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46,450 | We can estimate the aggregate energy conversion efficiency of the Austrian economy by dividing total useful work by total exergy inputs (see figure 5). Over the entire century, we observe a 3.3‐fold improvement from 4.5 to 15%.7 The most rapid improvements, on average, 0.2% per annum, occurred in the postwar period between 1945 and 1980 as aging and damaged capital stock was replaced with the latest technologies, and the most efficient supplies (hydropower) were exploited. However, since 1980, there is evidence of a slowdown in the rate of improvement (0.06% per annum). The reasons for this slowdown are multiple and include an aging capital stock, the decrease in the total share of exergy supplies provided by hydropower, and an increase in the fraction of exergy used for transport. | 1 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Other"
] |
294,323 | MHY1387 also effectively inhibited QS at very low concentrations. (A to C) The inhibitory effects of MHY1387 on QS activities in E. coli (A) or in P. aeruginosa (B) and virulence of P. aeruginosa (C) were measured at very low concentrations. All experiments were performed in the same manner as in Fig. 5. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Microbiology"
] |
107,400 | The current study verified that developmental EE2 exposure of zebrafish increases anxiety as adults, after a long remediation period in clean water. Increased anxiety is well-established as an EDC effect in mammals (Dugard et al., 2001; Ryan and Vandenbergh, 2006; Gioiosa et al., 2007; Skinner et al., 2008; Gonçalves et al., 2010), although the outcome differs by sex, age at treatment, exposure dose, and length (Gioiosa et al., 2013). Anxiety due to EE2 has been observed by us and others in several fish species (Hallgren et al., 2011; Reyhanian et al., 2011; Heintz et al., 2015). The behaviors affected are of great importance for fitness of fish populations in the wild, affecting survival, and predator avoidance, but also mating success and foraging. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Toxicology",
"Endocrinology"
] |
88,850 | The fiddler crab waving display may attract the attention of females because it includes rapid, elevated motions of the claw that are seen in the portion of the visual field that crabs use to detect predators and where their resolution of vertically moving objects is sharpest (Burford et al., 2000; Christy, 1995; Christy, Backwell, & Schober, 2003; Christy, Baum, & Backwell, 2003; Oliveira & Custodio, 1998; Zeil et al., 1986). Hence, male claw waving may stimulate a visual bias established by selection for predator detection. Indeed, two rare displays of male U. terpsichores, not recorded in this study, elicit predator avoidance responses in females; both include rapid elevated movements of males or their claws (Christy, 2007). Clearly, however, females are attracted to not startled away from typical male claw waving and drumming displays. In this manner, a sensory bias selected for predator detection can be incorporated into courtship allowing females to rapidly locate the signaller to their benefit under high predation risk (Andersson, 1982; Arnqvist, 2006; Dawkins & Guilford, 1996; How et al., 2008). The ability of females to detect and locate courting males and their burrows is at a selective premium in the heavily predated Central American fiddler crabs: U. terpsichores males build sand hoods at their burrow entrances and females orient to hoods to find males' burrows (Christy et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2007). In U. beebei, the mud pillar males construct at the entrance to their burrows function in the same way (Christy, 1995; Christy, Backwell, et al., 2003;. Kim et al., 2009). The dark inner carpus of the claw of male U. beebei, an unusual character in the genus, is displayed to the female as the male enters his burrow, and though experimental evidence is lacking, is thought to visually guide an approaching female to the male's burrow (Christy, 1988). In both these species, the high predation levels are likely to have driven selection on males to facilitate the rapid detection and locatability of their burrows to wandering females (Christy, Backwell, et al., 2003; Christy, Baum, et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2007, 2009). Although we did not find a preference for males that had hoods, our sample size was too small to detect it (six of the selected males had hoods; two of the nonselected males had hoods). The stimulation of sensory biases by courtship signals does not imply, and there is no role for female choice (Fuller et al., 2005). It is possible, but not necessary, that the wave is condition‐dependent and could therefore also mediate female choice of good condition males (Christy,1995; Ryan & Rand, 1993). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Ethology",
"Behavioral Biology"
] |
52,099 | Protein concentration was determined by a 2-D Quant Kit (GE Healthcare). SDS-PAGE was carried out according to by using Precast Gels (Criterion Tris-HCl 12.5%; Biorad, Munich, Germany). Ten micrograms of each sample in loading buffer (0.313 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 50% glycerol, 10% SDS, 0.05% (w/v) bromophenol blue, 0.5 M dithiothreitol (DTT) were heated for 5 min at 95 °C and cooled to room temperature prior to loading. Peppermint StickTM Phosphoprotein Molecular Weight Standard (Life technologies, Darmstadt, Germany) was used as the molecular weight marker. Pro-Q Diamond (Life technologies) staining was carried out according to a modified protocol . Fluorescent images were obtained using the Typhoon scanner (GE Healthcare) with the settings: 532 nm excitation, 580 nm band pass emission filter and the photo multiplier tube at 550. ImageJ software (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used for false color representation. Total protein was visualized with Novex® Colloidal Blue Staining Kit (Life Technologies). | 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular Biology"
] |
268,569 | Secondly, LSTM inputs can be extended to include both the previous interdemand time, and the previous demand size, at no significant added cost for estimation or inference. Indeed, this is the approach taken by previous IDF models with neural networks [60, 61]. Finally, the LSTM inputs may include any additional covariates that are available, in contrast to other IDF methods that propose no clear way to accommodate them. | 2 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Artificial Intelligence",
"Machine Learning"
] |
243,512 | The energy absorption (or fracture energy) is also an important characteristic of the material. In the simplest case, specific energy absorption (SEA) can be estimated as the area under the loading diagram (σ–ε). In this paper, SEA is determined by the area under the loading curve. The red line in Figure 10b illustrates the change in SEA with an increasing loading rate. Its strain-rate dependence is a non-linear (power-law) function, and SEA’s absolute value in the considered range of strain rates increases by an order of magnitude owing to distributed cracking. To translate it to more conventional means for refractories units of N/m (specific fracture energy), the reported values of SEA should be multiplied by the height of the sample. One should note that this approach neglects the non-linearity of the crack (and multiple cracking under dynamic loading). However, the fracture energy measured for refractories in lab tests also neglects the crack waviness. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Biomechanics",
"Materials Science"
] |
254,500 | In Materials and Methods, we elucidate technical details of NEST Desktop. In Results, we describe the main components and functionality of NEST Desktop and exemplify its usage with a use case about teaching in a classroom and supporting research. We have previously employed NEST Desktop in university courses and were able to make the experience that NEST Desktop successfully supports students to complete the course also in times of online courses because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Discussion embeds the work in the state of research and reflects on general achievements, current limitations, and potential future developments. Preliminary results have been published in abstract form (Spreizer, 2018; Spreizer et al., 2019, 2020). | 2 | 2other
| 1Other
| [
"Educational Technology"
] |
26,908 | As outlined in the introduction, a host of approaches exist to deal with the problem of modeling decision making behavior in general (Sukthankar et al., 2014), and sequential decision making in particular (Walsh and Anderson, 2014). Here we have chosen to follow an HMM-based approach that, in line with type-based methods, relies on a set of pre-defined strategies to model a potentially infinite set of behaviors (Albrecht et al., 2016). This approach reduces the dimensionality of the problem while at the same time aims to provide some insight into the learning and expertise acquisition process. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Cognitive Science",
"Neuroscience"
] |
329,721 | In total, 14 elevation change maps were generated through the multiple ASTER, KH-9 Hexagon and SRTM DEMs (Figs. 4 and 5; Supplementary Table 4; Supplementary Figs. S7–S9). Previous studies suggest that Shispare Glacier surged in 1972–76 (Supplementary Table 1). However, we could not quantify mass transfer from the reservoir zone to the receiving zone for 1972–76 due to lack of an additional 1970s Hexagon DEM. During 1973 to 2000, the average elevation change in the lower receiving zone (4 km upstream to terminus) was −61 ± 28 m. Our surface displacement data suggest that Shispare Glacier surged in 2000–2001 (Supplementary Fig. S1). During 2001, the average elevation of the lower receiving zone experienced a ~42 ± 20 m gain and the surge front thickened by ~100 ± 20 m (Fig. 5b). Before the recent surge, the lower receiving zone experienced ~28 ± 18 m lowering from 2000–2008 and then remained almost constant until 2016. This observed pattern is a distinctive signature of the quiescent phase, where ice thinned at the lower receiving zone. Most ASTER DEMs failed to map complete elevation information in the reservoir zone due to steep slopes (>40°) and cloud cover. We, therefore, could not reliably quantify elevation changes for the entire reservoir zone. In July 2018, on average, the lower receiving zone rose by 60 ± 21 m compared to 2000 and this thickening was almost doubled (127 ± 21 m) by June 2019. The surge front advanced 2.5 km down valley during this period, reaching the terminus with its thickness of 190 ± 21 m just 600 m up from the terminus (Fig. 5d).Figure 4Elevation change of Hasanabad Glacier (Shispare and Muchuhar) using multiple ASTER and SRTM DEMs after coregistration.Figure 5Elevation change of Shispare Glacier using KH-9 Hexagon, multiple ASTER and the SRTM DEMs. The KH-9 Hexagon and ASTER DEMs (dates presented in the legend) were subtracted from the reference SRTM DEM to compute elevation changes. | 2 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Glaciology",
"Geology"
] |
367,255 | A requirement R requires attention at stage \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s+1$$\end{document}s+1 if either R is initialized and R is a Q-requirement; orone of the following holds, with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$e \in \omega $$\end{document}e∈ω and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S \in \{U,V\}$$\end{document}S∈{U,V} (we assume for definiteness \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S=U$$\end{document}S=U, the other case being similar and treated by interchanging the roles of U and V): \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R=P_e^U$$\end{document}R=PeU, R is active at the end of s (i.e. it is not the case that at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s+1$$\end{document}s+1, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$r_{R,U}$$\end{document}rR,U has been already defined and there are already distinct numbers u, v with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u,v \in W_e^{r_{R,U}}$$\end{document}u,v∈WerR,U and ), and there are now a string \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sigma $$\end{document}σ and a pair (u, v) of distinct numbers of the same parity such that: (i)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ r^{-}_{R,U} \subseteq \sigma \subset U[s]$$\end{document}rR,U-⊆σ⊂U[s] (the latter inclusion means that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sigma $$\end{document}σ is an initial segment of the characteristic function of U[s]), and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u,v\in W_e^{\sigma }$$\end{document}u,v∈Weσ;(ii)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V[s]_{{{\,\mathrm{coll}\,}}{(u,v)}}$$\end{document}V[s]coll(u,v) and V[s] give the same equivalence classes relatively to the V-equivalence classes restrained by higher priority \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$F^V$$\end{document}FV- and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$Q^V$$\end{document}QV-requirements, and the V-collapse of the equivalence classes of u, v does not alter \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$r^-_{R,V}$$\end{document}rR,V-.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R=Q_e^U$$\end{document}R=QeU and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f^U(\langle x_e^U, y_e^U\rangle ,s)= f_e(\langle x_e^U, y_e^U\rangle ,s+1)$$\end{document}fU(⟨xeU,yeU⟩,s)=fe(⟨xeU,yeU⟩,s+1), where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(x_e^U,y_e^U)$$\end{document}(xeU,yeU) is the witness of R at the end of stage s. | 2 | 2other
| 1Other
| [
"Other"
] |
347,241 | In both wards, maropitant was usually administered intravenously (134/141, 95.0%) and at a dosage of 1 mg/kg once daily. When given orally (7/141 dogs), the median dosage was 1.9 mg/kg per day (IQR: 1.6–2.0). When asked about its administration, most respondents considered maropitant to be a safe or very safe drug (median score 2, IQR: 2–3, on a scale of − 3 to + 3, n = 14) and all correctly identified that it had marketing authorisation in the UK. However, most respondents (11/14, 78.6%) also underestimated the cost of administering the drug for one day in a 10 kg dog, which was £18.32. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Pharmacology",
"Veterinary Medicine"
] |
279,152 | For a given nutrient, different letters indicate significant differences in nutrient content in unflushed and flushed soil (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test, p < 0.05). Small letters indicate differences in nutrient content between unflushed and flushed soil, capital letters indicate differences in nutrient content in soil flushed at different flow rates with a given WA. The sign x' or y’ means no statistically significant differences between some treatments. | 3 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Environmental science",
"Agriculture"
] |
72,171 | The total number of trials (mean ± SD) under the positive emotion inducement condition and under the control condition was 494.83 ± 77.31 and 492.61 ± 87.20, respectively. Error rates (error trials/total trials, by percent) (mean ± SD) under the positive emotion inducement condition and under the control condition were 2.01 ± 3.92, and 2.90 ± 4.76, respectively. There were no significant differences between conditions. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Neuroscience",
"Psychology"
] |
139,139 | The results are comprehensive and the quotes illustrative of the identified themes. One way to improve this section would be to tease apart discrepancies between ideas from different types of respondents – what were the differences in perspectives from mothers, partners, traditional healers, community health workers, and female relatives. For example, did postpartum women mention cost or distance as deterrents to institutional births? If there were no differences in responses, this should be noted. | 1 | 2other
| 1Other
| [
"Public Health"
] |
270,047 | At the NR-TOR site, brake-wear-related elements (i.e., Ba, Cu, and Sb) are roughly evenly distributed between fine and coarse fractions, while they were mainly present in the coarse fraction at the NR-VAN site. According to Gietl et al. , PM originating from brake wear is the result of two processes. Mechanical wear (abrasive and fatigue wear) typically leads to the release of larger particles, belonging mainly to coarse or fine fractions, whereas brake pad materials contribute to the smaller particle size fractions by volatilization and condensation. For example, Cu, used as high-temperature lubricant in brake linings, is emitted primary from mechanical wear . As reported by Bukowiecki et al. , brake-wear particles from light-duty vehicles were distributed in the entire size range larger than 1 μm, while the contribution from the submicrometer mode was very low. In contrast, more than 75% of the brake-wear emissions from heavy-duty vehicles were found in the coarse mode. Sternbeck et al. reported that wear particles can accumulate on the wheel rims during braking and later be emitted by resuspension from the wheel rims. Thus, besides vehicle-type specific brake-wear emissions, road-dust resuspension is likely a dominant contributor of brake-wear elements. Higher levels of brake-wear metals in the coarse mode observed at the NR-VAN site is also, in part, due to the closer proximity of this site to the roadside as compared to the NR-TOR. Chromium was also mostly found in the coarse mode fractions. The elevated Cr concentrations in the coarse mode at near-road sites in Toronto and Vancouver indicate that local traffic activities, such as the abrasion of traffic infrastructure and asphalt surfaces, might have influenced the Cr concentrations at these stations . Chromium has also been stated to derive from stainless steel and yellow road markings in traffic environments . For Zn, used in rubber as ZnS and considered as tracer for tire wear , a similar pattern was observed at both traffic sites, its concentrations being nonetheless enhanced in PM2.5, due to its presence in additional anthropogenic emissions, including industrial- and exhaust-emitted aerosols . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Environmental Health",
"Toxicology"
] |
359,889 | In this study, we employed a part of silaffin as an effective ligand to capture and separate food additive SiO2 particles from complicated food matrices. Silaffin was first discovered in Thalassiosira pseudonana, where the protein is permanently associated with the cell wall of the diatom made of amorphous hydrated silicon dioxide. A small recombinant peptide (silica binding peptide (SBP), 36-amino acid long) was constructed based on the T8 domain of silaffin, showing a specific affinity to silicon dioxide and expressed as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP). The MBP domain was used to conjugate the SBP to the surface of starch-based magnetic microbeads (SMMBs) by using the intrinsic affinity of MBP to the glucan moiety of the SMMBs. The capture and recovery efficiency of the magnetic separation system with the specific ligand for the food additive SiO2 was evaluated. To verify the specificity of this system, two other types of inorganic food additives, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, were also tested along with the target food additive SiO2. Furthermore, the magnetic separation method developed in this study was successfully applied to extract SiO2 particles from commercial foods that are sold in the market for further characterization. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Biochemistry"
] |
56,084 | Discussion paragraph two, I am not sure what 'at ecological scales' means Do you mean timescales? If so there are numerous reviews with hundreds of examples of rapid evolution of ecologically relevant traits (Hendry, Kinison, Reznick, Thompson…). Whether these have been robustly shown to impact ecological dynamics is less clear but see good experimental examples by Willliams Levine 2016, Turcotte et al. 2011 or 2103, Becks multiple, Yoshida et al. 2003 and numerous others by Hairston). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
| [
"Ecology",
"Evolutionary Biology"
] |
316,902 | Phagocytosis is one of the most essential functions of RPE as it aids in the maintenance and support of photoreceptors. In our retina, photoreceptors are constantly synthesizing and forming new outer segment disks at a very high rate, slowly elongating its outer segments. Phagocytosis and degradation of the distal tips of the outer segments of the rods and cones, a process known as disk shedding, help compensate for the increased length of photoreceptors . The loss of phagocytotic activity is one of the many etiologies of AMD. When studying RPE from AMD donors (age range 65-88) and normal control donors (age range 61-79), it was noted that there was a significant and dramatic decrease in phagocytosis in AMD donor eyes as compared to the control . Moreover, Murad et al. detected a significant inhibition in the expression of microRNA 184 (miR-184) in the primary RPE cultures of AMD in comparison to normal donor eyes. They discovered that the inhibition of this microRNA causes downregulation of ezrin expression and in turn decreases the expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) which affects the phagocytotic activity in RPE . To determine if the irradiation with UVB can affect the phagocytotic activity of RPE cells, Youn et al. proceeded to irradiate ARPE-19 cells with 50-200 mJ/cm2 UVB. As discovered, UVB exposure does induce a dose-dependent decrease in phagocytotic activity in RPE cells. The same decrease in phagocytotic activity was also reported by Youn et al. after the application of 0.2 and 0.4 J/cm2 UVB on ARPE-19, while DrRPE cells displayed suppressed phagocytotic activity after exposing the cells to 4.2 J/cm2 UVB . This is cause for concern as the renewal of the photoreceptor outer segments (POS) is key in maintaining vision. Thus, this warrants a more in-depth molecular and mechanism study on the effect of UVB on the phagocytotic role of RPE. | 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Ophthalmology"
] |
311,445 | Immunofluorescence of the EMT markers. (A, B) Representative images of the expression of E‐cadherin, Vimentin, N‐cadherin, and SNAIL1 visualized using immunofluorescence staining. HIOECs and SCC‐9 cells were infected with Fusobacterium nucleatum at a MOI of 100 : 1 for 24 h, and the fluorescent levels were analyzed using imagej software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). F. nucleatum infection increased the expression of Vimentin, N‐cadherin, and SNAIL1 but induced the loss of E‐cadherin at the cell membrane compared with the control cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the control cells (Student's t‐test). (C, D) Representative immunofluorescent images of E‐cadherin location in F. nucleatum‐infected HIOECs and SCC‐9 cells at 2–12 h, and the mean fluorescence intensity of translocated E‐cadherin were analyzed. MOI = 100 : 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3, each group). Scale bar represents 50 µm. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Cell biology",
"Microbiology"
] |
124,453 | Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors are overexpressed in the majority of human breast cancers. Blocking estrogen facilitated cell proliferation has been a major component of the breast cancer treatment for more than three decades. Approximately 82% of breast cancers are ER + and/or PR + (HR positive means ER + and/or PR + , TNBC 12.2%; HR−/HER2 + 4.5%, TPBC 10.3%, HR + /HER2− 72.2%) . Estrogen is a known key regulator of progesterone receptor synthesis in mammary tissue, thus anti-hormone breast cancer treatment has generally been guided by ER level, irrespective of PR level. However, the expression levels of ER and PR can vary significantly and even become divergent in some breast tumors, such as those with ER + /PR− or ER-/PR + statuses. Thus, there is a growing suspicion that the effects of estrogen, progesterone and their receptors in breast tissue are not equal. Indeed, multiple reports have suggested poor prognosis of ER + /PR− breast cancer in older affected populations . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Oncology"
] |
339,959 | Twenty-eight pregnancies in 21 patients after vaginal RT with pelvic lymphadenectomy in our institute between 2007 and 2018 are reviewed in this study. The study protocol was approved by the review board and the ethics committee in our institute (approval number 05–26). A written informed consent was also obtained from each patient. | 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Oncology",
"Reproductive Health"
] |
311,001 | Exemplary images of a dot pattern for distortion measurements in 10 mm distance to the distal end of the single-use endoscope in water and illustration of the software based detection algorithm (green: detected dot centres, red: diagonal dot centres relative to image centre) for subsequent comparison of the paraxial image height (yideal) with the real distorted image height (yreal). | 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
| [
"Endoscopy"
] |
211,481 | The in vitro release study of BF-NLCopt gel and BF-NLCopt was determined by dialysis membrane (MW12,000 kDa, Sigma Aldrich, USA). The prepared formulations (BF-NLC gel and BF-NLCopt) containing ~5 mg BF were filled into a pretreated dialysis bag (1.0 cm diameter) and both ends were tightly tied. The dialysis bag was dipped into a beaker containing release media (500 mL, phosphate buffer, pH 6.8). The temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.5 °C throughout the study with regular stirring (50 rpm). The released content (5 mL) from each sample was withdrawn at a specified time and replaced with the same volume. The sample was filtered, diluted with the same medium and the drug concentration at each time point was measured by UV-spectrophotometer . The drug release was calculated and the graph between time vs.% drug release was plotted to calculate the maximum BF release. The release study was performed in triplicate and the release data of BF-NLCopt gel was applied into various release kinetic models to identify the release mechanism. The data were fitted into zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer Peppas, and Hixson-Crowell model, and the best fit was selected based on the maximum regression (R2) value. | 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Pharmaceutical sciences"
] |
41,421 | (A-F) Representative sections from superior and inferior retina of control (non-light damaged) and light damaged eyes injected with PBS (LD/Sham) or G8+ cells (LD/G8+). Sections were labeled with an antibody to GFAP (white). ILM–inner limiting membrane; INL- inner nuclear layer; ONL–outer nuclear layer; OLM–outer limiting membrane. (G) Normalised length of GFAP labeling for control as measured by the length of the labeled Muller cells normalized to the length of the nuclear retina. Error bars show SEMs. Non-LD retinas had significantly shorter GFAP+ labeled Muller cells than LD retinas (asterisk with p value). Injection of G8+ cells following LD had significantly shorter Muller cells than LD retinas injected with PBS. (Control, n = 5; LD/Sham, n = 4; LD/G8+ = 9). *** indicates p < 0.001; ** indicates p < 0.01. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Ophthalmology",
"Neuroscience"
] |
298,458 | Figure 2 shows the distribution of patients with RRP by frequency of surgical intervention. Thirty-six patients (29.3%) received a surgical intervention for RRP, including 23 patients (18.7%) who underwent surgery 2 or more times. The patients diagnosed at a younger age were more likely to have received repeated surgical interventions, with repeated surgery rates of 30.9%, 11.9%, and 3.8% in the age groups of ≤3 years, 4-6 years, and 7-12 years, respectively. The remaining 70.7% of patients never received a surgical intervention. The incidence density of patients who received surgical interventions was 5.1 per 100 person-years. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Otolaryngology"
] |
68,533 | RNA was extracted from cells labeled with 500 µM 4-thiouridine (4sU) (T4509; Sigma-Aldrich) for the indicated times in the presence of DMSO or 5 µM cytarabine in complete medium. RNA at 20 µg was biotinylated with 0.2 mg/ml of EZ-Link HPDP-biotin (N-[6-(biotinamido)hexyl]-3′-(2′-pyridyldithio)-propionamide) (catalogue no. 21341; Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 2 h at room temperature and then subjected to phenol-chloroform extraction and isopropanol precipitation to remove the unlabeled HPDP-biotin. The biotinylated-RNA fraction pellet was resuspended in 100 µl nuclease-free water and incubated with an equal volume of washed Dynabeads MyOne streptavidin C1 beads (catalogue no. 65001; Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 30 min at room temperature. After being washed 3 times with washing buffer, the labeled RNA was eluded with 100 µl of 100 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), extracted by phenol-chloroform, and precipitated with isopropanol. The final pellet was resuspended in 10 µl of nuclease-free water. cDNA was synthesized using 50 ng of RNA and specific primers for β-actin, 18S, and LANA. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Molecular Biology"
] |
344,532 | Of the factors related to total body weight, the greatest contributing factor to the reduction in total body weight was the loss of body fat. In the present study, all participants on average lost 4.4 kg of fat mass (p < 0.001) resulting in 27.6% (p < 0.001) body fat for males and 39.8% (p < 0.001) body fat for females by study end. This loss of body fat would imply an improved health status; however, given that there are no established cutoff levels for body fat that define obesity in males and females, it is impossible to associate these results to health outcomes. A recent review by JafariNasabian suggested a 32%–35% body fat cutoff for obesity for women, which is lower than the proposed 40% cutoff by the World Health Organization . However, Liu et al. suggests that women maintain body fat at 30% or lower to preserve bone health . Certainly, more studies are required to determine body fat levels that define obese phenotypes in males and females and determine the relationships of such levels with poor health outcomes. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Nutrition",
"Obesity Research"
] |
319,772 | The concentration of metals leached for used CBs for pH values 2.9, 5.0, and 9.2 can be seen in Figure 8. The results indicate that changes to the pH of precipitation will likely enhance or reduce the magnitude of metal contamination from used CBs. The metal concentration leachate for Zn, Mn, and Al for pH 5.0 was found to be much more significant compared to pH 2.9 and 9.2. In comparison, Ba, Cu, Ti and Fe depicted greater metal contamination for pH 2.9. Similarly to unused CBs, used CBs are more prone to leaching in highly acidic areas due to the enhancement of metal mobilization in acidic water. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Environmental Toxicology"
] |
106,447 | In some studies, the inversion control design is realized by adopting feedback signals to offset inherent coupling dynamics, thus guaranteeing the satisfactory decoupling control ability. In particular, an investigation example was illustrated using the dynamic-inversion methodology for the linear model of a generic X-38 type reentry vehicle . Correspondingly, the closed-loop stability and robustness of a dynamic-inversion flight controller for reentry vehicles were quantified in consideration of the influence along with the different flight dynamics. In addition, a methodology was presented using a combination of the linear dynamic-inversion controller and adaptive filter in order to implement MIMO reconfigurable flight control . Such control design could improve significantly the tracking performance, handling qualities, and PIO tendencies for the closed system. Besides that, Doman and Ngo discussed an indirect adaptive control problem by applying a baseline dynamic-inversion control structure. Furthermore, a quaternion-based attitude controller was developed based on the inversion control approach for the X-33 in the ascent flight phase. The dynamic-inversion control approaches were introduced for a spacecraft, not only an airplane, to realize the attitude control in response to the servo-constraint dynamics . This control law consisted of particular and auxiliary parts wherein the particular part played a role in driving the spacecraft attitude variables, whereas the auxiliary potion provided the necessary internal stability with the aid of the involved null-control vector. In general, the inversion method is adopted in the control design for both the airplane and spacecraft models in recent years. It is noted that the main difference between the inversion approach and conventional method lies in that the resulting design model is achieved by the state feedback, thus keeping the exact dynamics in contrast to the approximating linearization . | 4 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Aerospace Engineering"
] |
286,142 | There are different types of insulin pumps , and in a patch insulin pump, the insulin needle is a part of the pump and is inserted when the pump is attached directly to the surface of the skin. Controls of these pumps are on the device itself, or a remote can be used, so that there is no tubing. Examples are the V-Go and Omnipod insulin pumps . Tethered insulin pumps have tubing between the pump itself and the cannula, so the pump can be worn under or outside clothing or carried around in a pocket. Examples are the Medtronic MiniMed 670G and Tandem t:slim X2 insulin pumps . Although they are rarely used, other types are implantable insulin pumps. These are implanted into the peritoneal cavity and remain there; therefore, the users have to travel to get the pump refilled with insulin . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
| [
"Endocrinology",
"Diabetology"
] |
225,643 | Multiple linear regression analyses the patients’ total hospital stay and length of stay in ICU, respectively. We have found that oxygen therapy was a significant factor in both total lengths of hospitalization (p < 0.01) and length of stay in ICU (p < 0.01) (Tables 8, 9). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Critical Care Medicine"
] |
259,854 | However, we believe that our understanding of nivolumab’s binding dynamics, likely tested at a single time of day, is probably not correct. Rather, our data and those of Qian et al. invite a more fundamental scientific look at the rhythmic binding over 24 h, as well as the trafficking of T-cells into the tumor-draining lymph nodes. Thus, whilst PD-L1 expression on tumor cells has been considered as a critical mechanism of nivolumab’s anti-tumor activity, this factor was not proven as an essential determinant of clinical efficacy in NSCLC. Although the selection of high tumor PD-L1 expression subsets enriched the response to anti–PD-1 therapy, more than half of these patients lacked durable responses to PD-1 blockade . Such results concurred with the lack of survival prediction by PD-L1 positivity in our study. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Immunology",
"Oncology"
] |
370,913 | By modulating Nodal and its downstream signaling mediator Smad2, Cripto can maintain mouse epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency . However, a Nodal-independent role of Cripto in the extraembryonic endoderm has also been demonstrated . Furthermore, it is likely that primitive endoderm cells can receive Nodal signaling given Cryptic expression in PrE19, and due to the fact that Cripto and Cryptic can act non-cell-autonomously . Cryptic double mutants display severe defects in the epiblast, extraembryonic ectoderm, and anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), resulting in phenotypes that are highly similar to those of Nodal null mutants . The AP axis is established when the AVE is formed from the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) on the future anterior side of the embryo by embryonic day E6.5. Cripto is required in the epiblast for the migration of the AVE . Although initially expressed in the entire epiblast, Nodal and Cripto expression is restricted to the posterior epiblast during AVE formation, together with posterior genes (e.g., Wnt3 and Brachyury), generating definitive mesoendoderm and forming a primitive streak . The loss of Cripto in mice dramatically reduces, but does not completely abolish, Nodal activity, leading to the absence of a morphological primitive streak . Cripto-null mouse embryos also exhibit striking defects in mesoderm formation and AP patterning, resulting in early embryonic lethality and the concomitant absence of cardiac marker gene expression . Interestingly, mutations in Cripto are associated with isolated congenital heart defects, including conotruncal alignment defects and membranous ventricular septal defects , suggesting a role for Cripto signaling in cardiac development. This role was also identified by a study in which the ectopic expression of Cripto in transgenic mouse embryos caused hemorrhages, fatal cardiac defects, and embryonic lethality . In line with this, Nodal/Cripto signaling was described to be involved in the cardiac development of chick embryos . The expression of ectopic isthmin1 (ISM1), a fibroblast group factor that inhibits Nodal signaling, has been shown to cause left-right asymmetry and an abnormal heart position . Defects in the formation of the AP axis, which are a common feature of Cripto knockout embryos, were also measured in a homozygous post-glycosylphosphatidylinositol attachment to proteins 6 (PGAP6) knockout mouse model. In fact, it has been shown that Cripto is a highly sensitive substrate of PGAP6, which plays a critical role in modulating Nodal signaling through the regulation of Cripto shedding . A secretome analysis of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) during cardiac and neural differentiation confirmed that Cripto is linked to cardiac differentiation and that its absence promotes neurogenesis . Moreover, Lefty-1 and Cerberus (Cer-1), two Nodal interactors, have been identified as key secreted elements that discriminate between cardiac and neural differentiation. Lefty, an antagonist of Nodal signaling, was detected in both secretomes in undifferentiated cells and downregulated during differentiation. Cer-1, on the other hand, was absent in an undifferentiated state and was only strongly upregulated during cardiac differentiation . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Developmental Biology"
] |
47,821 | In this study, the first of its kind in Northern Lao PDR, low population-level parasitaemia was found, in addition to moderate levels of G6PDd. The main risk factors for malaria parasitaemia in four districts of Northern Lao PDR studied here are other cases within households, lack of any type of nets, and socio-economic status, while forest-going, sex and age were not significant. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Epidemiology"
] |
52,241 | Cells (2×104 per well) were seeded in 96-well plates in DMEM supplemented with FBS, and incubated for 24 h. Then, the cells were treated with the different concentrations of the test ILs (1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of 50 nM calcitriol. After 24 hours of incubation, the cells were lysed, and luciferase activity was measured using the Tecan Infinite M2000 plate luminometer. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Cell biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
10,111 | The equation used to calculate the prognostic score in the development cohort was (Stage Group*0.397) - (Treatment*1.094) + (Age*0.024) - (log(Histogram Energy)*1.320) + (log(TLG)*1.748) + (Histogram Kurtosis*0.198). This calculation was derived using published methods . The median score of quartile 1 was −0.73 (n = 76, range −1.66 to −0.45), quartile 2 was −0.14 (n = 76, −0.45 to 0.29), quartile 3 was 0.76 (n = 75, 0.31 to 1.06) and quartile 4 was 1.38 (n = 75, 1.08 to 2.15). There was a significant difference in OS between quartiles (X2 143.14, df 3, p < 0.001) (Fig. 2). Median OS of quartiles 1 to 4 was 36.0 months (95% CI 31.1-40.9), 21.0 months (16.1-25.9), 14.0 months (11.7-16.3) and 8.0 months (5.9-10.1), respectively. The interaction test revealed no statistical difference in performance of the prognostic score between curative and palliative treatments (X2 1.344, df 1, p = 0.246).Fig. 2Kaplan-Meier plot demonstrating overall survival curves of prognostic score quartiles in the development group (X2 143.14, df 3, p < 0.001). Q1 quartile; Q2 quartile 2; Q3 quartile 3; Q4 quartile 4. Median OS of Q1 to Q4 was 36.0 months (95% CI 31.1-40.9), 21.0 months (16.1-25.9), 14.0 months (11.7-16.3) and 8.0 months (5.9-10.1), respectively | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Oncology"
] |
102,468 | We have used the colorimetric assay to detect caspase-3 activity. In this assay, caspase-3 enzyme releases p-nitroaniline (pNA) from the ACDEVD-pNA substrate. The pNA absorbance was monitored at 405 nm. The cells were harvested by trypsinization, resuspended in 1 mL of cell lysis buffer (50 mM tris-HCl, pH=7.5, 1.0 mM DTT), sonicated for 20 seconds, and centrifuged at 1000 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was collected for the caspase-3 assay. The AC-DEVD-pNA substrate (100 mM) stock solution was prepared in DMSO and further diluted by cell lysis buffer to make a 0.2 mM assay solution. We added 10 µl supernatant to the 90 µl assay solution and incubated the mixture at 37˚C for at least one hour. The absorbance was measured by a microplate reader at 405 nm (Biotek, USA) (26). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Biochemistry"
] |
371,824 | The farnesol-exerted antifungal activity can be explained by the higher level of reactive oxygen species, especially in the case of non-albicans species . Furthermore, farnesol has an amphiphilic property which allows for its integration into cell membranes, influencing membrane fluidity and integrity. In the case of Candida parapsilosis and C. dubliniensis, farnesol affected the cellular polarization and membrane permeability . These observations can help further elucidate the antifungal effect. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Mycology"
] |
219,637 | Comparison of the lipid association networks shows that the TG and HDL cholesterol association is stronger in women than in men (despite the smaller number of women in the study): reduction or modification in the correlation between the concentration profiles may indicate remodulation or rewiring of metabolic or biochemical processes involving these molecules . Reduced correlation of HDL triglycerides and cholesterol in men may reflect the well-known sexual dimorphism of insulin resistance and sensitivity : women show higher insulin sensitivity (hence lower resistance) than men, and this has also been confirmed by studies using animal models . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Biochemistry"
] |
265,107 | Running is a recreational sport to improve health and fitness as well as social influence. However, about 37–79% of the runners in a given year were reported to experience running-related injuries at lower extremity . In general, lowering impact loading and improving rearfoot stability have been hypothesized to reduce the risk potentials [2–4]. Foot insoles (or refer to shoe orthosis/inserts) are commonly prescribed in sports community, as the insoles that contour foot plantar surface are often used to improve comfort , reduce impact loading [5, 6], and facilitate lower-limb mechanics and upper extremity performances [6, 7]. | 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Sports Medicine",
"Biomechanics"
] |
45,445 | From 2006, when Constructing Life was published, synthetic biology continued to develop. The most famous scientific breakthrough is perhaps the creation of a bacterium with a fully synthetic genome by the group led by Craig Venter . In addition, more groups became active in the field and more investments were made . During this period, many scholars, advisory committees and (TA) organizations also explored and deepened the various ethical, legal, societal and risk-related questions that synthetic biology can raise. Zhang, Marris and Rose identified no less than 39 different reports written in English from 2004 to 2011. According to Calvert and Frow , these reports raise a fairly consistent set of issues related to synthetic biology: How do we deal with biosafety and biosecurity risks? How do we organize intellectual property? Are there any (moral) limits to ‘creating life’ that should not be overstepped? And how do we involve the public in the development of the field? Although these tough questions are posed by the academia and advisory committees, they are societal and political questions and thus are in need of societal and political answers. Moreover, the sort of questions raised by synthetic biology cannot always self-evidently be answered with reference to established political ideologies. As the case of Ecover illustrates, synthetic biology may contribute to sustainability, but (for some) this is at the expense of ‘naturalness’. This tension is particularly problematic for Green-oriented parties that value both naturalness and sustainability and are used to them going hand in hand rather than having to choose one at the expense of the other. It is certainly true that the questions raised by synthetic biology may cause political and societal tensions. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
| [
"Synthetic Biology"
] |
29,627 | Common adverse reactions to ergonovine include hypertension, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and headache. Coronary spasm and subsequent myocardial infarction in patients administered ergonovine through oral, intravenous, or intramuscular routes have been described in case reports. However, S-T segmental elevated myocardial infarction and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (transient left ventricular ballooning occurring during the early postpartum period after rapid ergonovine injection) are infrequently seen.[9–12] There was also a case report of postpartum severe sinus bradycardia following methylergonovine administration. To the best of our knowledge, this might be the first case in which ergonovine use led to transient sinus node dysfunction and complete AV block. | 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Pharmacology",
"Cardiology"
] |
182,293 | For combat simulation, the battlefield provides spatial-temporal constraints for all participating actors. The simulated combat objects are deployed and controlled in the virtual space. They learn the battlefield that consists of other combat objects and significant environmental cues by using the proposed algorithm. The combat simulation system in the virtual space is used as a decision-making aid tool that assists the commanders to evaluate all the available COAs. It is in charge of choosing the optimal COA. The proposed online battlefield learning algorithm aims at analyzing and understanding operational activity in the real space at a given time. It can help to make the right decision and predict the future situation. It is the key technology for enabling and implementing digital twin-enabled online battlefield learning in unmanned combat. | 1 | 2other
| 1Other
| [
"Other"
] |
143,741 | All primary cells for in vitro experiments were obtained from healthy donors who gave written informed consent (Chronic Viral Illness Service, at McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) Montreal, QC, Canada) and approved by the REB (2019–5170) of MUHC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated by leukapheresis and stored in liquid nitrogen. Cells were rapidly thawed and rested for 1 hour at 37°C. Monocytes were purified from PBMC using a negative selection Human Monocyte Isolation Kit (StemCell Easy Sep). Successful isolation of monocytes was confirmed with flow cytometry (BD Fortessa) using VivaFix Viability Assay (BioRad), a cocktail of antibodies from BioLegend: anti-CD3 PE (300456), anti-CD14 BV650 (301835), anti-CD19 PerCP-Cy5.5 (302229), and anti-CD56 APC (318309). The gating strategy for the live single-cell CD3- CD19- CD56- CD14+ population is presented in Supplementary Figure 1 . The purity of the isolated monocytes can be found in ( Supplementary Table 1 ). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Immunology"
] |
120,465 | At present, aortic valve replacement is the only effective treatment for severe symptomatic CAS, whereas in most asymptomatic patients the risk of surgery outweighs that of disease monitoring. Therefore, asymptomatic patients with CAS are managed through regular clinical and echocardiography check-ups, as well as basic education to modify their lifestyle and to provide awareness of cardiac risk factors . Nevertheless, it is necessary to develop markers that can guide clinicians to classify patients at high or low risk of disease progression and subsequently tailor their follow-up frequency, thereby optimizing healthcare resources and reducing costs . The possibility of predicting the development of CAS in patients would be tremendously useful. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
| [
"Cardiology"
] |
288,608 | Cell extracts were generated in EBC buffer (50 mM Tris [pH 8.0], 120 mM NaCl, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM DTT, and protease and phosphatase inhibitor tablets [Thermo Fisher Scientific]). Protein concentration was quantified by Pierce bicinchoninic acid assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and samples were prepared by boiling in Laemmli buffer for 5 min. Equal amounts of whole cell lysates were resolved by hand-cast SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore). All blocking and primary antibody steps were performed in 5% nonfat dried milk diluted in Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20 (TBST) (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 25 mM Tris, pH 7.4, and 1% Tween-20), except for phospho-CHK1, which as incubated in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) diluted in TBST. All primary antibody incubations were performed with shaking at room temperature (for epitope-tagged proteins) or at 4 °C for 16 h (for endogenous proteins). All secondary antibody incubations were performed with shaking at room temperature for 30 min in TBST + 0.02% SDS. Washing steps were performed using TBST, and protein bands were visualized using the LI-COR Odyssey CLx infrared imaging system (LI-COR Biosciences). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Biochemistry"
] |
312,602 | Intriguingly, mucinous intrahepatic (large bile duct type) and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma show a similar phenotype, with mucinpos cells occupying the entire neoplastic mass, and are characterized by a similar clinical course (67); such tumors could arise from PBGs and, likely, from the EpCAMpos/TROP2int/MUC6high compartment (31). PSC and liver flukes represent well-recognized risk factors for these tumor subtypes (67); these diseases chronically affect large intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and determine hyperplasia, mucinous metaplasia, and dysplasia in PBGs (30). The expansion of the EpCAMpos/MUC6high compartment within PBGs represents an attempt to restore epithelial integrity as a response to chronic bile duct damage (25). However, the continuous exposure to harmful stimuli leads to a progressively uncontrolled response, and dysplasia-to-cancer progression takes place diffusely within bile ducts with multiple neoplastic foci, mimicking field cancerization (31). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Oncology"
] |
253,514 | The advancement of antimicrobial nanofibre dressings that provide protection to the injured tissues from commensal pathogens while promoting tissue regeneration at the same time would be significant in plastic and reconstructive surgery practices. Recently, Mayandi et al. studied the effect of chondroitin sulphate on the physicochemical properties of polydopamine crosslinked electrospun gelatin nanofibres containing mineralized magnesium . Composite dressings comprising polycaprolactone (PCL) and gelatin were also prepared to lengthen the durability of the dressings. These dressings showed enhanced mechanical properties and flexibility, while core–shell nanofibres exhibited superior photoluminescent properties. Most importantly, these dressings displayed enhanced re-epithelialization, wound closure, and clinical outcome in a porcine model of cutaneous burn injury compared to untreated burns. Histology of the biopsied tissues revealed a smooth regeneration and organization of collagen on the burns treated with core–shell nanostructures. This study has shown that mineralized composite nanofibres are capable of accelerating burn wound healing and exhibit antimicrobial action, underlining their potentials as wound dressings and skin substitutes. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Biomaterials",
"Tissue Engineering"
] |
245,963 | In summary, this case demonstrates the potential of bilateral CM‐DBS as a potential intervention for SRSE in FIRES. Nevertheless, the limitations of this report must be considered, including being a single case observation, complexity of disease course and unknown disease etiology. Furthermore, we are unable to separate therapeutic effects of CM‐DBS from the natural progression of FIRES in this patient to a remittent state. Further work is needed to define the pathogenesis of FIRES and trial CM‐DBS as an effective treatment for SRSE in chronic FIRES to minimize the devastating progression of this disease on cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Prospective data and clinical trials are needed to identify the optimal neurostimulation target for SRSE, given preliminary data presenting favorable outcomes for both CMTN and ATN in children. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 3Clinical case
| [
"Neurology"
] |
208,585 | To date, only a few screening tools have been developed and validated, including the HDS and its derivative form, IHDS . Both instruments are relatively insensitive to the milder cognitive symptoms that predominate in the combination ART era . Although they are recommended as screening tools by expert HIV guidelines , recent systematic reviews concluded that their accuracy is low . Summary estimates for the HDS as a test for HAND presented sensitivity and specificity of 42% and 91%, respectively . Another meta-analysis found similar results: the HDS presented a poor pooled sensitivity of 48% . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
| [
"Neurology",
"Virology"
] |
37,199 | The cardiorespiratory variables, two various concepts of efficiency (i.e., NE and GE), together with relative EC at each of the four submaximal speeds, are shown in Table 1. Neither GE nor EC was dependent on speed, both when analyzed on an individual basis and as a group mean. The delta efficiencies for the 4+Y and 4-Y regressions between MR and PO were 21.6 ± 0.9 and 19.1 ± 1.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean ± SD of V.O2 during the four stages, together with the extrapolated V.O2 demand during the TT and the associated estimate using the GE model, are displayed in Figure 1A for the 4+Y model and Figure 1B for the 4-Y model. The relationship between MR and PO for the submaximal roller-skiing, together with the estimated supramaximal metabolic demand during the TT computed using the GE method, are presented in Figure 1C. The individual linear regressions between V.O2 (mL·kg−1·min−1) and speed (km·h−1) for the 4+Y and 4-Y methods demonstrated correlation coefficients of r = 1.00 ± 0.00 and 0.99 ± 0.01, SEE of 0.8 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, Y-intercepts of 4.9 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 2.8 mL·kg−1·min−1, and mean slopes of 5.2 ± 0.2 and 5.6 ± 0.3 mL·kg−1·min−1 per km·h−1, respectively (P < 0.05 for 4+Y vs. 4-Y for SEE, Y-intercept and slope). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Exercise Physiology"
] |
98,019 | When security personnel watch surveillance videos or monitor the crowds walking on the street, they need to split their attention between multiple things such as pedestrians, vehicles or bikers. In this sort of a task, they are not simply tracking the positions of a set of items, they are looking for classes of events: for example, a suspicious action like a person leaving his bag behind. Little is known about how people perform in this sustained-monitoring task where they have to detect an event in time while monitoring a dynamic scene. | 1 | 2other
| 1Other
| [
"Psychology",
"Cognitive Science"
] |
367,883 | The research was performed in the improvement of PageRank with other traditional graph-based techniques. The research (Abilhoa & De Castro, 2014) overcomes the limitation of VSM (Vector Space Model) for keyword extracts such as sparsity and scalability. The author named his proposed approach as TKG (Twitter Keyword Graph), which uses centrality measures to extract keywords. It used the tweets' data and the represents texts of the tweets as nodes of the graph. The research performed three experiments; in the first experiment, the technique TKG was compared with the literature techniques, and the second experiment was compared with the traditional techniques of TF-IDF and KEA (Keyword Extraction Algorithm). In all three experiments, the proposed approach performed higher robustness as compared to traditional techniques. | 1 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Information Retrieval",
"Computer Science"
] |
260,087 | The role of trace mineral source on reproductive performance is complex, especially given the plethora of processes each element participates in, and the essentiality of each in all aspects of development . Previous research demonstrated lactating beef cows supplemented with organic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn yielded a greater number of culturable oocytes and transferable embryos compared with cohorts receiving sulfate sources of the same elements . Primordial germs cells within the developing ovary actively utilize machinery and enzymes against reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain cell integrity , and increased antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased ROS production during germ cell development results with trace mineral supplementation . Moreover, trace mineral deficiency, specifically Zn, leads to epigenetic defects and impaired ovarian development during the fetal period . Thus, it became plausible to speculate that supplementing AAC to gestating cows favored the ovarian development of heifer offspring, protecting ovarian cells and follicles from endogenous ROS during development compared to heifers born to INR-supplemented cows . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Reproductive biology"
] |
381,455 | The brain and body are therefore most intimately connected and influence each other in constant circular feedback. This interaction brings forth an interoceptive feeling of being alive (Damasio, 1995, p. 150): a basic self-affection with the hue of comfort or discomfort, pleasure of displeasure, relaxation or tension, or other basic moods. The feeling of being alive corresponds to a basic bodily self-affection or a minimal form of subjectivity (Fuchs, 2012a). Processes of life and processes of mind are thus inseparably linked: all conscious states are ultimately rooted in the homeodynamic regulation between the brain and body and, in a sense, integrate the present state of the organism as a whole. The foundation of subjectivity thus lies in the visceral or “deep body” and its vital self-regulation (see also de Preester, 2007). This may be considered as an organismic basis for the life–mind continuity thesis supported by enactivism (Thompson, 2007; Froese and Di Paolo, 2009; Kirchhoff and Froese, 2017). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
| [
"Neuroscience",
"Philosophy of Mind"
] |
274,333 | Patients’ scores on each task are reported in Table 2. All patients had normal verbal fluency and all but one (PS1343) had normal sentence processing, across a range of tasks. In the assessment of apraxia, PS1259 had a score of 1 and the others had a score of 0. Hence, none of the patients were classified as having apraxia, according to the ABA-II. Below we focus on understanding the impaired performance observed in PS1343 only. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Neurology",
"Cognitive Psychology"
] |
357,669 | Additionally, testing for OPN enables differentiating early-stage HCC from hepatitis B virus-related HCC, hepatitis C virus-related HCC, and liver cirrhosis. The plasma level of OPN in cirrhotic patients has been shown to be higher than that in non-cirrhotic HCV patients. Statistically significant differences in plasma levels of OPN between HCC (401 ± 72 ng/mL) group and non-HCC group are observed when the level of OPN in the control group was 35 ± 6 ng/mL . Combination of OPN with vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VSAM-1) has been reported to increase, while OPN and IL-6 to correlate with radiological response after trans-catheter arterial embolization (TAE) . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Hepatology",
"Oncology"
] |
58,964 | When we classified the total patients into two groups (patients with low DSS [DSS 1–2] vs. patients with high DSS [DSS 3–5]) according to whether the patients had hypoxemia or not in arterial blood gas analyses at the time of diagnosis (Table 4), smoking status differed significantly between the two groups (P = 0.023). The proportion of current smokers were significantly higher in patients with high DSS than in those with low DSS (50% vs. 18%, P = 0.008). Regarding type of exposed dust, farming dust was significantly associated with high DSS (45% vs. 0%, P = 0.004).Table 4Comparison of the clinical and laboratory features between patients with low DSS (n = 42) and those with high DSS (n = 23)Variablesa Low DSSb (n = 42)High DSS (n = 23) P valueAge (median years [IQR])48 (41–59)46 (44–59)0.878Male24 (57.1)16 (69.6)0.325Smoking status (n = 61)0.023 Never smoker18 (46.2)9 (40.9)0.692 Ex-smoker14 (35.9)2 (9.1)0.018 Current smoker7 (17.9)11 (50.0)0.008Presence of symptoms33 (78.6)22 (95.7)0.084 Presence of dyspnea25 (59.5)19 (82.6)0.057Presence of dust exposure (n = 59)18 (47.4)11 (52.4)0.712Type of exposed dust Farming0 (0)5 (45.4)0.004 Metal6 (33.3)3 (27.3)1.000 Stone or sand4 (22.2)0 (0)0.268 Chemical or paint4 (22.2)1 (9.1)0.622 Diesel2 (11.1)2 (18.2)0.622 Textile1 (5.6)0 (0)1.000 Wood1 (5.6)0 (0)1.000FVC % predicted83.2 ± 15.573.3 ± 16.10.05DLCO % predicted75.6 ± 23.951.0 ± 22.80.001PaO2 mm Hg88.8 ± 25.261.4 ± 9.5<0.001D(A-a)O2 mm Hg20.7 ± 11.142.2 ± 11.7<0.001LDH U/L433.9 ± 182.4352.6 ± 157.30.251CEA ng/mL6.4 ± 8.79.6 ± 8.60.294Treatment0.116 No21 (50.0)7 (30.4)0.128 Whole lung lavage18 (42.9)16 (69.6)0.039 Segmental lavage2 (4.8)0 (0)0.536 GM-CSFc 3 (7.1)0 (0)0.547 DSS disease severity score, IQR interquartile range, NA not applicable, FVC forced vital capacity, DL CO diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen aParametric data are shown as means (± standard deviation) and nonparametric data as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Dichotomous or discontinuous variables are presented as numbers (%) bData on arterial blood gas analyses could not be obtained in 13 patients among the total 78 patients. The categories of score ranged from DSS 1 to DSS 5 as described previously17; DSS 1 = no symptoms and PaO2 ≥ 70 mmHg, DSS 2 = symptomatic and PaO2 ≥ 70 mmHg, DSS 3 = 60 mmHg ≤ PaO2 < 70 mmHg, DSS 4 = 50 mmHg ≤ PaO2 < 60 mmHg, DSS 5 = PaO2 < 50 mmHg cAmong the patients who were treated with GM-CSF, two patients were also treated by whole lung lavage | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Pulmonology"
] |
373,792 | For decades, it has been established that the Yoruba ethnic group in South-west Nigeria has the highest spontaneous dizygotic twinning rate in the world (4.4% of all births) . Despite the documented initial cultural reluctance at the birth of twins in Yorubaland, there is now evidence that many Yoruba customs now revere and celebrate twins . Initial research by Nylander in Igbo-Ora, a community in Ibarapa Central Local Government Area of Oyo state, South-west Nigeria, recorded an average of 45 to 50 sets of twins per 1000 births . More recent studies have reported dizygotic twinning rate of 1 twin in 22 births in this community, about four times higher than figures from anywhere else in the world. Similar high twinning rates have also been reported in other predominantly Yoruba areas such as Ekiti and Ilesha . By contrast, twinning rates in the eastern and northern parts of Nigeria and in Ghana are significantly lower. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Genetics",
"Epidemiology"
] |
113,756 | Because our study involved retrospective analysis of existing data with no patient intervention or interaction, and the patient data were de-identified, the Bioethics Committee of Poznan University of Medical Sciences determined that this study was not a medical experiment and was exempt from the Bioethics Committee of Poznan University of Medical Sciences review (No KB-1029/17). | 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
| [
"Research Ethics"
] |
30,832 | Cisplatin is activated when it enters the cell. It binds to the N7 reactive center on purine residues and can cause DNA damage in cancer cells, inhibiting cell division and resulting in apoptotic cell death . The cisplatin–DNA adduct level is the most critical determinant of the sensitivity of HNSCC cells to cisplatin . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Oncology",
"Pharmacology"
] |
291,488 | A previous study using a similar interval-size estimation task with audiovisual mismatched clips29 found a negative relation between perceived shifts in interval size and the age of onset of musical training. Hence, we performed a linear regression analysis between the global score of the Goldsmith Musical Sophistication Index (GMSI) of each participant and the difference between average perceived distances for the larger and smaller visual intervals). The regression failed to reveal any relationship (r = 0.09). Another linear regression with the GSMI subscore of ‘years of musical training’ (range: 0–7 years) also failed to reveal a relationship (r = 0.06). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Cognitive Psychology"
] |
373,734 | Two flexible binding sites are situated on the two sides of the α2-helix termed as SII-P and SI/II-pockets (Fig. 4b, c). SII-P is not present in the active form of KRAS and in the GDP-bound form, this pocket is reduced to a tight trench between α2- and α3-helices. The first molecules to target this site were inhibitors of KRAS G12C mutant that is most prevalent in non-small cell lung cancer and lung adenocarcinomas , in which presence of KRAS mutations mean worse prognosis, and elevated resistance for certain therapies [30–32]. Ostrem and colleagues presented compounds that bound covalently to the mutated Cys-12 residue and extend SII-P by adjusting the helix in Switch-II outwards that diminishes interaction with downstream effectors. Covalent inhibitors also reduce the affinity of KRAS G12C to GTP, thus preventing it to enter the active state . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Oncology",
"Molecular Biology"
] |
324,817 | Since we confirmed that the RPMI-1640 medium induced hyphal formation, we searched for hyphal induction components in the RPMI-I640 medium. The RPMI-1640 medium composition was classified into four categories: carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and inorganic salts. Cells were incubated with 2 mg/mL glucose, 1x RPMI-1640 amino acid solution, 1x RPMI-1640 vitamin solution, or inorganic salts at 37°C for 24 h. Results showed that the RPMI-1640 amino acid solution induced hyphal formation, although hyphal length (31.7 ± 9.3 μm) was shorter than the RPMI-1640 medium 52.0 ± 7.3 μm (Figure 1(a)). On the other hand, 2 mg/mL glucose and RPMI-1640 vitamin solution induced very short hyphae (12.0 ± 6.8 and 14.4 ± 7.3 μm), whereas inorganic salts did not induce hyphae. These results indicated that critical components for hyphal induction in the RPMI-1640 medium are included in the RPMI-1640 amino acid solution (Figure 1(a)). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Microbiology"
] |
276,385 | The association between ED and male infertility should be discussed (presented in Figure 4). Accumulating evidence has indicated the mutual cause-effect relationship between ED and male infertility, and studies have investigated the efficacy of oral PTX in male infertility with ED (Knoll et al., 1996; Safarinejad, 2011; Lotti et al., 2012; Zahran et al., 2012). ED is one of the causes of male infertility. When a severe ED is present, often manifested as insufficient erection for intercourse or even erection absence, ED leads to impaired fertility in natural conception. ED can be induced by organic (cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and neuroendocrine factors), psychological (anxiety or depression), and relational (in harmony within a family, etc.) perturbations (Yafi et al., 2016). Additionally, ED may lead to a dramatically reduced frequency of intercourse among infertile men, which definitely has a negative impact on fertility (Capogrosso et al., 2021). Furthermore, Li et al. found that the prevalence of ED among Chinese infertile men reached 57%, and most of them were mild ED. Furthermore, they indicated that infertile men often have more frequent intercourse during women’s ovulatory phase, while most of them reported failure of intercourse. They raised a novel concept, timely ovulatory intercourse failure (TOIF), and analyzed its prevalence and risk factors (Yang et al., 2018). They indicated that the TOIF prevalence was 26.2% in Chinese men of infertile couples and found that TOIF, correlating with lower sperm concentrations, might be a contributing factor of infertility (Yang et al., 2018; Xiong et al., 2020), which further illustrated the association between infertility and ED. Male infertility can also be a cause of erectile dysfunction. The prevalence of ED in male infertility has been investigated by several researchers. A previous review conducted by Lotti and Maggi (2018) summarized that the prevalence of ED in infertile men ranged from 11% (Saleh et al., 2003) to 69% (Berger, 1980a; Berger, 1980b) and that ED severity increased as semen quality impaired, being more severe in men with abnormal sperm parameters than in men with less abnormality, or with normozoospermia, or fertile men (Lotti et al., 2016; Niederberger, 2017). The large variation in prevalence is hard to determine and may be attributed to diverse evaluation tools, disparate sample sizes, and different races. Infertility can negatively affect sexual life, psychological status, and marital relationship of both partners (Lara et al., 2015; Berger et al., 2016), let alone a simultaneous sexual dysfunction occurred in female, which will further harm the couple’s sexual response. In fact, women among male infertility couples are more likely to experience decreased libido, shortness of breath, hypoxia, anxiety, depression, arousal, and orgasm dysfunction (Lara et al., 2015; Berger et al., 2016), which will conversely affect male erection ability. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
| [
"Andrology",
"Urology"
] |
146,119 | The following day, a boy was delivered vaginally. He had good Apgar scores and was sent to the nursery for observation. He had a birthweight of 3.08 kg and an HC of 35 cm, and his physical examination was uneventful. An umbilical cord blood sample was positive by for RT-PCR for ZIKV. The neonate remained asymptomatic, and both hearing and ophthalmologic evaluations were normal. Neurodevelopmental evaluation with the Bayley Scale for Infant and Toddler Development (10) at 7.2, 13.0, and 36.5 months of age for CA was considered within the normal range for age (Table). Neuroimaging was not indicated. | 3 | 1clinical
| 3Clinical case
| [
"Pediatrics",
"Neonatology"
] |
347,981 | THP-1 cells were infected with recombinant strains tdTomato-H37Ra according to a previously described protocol (Behar et al., 2011). Firstly, THP-1 cells were seeded at a density of 106 cells per well in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for 48 h with PMA incubation and then infected with H37Ra at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5. After 12 h, the supernatant was collected for use as a chemoattractant in the subsequent Transwell assay. The cell migration assay was conducted in 24-well Transwell plates of 8.0-μm pore size (Corning Costar, Armonk, NY, USA), referring to the previous method (Smith et al., 2015). Prior to the assay, THP-1 cells with PMA incubation were starved overnight in RPMI-1640, and 2 × 104 cells suspended in serum-free RPMI-1640 were seeded onto each upper chamber, whereas 10% FBS RPMI-1640 medium and the supernatant obtained following cell infection with H37Ra were mixed in equal volumes to 1 mL, and added to the lower chambers. The Transwell plates were maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. After 24 h, cells remaining on the upper surface of the membrane were completely removed with cotton swabs, whereas cells that migrated through the permeable membrane to the lower surface were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde followed by staining with 0.1% crystal violet (Solarbio). Images of migrated cells were acquired using light microscopy (DMi1, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Immunology",
"Microbiology"
] |
344,795 | A special form of rapid wound healing occurs in mucous epithelia after superficial injury, i.e., by the cell migration of neighboring cells. This process is called “restitution” and starts within minutes after damage. Thus, TFFs would be well designed to act as luminal protection peptides, enhancing restitution only after mucosal injury . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Molecular Biology",
"Cell Biology"
] |
178,569 | If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols | 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
| [
"Research methodology"
] |
117,947 | A bone marrow sample was collected prior to the first treatment and blood samples were collected when sPCL had developed four years later. Plasma cells were purified by CD138+ magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) microbeads (Miltenyi, CA). For MM samples, two aliquots of CD138+ cells were individually isolated and each subjected to four technical MS replicate analyses. At the time of sPCL diagnosis, six blood samples were collected over a time span of four days, each from which two aliquots of CD138+ cells were individually isolated and each subjected to two technical MS replicate analyses. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Hematology",
"Oncology"
] |
254,797 | The key disproportionality methods used in this study, the Reporting Odds Ratio and Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network, were originally developed in the context of spontaneous report databases. In this original context the methods would be used to evaluate whether an event is cited more frequently in AE reports for the treatment of interest than in reports for other treatments. | 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Pharmacovigilance"
] |
58,377 | We showed that the GA was more visible than the uptake of lipiodol emulsion in this study. The lipiodol emulsion is well-detected on CT images, and we hypothesized that its visibility could surpass that of fiducial markers in liver radiotherapy. However, the use of the GA yielded greater visibility in this case (case 1, Figure 1E). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to compare the visibility of the GA and the uptake of lipiodol emulsion. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Radiology",
"Oncology"
] |
282,690 | Individual broiler gait score was assessed by a single observer on day 19 and day 33 on 3 birds/pen (n = 36), with the same 36 birds scored on both days. On each gait scoring day, every bird was scored twice (4 observations/bird). The observer entered the birds’ home pen and gently encouraged an individual bird to walk 1.5 m. A plastic PVC pipe was used to herd the subject to a clear path in the home pen and increase distance between the observer and subject. The subject was then given a score out of three categorical descriptors (0–2) from Webster et al.93. Score “0” indicated the subject was able to walk at least 1.5 m with no obvious impairment and a balanced gait; score “1” was given to subjects able to walk at least 1.5 m, but showing obvious impairment with a clear limp or awkward gait; and score “2” indicated that the subject was unable to walk 1.5 m, showing severe impairment with or without shuffling on the shanks or hocks with assistance of wings. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Veterinary medicine",
"Animal science"
] |
23,570 | For instance, when the participant chooses a card from Decks A and B, they win R$ 100,00, whereas when they choose from Decks C and D, they might win R$ 50,00. Decks A and C have frequent but low penalties whereas Decks B and D have occasional penalties but of high values. Despite the large amount of money one can win, Decks A and B are considered disadvantageous because the losses outweigh the gains, yielding an overall net loss. However, Decks C and D are considered advantageous, because the gains outweigh the losses, yielding an overall net gain. The task continues until all 100 cards are selected. During the task, the individual can obtain an estimate of the value won so far, but cannot know the amount exactly. This is possible because the computer offers a cue informing the participant about the losses and gains. Specifically, there are two bars are displayed on the computer screen, one that does not change representing the initial situation (the loan the participant receives), and another indicating the gains and losses, that increases or decreases in size as the wins and losses are accumulated. As the participant performs the task, this bar provides information (not exact numbers) of the remaining monetary balance. | 2 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Behavioral economics",
"Decision-making"
] |
103,789 | According to the modified Gensini scoring system, the degree of coronary stenosis was classified as follows: mild lesions, one to six points; moderate lesions, seven to 13 points; and severe lesions, > 13 points. Patients were divided into tertiles according to the GS: low GS < 19; mid GS > 19 and ≤ 96; and high GS > 96 points. | 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Cardiology"
] |
80,703 | During the surgery, VTILVOT were measured every30 minutes. One well-trained expert collected all of the echocardiographic data. Area of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDA), LVEDV and LVEDVV was then calculated using the following formulas:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathrm{LVEDA}=3.14\times {{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{LVOT}}}^2\div 4 $$\end{document}LVEDA=3.14×DLVOT2÷4 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathrm{LVEDV}=\mathrm{LVEDA}\times {\mathrm{VTI}}_{\mathrm{LVOT}} $$\end{document}LVEDV=LVEDA×VTILVOT \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathrm{LVEDVV}=2\times \frac{{\mathrm{LVEDV}}_{\mathrm{max}}-{\mathrm{LVEDV}}_{\mathrm{min}}}{{\mathrm{LVEDV}}_{\mathrm{max}}+{\mathrm{LVEDV}}_{\mathrm{min}}}\times 100\% $$\end{document}LVEDVV=2×LVEDVmax−LVEDVminLVEDVmax+LVEDVmin×100%where LVEDVmax and LVEDVmin are the maximal and minimal values within one respiratory cycle. All hemodynamic data were recorded after 3 min of hemodynamic stability. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Cardiology"
] |
174,069 | If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org. | 1 | 2other
| 1Other
| [
"N",
"A"
] |
101,795 | Over the past years, significant insights into the roles of phytochemicals (as NS, quercetin, berberine, curcumin) in attenuating CPIN have been provided by pre-clinical studies. Data emerged from these studies showed that the use of renoprotective agents partially ameliorated CPIN, since not all of them were able to not interfere with the anticancer efficacy of CSP . Regarding NS, experimental animal studies conducted on animal models of CPIN showed that the protective antioxidant effects of NS, or its compound TQ, are the result of both decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes in renal tissue of chemotherapy-treated animals. However, there were some confounding factors in the animal studies reviewed. Although NS and TQ have been shown to improve kidney function in animal models of chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity (especially in CPIN), more experimental animal studies and ad hoc clinical studies are necessary in order to elucidate their protective effect. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Pharmacology",
"Nephrology"
] |
315,536 | Slides were transferred from −80°C to 45°C to reduce moisture. A post-fixation step with 4% PFA in PBS 1x (pH 7.4) was done, followed by washes with PBS-Tween20 0.05%. Permeabilization of tissues was done with 0.1 M HCl for 3 minutes, followed by 2 washes with PBS Tween-20 0.05% and dehydration with a series of ethanol. SecureSeal hybridization chambers (Grace Bio-Labs) were mounted on the slides, and sections were preconditioned for 30 minutes at room temperature (R/T) with hybridization-reaction mixture of 1X Ampligase Buffer (Lucigen, A1905B), 0.05 M KCl (Sigma-Aldrich, 60142), 20% deionized Formamide (Sigma-Aldrich, F9037), 0.2 μg/ul BSA (New England Biolabs, B9000S), 1 U/μl Ribolock (Thermo, EO0384), and 0.2 μg/μl tRNA (Ambion, AM7119). To block unspecific binding of DNA, we included 0.1 μM Oligo-dT30 VN. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Molecular Biology"
] |
205,455 | Another open question is whether oleic acid plays a role in surface passivation of the nanoplatelets.45 Both oleylamine and oleic acid are used in the synthesis, and while an oleylammonium bromide termination easily accounts for the role of oleylamine, the presence of oleic acid cannot be easily excluded. We addressed this question by characterizing self-assembled nanoplatelets that had been synthesized with either a longer carboxylic acid (erucic acid with C22 as compared to C18 in oleic acid) or a shorter amine (octylamine with C8 as compared to C18 in oleylamine), taking advantage of the sensitivity of Multilayer Diffraction to the interparticle spacing. The introduction of erucic acid produced no appreciable change in the diffractogram. Instead, in the octylamine-containing sample the interparticle distance dropped from 34.0 to15.2 Å and the stacking disorder parameter decreased from 0.50 to 0.24 Å. These findings confirmed the hypothesis that oleic acid plays no significant role in the passivation of the nanoplatelet surface, and are consistent with a prior NMR study by de Roo et al. demonstrating that oleic acid is not interacting with the surface of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals in liquid dispersion.45 See the SI, Section S6 for data and details regarding the investigation of the surface passivation. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Nanotechnology"
] |
74,691 | Retrospective participant health literacy score by participant age. Plotted distribution of research participant health literacy score based on a composite score from a standard measure ranging from 1 to 100, with higher scores signifying higher levels of health literacy. A significant positive association exists between health literacy score and participant age, p = .001 | 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Epidemiology",
"Public Health"
] |
100,096 | Although the stability results returned by the Htt-N-term landscape predict the effect of mutations on the native helical structure, the landscape does not reveal amyloidogenicity potentials of the mutations. Moreover, the 3-dimensional PDB conformation of the amyloid form of the Htt-N-term is unknown at the present time. Hence, it is difficult to estimate the energy barrier between native and amyloid Htt forms. Nevertheless, we resort to several state-of-the-art computational tools to approximate the 3-point mutations that are both stable and least amyloidogenic, which would result in slower amyloid formation and slower disease progression. In particular, we use Zyggregator , TANGO , and PASTA to predict the aggregation propensities of the top ranking stable 3-point mutations. The top 3 mutations with best stability and lowest amyloidogenicity were run through an MD production to verify that they conserve the native helical structure of Htt-N-term. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Structural Biology"
] |
236,554 | To understand the basal status of the turbot blood, we analyzed the transcriptomes of the control samples. A total of 1107 genes showed an expression value > 50 transcripts per million (TPM) in any of the four samples analyzed (Table S1). The most significantly enriched functions revealed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were related to ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, RNA transport, spliceosome, proteasome, phagosome and antigen processing and presentation (Figure 2; Table S1). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Molecular Biology",
"Genomics"
] |
239,622 | To confirm the presence of viral antigen in mouse serum, IFA was performed using serum from CHIKV-infected hu-NSG mice frozen at -20°C and infection of Vero cells. Positive controls consisted of frozen stock virus and negative controls consisted of DMEM media. IFAs were performed in the same manner as described above for determining viral titer; however, serum or control samples were used in each well as opposed to viral dilutions. Neutralizing antibody titers were not determined here due to a lack of sufficient quantities of mouse serum. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Virology",
"Immunology"
] |
395,767 | A lower EC availability was strongly correlated to lower high school graduation rates. While national high school graduation rates have improved consistently since 2010, low-income and racial minority students are still more likely to drop out of high school than their peers . However, we did not find a statistically significant relationship between EC availability and a minority status. The poor educational attainment in EC-deprived areas may partially be the result of lower incomes, although this relationship is relatively weaker. | 1 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Education",
"Sociology"
] |
144,607 | For the three images selected by the automatic image selection model on the test set, the same two experts evaluated grading score together. Expert group and trainee group (experience of CP-EBUS image observation less than 30 LNs) were employed to select representative images which were used for comparison with that of machine learning. The three experts reviewed two elastography videos of each LN and selected one representative image for qualitative evaluation, respectively. Qualified images shall cover the maximal cross-section of the target LN and have good repeatability (4). Three trainees selected representative frames and evaluated qualitative score of corresponding pictures in the same way. The quantitative measurement of the three groups of images was operated by the elastography quantitative system (Registration number: 2015SR191866) developed by Matlab and the region of interest was outlined by an expert ( Figure 2 ). Results of four quantitative methods including SAR, B/G, mean hue value and mean gray value were output by the program. The first method SAR was the ratio of blue pixels to pixels of the whole LN (5, 18–20). RGB is a color space model which represents the red, green and blue channel colors, and B/G was calculated in this study (21). Hue histogram analysis was performed for selected images and the third method mean hue value corresponds to the global elasticity of the LN (22). The fourth method mean gray value has been studied in the diagnosis of breast cancer and intrathoracic LNs (4, 23). All above procedures carried by experts and trainees were in the situation of blind to the clinical information and pathological results of target LNs. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Radiology",
"Imaging"
] |
298,046 | Apart from C. elegans, neuropeptides regulate locomotion in arthropods, mollusks, and vertebrate systems (Henry et al., 2000; Kahsai et al., 2010b; Li et al., 2015). Some of these neuropeptidergic signaling pathways are conserved across phyla. In Drosophila melanogaster, the neuropeptide, Drosophila tachykinin (DTK) provides spatial orientation during exploration while another neuropeptide, short neuropeptide F (sNPF), fine-tunes locomotion and regulates speed of the animal (Kahsai et al., 2010a). In migratory locusts, Locusta migratoria, two related neuropeptides NPF1a and NPF2, regulate locomotion during the transition of the locust from solitary to the swarming phase (Hou et al., 2017). In mice, neuropeptide S functions through the corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) to increase locomotory activity (Li et al., 2015). CRF1 shows similarity in structure and function with the SEB-3 GPCR in C. elegans (Jee et al., 2013). Several mood-related disorders like anxiety and depression are attributed to dysregulation of CRF signaling [reviewed in Arborelius et al. (1999)]. Another group of neuropeptides that are opiodergic including enkephalin and dynorphin have been shown to control locomotion and dyskinesia in parkinsonian rat models (Sgroi et al., 2016). | 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
| [
"Neurobiology",
"Neuroscience"
] |
211,209 | The retinal explant samples were lysed with lysis buffer (MPER with 1:100 phosphatase inhibitor cocktail and protease inhibitor cocktail reagents) for 30 min on ice. The lysate was centrifuged at 16000 x g for 15 min at 4 oC. The supernatant was immediately aliquoted, flash frozen, and stored at −80 oC. The protein content of the lysate was measured using the Bradford Protein Assay . | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Molecular Biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
379,114 | In a previous study, we revealed a novel blood-based biomarker panel for cerebral amyloid deposition consisting of galectin-3 binding protein (LGALS3BP), Aβ1–40, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and periostin (POSTN) [3, 4]. When assessed by logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, our biomarker panel exhibited a high area under the curve (AUC) and good sensitivity and specificity when blood levels were quantified through commercialized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits or the xMAP technology. For clinical practice and large population screening, a readily accessible diagnostic kit capable of measuring these biomarkers could critically enable the quick prediction of cerebral amyloid deposition. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Neurology",
"Neuroscience"
] |
159,733 | Bluetongue virus (BTV) VLPs consist of VP3, VP7, VP2, and VP5 proteins. These proteins are expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression (132–136). A serotype 1, 2, 10, 13, and 17 cocktails with VLPs protected against all five serotypes and partly protected from additional serotype types (137). Large scale sheep experiments with 50–200 sheep each trial demonstrated protection against homologous challenges by the VLP vaccine (138). Despite all these efforts and promising findings, VLPs were not produced in that period. More likely, inactivated BT vaccinations on the market are considerably cheaper and also safe to manufacture (139). Protein and VLP in vegetation production have become more popular and cost-effective alternatives for artificial protein synthesis of complicated high-value proteins (140). | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Virology"
] |
391,590 | Samples were collected from individuals residing in Shillong, Meghalaya, located in the North Eastern region of India. The study includes only those individuals whose pedigree can be traced back for three or more consecutive generations. Thus, 196 unrelated adults (130 males, 66 females, mean age: 27.56 ± 9.139 years) from the Indo-Aryan linguistic group were included in the study. Out of the total sample of 196 individuals, 96 were gamblers (49%) and 100 were non-gamblers (51%) and hence were considered as negative control. | 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Genetics",
"Population Genetics"
] |
152,701 | Although it was controversial whether BMSCs undergo a decrease of proliferation and differentiation potential in vivo, and there were very variable results obtained in different laboratories 29, it has been recently found that BMSCs changed accordingly with the age of an individual 30, 31. Age-dependent loss of cell is not only affected by the external factors and microenvironment, but also associated with the ageing and senescence of progenitor cells themselves 32, 33. The proliferation and differentiation capacity of BMSCs were significantly changed under stress or during aging 34-36. Our current data from high-throughput RNA-Seq, in which a series of migration-related gene downregulated, might support the notion that the cell migration capability also decreased during aging. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Stem cell biology"
] |
112,748 | Figure 5 shows the distributions of the electric field and the magnetic field in the center line (y = 0, namely, the green line in insert) of the cross section (z = 0), the black lines stand for the electric field in the center line (y = 0, z = 0) of the cloak, and the red lines stand for the induced magnetic field in the center line (y = 0, z = 0) of the cloak, the parameters are n = 1, Q = 1.0 × 10−7 C, L = 0.30 m, ε 1 = 8.295, the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 4. When r > 0.025 m, the electric field is the field of the point electric charge, the induced magnetic field varies with space. When 0.020 m < r < 0.025 m, the electric field and the induced magnetic field both vary with space. When 0.010 m < r < 0.020 m, the electric field is equal to zero, this is because the electric field is zero in conductor, the magnetic field H3 = 0.0048 A/m is uniform, noting that the magnetic field is a uniform field in this region, this is because we chose the permeability of the CAM μ 3 = 1, when μ 3 ≠ 1, the magnetic field is not uniform. When r < 0.010 m, the electric field is equal to zero, the magnetic field H4 = 0.0048 A/m is uniform. Namely, the CAM and conductor spherical bi-layer cloaked applied electric field and induced magnetic field, the induced magnetic field is rather weak.Figure 5The distributions of the electric field and induced magnetic field in the center line (y = 0, z = 0, green line in insert). The five black segments (indicated by black arrows) are the distributions of the electric field and the five red segments (indicated by red arrows) are the distributions of the induced magnetic field. The electric and the induced magnetic field are not continuous on the boundaries x = ±0.025 m, x = ±0.020 m, x = ±0.010 m. The magnetic fields are 30000 times actual magnetic field. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Electromagnetism",
"Biomedical Engineering"
] |
299,439 | Articles were excluded if no outcome was described, data were not extractable to answer the primary research question after contacting the corresponding authors, or if patients presented with a concomitant proximal humerus fracture such as a surgical neck or greater tuberosity fracture. Study protocols, surgical technique reports, editorials, and animal or cadaver studies were also excluded. | 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Orthopedic surgery"
] |
143,321 | Phosphorus-containing components decomposed and produced phosphoric acid, which acted as dehydrating agent to promote the dehydration of polymers into chars. The dense carbon layer inhibited the overflow of flammable gas, and isolated oxygen and heat source so as to prevent the polymer thermal oxidation, reduced the oxidation of heat and improved the flame retardant performance . | 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Materials Science",
"Chemistry"
] |
45,190 | N = 53. RRQ residual—the variance explained by the SCS total score is extracted from the RRQ score in a linear regression analyses with the RRQ as an outcome variable and the SCS total score as a predictor. STAI-T residual—the variance explained by the SCS total score is extracted from the STAI-T score in a linear regression analyses with the STAI-T as an outcome variable and the SCS total score as a predictor | 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Psychology",
"Statistics"
] |
356,447 | FX is capacity-achieving if and only if the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions (3a)h(x;FX)≤h(HX+Z),x∈X, (3b)h(x;FX)=h(HX+Z),x∈E(FX)⊂X, are satisfied , where h(x;FX):=−∫Rnr1(2π)nr2e−∥y−Hx∥22log2fY(y)dy with fY being the probability density of the channel output induced by the channel input X∼FX. | 5 | 2other
| 0Study
| [
"Information Theory"
] |
201,573 | QS and JZ provided patient information. JQ collected the data and wrote the manuscript. JQ critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content. ZC provided pathological photos. QS and JZ were responsible for the study conception, design, and acquisition of financial support. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. | 1 | 2other
| 1Other
| [
"N",
"A"
] |
214,592 | Four (7.1%) of the 56 conjunctival swab samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Four (3.6%) of the 112 Schirmer strips were positive for SARS-CoV-2. In the four patients with positive conjunctival swab samples, Schirmer strip samples were negative in both eyes in one patient, positive only in the left eye in two patients and positive in both eyes in one patient. None of the patients had a negative conjunctival swab and a positive Schirmer strip sample. The characteristics of the patients with positive ocular samples are provided in Table 1. No association was found between the RT-PCR test from ocular samples and ocular symptoms. Twenty-nine percent of patients with a negative RT-PCR and 25% of patients with positive ocular RT-PCR had ocular symptoms (p = 0.679). Three of the patients had moderate illness and one presented a severe course of the disease. | 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
| [
"Virology",
"Ophthalmology"
] |
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