offer nominally secular Bible courses.",
"\n\nBevin linked the removal of religious education in public schools to the efforts to take down Confederate monuments, saying that taking the Bible out of schools is also a “dangerous” attempt to “scrub history” because “when you go back a couple of hundred years, in most instances the only textbooks that were in our public schools were the Bible .”",
"\n\n“And it’s interesting,” he added, referring to the discussion of Charlottesville, “the more we’ve removed any sense of spiritual obligation or moral higher authority or absolute right and wrong, the more we’ve removed things that are biblically taught from society, the more we’ve seen the kind of mayhem that we were just discussing.”"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow does graph.find(i) !",
"= graph.end() determine if i is in the graph?",
"\n\nI'm looking at someone else's code and they use this to determine if an element is in the graph. ",
"I can't find specific documentation for using .end() with a graph, but since the graph is an unordered map (unordered_map _graph;) couldn't I just do if(graph[i] !",
"= null)?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis is a standard feature of standard library data structures. ",
"If you try to use the data structure's find method to find an element that doesn't exist it returns datastructure.end() as a sentinel value stating that the value isn't there.",
"\nLooking at some documentation for ::std::find, you can find this phrase in the Return Value section:\n\nIterator to the first element satisfying the condition or last if no such element is found.",
"\n\nnullptr makes a poor general sentinel value to return because it would then prevent people from storing a nullptr in your data structure, and there might be reasons someone might want to do that. ",
"Maybe in the specific case of the graph you're talking about it doesn't make sense, but these data structures are designed to be broadly useful for a wide variety of situations.",
"\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to indicate sortable elements\n\nI have a list of todo items with 6 properties of which 4 are sortable. ",
"The type (icon), the tags, the stars and date are sortable by clicking on them. ",
"Name and description are not sortable (no added value). ",
"I'm thinking if in the look below it's sufficiently clear to users that they can click, for example on the icon, to sort the elements according to the icon.",
"\n\nThe classic way to solve this would be by including a 'sort bar' with carets to indicate ascending - descending sorting.",
"\n\nBut I don't like this. ",
"It just looks like unnecessary clutter to me, makes it messier and attacks the visual unity while the functionality can be achieved without this. ",
"I'm feeling people would like to see this sort bar included but I'd like some suggestions on how to make it clear to users that elements are sortable by clicking on them. ",
"Without the sort bar. ",
"Any other recommendations are also welcome. ",
"Thank you.",
"\n\nA:\n\nPersonally, I think you should leave it up to what users are most used to which is the 'sort bar' you have in your second picture.",
"\nAlternatively, you can do what sites like Amazon do and just provide the sorting options in a dropdown menu like so:\n\nThese two methods are the most common and users are likely to be used to them. ",
"Deviating too much from them may add too much confusion, even if they slightly reduce clutter.",
"\nAlso, clicking on the icons to sort them may confuse users. ",
"It is expected behavior for clicking on an icon to open the item itself, like in file managers, image viewers, etc.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI completely agree with the reasoning in Oztaco's answer about expected behaviour, and will add an alternative solution:\nYou mentioned you want to avoid clutter - you could add a 'sorting' icon such as the one below, which could open a dropdown or expand to show sorting options.",
"\n\n"
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[
"The Triumphant Entry\n\nJohn 12:9-15\n9 When all the people heard of Jesus’ arrival, they flocked to see him and also to see Lazarus, the man Jesus had raised from the dead.10 Then the leading priests decided to kill Lazarus, too, 11 for it was because of him that many of the people had deserted them and believed in Jesus. ",
"The next day, the news that Jesus was on the way to Jerusalem swept through the city. ",
"A large crowd of Passover visitors 13 took palm branches and went down the road to meet him. ",
"They shouted,\n“Praise God!",
"\nBlessings on the one who comes in the name of the LORD!",
"\nHail to the King of Israel!”",
"\n14 Jesus found a young donkey and rode on it, fulfilling the prophecy that said:\n15 “Don’t be afraid, people of Jerusalem.",
"\nLook, your King is coming,\nriding on a donkey’s colt.”"
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"Smartphone Price Lists in the Philippines\n\nWelcome to GadgetMatch’s master list of smartphone prices in the Philippines. ",
"Here you’ll find the official suggested retail prices (SRP) of all the listed devices. ",
"We’ll keep this up to date to provide you with a complete inventory of what’s currently available in the Philippine market.",
"\n\nSamsung Galaxy S10: Price and availability in the Philippines\n\nSamsung has officially unveiled the Galaxy S10 family earlier today and we now have three new flagship phones to choose from.",
"\n\nThe new Galaxy S10 series is composed of the Galaxy S10, Galaxy S10+, and the latest addition, the Galaxy S10E. The three phones feature the new Infinity-O Super AMOLED display. ",
"They are also powered by Samsung’s very own 8nm processor: the Exynos 9820.",
"\n\nThe Galaxy S10 and Galaxy S10+ feature 6.1- and 6.4-inch displays, respectively. ",
"Both also have 8GB of memory and 128GB of expandable storage. ",
"Camera-wise, the two models come with triple rear cameras, while the Galaxy S10+ has dual front cameras. ",
"Samsung is also releasing a limited edition Galaxy S10+ with 1TB of storage and 12GB of memory.",
"\n\nThe Galaxy S10E, on the other hand, is pretty pocketable with its 5.8-inch display, 6GB of memory, and 128GB of storage. ",
"It only has two rear cameras, but it essentially shares a lot of features with its bigger siblings.",
"\n\nSamsung Galaxy S10E and Galaxy S10+\n\nThe Galaxy S10E is the cheapest among the three at PhP 39,990 and it’ll come in Prism White. ",
"If you want something more premium, the Galaxy S10 will retail for PhP 49,990 and it’ll be available in Prism White and Prism Black. ",
"The bigger Galaxy S10+ will go for PhP 55,990 and it’ll come in both black and white, plus the new Prism Green.",
"\n\nThe top-dog limited edition Galaxy S10+ with 1TB storage and 12GB of memory will only be available via pre-order for PhP 89,990. ",
"All pre-orders come with their respective freebies worth up to PhP 28,500.",
"\n\nThe whole Galaxy S10 family will be available in stores starting March 8. ",
"While we wait for the orders to be delivered, check out our hands-on below:\n\nLenovo offers the most affordable GTX 1050-equipped laptop\n\nIf you’re looking for a new laptop that can handle demanding tasks, you might want to take advantage of Lenovo‘s offer for the IdeaPad 330. ",
"For just under forty thousand pesos, you could have your own 15-inch laptop with discrete graphics and fast processor.",
"\n\nLenovo is marketing the decently specced IdeaPad 330 for casual gamers or individuals looking for a powerful laptop that can do video and photo editing with ease. ",
"The laptop mainly features an Intel Core i5-8300H processor and NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050 graphics. ",
"Basically, Lenovo’s notebook has more than enough power than a conventional notebook in its price range.",
"\n\nCompleting the specs sheet are the 15.6-inch Full HD display, 4GB DDR4 memory, and 1TB of storage. ",
"The laptop is also equipped with a plethora of ports including HDMI, full-size USB, and SD card reader.",
"\n\nYou may get the Lenovo IdeaPad 330 for PhP 39,995 exclusively at the Legion Concept Store in SM North EDSA. ",
"Keep in mind that this is a limited offer until March 31, 2019. ",
"The laptop retails for PhP 47,495 in other stores, so you’re getting a pretty good discount during the promo period.",
"\n\nTo make the deal even better, Lenovo is throwing in PhP 9,000 worth of freebies. ",
"This includes a JBL Clip 2, a Lenovo backpack, and Lenovo Accidental Daming Protection (ADP) on top of the 2-year warranty.",
"\n\nWe already got our hands on one late last year. ",
"You may read our thoughts on the IdeaPad 330 here.",
"\n\nHuawei Y7 Pro 2019: Price and availability in the Philippines\n\nHuawei has a new budget phone in town, but it has been around for quite some time. ",
"The Huawei Y7 Pro 2019, which was initially available through Globe postpaid plans, is already being sold in stores for under PhP 10,000.",
"\n\nSince the Y7 Pro 2019 is merely just a well-specced budget phone, there’s nothing special about it. ",
"Although, it looks like a pretty good deal for those looking to have a decent phone or secondary handset.",
"\n\nThe phone has a 6.26-inch panel called a Dewdrop display because of its smaller notch. ",
"It’s powered by a Snapdragon 450 processor with an ample 3GB of memory and 32GB of storage. ",
"If that’s not enough, the storage space is expandable via a microSD card.",
"\n\nImage credit: Huawei\n\nCamera-wise, it has a 13- and 2-megapixel combo on the back, and a 16-megapixel selfie shooter inside the notch. ",
"As always, the cameras are equipped with AI scene detection features for beautification and photo enhancements.",
"\n\nAnother main feature of the Y7 Pro 2019 is its battery: a 4000mAh cell. ",
"It should be enough to last users more than a full day. ",
"Android Oreo-based EMUI 8.2 comes out of the box, though; not the latest Android Pie.",
"\n\nThe Y7 Pro 2019 from Huawei is now making its way to Philippine retail stores for PhP 9,990."
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[
"Overview for various aspects of the health benefits of Piper longum linn. ",
"fruit.",
"\nHerbal remedies have become popular, due in part to the lower risk of adverse reactions. ",
"Thousands of plants have been used traditionally to treat various diseases. ",
"Among them, species of the genus Piper are important medicinal plants used in various systems of medicine. ",
"The Piper longum fruit has been used in traditional medicine, including the Ayurvedic system of medicine. ",
"Although there are numerous indications for its use, controlled trials are needed to determine its efficacy. ",
"The primary constituents isolated from various parts of P. longum are piperine, piperlongumine, sylvatin, sesamin, diaeudesmin piperlonguminine, pipermonaline, and piperundecalidine. ",
"It is most commonly used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, constipation, gonorrhea, paralysis of the tongue, diarrhea, cholera, chronic malaria, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections, stomachache, bronchitis, diseases of the spleen, cough, and tumors. ",
"This study provides detailed information about the P. longum fruit, including phytochemistry, pharmacological profile and safety profile. ",
"In view of the commercial, economic, and medicinal importance of the P. longum plant, it is useful for researchers to study the plant in detail."
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"Personality, gender and medico-legal matters in medical practice.",
"\nThe aim of this paper was to explore the relationship between the personality traits of Australian General Practitioners (GPs) and their gender, work practice arrangements, and history of medico-legal matters. ",
"A cross-sectional self report survey was mailed to 1239 GPs. ",
"There were 566 respondents (45.7% response rate to survey). ",
"The survey assessed personality traits (using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire), demographic and practice information, and history of medico-legal matters with any medical defence organization. ",
"The number and type of medico-legal matters was also extracted from the UNITED Medical Protection database. ",
"Male respondents had significantly higher psychoticism scores than females (p<0.001), and females had significantly higher neuroticism scores than males (p<0.01), as in community samples. ",
"However, for GPs who worked more than 48 hours per week, there were no gender differences in personality trait scores. ",
"Solo practitioners and non-solo practitioners did not differ on personality scores. ",
"Proceduralists and non-proceduralists did not differ on personality scores. ",
"However, a higher proportion of proceduralists experienced a medico-legal matter than non-proceduralists (p<0.001). ",
"There was a positive correlation between extraversion scores and doctors who attended peer review (p<0.001). ",
"There was no difference in the numbers of medico-legal matters for doctors who attended peer review. ",
"Males who self reported a medico-legal matter had higher neuroticism scores than the males who did not report medico-legal matters. ",
"This was not the case for females. ",
"For males, this pattern was not replicated when considering data from UNITED. ",
"The known demographic and practice factors that differ for doctors having a medico-legal matter are replicated here--being male, a proceduralist and working longer hours. ",
"There is not a consistent pattern regarding personality traits and medico-legal matters."
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[
"By Jake Donovan\n\nTakashi Uchiyama extended his run as the de facto leader of the 130 lb. ",
"division, surviving a 10th round knockdown and a late surge from challenger Daiki Kaneko to take a 12-round decision Tuesday evening in Tokyo, Japan.",
"\n\nScores were 117-110 (three times) in favor of Uchiyama, who has now won title fights on New Year's Eve in three straight years.",
"\n\nFor nine rounds, the 34-year old defending titlist resembled his scouting report as the de facto leader in a suddenly loaded 130 lb. ",
"division. ",
"The bout moved at a brisk pace but momentum remained with Uchiyama as he continued to pile up points.",
"\n\nThe early lead certainly helped, as the final three rounds nearly proved disastrous.",
"\n\nKaneko came on like gangbusters in the double-digit rounds, beginning with a 10th round knockdown. ",
"Uchiyama was dropped hard and forced to fight for his championship life in a wild round 11 that became the final entry for 2013 year-end awards season. ",
"The crowd was brought to its feet as Kaneko saw a championship and major upset well within sight.",
"\n\nAlas, the moment came to pass as Uchiyama averted disaster just long to hear the final bell. ",
"Once that moment arrived, victory was all but assured, with matching scores on all three cards in his favor advancing his record to 21-0-1 (17KO).",
"\n\nPlans call for Uchiyama and Takashi Miura - who knocked out Dante Jardon in nine rounds in the evening'a co-feature - to meet in a unification bout in 2014. ",
"Such a contest would mark the second time in Japan's boxing history in which two of its fighter met in a unification bout. ",
"The other occasion came in June 2012, when Kazuto Ioka- who scored a 12-round win over Felix Alvarado earlier this evening in Osaka, Japan - outlasted Akira Yaegashi over 12 blood-soaked rounds to unify two belts at strawweight.",
"\n\nUchiyama and Miura previously fought in 2011, with Uchiyama scoring a 9th round stoppage for the second successful defense of his 130 lb. ",
"title. ",
"Tuesday's win marked his 8th overall defense of a title reign now approaching four years, beginning with his 12th round stoppage of Juan Carlos Salgado in Jan. 2010.",
"\n\nJake Donovan is the Managing Editor of Boxingscene.com, as well as a member of the Transnational Boxing Ratings Board, Yahoo Boxing Ratings Panel and the Boxing Writers Association of America. ",
"Twitter: @JakeNDaBox"
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[
"BOTOX\n\nBIOTERRORBIBLE.COM:There is an ever expanding list of potential bio-terror agents that could be used in a bio-terror attack, but anthrax, smallpox and fluare the only “threats” the government appears worried about. ",
"These 3 agents will likely be used the same way that they were used in the U.S. government bio-terror war-games entitled Dark Winter and Atlantic Storm.",
"\n\nAbstract:Botulinum toxin is a protein produced by the bacteriumClostridium botulinum and is the most powerful neurotoxin yet discovered.[citation needed] Botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a serious and life-threatening illness in humans and animals. ",
"When introduced intravenously in monkeys, type A (Botox Cosmetic) of the toxin exhibits an LD50 of 40-56 ng, type C1 around 32 ng, type D 3200 ng, and type E 88 ng, rendering the above types some of the most powerful neurotoxins known. ",
"Popularly known by one of its trade names, Botox, it is used for various cosmetic and medical procedures. ",
"Botulinum can be absorbed from eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract or non-intact skin.",
"\n\nHistory Justinus Kerner described botulinum toxin as a \"sausage poison\" and \"fatty poison\", because the bacterium that produces the toxin often caused poisoning by growing in improperly handled or prepared meat products. ",
"It was Kerner, a physician, who first conceived a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin and coined the name botulism (from Latin botulus meaning \"sausage\"). ",
"In 1897, Emile van Ermengem found the producer of the botulin toxin was a bacterium, which he named Clostridium botulinum. ",
"In 1928, P. Tessmer Snipe and Hermann Sommer for the first time purified the toxin. ",
"In 1949, Arnold Burgen's group discovered, through an elegant experiment, that botulinum toxin blocks neuromuscular transmission through decreased acetylcholine release.",
"\n\nTherapeutic Research In the late 1960s Alan Scott, M.D., a San Franciscoophthalmologist, and Edward Schantz were the first to work on a standardized botulinum toxin preparation for therapeutic purposes. ",
"By 1973, Scott (now at Smith-Kettlewell Institute) used botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in monkey experiments, and, in 1980, he officially used BTX-A for the first time in humans to treat strabismus\"crossed eyes\", a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other, and \"uncontrollable blinking\" (blepharospasm). ",
"In 1993, Pasricha and colleagues showed that botulinum toxin could be used for the treatment of achalasia, a spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter. ",
"In 1994 Bushara showed that botulinum toxin injections inhibit sweating. ",
"This was the first demonstration of non-muscular use of BTX-A in humans.",
"\n\nBlepharospasm and Strabismus In the early 1980s, university-based ophthalmologists in the U.S.A. and Canada further refined the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent. ",
"By 1985, a scientific protocol of injection sites and dosage had been empirically determined for treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus.[12] Side effects were deemed to be rare, mild and treatable. ",
"The beneficial effects of the injection lasted only 4–6 months. ",
"Thus, blepharospasm patients required re-injection two or three times a year.",
"\n\nIn 1986, Scott's micro-manufacturer and distributor of Botox was no longer able to supply the drug because of an inability to obtain product liability insurance. ",
"Patients became desperate as supplies of Botox were gradually consumed, forcing him to abandon patients who would have been due for their next injection. ",
"For a period of four months, American blepharospasm patients had to arrange to have their injections performed by participating doctors at Canadian eye centers until the liability issues could be resolved.",
"\n\nCosmetic The cosmetic effect of BTX-A on wrinkles was originally documented by a plastic surgeon from Sacramento, California, Dr. Richard Clark, and published in the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 1989. ",
"Canadian husband and wife ophthalmologist and dermatologist physicians Carruthers JD and Carruthers JA were the first to publish a study on BTX-A for the treatment of glabellar frown lines in 1992. ",
"Similar effects had reportedly been observed by a number of independent groups (Brin, and the Columbia University group). ",
"After formal trials, on April 12, 2002, the FDA announced regulatory approval of botulinum toxin type A (Botox Cosmetic) to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate-to-severe frown lines between the eyebrows (glabellar lines). ",
"Subsequently, cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type A has become widespread with many celebrities viewing it as less intrusive and/or artificial than other types of plastic surgery. ",
"The results of cosmetic procedures vary but can last up to eight months. ",
"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved an alternative product-safety testing method in response to increasing public concern that LD50 testing was required for each batch sold in the market.",
"\n\nMuscle Spasms The acceptance of BTX-A use for the treatment of muscle pain disorders is growing, with approvals pending in many European countries. ",
"The efficacy of BTX-A in treating a variety of other medical conditions (including prostatic dysfunction,asthma, and others) is an area of continued study.",
"\n\nUpper Motor Neuron Syndrome BTX-A is now a common treatment for muscles affected by the upper motor neuron syndrome such as cerebral palsy, for muscles with an impaired ability to effectively lengthen. ",
"Muscles affected by the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome frequently are limited by weakness, loss of reciprocal inhibition, decreased movement control and hypertonicity (including spasticity). ",
"Joint motion may be restricted by severe muscle imbalance related to the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome, when some muscles are markedly hypertonic, and lack effective active lengthening. ",
"Injecting an overactive muscle to decrease its level of contraction can allow improved reciprocal motion, and so improved ability to move and exercise. ",
"In June 2009, its use for treating hypertonic muscles helped an Australian man to walk again. ",
"He had required a wheelchair for mobility following a stroke 20 years prior.",
"\n\nSweating While treating patients with hemifacial spasm at Southend Hospital in England in 1993, Khalaf Bushara and David Park were the first to show that botulinum toxin injections inhibit sweating. ",
"This was the first demonstration of non-muscular use of BTX-A. Bushara further showed the efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). ",
"BTX-A was later approved for the treatment of excessive underarm sweating.",
"\n\nCervical Dystonia Botulinum Toxin Type B (BTX-B) received FDA approval for treatment of cervical dystonia on December 21, 2000. ",
"Trade names for BTX-B are Myobloc in the United States, and Neurobloc in the European Union.[citation needed] Chronic Migraine OnabotulinumtoxinA (trade name Botox) received FDA approval for treatment of chronic migraines on October 15, 2010. ",
"The toxin is injected into the head and neck to treat these chronic headaches. ",
"Approval followed evidence presented to the agency from two studies funded by Allergan, Inc. showing a very slight improvement in incidence of chronic migraines for migraine sufferers undergoing the Botox treatment.",
"\n\nSince then, several randomized control trials have shown Botulinum Toxin Type A to improve headache symptoms and quailty of life when used prophylactically for patients with chronic migraine who exhibit headache characteristics consistent with: pressure perceived from outside source, shorter total duration of chronic migraines (<30 years), \"detoxification\" of patients with co-existing chronic daily headache due to medication overuse, no current history of other preventative headache medications.",
"\n\nSources Botulism toxins are produced by these bacteria: Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. argentinense. ",
"Foodborne botulism can be transmitted through food that has not been heated correctly prior to being canned or food that was not cooked correctly from a can. ",
"Most infant botulism cases cannot be prevented because the bacteria that cause this disease are in soil and dust. ",
"The bacteria can be found inside homes on floors, carpet, and countertops even after cleaning. ",
"Honey can contain the bacteria that cause infant botulism, so children less than twelve months old should not be fed honey. ",
"Honey is safe for persons one year of age and older.",
"\n\nChemical Overview & Lethality There are seven serologically distinct toxin types, designated A through G. Additionally, six of the seven toxin types have subtypes with five subtypes of BoNT A having been described. ",
"The toxin is a two-chain polypeptide with a 100-kDa heavy chain joined by a disulfide bond to a 50-kDa light chain. ",
"This light chain is an enzyme (a protease) that attacks one of the fusion proteins (SNAP-25, syntaxin or synaptobrevin) at a neuromuscular junction, preventing vesicles from anchoring to the membrane to release acetylcholine. ",
"By inhibiting acetylcholine release, the toxin interferes with nerve impulses and causes flaccid (sagging) paralysis of muscles in botulism, as opposed to the spastic paralysis seen in tetanus.",
"\n\nIt is the most acutely toxic substance known, with a median lethal dose of about 1 ng/kg when introduced intravenously and 3 ng/kg when inhaled. ",
"This means that, depending on the method of introduction into the body, a mere 90–270 nanograms of botulinum toxin could be enough to kill an average 90 kg (200 lb) person, and four kilograms of the toxin, if evenly distributed, would be more than enough to kill the entire human population of the world.",
"\n\nFood-borne botulism usually results from ingestion of food that has become contaminated with spores (such as a perforated can) in an anaerobic environment, allowing the spores to germinate and grow. ",
"The growing (vegetative) bacteria produce toxin. ",
"It is the ingestion of preformed toxin that causes botulism, not the ingestion of the spores or the vegetative bacteria. ",
"Infant and wound botulism both result from infection with spores, which subsequently germinate, resulting in production of toxin and the symptoms of botulism.",
"\n\nProper refrigeration at temperatures below 3 °C (38 °F) retards the growth of Clostridium botulinum. ",
"The organism is also susceptible to high salt and low pH levels. ",
"The toxin itself is rapidly destroyed by heat, such as in thorough cooking. ",
"On the other hand, the spores that produce the toxin are heat-tolerant and will survive boiling water for an extended period of time. ",
"Fortunately, ingestion of the spores is safe, except in infants, as the highly oxygenated and highly acidic environment of an adult human digestive system prevents the spores from growing and producing the botulinum toxin.[citation needed]\n\nMedical and Cosmetic Uses Although botulinum toxin is a lethal, naturally occurring substance, it can be used as an effective and powerful medication. ",
"Researchers discovered in the 1950s that injecting overactive muscles with minute quantities of botulinum toxin type-A would result in decreased muscle activity by blocking the release of acetylcholine from the neuron by preventing the vesicle where the acetylcholine is stored from binding to the membrane where the neurotransmitter can be released. ",
"This will effectively weaken the muscle for a period of three to four months.",
"\n\nIn cosmetic applications, a Botox injection, consisting of a small dose of botulinum toxin, can be used to prevent development of wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles. ",
"As of 2007, it is the most common cosmetic operation, with 4.6 million procedures in the United States, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. ",
"Qualifications for Botox injectors vary by county, state and country. ",
"Botox cosmetic providers include dermatologists, plastic surgeons, aesthetic spa physicians, dentists, nurse practitioners, nurses and physician assistants. ",
"The wrinkle preventing effect of Botox normally lasts for approximately three to four months, but can last up to six months.",
"\n\nIn addition to its cosmetic applications, Botox is currently used in the treatment of spasms and dystonias, by weakening involved muscles, for the 60-70 day effective period of the drug. ",
"The main conditions treated with botulinum toxin are:\n\n1. ",
"Cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck)2. ",
"Blepharospasm (excessive blinking)3. ",
"Severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)4. ",
"Strabismus (Squints)5. ",
"Achalasia (failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax)6. ",
"Local intradermal injection of BTX-A is helpful in chronic focal neuropathies. ",
"The analgesic effects are not dependent on changes in muscle tone.7. ",
"Migraine and other headache disorders, although the evidence is conflicting in this indication8. ",
"Excessive sweating is a condition for the treatment of which FDA has approved the use of Botox.",
"\n\nOther uses of botulinum toxin type A that are widely known but not specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (off-label uses) include treatment of:\n\nTreatment and prevention of chronic headache and chronic musculoskeletal pain are emerging uses for botulinum toxin type A. In addition, there is evidence that Botox may aid in weight loss by increasing the gastric emptying time.",
"\n\nLinks to Deaths In September 2005, a paper published in the Journal of American Academy of Dermatology reported from the FDA saying that use of Botox has resulted in 28 deaths between 1989 and 2003, though none were attributed to cosmetic use.",
"\n\nOn February 8, 2008, the FDA announced that Botox has \"been linked in some cases to adverse reactions, including respiratory failure and death, following treatment of a variety of conditions using a wide range of doses,\" due to its ability to spread to areas distant from the site of the injection. ",
"In April 2009, the FDA updated its mandatory boxed warning cautioning that the effects of the botulinum toxin may spread from the area of injection to other areas of the body, causing symptoms similar to those of botulism.",
"\n\nIn January 2009, the Canadian government warned that botox can have the adverse effect of spreading to other parts of the body, which could cause muscle weakness, swallowing difficulties, pneumonia, speech disorders and breathing problems.",
"\n\nSeveral cases of death have been linked to the use of other chemicals as substitutes for Botox, one of the causes of death listed on the Spike TV show, 1000 Ways to Die.",
"\n\nSide Effects Side effects, which are generally minor and temporary, can be predicted from the mode of action (muscle paralysis) and chemical structure (protein) of the molecule, resulting broadly speaking in two major areas of side effects: paralysis of the wrong muscle group and allergic reaction. ",
"Bruising at the site of injection is a side effect not of the toxin, but rather the mode of administration. ",
"In cosmetic use, this can result in inappropriate facial expression such as drooping eyelid, double vision, uneven smile, or loss of the ability to close eyes. ",
"This will wear off in around six weeks. ",
"Bruising is prevented by the clinician applying pressure to the injection site, but may still occur, and will last around 7–11 days. ",
"When injecting the masseter muscle of the jaw, loss of muscle function will result in a loss or reduction of power to chew solid foods. ",
"All cosmetic treatments are of limited duration, and can be as short a period as six weeks, but usually the effective period lasts from two to three months. ",
"At the extremely low doses used medicinally, botulinum toxin has a very low degree of human and animal toxicity.",
"\n\nOther adverse events from cosmetic use include headaches, dysphagia, flu-like syndromes, blurred vision, dry mouth, fatigue, allergic reactions and swelling or redness at the injection site.",
"\n\nThere has been a petition by Public Citizen to the FDA requesting regulatory action concerning the possible spread of botulinum toxin (Botox, Myobloc) from the site of injection to other parts of the body.",
"\n\nIndividuals who are pregnant, have egg allergies or a neuromuscular disorder are advised to avoid Botox.",
"\n\nAs published in Forbes and originally published in the journal Social Psychology and Personality Science, Botox takes away or dampens the emotional feelings in a particular situation. ",
"That may be due to less interaction between facial muscle movement and brain. ",
"According to David Neal, a psychology professor at the University of Southern California, “if muscular signals from the face to the brain are dampened, you’re less able to read emotions.”",
"\n\nOne way botox might affect emotional feelings is by dampening the relay of signals from the face to the amygdala and brainstem centers for autonomic arousal.",
"\n\nThe mental effects of botox may extend beyond emotional feelings to the ability to understand language about emotions. ",
"An experimental study suggests that cosmetic use of botulinum toxin for treatment of glabellar lines affects human cognition. ",
"As reported in the L.A. Times, Havas and colleagues (Havas, Glenberg, Gutowski, Lucarelli, & Davidson, 2010) asked subjects to read emotional (angry, sad, happy) sentences before and two weeks after botox injections in the corrugator supercilii muscle used in frowning. ",
"Reading times for angry and sad sentences were longer after botox injection than before injection, while reading times for happy sentences were unchanged. ",
"This finding suggests that facial muscle paralysis has a selective effect in human cognition, and shows that botox hinders the ability to understand language. ",
"According to the lead researcher in this study, \"botox causes a kind of mild, temporary, cognitive blindness to information in the world, social information about the emotions of other people.\"",
"\n\nThe heavy chain of the toxin is particularly important for targeting the toxin to specific types of axon terminals. ",
"The toxin must get inside the axon terminals in order to cause paralysis. ",
"Following the attachment of the toxin heavy chain to proteins on the surface of axon terminals, the toxin can be taken into neurons by endocytosis. ",
"The light chain is able to cleave endocytotic vesicles and reach the cytoplasm. ",
"The light chain of the toxin has protease activity. ",
"The type A toxin proteolytically degrades the SNAP-25 protein, a type of SNARE protein. ",
"The SNAP-25 protein is required for vesicle fusion that releases neurotransmitters from the axon endings (in particular Acetylcholine). ",
"Botulinum toxin specifically cleaves these SNAREs, and so prevents neuro-secretory vesicles from docking/fusing with the nerve synapse plasma membrane and releasing their neurotransmitters.",
"\n\nThough it affects the nervous system, common nerve agent treatments (namely the injection of atropine and pralidoxime) will increase mortality by enhancing botulin toxin's mechanism of toxicity. ",
"Attacks involving botulinum toxin are distinguishable from those involving nerve agent in that NBC detection equipment (such as M-8 paper or the ICAM) will not indicate a \"positive\" when a sample of the agent is tested. ",
"Furthermore, botulism symptoms develop relatively slowly, over several days compared to nerve agent effects, which can be instantaneous.",
"\n\nTreatment of Botulinum Poisoning If the symptoms of botulism are diagnosed early, an equine antitoxin, use of enemas, and extracorporeal removal of the gut contents can be used to treat the food-borne illness. ",
"Wound infections can be treated surgically. ",
"Information regarding methods of safe canning, and public education about the disease are methods of prevention. ",
"Tests to detect botulism include a brain scan, nerve conduction test, and a tensilon test for myasthenia gravis in order to differentiate botulism from other diseases that manifest in the same way. ",
"Electromyography (EMG) can be utilized to differentiate myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barré syndrome, diseases that botulism often mimics. ",
"Toxicity testing of serum specimens, wound tissue cultures, and toxicity testing, and stool specimen cultures are the best methods for idientifying botulism. ",
"Laboratory tests of the patient's serum or stool, which are then injected into mice are also indicative of botulism. ",
"But the faster way to detect botulinum toxin in people is using the mass spectrometry technology because it reduces testing time to three or four hours and at the same time it can identify the seven types of the toxin.",
"\n\nThe case fatality rate for botulinum poisoning between 1950 and 1996 was 15.5%, down from approximately 60% over the previous 50 years. ",
"Death is generally secondary to respiratory failure due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles, so treatment consists of antitoxin administration and artificial ventilation until the neurotoxins are excreted or metabolised. ",
"If initiated on time these treatments are quite effective, although antisera can not affect BoNT polypeptides that have already entered cells. ",
"Occasionally, functional recovery may take several weeks to months or more.",
"\n\nThere are two primary Botulinum Antitoxins available for treatment of botulism.",
"\n\nTrivalent (A,B,E) Botulinum Antitoxin is derived from equine sources utilizing whole antibodies (Fab & Fc portions). ",
"This antitoxin is available from the local health department via the CDC in the USA. ",
"The second antitoxin is Heptavalent (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) Botulinum Antitoxin, which is derived from \"despeciated\" equine IgG antibodies, which have had the Fc portion cleaved off leaving the F(ab')2 portions. ",
"This is a less immunogenic antitoxinthat is effective against all known strains of botulism where not contraindicated. ",
"This is available from the United States Army. ",
"On June 1, 2006 the United States Department of Health and Human Services awarded a $363 million contract with Cangene Corporation for 200,000 doses of Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin over five years for delivery into the Strategic National Stockpile beginning in 2007.",
"\n\nManufacturers In the United States, Botox is manufactured by Allergan, Inc. for both therapeutic and cosmetic use (100Unit). ",
"In the United States, Xeomin (manufactured in Germany by Merz) is available for both therapeutic and cosmetic use.",
"\n\nDysport, a therapeutic formulation of the type A toxin developed and manufactured in Ireland, is licensed for the treatment of focal dystonias and certain cosmetic uses in the US and worldwide in 100, 300 and 500 Units. ",
"Lanzhou Institute (China) manufactures a BTX-A product, producing 50U and 100U type A toxin. ",
"Neuronox, a BTX-A product, was introduced by Medy-Tox Inc. of South Korea, in 2009. ",
"In America, Neuronox is also known as Siax. ",
"Merz manufactures the toxin and sells it under the trade name Xeomin. ",
"Solstice Neurosciences, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of US WorldMeds, LLC sells their product under the names Myobloc or Neurobloc, although it contains Botulinum Toxin Type B, not the common Type A found in Botox.",
"\n\nBotulinum toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and is considered the most powerful neurotoxin ever discovered. ",
"Botulinum toxin causes Botulism poisoning, a serious and life-threatening illness in humans and animals. ",
"When introduced intravenously in monkeys, type A (Botox Cosmetic) of the toxin exhibits an LD of 40-56 ng, type C1 around 32 ng, type D 3200 ng, and type E 88 ng, rendering the above types some of the most powerful neurotoxins known. ",
"Popularly known by one of its trade names, Botox or Dysport or Xeomin, it is used for various cosmetic and medical procedures (Wikipedia, 2012)."
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[
"Q:\n\nUnpredictable behaviour of travis\n\nI have this error:\ndpl.1\nInstalling deploy dependencies\n!!! ",
"Script support is experimental !!!",
"\ndpl.2\nPreparing deploy\ndpl.3\nDeploying application\n/home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/cli.rb:54:in `system': no implicit conversion of nil into String (TypeError)\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/cli.rb:54:in `shell'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/provider/script.rb:18:in `push_app'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/provider.rb:154:in `block in deploy'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/cli.rb:41:in `fold'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/provider.rb:154:in `deploy'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/cli.rb:32:in `run'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/lib/dpl/cli.rb:7:in `run'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/gems/dpl-1.8.43/bin/dpl:5:in `<top (required)>'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/bin/dpl:23:in `load'\n from /home/travis/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.6/bin/dpl:23:in `<main>'\nfailed to deploy\n\nin the my travis deploy stage\nDoes anybody know how to fix that?",
"\nMy travis.yml example:\nlanguage: java\n\njdk:\n- oraclejdk8\n\nos:\n- linux\n\nbranches:\n only:\n - master\n - develop\n - test\n\nbefore_install:\n- curl -fsSL https://clis.ng.bluemix.net/install/linux | sh\n\ninstall: true\nscript:\n- \"./gradlew test -s\"\n\ndeploy:\n provider: script\n skip_cleanup: true\n scirpt: deploy.sh\n on:\n branch: develop\n\nI don't think that's travis realy execute my deploy script.",
"\nI think I did something wrong.",
"\nBut travis lint says that it looks valid\n\nA:\n\nDoes the error occur as well after correcting the typo in scirpt?",
"\n\n"
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[
"Anxiolytic-like effect of way-100635 microinfusions into the median (but not dorsal) raphe nucleus in mice exposed to the plus-maze: influence of prior test experience.",
"\nStudies in several laboratories have confirmed the anxiolytic potential of a wide range of 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonists in rats and mice, with recent evidence pointing to a postsynaptic site of action in the ventral hippocampus. ",
"It would, therefore, be predicted that blockade of 5-HT(1A) somatodendritic autoreceptors in the midbrain raphe nuclei should produce anxiogenic-like effects. ",
"To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of WAY-100635 microinfusions (0, 1.0 or 3.0 microg in 0.1 microl) into the dorsal (DRN) or median (MRN) raphe nuclei on behaviours displayed by male Swiss-Webster mice in the elevated plus-maze. ",
"As this test is sensitive to prior experience, the effects of intra-raphe infusions were examined both in maze-naive and maze-experienced subjects. ",
"Sessions were videotaped and subsequently scored for conventional indices of anxiety (open arm avoidance) and locomotor activity (closed arm entries), as well as a range of ethological measures (e.g. risk assessment). ",
"In maze-naive mice, intra-MRN (but not intra-DRN) infusions of WAY-100635 (3.0 microg) increased open arm exploration and reduced risk assessment. ",
"Importantly, these effects could not be attributed to a general reduction in locomotor activity. ",
"A similar, though somewhat weaker, pattern of behavioural change was observed in maze-experienced animals. ",
"This unexpected anxiolytic effect of 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor blockade in the MRN cannot be accounted for by a disinhibition of 5-HT release in forebrain targets (e.g. hippocampus and amygdala), where stimulation of postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors enhances anxiety-like responses. ",
"However, as the MRN also projects to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), an area known to be sensitive to the anti-aversive effects of 5-HT, it is argued that present results may reflect increased 5-HT release at this crucial midbrain locus within the neural circuitry of defense."
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[
"I have to go to the bathroom but my nail polish is still drying.",
"\n\n118 shares"
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"Kier Maitland\n\nKier Maitland (born November 16, 1988 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a male swimmer from Canada, who mostly competes in the distance freestyle events. ",
"Maitland is the son of Craig and Karen Maitland and has an older brother named Logan.",
"\n\nClub swimming career\nKier currently swims for the Edmonton Keyano Swim Club in Edmonton, Alberta during the summer under the coach Steve Price. ",
"Kier earned rookie of the year award at the 2005 World Aquatic Trials. ",
"The next year he qualified for his first senior national team and earned himself a spot on the 2006 Pan Pacific Games team for Canada. ",
"He claimed a bronze medal (1500m freestyle) and a 5th-place finish in the 400m freestyle at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ",
"In 2008, Maitland placed 2nd in the 1500m freestyle at the Canadian Olympic trials.",
"\n\nMaitland has won a national title in the 1500m freestyle (2007 Spring National Championships or Pan Am Trials) and has won age group national titles in the 400m, 800m, and 1500m freestyle events. ",
"At the senior national level, he has also placed second and third in the 800m and 400m freestyle events respectively.",
"\n\nCollege career\nDuring the school year, Kier swam in Las Vegas, Nevada under the coach Jim Reitz.",
"\n\nIn his freshman year of college, Kier won the 1650 yard freestyle at the Mountain West Conference Championships. ",
"He broke the all-time conference records in the 1000 yard (9:09.05) and 1650 yard (15:04.71) races. ",
"This swim also qualified him for NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships.",
"\n\nDuring Kier's sophomore year of college, he was elected as a captain of the Rebel men's team; this effectively made Kier the first Sophomore captain for UNLV in over 25 years. ",
"At the Mountain west conference championships, he won the 1650 yard freestyle, 500 yard freestyle, and was on the winning 4x200y freestyle relay. ",
"He set championship records in the 500y, 1000y, and 1650y freestyle events with times of 4:20.75, 8:59.98, and 14:53.08 respectively. ",
"The 1000 and 1650 were also all-time conference records His swim in the mile made him the first person in the history of the Mountain West conference to break 9 minutes in the 1000 yard freestyle and 15 minutes in the 1650 yard freestyle. ",
"The 4x200 relay also set a new championship and conference record. ",
"His performance in the 1650 yard freestyle at the Mountain West Championships qualified him for the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships and earned him the Mountain West Conference Swimmer of the Year award.",
"\n\nDuring Kier's junior year of college, he was again elected as a captain of the UNLV men's team. ",
"At Mountain west conference he defended his title in the 1650y freestyle for the third consecutive year and the 500 and 4x200y freestyle relay for the second straight year. ",
"He set an all-time conference record in the 500y freestyle (4:19.86). ",
"His performance in the 1650 yard freestyle at the Mountain West Championships qualified him for the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships and earned him the Mountain West Conference Swimmer of the Year award for the second consecutive year.",
"\n\nAt the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships, Kier finished 10th in the 1650y freestyle with a time of 14:55.95 and earned All-American honors.",
"\n\nPersonal bests\n25 Yard Pool\n\n200 yards freestyle: 1:37.33 <3\n\n500 yards freestyle: 4:19.86\n\n1000 yards freestyle: 8:59.98\n\n1650 yards freestyle: 14:53.08\n\n25 Meter Pool\n\n200 meters freestyle: 1:47.91\n\n400 meters freestyle: 3:46.81\n\n800 meters freestyle: 7:46.68\n\n1500 meters freestyle: 14:50.06\n\n50 Meter Pool\n\n200 meters freestyle: 1:52.42\n\n400 meters freestyle: 3:52.44\n\n800 meters freestyle: 7:59.45\n\n1500 meters freestyle: 15:12.47\n\nReferences\nProfile Canadian Olympic Committee\n\nCategory:1988 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Canadian male freestyle swimmers\nCategory:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada\nCategory:Sportspeople from Edmonton\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2007 Pan American Games\nCategory:UNLV Rebels men's swimmers\nCategory:Pan American Games medalists in swimming"
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"Q:\n\nREVERSE of a number in mysql\n\nused the following stored procedure to find reverse of a number , but it is showing error:use the right syntax to use near loop.",
"\nDELIMITER //\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE ggrepeat1()\n\nbegin\n\ndeclare num1 int;\n\ndeclare num2 int; \n\ndeclare rev int default 0;\n\nset @num1:='&num1';\n\nwhile num1>0\n\nloop\n\nset @num2:=num1 mod 10;\n\nset @rev:=num2+(rev*10);\n\nset @num1:=floor(num1/10);\n\nend loop;\n\ndbms_output.put_line('Reverse number is: '||rev);\n\nend//\n\nDELIMITER ;\n\nA:\n\nThe while loop in mysql should be used in this like.",
"\nThis is the first problem\nwhile n>0 do\n content..\nend while\n\nThe second problem is\ndbms_output.put_line('Reverse number is: '||rev);\n\nIn mysql you cannot use the above code.",
"\nInstead you can use this\nSelect 'The reverse of number is 'rev;\n\nSo your code would be\nDELIMITER //\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE ggrepeat1()\n\nbegin\n\ndeclare num1 int;\n\ndeclare num2 int; \n\ndeclare rev int default 0;\n\nset @num1:='&num1';\n\nwhile num1>0 do\n\nset @num2:=num1 mod 10;\n\nset @rev:=num2+(rev*10);\n\nset @num1:=floor(num1/10);\n\nend while;\n\nSelect 'Reverse number is: 'rev;\n\nend//\n\nDELIMITER ;\n\n"
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"\"Let me tell you, the first time we do have trouble getting into a cell phone, we're going to seek a court order from Apple and when they deny us I'm going to go lock the CEO of Apple up,\" Judd said in a press conference Wednesday."
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"A new comedy channel by Sarah Silverman, Michael Cera, Tim Heidecker, Eric Wareheim and Reggie Watts will showcase content curated by each of the comedians.",
"\n\n(Credit: JASH)\n\nThat is, we think. ",
"We're not entirely sure what the new YouTube channel, called JASH, is for.",
"\n\nWe do know that Silverman, Cera, Tim & Eric and Watts will each have their own sub-channel within the larger overall channel, where they will have creative control over the content therein, as well as production resources. ",
"What we don't know is what the content will entail; whether it will just be their own material, or whether they will showcase other performers and videos.",
"\n\nThe channel (the name apparently stands for \"Just Attitude So Hey\") is a work in progress, with the comedians figuring it out as they go along.",
"\n\nSilverman said at South by South West (SXSW), where the channel was announced, \"This is what we think is funny. ",
"It may not be your cup of tea, but there's no testing involved, there's no second-guessing of what a 14-year-old boy would like. ",
"It's just a place to do stuff, and fail or not fail.\""
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"Mosley sizes up Pacquiao\n\nSugar Shane Mosley sizes up Manny Pacquiao through saying he is doing Mayweather’s “dirty work”. ",
"Pacquiao and Mosley were in New York on Monday to wrap up a three-city press tour promoting their fight, which will air on pay-per-view May 7 from the MGM Grand in Las Vegas.",
"\n\n“I don’t know what to make of Floyd not fighting this fight. ",
"It’s mind-boggling to me,” said Mosley, who lost a lopsided decision to the unbeaten Mayweather last year. “",
"It’s like I said on Twitter, it feels like I’m doing Floyd’s dirty work.”"
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"I was with this guy who offered to eat me out. ",
"I told him 'no' because I wasn't ready to go down on him. ",
"But it was really because I was on my period.",
"\n\n125 shares"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'We study an $n$–urn version of the Ehrenfest model, where $n\\geq2$. In this model, there are $n$ urns which are denoted by Urn $1$ to Urn $n$. At the beginning, $M$ balls are arbitrarily placed in the $n$ urns. ",
"Then at each time, one ball is chosen at random, removed from the current urn it resides in, and placed in one of the other $n-1$ urns equally likely. ",
"We use two methods to compute the expected hitting time when all $M$ balls are in Urn $2$ given that initially all $M$ balls are in Urn $1$. This solves a conjecture which was recently posed in Chen et al [@Chen-Goldstein-Lathrop-Nelsen2017]. ",
"As a byproduct, we compute the waiting time of moving from a given general configuration to another different configuration.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Sai SONG[^1] and Qiang YAO[^2]'\ntitle: '**Computing the Expected Hitting Time for the $n$–Urn Ehrenfest Model via Two Methods**'\n---\n\n[**2010 MR subject classification:**]{} 60C05, 60J10\n\n[**Key words:**]{} Ehrenfest urn model, Markov chain, random walk, hitting time\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nWe extend the classical two–urn Ehrenfest model to the $n$–urn case, where $n\\geq2$. In this model, there are $n$ urns which are denoted by Urn $1$ to Urn $n$. At the beginning, $M$ balls are arbitrarily placed in the $n$ urns. ",
"Then at each time, one ball is chosen at random, removed from the current urn it resides in, and placed in one of the other $n-1$ urns with the same probability. ",
"This model can be treated as a symmetric simple random walk on the graph $G=(V,E)$, where $V=\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^M$, and $E$ contains edges connecting two vertices in $V$ if only one of their components differs. ",
"Therefore, $G$ is a regular graph with $n^M$ vertices, and each vertex has common degree $(n-1)M$. Strictly speaking, if we let $X_t=(X_t^{(1)},\\ldots,X_t^{(M)})$ be the state at time $t=0,1,\\ldots$, where $X_t^{(i)}$ is the number of the urn in which the $i$th ball resides at time $t$, then $\\{X_t:~t=0,1,\\ldots\\}$ is a time homogeneous Markov chain on $V$ with transition probability $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e:transitionRW}\n&p_{(x_1,\\ldots,x_M),(y_1,\\ldots,y_M)}\\nonumber\\\\\n=&\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\\frac{1}{(n-1)M},~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if there exists}~i~\\text{s.t.}~x_i\\neq y_i,~\\text{and}~x_j=y_j~\\text{for}~j\\neq i;\\\\~~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{otherwise}.\\end{array}\\right.\\end{aligned}$$ For $x_1,\\ldots,x_M\\in\\{1,2,\\ldots,n\\}$, denote by $$T_{(x_1,\\ldots,x_M)}=\\inf\\{t\\geq0:~X_t=(x_1,\\ldots,x_M)\\}$$ the first time that $\\{X_t\\}$ hits state $(x_1,\\ldots,x_M)$. We are interested in $$\\label{e:s_M}\ns_M=\\EE(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}~|~X_0=(1,1,\\ldots,1)),$$ that is, the expected hitting time to the state that all $M$ balls are in Urn $2$ given that initially all $M$ balls are in Urn $1$. Note that we use the subscript “$M$” to emphasize the number of balls because we will let it change in our second method. ",
"We have the following result.",
"\n\n\\[t:main\\] $s_M=\\dfrac{(n-1)M}{n}\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\dfrac{n^k}{k}$.\n\nChen et al [@Chen-Goldstein-Lathrop-Nelsen2017] considered the same problem only for the special case $n=3$, and proved that $s_M=\\dfrac{2M}{3}\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\dfrac{3^k}{k}$ by using the method of electric networks (Main result of their paper). ",
"They conjectured that the result for general $n$–urn case should be of the form as stated in Theorem \\[t:main\\]. ",
"In this paper, we use two methods which are different from theirs to prove that their conjecture is true.\\\nAs a byproduct, we consider a more general question about the waiting time of moving from a given general configuration $(a_1,\\ldots,a_M)$ to another different configuration $(b_1,\\ldots,b_M)$, and get the following result.",
"\n\n\\[t:main2\\] For any two different configurations $(a_1,\\ldots,a_M),(b_1,\\ldots,b_M)\\in\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^M$, denote $L=\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\id_{\\{a_k\\neq b_k\\}}$. Then we have $$\\EE(T_{(b_1,\\ldots,b_M)}~|~X_0=(a_1,\\ldots,a_M))=\\sum\\limits_{k=M-L}^{M-1}\\frac{(n-1)^{k+1}}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_M^\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell},$$ where $C_n^m:=\\dfrac{n!}{m!(n-m)!}~~(0\\leq m\\leq n)$ denotes the combinatorial number.",
"\n\n**Remark.**",
" Theorem \\[t:main\\] is a special case of Theorem \\[t:main2\\] when $L=M$. It is not an obvious fact. ",
"The major possible confusion is the equation $$\\label{e:main}\n\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{M-1}\\frac{(n-1)^{k+1}}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_M^\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell}=\\frac{(n-1)M}{n}\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\frac{n^k}{k}.$$ It is true. ",
"Although it is well known that one cannot get an explicit formula for the inner sum $\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\dfrac{C_M^\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell}$ for fixed $k$, we can simplify the double sum on the left side of (\\[e:main\\]) to the form on the right side. ",
"The procedure will be stated in Subsection 2.3. ",
"Note that (\\[e:main\\]) does not imply that $$\\frac{(n-1)^{k+1}}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_M^\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell}=\\frac{(n-1)M}{n}\\cdot\\frac{n^{k+1}}{k+1}$$ for fixed $k\\in\\{0,1,\\cdots,M-1\\}$ (although the converse direction is true).",
"\n\nWe take two explicit examples in the following.",
"\n\n**Example 1.** ",
"$n=5,M=3$. Now the left side of (\\[e:main\\]) is $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{2}\\frac{4^{k+1}}{C_{2}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_3^\\ell}{4^\\ell}&=\\frac{4^{0+1}}{C_{2}^0}\\cdot\\frac{C_3^0}{4^0}+\\frac{4^{1+1}}{C_{2}^1}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{C_3^0}{4^0}+\\frac{C_3^1}{4^1}\\right)+\\frac{4^{2+1}}{C_{2}^2}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{C_3^0}{4^0}+\\frac{C_3^1}{4^1}+\\frac{C_3^2}{4^2}\\right)\\\\\n&=4\\cdot1+8\\cdot\\left(1+\\frac{3}{4}\\right)+64\\cdot\\left(1+\\frac{3}{4}+\\frac{3}{16}\\right)\\\\\n&=4+14+124=142.\\end{aligned}$$ And the right side of (\\[e:main\\]) is $$\\frac{4\\cdot 3}{5}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{5^1}{1}+\\frac{5^2}{2}+\\frac{5^3}{3}\\right)=\\frac{12}{5}\\cdot\\left(5+\\frac{25}{2}+\\frac{125}{3}\\right)=12+30+100=142.$$ Therefore, (\\[e:main\\]) is true for this example (although each of the three corresponding terms in the summation is different).",
"\n\n**Example 2.** ",
"$n=4,M=4$. Now the left side of (\\[e:main\\]) is $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{3}\\frac{3^{k+1}}{C_{3}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_4^\\ell}{3^\\ell}\\\\\n=&\\frac{3^{0+1}}{C_{3}^0}\\cdot\\frac{C_4^0}{3^0}+\\frac{3^{1+1}}{C_{3}^1}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{C_4^0}{3^0}+\\frac{C_4^1}{3^1}\\right)+\\frac{3^{2+1}}{C_{3}^2}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{C_4^0}{3^0}+\\frac{C_4^1}{3^1}+\\frac{C_4^2}{3^2}\\right)+\\frac{3^{3+1}}{C_{3}^3}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{C_4^0}{3^0}+\\frac{C_4^1}{3^1}+\\frac{C_4^2}{3^2}+\\frac{C_4^3}{3^3}\\right)\\\\\n=&3\\cdot1+3\\cdot\\left(1+\\frac{4}{3}\\right)+9\\cdot\\left(1+\\frac{4}{3}+\\frac{2}{3}\\right)+81\\cdot\\left(1+\\frac{4}{3}+\\frac{2}{3}+\\frac{4}{27}\\right)\\\\\n=&3+7+27+255=292.\\end{aligned}$$ And the right side of (\\[e:main\\]) is $$\\frac{3\\cdot 4}{4}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{4^1}{1}+\\frac{4^2}{2}+\\frac{4^3}{3}+\\frac{4^4}{4}\\right)=3\\cdot\\left(4+8+\\frac{64}{3}+64\\right)=12+24+64+192=292.$$ Therefore, (\\[e:main\\]) is true for this example (although each of the four corresponding terms in the summation is different).\\\nThese two explicit examples may convince the readers that the result of Theorem \\[t:main\\] is correct. ",
"And it does not contradict with the result of Theorem \\[t:main2\\].",
"\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ",
"In Sections 2 and 3, we will give two totally different methods to prove Theorem \\[t:main\\]. ",
"In Section 4, we will prove Theorem \\[t:main2\\]. ",
"And in Section 5, we will give some concluding remarks.",
"\n\nProof of Theorem \\[t:main\\] (Method ): Using an auxiliary Markov chain\n======================================================================\n\nIn this section, we prove Theorem \\[t:main\\] with the aid of an auxiliary Markov chain. ",
"The idea is inspired by Blom [@Blom1989] and Lathrop et al [@Lathrop-Goldstein-Chen2016].",
"\n\nIntroduction to the auxiliary Markov chain\n------------------------------------------\n\nFor any $t=0,1,\\ldots$, denote by $S_t$ the number of balls in Urn $2$ at time $t$. It is easy to see that $\\{S_t:~t=0,1,\\ldots\\}$ is a Markov chain on $\\{0,1,\\ldots,M\\}$ with transition probability $$\\label{e:transitionprob}\n\\begin{cases}\np_{k,k-1} = \\frac{k}{M}, & k=1,2,\\ldots,M;\\\\\np_{k,k} = \\frac{(n-2)(M-k)}{(n-1)M}, & k=0,1,\\ldots,M;\\\\\np_{k,k+1} = \\frac{M-k}{(n-1)M}, & k=0,1,\\ldots,M-1.",
"\n\\end{cases}$$\n\nFor $k=0,1,\\ldots,M$, define $$\\label{e:tau_k}\n\\tau_k:=\\inf\\{t\\geq0:~S_t=k\\}.$$ It is easy to see that if $S_0=0$, then $0=\\tau_0<\\tau_1<\\ldots<\\tau_M$. Next, for $k=0,1,\\ldots,M-1$, define $$\\label{e:e_k}\ne_k=\\EE_0(\\tau_{k+1}-\\tau_k):=\\EE(\\tau_{k+1}-\\tau_k~|~S_0=0).$$\n\nThe following proposition illustrates an important connection between the original process $\\{X_t\\}$ and the auxiliary process $\\{S_t\\}$.\n\n\\[p:auxiliary\\] $s_M=\\EE_0(\\tau_M)=\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{M-1}e_k$.\\\n\nIntuitively, Proposition \\[p:auxiliary\\] is a result of a symmetric property. ",
"To verify this symmetric property strictly, we need the following lemma.",
"\n\n\\[l:automorphism\\] If $a_i\\neq2$ for any $i=1,\\ldots,M$, then there exists an automorphism $\\phi$ on $V$ such that $$\\phi((2,2,\\ldots,2))=(2,2,\\ldots,2),~~~~~~\\phi((1,1,\\ldots,1))=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M).$$\n\nFor $i=1,\\ldots,M$, define mapping $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_i:~\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}&\\longrightarrow\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}\\\\\nx~~~~~~&\\longmapsto\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}~~a_i,~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x=1;\\\\~~1,~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x=a_i;\\\\~~x,~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{otherwise}. ",
"\\end{array}\\right.\\end{aligned}$$ Then for any $i=1,\\ldots,M$, $f_i$ is a bijection on $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}$ with $f_i^{-1}=f_i$. Next, define $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\phi:~~~~~~~~~V~~~~~&\\longrightarrow~~~~~~~~~~~V\\\\\n(c_1,\\ldots,c_M)&\\longmapsto(f_1(c_1),\\ldots,f_M(c_M))\\end{aligned}$$ Then $\\phi$ is a bijection on $V$ with $\\phi^{-1}=\\phi$, and $$\\phi((2,2,\\ldots,2))=(2,2,\\ldots,2),~~~~~~\\phi((1,1,\\ldots,1))=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M).$$ Furthermore, since $f_i$ is a bijection on $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}$ for $i=1,\\ldots,M$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n&(c_1,\\ldots,c_M)\\sim(d_1,\\ldots,d_M)\\\\\n\\Longleftrightarrow&\\exists i\\in\\{1,\\ldots,M\\}~\\text{s.t.}~c_i\\neq d_i,~\\text{and}~c_j=d_j~\\text{for}~j\\neq i\\\\ \\Longleftrightarrow&\\exists i\\in\\{1,\\ldots,M\\}~\\text{s.t.}~f_i(c_i)\\neq f_i(d_i),~\\text{and}~f_j(c_j)=f_j(d_j)~\\text{for}~j\\neq i\\\\\n\\Longleftrightarrow&\\phi((c_1,\\ldots,c_M))\\sim\\phi((d_1,\\ldots,d_M))\\end{aligned}$$ for any $(c_1,\\ldots,c_M), (d_1,\\ldots,d_M)\\in V$. Therefore, $\\phi$ is an automorphism on $V$ satisfying all what we need, as desired.\\\n**Proof of Proposition \\[p:auxiliary\\].** ",
"Obviously, by definition, we have $$\\label{e:paux_1}\n\\tau_M=T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}$$ and $$\\label{e:paux_2}\n\\{S_0=0\\}=\\sum\\limits_{a_i\\neq2~(\\forall1\\leq i\\leq M)}\\{X_0=(a_1,\\ldots,a_M)\\}.$$ Since the transition probability for the random walk $\\{X_t\\}$ defined by (\\[e:transitionRW\\]) satisfies $$p_{(x_1,\\ldots,x_M),(y_1,\\ldots,y_M)}=p_{(y_1,\\ldots,y_M),(x_1,\\ldots,x_M)}$$ for any $(x_1,\\ldots,x_M),(y_1,\\ldots,y_M)\\in V$, we can see that $\\{X_t\\}$ is a reversible Markov chain. ",
"Therefore, if $t\\geq M$ and $a_i\\neq2$ for any $i=1,2,\\ldots,M$, then $$\\label{e:paux_3}\n\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t~|~X_0=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M))=\\PP(T_{(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M)}=t~|~X_0=(2,2,\\ldots,2)).$$ In particular, we have $$\\label{e:paux_4}\n\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t~|~X_0=(1,1,\\ldots,1))=\\PP(T_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}=t~|~X_0=(2,2,\\ldots,2)).$$ From Lemma \\[l:automorphism\\] combined with the fact that $\\{X_t\\}$ is a symmetric random walk, we know that if $a_i\\neq2$ for any $i=1,2,\\ldots,M$, then $$\\label{e:paux_5}\n\\PP(T_{(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M)}=t~|~X_0=(2,2,\\ldots,2))=\\PP(T_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}=t~|~X_0=(2,2,\\ldots,2)).$$ (\\[e:paux\\_3\\]), (\\[e:paux\\_4\\]) and (\\[e:paux\\_5\\]) lead to $$\\label{e:paux_6}\n\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t~|~X_0=(1,1,\\ldots,1))=\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t~|~X_0=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M))$$ whenever $a_i\\neq2$ for any $i=1,\\ldots,M$. Denote by $p$ the common value of both terms in (\\[e:paux\\_6\\]), then $p>0$, and $$\\label{e:paux_7}\n\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t,~X_0=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M))=p\\cdot \\PP(X_0=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M))$$ whenever $a_i\\neq2$ for any $i=1,\\ldots,M$. Therefore, by (\\[e:paux\\_1\\]), (\\[e:paux\\_2\\]) and (\\[e:paux\\_7\\]), we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t,~S_0=0)&=\\sum\\limits_{a_i\\neq2~(\\forall1\\leq i\\leq M)}\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t,~X_0=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M))\\\\\n&=p\\cdot\\sum\\limits_{a_i\\neq2~(\\forall1\\leq i\\leq M)}\\PP(X_0=(a_1,a_2,\\ldots,a_M))=p\\cdot \\PP(S_0=0),\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\PP(\\tau_M=t~|~S_0=0)=p=\\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t~|~X_0=(1,1,\\ldots,1))$$ for any $t\\geq M$. Consequently, $$\\begin{aligned}\ns_M&=\\EE(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}~|~X_0=(1,1,\\ldots,1))=\\sum\\limits_{t=M}^\\infty t\\cdot \\PP(T_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}=t~|~X_0=(1,1,\\ldots,1))\\\\\n&=\\sum\\limits_{t=M}^\\infty t\\cdot \\PP(\\tau_M=t~|~S_0=0)=\\EE(\\tau_M~|~S_0=0)=\\EE_0(\\tau_M).\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, by (\\[e:e\\_k\\]) we have $\\EE_0(\\tau_M)=\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{M-1}e_k$. This completes the proof of Proposition \\[p:auxiliary\\].",
"\n\nComputation of $e_k$\n--------------------\n\n\\[p:e\\_k\\] For any $k=0,1,\\ldots,M-1$, we have $e_k=\\dfrac{(n-1)^{k+1}}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\dfrac{C_M^\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell}$.\n\nIf $S_0=0$, then $\\tau_1$ follows the geometric distribution with parameter $\\dfrac{1}{n-1}$. So $e_0=\\EE_0(\\tau_1)=n-1$. If $k\\geq1$, by the transition probability (\\[e:transitionprob\\]), we have $$\\begin{aligned}\ne_k&=\\frac{k}{M}\\cdot(e_{k-1}+e_k+1)+\\frac{(n-2)(M-k)}{(n-1)M}\\cdot(e_k+1)+\\frac{M-k}{(n-1)M}\\\\\n&=1+\\frac{k}{M}\\cdot e_{k-1}+\\frac{(n-2)M+k}{(n-1)M}\\cdot e_k.\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $\\{e_k:~k=0,\\ldots,M-1\\}$ follows the induction equation $$\\label{e:ek_induction}\n\\begin{cases}\ne_k=\\frac{(n-1)k}{M-k}\\cdot e_{k-1}+\\frac{(n-1)M}{M-k}, & k=1,2,\\ldots,M-1;\\\\\ne_0=n-1. &",
"\n\\end{cases}$$ (\\[e:ek\\_induction\\]) is equivalent to $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\frac{e_k}{(n-1)^kk!(M-k-1)!}\\\\\n=&\\frac{e_{k-1}}{(n-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!(M-(k-1)-1)!}+\\frac{M}{(n-1)^{k-1}k!(M-k)!}~~~~~~k=1,2,\\ldots,M-1.\\end{aligned}$$ So if we let $f_{-1}=0$ and $f_\\ell=\\dfrac{e_\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell\\ell!(M-\\ell-1)!}$ for $\\ell=0,1,\\ldots,M-1$, then $$f_\\ell-f_{\\ell-1}=\\dfrac{M}{(n-1)^{\\ell-1}\\ell!(M-\\ell)!}$$ for $\\ell=0,1,\\ldots,M-1$. Therefore, for $k=0,1,\\ldots,M-1$, we have $$f_k=\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k(f_\\ell-f_{\\ell-1})=M\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{1}{(n-1)^{\\ell-1}\\ell!(M-\\ell)!},$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\ne_k&=M(n-1)^kk!(M-k-1)!\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{1}{(n-1)^{\\ell-1}\\ell!(M-\\ell)!}=\\frac{(n-1)^{k+1}}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_M^\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell},\\end{aligned}$$ as desired.",
"\n\nProof of Theorem \\[t:main\\] via Method \n---------------------------------------\n\nBy Proposition \\[p:e\\_k\\] together with the definition of beta and gamma functions, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\ne_k&=\\frac{(n-1)^{k+1}}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_M^{k-\\ell}}{(n-1)^{k-\\ell}}=\\frac{n-1}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k(n-1)^\\ell C_M^{k-\\ell}\\\\\n&=(n-1)\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k(n-1)^\\ell\\cdot\\frac{Mk!(M-k-1)!}{(k-\\ell)!(M-k+\\ell)!}\\\\\n&=(n-1)M\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k(n-1)^\\ell\\cdot C_k^\\ell\\cdot\\frac{\\Gamma(\\ell+1)\\Gamma(M-k)}{\\Gamma(M-k+\\ell+1)}\\\\\n&=(n-1)M\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k(n-1)^\\ell\\cdot C_k^\\ell\\cdot\\Beta(M-k,\\ell+1)\\\\\n&=(n-1)M\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k(n-1)^\\ell\\cdot C_k^\\ell\\cdot\\int_0^1x^{M-k-1}(1-x)^\\ell\\dd x\\\\\n&=(n-1)M\\cdot\\int_0^1x^{M-k-1}[n-(n-1)x]^k\\dd x\\end{aligned}$$ for $k=0,1,\\ldots,M-1$. The last equality is due to the identity $$\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^kC_k^\\ell\\cdot[(n-1)(1-x)]^\\ell=[1+(n-1)(1-x)]^k=[n-(n-1)x]^k.$$ Next, since $$\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{M-1}x^{M-k-1}[n-(n-1)x]^k=\\frac{x^M-[n-(n-1)x]^M}{n(x-1)},$$ we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e:ek_sum}\n\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{M-1}e_k&=(n-1)M\\cdot\\int_0^1\\frac{x^M-[n-(n-1)x]^M}{n(x-1)}\\dd x\\nonumber\\\\\n&=\\frac{(n-1)M}{n}\\cdot\\int_0^1\\frac{[1+(n-1)t]^M-(1-t)^M}{t}\\dd t~~~~~~~(\\text{by changing variable}~x=1-t).\\end{aligned}$$ For $k=0,1,\\ldots,M$, define $$g_k=\\int_0^1\\frac{[1+(n-1)t]^k-(1-t)^k}{t}\\dd t,$$ then we have $g_0=0$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\ng_k&=\\int_0^1\\frac{[1+(n-1)t]^{k-1}-(1-t)^{k-1}+(n-1)t[1+(n-1)t]^{k-1}+t(1-t)^{k-1}}{t}\\dd t\\\\\n&=g_{k-1}+\\int_0^1(n-1)[1+(n-1)t]^{k-1}\\dd t+\\int_0^1(1-t)^{k-1}\\dd t\\\\\n&=g_{k-1}+\\int_1^nu^{k-1}\\dd u+\\int_0^1s^{k-1}\\dd s~~~~~~~(\\text{by changing variables}~s=1-t~\\text{and}~u=1+(n-1)t)\\\\\n&=g_{k-1}+\\int_0^nu^{k-1}\\dd u=g_{k-1}+\\frac{n^k}{k}\\end{aligned}$$ for $k=1,2,\\ldots,M$. Therefore, by (\\[e:ek\\_sum\\]) we get $$\\sum\\limits_{k=0}^{M-1}e_k=\\frac{(n-1)M}{n}\\cdot g_M=\\frac{(n-1)M}{n}\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M(g_k-g_{k-1})=\\frac{(n-1)M}{n}\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\frac{n^k}{k}.$$ Together with Proposition \\[p:auxiliary\\], we get the desired result.",
"\n\nProof of Theorem \\[t:main\\] (Method ): Using stopping times\n===========================================================\n\nIn this section, we utilize some stopping times to prove Theorem \\[t:main\\]. ",
"Now we fix the number of urns ($n$) and do not fix the number of balls. ",
"We will use the notation $s_k$ instead of $s_M$ defined in (\\[e:s\\_M\\]) if we consider $k$ balls. ",
"Our main step is to prove the following proposition, which gives an induction formula for $\\{s_k:~k=1,2,\\ldots\\}$.\n\n\\[p:sk\\_induction\\] $\\{s_k:~k=1,2,\\ldots\\}$ satisfies the induction formula $$\\label{e:sk_induction}\n\\begin{cases}\ns_k=\\frac{k}{k-1}\\cdot s_{k-1}+(n-1)n^{k-1}, & k=2,3,\\ldots;\\\\\ns_1=n-1. &",
"\n\\end{cases}$$\n\nProof of Proposition \\[p:sk\\_induction\\]\n----------------------------------------\n\nWhen $k\\geq2$, if the number of balls is $k$, then the state space of $\\{X_t\\}$ becomes $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^k$, and the transition probability is $$\\begin{aligned}\n&p_{(x_1,\\ldots,x_k),(y_1,\\ldots,y_k)}\\nonumber\\\\\n=&\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\\frac{1}{(n-1)k},~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if there exists}~i~\\text{s.t.}~x_i\\neq y_i,~\\text{and}~x_j=y_j~\\text{for}~j\\neq i;\\\\~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{otherwise}.\\end{array}\\right.\\end{aligned}$$ For any $x_1,\\ldots,x_{k-1}\\in\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}$, define $$A_{(x_1,\\ldots,x_{k-1})}:=\\{(x_1,\\ldots,x_{k-1},x_k):~x_k\\in\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}\\}.$$ That is, $A_{(x_1,\\ldots,x_{k-1})}$ contains all points in $V$ such that the first $k-1$ components are $x_1,\\ldots,x_{k-1}$. We next define several stopping times. ",
"First, denote by $$T=\\inf\\{t>0:~X_t=(2,2,\\ldots,2)\\}.$$ Then $$\\label{e:sk_defmethod2}\ns_k=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T).$$ Next, we define a sequence of stopping times $\\{\\tau_k:~k=0,1,2,\\ldots\\}$ inductively by $\\tau_0=0$ and $$\\tau_k=\\inf\\{t>\\tau_{k-1}:~X_t\\in A_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}\\}$$ for $k\\geq1$. Clearly, we have $$\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}\\left(\\bigcup\\limits_{k=1}^\\infty\\{T=\\tau_k\\}\\right)=\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^\\infty \\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T=\\tau_k)=1.$$\\\nWe first introduce several lemmas before proving Proposition \\[p:sk\\_induction\\].",
"\n\n\\[l:Etau\\_1\\] We have $$\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_i-\\tau_{i-1})=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\\frac{k}{k-1}\\cdot s_{k-1},~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~~i=1;\\\\~~~~n^{k-1},~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~~i\\geq2.\\end{array}\\right.$$\n\nWe define two auxiliary Markov chains on $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^{k-1}$. First, denote $$Y_t:=(X_t^{(1)},\\ldots,X_t^{(k-1)})$$ for $t=0,1,2,\\ldots$. Then $\\{Y_t\\}$ is a Markov chain which illustrates the positions of the first $k-1$ balls with transition probability $$p_{xy}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}~~~~\\frac{1}{k},~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~y=x;\\\\~\\frac{1}{k(n-1)},~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~y\\sim x;\\\\~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{otherwise.} ",
"\\end{array}\\right.$$ Here the notation “$y\\sim x$” means that $y$ is a neighbor of $x$.\n\nNext, denote by $\\{Z_t\\}$ the Markov chain on $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^{k-1}$ which illustrates the process with $k-1$ balls and $n$ urns with transition probability $$q_{xy}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}~\\frac{1}{(k-1)(n-1)},~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~y\\sim x;\\\\~~~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{otherwise.} ",
"\\end{array}\\right.$$\n\nFor $x\\in\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^{k-1}$, let $f_x=\\EE_x(\\tau_1)$ for $\\{Y_t\\}$ (that is, under the transition probability $\\{p_{xy}\\}$). ",
"Then let $g_x=\\EE_x(\\tau_1)$ for $\\{Z_t\\}$ (that is, under the transition probability $\\{q_{xy}\\}$). ",
"By the transition probability $\\{q_{xy}\\}$, we can get that $\\{g_x\\}$ satisfies $$\\label{e:g_induction}\ng_x=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}1+\\frac{1}{(k-1)(n-1)}\\sum\\limits_{y\\sim x}g_y,~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x\\neq(2,\\ldots,2);\\\\~~~~~~~~~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x=(2,\\ldots,2). ",
"\\end{array}\\right.$$ Similarly, by the transition probability $\\{p_{xy}\\}$, we can get that $\\{f_x\\}$ satisfies $$\\label{e:f_induction}\nf_x=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}1+\\frac{1}{k}\\cdot f_x+\\frac{1}{k(n-1)}\\sum\\limits_{y\\sim x}f_y,~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x\\neq(2,\\ldots,2);\\\\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x=(2,\\ldots,2). ",
"\\end{array}\\right.$$ Note that (\\[e:f\\_induction\\]) can be written as $$\\label{e:f_induction1}\n\\frac{k-1}{k}f_x=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}1+\\frac{1}{(k-1)(n-1)}\\sum\\limits_{y\\sim x}\\frac{k-1}{k}f_y,~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x\\neq(2,\\ldots,2);\\\\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x=(2,\\ldots,2). ",
"\\end{array}\\right.$$ Comparing (\\[e:f\\_induction1\\]) with (\\[e:g\\_induction\\]), we can see that $\\{g_x\\}$ and $\\left\\{\\dfrac{k-1}{k}f_x\\right\\}$ obey the same difference equation and have the same initial value. ",
"Therefore, $g_x=\\dfrac{k-1}{k}f_x$ for any $x\\in\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^{k-1}$. Especially, we have $f_{(1,\\ldots,1)}=\\dfrac{k}{k-1}g_{(1,\\ldots,1)}$.\n\nSince $\\EE_{(1,\\ldots,1,a)}(\\tau_1)$ is the same for any $a\\in\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}$, we have $f_{(1,\\ldots,1)}=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_1)$. Together with the fact that $g_{(1,\\ldots,1)}=s_{k-1}$, we get $\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_1)=\\dfrac{k}{k-1}\\cdot s_{k-1}$.\n\nFurthermore, since $\\{Y_t\\}$ is a reversible Markov chain on $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}^{k-1}$ (with $n^{k-1}$ vertices), there exists a unique invariant distribution which puts equally like mass $\\dfrac{1}{n^{k-1}}$ on the $n^{k-1}$ vertices. ",
"So for any $i=2,3,\\ldots$, we have $\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_i-\\tau_{i-1})=n^{k-1}$, as desired.",
"\n\n\\[l:difficult\\] $\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T=\\tau_1)=\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}(T=\\tau_1)$.\n\nFor $i=1,2,\\ldots,k$, denote $$B_{2i-1}=\\left\\{(x_1,\\ldots,x_k)\\in V:~\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=1}^{k-1}\\id_{\\{x_\\ell=2\\}}=i-1,~x_k\\neq2\\right\\},$$ $$B_{2i}=\\left\\{(x_1,\\ldots,x_k)\\in V:~\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=1}^{k-1}\\id_{\\{x_\\ell=2\\}}=i-1,~x_k=2\\right\\},$$ where $\\id_{\\{\\cdot\\}}$ is the indicator function. ",
"Then $V=\\sum\\limits_{m=1}^{2k}B_m$. By the symmetric property which is similar to Lemma \\[l:automorphism\\], $\\PP_x(T=\\tau_1)$ is the same for the $x$’s belonging to the same $B_m$. So for any $m=1,\\ldots,2k$, we have $$\\PP_x(T=\\tau_1)=\\PP_{B_m}(T=\\tau_1)$$ for any $x\\in B_m$. Denote $p_m=\\PP_{B_m}(T=\\tau_1)$ for $m=1,\\ldots,2k$. Then $$\\label{e:p1p2k}\n\\PP_{(1,\\ldots,1)}(T=\\tau_1)=p_1,~~~~~~\\PP_{(2,\\ldots,2)}(T=\\tau_1)=p_{2k}.$$\n\nWe next prove $p_1=p_{2k}$. For any $m_1,m_2\\in\\{1,\\ldots,2k\\}$, let $$q_{m_1m_2}=\\PP(X_1\\in B_{m_2}~|~X_0\\in B_{m_1}),$$ which equals to $\\PP_x(X_1\\in B_{m_2})$ for any $x\\in B_{m_1}$ by the symmetric property which is similar to Lemma \\[l:automorphism\\]. ",
"Then we have for $1\\leq i\\leq k$, $$\\begin{cases}\nq_{2i,2i-1}=\\frac{1}{k};\\\\q_{2i,2i-2}=\\frac{i-1}{k};\\\\q_{2i,2i+2}=\\frac{k-i}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1};\\\\q_{2i,2i}=\\frac{k-i}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1};\\\\\nq_{2i-1,2i}=\\frac{1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1};\\\\q_{2i-1,2i+1}=\\frac{k-i}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1};\\\\q_{2i-1,2i-3}=\\frac{i-1}{k};\\\\q_{2i-1,2i-1}=\\frac{k-i+1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}.",
"\n\\end{cases}$$ And $q_{m_1m_2}=0$ otherwise. ",
"From this, we first get $$\\label{e:p2k}\np_{2k}=q_{2k,2k-2}p_{2k-2}=\\frac{k-1}{k}p_{2k-2}.$$ Next, $\\{p_i:~i=1,\\ldots,2k-2\\}$ follows $$\\label{e:equations}\n\\begin{cases}\np_1=\\frac{n-2}{n-1}p_1+\\frac{1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_2+\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_3;\\\\\np_2=\\frac{1}{k}p_1+\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}p_2+\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_4;\\\\\np_3=\\frac{1}{k}p_1+\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}p_3+\\frac{1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_4+\\frac{k-2}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_5;\\\\\n\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots;\\\\\np_{2k-4}=\\frac{k-3}{k}p_{2k-6}+\\frac{1}{k}p_{2k-5}+\\frac{2}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}p_{2k-4}+\\frac{2}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_{2k-2};\\\\\np_{2k-3}=\\frac{k-2}{k}p_{2k-5}+\\frac{2}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}p_{2k-3}+\\frac{2}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_{2k-2}.",
"\n\\end{cases}$$ Note that we do not need $p_{2k-1}$ in the last equation since if $\\{X_t\\}$ touches $B_{2k-1}$ before $B_{2k}$, then $T>\\tau_1$. The first equation in (\\[e:equations\\]) implies $$\\label{e:eq1}\np_1=\\frac{1}{k}p_2+\\frac{k-1}{k}p_3.$$ The second and third equations in (\\[e:equations\\]) imply $$\\label{e:eq2}\n\\left(1-\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}\\right)p_2=\\frac{1}{k}p_1+\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_4$$ and $$\\label{e:eq3}\n\\left(1-\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}\\right)p_3=\\frac{1}{k}p_1+\\frac{1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_4+\\frac{k-2}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_5.$$ Putting (\\[e:eq2\\]) and (\\[e:eq3\\]) into (\\[e:eq1\\]), we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n&k\\left(1-\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{n-2}{n-1}\\right)p_1\\\\\n=&\\left(\\frac{1}{k}p_1+\\frac{k-1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_4\\right)+(k-1)\\left(\\frac{1}{k}p_1+\\frac{1}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_4+\\frac{k-2}{k}\\cdot\\frac{1}{n-1}p_5\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ That is, $$p_1=\\frac{2}{k}p_4+\\frac{k-2}{k}p_5.$$ Similarly, we can inductively get $$\\label{e:p1}\np_1=\\frac{1}{k}p_2+\\frac{k-1}{k}p_3=\\frac{2}{k}p_4+\\frac{k-2}{k}p_5=\\ldots\\ldots=\\frac{k-1}{k}p_{2k-2}.$$ The last equality is due to the absence of $p_{2k-1}$ as explained above. ",
"From (\\[e:p2k\\]) and (\\[e:p1\\]), we get $p_1=p_{2k}$, as desired.",
"\n\n\\[c:p1p2k\\] We have $\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T=\\tau_1)=\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}(T=\\tau_1)=\\dfrac{n^{k-1}-1}{n^k-1}$.\n\nFrom (\\[e:p1p2k\\]) we have $$\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T=\\tau_1)=p_1,~~~~~~\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}(T=\\tau_1)=p_{2k}.$$ By the symmetric property which is similar to Lemma \\[l:automorphism\\], we can get $$\\label{e:extra}\n(n-1)p_1+p_2=(n-1)p_3+p_4=(n-1)p_5+p_6=\\ldots=(n-1)p_{2k-3}+p_{2k-2}=1.$$ Together with (\\[e:p1\\]) we have $$p_{2j}=1-(n-1)p_{2j-1}=1-\\frac{n-1}{k-j+1}[kp_1-(j-1)p_{2j-2}]$$ for $j=2,3,\\ldots,k-1$. That is, $$\\label{e:extraequation}\n\\begin{cases}\np_2=1-(n-1)p_1;\\\\p_4-\\frac{n-1}{k-1}p_2=1-\\frac{k(n-1)}{k-1}p_1;\\\\p_6-\\frac{2(n-1)}{k-2}p_4=1-\\frac{k(n-1)}{k-2}p_1;\\\\ \\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots\\ldots;\\\\p_{2k-2}-\\frac{(k-2)(n-1)}{2}p_{2k-4}=1-\\frac{k(n-1)}{2}p_1.",
"\n\\end{cases}$$ From (\\[e:extraequation\\]), we can get $$\\begin{aligned}\np_{2k-2}&=\\left[1-\\frac{k(n-1)}{2}p_1\\right]+\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{k-2}\\left(\\prod\\limits_{j=i}^{k-2}\\frac{j(n-1)}{k-j}\\right)\\cdot\\left[1-\\frac{k(n-1)}{k-i+1}p_1\\right]\\\\\n&=\\left[1-\\frac{k(n-1)}{2}p_1\\right]+\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{k-2}\\left[\\frac{(k-2)!\\cdot(n-1)^{k-i-1}}{(k-i)!(i-1)!}-\\frac{k\\cdot(k-2)!\\cdot(n-1)^{k-i}}{(k-i+1)!(i-1)!}p_1\\right]\\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{(k-1)(n-1)}\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{k-1}\\left[C_{k-1}^{i-1}(n-1)^{k-i}-C_k^{i-1}(n-1)^{k-i+1}p_1\\right]\\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{(k-1)(n-1)}[(n^{k-1}-1)-(n^k-1-k(n-1))p_1].\\end{aligned}$$ Together with (\\[e:p2k\\]), we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e:extra_last}\np_{2k}=\\frac{k-1}{k}p_{2k-2}&=\\frac{1}{k(n-1)}[(n^{k-1}-1)-(n^k-1-k(n-1))p_1]\\nonumber\\\\\n&=\\frac{n^{k-1}-1}{k(n-1)}-\\left[\\frac{n^k-1}{k(n-1)}-1\\right]p_1.\\end{aligned}$$ Lemma \\[l:difficult\\] tells us $p_1=p_{2k}$. Therefore, by (\\[e:extra\\_last\\]) we get $p_1=p_{2k}=\\dfrac{n^{k-1}-1}{n^k-1}$, as desired.\\\n\n\\[l:same\\_dist\\] For any $i=1,2,\\ldots$ and $t\\geq0$, we have $$\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_{i+1}=t~|~T>\\tau_i)=\\PP_{(2,\\ldots,2,1)}(T-\\tau_1=t).$$ That is, $\\{(T-\\tau_{i+1}~|~T>\\tau_i)\\}$ have the same distribution for $i=1,2,\\ldots$.\n\nFor any $i=1,2,\\ldots$, we have $\\{T>\\tau_i\\}=\\bigcup\\limits_{x\\neq2}\\{X_{\\tau_i}=(2,\\ldots,2,x)\\}$. From the strong Markov property, we have for any $t\\geq0$, $i=1,2,\\ldots$ and $x\\neq2$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_{i+1}=t~|~X_{\\tau_i}=(2,\\ldots,2,x))\\\\\n=&\\sum\\limits_{m=1}^\\infty \\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_i=m+t,~\\tau_{i+1}-\\tau_i=m~|~X_{\\tau_i}=(2,\\ldots,2,x))\\\\\n=&\\sum\\limits_{m=1}^\\infty \\PP_{(2,\\ldots,2,x)}(T=m+t,~\\tau_1=m)\\\\\n=&\\PP_{(2,\\ldots,2,x)}(T-\\tau_1=t)=\\PP_{(2,\\ldots,2,1)}(T-\\tau_1=t).\\end{aligned}$$ The last equality is due to the symmetric property which is similar to Lemma \\[l:automorphism\\]. ",
"Therefore, $$\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_{i+1}=t~|~T>\\tau_i)=\\PP_{(2,\\ldots,2,1)}(T-\\tau_1=t)$$ for any $i=1,2,\\ldots$ and $t\\geq0$, as desired.",
"\n\n\\[l:pq\\] Let $p=\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T>\\tau_1)$ and $q=\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T>\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_1)$, then we have $$\\frac{p}{1-q}=n-1.$$\n\nFrom the above lemmas, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\np&=\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}(T>\\tau_1)=\\sum\\limits_{x\\neq2}\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}(X_{\\tau_1}=(2,\\ldots,2,x))\\\\\n&=(n-1)\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,2)}(X_{\\tau_1}=(2,\\ldots,2,1))\\\\\n&=(n-1)\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,1)}(X_{\\tau_1}=(2,\\ldots,2,2))\\\\\n&=(n-1)\\PP_{(2,2,\\ldots,1)}(T=\\tau_1)=(n-1)(1-q).\\end{aligned}$$ The first equality comes from Lemma \\[l:difficult\\], the third and fourth equalities are due to the symmetric property which is similar to Lemma \\[l:automorphism\\], and the last equality comes from Lemma \\[l:same\\_dist\\], as desired.\\\nNow we are ready to prove Proposition \\[p:sk\\_induction\\].",
"\n\n**Proof of Proposition \\[p:sk\\_induction\\].** ",
"When $k=1$, $T$ follows the geometric distribution with probability $\\dfrac{1}{n-1}$. Therefore, $s_1=n-1$.\n\nWhen $k\\geq2$, let $x=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1)$, $y=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_1)$. Then by Lemma \\[l:same\\_dist\\], $\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_3~|~T>\\tau_2)=y$. Similar to the proof of Lemma \\[l:same\\_dist\\], we have $$\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1~|~X_{\\tau_1}=(2,\\ldots,2,x))=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1~|~T>\\tau_1),~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x\\neq2;\\\\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\text{if}~x=2.\\end{array}\\right.$$ Therefore, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e:pre1}\n\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1)&=\\sum\\limits_{x\\neq2}\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1~|~X_{\\tau_1}=(2,\\ldots,2,x))\\cdot \\PP(X_{\\tau_1}=(2,\\ldots,2,x))\\nonumber\\\\\n&=p\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1~|~T>\\tau_1),\\end{aligned}$$ where $p=\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T>\\tau_1)$ is defined as in Lemma \\[l:pq\\]. ",
"Similarly, we can prove $$\\label{e:pre2}\n\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_2-\\tau_1~|~T>\\tau_1)=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_2-\\tau_1)=n^{k-1}$$ and $$\\label{e:pre3}\n\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_3-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_2)=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_3-\\tau_2)=n^{k-1}$$ together with the result of Lemma \\[l:Etau\\_1\\]. ",
"Also, we can prove $$\\label{e:pre4}\n\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_1)=q\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_2),$$ where $q=\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T>\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_1)=\\PP_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T>\\tau_2)$ is defined as in Lemma \\[l:pq\\]. ",
"By (\\[e:pre1\\]) and (\\[e:pre2\\]), we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e:fun1}\nx&=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1)=p\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1~|~T>\\tau_1)\\nonumber\\\\\n&=p[\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_2-\\tau_1~|~T>\\tau_1)+\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_1)]\\nonumber\\\\\n&=p(n^{k-1}+y).\\end{aligned}$$ Similarly, by (\\[e:pre3\\]) and (\\[e:pre4\\]), we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e:fun2}\ny&=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_1)=q\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_2)\\nonumber\\\\\n&=q[\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_3-\\tau_2~|~T>\\tau_2)+\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_3~|~T>\\tau_2)]\\nonumber\\\\\n&=q(n^{k-1}+y).\\end{aligned}$$ By (\\[e:fun1\\]) and (\\[e:fun2\\]), together with the result of Lemma \\[l:pq\\], we get $$x=\\frac{p}{1-q}n^{k-1}=(n-1)n^{k-1}.$$ Then together with Lemma \\[l:Etau\\_1\\], we get $$s_k=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T)=\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(\\tau_1)+\\EE_{(1,1,\\ldots,1)}(T-\\tau_1)=\\frac{k}{k-1}\\cdot s_{k-1}+(n-1)n^{k-1}$$ for $k\\geq2$, as desired.",
"\n\nProof of Theorem \\[t:main\\] via Method \n---------------------------------------\n\nIf we let $h_0=0$ and $h_k=\\dfrac{s_k}{k}$ for $k=1,2,\\ldots$, then by (\\[e:sk\\_induction\\]), $$h_k-h_{k-1}=\\frac{n-1}{n}\\cdot\\frac{n^k}{k}$$ for $k=1,2,\\ldots$. Therefore, we have $$h_M=\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M(h_k-h_{k-1})=\\frac{n-1}{n}\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\frac{n^k}{k},$$ and $s_M=\\dfrac{(n-1)M}{n}\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\dfrac{n^k}{k}$, as desired.",
"\n\nProof of Theorem \\[t:main2\\]\n============================\n\nBy the symmetric property which is similar to Lemma \\[l:automorphism\\], we can see that if $L=\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^M\\id_{\\{a_k\\neq b_k\\}}$, then $(T_{(b_1,\\ldots,b_M)}~|~X_0=(a_1,\\ldots,a_M))$ has the same distribution as $(\\tau_M-\\tau_{M-L}~|~S_0=0)$, where the sequence $\\{\\tau_k:~k=0,1,\\cdots,M\\}$ is defined as in (\\[e:tau\\_k\\]). ",
"Therefore, by (\\[e:e\\_k\\]) we get $$\\EE(T_{(b_1,\\ldots,b_M)}~|~X_0=(a_1,\\ldots,a_M))=\\sum\\limits_{k=M-L}^{M-1}e_k.$$ Furthermore, by Proposition \\[p:e\\_k\\], we get $$\\EE(T_{(b_1,\\ldots,b_M)}~|~X_0=(a_1,\\ldots,a_M))=\\sum\\limits_{k=M-L}^{M-1}\\frac{(n-1)^{k+1}}{C_{M-1}^k}\\sum\\limits_{\\ell=0}^k\\frac{C_M^\\ell}{(n-1)^\\ell},$$ as desired.",
"\n\nConcluding remarks\n==================\n\nIn this paper, we use two methods to compute the expected hitting time when all $M$ balls are in one urn given that initially all $M$ balls are in another urn. ",
"The first method, which utilizes the auxiliary Markov chain, is easy to comprehend, since the auxiliary chain is $1$–dimensional. ",
"However, it does not illustrate the induction relationship (\\[e:sk\\_induction\\]). ",
"The second method, which utilizes a series of stopping times, makes a better illustration for it.",
"\n\nThere may be some other available methods. ",
"For example, the method of electric networks can be used. ",
"Readers can refer to Doyle and Snell [@Doyle-Snell1984] or Lyons and Peres [@Lyons-Peres2016] for the introduction of this method. ",
"Palacios [@Palacios1994] used the method of electric networks to consider the $2$–urn case. ",
"Recently, Chen et al [@Chen-Goldstein-Lathrop-Nelsen2017] use this method to consider the $3$–urn case. ",
"However, it may become difficult to use the “Y–Delta” transformation to simplify the network when $n$ is large, especially when $n\\geq4$. We mention here that Chen et al [@Chen-Goldstein-Lathrop-Nelsen2017] stated the main difficulty in the conclusion section of their paper. ",
"It is an interesting topic to be considered in future.",
"\n\nAlso, in this paper, we only consider the “unbiased” case, that is, the ball is chosen randomly and put in other urns randomly with equal probabilities. ",
"It will be interesting to consider the case of biased probabilities or preferential probabilities.",
"\n\n**Acknowledgment.**The research of Qiang Yao was partially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11671145, No.11201150, No.11126236), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (16ZR1409700), and the 111 Project (B14019).",
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"\n\n[^1]: School of Statistics, East China Normal University.",
"\n\n[^2]: Corresponding author. ",
"School of Statistics, East China Normal University and NYU–ECNU Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU Shanghai. ",
"E-mail: [email protected].",
"\n"
] | {
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"CPA Newsletter • Top story • Auditors appointed in Quebec under the Canada Elections Act\n\nThe Order reminds its members that, under the Chartered Professional Accountants Act, only members in good standing of the Quebec CPA Order who hold a public accountancy permit (CPA auditor) may perform audit engagements on financial information in Quebec."
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"The epidemiology of malignant melanoma in Louisiana and beyond.",
"\nThe worldwide incidence of melanoma has reached epidemic proportions. ",
"One in 70 white Americans will develop melanoma in their lifetime. ",
"The global melanoma pandemic has particular relevance to the population of Louisiana. ",
"As habitants of the Sportsman's Paradise, much of our leisure time is spent outdoors hunting, fishing, and boating. ",
"The oil refining, ship-building, and agricultural industries demand outdoor work as well. ",
"Given that the incidence of melanoma in Louisiana has doubled over the past decade, a thorough knowledge of melanoma epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive strategies is necessary for physicians to reduce the mortality of this deadly disease."
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[
"Q:\n\nChanging value of an int, when the Button is clicked\n\nI made a simple program in Java and I want numClick variable value to be set to 0 when the \"restart\" JMenuItem is clicked. ",
"What I have now is not changing anything.",
"\nCode:\npublic class Tests {\n\n JButton b1 = new JButton(\"Click Me\");\n public int numClick = 0;\n JLabel l1 = new JLabel(\"You have clicked the button 0 times\");\n\n public Tests() {\n frame();\n }\n\n public void frame() {\n JFrame f = new JFrame();\n f.setVisible(true);\n f.setSize(500,500);\n f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.",
"EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n JPanel p = new JPanel();\n JMenuBar mb = new JMenuBar();\n JMenu file = new JMenu(\"File\");\n JMenuItem exit = new JMenuItem(\"Exit\");\n JMenuItem restart = new JMenuItem(\"Restart\");\n p.add(b1);\n p.add(l1); \n mb.add(file);\n file.add(exit);\n file.add(restart);\n f.add(p);\n f.setJMenuBar(mb);\n\n exit.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {\n System.exit(0);\n }\n });\n\n restart.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {\n numClick = 0;\n }\n });\n\n b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {\n numClick++;\n l1.setText(\"You have clicked the button \" + numClick + \" times\");\n }\n });\n }\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n new Tests();\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nJust update text in restart action listener\nrestart.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {\n numClick = 0;\n l1.setText(\"You have clicked the button \" + numClick + \" times\");\n }\n});\n\n"
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[
"Alset GmbH\n\nAlset Global GmbH is an Austrian technology and engineering company based in Graz that is specialised in hydrogen-based clean mobility solutions. ",
"Alset Global developed a Hybrid Hydrogen system of which the technology is patented. ",
"According to Alset Global, this technology is unique as it offers to run an internal combustion engine on either pure petrol, pure hydrogen or a combination of both. ",
" This technology offers a new sustainable and clean alternative to the automotive industry (OEMs, vehicle fleets as well as ships and planes). ",
"This technology has been developed to create an alternative technology to meet with new emission target levels. ",
"In addition, Alset Global is specialised in hydrogen system integration, hydrogen gas storage and software development to utilise the hydrogen hybrid technology in the automotive industry.",
"\n\nAlset's Hybrid Hydrogen technology was featured on an Aston Martin Rapide S during the Nürburgring 24-Hour race in Germany. ",
"The Aston Martin Rapide S became the first hydrogen-powered car to compete in a 24-Hour race and generate zero CO2 emissions during an international motor race\n\nProduct\n\nHybrid Hydrogen \nAlset Global emphasises the importance of hydrogen technology for a sustainable mobility. ",
"The main argument for hydrogen usage is its renewable energy attribute and the fact that it does not pollute the environment. ",
"These reasons have elevated the importance of hydrogen technology in the automotive industry, which has been trying to cope with tight emission regulations due to the threat of climate change. ",
"Combustion of hydrogen in internal combustion engines was first designed by French inventor Francois Isaac de Rivaz in 1807. ",
"His design of a hydrogen burning internal combustion engine is called de Rivaz. ",
"His design was very simple but never transferred to mass production.",
"\n\nThe Hydrogen Hybrid technology developed by Alset Global enables the automotive industry to transform existing internal combustion engines into hybrid hydrogen engines. ",
"Through the Hydrogen Hybrid technology, the existing internal combustion vehicles are able to reduce their CO2 emission levels to zero and consume a renewable energy resource.",
"\n\nThe main advantage of implementing a Hydrogen Hybrid technology is its cost-efficiency and practicality to install. ",
"The eight years of research and development that have been conducted and tested in the Nürburgring race among other tests have proven that it is easy to incorporate the hydrogen technology.",
"\n\nHybrid Hydrogen System \nThe Hybrid Hydrogen system runs parallel to a conventional petrol injection system. ",
"Alset Global designed this architecture that it can be installed in any vehicle with minimum modification to the existing system. ",
"The shift between the petrol and the hydrogen is achieved by the software developed by Alset Global. ",
"This software controls the ECU of the vehicle and shifts between the petrol and hydrogen fuels. ",
"The software ensures that the vehicle's benefits from the hydrogen are at its maximum level without risking the journey to run out of hydrogen or petrol fuels. ",
"The main reasoning behind this system is to make drivers comfortable with the range of hydrogen and ensure them that petrol fuel can be supplied to the system at any time. ",
"Until the infrastructure for hydrogen filling stations is totally established, Alset Global's fuel switch system will increase the confidence and serenity of drivers who wish to make long road trips.",
"\n\nUnique Character \nThe unique character of the Hydrogen Hybrid system is the flexibility of using both petrol and hydrogen fuel depending on the driving conditions. ",
"The other hydrogen systems for internal combustion engines that have been developed by other automobile companies are not capable of using both petrol and hydrogen fuel at the same time. ",
"Hence, this characteristic of the Hydrogen Hybrid system differentiates Alset Global from the others. ",
"Eight years of research and development have led to a very efficient way to burn hydrogen and use the fuel's full potential. ",
"Nevertheless, the details of this technology are not revealed to public. ",
"Alset Global holds various patents for the future implications of this system and therefore the information is concealed.",
"\n\nIdea Behind the Technology \nAlset Global developed this technology after identifying a gap in the hydrogen market. ",
"Indeed, hydrogen fuel cell technology is expensive to develop and a hydrogen infrastructure has not been established yet. ",
"Because the fuel cell technology is limited to hydrogen, it cannot be mass-produced without adequate infrastructure. ",
"Furthermore, even if the infrastructure was to be fully established, the existing conventional vehicles running on internal combustion engines would not be able to benefit from the zero emission hydrogen technology. ",
"Today, internal combustion engines represent 99.9% of the market. ",
"Therefore, Alset Global's alternative system is needed to transform and improve conventional vehicles and ultimately benefit the automotive industry from the developing hydrogen infrastructure.",
"\n\nDriving Experience \nAlset Global conducted a special test drive in Graz for the Hydrogen Hybrid technology. ",
"Based on people who drove with this technology, the experience running on a mixture of hydrogen and petrol compared to petrol alone was not significantly different. ",
"As the system works with the same principle of the petrol internal combustion engine, driving experience does not alter due to an alternative fuel. ",
"Indeed, Alset mentioned that the engine sound is nearly the same as the petrol engine. ",
"Therefore, unlike other alternative fuel technologies, the automotive makers do not have to provide an artificial engine noise for the drivers.",
"\n\nDriving Safety \nThe Hydrogen Hybrid system offers the same level of safety as existing petrol powered engines. ",
"Alset Global emphasises that the hydrogen tank designed provides the same level of safety as a petrol-powered vehicle and that the danger level is no more than that. ",
"Indeed, ultra high-strength fibre tanks ensure the safety of the hydrogen fuel. ",
"Alset Global has proven the complete safety of its system through the safety requirements met at Nürburgring's 24-hour Race. ",
"This race is considered as one of the toughest technical challenges race cars can face in the world. ",
"In addition, hydrogen is known to be as much as four times more diffusive than natural gas. ",
"This means that if hydrogen gas is leaking, it will quickly go up in the atmosphere. ",
"Furthermore, when hydrogen burns, its radiant heat is just one-tenth that of a hydrocarbon fire. ",
"Finally, hydrogen burns 7% cooler than gasoline.",
"\n\nAston Martin Rapide S\nAston Martin and Alset Global developed a Rapide S four-door, four-seat model to become the first hydrogen car to race on the 41st ADAC Zurich 24-hour Nürburgring race. ",
"The hydrogen powered Aston Martin Rapide S uses the same original internal combustion petrol engine. ",
"However, necessary revisions were made to the engine so that it can run on both hydrogen fuel and petrol fuel. ",
"At the race, this vehicle produced 500 PS of power and achieved 0 to 100 km/h in only 4.9 seconds. ",
"In addition, this vehicle achieved 22 km of lap during the race without emitting any CO2 emissions.",
"\n\nThe engine of the Aston Martin Rapide S used for the Hydrogen Hybrid application was a twin turbocharged 6-lt V12 engine that can generate 550 PS, reach the top speed of 306 km/h. and competes in experimental E1-XP2 class.",
"\n\nThe Aston Martin Rapide S powered by Alset Hydrogen Hybrid technology managed to reach 255 km/h (160 mph) during the 24-hour Nürburgring race and finished at 113th. ",
"The hydrogen pit stop was estimated to take 45 seconds, however during the race the engineers managed to reduce the pit-stop time to 30 seconds.",
"\n\nFuture of Alset\nFor the future, Alset Global is focused on three different areas: SUVs and luxury vehicles, motorsports and commercial vehicles. ",
"The technology introduced by Alset Global is capable of reducing the CO2 emissions for SUVs and luxury vehicles without any compromise to the pleasure of driving with the sound and torque of an engine. ",
"The area of motorsports has already began with Aston Martin's Rapide S. The last area is commercial vehicles. ",
"Commercial vehicles are responsible for large amounts of CO2 emissions; and therefore Alset can have an important impact in that area. ",
"Alset Global plans to extend their technology to engage with commercial vehicles.",
"\n\nLondon Hydrogen Project\nThe London Hydrogen Project started in 2002 and initiated projects with more than £50 million. ",
"The Hydrogen Project is especially concentrated on hydrogen taxis, buses, scooters, refueling stations, and various other projects to enable hydrogen mobility.",
"\n\nAward\nAlset Global won the Powertrain of the Year Award at the Professional Motorsport World (PMW) Expo 2013 Awards in Cologne, Germany. ",
"The award was given to Alset's new powertrain technology applied in Aston Martin's Rapide S, which enables the use of both hydrogen and petrol in an internal combustion engine. ",
"This technology was used in Aston Martin's Rapide S during the Nürburgring 24 Hours race.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Engine manufacturers of Austria\nCategory:Hydrogen economy\nCategory:Manufacturing companies of Austria"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to an optical line terminal (OLT) installed in a central office that provides services to a lot of optical network units (ONUs) connected with the OLT in a point-to-multipoint network such as the passive optical network (PON), and more specifically to techniques for identifying at least one of the ONUs which transmits data with a different timing than is enabled by the OLT.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nA passive optical network (PON) is commonly used as one of the technologies to realize a fiber to the home (FTTH) that brings an optical fiber from a central office of, for example, a telecommunication carrier into each customer premise. ",
"In the PON, a single optical fiber is branched by using a branching device (e.g., an optical coupler) and brought into a plurality of customer premises. ",
"As shown in FIG. ",
"11, the PON includes a point-to-multipoint type structure of an optical subscriber end terminal (i.e., an optical line terminal (OLT)) inside the central office and a plurality of optical network end terminals (i.e., optical network units (ONUs)) that are installed in the customer premises.",
"\nAs shown in FIG. ",
"11, the OLT transmits a transmission enable data (a data that enables a time period for transmitting data) to each ONU (see (1) of FIG. ",
"11). ",
"Each ONU transmits a data to the OLT with timing enabled by the transmission enable data (see (2) of FIG. ",
"11), thus carrying out communication between the OLT and each ONU. ",
"As shown in FIG. ",
"11, since data from many ONUs are optically multiplexed in a single optical fiber, if all the data are transmitted with enabled timing, a data collision is not likely to occur (see (3) of FIG. ",
"3).",
"\nHowever, in the PON, because the data (lights) from ONUs are optically multiplexed in a single optical fiber, if the ONUs installed in the customer premises (or the customer premises ONUs) include a defective ONU that transmits data during a disabled time period, a data collision is likely to occur with data that are transmitted from other normal ONUs. ",
"The defective ONU must be identified and transmission of data by the defective ONU must be stopped for resuming the communication that is hampered due to the defective ONU.",
"\nVarious technologies have been suggested for identifying the defective ONU. ",
"For example, in a method shown in FIG. ",
"12, upon detecting that data that is transmitted during the time period enabled for an ONU (B) cannot be received (see (1) of FIG. ",
"12), the OLT exercises a transmission stop control to stop data transmission from all the ONUs (see (2) of FIG. ",
"12). ",
"Next, the OLT enables data transmission only from an ONU (A) to confirm whether the ONU (A) is operating normally (see (3) of FIG. ",
"12). ",
"Next, if the ONU (A) is operating normally, the OLT enables data transmission only from the ONU (B) to confirm whether the ONU (B) is operating normally (see (4) of FIG. ",
"12). ",
"Next, if the ONU (B) is operating normally, the OLT enables data transmission only from an ONU (C) to confirm whether the ONU (C) is operating normally (see (5) of FIG. ",
"12). ",
"In the example shown in FIG. ",
"12,-because a defect in the operation of the ONU (C) is confirmed, next the OLT stops data transmission only from the ONU (C) and enables data transmission from the other ONU (A) and (B) (see (6) of FIG. ",
"12).",
"\nSimilarly, in a method that is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. ",
"2002-359596, upon detecting that data transmitted within a enabled time period cannot be received, first the OLT transmits to all the ONUs, a command that instructs not to carry out allocation of communication bands. ",
"Next, the OLT sequentially confirms whether each ONU is operating normally.",
"\nHowever, in the conventional technology mentioned earlier, the communication between the OLT and each normal ONU must be stopped for identifying the defective ONU. ",
"In other words, in the conventional technology, in order to identify an defective ONU, the OLT must exercise the transmission stop control to stop data transmission from all the ONUs. ",
"Specifically, in a prior system of FIG. ",
"12, identifying an defective ONU, e.g., (C) requires the transmission stop control, causing communication between the OLT and normal ONU (A) and communication between the OLT and normal ONU (B) to be stopped."
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[
"Too many errors of judgment\n\nWe’ve heard this line before: as long as nothing manifestly illegal occurred, it is business as usual. ",
"Konrad Mizzi had used that argument on his Panama dealings as government minister, and we have heard it many times since.",
"\n\nWe are on a slippery slope, as it is the dominant mentality in everything. ",
"In the granting of building permits, for instance, a proposal gets through as long as it ticks enough legal boxes. ",
"Planners ignore the bigger environmental picture and the developer can go ahead. ",
"And just look how the country has ended up.",
"\n\nSeeing how readily Maltese voters seem to accept this legalistic approach to right and wrong, it is no wonder that PN leader Adrian Delia and his inner circle follow the same method.",
"\n\nDelia has attempted to excuse the meeting held by MPs Kristy Debono and Hermann Schiavone with Yorgen Fenech of Tumas Group, also of 17 Black, by saying that the most important thing is whether they actually did anything wrong which could harm the PN’s position. ",
"I guess it all depends on what you mean by ‘wrong’. ",
"Moving with the times, Delia apparently means anything specifically illegal.",
"\n\nDebono and Schiavone pointed out that there was no official PN directive against holding such a meeting. ",
"In other words, it was not ‘illegal’ to ask Fenech for sponsorship and therefore this ‘error of judgment’ is excusable. ",
"People might hope for the bar to be raised higher by the PN; but there you go, this is the state of the nation.",
"\n\nThe reality is that there are far too many Debonos and Schiavones in Maltese politics across the board. ",
"Plenty of them. ",
"And with too many errors of judgment, and questionable standards of political behaviour. ",
"There is almost nowhere left to turn.",
"\n\nUltimately, if all that politicians will respond to is the letter of the law, then that is how standards must be raised. ",
"For a start, political parties must be weaned off excessive reliance on donations from private sponsors. ",
"They cannot be expected to run on thin air, but they could be more independent if provided with an element of State funding.",
"\n\nBut this must also come with transparency and stricter rules about donations, including sponsorships in kind. ",
"Other countries have tried various models of political party funding. ",
"An open discussion is overdue on which model could fit the Maltese system best, and how to improve this mess.",
"\n\nOur current political system is rotten to its core. ",
"It can never be cleaned up as long as private interests continue to bankroll it.",
"\n\nThe abuse of power means favours – which are not necessarily illegal. ",
"Politicians have the power to introduce laws or policies, or to influence decisions, which benefit themselves and their circle more than the rest of the public. ",
"A strong system of checks and balances must therefore be in place. ",
"This forms the bedrock of democracy. ",
"Unfortunately, the government has instead rolled some checks back.",
"\n\nOne change in the law introduced by this government has not received as much comment as it should have. ",
"This change has enabled members of parliament to hold Board positions on government authorities and agencies. ",
"As a result, politicians form part of Boards meant to act autonomously.",
"\n\nFor instance, as the permits for the LNG tanker at Delimara were being processed, one of the main concerns was health and safety. ",
"But when environmental NGOs and others attempted to address their concerns on this major government project to the supposedly autonomous and impartial regulator, the OHSA, they found that a sitting member of parliament had been appointed as its chairman.",
"\n\nI am not implying that the OHSA or the MP personally did anything wrong. ",
"The point is that this direct political involvement undermined public trust. ",
"Why was it necessary? ",
"Politicians and regulators are not interchangeable. ",
"Appointing MPs to lead public agencies and authorities is bad practice from start to finish.",
"\n\nJust because it is not illegal does not make it right. ",
"This law should be tightened up again immediately, but as it benefits our legislators, the MPs themselves, they will not stick out their necks to do so.",
"\n\nSo-called ‘errors of judgment’ can also undermine public trust. ",
"Did Debono not sense the dark shadow of 17 Black hovering above her like a political stormcloud, as she walked into Fenech’s office at Portomaso? ",
"How could Schiavone possibly forget that MPs and MEPs from his own Party have been calling for more investigation into 17 Black?",
"\n\nDid they not care? ",
"Did they really think it was ok? ",
"Was anything else discussed at this meeting besides the conference room? ",
"This incident may not seem such a big deal to some, but still it reveals a lot. ",
"Thankfully we have journalists to shine a light beneath the political surface. ",
"No wonder those with things to hide would love to stamp out the media.",
"\n\nRecent Articles\n\nThe Shift News\n\nThe Shift is an independent on-line news platform committed to investigative journalism and the defence of press freedom. ",
"It is also a platform for political, cultural and social commentary from civil society."
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"Zhou Wenjun\n\nZhou Wenjun may refer to:\n\nZhou Wenjun (athlete) (born 1986), Paralympian athlete from China\nWen Tsing Chow (1918–2001), or Zhou Wenjun, Chinese-born American missile guidance scientist"
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