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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18482556,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19901442,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19901441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055075,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21245659,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17318575,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20593935,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016781,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200838,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289891 | To what extent does HPV vaccination reduce the risk for cervical cancer? | The most effective strategy therein was vaccination of 12-year-olds, plus a temporary 12-24-year-old catch-up program covering both sexes; whereby HPV 6/11/16/18-related cervical cancer, high-grade cervical precancer, and genital wart incidence was reduced by 84-98% during year 50 following vaccine introduction. Vaccine efficacy in prevention of CIN 2 or higher lesions in HPV 16 or HPV 18 negative women, who received all vaccination doses, ranges between 98% and 100% |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22020387,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21351276,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524638,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18091433,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17604324,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918173,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791631,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263490 | Have germline variants been associated to colorectal cancer? | Yes. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) applied to medical research has revealed how germline variants and mutations may be associated with colorectal cancer. It is likely that this level of knowledge can be translated into predictions of predisposition. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030236,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054683,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21548758,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22155483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435408,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23528227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21709374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19936094 | Can Alzheimer's disease related miRNAs be detected in patients' blood? | Yes. It has been demonstrated that blood miRNAs could be useful as biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18552138,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21498307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387438,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23097128,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22641976 | Which is the clinical meaning of the presence of delayed enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | Occurrence of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with left atrial and ventricular dysfunction as well as with the severity of heart failure symptoms and arrhythmic risk factors. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19412502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810375,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071407,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440145,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15052512,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810886,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12908614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520364,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016570,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23018612 | What disease is mirtazapine predominantly used for? | Mirtazapine is predominantly used in the treatment of major depression. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683505,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20846894,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20692508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745222,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639532 | Is it possible to visualize subtahalamic nucleus by using transcranial ultrasound? | Yes, it has been shown that it is possible to visualize subtahalamic nucleus by using transcranial ultrasound. Transcranial ultrasound is safe and reliable method that can be employed to monitor lead location and intraoperative visualization of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574462,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22120008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639607,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16317087,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974140,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18162535 | Is cancer related to global DNA hypo or hypermethylation? | DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation are independent processes and appear to play different roles in tumor progression. Cancer cells are characterized by a generalized disruption of the DNA methylation pattern involving an overall decrease in the level of 5-methylcytosine together with regional hypermethylation of particular CpG islands. Tumors have reduced levels of genomic DNA methylation and contain hypermethylated CpG islands. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14761671,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24174657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6329444 | Do thyroid hormone receptors change after brain injury? | thyroid hormone receptors increase after brain injury |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10963459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23947403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1749589,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11384106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15068981,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21672627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20400857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731754,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24571058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23381814,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500406,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16570523,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502128,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18450228 | What is known about efficacy of the high dose intravenous ascorbate in the treatment of cancer patients? | It was reported that ascorbate, given orally and intravenously at doses of up to 10 g/day, was effective in the treatment of cancer. However, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials showed no survival advantage when the same doses of ascorbate were given orally, leading the medical and scientific communities to dismiss the use of ascorbate as a potential cancer treatment. Pharmacologic actions of ascorbate against cancer cells remain to be fully understood. It is thought that high dose ascorbate is selectively cytotoxic to cancer cell lines through the generation of extracellular hydrogen peroxide. High dose intravenous ascorbate (IVC) may be able to modulate inflammation, which in turn might improve outcomes for cancer patients. IVC may serve as a safe, adjunctive therapy in clinical cancer care |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10652315,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14761982,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21215336,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15522301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1634521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11502188,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9356261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3517024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115173 | Alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin subunits form parallel or antiparallel heterodimers? | Alpha and beta spectrin subunits form antiparallel spectrin heterodimers by lateral association. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8725589,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17849966,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3244997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201368,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10546306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21359587,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10431669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12617256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14969159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11871678,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050296,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24096230,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23589947,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8543701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284539,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19938882,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23809306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19658340,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1873324,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773524,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18625105,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16637799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18313197 | Is gastro esophageal reflux related to burning mouth syndrome? | No data indicate causal connection between gastro esophageal/laryngopharyngeal(LPR) reflux disease and the occurrence of intraoral burning sensations |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1823954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14617316,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1304158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9745158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6522937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1703877,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12430675,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20795312,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/889425 | Which is the protein (antigen) targeted by anti-Vel antibodies in the Vel blood group? | Disruption of SMIM1 causes the Vel- blood type. The protein carrying the Vel blood group antigen was biochemically purified from red blood cell membranes. Mass spectrometry-based de novo peptide sequencing identified this protein to be small integral membrane protein 1 (SMIM1), a previously uncharacterized single-pass membrane protein. Expression of SMIM1 cDNA in Vel- cultured cells generated anti-Vel cell surface reactivity, confirming that SMIM1 encoded the Vel blood group antigen. (PMID: 23505126)SMIM1 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11556600,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9475589,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8434615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11807866,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15305355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9014285 | Which are the subtypes of Pfeiffer syndrome? | Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three clinical subtypes.Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three clinical subtypes. Type 1 "classic" Pfeiffer syndrome involves individuals with mild manifestations including brachycephaly, midface hypoplasia and finger and toe abnormalities; it is associated with normal intelligence and generally good outcome. Type 2 consists of cloverleaf skull, extreme proptosis, finger and toe abnormalities, elbow ankylosis or synostosis, developmental delay and neurological complications. Type 3 is similar to type 2 but without a cloverleaf skull. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11583310,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845284,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16962918,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135285,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543699,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15027582,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7986734,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860491,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164918,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15713144,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165673,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21380983 | Is thrombophilia related to increased risk of miscarriage? | Thrombophilia has been found to be considerably more common in women with pregnancy-associated complications in comparison with the general population, and most frequently in conjunction with venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period. In particular there is an increased risk of pregnancy-related venous thrombosis in carriers of severe inherited thrombophilia. When counseling white women with a history of preeclampsia, screening for thrombophilia can be useful for preconceptional counseling and pregnancy management. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064518,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006040,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19140748,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939266 | Intact macromolecular assemblies are analysed by advanced mass spectrometry. How large complexes (in molecular weight) have been studied? | 2.3 megadalton |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21815704,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20197484,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25701171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636162,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21806477,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216225,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045340,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300028 | What is targeted by Palbociclib? | Necitumumab is a fully human IgG(1) monoclonal antibody directed at the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It is used for treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479090 | Which peptide plays a pivotal role in human cystatin C fibrillization? | Human cystatin C (HCC) is a low molecular weight member of the cystatin family (type2). HCC consists of 120 amino acids. Normally it is an inhibitor of cysteine proteases, but in pathological conditions it forms amyloid fibrils in brain arteries of young adults. An 'aggregation-prone' pentapeptide ((47)LQVVR(51)) was located within the HCC sequence using AmylPred, an 'aggregation-prone' peptide prediction algorithm developed in our lab. This peptide was synthesized and self-assembled into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro, as electron microscopy, X-ray fiber diffraction, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy and Congo red staining studies reveal. Thus, the (47)LQVVR(51) peptide seems to have an important role in HCC fibrillization.Human cystatin C (HCC) is a low molecular weight member of the cystatin family (type2). HCC consists of 120 amino acids. Normally it is an inhibitor of cysteine proteases, but in pathological conditions it forms amyloid fibrils in brain arteries of young adults. An 'aggregation-prone' pentapeptide ((47)LQVVR(51)) was located within the HCC sequence using AmylPred, an 'aggregation-prone' peptide prediction algorithm. This peptide was synthesized and self-assembled into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro, as electron microscopy, X-ray fiber diffraction, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy and Congo red staining studies reveal. Thus, the (47)LQVVR(51) peptide seems to have an important role in HCC fibrillization. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21963238 | What is ChiRP-seq (Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification sequencing)? | ChiRP-seq (Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification sequencing) is a method where tiling oligonucleotides retrieve specific lncRNAs with bound protein and DNA sequences, which are enumerated by deep sequencing. ChIRP-seq of three lncRNAs reveal that RNA occupancy sites in the genome are focal, sequence-specific, and numerous. ChIRP-seq is generally applicable to illuminate the intersection of RNA and chromatin with newfound precision genome wide. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23411384,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19101988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19585214,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998967,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587405,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479927,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359236,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23495982,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462680,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501481,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23337633 | What is the use of MammaPrint and Oncotype DX? | The MammaPrint and Oncotype DX assays are used to predict breast cancer recurrence risk and guide adjuvant chemotherapy decisions. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16573711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10404034,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24752219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24513517,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10900233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126675,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9399968,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12753410,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24680380,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11104511,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11273667,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326812,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8647712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12205133,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8793089,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15350645,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9259470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9882694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200725,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340466,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10805657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10564356,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550786,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19634509 | Does nifedipine inhibit L-type calcium channels? | Yes, nifedipine is a typical blocker of L-type calcium channels. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3148185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3148186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2497684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2497685,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3091628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3088700,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1596403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7925318,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1469425,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2475830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3146705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3147318,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22017410,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3097367,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2982071,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8899662,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2514091,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3068777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6134961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2125610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1906441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11681403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1792854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2563937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2127925,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2233870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2518665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3080693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2126554,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3080694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3080695,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2132051,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1904337,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3136230,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6439824,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3104820,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3923160,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3104750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3104751,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9444487 | Is there any data to suggest that TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) administration can improve symptom severity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients? | Yes, there are studies demonstrating that TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) administration can improve symptom severity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. However, some studies have failed to demonstrate symptom improvement following TRH administration.Very high intravenous doses (2-19 mg/min) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide) given to 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) produced a moderate to marked improvement of functions caused by deficiency of lower motor neurons (weakness) and upper motor neurons (spasticity). The improvement was sustained throughout the infusion and for about 1 h thereafter; sometimes a slight improvement was evident 20 h after infusion. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22629278,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24237627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23104832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25010333,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19787035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23572527,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25044324 | How can DUF families be deciphered? | The genome projects have unearthed an enormous diversity of genes of unknown function that are still awaiting biological and biochemical characterization. These genes, as most others, can be grouped into families based on sequence similarity. The PFAM database currently contains over 2,200 such families, referred to as domains of unknown function (DUF).
Critically examining domain covariation across metagenomic datasets can grant new perspectives on the roles and associations of DUFs in an ecological setting. Targeted attempts at DUF characterization in the laboratory or in silico may draw from these insights and opportunities to discover new associations and corroborate existing ones will arise as more large-scale metagenomic datasets emerge.
In a coordinated effort, the four large-scale centers of the NIH Protein Structure Initiative have determined the first three-dimensional structures for more than 250 of these DUF families. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171649,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21149577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9927321,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629520,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17317766 | Which genes does thyroid hormone receptor beta1 regulate in the heart? | β-MHC, HCN4, KCND2/3, SERCA, TRbeta1, alpha-MHC |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23266614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22436374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23555954 | Can siRNA affect response to afatinib treatment? | When afatinib was combined with an EGFR-specific siRNA there was a strong biological effect on growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19296976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20877609,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23259418 | What is the gold standard treatment for Iatrogenic male incontinence? | The artificial urethral sphincter has represented, until today, the gold standard but, in the recent years, sling systems have been investigated as minimally invasive alternative options. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16998506,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721994,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14618615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19763819 | Which is the main CHEK2 genetic variant, thought to be involved in familial breast cancer? | CHEK2 1100delC mutation is recurrently detected in the general population and is thought to confer a moderate risk for breast cancer. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15804203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14665817,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20726684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539872,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173795,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20073388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22532849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22261652,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25435902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16282870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339899,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24854252,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20953117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17156851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989105,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220078,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20715299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23244804,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15951705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22856386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23439268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525074,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11329394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211435 | Is there an association between presenteeism and depression? | Yes. Presenteeism is associated with depression. Remission of depression is associated with improvement of presenteeism. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23734615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18204753,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10378390,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15751610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181239,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22719898,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425788,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18824871,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15108207,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3164411,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17188616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1867260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056970,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596673,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10405448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8835601 | Which hormone abnormalities are common in Williams syndrome | Elevated Thyrotropin - TSH
Low FT4
Growth Hormone deficiency
Calcitonin deficiency
Elevated Prolactin
Elevated Cortisol
Elevated Oxytocin
Elevated Vasopressin |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15213617,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15672765,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7975766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22368024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9667473,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1377459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15916100,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11682961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054376,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7978750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3178044 | What is the treatment of choice for gastric lymphoma? | The treatment of choice for localized primary GI lymphoma is controversial. Complete surgical resection may increase the chance of complete remission, but mortality and relapse rates might be higher than those observed with combination chemotherapy alone.
In early stages of disease, H. pylori eradication alone may lead to complete lymphoma remission in up to 75% of cases. Nonresponder or locally advanced lymphoma should be treated with radiation therapy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10623423,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10069565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18265108,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1657218,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16839211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7604973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8917679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14646509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382149,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412642,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24562547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16088381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481916,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9729489,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432928,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12395931,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9648109,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23844597,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12405700,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447956,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12642103,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8536072,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9196252,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16646085,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11525920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24624212,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22876965 | Which assays can be used for detecting DNA fragmentation resulting from programmed cell death (apoptosis)? | The biochemical hallmark of apoptosis is internucleosomal DNA cleavage into oligonucleosome-length fragments. Measurement of apoptosis-associated internucleosomal DNA fragmentation through determination of the percentage of fragmented DNA by electrophoresis or centrifugation of whole cell lysates is by far the most common means of quantifying apoptosis. DNA fragmentation due to apoptosis can also be identified using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling of DNA fragments (TUNEL), in situ end labeling (ISEL) of the genomic DNA in fragmented nuclei, and measurement of cytosolic histone-bound DNA fragments (cell death ELISA assays). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1333560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2987290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9781620 | Does triiodothyronine stimulate red blood cell sodium potassium pump? | An inverse correlation between this enzymatic action and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels.
The effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in red blood cells may be different in vivo and in vitro. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19936787,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435089,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713192,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896621,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24268987,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22890106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15889350,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20083155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24027558,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20628049,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20879691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825978,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23392090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24275187,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835051,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398436,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098685,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24170966,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980113,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161551,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22719050,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899191,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574010,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21303950,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23592749,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264952,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19811520 | Which hormone concentrations are altered in patients with the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome? | Thyroid hormone concentrations are altered in patients with the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. In particular, high serum T3 levels and low-normal to low T4 serum levels are common in the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. It is, an X linked condition, is characterized by severe intellectual disability, dysarthria, athetoid movements, muscle hypoplasia and spastic paraplegia in combination. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435040,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25268371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240824,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25294906,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406027,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24716986,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25309778 | Is selumetinib effective in thyroid cancer? | Yes, selumetinib was shown to be effective treatment for thyroid cancer. Selumetinib may reverse radioiodine uptake in patients with radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Clinical efficacy of selumetinib was also investigated in other solid tumors. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16360031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504119,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23752197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17497677,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11278647,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20191297,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11836260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15116098,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11527429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19819244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12942774,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20140014 | Where in the cell does the proteins S100A4 and p53 interact ? | S100A4 interacts with p53 in the cell nucleus. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23960389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300368 | What are the applications of a Dermaroller ? | Microneedling with dermaroller is a new treatment modality for the treatment of scars, especially acne scars, stretch marks, wrinkles, and for facial rejuvenation. It is a simple and relatively cheap modality that also can be used for transdermal drug delivery.
Microneedling is a safe and a promising tool in hair stimulation and also is useful to treat hair loss refractory to Minoxidil therapy.Microneedling with dermaroller is a new treatment modality for the treatment of scars, especially acne scars, stretch marks, wrinkles, and for facial rejuvenation. It is a simple and relatively cheap modality that also can be used for transdermal drug delivery.Dermaroller along with Minoxidil treated group was statistically superior to Minoxidil treated group in promoting hair growth in men with AGA for all 3 primary efficacy measures of hair growth. Microneedling is a safe and a promising tool in hair stimulation and also is useful to treat hair loss refractory to Minoxidil therapy.Microneedling therapy seems to be a simple and effective treatment option for the management of atrophic facial scars. Microneedling with dermaroller is a new treatment modality for the treatment of scars, especially acne scars, stretch marks, wrinkles, and for facial rejuvenation. It is a simple and relatively cheap modality that also can be used for transdermal drug delivery. Dermaroller along with Minoxidil treated group was statistically superior to Minoxidil treated group in promoting hair growth in men with AGA for all 3 primary efficacy measures of hair growth. Microneedling is a safe and a promising tool in hair stimulation and also is useful to treat hair loss refractory to Minoxidil therapy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17852013,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7595631,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23881705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25199710,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7551976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25904790,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406178,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24995608 | Are immune cells affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | In ALS T-cell deficiency increases neuronal loss, while boosting T cell levels reduces it.The intrathymic injection of donor spleen cells into antilymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated mice induces significant prolongation of donor skin grafts. To elucidate possible mechanisms involved in the induction of unresponsiveness in ALS-treated mice after intrathymic injection of donor spleen cells, we have analysed the reactivity of lymphoid cells from unresponsive mice in various ways. Here, we show that in the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 G93A (mSOD1) mouse model of ALS, the levels of natural killer T (NKT) cells increased dramatically, and T-cell distribution was altered both in lymphoid organs and in the spinal cord relative to wild-type mice. Therapeutic immunization of mSOD1 mice with a myelin-derived peptide led to CP activation, and was followed by the accumulation of immunoregulatory cells, including IL-10-producing monocyte-derived macrophages and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, and elevation of the neurotrophic factors IGF-1 and GDNF in the diseased spinal cord parenchyma.Therapeutic immunization of mSOD1 mice with a myelin-derived peptide led to CP activation, and was followed by the accumulation of immunoregulatory cells, including IL-10-producing monocyte-derived macrophages and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, and elevation of the neurotrophic factors IGF-1 and GDNF in the diseased spinal cord parenchyma |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232210,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15535988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459177,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24151358,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21395542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25204339,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17973861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982575,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23886114 | Are OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 associated with bilirubin transport? | Yes, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are involved in the transport of bilirubin. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784847,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22542282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23776891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565368,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20872316,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24731671,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172631,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20220185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447589 | What is the mechanism of action of eprotirome? | Eprotirome belongs to thyromimetics and has selective TRβ1 activity. It has shown to be effective in dyslipidemia by the lipid-lowering action of TH in the liver and also in obesity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7513085,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12046234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25071434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25287735,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20663643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23816631 | What is the role of music therapy in coma patients. | Several studies have shown that music can boost cognitive functions in patients with a disorder of consciousness but it is difficult to conclude since they did not use quantified measures and a control condition/group. Active improvised music therapy may offer an adjuvant form of treatment in the early rehabilitation of severe brain-injured patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12930149,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15003844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15117937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19184366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635416,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14556002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19666023,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670272,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819049,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11504465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14638789,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341220,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21206476,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2067470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405174,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20078859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15701514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21297002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10585859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22524128,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3011062,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15293910,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12929205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12139027,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706885,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22216006,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21866942,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203971,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248630,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20702404,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18989463,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543099,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038338,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22222968,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23088152,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17822713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15033330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990975,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19931645,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21698217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23326533,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22563351,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628552,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570407,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095915,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20500669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1813841,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14627712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14514358,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15878595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19013823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17024857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744765,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11087748,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507744,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265796,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23046708,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15463447,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18611947,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15147974,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11115107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672695,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16458301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18221799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687659,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18925948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2067482,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14609342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19768685,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3911876,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874251,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191201,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020475,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12125103,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6728514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19380379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11796125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4047719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1648659,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839179,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18082626,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23484017,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21904052,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15950069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20610151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628947,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19666593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19801158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559352,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8300589,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164079,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9514077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11085920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15703443,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7715553,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353400,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8631352,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16222020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563912,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21329764,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16042788,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771420,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8816746,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23483940,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349974,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19267910,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22019287,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10703207,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23342028,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028927,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9927744,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23293353,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15246528,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6760901,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21209090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1474844 | Which is the causative agent of malaria? | Four Plasmodium species commonly infect humans (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale). Plasmodium falciparum infects about 5-10% of the world human population per year and it is the causative agent of the most severe and lethal form of malaria. P. falciparum causes fatal cerebral malaria and is responsible for most deaths, particularly in pregnant women and children under the age of five. P. falciparum is transmitted to the human host by Anopheles mosquitoes and is the most tremendous malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium vivax is the causative agent of benign malaria in more temperate climates of the world. Plasmodium gallinaceum is the main bird malaria causative agent and Plasmodium yoelli is the principle rodent malaria agent. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15997091,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295102,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3947104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15114698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3459397,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3461747,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12445862,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7325994 | What is the major adverse effect of adriamycin(doxorubicin)? | Cardiac toxicity is a major adverse effect caused by doxorubicin (DOX) therapy Cardiac toxicity is a major adverse effect caused by doxorubicin (DOX) therapy. In spite of the routine use of this drug its major adverse effect, the dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, cannot be prevented yet. Cardiotoxicity is a major adverse effect of the anthracycline antibiotics and can be acute or chronic. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8679252,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24963847,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8670277 | What is GDF10? | The growth/differentiation factor-10 (GDF-10) is a new member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. It is highly related to bone morphogenetic protein-3 (BMP-3) and often referred to as BMP3b. The nucleotide sequence of GDF-10 encodes a predicted protein of 476 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 52,000. The GDF-10 polypeptide contains a potential signal sequence for secretion, a putative RXXR proteolytic processing site, and a carboxy-terminal domain with considerable homology to other known members of the TGF-beta superfamily. GDF10 is found primarily in murine uterus, adipose tissue, and brain and to a lesser extent in liver and spleen. In addition, GDF-10 mRNA was present in both neonatal and adult bone samples, with higher levels being detected in calvaria than in long bone. These results suggest that GDF10 may play multiple roles in regulating cell differentiation events, including those involved in skeletal morphogenesis. Gdf10 was mapped to the proximal region of mouse chromosome 14 close to a region known to contain a spontaneous recessive mutation that is associated with a craniofacial defect. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2189307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17710084,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9485134,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8936682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8936683,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312172,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369135,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572044,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19778808,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917524,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10194658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8333798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12145478,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8353891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10474790,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165115,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165118,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18221125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506112,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17893267,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125327,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7954115,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23837113 | Is thyroid hormone therapy indicated in patients with heart failure? | There are several experimental and clinical evidences of the potential benefits of Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in heart failure. Initial clinical data showed also a good safety profile and tolerance of TH replacement therapy in patients withheart failure.
However currently there is no indication to treat patients with heart failure withTHreplacementtherapy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10936049,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12135664,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12200363,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21240276,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9678061,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561169,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879775,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22660274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8879267,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9531583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16859999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18812474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19427003,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21915857 | Is there a mouse model for Fanconi anemia? | A number of mouse models have already been generated with a targeted disruption of several Fanconi anemia genes, such as FANCA, FANCF, FANCM, FANCD1, etc. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24035502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20039210,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345401,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19701772,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21842290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948452,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23226073,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917539,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18473354,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845405,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972918,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591426,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20721959,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22572845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24962381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543112 | Could Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) be effective for the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer? | There is level-one evidence suggesting the benefit of postoperative adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer after cytoreductive surgery, albeit catheter-related complications resulted after treatment discontinuation. Studies report the use of HIPEC predominantly in the setting of recurrent disease and have demonstrated encouraging results, which merits further investigation in future clinical trials Yes. In the majority of patients with primary and recurrent advanced ovarian cancer, cytoreductive surgery combined with HIPEC can lead to a substantial increase in subsequent rates of disease-free and overall survival. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20198873,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25577380,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23346095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21469143,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20185571,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373143 | Which is the most common editing modification in eukaryotic mRNA? | One of the most common forms of pre-mRNA editing is A-to-I editing, in which adenosine is deaminated to inosine, which is read as guanosine during translation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242308,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21377450,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20307526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280046,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21698524,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671188,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955285,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19684614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161837,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23876400,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382862 | Is Rac1 involved in cancer cell invasion? | A number of signalling pathways have been found to converge to and activate Rac1, which, in turn, activates a number of downstream targets to control actin-cytoskeleton rearrangements at membrane ruffles, as well as formation and activity of lamellipodia, to regulate the migratory processes leading to cell invasion. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21279453,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466872,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23427247,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23316055,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22787460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18495196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24189052,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835787,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19036809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15296758,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17522216 | Which are the APOBEC3 protein family members able to inhibit Vif-deficient HIV-1 replication? | APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3DE, APOBEC3A, and APOBEC3H haplotypes II, V, and VII, provide protection against Vif-deficient HIV-1, through hypermutation of the viral genome, inhibition of reverse transcription, and inhibition of viral DNA integration into the host genome. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580201,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12589229,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723437,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11458707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12391111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15894713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805287 | Is the gene SLC6A2 associated with orthostatic intolerance? | Yes, variants of the SLC6A2 (or NET) gene are associated with orthostatic intolerance. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21502407,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546862,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112873,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071789,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135294,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303401,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21915789,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23463798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17387145,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319885 | Other than protein coding potential, what features set apart long non-coding RNAs from protein coding genes? | Compared to protein coding genes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) display a bias towards two-exon transcripts. They are predominantly localized in the chromatin and nucleous. They are lower expressed and display a more tissue-specific expression pattern. LncRNAs are overall more weakly conserved than protein coding genes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22862294,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23830395,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24797866,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984728,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24769543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23900878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23077657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25060980,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24998329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21403842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25457902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24906252,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25226600,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25604973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23353592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25131455,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25084082,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23568224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25012164,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22348175,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189899,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20730702,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22525377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25377471,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24582812,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23997048 | Is macitentan an ET agonist? | No, macitentan is anendothelin receptor antagonist. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579745,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24175175,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674539 | Can we use platelet biomarkers to study Alzheimer's disease? | Yes, platelet biomarkers can be used to study Alzheimer's disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9629378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9613204,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1608955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749005,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798057,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18627056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630505,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8957518 | Which genetic defects are observed in Prader-Willi syndrome? | The predominant genetic defects in Prader-Willi syndrome are 15q11-13 deletions of paternal origin and maternal chromosome 15 uniparental disomy, or rare imprinting mutations, combined with monoallelic expression of the paternal alleles. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22685044,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18236809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880115,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23511037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9412954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16534420,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26089697,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21488915 | What is the most likely age of diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD)? | Crohn's disease has a bimodal age distribution of disease onset diagnosis. The peaks (20 and 50 years) may represent different phenotypes or different genetic and/or environmental influences between younger- and older-onset individuals. When the age-related incidence of Crohn's disease was plotted for all countries from which such data were available, the peaks of greatest case frequency occurred at ages 15 to 25 years and paralleled a similar peak representing the number of Peyer's patches as a function of age. For those with biologic use, average age at time of diagnosis of Crohn's disease was 32.3 ± 12.2 years, compared with 43.7 ± 16.3 years for those who had not received biologics (P = 0.005). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20883475,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22031514 | How does thyroid hormone affect insulin resistance in the heart? | T3 potentiates insulin signaling and improves insulin sensitivity. In addition, T3 lowers blood glucose in a model of type 2 diabetes. TRalpha P398H mutation is associated with insulin resistance. Circulating T(1)AM is produced from thyroid hormones and is found to be increased in diabetic patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12519996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10573422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11820254,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15701682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949021,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21729286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250127,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15130848,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215406,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23236161,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18081932,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17963500,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18025684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21342538,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365410 | Which are the state-of-the-art computational tools for the prediction of gene fusion events? | Gene fusion detection - also known as the 'Rosetta Stone' method - involves the identification of fused composite genes in a set of reference genomes, which indicates potential interactions between its un-fused counterpart genes in query genomes. A few methods/tools and computational pipelines for the detection of gene fusion events have been introduced. The basic steps followed in these approaches consist of (i) all-against-all sequence comparison, (ii) detection of non-overlapping similarities of two genes/proteins (components) to a single gene/protein (composite), and optionally (iii) elimination of putative spurious hits (e.g. due to promiscuous domains) achieves via clustering based on sequence similarity and examining dense regions of the resulting graph or by querying the PFAM database. An advantage of gene fusion analysis is that functional associations can be predicted even in cases of genes of unknown function. Due to the computationally intense nature of these approaches, precompiled data of this type are often organized in specialized databases. Tools and databases developed for this purpose include (in alphabetical order): fdfBLAST, FusionDB, InPrePPI, (Integrated method for Prediction of Protein-Protein Interactions), MosaicFinder, Phydbac2, PLEX, Predictome, Rosetta Stone method, STRING. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596250,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11751432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030661,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18024013,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577921 | Is CHEK2 involved in cell cycle control? | CHEK2 is a key cell cycle control gene encoding a pluripotent kinase that can cause arrest or apoptosis in response to unrepaired DNA damage. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24718867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24583793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222558,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042473,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156998,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25110953 | Describe mechanism of action of PLX3397 drug. | PLX3397 works by inhibiting colony-stimulating-factor-1 receptor (CSF1R). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21532863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2754219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10912475,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18212211 | What disease is small bowel lymphoma commonly associated with | Small bowel lymphoma is commonly associated with celiac disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289088 | Are the proteins Erbin (LAP2) and Merlin cooperating? | Yes, Erbin and Merlin are cooperating. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24157091,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730881,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25132411,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23858337,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875601,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25268669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23253932,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23998727,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280236,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448220,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25007392,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24677511,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979544,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25484038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24452484,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23106107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23834907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243910,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24035250,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24354461,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23361084,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24827753,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290985 | Which molecule is targeted by a monoclonal antibody Secukinumab? | Secukinumab (AIN457) is a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interleukin-17A. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572487,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10593895,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099778,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374467,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16260608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18005668,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727000,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16229015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14729474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559828,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11592964 | Which calcium/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase is involved in the activation of the family of NFAT transcription factors (Nuclear Factors of Activated T cells)? | The activity of NFAT proteins is tightly regulated by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B/calcineurin (CaN).Dephosphorylation of NFAT by CaN is required for NFAT nuclear localization. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22997101,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415091,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114016,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371507,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12846385,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14523189,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850932 | Is abdominal pain a common symptom in autism? | Yes, although there are no precise data. There is data that Lactase deficiency, not associated with intestinal inflammation or injury, is common in autistic children and may contribute to abdominal discomfort, pain and observed aberrant behavior. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19403925,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25259854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568539,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887548,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928193,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21087465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19923714,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17103061,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15935056 | Are cyclophilins ubiquitously expressed? | Yes, cyps (cyclophilins) are ubiquitous proteins of the immunophilin superfamily. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25010002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25073090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25009261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25350397,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24574382,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25064589,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25220136 | Are adenylyl cyclases always transmembrane proteins? | Adenylyl cyclases exists both as transmembrane and soluble proteins. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23740743,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308494,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21807997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23676078,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19823040,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22188810,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792193 | What histone trimethylation has been associated to RNA splicing? | Mostly H3K36me3 but there is some evidence that H3K4me3 may also play a role in splicing |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19377474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19374775,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075797 | What was the purpose of the FANTOM4 project? | The international Functional Annotation Of the Mammalian Genomes 4 (FANTOM4) research collaboration set out to better understand the transcriptional network that regulates macrophage differentiation and to uncover novel components of the transcriptome employing a series of high-throughput experiments. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4057698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2627465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500064,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19448543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23958074,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9078538,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868525,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21248453,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719939 | Does low T3 negatively affect prognosis of patients after cardiac surgery? | Low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery for congenital heart diseases is associated with decreased T3
Low T3 concentrations are associated with occurrence of post operative atrial fibrillation
Low T3 concentrations are inversely correlated with the days of post operative hospitalization |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11310286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8363978,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18360657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12530992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22377249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16982219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039990,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940258,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19081645,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20814842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598107 | Which deficiency is the cause of restless leg syndrome | Iron deficiency (low serum ferritin) is a recognized cause for RLS. Further, in the striatum of subjects with restless legs syndrome, the dopamine transporter is decreased, which leads to impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission. There is also a report of magnesium deficiency underlying RLS. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522517,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11076012,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20507565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142762,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744456 | List the results of mutated casein kinase 1 epsilon. | Mutation in casein kinase 1 epsilon results in a short circadian period, abnormal entrainment to light cycles, and potentiated resetting responses to light.
Mutations of CK1epsilon found in breast cancer can suppress Wnt/beta-catenin as well as promote the Wnt/Rac-1/JNK and Wnt/NFAT pathways, thus contributing to breast cancer development via effects on cell adhesion and migration.
Csnk1e is regulating not only the timing of sleep, but also the REM sleep amount and NREM sleep architecture. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20345238,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20476562,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20544857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624825,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21915648,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703519,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22664218,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24642455 | Does neuroglobin has neuroprotective properties in the setting of traumatic brain injury? | Yes, neuroglobin has neuroprotective properties in the setting of traumatic brain injury. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22974536,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674970,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464343,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18004210,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22088980,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22624833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17681590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154242,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803320,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20083681 | What gene test is recommended for clopidogrel? | The genetic test recommended for clopidogrel is CYP2C19 genotyping. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995279,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23907995,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282529 | What is the role of eteplirsen in DMD patients? | AVI-4658(eteplirsen) induces skipping of dystrophin exon 51 in patients with relevant deletions, restores the open reading frame and induces dystrophin protein expression after intramuscular (i.m.) injection. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12217621,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17303592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783505,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092100,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941145,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18816693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17702273,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11912113 | Describe clinical presentation of Parkinsonism with dementia of Guadeloupe syndrome. | Parkinsonism with dementia of Guadeloupe is a unique combination of levodopa-resistant parkinsonism, tremor, myoclonus, hallucinations, REM sleep behavior disorder and fronto-subcortical dementia. Based on the presence or the absence of supranuclear gaze palsy, two subgroups of patients can be distinguished. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17852557,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24147016,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20334641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478935,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875443,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21452059,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14574457 | Does the concentration of protein HIF-1α increase after the administration of the cytoprotective prodrug"amifostine" (ethyol) ? | The key-protein that when associated with HREs leads to the activation of all of these genes, is identified as“Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1” (HIF1). It is a heterodimer composed of two subunits (IIF1a 120kDa and HIF-1b 91-94kDa), both of which belong to the group of "basic helix-loop-helix" (bHLH)-Pas proteins. The heterodimer HIF1 and IIF2 increase in the cytoplasm of cells exposed to hypoxia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19101988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21221771,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21934103,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074401,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176237,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479927,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22811953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22590486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18347556,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18072276,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21278441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18942607,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21370017,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536946,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20877447,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564629 | Which diseases can Oncotype DX be used for? | Oncotype can be used for predicting breast cancer and colon cancer recurrence. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9925782,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7536414,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21981419,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368098,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11838638,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23007409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9207024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21842375,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280363,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22203734,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19322801,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20139415,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206775,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23085465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170584,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9628353,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23444399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398368,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467223,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23125037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21805123,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22320963,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22259221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9153756,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791605 | Which are the DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferases inhibitors? | DNA (Cytosine-5-)-methyltransferases are a family of enzymes that methylate DNA at the C5 position of cytosine residues. Given that methylation of tumour suppressor gene promoters leads to carcinogenesis, inhibition of DNA (Cytosine-5-)-methyltransferases is a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. There are several inhibitors of DNA (Cytosine-5-)-methyltransferases that uses different modes of action: 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR, Vidaza®), 5-azadeoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR, decitabine, Dacogen®), 5-azacytosine (ZCyt), 5-fluorodeoxycytidine (FdC), 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytosine (DZCyt), 4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine, hydralazine, 2-(1H)-pyrimidinone riboside (zebularine), 2-(1H)-pyrimidinone (zebularine aglycon), procaine, procainamide, psammaplin A, and RSC133, a new synthetic derivative of indoleacrylic acid/indolepropionic acid. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24403965,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1580196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21319032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421586 | Describe armoured brain syndrome. | Armoured brain syndrome is defined by calcified chronic subdural haematoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621055,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021773 | Which are the main histone modifications associated with enhancers? | Histone 3 lysine 4 mono- (H3K4me1) and di-methylation (H3K4me2) are the main post-transcriptional histone modifications related to enhancer activity.Using H3K4me2 as a mark for active enhancers (PMID: 22270183) Hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4, a mark of active chromatin, is established broadly across target loci by enhancers that function over long distances (PMID: 19021773) The enhancer region itself was marked by mono-methylation at K4 and K9, distinguishing it from the methyl marks in the gene coding region (PMID: 19021773) H3K4 methylation to monovalent and bivalent domains (PMID: 20621055)H3K4 methylation to monovalent and bivalent domains. The enhancer region itself was marked by mono-methylation at K4 and K9, distinguishing it from the methyl marks in the gene coding region. Hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4, a mark of active chromatin, is established broadly across target loci by enhancers that function over long distances. Using H3K4me2 as a mark for active enhancers. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3018425,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8221703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9773038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2127684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8690305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8437381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1317658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1394244 | What is the role of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone in the treatment of comatose patients? | Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and its analogs are used for treatment of comatose patients. In animal models, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and its analogs have been shown to improve the disturbance of consciousness caused by head concussion and pentobarbital. This analeptic action is attributable to stimulation of cholinergic neurons in the septo-hippocampal area and to the presence of terminals containing TRH in the lateral septum and TRH receptors concentrated especially in the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca. It has also been suggested that TRH localized in the pineal gland has a part in activating the neuronal mechanisms of arousal. Associated with the arousal effect and especially evident in variously originated shock conditions are the activating effects of TRH on vegetative functions (body temperature, circulation, the gastrointestinal tract). These stimulatory activities on the CNS were the rationale for therapeutic use of TRH in the initial treatment of coma due to brain trauma. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone has been shown to induce recovery in comatose patients with extrapontine and pontine myelinosis syndromes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21629789,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21081479,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19782672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18562680,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533910,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21047394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19492354,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940009,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989259,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17210927,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15859353,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494938,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171877,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19073165 | Do Conserved noncoding elements act as enhancers? | An important percentage of noncoding elements conserved across distant species shows enhancer activity and other forms of regulatory functionality. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19483674 | Can the iPS cell technology be used in Fanconi anemia therapy? | iPS cell technology can be used for the generation of disease-corrected, patient-specific cells with potential value for cell therapy applications in Fanconi anemia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975791,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653994 | Which drug is considered as the first line treatment of fibromyalgia? | Pregabalin is, therefore, a valuable option in the first-line treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15154918,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18980520 | What are the signatures of aggressive periodontitis? | Aggressive periodontitis does not differ from chronic periodontitis from a microbial profile point of view but there are distinctive immunological signatures, including a higher expression in IgG against most periodontal pathogens and a more intense regulatory mechanism of metabolic processes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395473,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20230609,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22499857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526805,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21749979,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24705649,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22771212,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007317,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599000 | With which complexes is the protein SUS1 associated? | Sus1/ENY2 is a component of the SAGA and TREX-2 complexes |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19294755,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12470342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102489,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251775,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18829009,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638568,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222917,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9329835,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667646 | Can Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) be used for gender selection? | Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis can be used for gender selection. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25679813,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24097267 | What is the principle of ATAC (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin) technique? | ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin) is an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing, based on direct in vitro transposition of sequencing adaptors into native chromatin. ATAC is a rapid and sensitive method for integrative epigenomic analysis. ATAC-seq captures open chromatin sites using a simple two-step protocol with 500-50,000 cells and reveals the interplay between genomic locations of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins, individual nucleosomes and chromatin compaction at nucleotide resolution.To this end, we first compare two different approaches to detect open chromatin in vivo using the Drosophila eye primordium as a model system: FAIRE-seq, based on physical separation of open versus closed chromatin; and ATAC-seq, based on preferential integration of a transposon into open chromatin. ATAC-seq captures open chromatin sites using a simple two-step protocol with 500-50,000 cells and reveals the interplay between genomic locations of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins, individual nucleosomes and chromatin compaction at nucleotide resolution. In conclusion, we show that FAIRE-seq and ATAC-seq based open chromatin profiling, combined with motif discovery, is a straightforward approach to identify functional genomic regulatory regions, master regulators, and gene regulatory networks controlling complex in vivo processes. We describe an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), based on direct in vitro transposition of sequencing adaptors into native chromatin, as a rapid and sensitive method for integrative epigenomic analysis.We describe an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), based on direct in vitro transposition of sequencing adaptors into native chromatin, as a rapid and sensitive method for integrative epigenomic analysis |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065998,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073994,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22227378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705828,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11238889,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18087042,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22670525,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11113196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16043493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394582 | Which are the main NMD factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae? | Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance mechanism that accelerates the degradation of mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons. This quality control pathway depends on the NMD-specific factors, Upf1p, Upf2p/Nmd2p, and Upf3p, as well as the two release factors, eRF1 and eRF3 (respectively designated Sup45p and Sup35p in yeast). NMD activation is also enabled by the absence of the poly(A)-binding protein, Pab1p, downstream of a termination eventIn Saccharomyces cerevisiae, rapid degradation of nonsense-containing mRNAs requires the three nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) factors, Upf1p, Nmd2p, and Upf3p.In addition to their well-documented roles in the promotion of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), yeast Upf proteins (Upf1, Upf2/Nmd2, and Upf3) also manifest translational regulatory functions, at least in vitro, including roles in premature translation termination and subsequent reinitiation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21963854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15200950,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086618,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12208845 | Which histone marks are deposited by Set7? | Set7 is H4K20 monomethyltransferase. Upregulation of PR-Set7 expression upon loss of HCF-1 leads to improper mitotic H4-K20 methylation. Set7 (or some variant) has also been reported to perform mono-methylation on lysine-4 of H3. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21384922,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282230,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705875,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20882555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23272196 | Has proteomics been used in the study of the dry eye syndrome? | Yes, tears obtained from patients with the dry eye syndrome have been analyzed using different proteomic technologies. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213473,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10728516,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8963604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2150641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15257873,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8466736,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848351,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7918132,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14727944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7738211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7789292,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2523644,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2523646,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7921533,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12215829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9544865,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2137344,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11172743,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8205296,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2949585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1363224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7621840,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10854683,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7955262 | What is the indication for isradipine? | Isradipine is safe and effective when administered long-term in the treatment of hypertensive patientsThe calcium antagonist isradipine is used for hypertensive therapy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24111708,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23453151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23254891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23535992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24600235,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464950,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24287680,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22141608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21156036,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588276,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20428822,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201633,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21344976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18808066,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25434389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518393,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20045159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870254,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359215 | List non-surgical treatment modalities that are included in the Stupp protocol. | Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are non-surgical treatment modalities that are included in the Stupp protocol. This protocol is widely used for treatment of glioblastoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796876,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923000,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8541855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9425231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8752669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9783710,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12145749,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9499606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847697 | Which genes are associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type I/II? | It is currently estimated that approximately 50% of patients with a clinical diagnosis of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome harbor mutations in the COL5A1 and the COL5A2 gene, encoding the α1 and the α2-chain of type V collagen, respectivelyEhlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type I (the classical variety) is a dominantly inherited, genetically heterogeneous connective-tissue disorder. Mutations in the COL5A1 and COL5A2 genes, which encode type V collagen, have been identified in several individuals. Most mutations affect either the triple-helical domain of the protein or the expression of one COL5A1 allele It is currently estimated that approximately 50% of patients with a clinical diagnosis of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome harbor mutations in the COL5A1 and the COL5A2 gene, encoding the α1 and the α2-chain of type V collagen, respectively It is currently estimated that approximately 50% of patients with a clinical diagnosis of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome harbor mutations in the COL5A1 and the COL5A2 gene, encoding the α1 and the α2-chain of type V collagen, respectively.Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type I (the classical variety) is a dominantly inherited, genetically heterogeneous connective-tissue disorder. Mutations in the COL5A1 and COL5A2 genes, which encode type V collagen, have been identified in several individuals. Most mutations affect either the triple-helical domain of the protein or the expression of one COL5A1 allele |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646462,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554497,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23683740,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21388829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19803400,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556026,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20421579,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871489 | Which factors are considered in the ABCD2 score? | Age, Blood pressure, Clinical features, Duration of symptoms and Diabetes are included in the ABCD2 score, which is used to identify patients having a transient ischemic attack who are at high risk for imminent stroke. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20041940,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506736,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15456557,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9006662,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24226526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818174,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021912,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24310804,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770187,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068806,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23749404,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23966835,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20073603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2600265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22497684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21547713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21907282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20087180,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12582162,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624715,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22736301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364343,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19297407,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23438619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15340059,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18080139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2706800,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1293183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23035046,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16757313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22125079,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11288117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8129414,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21309039,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1479601,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21301339,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24092520,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8825048 | Is Tuberous Sclerosis a genetic disease? | Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. Two thirds of TSC cases result from sporadic genetic mutations, not inheritance, but their offspring may inherit it from them. Current genetic tests have difficulty locating the mutation in approximately 20% of individuals diagnosed with the disease. So far it has been mapped to two genetic loci, TSC1 and TSC2.
TSC1 encodes for the protein hamartin, is located on chromosome 9 q34 and was discovered in 1997. TSC2 encodes for the protein Tuberin, is located on chromosome 16 p13.3 and was discovered in 1993. TSC2 is contiguous with PKD1, the gene involved in one form of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Gross deletions affecting both genes may account for the 2% of individuals with TSC who also develop PKD in childhood. TSC2 has been associated with a more severe form of TSC. However, the difference is subtle and cannot be used to identify the mutation clinically. Estimates of the proportion of TSC caused by TSC2 range from 55% to 80-90%.Yes, Tuberous Sclerosis is a genetic disease, caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21865362,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16514549,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15108285,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12754710,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19334051,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11938494 | Does TRIM37 gene mutation causes Mulibrey nanism? | Yes, Mulibrey nanism is caused by recessive mutations in the TRIM37 gene encoding for the peroxisomal TRIM37 protein with ubiquitin-ligase activity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20880963 | Have thyronamines effects on fat tissue? | thyronamines cause reduction of fat mass |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18796515,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19842191,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714972,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19875478 | What is the genetic basis of progeria | Mutations in the LMNA gene cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome in around 90% of patients |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10455196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10455195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11266119,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8805338,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10675345,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21491902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9637245,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10946229,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10375529,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9535832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9895121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10363024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379112,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24810496 | What type of DNA repair pathways is initiated by AlkA glycosylase? | The AlkA protein (3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II protein) is a monofunctional DNA glycosylase that recognizes a broad range of oxidized and alkylated base lesions and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond to initiate the base excision repair (BER) pathway. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19176477,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20423330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045334,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16154111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351748,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12794086,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17121848,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24141722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248624,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20006583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113972,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12127959,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11156945,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17963781 | Is there any protein that undergoes both mono-ubiquitination and poly-ubiquitination? | Yes, there are some rare cases where a protein can be both mono-ubiquitinated and poly-ubiquitinated. |