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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27199372 | Which technique led to the elucidation of the role of HOXD10 in regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C? | DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C.DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-CDeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27406083,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906472,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27621676,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27700211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825634,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27468093,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27589928 | Is Obeticholic Acid used for treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis? | Yes, obeticholic acid is a farnesoid-X receptor agonist that is approved for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid in adults with an inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid, or as monotherapy in adults unable to tolerate ursodeoxycholic acid. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615815,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108936,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19817928,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19817929,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25684233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616666 | What alternate indication has Vanoxerine been repositioned for? | Vanoxerine's effects were strongly frequency-dependent and we repositioned it for treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Vanoxerine has been in clinical trials for Parkinsonism, depression and cocaine addiction but lacked efficacy.Vanoxerine has been in clinical trials for Parkinsonism, depression and cocaine addiction but lacked efficacy. Vanoxerine's effects were strongly frequency-dependent and we repositioned it for treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Vanoxerine has been in clinical trials for Parkinsonism, depression and cocaine addiction and can potential treat atrial fibrillationVanoxerine has been in clinical trials for Parkinsonism, depression and cocaine addiction but lacked efficacy. Vanoxerine's effects were strongly frequency-dependent and we repositioned it for treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter.vanoxerine's effects were strongly frequency-dependent and we repositioned it for treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter.Vanoxerine 's effects were strongly frequency-dependent and we repositioned it for treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter.vanoxerine's were strongly frequency-dependent and repositioned it for treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter. . has been in clinical trials for parkinsonism , depression and cocaine addiction but lacked efficacy. . |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26530723 | What is the applicability of the No Promoter Left Behind method? | No Promoter Left Behind (NPLB) is an efficient, organism-independent method for characterizing promoter architectures directly from experimentally identified genome-wide TSSs, without relying on known promoter elements.Promoters have diverse regulatory architectures and thus activate genes differently. No Promoter Left Behind (NPLB) is an efficient, organism-independent method for characterizing such diverse architectures directly from experimentally identified genome-wide TSSs, without relying on known promoter elements. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20702823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20082464,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24406422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22871183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18079676,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539873,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390640,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26653794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654236,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25900864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22950452,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426735,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679947,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16765689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22219643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22736615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200529 | Which mutated genes are associated with isolated ectopia lentis? | Isolated ectopia lentis (EL) is caused by mutation in genes:
1) ADAMTSL4 and
2) Fibrillin-1 (FBN1). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23903827,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25755186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578130 | Does the word ovine refers to goats? | Ovine refers to sheep. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587786,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10224082,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24453067 | Does GATA-1 regulate ribosomal protein genes? | Mutations in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length isoform of GATA-1 and lead to the production of a shortened isoform, GATA-1s. These mutations have been found in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Sixteen of the corresponding transcription factors are of particular interest, as they are housekeeping genes or show a direct link to hematopoiesis, tumorigenesis or leukemia (e.g. GATA-1/2, PU.1, MZF-1). in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length isoform of gata-1 and lead to the production of a shortened isoform , gata-1s these mutations have been found in patients with diamond-blackfan anemia (dba) , a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins. . of the corresponding transcription factors are of particular interest , as they are housekeeping genes or show a direct link to hematopoiesis , tumorigenesis or leukemia (e.g gata-1/2 , pu.1 , mzf-1). . These mutations have been found in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Mutations in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length isoform of GATA-1 and lead to the production of a shortened isoform, GATA-1s. Sixteen of the corresponding transcription factors are of particular interest, as they are housekeeping genes or show a direct link to hematopoiesis, tumorigenesis or leukemia (e.g. GATA-1/2, PU.1, MZF-1). These mutations have been found in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Sixteen of the corresponding transcription factors are of particular interest, as they are housekeeping genes or show a direct link to hematopoiesis, tumorigenesis or leukemia (e.g.These mutations have been found in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins. The Ribosomal protein S19 gene locus (RPS19) has been linked to two kinds of red cell aplasia, Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA) and Transient Erythroblastopenia in Childhood (TEC).Mutations in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length isoform of GATA-1 and lead to the production of a shortened isoform, GATA-1s. These mutations have been found in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins.mutations in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length isoform of gata-1 and lead to the production of a shortened isoform, gata-1s.yesSixteen of the corresponding transcription factors are of particular interest, as they are housekeeping genes or show a direct link to hematopoiesis, tumorigenesis or leukemia (e.g. GATA-1/2, PU.1, MZF-1). Mutations in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length isoform of GATA-1 and lead to the production of a shortened isoform, GATA-1s. These mutations have been found in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3354620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8841521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7611299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9649943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1569206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511552,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538085,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19161152,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839986,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19328768,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8008028,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24668922,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23684891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883168,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15287423,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388785,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9401003,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23653584,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7870075,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17701892,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906200,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377530,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413333,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25812041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8941093,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11826022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10633129,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8180508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1406753,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10721679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412115,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12402346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034599,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10441700,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19353630,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8882780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24078565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211293,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12651868,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11175294,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10694921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26503076,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121584,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10756346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766875,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15861007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8405806 | Which gene mutations cause the Marfan syndrome? | Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the fibrillin 1 gene (FBN1). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22096352,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649332 | What is the indication of ARCALYST? | In February 2008, Regeneron received Orphan Drug approval from the Food and Drug Administration for rilonacept in the treatment of two cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) disorders, namely, familial cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS) and Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), for children and adults 12 years and older. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459804 | What is ChIPpeakAnno? | ChIPpeakAnno is a Bioconductor package within the statistical programming environment R that facilitates batch annotation of enriched peaks identified from ChIP-seq, ChIP-chip, cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) or any experiments resulting in a large number of enriched genomic regions. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27130691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482871,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25006719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26454361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26428945,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27334730,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26440137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27690741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214796,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26308331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27525671,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27637004,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23688323,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27497276,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26967382,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27223113,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26457448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26598956,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26836729,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25542094,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24275927 | Signaling of which pathways is inhibited by Dupilumab? | Dupilumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-4 receptor α monoclonal antibody, inhibits interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signalling. It is used for treatment of atopic or allergic diseases. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22627319 | Does the TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio affect the response to AML chemotherapy? | High TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis correlates with favourable outcome for standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in AML patients with M2 subtype.High TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis correlates with favourable outcome for standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in AML patients with M2 subtype. Another interesting finding is that high ratios of TOP2B/RRM2 and TOP2B/TOP2 alpha (TOP2A) in a combined analysis were also shown to have a prognostic impact for longer survival with improved accuracy. Among the four markers, when adjusted for the influence of other clinical factors in multivariate analysis, the TOP2B/TOP2A ratio was significantly correlated with treatment outcomes; patients with high ratios trended toward longer disease-free survival (HR, 0.24; P=0.002) and overall survival (HR, 0.29; P=0.005). Among the four markers, when adjusted for the influence of other clinical factors in multivariate analysis, the TOP2B/TOP2A ratio was significantly correlated with treatment outcomes; patients with high ratios trended toward longer disease-free survival (HR, 0.24; P=0.002) and overall survival (HR, 0.29; P=0.005). Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in AML patients with M2 subtype.among the four markers, when adjusted for the influence of other clinical factors in multivariate analysis, the top2b/top2a ratio was significantly correlated with treatment outcomes; patients with high ratios trended toward longer disease-free survival (hr, 0.24; p=0.002) and overall survival (hr, 0.29; p=0.005).yesAnother interesting finding is that high ratios of TOP2B/RRM2 and TOP2B/TOP2 alpha (TOP2A) in a combined analysis were also shown to have a prognostic impact for longer survival with improved accuracy. Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in AML patients with M2 subtype.High TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis correlates with favourable outcome for standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498781 | List the three main structures of the cytoskeleton. | Fibrillar polymers-actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments-are major constituents of the cytoskeleton. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941909,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26990560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27518068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27447542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27705831,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19909977,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960435,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17897670 | What is the genus for the common European honey bee? | The genus and species of the European honey bee is Apis mellifera. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9345098,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25118650,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12032589,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23606313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031367,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10407787 | Where is the TAZ (G4.5) is located in humans? | TAZ gene (G4.5) is located on Xq28 in humans. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925909 | What do nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors give rise to? | Nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors give rise to parasympathetic neurons. The parasympathetic system in mice--including trunk ganglia and the cranial ciliary, pterygopalatine, lingual, submandibular, and otic ganglia--arise from glial cells in nerves, not neural crest cells. The parasympathetic fate is induced in nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors at distal peripheral sites.Parasympathetic neurons originate from nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors. The parasympathetic fate is induced in nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors at distal peripheral sites.Parasympathetic neurons originate from nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24843030 | How many topological associated domains are contained in the human Hox cluster? | transcriptional activation is associated with a dynamic bi-modal 3d organization, whereby the genes switch autonomously from an inactive to an active compartment.Initially, Hox clusters are organized as single chromatin compartments containing all genes and bivalent chromatin marks. Transcriptional activation is associated with a dynamic bi-modal 3D organization, whereby the genes switch autonomously from an inactive to an active compartment. , hox clusters are organized as single chromatin compartments containing all genes and bivalent chromatin marks. . activation is associated with a dynamic bi-modal 3d organization , whereby the genes switch autonomously from an inactive to an active compartment. . Initially, Hox clusters are organized as single chromatin compartments containing all genes and bivalent chromatin marks. Transcriptional activation is associated with a dynamic bi-modal 3D organization, whereby the genes switch autonomously from an inactive to an active compartment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22576075,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8029151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588340,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26166587,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24659735,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26945476,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9400037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518600 | Is Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome usually diagnosed in older adults? | lennox-gastaut syndrome (lgs) is a severe pediatric epilepsy syndrome characterized by mixed seizures, cognitive decline, and generalized slow (<3 hz) spike wave discharges on electroencephalography. children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe pediatric epilepsy syndrome characterized by mixed seizures, cognitive decline, and generalized slow (<3 Hz) spike wave discharges on electroencephalographyLennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe pediatric epilepsy syndrome characterized by mixed seizures, cognitive decline, and generalized slow (<3 Hz) spike wave discharges on electroencephalography. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796086,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25983143,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26159652,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27639738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21547994,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22075415,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25583761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22511269,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995725 | Which treatment methods were compared in the EXCEL Trial? | EXCEL trial compared Everolimus Eluting Stent vs. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9375730,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631100,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631133,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8606626,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17598130,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10872473,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8460633,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15921166,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076105 | Describe ATR-16 syndrome. | ATR-16 syndrome is due to alterations on chromosome 16p13.3, and is usually accompanied by alpha-thalassemia, mild-moderate mental retardation, dysmorphic facial features, skeletal and genitourinary malformations. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24798233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22062970 | What is the results of inactivated ANGPLT3? | Complete ANGPTL3 deficiency caused by loss-of-function mutations of ANGPTL3 is associated with a recessive hypolipidemia |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044414,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24040234 | What percentage of rheumatoid arthritis patients are responsive to anti-TNF therapy? | Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients. The introduction of anti-TNF therapy has dramatically improved the outlook for patients suffering from a number of inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients.Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients. A substantial proportion of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to anti-TNF therapies.Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients.Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients. Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-tnf) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) , showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients. . this , a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies . Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients. The introduction of anti-TNF therapy has dramatically improved the outlook for patients suffering from a number of inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-tnf) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients.Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients.Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximately 50-60% of the patients. Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675341,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26308095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27432074,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26694823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27817160,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27921428,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863704,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27835045,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25475122,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26642233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042424,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26358288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27633186 | Which disease is treated with semaglutide? | Semaglutide is glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist that is being used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19623466,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25323494,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23099115,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713869,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042178,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25499158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191982,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19666211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109241,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19909334,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25253292,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433051,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24348119,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600783,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23962523,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26387918,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27131289,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824334,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647769,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038597,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17178458,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12862502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26924854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19130900,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24236903,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737136,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15129839 | What condition is usually represented by the acronym SUDEP? | The acronym SUDEP refers to Sudden Unexpected Death in EpilepsySudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP),. sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12773397,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514951,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18951092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226668,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049464 | Which proteins does the yeast Cleavage and Polyadenylation Complex contain? | The proteins Nrd1, Rap1, Trf4, Rrp6, Ssu72, Cstf64, Pcf11 and PAP are the major components of the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation complex. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26967786,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25811349,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26606668,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25181431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27513938,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24797568,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15179293,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21665381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23160632,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27453796,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24987677 | Which disease can be categorized using the Koos grading system? | Koos grading system is used for vestibular schwannoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25116429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1188317,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6350992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226563,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26275698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169625,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24460025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/631693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24865682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11261779,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066026,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1634454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698963,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24943486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11271380,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1953691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12737943 | What is the inheritance of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency? | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the commonest red cell enzymopathy in humans and has a recessive X-linked inheritance. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929098,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26091399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27490187,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27329130 | Which deep learning-based algorithms are used for enhancer prediction? | EP-DNN and DEEP. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9056561,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230702 | Is Beta-Thalassemia is associated with a mutation or deletion of the gene that codes for alpha globin? | Beta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of β-globin chainsbeta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of β-globin chains.Beta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of -globin chains. Beta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of β-globin chains. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21599656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028302,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24905496,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6717095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4322761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2397096,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6257342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794966,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3668386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8143741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200781,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26301254,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6509920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26396268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6807345,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971584,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9370332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007978,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1213878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9843887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7459841,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3548756,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22634369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7378435,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182746,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3718705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15460113,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25843549,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1550861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24443516,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20637181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8977117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1247555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24769127 | Is diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) a phospholipid of the mitochondrial membranes? | Yes, diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) is a phospholipid of the mitochondrial membranes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27886370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508515,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25065861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714072,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21306736,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305478,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26447678,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19793403 | Have studies shown that there is no link between DNA methylation patterns and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? | Studies do show a correlation of PTSD-related accelerated aging in DNA methylation patterns. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27524497 | Is POLD3 essential for mouse development? | Yes. The Pold3 gene encodes a subunit of the Polδ DNA polymerase complex. Pold3 orthologs are not essential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or chicken DT40 cells, but the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ortholog is essential. POLD3 also has a specialized role in the repair of broken replication forks, suggesting that POLD3 activity could be particularly relevant for cancer cells enduring high levels of DNA replication stress. In mouse, POLD3 is essential for development and is also required for viability in adult animals.yes |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26768288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432357,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26232375,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24272917,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277199,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27487526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26557374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26529924,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26451332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27510350,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27569204,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26082665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27641143,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665957,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26989807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799662,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24835636,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24490672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25669441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842796 | What is the mechanism of action of Romosozumab? | Romosozumab is humanized monoclonal antibody to sclerostin. It inhibits sclerostin, thereby increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption. This dual effect of romosozumab leads to rapid and substantial increases in areal bone mineral density as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. It is developed for osteoporosis treatment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16600574,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15076016,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26502199,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122295,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224720,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27418378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11891997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23212598,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25763455,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22209270,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282141,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16324899,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11552771,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103549,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23706842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12798257,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506776,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25007537,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25709077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18396192,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15915097,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25049338,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11555345,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10954063,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22475888,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19268914,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111262 | Symptoms of which disorder are evaluated with the Davidson Trauma Scale? | Davidson Trauma Scale is used for evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25569776,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24774534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24789708,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239045,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15369671,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22516971,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911481,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343758,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27670610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19217403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24269809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25202874,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21768289 | What is the function of the Mis18 protein? | Kinetochores assemble on a specialized chromosomal locus termed the centromere, which is characterized by the replacement of histone H3 in centromeric nucleosomes with the essential histone H3 variant CENP-A (centromere protein A). The Mis18 complex has been identified as a critical factor for the centromeric localization of a histone H3 variant, centromeric protein A (CENP-A), which is responsible for the specification of centromere identity in the chromosome. Further, we demonstrate Mis18α's crucial role for epigenetic regulation of centromeric chromatin by reinforcing centromeric localization of DNMT3A/3B. Mis18α interacts with DNMT3A/3B, and this interaction is critical for maintaining DNA methylation and hence regulating epigenetic states of centromeric chromatin. Together, our findings uncover the functional mechanism of Mis18α and its pivotal role in mammalian cell cycle. The Mis18 complex is a critical player in determining when and where centromeres are built.Mis16 and Mis18 are required for CENP-A loading and histone deacetylation at centromeres Here we report identification of five fission yeast centromere proteins, Mis14-18. Mis14 is recruited to kinetochores independently of CENP-A, and, conversely, CENP-A does not require Mis14 to associate with centromeres. In contrast, Mis15, Mis16 (strong similarity with human RbAp48 and RbAp46), Mis17, and Mis18 are all part of the CENP-A recruitment pathway. Mis16 and Mis18 form a complex and maintain the deacetylated state of histones specifically in the central core of centromeres. Mis16 and Mis18 are the most upstream factors in kinetochore assembly as they can associate with kinetochores in all kinetochore mutants except for mis18 and mis16, respectively.The Mis18 complex has been identified as a critical factor for the centromeric localization of a histone H3 variant, centromeric protein A (CENP-A), which is responsible for the specification of centromere identity in the chromosome.Mis16 and Mis18 form a complex and maintain the deacetylated state of histones specifically in the central core of centromeres. A fundamental process in centromere establishment is the incorporation of the histone variant CENP-A into centromeric chromatin, which provides a binding platform for the other centromeric proteins. CENP-A nucleosome assembly requires the Mis18 complex and the CENP-A chaperone HJURP. Thus, CENP-C provides a link between existing CENP-A chromatin and the proteins required for new CENP-A nucleosome assembly. The Mis18 complex has been identified as a critical factor for the centromeric localization of a histone H3 variant, centromeric protein A (CENP-A), which is responsible for the specification of centromere identity in the chromosome. This is a critical step that is essential for proper centromere function and maintaining the integrity of the genome.The Mis18 complex is a critical player in determining when and where centromeres are built. The Mis18 complex has been identified as a critical factor for the centromeric localization of a histone H3 variant, centromeric protein A (CENP-A), which is responsible for the specification of centromere identity in the chromosome. Eukaryotic chromosomes segregate by attaching to microtubules of the mitotic spindle through a chromosomal microtubule binding site called the kinetochore. Centromeres are important structural constituents of chromosomes that ensure proper chromosome segregation during mitosis by providing defined sites for kinetochore attachment. Centromeres contain specialized chromatin that includes the centromere-specific histone H3 variant, spCENP-A/Cnp1.Together, our findings uncover the functional mechanism of Mis18α and its pivotal role in mammalian cell cycle. The Mis18 complex has been identified as a critical factor for the centromeric localization of a histone H3 variant, centromeric protein A (CENP-A), which is responsible for the specification of centromere identity in the chromosome.the mis18 complex has been identified as a critical factor for the centromeric localization of a histone h3 variant, centromeric protein a (cenp-a), which is responsible for the specification of centromere identity in the chromosome. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3023620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8649399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1337883,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22787202,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8380890,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331901 | Are hepadnaviral minichromosomes free of nucleosomes? | Nucleosomes along viral cccDNA in the minichromosomes are not random but sequence-specifically positioned.In vitro assembled minichromosomes were able to replicate efficiently in vitro, when the DNA was preincubated with T-antigen, a cytosolic S100 extract and three deoxynucleoside triphosphates prior to chromatin assembly, indicating that the origin has to be free of nucleosomes for replication initiation. The transcriptionally inactive locus is covered by an array of positioned nucleosomes extending over 1,400 bp. In minichromosomes with a (mu)LCR or DNase I-hypersensitive site 2 (HS2) which actively transcribe the epsilon-globin gene, the nucleosome at the promoter is altered or disrupted while positioning of nucleosomes in the rest of the locus is retained. Viral minichromosomes were found to exist in at least two defined structures covered with 11 or 12 nucleosomes, leaving open gaps accessible for interactions with other host factors. Minichromosomes from both preparations contain the full complement of nucleosomes, but salt treatment removes histone H1 and a fraction of nonhistone chromatin proteins. This double-stranded DNA serves as a template for replication as well as transcription and is assembled into host nucleosomes, yielding circular viral minichromosomes. In contrast, the replicated untreated minichromosomes were found to be densely packed with nucleosomes, indicating that an assembly of new nucleosomes occurred during in vitro replication.Several nucleosome-protected sites in a region of the DHBV genome [nucleotides (nt) 2000 to 2700], known to harbor various cis transcription regulatory elements, were consistently identified in all DHBV-positive liver samples. In addition, we observed other nucleosome protection sites in DHBV minichromosomes that may vary among individual ducks, but the pattern of MNase mapping in those regions is transmittable from the adult ducks to the newly infected ducklings.nucleosomes along viral cccDNA in the minichromosomes are not random but sequence-specifically positioned. In addition, we observed other nucleosome protection sites in DHBV minichromosomes that may vary among individual ducks, but the pattern of MNase mapping in those regions is transmittable from the adult ducks to the newly infected ducklings. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7896290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11810654,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2988137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464278,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/995018,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9718678,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7713510,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7757083,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21045963,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1606717,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455788,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9284926,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27144168,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7762563,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953888 | Is Cri Du Chat associated with an expansion of a repeat with in the gene found on chromosome 5? | Cri-du-chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5Cri-du-chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 . cri-du-chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5.Cri-du-chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27377701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887258,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25997738 | What are the roles of Smyd3 in zebrafish? | Smyd3 is required for the development of cardiac and skeletal muscle in zebrafish. Transcripts of smyd3 are expressed in zebrafish embryos at all developmental stages and knockdown of smyd3 in embryos resulted in pericardial edema and defects in the trunk structure. In addition, these phenotypes are associated with abnormal expression of three heart-chamber markers including cmlc2, amhc and vmhc, and abnormal expression of myogenic regulatory factors including myod and myog. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26303211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27729458,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27017286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26642065,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27030077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26830312,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27496135,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27493615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25848011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27717303,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27810861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27542767,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26053278,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26995305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27336726,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26390342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27087139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25876993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26896604 | Which enzyme is inhibited by ribociclib? | Ribociclib is inhibitor of cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK 4/6). It is used for breast cancer treatment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27444975,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23429371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27622066,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23907119,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603901,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22661320,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23417712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525250,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25200322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24285547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170156,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25401693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135271,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25773741 | Which histone mutations have been associated with pediatric gliomas? | About 80% of Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) cases and 70% of midline glioblastomas contain a mutation at one allele of the H3F3A gene (encoding histone H3 variant H3.3), replacing the lysine 27 with methionine (K27M). Moreover, approximately 30% of pediatric high grade gliomas (pedHGG) including GBM and DIPG harbor a lysine 27 mutation (K27M) in histone 3.3 (H3.3) which is correlated with poor outcome. Recent studies on high-grade pediatric GBM have identified two recurrent mutations (K27M and G34R/V) in genes encoding histone H3 (H3F3A for H3.3 and HIST1H3B for H3.1)Moreover, approximately 30% of pediatric high grade gliomas (pedHGG) including GBM and DIPG harbor a lysine 27 mutation (K27M) in histone 3.3 (H3.3) which is correlated with poor outcome and was shown to influence EZH2 function Recent studies on high-grade pediatric GBM have identified two recurrent mutations (K27M and G34R/V) in genes encoding histone H3 (H3F3A for H3.3 and HIST1H3B for H3.1) Recent studies have identified a Lys 27-to-methionine (K27M) mutation at one allele of H3F3A, one of the two genes encoding histone H3 variant H3.3, in 60% of high-grade pediatric glioma cases.Recent studies on high-grade pediatric GBM have identified two recurrent mutations (K27M and G34R/V) in genes encoding histone H3 (H3F3A for H3.3 and HIST1H3B for H3.1). Two new studies show that the known histone H3 alteration p.Lys27Met in pediatric glioma leads to globally diminished trimethylation at histone H3 lysine 27. These results indicate that H3.3K27M mutation reprograms epigenetic landscape and gene expression, which may drive tumorigenesis., approximately 30% of pediatric high grade gliomas (pedhgg) including gbm and dipg harbor a lysine 27 mutation (k27m) in histone 3.3 (h3.3) which is correlated with poor outcome and was shown to influence ezh2 function . the h3f3a mutant allele found in high-grade pediatric glioma by real-time pcr . studies on high-grade pediatric gbm have identified two recurrent mutations (k27m and g34r/v) in genes encoding histone h3 (h3f3a for h3.3 and hist1h3b for h3.1) . has been reported recently that about 80% of dipg cases and 70% of midline glioblastomas contain a mutation at one allele of the h3f3a gene (encoding histone h3 variant h3.3) , replacing the lysine 27 with methionine (k27m). . , discuss vaccine treatment for children diagnosed with malignant glioma , through targeting epha2 , il-13rα2 and/or histone h3 k27m , while in adults , treatments with rintega , prophage series g-100 and dendritic cells are explored. . studies have identified a lys 27-to-methionine (k27m) mutation at one allele of h3f3a , one of the two genes encoding histone h3 variant h3.3 , in 60% of high-grade pediatric glioma cases. . new studies show that the known histone h3 alteration p.lys27met in pediatric glioma leads to globally diminished trimethylation at histone h3 lysine 27 . were able to discern the h3f3a k27m mutation in a newly obtained pediatric brainstem glioblastoma sample whose h3.3 status was not known previously , and in three other dipg samples as well as paraffin embedded samples these results demonstrate that have developed a new reliable procedure for detecting the h3f3a k27m mutation in pediatric glioblastoma patient samples. . |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27712583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27587671 | Is it feasible to obtain DNA read lengths that exceed 30 Kb? | The emergence and development of so called third generation sequencing platforms such as PacBio has permitted exceptionally long reads (over 20 kb) to be generated but not yet read length >30 Kb. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923362,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14523025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27830782,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17951249 | Is osteocrin expressed exclusively in the bone? | No, Osteocrin (Ostn) has been detected in the bones and the brain. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365319,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25823796 | What is Achondroplasia? | Achondrogenesis type II also known as Achondroplasia is an autosomal-dominant disease leading to severe micromelic dwarfismAchondrogenesis type II is an autosomal-dominant disease leading to severe micromelic dwarfism. Achondrogenesis type II is an autosomal-dominant disease leading to severe micromelic dwarfism.achondrogenesis type ii is an autosomal-dominant disease leading to severe micromelic dwarfism.achondrogenesis type ii is an autosomal-dominant disease to severe micromelic dwarfism. . |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24078498,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24610862,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26665779,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27124860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063375,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25521658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23089348,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501573,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22981677,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25791612,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422675,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24602031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26663687,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26493129,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20878594,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22384458,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458878 | What is the indication for Mirabegron? | Mirabegron, the first 尾3-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical practice, is approved for treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome symptoms.mirabegron, the first β3-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical practice, is approved for treatment of overactive bladder (oab) syndrome symptoms.Mirabegron, the first β3-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical practice, is approved for treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome symptoms.Mirabegron, the first �3-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical practice, is approved for treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome symptoms.Mirabegron, the first 3-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical practice, is approved for treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome symptoms. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26979525,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24747871,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157631,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24310603 | What is the cause of Tardive dyskinesia? | Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder characterized by abnormal involuntary facial movements induced by chronic therapy with classical antipsychotic medications. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22328099,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673945 | Are alterations in ultraconserved elements associated with colorectal adenocarcinoma? | yesYes. SNPs within ultraconserved elements (UCEs) may be valuable prognostic biomarkers for patients with locally advanced CRC who receive 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27193693 | What is PANTHER-PSEP? | PANTHER-PSEP is a new software tool for predicting non-synonymous genetic variants that may play a causal role in human disease. Several previous variant pathogenicity prediction methods have been proposed that quantify evolutionary conservation among homologous proteins from different organisms. PANTHER-PSEP employs a related but distinct metric based on 'evolutionary preservation': homologous proteins are used to reconstruct the likely sequences of ancestral proteins at nodes in a phylogenetic tree, and the history of each amino acid can be traced back in time from its current state to estimate how long that state has been preserved in its ancestors. PANTHER-PSEP is a software tool for predicting non-synonymous genetic variants that may play a causal role in human disease. PANTHER-PSEP employs a related but distinct metric based on 'evolutionary preservation': homologous proteins are used to reconstruct the likely sequences of ancestral proteins at nodes in a phylogenetic tree, and the history of each amino acid can be traced back in time from its current state to estimate how long that state has been preserved in its ancestors.PANTHER-PSEP is a new software tool for predicting non-synonymous genetic variants that may play a causal role in human disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26080409 | What is MPE-seq? | MPE-seq (methidiumpropyl-EDTA sequencing) is a new method for the genome-wide characterization of chromatin that involves the digestion of nuclei with MPE-Fe(II) followed by massively parallel sequencing. Like micrococcal nuclease (MNase), MPE-Fe(II) preferentially cleaves the linker DNA between nucleosomes. However, there are differences in the cleavage of nuclear chromatin by MPE-Fe(II) relative to MNase. MPE-seq provides a unique and straightforward means for the genome-wide analysis of chromatin structure with minimal DNA sequence bias. In particular, the combined use of MPE-seq and MNase-seq enables the identification of noncanonical chromatin structures that are likely to be important for the regulation of gene expression. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905086,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27753689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25385797,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25486992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27757389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27527088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25451052,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821719 | Describe the mechanism of action of Bezlotoxumab? | Bezlotoxumab (Zinplava™) is a human monoclonal antibody against Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB). It is used for prevention of recurrent C. difficile infections. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27376729,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26923915,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26220911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22712800,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26243735,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26806620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26549249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27486641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23663752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26954311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26357944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419594,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26267722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26089047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23569359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892034,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26783350,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27538241,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26660203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26820148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837052,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27021239,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030767,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26792812 | Is apremilast effective for psoriasis? | Yes, apremilast is effective for treatment of psoriasis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25370040,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26918427 | Is skin color affected by variations of the SLC24A5 gene? | Yes. The alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1426654 and rs1834640 (SLC24A5) are associated with light skin pigmentation in Eurasian population. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10488638,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21658241,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27869394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26925368,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893487,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25597441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1973949,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26363996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8158611,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1297177,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24941331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26283013,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26141429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25053841 | How are Arboviruses transmitted? | Arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23918810 | Which bacterium has the smallest genome in base pairs yet found? | Our results reveal that Nasuia-ALF has the smallest bacterial genome yet sequenced (112 kb), and that the Sulcia-ALF genome (190 kb) is smaller than that of Sulcia in other insect lineages. Both regions exhibit a significant reduction in length and gene number in B. aphidicola BCc, as it could be expected since it possess the smallest bacterial genome. We sequenced genomes of the obligate symbionts, Sulcia muelleri and Nasuia deltocephalinicola, of the phloem-feeding pest insect, Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Nasuia deltocephalinicola, of the phloem-feeding pest insect, Macrosteles quadrilineatus has the smallest bacterial genome yet sequenced (112 kb).Our results reveal that Nasuia-ALF has the smallest bacterial genome yet sequenced (112 kb), and that the Sulcia-ALF genome (190 kb) is smaller than that of Sulcia in other insect lineages. We sequenced genomes of the obligate symbionts, Sulcia muelleri and Nasuia deltocephalinicola, of the phloem-feeding pest insect, Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae).Our results reveal that Nasuia-ALF has the smallest bacterial genome yet sequenced (112 kb), and that the Sulcia-ALF genome (190 kb) is smaller than that of Sulcia in other insect lineages.Our results reveal that Nasuia-ALF has the smallest bacterial genome yet sequenced (112 kb), and that the Sulcia-ALF genome (190 kb) is smaller than that of Sulcia in other insect lineages. Both regions exhibit a significant reduction in length and gene number in B. aphidicola BCc, as it could be expected since it possess the smallest bacterial genome.our results reveal that nasuia-alf has the smallest bacterial genome yet sequenced (112 kb), and that the sulcia-alf genome (190 kb) is smaller than that of sulcia in other insect lineages.sequenced genomes of the obligate symbionts , sulcia muelleri and nasuia deltocephalinicola , of the phloem-feeding pest insect , macrosteles quadrilineatus (auchenorrhyncha: cicadellidae). . regions exhibit a significant reduction in length and gene number in b aphidicola bcc , as it could be expected since it possess the smallest bacterial genome. . results reveal that nasuia-alf has the smallest bacterial genome yet sequenced (112 kb) , and that the sulcia-alf genome (190 kb) is smaller than that of sulcia in other insect lineages. . |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23513638,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8302154,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19497985,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27034920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22980466,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1988766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12584992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002199,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18206604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12814824,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21125743,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382904,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24059371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1867186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17102071,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22953071,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26998444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226896,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16789642 | Which are the triad symptoms of pheochromocytoma? | The classic triad of symptoms are episodic headache, excessive sweating (diaphoresis) and palpitation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21259069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22493598,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19169027,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24656104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718456,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20037146,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007588,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26411911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21647318,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23265597,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427956,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25254030,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653717,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23689657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921607,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27165977,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19554920 | List the types of the Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) according to the five-part classification system. | Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) have been recently classified into five distinct entities, each with different major pathophysiologic mechanisms.
CRS type 1: acute worsening of heart function (AHF-ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction.
CRS type 2: chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading to kidney injury or dysfunction.
CRS type 3: acute worsening of kidney function (AKI) leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction.
CRS type 4: chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to heart injury, disease and/or dysfunction.
CRS type 5: systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814624,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27924483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27734397,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27586262 | What is a miR? | The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has opened an entire new avenue for drug development. These short (15-22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs, which function in RNA silencing and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, have been shown to critically affect numerous pathways in both development and disease progression. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27040791,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449546,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26204923,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26861625,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26442181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26177684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27606420,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27677588,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27740630,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472973 | Do circRNAs remain untranslated? | The resulting circRNA can be translated to generate functional proteins.We demonstrate that the circular RNA circ-Foxo3 was highly expressed in non-cancer cells and were associated with cell cycle progressionyes |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25580223,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7600978,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649774,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8718689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7684656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10027176 | What is the biological function of the SRY circular RNA (circRNA)? | We suggest that the circles arise from normal splicing processes as a consequence of the unusual genomic structure surrounding the Sry locus in the mouse. While this result does not prove a direct interaction between the two genes, it defines the critical period during which Sry must act to initiate Sertoli cell differentiation. We also attempted to make clear whether the equine SRY gene transcript is expressed in the adult testis, and whether the type of transcript is expressed as linear or circular RNA. We further show that the testis-specific circRNA, sex-determining region Y (Sry), serves as a miR-138 sponge, suggesting that miRNA sponge effects achieved by circRNA formation are a general phenomenon Recent studies have mainly been devoted to the function of the circular RNA sponge for miR-7 (ciRS-7) and sex-determining region Y (SRY) by targeting microRNA-7 (miR-7) and microRNA-138 (miR-138), respectively However, the characteristics and the critical role of circRNA in co-/post-transcriptional regulation were not well recognized until the "microRNA sponge" function of circRNA is discoveredSox5, Sox6, and Sox13 constitute the group D of sex-determining region (Sry)-related transcription factors. We previously identified a highly expressed circular RNA (circRNA) in human and mouse brain. Here we show that this circRNA acts as a miR-7 sponge; we term this circular transcript ciRS-7 (circular RNA sponge for miR-7). ciRS-7 contains more than 70 selectively conserved miRNA target sites, and it is highly and widely associated with Argonaute (AGO) proteins in a miR-7-dependent manner. We further show that the testis-specific circRNA, sex-determining region Y (Sry), serves as a miR-138 sponge, suggesting that miRNA sponge effects achieved by circRNA formation are a general phenomenon. These observations support the hypothesis that the Q-rich domain may contribute to the biological function(s) of mouse Sry through a protein-protein interactive role(s).Recent studies have mainly been devoted to the function of the circular RNA sponge for miR-7 (ciRS-7) and sex-determining region Y (SRY) by targeting microRNA-7 (miR-7) and microRNA-138 (miR-138), respectively However, the characteristics and the critical role of circRNA in co-/post-transcriptional regulation were not well recognized until the "microRNA sponge" function of circRNA is discoveredWe further show that the testis-specific circRNA, sex-determining region Y (Sry), serves as a miR-138 sponge, suggesting that miRNA sponge effects achieved by circRNA formation are a general phenomenon Recent studies have mainly been devoted to the function of the circular RNA sponge for miR-7 (ciRS-7) and sex-determining region Y (SRY) by targeting microRNA-7 (miR-7) and microRNA-138 (miR-138), respectively We also attempted to make clear whether the equine SRY gene transcript is expressed in the adult testis, and whether the type of transcript is expressed as linear or circular RNA. However, the characteristics and the critical role of circRNA in co-/post-transcriptional regulation were not well recognized until the "microRNA sponge" function of circRNA is discovered We suggest that the circles arise from normal splicing processes as a consequence of the unusual genomic structure surrounding the Sry locus in the mouse. While this result does not prove a direct interaction between the two genes, it defines the critical period during which Sry must act to initiate Sertoli cell differentiation.The testis-specific circRNA, sex-determining region Y (Sry), serves as a miR-138 sponge, suggesting that miRNA sponge effects achieved by circRNA formation are a general phenomenon. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26054127,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11227837,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26929879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784726,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10611917 | What is Uhl's anomaly? | uhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle.Uhl's anomaly is an evolutive disease leading to terminal right ventricular failure. Uhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle.Uhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle. Uhl's anomaly is an evolutive disease leading to terminal right ventricular failure. Uhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle. Uhl's anomaly is an evolutive disease leading to terminal right ventricular failureUhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24906121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121192,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946213,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388380,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175768,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027951,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24198400,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24384599,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814601 | Is autophagy the process where bacteria ingest viral particles? | Autophagy, a cellular degradation process |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26926089,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27817122,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27543497,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26510933,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712086,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27289249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26433247,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27268656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940135 | Can aspirin be used in cancer prevention? | Long-term aspirin use was associated with a modest but significantly reduced risk for overall cancer, especially gastrointestinal tract tumors. Regular aspirin use may prevent a substantial proportion of colorectal cancers and complement the benefits of screening. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257456,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22412905,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065651,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22645314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24699916,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705581,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134836,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20097898,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910535,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22801552,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25374915,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23093411,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15201046,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322558,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19285403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250202,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9159120 | Which are the components of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) in eukaryotes? | The components of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) in eukaryotes are:
1) Cdc6/Cdc18,
2) MCM,
3) ORC1-6,
4) Cdt1 and
5) Sap1/Gi. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17635744,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11200035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19258716,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007919,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23108197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9024275,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2832821,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720930,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21747952,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16358214,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/443639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20213538,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16303832 | What is the inheritance of hypophosphatemic rickets? | Hypophosphatemic rickets are transmitted with:
1) autosomal recessive
2) autosomal dominant
3) X-linked recessive and
4) X-linked dominant inheritance. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596390,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26304449,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27389675 | Which mushroom is poisonous, Amanita phalloides or Agaricus Bisporus | The well-known cultivated species Agaricus bisporus is safe to eat while Amanita Phalloides is poisonous. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25167216,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23819583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23897011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20722020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22532634,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20392289,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872428,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18781962,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504080,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23434571,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25319955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22719926,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043277,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21303493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866899 | Which is the most common gene signature in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients? | A five gene type I IFN signature was assessed in these subjects to identify subpopulations showing both activation and concordance of the type I IFN pathway in the peripheral blood and disease-affected tissues of each disease and to correlate activation of this pathway in the WB with clinical measurements.R Baseline disease activity measurements correlated with a type I IFN gene signature in the WB of subjects with SLE, PM and SSc, as did various serum autoantibody levels in subjects with SLE and DM.Baseline disease activity measurements correlated with a type I IFN gene signature in the WB of subjects. The type I IFN signature negatively predicts the clinical response to rituximab treatment in patients with RA.a five gene type i ifn signature was assessed in these subjects to identify subpopulations showing both activation and concordance of the type i ifn pathway in the peripheral blood and disease-affected tissues of each disease and to correlate activation of this pathway in the wb with clinical measurements.A five gene type I IFN signature was assessed in these subjects to identify subpopulations showing both activation and concordance of the type I IFN pathway in the peripheral blood and disease-affected tissues of each disease and to correlate activation of this pathway in the WB with clinical measurements.R |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21724593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26405948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261174,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451168,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24743329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23813006,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26839887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19497933,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080505 | Which NGS alignment software implement the Burrows-Wheeler Transform? | The most widely used software belong to the family of the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) and its variants for local alignment BWASW, map reduce BWASW-PMR and multi-threaded implementation BWA-MT. Other approaches include Bowtie, SOAP2, BWBBLE, SOAP2 and FANSe2. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8092110,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6328061,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7623073,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26824195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3014858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7709332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2852827,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724425,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16044217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535398 | Is intraoperative radiotherapy used for treatment of glioblastoma? | Yes, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is being used for treatment of glioblastoma. IORT combined with extensive tumor removal has an acceptable toxicity in previously irradiated patients and can be effective for selected recurrent malignant brain tumors. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25958395 | Which server is used for generating modes of pseudo components of DNA, RNA and protein sequences? | Pse-in-One is a web server for generating various modes of pseudo components of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. It can, through its 28 different modes, generate nearly all the possible feature vectors for DNA, RNA and protein sequences. Particularly, it can also generate those feature vectors with the properties defined by users themselves. These feature vectors can be easily combined with machine-learning algorithms to develop computational predictors and analysis methods for various tasks in bioinformatics and system biology. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19075965,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295645,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19176545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25095612 | What is the link between TB (Turbeculosis) infection and TNFa inhibition? | The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs (ISD) is an old problem that has been highlighted by cases occurring in patients using anti-TNFalpha drugs. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11112378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20606162,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18768533,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20960466,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22689679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17647292,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12393682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230666,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19191325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18781615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24453067,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863123,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435505,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116044 | Which class of genes are mutated in Diamond Blackfan Anemia patients? | Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA) is characterized by a defect of erythroid progenitors and, clinically, by anemia and malformations. Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited erythroblastopenia associated with mutations in at least 8 different ribosomal protein genes. Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital disease affecting erythroid precursor differentiation. Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital disease characterized by defective erythroid progenitor maturation and physical malformations.Currently nine genes, all encoding ribosomal proteins (RP), have been found mutated in approximately 50% of patients.In 25% of patients with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia 19q13 gene mutation was detected, and recent findings suggest another gene located on 8p23.3-p22 chromosome. Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited erythroblastopenia associated with mutations in at least 8 different ribosomal protein genes. Currently nine genes, all encoding ribosomal proteins (RP), have been found mutated in approximately 50% of patients. We also report the prevalence of RPS 19 mutations in the Italian DBA population, as shown by an analysis of 56 patients. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that DBA is primarily the result of defective ribosome synthesis. blackfan anemia (dba) is an inherited erythroblastopenia associated with mutations in at least 8 different ribosomal protein genes. . genes encoding ribosomal proteins have been associated to dba: after rps19 , mutations in genes rps24 and rps17 were recently identified in a fraction of the patients. . 25% of patients with diamond-blackfan anaemia 19q13 gene mutation was detected , and recent findings suggest another gene located on 8p23.3-p22 chromosome. . transgenic mouse model demonstrates a dominant negative effect of a point mutation in the rps19 gene associated with diamond-blackfan anemia . also report the prevalence of rps 19 mutations in the italian dba population , as shown by an analysis of 56 patients. . in the gene encoding ribosomal protein (rp) s19 have recently been found in 25% of patients with either the dominant or the sporadic form. . Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited erythroblastopenia associated with mutations in at least 8 different ribosomal protein genes.three genes encoding ribosomal proteins have been associated to dba: after rps19, mutations in genes rps24 and rps17 were recently identified in a fraction of the patients.Small ribosomal subunit genes RPS19, RPS24, and RPS17 are mutated in approximately one-third of patients. Currently two genes are associated with the DBA phenotype--the ribosomal protein (RP) S19 mutated in 25% of DBA patients and RPS24 mutated in approximately 1.4% of DBA patients. As a proof of concept, we designed a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay targeted to screen the six genes that are most frequently mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients: RPS17, RPS19, RPS26, RPL5, RPL11, and RPL35A. We sequenced GATA-1 in 23 patients that were negative for mutations in the most frequently mutated DBA genes. Currently nine genes, all encoding ribosomal proteins (RP), have been found mutated in approximately 50% of patients. More than a decade has passed since the initial identification of ribosomal protein gene mutations in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a hematologic disorder that became the founding member of a class of diseases known as ribosomopathies. In this study, nine Korean DBA patients were screened for mutations in eight known DBA genes (RPS19, RPS24, RPS17, RPS10, RPS26, RPL35A, RPL5 and RPL11) using the direct sequencing method.Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited erythroblastopenia associated with mutations in at least 8 different ribosomal protein genes. Mutation of ribosomal protein RPS24 in Diamond-Blackfan anemia results in a ribosome biogenesis disorder. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845597,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6163355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2793186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23771085,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3463445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2831495,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25179263,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20045761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10096024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15284799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330398,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8659523,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8010709,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2658738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12210293,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1478673,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536270,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/527972,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2095460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15505407,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9865780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070179 | List the human acrocentric chromosomes that are involved in Robertsonian translocation. | Robertsonian translocations (ROBs) are the most common chromosomal rearrangements in humans. ROBs are whole-arm rearrangements between the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9509802,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8592224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8592225,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20166088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9046304,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9773664,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8737119,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7714603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22152574,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10350245,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10350246,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18810661 | Is tirilazad effective for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage? | No. Based on meta-analysis, there is no evidence that tirilazad, in addition to nimodipine, reduces mortality or improves poor outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22558428,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11302690,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14989147,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16301532,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944589,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11134083,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16079131,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755223,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11031238,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274112,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21072240,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24358231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24569877,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21920476,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11102515 | Which protein is the main marker of Cajal bodies? | Coilin is widely known as the protein marker of the Cajal body, a subnuclear domain important to the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and telomerase, complexes that are crucial to pre-messenger RNA splicing and telomere maintenance, respectively The Cajal body has now regained the interest of biologists, due to the isolation of a protein marker, coilin.Coilin is widely known as the protein marker of the Cajal body, a subnuclear domain important to the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and telomerase, complexes that are crucial to pre-messenger RNA splicing and telomere maintenance, respectively Extensive studies have characterized the interaction between coilin and the various other protein components of CBs and related subnuclear domains; however, only a few have examined interactions between coilin and nucleic acid.Coilin is widely known as the protein marker of the Cajal body, a subnuclear domain important to the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and telomerase, complexes that are crucial to pre-messenger RNA splicing and telomere maintenance, respectively. The Cajal (coiled) body is a discrete nuclear organelle that was first described in mammalian neurons in 1903.coilinCoilin is widely known as the protein marker of the Cajal body, a subnuclear domain important to the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and telomerase, complexes that are crucial to pre-messenger RNA splicing and telomere maintenance, respectivelyCoilin, more than a molecular marker of the cajal (coiled) body The Cajal body has now regained the interest of biologists, due to the isolation of a protein marker, coilin.Coilin is widely known as the protein marker of the Cajal body, a subnuclear domain important to the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and telomerase, complexes that are crucial to pre-messenger RNA splicing and telomere maintenance, respectively. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14599068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25582874,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24521565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25425525,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23521865,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18194410,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804531,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22032885 | Which mutated gene causes the Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome? | Mutation in the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene causes the Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18179606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26693688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26585460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22516221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26607286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305050,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031651,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028654,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639892,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24779355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12492838,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222149,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26198851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26882849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26679010,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17555271 | The pathogen Fusarium graminearum affects what type of plant species? | Fusarium graminearum is a broad host pathogen threatening cereal crops in temperate regions around the world.Fusarium graminearum is a broad host pathogen threatening cereal crops in temperate regions around the world. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26611583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26611600,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519667,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25962909,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26607476 | List viral vectors used in gene therapy. | adeno-associated viruses
lentiviruses
herpes simplex viral vector |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3574383,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034939,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108704 | Is dexamethasone recommended for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage? | No. Dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids should be avoided for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage because they do not improve patient outcome and are associated with increased risk of side effects. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22495304,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25959774 | What happens upon disruption of a TAD boundary? | rewiring occurred only if the variant disrupted a ctcf-associated boundary domain . of a tad boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. . of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions . Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. This rewiring occurred only if the variant disrupted a CTCF-associated boundary domain. Both in mouse limb tissue and patient-derived fibroblasts, disease-relevant structural changes cause ectopic interactions between promoters and non-coding DNA, and a cluster of limb enhancers normally associated with Epha4 is misplaced relative to TAD boundaries and drives ectopic limb expression of another gene in the locus. Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions. This rewiring occurred only if the variant disrupted a CTCF-associated boundary domain. Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions Both in mouse limb tissue and patient-derived fibroblasts, disease-relevant structural changes cause ectopic interactions between promoters and non-coding DNA, and a cluster of limb enhancers normally associated with Epha4 is misplaced relative to TAD boundaries and drives ectopic limb expression of another gene in the locus.both in mouse limb tissue and patient-derived fibroblasts, disease-relevant structural changes cause ectopic interactions between promoters and non-coding dna, and a cluster of limb enhancers normally associated with epha4 is misplaced relative to tad boundaries and drives ectopic limb expression of another gene in the locus.Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. This rewiring occurred only if the variant disrupted a CTCF-associated boundary domain. Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions. Both in mouse limb tissue and patient-derived fibroblasts, disease-relevant structural changes cause ectopic interactions between promoters and non-coding DNA, and a cluster of limb enhancers normally associated with Epha4 is misplaced relative to TAD boundaries and drives ectopic limb expression of another gene in the locus. This rewiring occurred only if the variant disrupted a CTCF-associated boundary domain. Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation.Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. In this way, disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions. This rewiring occurred only if the variant disrupted a CTCF-associated boundary domain.Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions Both in mouse limb tissue and patient-derived fibroblasts, disease-relevant structural changes cause ectopic interactions between promoters and non-coding DNA, and a cluster of limb enhancers normally associated with Epha4 is misplaced relative to TAD boundaries and drives ectopic limb expression of another gene in the locus. This rewiring occurred only if the variant disrupted a CTCF-associated boundary domain. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3752426,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6757857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16388418,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6752882,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21853406,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21184040,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14727263,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10668344,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2107174,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036362,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16240903,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7712934,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10714127,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7863389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25168331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11450586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12923683 | List the classical symptoms of the Moschcowitz syndrome (Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). | The typical manifestations of Moschocowitz syndrome (Thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura) are:
1) thrombocytopenia,
2) haemolysis,
3) fever,
4) coma and
5) renal failure. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16128878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892280,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11914416,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26898578 | Is airplane stroke syndrome a common disease. | No. Only 37 cases of stroke during or soon after long-haul flights have been published. A single center study reported that 42 out of 5727 stroke admissions (0.73%) were flight-related strokes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26508757 | Which R / bioconductor package is used for enrichment analysis of genomic regions? | locus overlap analysis (lola) provides easy and automatable enrichment analysis for genomic region sets, thus facilitating the interpretation of functional genomics and epigenomics data.Genomic datasets are often interpreted in the context of large-scale reference databases. Locus Overlap Analysis (LOLA) provides easy and automatable enrichment analysis for genomic region sets, thus facilitating the interpretation of functional genomics and epigenomics data.Locus Overlap Analysis (LOLA) provides easy and automatable enrichment analysis for genomic region sets, thus facilitating the interpretation of functional genomics and epigenomics data. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21761288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25921068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531175,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19941656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26656153,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25555396,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17018572,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24137011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20886259,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17662845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11973307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10629039,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658416 | Which is the major RNA editing enzyme in Drosophila melanogaster? | Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA [adenosine deaminase, RNA specific (ADAR)] catalyze the site-specific conversion of adenosine to inosine in primary mRNA transcripts. The ADAR RNA editing enzyme controls neuronal excitability in Drosophila melanogaster. TIRs were deduced to form dsRNAs as a putative target of ADAR. Genetic Determinants of RNA Editing Levels of ADAR Targets in Drosophila melanogaster. RNA editing usually affects only a fraction of expressed transcripts and there is a vast amount of variation in editing levels of ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) targets. The ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) RNA editing enzyme controls neuronal excitability in Drosophila melanogaster.Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA [adenosine deaminase, RNA specific (ADAR)] catalyze the site-specific conversion of adenosine to inosine in primary mRNA transcripts. The ADAR RNA editing enzyme controls neuronal excitability in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic Determinants of RNA Editing Levels of ADAR Targets in Drosophila melanogaster. TIRs were deduced to form dsRNAs as a putative target of ADAR. we show that expression of the editing enzyme, ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA), is dramatically decreased at elevated temperatures, partially, but not fully, explaining some target responses to temperature. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a highly conserved process that post-transcriptionally modifies mRNA, generating proteomic diversity, particularly within the nervous system of metazoans. RNA editing usually affects only a fraction of expressed transcripts and there is a vast amount of variation in editing levels of ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) targets. RNA editing by deamination of specific adenosine bases to inosines during pre-mRNA processing generates edited isoforms of proteins. RNA editing is proposed as a modulator of transcriptomes, but its biological impact has not been fully elucidated. Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA [adenosine deaminase, RNA specific (ADAR)] catalyze the site-specific conversion of adenosine to inosine in primary mRNA transcripts.adarRNA editing usually affects only a fraction of expressed transcripts and there is a vast amount of variation in editing levels of ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) targets. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a highly conserved process that post-transcriptionally modifies mRNA, generating proteomic diversity, particularly within the nervous system of metazoans.Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA [adenosine deaminase, RNA specific (ADAR)] catalyze the site-specific conversion of adenosine to inosine in primary mRNA transcripts. TIRs were deduced to form dsRNAs as a putative target of ADAR. Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA [adenosine deaminase, RNA specific (ADAR)] catalyze the site-specific conversion of adenosine to inosine in primary mRNA transcripts. TIRs were deduced to form dsRNAs as a putative target of ADAR. The ADAR RNA editing enzyme controls neuronal excitability in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic Determinants of RNA Editing Levels of ADAR Targets in Drosophila melanogaster. RNA editing usually affects only a fraction of expressed transcripts and there is a vast amount of variation in editing levels of ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) targets. GABA inhibitory signalling is impaired in human epileptic and autistic conditions, and vertebrate ADARs may have a relevant evolutionarily conserved control over neuronal excitability. RNA editing usually affects only a fraction of expressed transcripts and there is a vast amount of variation in editing levels of ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) targets.Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA [adenosine deaminase, RNA specific (ADAR)] catalyze the site-specific conversion of adenosine to inosine in primary mRNA transcripts. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26527719 | What is the CEGA catalog? | CEGA is a catalog of conserved elements from genomic alignments. Harnessing the power of multiple species comparisons to detect genomic elements under purifying selection, CEGA provides a comprehensive set of CNCs identified at different radiations along the vertebrate lineage. Evolutionary constraint is identified using threshold-free phylogenetic modeling of unbiased and sensitive global alignments of genomic synteny blocks identified using protein orthology. The dynamic CEGA web interface displays alignments, genomic locations, as well as biologically relevant data to help prioritize and select CNCs of interest for further functional investigations. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25963653,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735820,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11380287,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21360554 | Which protein is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum during pregrancy? | Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum during pregrancy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21196716,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26275071,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27677923,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15307105,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008183 | Is hydroxyurea usually used to treated infectious disease? | Hydroxyurea represents the only available disease-modifying therapy for Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25551148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535848,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26727944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26953690,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26811445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27614751,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216936 | What is magnetoreception? | Magnetoreception is an enigmatic, poorly understood sensory ability, described mainly on the basis of behavioural studies in animals of diverse taxa. The ability to perceive geomagnetic fields (GMFs) represents a fascinating biological phenomenon. Studies on transgenic flies have provided evidence that photosensitive Cryptochromes (Cry) are involved in the response to magnetic fields (MFs). The photoreceptor protein cryptochrome is thought to host, upon light absorption, a radical pair that is sensitive to very weak magnetic fields, endowing migratory birds with a magnetic compass sense. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27651774,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8456713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21082060,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289580,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24094991 | Can acupuncture cause spinal epidural hematoma? | Yes, acupuncture can cause spinal epidural hematoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17448310,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368913,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884998,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17111701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10361423,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15852660,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16247647,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241903,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556043,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234253,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21302208,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24240509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17009081,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26457719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26281851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25722313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529637,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11928729,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12508485,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26178548,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24533195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10215332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400184,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20924604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194561,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1953084,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23510630 | Is edema a symptom of nephrotic syndrome? | Yes, edema is the commonest presenting symptom and sign in nephrotic syndrome. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26713299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1714232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2564739,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1985457,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2309781 | Angelman syndrome is associated with deletion of a part of Chromosome 15 but if the deletion occurs in the paternally inherited chromosome 15, what is the disease? | Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) results from a deletion of the paternal genes in the region of chromosome 15q11-q13. prader-willi syndrome (pws) results from a deletion of the paternal genes in the region of chromosome 15q11-q13.Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) results from a deletion of the paternal genes in the region of chromosome 15q11-q13. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) results from a deletion of the paternal genes in the region of chromosome 15q11-q13. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25891934,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26005867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26549885 | What is the phenotype of people carrying mutations in the gene PRDM12? | New therapeutic options have recently been derived from studies of individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP). Here we identified 10 different homozygous mutations in PRDM12 (encoding PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology domain-containing protein 12) in subjects with CIP from 11 families. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286061,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281433,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23429371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27392443,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219808,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691963,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23907119,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26517431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25976256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22661320,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525250,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25200322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24285547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25773741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23417712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603901 | Is there an association between Histone H3.3 mutations and glioma? | Yes, histone H3.3 mutation in the codon for lysine 27 has been found as driver mutations in pediatric glioblastoma and has been suggested to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of thalamic gliomas and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22438832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728715,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15777722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702877,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22265405 | Which cellular function is associated with transcription factors forkhead 1 and 2 (Fkh1 and Fkh2)? | Forkhead transcription factors establish origin timing and long-range clustering in S. cerevisiae. Here we show that the yeast Forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, are global determinants of replication origin timing. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors have a conserved function in regulating metazoan lifespan. Fkh1 and Fkh2 bind Fkh-activated origins, and interact physically with ORC, providing a plausible mechanism to cluster origins. Instead, we show that Fkh1 and Fkh2 are required for the clustering of early origins and their association with the key initiation factor Cdc45 in G1 phase, suggesting that Fkh1 and Fkh2 selectively recruit origins to emergent replication factories. Forkhead transcription factors establish origin timing and long-range clustering in S. cerevisiae. Fkh1 and Fkh2 are required for the clustering of early origins and their association with the key initiation factor Cdc45 in G1 phase. Fkh1 and Fkh2 selectively recruit origins to emergent replication factories. They both bind Fkh-activated origins, and interact physically with ORC, providing a plausible mechanism to cluster origins.Forkhead transcription factors establish origin timing and long-range clustering in S. cerevisiae. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors have a conserved function in regulating metazoan lifespan. Fkh1 and Fkh2 bind Fkh-activated origins, and interact physically with ORC, providing a plausible mechanism to cluster origins. Here we describe the remaining two genes, fhl1 and fkh2, that code for proteins containing fork-head-associated domains (FHA) besides their FKHs. This may reflect a general feature of gene regulation in eukaryotes. Forkhead transcription factors establish origin timing and long-range clustering in S. cerevisiae.Forkhead transcription factors establish origin timing and long-range clustering in S. cerevisiae. Here we show that the yeast Forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, are global determinants of replication origin timing. Fkh1 and Fkh2 bind Fkh-activated origins, and interact physically with ORC, providing a plausible mechanism to cluster origins. Instead, we show that Fkh1 and Fkh2 are required for the clustering of early origins and their association with the key initiation factor Cdc45 in G1 phase, suggesting that Fkh1 and Fkh2 selectively recruit origins to emergent replication factories. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors have a conserved function in regulating metazoan lifespan. Instead, we show that Fkh1 and Fkh2 are required for the clustering of early origins and their association with the key initiation factor Cdc45 in G1 phase, suggesting that Fkh1 and Fkh2 selectively recruit origins to emergent replication factories. Fkh1 and Fkh2 bind Fkh-activated origins, and interact physically with ORC, providing a plausible mechanism to cluster origins. Here we show that the yeast Forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, are global determinants of replication origin timing.Here we show that the yeast Forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, are global determinants of replication origin timing. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors have a conserved function in regulating metazoan lifespan.Forkhead transcription factors establish origin timing and long-range clustering in S. cerevisiae. Here we show that the yeast Forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, are global determinants of replication origin timing. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27397685 | What is the role of the Ctf4-interacting-peptide or CIP-box? | Crystallographic analysis classifies CIP-boxes into two related groups that target different sites on Ctf4. Mutations in the CIP-box motifs of the Dna2 nuclease or the rDNA-associated protein Tof2 do not perturb DNA synthesis genome-wide, but instead lead to a dramatic shortening of chromosome 12 that contains the large array of rDNA repeats. Data reveal unexpected complexity of Ctf4 function, as a hub that connects multiple accessory factors to the replisome. Most strikingly, Ctf4-dependent recruitment of CIP-box proteins couples other processes to DNA synthesis, including rDNA copy-number regulation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549161 | What type of genome, (RNA or DNA, double stranded single stranded) is found in the the virus that causes blue tongue disease? | The Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments.Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments. Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments.Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segmentsbluetongue virus (btv) genome contains ten double-stranded rna segments. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176562,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26653737,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687405,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27041861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27709283 | What is a "chemobrain"? | The term "chemobrain" is sometimes used to denote deficits in neuropsychological functioning that may occur as a result of cancer treatment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22107858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678360,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22374275,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23582488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23570149,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479123,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23811958,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20849795,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516093,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25746311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354667,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15842944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26246101,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8893721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26120845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16286391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19408992 | Borden classification is used for which disease? | Borden classification systems is used for the prediction of clinical behavior of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22084256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27799341,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17025153 | Which effects create neighborhoods of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes? | Enhancer Sharing Promotes Neighborhoods of Transcriptional Regulation Across Eukaryotes. Here, we present cross-organismic evidence suggesting that most EP pairs are compatible, largely determined by physical proximity rather than specific interactions. we find that the transcription of gene neighbors is correlated over distances that scale with genome size. We propose that enhancer sharing is commonplace among eukaryotes, and that EP distance is an important layer of information in gene regulation. Enhancer Sharing Promotes Neighborhoods of Transcriptional Regulation Across Eukaryotes Here, we present cross-organismic evidence suggesting that most EP pairs are compatible, largely determined by physical proximity rather than specific interactions. we propose that enhancer sharing is commonplace among eukaryotes, and that ep distance is an important layer of information in gene regulation.Enhancers physically interact with transcriptional promoters, looping over distances that can span multiple regulatory elements. We propose that enhancer sharing is commonplace among eukaryotes, and that EP distance is an important layer of information in gene regulation.Enhancer Sharing Promotes Neighborhoods of Transcriptional Regulation Across EukaryotesEnhancer Sharing Promotes Neighborhoods of Transcriptional Regulation Across Eukaryotes We propose that enhancer sharing is commonplace among eukaryotes, and that EP distance is an important layer of information in gene regulation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27611590 | Is Pfh1 a component of the replisome? | No. Pfh1 Is an Accessory Replicative Helicase that Interacts with the Replisome to Facilitate Fork Progression and Preserve Genome Integrity. DNA replication through hard-to-replicate sites, including both highly transcribed RNA Pol II and Pol III genes, requires the S. pombe Pfh1 helicase. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12864941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871173,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182527,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27889578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25898924,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25893295 | What is the function of mTOR? | The mTOR protein regulates assembly of the translation initiation machinery and are master regulators of cellular survival, growth and metabolism. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809133,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27819145 | What is the indication for valbenazine? | Valbenazine granted breakthrough drug status for treating tardive dyskinesia. |