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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7802437,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10049295,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247141,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495279,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333052,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20140514 | How does Hst5 (histatin 5) affect infections by Candida glabrata? | Human salivary histatins, including histatin 5 (Hst 5), are small cationic proteins that are the major source of fungicidal activity of salivaHuman salivary histatins, including histatin 5 (Hst 5), are small cationic proteins that are the major source of fungicidal activity of saliva. We found that Hst 54-15-Spd was significantly more effective in killing C. albicans and Candida glabrata than Hst 5 alone in both planktonic and biofilm growth and that Hst 54-15-Spd retained high activity in both serum and saliva. Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a small cationic human salivary peptide with high fungicidal activity against C. albicans, however many strains of C. glabrata are resistant. We constructed a conjugate peptide using spermidine (Spd) linked to the active fragment of Hst 5 (Hst 54-15), based upon our findings that C. albicans spermidine transporters are required for Hst 5 uptake and fungicidal activity.Our results, taken together, demonstrated that histatin-5 possessed the fungicidal activity against Candida species other than C. glabrata. Human salivary histatins, including histatin 5 (Hst 5), are small cationic proteins that are the major source of fungicidal activity of saliva. Histatin 5, a human salivary protein with broad-spectrum antifungal activity, is remarkably ineffective against Candida glabrata. Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a small cationic human salivary peptide with high fungicidal activity against C. albicans, however many strains of C. glabrata are resistant. Since Hst 5 requires fungal binding to cell wall components prior to intracellular translocation, reduced Hst 5 binding to C. glabrata may be the reason for its insensitivity. Hst 5 enters C. albicans cell through polyamine transporters Dur3p and Dur31p that are uncharacterized in C. glabrata. The crucial rate limiting step is reduced uptake that can be overcome by expression of C. albicans Dur proteins in C. glabrata. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10448809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11814461,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521344,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23438514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10090061,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16498763,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11493025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8940268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301416,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2079710,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11978730,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7581365,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8577041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/85413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19439584,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8297359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8281145,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9875712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8399327,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17072020 | Which enzyme is deficient in Krabbe disease? | Galactocerebrosidase is an enzyme that is deficient in Krabbe disease (also known as globoid-cell leukodystrophy). This leads to accumulation of psychosine (galactosylsphingosine) primarily in oligodendrocytes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22496592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23640124,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23110901,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18533721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12724540,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952874 | Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in plant genomes? | The detailed view of conservation across angiosperms revealed not only high coding-sequence conservation but also a large set of previously uncharacterized intergenic conservation. Grass genes have dramatically fewer and much smaller CNSs than mammalian genes. Using an alignment-free information-retrieval approach, we have comprehensively identified all long identical multispecies elements (LIMEs), which include both syntenic and nonsyntenic regions, of at least 100 identical base pairs shared by at least two genomes. Using a comparative genomics approach with four dicotyledonous plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, papaya [Carica papaya], poplar [Populus trichocarpa], and grape [Vitis vinifera]), we detected hundreds of CNSs upstream of Arabidopsis genes. We consequently compared the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, which diverged about 200 million years ago, and identified 25 ultraconserved elements that are longer than 100 bp. Using a local sequence alignment set to deliver only significant alignments, we found one or more CNSs in the noncoding regions of the majority of genes studied. Grass genes have dramatically fewer and much smaller CNSs than mammalian genes. The detailed view of conservation across angiosperms revealed not only high coding-sequence conservation but also a large set of previously uncharacterized intergenic conservation. Using an alignment-free information-retrieval approach, we have comprehensively identified all long identical multispecies elements (LIMEs), which include both syntenic and nonsyntenic regions, of at least 100 identical base pairs shared by at least two genomes. Using a comparative genomics approach with four dicotyledonous plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, papaya [Carica papaya], poplar [Populus trichocarpa], and grape [Vitis vinifera]), we detected hundreds of CNSs upstream of Arabidopsis genes. We consequently compared the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, which diverged about 200 million years ago, and identified 25 ultraconserved elements that are longer than 100 bp. Using a local sequence alignment set to deliver only significant alignments, we found one or more CNSs in the noncoding regions of the majority of genes studied. Yes. Conserved, UltraConserved and other classes of Constrained Noncoding Sequences have been found in plant genomes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15287581,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17719658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17255224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17014697,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21332983,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23259643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16679041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166704,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14573641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174947,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939796,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19769795,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668007 | Which is the localization of the RIFIN family of proteins? | Plasmodium falciparum rifin proteins are mainly surface-expressed. Data has shown that while A-type RIFINs were found to be associated with the parasite and transported to the surface of infected erythrocytes via Maurer's clefts, B-type RIFINs appeared to be mostly retained inside the parasite. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18341545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23404595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429947,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675030,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12108800 | What are the current treatments for generalised anxiety disorder in teenagers? | Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) - both in individual and in group treatment
Randomised, placebo controlled trials have found Sertraline efficacious for GAD in adults, children and adolescents.
While both CBT and SSRIs are beneficial, some evidence suggests that the effects of CBT may be more long lasting. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1410257,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3855899,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5447715,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6829791,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/737550 | Can tetracycline affect tooth formation? | Tetracycline is incorporated in the teeth during their formation and leads to their permanent staining. A definite relationship between total dosage and staining and duration of administration and staining was established; the condition occurred with greater frequency (in more than one-third of the children) when the total dosage exceeded 3 g. or the duration of treatment was longer than 10 days. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11672965,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016241,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22670867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20158590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24098679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414162,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17316231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22709892,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19297406,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19384953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197618,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464347,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291462 | Is there any genetic determinant of hair pigmentation that could be useful in forensic analyses? | Yes, there are at least 12 genes associated with human hair color variation such as: TYR, TYRP1, OCA2, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, MC1R, ASIP and KITLG. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12525204,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23146055 | What is the suggested clinical management of Fanconi anemia? | Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only proven cure for the hematopoietic manifestations of FA and aggressive lifelong surveillance for solid tumors is essential.In patients with FA, there is a high incidence of aggressive HNSCC at a young age. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment because patients with FA tolerate radiation therapy and chemotherapy poorly, with significant morbidityHematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only proven cure for the hematopoietic manifestations of FA and aggressive lifelong surveillance for solid tumors is essential. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment because patients with FA tolerate radiation therapy and chemotherapy poorly, with significant morbidity. In patients with FA, there is a high incidence of aggressive HNSCC at a young age. Bone marrow surveillance is an important part of the clinical management of FA and often reveals cytogenetic aberrations. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only proven cure for the hematopoietic manifestations of FA and aggressive lifelong surveillance for solid tumors is essential.Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment because patients with FA tolerate radiation therapy and chemotherapy poorly, with significant morbidity. In patients with FA, there is a high incidence of aggressive HNSCC at a young age. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only proven cure for the hematopoietic manifestations of FA and aggressive lifelong surveillance for solid tumors is essential. Bone marrow surveillance is an important part of the clinical management of FA and often reveals cytogenetic aberrations. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301466,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22307399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23040497,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361477,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23683917,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564966,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22481011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16001794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913575,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954267,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068070,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20676041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19863545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292648,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908839,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23094885,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24062688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483626 | Could Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) cause sudden cardiac death? | Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited arrhythmogenic disease that can cause sudden cardiac death. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23963646,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326991 | Does Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) have anti-inflammatory activity? | Yes. ApoE has anti-inflammatory activity |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24565614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20922352 | Which drugs acting via bradykinin system are effective for treatment of ACE-inhibitor-induced angioedema? | Icatibant and ecallantide are medication acting via bradykinin system that are used for treatment of ACE-inhibitor-induced angioedema. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837885,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300564 | Is the ACE inhibitor indicated for lung cancer treatment? | No, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used widely as antihypertensive agents. On the contrary, it has been suggested that they decrease the risk of some cancers, although available data are conflicting. One study proposes that captopril could be a promising option for the treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to mitigate radiation-induced lung injury in preclinical models |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21267413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23457529,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064365,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15575964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935675,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451924 | Which forms of cancer is the Tpl2 gene associated with? | Tpl2/Map3K8, also known as tumor progression locus 2 has been identified as an oncogene, its mutation or overexpression is reported in a variety of human cancers. Types of cancer associated with Tpl2 include skin and epithelial cancers, ADI prostate cancer, gastric and colon adenocarcinomas, colitis-associated cancer (CAC), breast cancer, Hodgkin lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas and several types of T-cell neoplasias. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808745,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21718097,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21974759,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421695,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23136355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8227469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23767455,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23116225,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22490507 | What are the indications for hydrochlorothiazide? | Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic, often used in combination with others. Hydrochlorothiazide are used to treat hypertension. Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to decrease diastolic blood pressure. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20417622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25425232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12217498,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14743977,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11677621,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350489,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15823418,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17532183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24273314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221094,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23538833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600808 | Are genes symmetrically distributed between leading and lagging DNA strand in bacteria? | In most bacteria, genes are preferentially encoded on the leading strand than on the lagging strand. This avoids the potentially detrimental head-on collisions that occur between the replication and transcription machineries when genes are encoded on the lagging strand. Head-on collisions are more deleterious than codirectional collisions, and may lead to replication fork arrest and genomic instability. Genes of some functional categories such as ribosome have higher preferences to be on the leading strands, while genes of other functional categories such as transcription factor have higher preferences on the lagging strands. Strand-biased gene distribution correlates with replication-associated purine asymmetry and the presence or absence of polC. Especially essential and highly transcribed genes and genes whose expression is important for fitness are more preferentially situated at the leading strand in bacteria. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9145139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1648464,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9719378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12564817,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15162318,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/211577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9002682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196295,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11818821 | What hand deformities do patients with Apert syndrome present with? | In patients with Apert syndrome, the hands demonstrate many disturbances of soft tissue and bony structures. These include a short thumb with radial clinodactyly, complex syndactyly with a bony fusion involving the index, long and ring fingers, symphalangism and simple syndactyly of the fourth web space. The soft tissue anomalies involve the intrinsic muscles, the extrinsic tendon insertions and the neurovascular bundles. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15817328,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20539819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16827798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20560708,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19010825,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861541,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24190490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17660446,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957060 | Is c-myc subject to regulation by the circadian clock? | Yes, the expression of c-myc is regulated by the circadian clock protein Per2. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15626743,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751810,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381702,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176720,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079210,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21223249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15985470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22353937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21634429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20685499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16470606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410447,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028144,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17133426,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839906,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699304,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189222,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18327587,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22087865 | What disease is Velcade (bortezomib) mainly used for? | Velcade (bortezomid), a proteasome inhibitor drug indicated for multiple myeloma (MM) treatment. Velcade is also approved for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21597995,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14688019,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12384556,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10738305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19048113,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717685,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24252690 | Which genes are thought to be involved in medulloblastoma development? | Medulloblastomas are the most frequent malignant brain tumors affecting children. Disease development has been suggested to be associated with a significant number of genes, such as PTCH1, SUFU, PTEN, CREBBP, PTEN, MYT1L, NFIA, NFIB, TEAD1, TGIF2, IGF2, PCDH10, BMI1, MYC, OTX2, RASSF1A, HIC1, and CASP8. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070308,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18543308,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19303371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855519 | What is the prevalence of short QT syndrome? | The prevalence of short QT syndrome is low and varies between 0.01% and 0.1% |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10392228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7609749,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706581,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23015869,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11048776,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10338239,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350382,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208236,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763255,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20086611,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11130483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15262641 | Which sports have a risk for commotio cordis? | Participation in sports such as baseball, football, soccer, cricket, hockey and lacrosse has a risk for commotio cordis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19997032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23453728,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21535186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581487,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9372688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18926391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871437,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21766015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15135701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20972574,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20188217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500505 | is there an increase in ultrasound comets after intense exercise? | Strenuous exercise and exercise perfomed in extreme conditions provoke increase in interstitial pulmonary water content as shown by the increased number of ultrasuond comets |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297690,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18367432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19266219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3338422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10695897,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808513,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20220445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160259,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3284751,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691294,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10429817,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24929679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21932090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506178 | Describe Hot water reflex epilepsy. | Hot water epilepsy (HWE) refers to a specific type of reflex epilepsy precipitated by the stimulus of bathing in hot water. Pathogenesis is still unknown and temporal lobe has been thought to take part in the epileptogenesis. HWE can be symptomatic of focal cortical malformation, and few cases were reported. Intermittent clobazam prophylaxis prior to head water bath might be a preferred mode of treatment of pure HWE. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805989,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22771606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635588,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19481976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189456,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23499413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22647661 | What are the breath test biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis | Nitric oxide, urea, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen peroxide and end products of lipid peroxidation are the breath test biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14510512,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17497830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14510499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15133233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7642627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12736306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17439242,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598893,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556591,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10924147,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14750949,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18242151 | What types of DNA mutations are induced by 2-hydroxy-dATP (2-OH-dATP)? | 2-hydroxy-dATP mainly elicits G:C --> A:T transitions, and, to a lesser extent, G:C --> T:A transversions The induction of G:C --> T:A transversions by 2-OH-dATP indicates the formation of G*2-OH-dATP pairs. 2-OH-dATP also induces tandem (CC --> TT) mutations. Altogether, 2-OH-dATP induces both transition and transvertion mutations, such as A:T --> G:C, A:T --> C:G and G:C --> T:A mutations. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277150,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21073357,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845050,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256215,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545686,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25402764,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23884489,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20565969,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230094,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470471,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20725548,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26132941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23407924 | Which diseases can be treated with Afamelanotide? | Afamelanotide was ivestigated for treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria, vitiligo, Hailey-Hailey disease, acne vulgaris, polymorphic light eruption, prevention of actinic keratoses in organ transplant recipients and nonmelanoma skin cancer. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11043469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11432846,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10323222,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9090878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19794116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17172353,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9618535,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696005 | Which is the mechanism used by bacteria to induce tumors in Arabidopsis? | The bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects Arabidopsis, as well as other plants, and induces the formation of tumors by integrating the transferred-DNA (T-DNA) region of the Ti-plasmid into the plant nuclear genome. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22720727,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22261468,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690098,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22863603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24204719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21207386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603453,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18234572,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23024794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23581568,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15859391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24834709,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937795,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352524,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482806 | Can cffDNA be used for non-invasive testing? | Yes, cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) has made non-invasive prenatal testing possible. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23628468,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19136952,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24881494,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20702129,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24676999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24484619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343258,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437543 | List features of the Perry syndrome. | Perry syndrome is a familial parkinsonism associated with central hypoventilation, mental depression, and weight loss. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058082,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19278523,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715535,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16571864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19230141,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1860177,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16477617,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24025332 | Which is the main calcium binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | Calsequestrin is the major calcium-binding protein of cardiac and skeletal muscles whose function is to sequester Ca(2+ )in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).Calsequestrin is the major calcium-binding protein of cardiac and skeletal muscles whose function is to sequester Ca(2+ )in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17762398,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22077505,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832463,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633245 | Is the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism associated with irinotecan response in Caucasians? | Yes, it has been shown that the polymorphism UGT1A1*28 is associated with irinotecan response in Caucasians. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24933366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22764181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19778726,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973455,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913121 | For which diseases members of the 2-aminobenzamide class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors show promise as therapeutics? | Members of the 2-aminobenzamide class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors show promise as therapeutics for the neurodegenerative diseases Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) and Huntington's disease (HD).Members of the 2-aminobenzamide class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors show promise as therapeutics for the neurodegenerative diseases Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) and Huntington's disease (HD) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15526162,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10851237,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11720283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17178713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334184,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087681,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16003501 | Do U6-associated proteins Lsm4 and Lsm6 interact with SMN? | SMN interacts with at least two of the U6-associated Sm-like (Lsm) proteins, Lsm4 and Lsm6.yesSMN was found to interact with at least two of the U6-associated Sm-like (Lsm) proteins, Lsm4 and Lsm6. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21784350,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189881,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21263194,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277519,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473769,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505438,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21504387,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360050,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21091109,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21592055,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334070,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16338209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23574434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134132,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20154508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23796662,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883222,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339463,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292124,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375655,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19923550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19585948 | List anti-amyloid-beta monoclonal antibodies that have been investigated in clinical trials for treatment of Alzheimer disease. | Ponezumab, solanezumab and bapineuzumab are humanized antiamyloid beta (Aβ) monoclonal antibodies that have been designed for treatment of Alzheimer disease.Bapineuzumab
Solanezumab
Ponezumab
Gantenerumab |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8898826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9063691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10694509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20820758,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7804605,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10648826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8853221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546143,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315745,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11273667 | Does MVIIA and MVIIC bind to the same calcium channel? | No, the omega-conotoxin MVIIC blocks P/Q-type calcium channels with high affinity and N-type calcium channels with low affinity, while the highly homologous omega-conotoxin MVIIA blocks only N-type calcium channels. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815776,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20461051,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370293,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21274616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22988072,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23781815 | What is the idea behind the fractal globule that has been proposed as a model of chromatin conformation in the nucleus of a cell? | The fractal globule is a compact polymer state that emerges during polymer condensation as a result of topological constraints which prevent one region of the chain from passing across another one. This long-lived intermediate state was introduced in 1988 (Grosberg et al. 1988) and has not been observed in experiments or simulations until recently (Lieberman-Aiden et al. 2009). Recent characterization of human chromatin using a novel chromosome conformational capture technique brought the fractal globule into the spotlight as a structural model of human chromosome on the scale of up to 10 Mb (Lieberman-Aiden et al. 2009). The fractal globule, a knot-free, polymer conformation that enables maximally dense packing while preserving the ability to easily fold and unfold any genomic locus is distinct from the more commonly used globular equilibrium model and emphasizes topological constraints as a primary factor driving formation of chromosomal territories.The fractal globule is a compact polymer state that emerges during polymer condensation as a result of topological constraints which prevent one region of the chain from passing across another one. This long-lived intermediate state was introduced in 1988 (Grosberg et al. 1988) and has not been observed in experiments or simulations until recently (Lieberman-Aiden et al. 2009). Recent characterization of human chromatin using a novel chromosome conformational capture technique brought the fractal globule into the spotlight as a structural model of human chromosome on the scale of up to 10 Mb (Lieberman-Aiden et al. 2009). The fractal globule, a self-similar compact polymer conformation where the chain is spatially segregated on all length scales, has been proposed to result from a sudden polymer collapse. This state has gained renewed interest as one of the prime candidates for the non-entangled states of DNA molecules inside cell nuclei |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047165,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11724358,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22490049,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8104687,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21188112,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16450374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8567402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7947097,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1655244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11850431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8297104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2159380,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127645,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8996519,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1310509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8895198,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8040892,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2154411,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10416608 | Which anticancer drugs target human topoisomerase II? | Etoposide (VP-16) and Teniposide (VM-26) are effective as an anti-tumour drug by inhibiting eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II via establishing a covalent complex with DNA. Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin and Aclarubicin are anthracyclins that act as DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors and may be used in combination. Benzoxazoles, benzimidazoles and related fused heterocyclic compounds, which exhibited significant eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II inhibitory activity. F14512 is a polyamine-containing epipodophyllotoxin derivative that acts as an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II. Bisdioxopiperazine drugs such as ICRF-187 are catalytic inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II.
Among topoisomerase II inhibitors, the cytostatic potency was by decreasing order: mitoxantrone; doxorubicin, which was slightly greater than DuP 941, azatoxin; DuP 937; and amsacrine, which was much greater than VP-16 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642531,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642536,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25303992 | What is SHAPE-Seq? | SHAPE-Seq is a high-throughput technique that can simultaneously measure quantitative, single nucleotide-resolution secondary and tertiary structural information for hundreds of RNA molecules of arbitrary sequence. SHAPE-Seq combines selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) chemistry with multiplexed paired-end deep sequencing of primer extension products. This generates millions of sequencing reads, which are then analyzed using a fully automated data analysis pipeline, based on a rigorous maximum likelihood model of the SHAPE-Seq experiment. SHAPE-Seq has the ability to accurately infer secondary and tertiary structural information, detect subtle conformational changes due to single nucleotide point mutations, and simultaneously measure the structures of a complex pool of different RNA molecules. SHAPE-Seq thus represents a powerful step toward making the study of RNA secondary and tertiary structures high throughput and accessible to a wide array of scientific pursuits, from fundamental biological investigations to engineering RNA for synthetic biological systems. SHAPE-Seq v2.0 is a 'universal' method that can obtain reactivity information for every nucleotide of an RNA without having to use or introduce a specific reverse transcriptase priming site within the RNA. It is a highly reproducible method, with reactivity data that can be used as constraints in RNA folding algorithms to predict structures on par with those generated using data from other SHAPE methods. SHAPE-Seq v2.0 is expected to be broadly applicable to understanding the RNA sequence-structure relationship at the heart of some of life's most fundamental processes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17664070,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16165349,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828905,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21851209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862328,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19217782,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20606319,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20045951,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464884,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21742493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755587 | Which are the known inhibitors of the TPL2/MAP3K8 protein? | [1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles and quinoline-3-carbonitriles were the first Tumor Progression Loci-2 (Tpl2) kinase inhibitors. 4-alkylamino-[1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles are also known to inhibit Tpl2 function as well as quinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines and 2,4-disubstituted thieno[2,3-c]pyridines, indazoles, 4-Alkylamino-[1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles and generally molecules belonging to the wide categories of quinoline-3-carbonitriles, indazoles and thieno-pyrimidines.Honokiol
Thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines and thieno[2,3-c]pyridine
Quinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives (8-halo-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenylamino)-6-[(1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-quinoline-3-carbonitriles; 8-bromo-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylamino]quinoline-3-carbonitrile; 4-alkylamino-[1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitrile; 1,7-naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles)
Indazoles
Luteolin
1,7-naphtyridine-3-carbonitrile |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693659,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8987005,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3369448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22959745,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15502827,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/939547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11128621,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675878 | What is the mode of inheritance in Fanconi anemia? | Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited syndrome with diverse clinical symptoms including developmental defects, short stature, bone marrow failure, and a high risk of malignancies. Fifteen genetic subtypes have been distinguished so far. The mode of inheritance for all subtypes is autosomal recessive, except for FA-B, which is X-linked Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited syndrome. So far, fifteen genetic subtypes have been distinguished. The mode of inheritance for all subtypes is autosomal recessive, except for FANCB, which is X-linked. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21688387,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10677514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15867430,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14707166,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12799348,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616144,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18791732,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15509224 | Describe the involvement of conserved noncoding sequences in the regulation of Hox genes. | Comparisons of noncoding sequences of the elephant shark and human Hox clusters have identified a large number of conserved noncoding elements (CNEs), which represent putative cis-regulatory elements that may be involved in the regulation of Hox genes. The b-paralogs of the duplicated fugu Hox clusters are virtually devoid of unique ancient CNEs. Elephant shark and human Hox clusters have lost fewer ancient CNEs. If these ancient CNEs are indeed enhancers directing tissue-specific expression of Hox genes, divergence of their sequences in vertebrate lineages might have led to altered expression patterns and presumably the functions of their associated Hox genes. When compared, the amphioxus Hox cluster with the human HoxA, HoxB, HoxC, and HoxD clusters were found to have several conserved noncoding regions, both in intergenic and intronic regions. This suggests that the regulation of Hox genes is highly conserved across chordates, consistent with the similar Hox expression patterns in vertebrates and amphioxus. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24510436,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23236188 | Give an overview of visualizing genomes with oligopaint FISH probes. | Oligopaint probes are fluorescently labeled, single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides that can be used to visualize genomic regions ranging in size from tens of kilobases to many megabases. Coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a bioinformatic platform, this technology could be extended to any organism whose genome has been sequenced. The oligonucleotide probes are renewable, highly efficient, and able to robustly label chromosomes in cell culture, fixed tissues, and metaphase spreads. The method gives researchers precise control over the sequences they target and allows for single and multicolor imaging of chromosomal regions. It is anticipated that this technology will lead to an enhanced ability to visualize interphase and metaphase chromosomes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25031611,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24561620 | What is Targeted Chromatin Capture (T2C)? | Targeted Chromatin Capture (T2C) is an efficient, easy, and affordable with high (restriction fragment) resolution tool to address both genome compartmentalization and chromatin-interaction networks for specific genomic regions at high resolution for both clinical and non-clinical research.Significant efforts have recently been put into the investigation of the spatial organization and the chromatin-interaction networks of genomes. T2C provides an unbiased view of the spatial organization of selected loci at superior resolution (single restriction fragment resolution, from 2 to 6 kbp) at much lower costs than Hi-C due to the lower sequencing effort. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11807448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17902730,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9039309,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3191000,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3800424,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15034503,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041102,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3311578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17324826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15982234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1554931,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23463948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3549808,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8050148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592723 | What are the reported adverse effects of topical minoxidil? | Typical side effects of this topical treatment include irritative dermatitis going along with pruritus, erythema, scaling and dryness, which occur especially at the onset of the therapy. In some cases, allergic contact dermatitis or exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis has been reported.
Hypertrichosis is a well-recognized adverse effect of therapy with either oral or topical minoxidil.
We observed an as yet unreported "polymyalgia syndrome" in four otherwise healthy males whose sole medication was topically applied minoxidil. They experienced fatigue, weight loss and severe pain in the shoulders and pelvic girdle, suggesting connective tissue disease. Three patients had a transient rise in liver enzymes, while other laboratory analyses remained normal. Tritanomaly was detected in two patients who underwent systematic color vision testing.
A case of central serous chorioretinopathy after application of topical minoxidil solution.
A case of acute myocardial infarction associated with topical use of minoxidil (RiUP) for treatment of baldness.
Compared with placebo, topical minoxidil caused significant increases in LV end-diastolic volume, in cardiac output (by 0.751 min-1) and in LV mass (by 5 g m-2).
Two of our patients developed smoking intolerance during treatment with topical minoxidil for androgenital alopecia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591194,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18551622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582873,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656567,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24853414,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23978556,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18673445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19938902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393146 | Is arimoclomol a co-inducer of the heat shock response? | Yes, arimoclomol is a hydroxylamine derivative, a group of compounds which have unique properties as co-inducers of heat shock protein expression, but only under conditions of cellular stress. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15251045,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600803,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005271,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14515407,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9096828,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11478226 | What memory problems are reported in the " Gulf war syndrome" | memory loss |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10441816,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23692692,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764876,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17299265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21864855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11957793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12912718,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545255,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802419,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23605838,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17357954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24008540,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25208564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15568613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25935884,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8470439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25251907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367238 | Describe Heyde syndrome. | Classical Heyde syndrome is described as the association of aortic stenosis, bleeding gastrointestinal angiodysplasia and secondary anemia. A deficiency of high molecular weight multimers of von Willebrand factor (type 2A von Willebrand disease) provides the link between this association. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20065535,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10711555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582258,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12806798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15183554,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22687358,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22933007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10838378 | Has silicon been used in treatment of incontinence ? | Yes |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17545288 | Which proteins compose the error prevention GO (8-oxo-G) system in Pseudomonas putida? | In P. putida (Pseudomonas putida) the error prevention GO (8-oxo-G) system is composed of MutY, MutM, and MutT enzymes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22606669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24321226,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479187,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24263362,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16226240,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22606665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286700,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24266942,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23322959,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15788095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23763826 | List five applications of machine learning algorithms in medical diagnosis. | Machine learning technology is well suited for the induction of diagnostic and prognostic rules and solving of small and specialized diagnostic and prognostic problems. The medical diagnostic knowledge can be automatically derived from the description of cases solved in the past. In several medical domains we actually applied machine learning algorithms. Typically, the automatically generated diagnostic rules achieved the same or slightly better diagnostic accuracy than physicians specialists. There many several application of machine learning algorithms in medical diagnosis such as Brain glioma progression, Microarray classification, Mass spectral proteomics, Lymph disease classification and Parkinson's disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26340639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24346698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25218583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22495300,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23199754,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24905166,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479748,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305663 | Does the 3D structure of the genome remain stable during cell differentiation? | Many studies have suggested a link between the spatial organization of genomes and fundamental biological processes such as genome reprogramming, gene expression, and differentiation. The open chromatin of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) condenses into repressive heterochromatin as cells exit the pluripotent state. The relation between alterations in chromatin structure and changes in gene expression during cell differentiation has served as a paradigm to understand the link between genome organization and function. Insulators are involved in 3D genome organization at multiple spatial scales and are important for dynamic reorganization of chromatin structure during reprogramming and differentiation. Architectural proteins orchestrate higher-order chromatin organization through the establishment of interactions between regulatory elements across multiple spatial scales. The regulation of these proteins, their interaction with DNA, and their co-occurrence in the genome, may be responsible for the plasticity of 3D chromatin architecture that dictates cell and time-specific blueprints of gene expression.Chromatin insulators have emerged as one of the central components of the genome organization tool-kit across species. We identify large, megabase-sized local chromatin interaction domains, which we term 'topological domains', as a pervasive structural feature of the genome organization. Many studies have suggested a link between the spatial organization of genomes and fundamental biological processes such as genome reprogramming, gene expression, and differentiation. Thus, p63 and its direct target Brg1 play an essential role in remodelling the higher-order chromatin structure of the EDC and in the specific positioning of this locus within the landscape of the 3D nuclear space, as required for the efficient expression of EDC genes in epidermal progenitor cells during skin development. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23918387,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179142,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24257628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24088745,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24199189,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24141137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24326186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643243 | What is the main biological function of the CRISPR-CAS9 genome editing system? | The CRISPR/Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) has recently emerged as an efficient and simple tool for site-specific engineering of eukaryotic genomes. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has attracted significant attention for its potential to transform genome engineering. It has been shown that the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease can be employed to engineer the Drosophila genome, and that these modifications are efficiently transmitted through the germline. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been reported to efficiently induce targeted gene disruption and homologous recombination in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used to create knock-out alleles with great efficiency, and it has also been employed in knock-in of DNA cassettes at defined loci via homologous recombination (HR). The ease and efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system with limited off-target effects make it a powerful genome engineering tool for in vivo studies. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17391666,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8640331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12063079 | Does dronedarone affect T3 and T4 levels? | NO. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23444944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954495,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25520769,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24949031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22185395,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19843265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20733526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22132823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254897 | What is 2d 4d ratio in athletes. | Lower 2D:4D ratio was reported to be lower in handball players, kabaddi players, varsity athletes, football players, soccer players and rugby players. Low 2D:4D ratio correlates with better performance and with enhanced sporting prowess, particularly with regard to activities requiring endurance and dependent upon slow-twitch muscles. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353534 | What is the association between moon cycle and rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms? | The lunar cycle seems to affect the incidence of intracranial aneurysm rupture, with the new moon being associated with an increased risk of aneurysmal SAH. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23963125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20068481,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16774478,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18325424,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19803787,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690842 | What is the role of brain natriuretic peptide in traumatic brain injury patients ? | Brain natriuretic peptide concentrations are elevated in patients with traumatic brain during the acute phase and correlate with poor outcomes. In traumatic brain injury patients higher brain natriuretic peptide concentrations are associated with more extensive SAH, elevated ICP and hyponatremia. Brain natriuretic peptide may play an adaptive role in recovery through augmentation of cerebral blood flow. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25964097,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25764134,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25531698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24053207,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25626316,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24555809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24849305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187443,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988285,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26137203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25865943 | Which molecule is targeted by Daratumumab? | Daratumumab, an investigated anti-cancer drug targeting CD38, has been of great interest in the treatment of CD38-expressing malignancies, especially multiple myeloma.Daratumumab is a novel, high-affinity, therapeutic human monoclonal antibody against unique CD38 epitope with broad-spectrum killing activity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19619967 | Which mutation is associated with PLMS (periodic limb movements in sleep)? | missense substitution, Met1Val (M1V), was identified in the DCX gene |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8723065,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459714,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9244653 | Which DNA repair system is involved in HNPCC? | In HNPCC families, germline mutations in any of four genes encoding proteins of a specialized DNA repair system, the mismatch repair, predispose to cancer development. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23185044 | Mention the only available genomics and developmental transcriptomics resource for the urochordate Oikopleura dioica | OikoBase (http://oikoarrays.biology.uiowa.edu/Oiko/) is a tiling array-based genome browser resource for Oikopleura dioica, a metazoan belonging to the urochordates, the closest extant group to vertebrates. OikoBase facilitates retrieval and mining of a variety of useful genomics information and will provide a valuable resource for research in chordate development, genome evolution and plasticity and the molecular ecology of this important marine planktonic organism. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25142900,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22479261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24333505,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973461,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23384944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20727348 | What is the association between NT-proBNP and cognitive function? | Greater NT-proBNP serum concentration is associated with poorer cognitive function and cognitive decline. In community-dwelling older adults, greater NT-proBNP levels were strongly associated with poor cognitive function independently from age, sex, education, hypertension, body mass index, exercise, alcohol use, smoking, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine clearance, and previous cardiovascular disease. However, other authors did not find an association between NT-proBNP and severe cognitive impairment (SCI). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23463171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23384289,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24984796,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124387,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25213228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25382739,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24825009,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25002581,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24506818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25519150,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24292151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22932926,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24529242,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24502896 | List functional roles of the FtsZ protein. | Four major roles of FtsZ have been characterized: cell elongation, GTPase, cell division, and bacterial cytoskeleton. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21750555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23104724,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20145975,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331745 | Intetumumab has been tested in clinical trials for treatment of which cancers? | Intetumumab has been tested in clinical trials for treatment of prostate cancer, melanoma and angiosarcoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23065742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18587408,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20888417,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22081608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22996644,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23662159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23756188 | Is there any evidence of dysregulated long non coding RNAs and Alzheimer's disease? | It is becoming increasingly evident that long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a role on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer (AD). BACE1-AS, GDNFOS and 17A are examples of these lncRNAs. In some instances those lncRNAs are embedded or transcribed from the opposite strand of coding genes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24498630,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17201797,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19774849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23229189,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882513,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22768670,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21092701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23824322 | Which hormone receptor function is altered in patients with Donohue syndrome? | Donohue syndrome (leprechaunism) is a rare, recessively inherited disorder of extreme insulin resistance due to mutations in the insulin receptor gene causing either defects in insulin binding or receptor autophosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity. This syndrome is characterized by excessive hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinism, pre- and postnatal growth retardation, distinct dysmorphism and early death. Progressive obstructive cardiomyopathy and renal tubular dysfunction have been described in patients with Donohue syndrome. Milder form of insulin resistance due to insulin receptor gene mutation is coined as Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2530972,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681587,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286941 | Does triiodothyronine (T3) has cardiac angiogenic effects? | T3-induced cardiac sprouting angiogenesis in adult hypothyroid mice was associated with PDGF-BB, PDGFR-β and downstream activation of Akt.
T(3) administration restored TRbeta mRNA expression level in AAC hearts to the control level.
TRbeta in the coronary ECs regulates capillary density during cardiac development, and down-regulation of TRbeta results in coronary microvascular rarefaction during pathological hypertrophy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24125847,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21742996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18617481,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805197 | Is the HRC Ser96Ala variant associated with sudden cardiac death in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy? | A human genetic variant (Ser96Ala) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding (HRC) protein has been linked to ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy.The histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) Ser96Ala polymorphism was shown to correlate with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death only in dilated cardiomyopathy patients but not in healthy human carriers.A human genetic variant (Ser96Ala) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding (HRC) protein has been linked to ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy.The Ser96Ala (S96A) mutation within the histidine rich Ca(2+) binding protein (HRC) has recently been linked to cardiac arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients, potentially attributable to an increase in spontaneous Ca(2+) release events.The histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) Ser96Ala polymorphism was shown to correlate with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death only in dilated cardiomyopathy patients but not in healthy human carriers.The Ser96Ala genetic variant of HRC is associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic DCM and may serve as an independent predictor of susceptibility to arrhythmogenesis in the setting of DCM.The Ser96Ala genetic variant of HRC is associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in idiopathic DCM. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23415641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265154,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23890088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24298448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23903755,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23900694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843700,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679157,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265153,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23890105,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24220097,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291778,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24252159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24248543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24201813,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799476,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893853,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23890154,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24289205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24309328,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325952,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24073999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24258972,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24258977,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24258979,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917418,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23477830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24259661,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24202393,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695152,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273605 | Are BRAF mutations common in melanoma? | Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. The treatment of patients with advanced melanoma is rapidly evolving due to an improved understanding of molecular drivers of this disease. Somatic mutations in BRAF are the most common genetic alteration found in these tumors. BRAF mutations occur in approximately 8% of all human cancers and approach 50% in melanoma and papillary carcinoma of thyroid.Activating mutations in the BRAF gene occur in approximately 50% of melanomas. More than 70% of BRAF mutations are V600E and 10-30% are V600K. BRAF mutations have emerged as an important predictive biomarker for metastasized melanoma. The discovery of BRAF mutations in melanoma led to the development of BRAF inhibitors for the treatment of advanced melanoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21117664,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16091476,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20604508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373500,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22081483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21370020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19637237,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467989,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128014,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20469934,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19471015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20597554,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22015969,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22188123,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318899 | Is it possible to determine the proteome of a formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue? | Yes, advances in sample preparation has enabled the proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19819126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21531672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24368251,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943928,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23423829 | What is known about type D personality trait in cancer patients? | Reported prevalence rates of type D personality ranges from 19% to 22% in patients with cancer. In patients with cancer, Type D personality is associated with poor quality of life and mental health. Cancer patients with a Type D personality as compared with non-Type D patients perceive that they receive less information, report less satisfaction with the amount of received information, believe that their illness has significantly more serious consequences, will last significantly longer, and experience significantly more symptoms that they attribute to their illness. Also, they are more concerned about their illness, and their disease more often influences them emotionally. Also, Type D cancer patients are at an increased risk for comorbidity burden and increased health care utilization. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249626,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15123592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193262 | List available tools for genomic visualisation in comparative genomics | Insyght, Genomicus and Sockeye. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1366363,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22956279,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752264,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17697977,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17451943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23397482,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22925689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20461508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23420787,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12146646 | Which species may be used for the biotechnological production of itaconic acid? | In 1955, the production of itaconic acid was firstly described for Ustilago maydis. Some Aspergillus species, like A. itaconicus and A. terreus, show the ability to synthesize this organic acid and A. terreus can secrete significant amounts to the media. Itaconic acid is mainly supplied by biotechnological processes with the fungus Aspergillus terreus. Cloning of the cadA gene into the citric acid producing fungus A. niger showed that it is possible to produce itaconic acid also in a different host organism. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324949,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133825,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15199397,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297569,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15212694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24319203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24213679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24062490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24292706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23780988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2139701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327934,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327938 | Which types of cancer can be recognized and treated by the use of immunotherapy? | When normal cells turn into cancer cells, some of the antigens on their surface change. These cells, like many body cells, constantly shed bits of protein from their surface into the circulatory system. Often, tumor antigens are among the shed proteins.
These shed antigens prompt action from immune defenders, including cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. According to one theory, patrolling cells of the immune system provide continuous bodywide surveillance, catching and eliminating cells that undergo malignant transformation. Tumors develop when this immune surveillance breaks down or is overwhelmed.
A new approach to cancer therapy uses antibodies that have been specially made to recognize specific cancers such as Melanoma, Leukaemia, Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer, Head Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6742871,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21159258,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489956,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881298,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11247893,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15033190,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2438879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9407155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4026376,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14632800,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7549032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15981987,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459520,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8521118,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9824575,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7947207,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547981,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15953332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17340026,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485471,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3804022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/680606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9814827 | What is the typical rash associated with gluten ? | Dermatitis herpetiformis is a lifelong, gluten-sensitive, blistering skin disease with pathognomonic immunoglobulin (Ig)A deposits in the papillary dermis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602928,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067333,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16414311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9852252,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11591694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8244947,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1920448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709980,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10652107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15503140,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860461,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19192394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20018207,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24214875,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12513688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474347,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24062730,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17951114,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11952911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3280983,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19029144,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15113836 | Which proteins constitute the methyl-directed mismatch repair system (MMR) in bacteria? | The mismatch repair system (MMR) recognizes and corrects mismatched or unpaired bases caused mainly by DNA polymerase, and contributes to the fidelity of DNA replication in living cells. In bacteria, the methyldirected mismatch repair (MMR) is comprised of MutS and MutL proteins, encoded by the mutS/L operon. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23045564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075983,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2309705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12028658 | Is aganglionic megacolon a feature of Down syndrome? | Down syndrome (DS) is recognized by characteristic facial features, intellectual disability, and an increased risk for cardiac malformations and duodenal atresia. Recently, Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), or congenital aganglionic megacolon, has been seen more often among patients with DS. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593276,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14422369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802086,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21254926,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12557579,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631009,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19925041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12233771,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15252984,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18562534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7815482,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560576,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823640,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19685082,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18602711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18841330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22452970,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471057,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913287,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13383364,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12519399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22939093,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1337231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771532 | Which is the vector of Louping ill virus? | Louping ill virus (LIV) belongs to the mammalian tick-borne virus group of the genus Flavivirus which cause central nervous system disease. LIV infects the red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, causing high mortality. LIV is transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus.Deer are the key hosts of the vector (Ixodes ricinus) that transmits LIV to red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, causing high mortality. (PMID: 22939093) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18463097,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890634,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19931428,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24865968,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951677,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23312841,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24066065,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24210824,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25422430,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23052832 | Does HuR protein regulate the splicing process? | HuR and TIA1/TIAL1 are involved in regulation of alternative splicing of SIRT1 pre-mRNARecent research demonstrated that SIRT1 pre-mRNA undergoes alternative splicing to produce different isoforms, such as SIRT1 full-length and SIRT1-∆Exon8 variants. Here we describe experiments showing that HuR and TIA1/TIAL1, two kinds of RNA-binding proteins, were involved in the regulation of alternative splicing of SIRT1 pre-mRNA under normal and stress circumstances: HuR increased SIRT1-∆Exon8 by promoting SIRT1 exon 8 exclusion, whereas TIA1/TIAL1 inhibition of the exon 8 exclusion led to a decrease in SIRT1-∆Exon8 mRNA levels. This study provides novel insight into how the alternative splicing of SIRT1 pre-mRNA is regulated, which has fundamental implications for understanding the critical and multifunctional roles of SIRT1. Further, endothelial-specific Elavl1 knockout mice exhibited reduced revascularization after hind limb ischemia and tumor angiogenesis in oncogene-induced mammary cancer, resulting in attenuated blood flow and tumor growth, respectively.Hu antigen R (HuR) functions as an alternative pre-mRNA splicing regulator of Fas apoptosis-promoting receptor on exon definition. HuR and TIA1/TIAL1, two kinds of RNA-binding proteins, were involved in the regulation of alternative splicing of SIRT1 pre-mRNA under normal and stress circumstances. Overexpression and knockdown of HuR led to Fas exon 6 skipping and inclusion, respectively. These results suggest that the TIA and HuR cellular ratio influences cell-type specific Fas exon 6 splicing pattern. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2129545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702235,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1859393,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12187564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14600266,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19134271,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21257761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14572168,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962382,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1582406 | Is Titin the largest single protein molecule found in Nature? | Titin, is definitely the largest protein in the body, with a molecular weight of 3 million Dalton and composed of 27,000 amino acids. Titin is the largest protein known to date and acts as a mechanosensor that regulates muscle protein expression in a sarcomere strain-dependent fashion.Yes. Titin, the largest protein in the human body, is well known as a molecular spring in muscle cells and scaffold protein aiding myofibrillar assembly. Titin is recently known as the largest protein which exists in the striated muscle sarcomere and is dynamic both in biomechanics properties and biochemical functions.Titin is the largest protein known to date and acts as a mechanosensor that regulates muscle protein expression in a sarcomere strain-dependent fashion.Titin, the largest protein identified to date (over 1 micron long, almost 3 million daltons in mass) is the third most abundant component of the sarcomere.Titin is the largest protein known, and is essential for organising muscle sarcomeres.The giant sarcomere protein titin/connectin is the largest protein known to date. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158926,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850285,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23261540,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663654,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22199256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24091702,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10790371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9857019 | what is the role of MEF-2 in cardiomyocyte differentiation? | The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins are MADS-box transcription factors that are essential for differentiation of all muscle lineages but their mechanisms of action remain largely undefined. MEF2C expression initiates cardiomyogenesis, resulting in the up-regulation of Brachyury T, bone morphogenetic protein-4, Nkx2-5, GATA-4, cardiac alpha-actin, and myosin heavy chain expression. Inactivation of the MEF2C gene causes cardiac developmental arrest and severe downregulation of a number of cardiac markers including atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). BMP-2, a regulator of cardiac development during embryogenesis, was shown to increase PI 3-kinase activity in cardiac precursor cells, resulting in increased expression of sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MHC) and MEF-2A. Furthermore, expression of MEF-2A increased MHC expression in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner. Other studies showed that Gli2 and MEF2C proteins form a complex, capable of synergizing on cardiomyogenesis-related promoters. Dominant interference of calcineurin/mAKAP binding blunts the increase in MEF2 transcriptional activity seen during myoblast differentiation, as well as the expression of endogenous MEF2-target genes. These findings show that MEF-2 can direct early stages of cell differentiation into a cardiomyogenic pathway. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21413931,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17461779,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24331524,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18614546,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17141160,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878222 | Which are the main components of mTORC1? | The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) protein kinase is an important regulator of cell growth and is a key target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Two complexes of mTOR have been identified: complex 1 (mTORC1), consisting of mTOR, Raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) and mLST8 (mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8) and complex 2 (mTORC2) consisting of mTOR, Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR), Sin1 (stress-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1), and mLST8. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197514 | What is the the Menzerath-Altmann law? | Recently, a random breakage model has been proposed to explain the negative correlation between mean chromosome length and chromosome number that is found in many groups of species and is consistent with Menzerath-Altmann law, a statistical law that defines the dependency between the mean size of the whole and the number of parts in quantitative linguistics. The random breakage and variants keeping genome size and chromosome number independent raise no serious objection to the relevance of correlations consistent with Menzerath-Altmann law across taxonomic groups and the possibility of a connection between human language and genomes through that law. Recently, a random breakage model has been proposed to explain the negative correlation between mean chromosome length and chromosome number that is found in many groups of species and is consistent with Menzerath-Altmann law, a statistical law that defines the dependency between the mean size of the whole and the number of parts in quantitative linguisticsMenzerath-Altmann law is a statistical law that defines the dependency between the mean size of the whole and the number of parts in quantitative linguistics.Recently, a random breakage model has been proposed to explain the negative correlation between mean chromosome length and chromosome number that is found in many groups of species and is consistent with Menzerath-Altmann law, a statistical law that defines the dependency between the mean size of the whole and the number of parts in quantitative linguistics |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18088323,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078903,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9668075,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596511,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22264539,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16787435,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408573,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19224451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23322049,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266136,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8577031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17606993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8603911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884962,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387475,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18195106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9247639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11470415,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22907655,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3000696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18431031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7642698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15976452,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7642697,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992238,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8718666 | Which receptor(s) recognize lysosomal hydrolases in trans-Golgi network (TGN)? | The majority of lysosomal hydrolases in trans-Golgi network (TGN) are specifically recognized by mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptors (MPRs), which ensure their transport to the endosomal/lysosomal system. Other receptors can also carry lysosomal hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal system. These M6P alternative receptors are the lysosomal integral membrane protein (LIMP-2) and the multi-ligand receptor sortilin. These reseptors enable a mannose-6-phosphate-independent pathway from TGN to lysosomes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23394379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157649,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24067534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23018007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918648,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23980911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105240,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964933,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964932,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25110260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24985716,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24899819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24300858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23295705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19509315,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24246983,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113039,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25186623,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083349,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314806,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25294262,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25360311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594130,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24160949,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24160948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24479980,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762276,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23591599,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23046232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25502899 | List the diseases that can be treated using Vedolizumab. | Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are inflammatory bowel diseases that have been successfully treated with Vedolizumab, a gut-selective, anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14977793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17416907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20514964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150631,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677266,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095969,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17019218,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17986032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632814,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16301230,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23394604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11473855 | Can clonidine be used to reduce agitation in children. | Yes, clonidine is effective in prevention of post-anesthesia agitation in children. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18461550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416569,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18726925,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9471429 | Which value of nuchal translucency thickness is set as the threshold for high-risk for Down Syndrome? | NT is physiological for a measurement < 3 mm but the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities (essentially trisomies 21, 18 and 13) increases when NT > or = 3 mm. As women aged, this upper NT threshold value changed according to gestational age. In women aged 35 to 37 years, combined prenatal screening was always positive when NT exceeded 2.8 mm, 3.0 mm, and 3.4 mm at 11, 12, and 13 weeks of gestation, respectively. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23640238,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10586442,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17226742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8747951,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2696283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993525 | Does ventriculoperitoneal shunt improve normal pressure hydrocephalus? | Yes |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484118,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12763867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9182523,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17515962,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11854448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610310,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693651,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12589804,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8702967,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603928,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22155237,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22129433,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22659291 | Does Serca2a bind PLN in the heart? | Yes, Serca2a bind PLN in the heart. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574835,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18025254,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24047207 | What is the function of the spliceosome complex? | The excision of introns from nascent eukaryotic transcripts is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a highly complex and dynamic macromolecular machine composed of RNA and protein. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401553 | Is there any role for long noncoding RNAs in adipogenesis? | Yes. Many lncRNAs are adipose-enriched, strongly induced during adipogenesis, and bound at their promoters by key transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPα). RNAi-mediated loss of function screens identified functional lncRNAs with varying impact on adipogenesis. Collectively, numerous lncRNAs are functionally required for proper adipogenesis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403380,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24899249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16083981,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22333191,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2499883,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17532183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24062730 | Which genes code for the alpha subunit of the DNA polymerase III in most Firmicutes? | Bacterial DNA polymerase III is the primary complex of DNA replication. In most Firmicutes, which are low-GC, gram-positive bacteria, the alpha subunit of their DNA polymerase III is encoded by polC and dnaE. DnaE is widely conserved in most bacteria, while PolC is present mainly in Firmicutes clade. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22122056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23570941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24099003,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21768095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22792182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21206757,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881909 | Is there any research that relates the function of Notch Signaling with Alzheimer Disease? | Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, which is fundamental for neuronal development and specification. In the last decade, increasing evidence has pointed out an important role of this pathway beyond embryonic development, indicating that Notch also displays a critical function in the mature brain of vertebrates and invertebrates. This pathway appears to be involved in neural progenitor regulation, neuronal connectivity, synaptic plasticity and learning/memory. In addition, Notch appears to be aberrantly regulated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and ischemic injury |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18856068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17929838,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11744386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18976813,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18645619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453152,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20467443 | Describe the known functions for the prothymosin alpha c-terminal peptide? | Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) (encoded in human by the PTMA gene) is a ubiquitous, highly acidic nuclear polypeptide. During early apoptosis, proTα is cleaved by activated caspase-3, with a primary attach site being D99, close to its carboxyl-terminus. The role of the cleaved decapeptide -- proTα(100-109) -- is not fully understood. proTα(100-109), which contains the nuclear localization signal (NLS) for ProTα, has been demonstrated to have immunostimulatory properties, such as to stimulate lymphocytes and neutrophils and induce dendritic cell maturation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412225,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15085092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19572020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17151173,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820554,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23938173,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24964814,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20810469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19689921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17503979,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18516718,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17712350,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16013898,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19914296,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16634707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21947320,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392753,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565464,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634412,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994572,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909634,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15090936 | Was modafinil tested for schizophrenia treatment? | Yes. Modafinil has been shown to improve attention, memory, executive function and antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism in patients with schizophrenia. However, some authors have failed to demonstrate beneficial action of modafinil for schizophrenia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10101186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9079656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1747932,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7695814,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9484244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3526284,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9366274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8512805,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8152424,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3887409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1520330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8195077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8519412,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7662116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9717173,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7634390,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105461 | What is the role of the Ada O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferase in bacteria? | The Ada O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is a multifunctional protein, product of the ada gene. Ada functions in DNA repair by direct dealkylation of alkylated DNA lesions, such as the toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic O6-alkylguanine (O6-AlkG) and O4-alkylthymine (O4-AlkT) which are restored to guanine and thymine. Ada accepts stoichiometrically the alkyl group from O6-alkylguanine in DNA at the Cys-321 residue and from alkyl phosphotriester at the Cys-69 residue. When methylated at Cys-69, Ada becomes a transcriptional activator of the genes in the ada regulon, including its own. The ada gene controls the inducible resistance to alkylation mutagenesis and killing (the adaptive response). Ada alkyltransferase (ATase) is induced by exposure to low doses of methylating agents. During exponential growth, Ada removes lesions responsible for G:C to A:T transitions and G:C to C:G transversions, while in stationary populations it removes lesions causing G:C to A:T and A:T to G:C transitions, and G:C to C:G, A:T to C:G, and A:T to T:A transversions. Thus, Ada protein acts both as a positive regulator of the ada response and as a DNA repair enzyme. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19214141,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24652311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24510409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733484,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19456107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20485326,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204405,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24865426,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18227761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554924 | List the neurotransmitters that are metabolized by MAOA. | The monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA) gene plays a vital role in the metabolism of neurotransmitters, e.g, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12640753,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24246686,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166828,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24279667,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880267 | What is the effect of enamel matrix derivative on pulp regeneration? | EMD increased the osteogenic potential of hDPCs. The expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, such as ALP, DSPP, BMP, and OPN were also upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of odontogenesis-related transcription factors Osterix and Runx2 were upregulated. Proliferated pulp tissue partly filled the space initially occupied by EMDgel and isolated masses within the proliferated pulp tissue. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072475,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15918939,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960653 | Is depression associated with poor prognosis of brain tumor patients? | Yes. In brain tumor patients depression is associated with shorter survival and worse functional outcomes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293456,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20364148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431548,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23090970,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442255,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22623409 | Super-SILAC is a method used in quantitative proteomics. What is the super-SILAC mix?
(SILAC: Stable Isotopic labelling by aminoacids in cell culture) | The Super-SILAC mix consists of the combination of multiple SILAC-labeled cell lines. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21499249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23160641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23647072,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23272691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22952768,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156295,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23015295,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21654732,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24065236,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654895,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940558 | What is an acceptable sequence coverage(depth) required for human whole-exome sequencing? | A medium depth may be considered as 8x while the most common values vary between 30x and 60x. Values more than 75x or even up to 125x may be considered for the investigation of rare disease variants. |