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ession history moderates the association between criticism (but not praise) and depressive symptoms in youth. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. (2021) 49:1097–110. doi: 10.1007/s10802-021-00803-2 8. Eli B, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Cheng J, Wang J, et al. Depression in children and adolescents on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: associations with resilience and prosocial behavior. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:3707. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073707 9. Davis AN, Carlo G, Schwartz SJ, Unger JB, Zamboanga BL, Lorenzo-Blanco EI, et al. The longitudinal associations between discrimination, depressive symptoms, and prosocial behaviors in U.S. Latino/a recent immigrant adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. (2016) 45:457–70. doi: 10.1007/s10964-015-0394-x 14. Angold A, Costello E, Messer S, Pickles A, Winder F, Silver D. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: factor composition and structure across development. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. (1995) 5:237–49. Available online at: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-02633-002 15. Sharp C, Goodyer IM, Croudace TJ. The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ): a unidimensional item response theory and categorical data factor analysis of self-report ratings from a community sample of 7-through 11-year-old children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. (2006) 34:365–77. doi: 10.1007/s10802-006-9027-x 16. Putnick DL, Bornstein MH, Lansford JE, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L, et al. Parental acceptance-rejection and child prosocial behavior: developmental transactions across the transition to adolescence in nine countries, mothers and fathers, and girls and boys. Dev Psychol. (2018) 54:1881–90. doi: 10.1037/dev0000565 18. Van der Graaff J, Carlo G, Crocetti E, Koot HM, Branje S. Prosocial behavior in adolescence: gender differences in development and links with empathy. J Youth Adolesc. (2018) 47:1086–99. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0786-1 19. Yamasaki S, Ando S, Richards M, Hatch SL, Koike S, Fujikawa S, et al. Maternal diabetes in early pregnancy, and psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms in 10-year-old offspring: a population-based birth cohort study. Schizophr Res. (2019) 206:52–7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.016 20. Kessler R, Andrews G, Colpe L, E H, Mroczek D, Normand S, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. (2002) 32:959–76. doi: 10.1017/S0033291702006074 Keywords: adolescents, depressive symptoms, prosocial behavior, cohort study, longitudinal study, praise Citation: Nagaoka D, Tomoshige N, Ando S, Morita M, Kiyono T, Kanata S, Fujikawa S, Endo K, Yamasaki S, Fukuda M, Nishida A, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M and Kasai K (2022) Being Praised for Prosocial Behaviors Longitudinally Reduces Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescents: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Front. Psychiatry 13:865907. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.865907 Received: 30 January 2022; Accepted: 21 April 2022; Published: 17 May 2022. Edited by:Tomoya Hirota, University of California, San Francisco, United States Reviewed by:Omneya Ibrahim, Suez Canal University, Egypt Fransiska Kaligis, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Copyright © 2022 Nagaoka, Tomoshige, Ando, Morita, Kiyono, Kanata, Fujikawa, Endo, Yamasaki, Fukuda, Nishida, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa and Kasai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: Shuntaro Ando, [email protected] †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

es in early pregnancy, and psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms in 10-year-old offspring: a population-based birth cohort study. Schizophr Res. (2019) 206:52–7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.016 20. Kessler R, Andrews G, Colpe L, E H, Mroczek D, Normand S, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. (2002) 32:959–76. doi: 10.1017/S0033291702006074 Keywords: adolescents, depressive symptoms, prosocial behavior, cohort study, longitudinal study, praise Citation: Nagaoka D, Tomoshige N, Ando S, Morita M, Kiyono T, Kanata S, Fujikawa S, Endo K, Yamasaki S, Fukuda M, Nishida A, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M and Kasai K (2022) Being Praised for Prosocial Behaviors Longitudinally Reduces Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescents: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Front. Psychiatry 13:865907. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.865907 Received: 30 January 2022; Accepted: 21 April 2022; Published: 17 May 2022. Edited by:Tomoya Hirota, University of California, San Francisco, United States Reviewed by:Omneya Ibrahim, Suez Canal University, Egypt Fransiska Kaligis, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Copyright © 2022 Nagaoka, Tomoshige, Ando, Morita, Kiyono, Kanata, Fujikawa, Endo, Yamasaki, Fukuda, Nishida, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa and Kasai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: Shuntaro Ando, [email protected] †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

About this Piece Ireland is full of tradition. And that tradition is seen in the form of historical and most importantly, religious symbols. This retro take of St. Brigid's cross takes a traditionally Irish symbol, often seen hung around households, and puts it into a genius and classy piece of jewelry. 14 carat plated gold makes up the four, square patches from which four silver stems come out. The Legend of St Brigid Also known as St Bridget, she is Ireland's most famous female saint. Born in 450 AD in County Louth to a pagan chieftan and Christian mother, Brigid was named after the Celtic goddess of Spring, fertility, craft, and poetry. She was inspired by her contemporary St Patrick to follow the Christian path, choosing to devote her life to the poor and needy instead of finding a husband. She even prayed for her beauty to be taken away so no-one would want her hand in marriage. She founded many convents and monasteries throughout Ireland, as well as a school for art. She became a folk heroine, with any miracles, relics, and mythical stories associated with her name. Today, making a 'St Brigid's cross' is an Irish custom at the start of Spring on February 1st - St Brigid's Day, traditionally made out of rushes. About the Maker For over 35 years, ShanOre have been keeping Celtic history alive by allowing wearers to celebrate their Irish heritage. Taking inspiration from ancient Celtic design while adding their own contemporary flourishes of Irish culture, the family-owned jewelers have won dozens of awards, including the NACTA Jewelry Supplier of the Year.

ENDING grouse moor management risks declines - and possible local extinctions - of a range of ground-nesting bird species, a new study has revealed. Published by the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT), the new research looks at the impact of stopping grouse management on birds such as curlew, golden plover, lapwing, black grouse, hen harrier and merlin in the south west of Scotland. Its conclusions are drawn from studies in two Special Protection Areas, Muirkirk & North Lowther Uplands and Langholm/Newcastleton Hills (which will shortly be the subject of a report from the Langholm Moor Demonstration Project). A Special Protection Area (SPA) is a designation under the EU Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Under the Directive, member states have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and certain particularly threatened bird species. Among the key findings in the report are; - Red grouse bags have declined, with 42% of 31 moors now no longer shooting red grouse. - Increases in the numbers of hen harriers during the keepered phase of the Langholm Moor Demonstration Project contrasted with a collective decline in other SPAs in south west Scotland where there was almost no grouse keepering - The numbers of black grouse attending leks declined by 80% during an approximate 15-year period from the early 1990s onwards. However, twice as many lekking males found where gamekeepers were employed to provide driven grouse shooting. - In Muirkirk & North Lowther Uplands, where keeping has sharply declined, an 84% drop in golden plover population, 88% drop in lapwing and 61% drop in curlew. The research mirrors an equivalent study carried out in north Wales which examined the end of grouse moor management within the Berwyn SPA. That research showed a local extinction of lapwing, 90% loss of golden plover and a 79% reduction in curlew between 1983-5 and 2002 (Warren & Baines 2014). Over the same period, substantial increases in carrion crows, ravens and buzzards were noted. Dr Siân Whitehead, lead author of the newly published report, said: “The declines in moorland birds may be attributed to changes in land-use, including afforestation and agricultural intensification or abandonment, as well as a decline in the extent of grouse moor management. The impact of the latter is clearly illustrated in both case studies, in which significant drops in ground-nesting moorland birds happened in tandem with evident declines in levels of keepering. “The findings demonstrate that existing funding schemes for managing moorland birds are clearly not working. Urgent implementation of measures, which include both habitat management and predator control at an appropriate scale and intensity are needed to prevent further declines, and possible local or regional extinctions, of ground-nesting moorland bird species.” Moorland representatives said the findings illustrated the value of the land management conducted by gamekeepers and estates. Tim Baynes, Moorland Director of Scottish Land & Estates, said: “Few other land uses provide the outstanding biodiversity benefits that grouse moor management does. From curlew to black grouse to hen harriers, all see population declines where keepering is withdrawn. The exceptional land management is paid for privately by grouse shooting and where huge bird declines have occurred in south west Scotland, we would like to see Government support the return of red grouse management which would help to fulfil its obligations to rare and threatened species.” Alex Hogg, chairman of the Scottish Gamekeepers Association, said: “There are some who suggest grouse moors only support grouse and nothing else. This is proof that this notion is not only incorrect, the opposite is true. Where gamekeepers are not managing moorland, we are witnessing the tragic loss of globally threatened species. When calls are being made for grouse shooting to be restricted, everyone needs to think carefully about the species declines that would occur across the rest of Scotland; declines which have evidently already taken pl

hor of the newly published report, said: “The declines in moorland birds may be attributed to changes in land-use, including afforestation and agricultural intensification or abandonment, as well as a decline in the extent of grouse moor management. The impact of the latter is clearly illustrated in both case studies, in which significant drops in ground-nesting moorland birds happened in tandem with evident declines in levels of keepering. “The findings demonstrate that existing funding schemes for managing moorland birds are clearly not working. Urgent implementation of measures, which include both habitat management and predator control at an appropriate scale and intensity are needed to prevent further declines, and possible local or regional extinctions, of ground-nesting moorland bird species.” Moorland representatives said the findings illustrated the value of the land management conducted by gamekeepers and estates. Tim Baynes, Moorland Director of Scottish Land & Estates, said: “Few other land uses provide the outstanding biodiversity benefits that grouse moor management does. From curlew to black grouse to hen harriers, all see population declines where keepering is withdrawn. The exceptional land management is paid for privately by grouse shooting and where huge bird declines have occurred in south west Scotland, we would like to see Government support the return of red grouse management which would help to fulfil its obligations to rare and threatened species.” Alex Hogg, chairman of the Scottish Gamekeepers Association, said: “There are some who suggest grouse moors only support grouse and nothing else. This is proof that this notion is not only incorrect, the opposite is true. Where gamekeepers are not managing moorland, we are witnessing the tragic loss of globally threatened species. When calls are being made for grouse shooting to be restricted, everyone needs to think carefully about the species declines that would occur across the rest of Scotland; declines which have evidently already taken place in the south west.” Read the report in full here Changes in the abundance of some ground-nesting birds on moorland in South West Scotland Notes to Editors GWCT’s report on the Berwyn SPA is available to read here: Further detail from the new studies at Muirkirk & North Lowther Uplands and Langholm/Newcastleton Hills:- Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands SPA Moorland transect surveys at Muirkirk and Garpel covering 2 periods (1994 and 2009/2017)- when gamekeepers managed the moors for red grouse and when they did not- showed a decline in Curlew abundance of 38 percent, associated with the cessation of grouse shooting at Muirkirk. Golden Plover (a species for which the SPA status still applies) and Redshank were no longer found at Muirkirk after gamekeepers were off the moor. Lapwing and Snipe observations halved from the time keepers were there and when they were not. At Garpel, repeat surveys after gamekeepers left, failed to find any Waders at all. Garpel was previously described as one of the most favourable sites in Britain for Golden Plover. Upland Bird Surveys at Muirkirk, from the early 80s to 2015 showed an 84 percent decline in Golden Plover, an 88 percent decline in Lapwing and a 61 percent decline in Curlew. “Thus, waders and harriers declined in parallel with those of red grouse once levels of moorland management by gamekeepers had been reduced.” Langholm-Newcastleton Hills SPA On Langholm Moor where grouse moor management took place in two phases, Hen Harriers peaked at 20 breeding females in 1997. After the gamekeepers were removed in 2000, the breeding Harriers dropped by 61 percent. When the gamekeepers went back on the moor again in 2008, breeding female Harriers increased again to 12 in 2014 before the project was wound up. No Harrier chicks were lost to predation during the second phase of the Langholm Moor Demonstration project although they were seen on nest camera being predated again after keepering stopped for the second time. When it was being managed for grouse, the Langholm-Newcastlet

ace in the south west.” Read the report in full here Changes in the abundance of some ground-nesting birds on moorland in South West Scotland Notes to Editors GWCT’s report on the Berwyn SPA is available to read here: Further detail from the new studies at Muirkirk & North Lowther Uplands and Langholm/Newcastleton Hills:- Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands SPA Moorland transect surveys at Muirkirk and Garpel covering 2 periods (1994 and 2009/2017)- when gamekeepers managed the moors for red grouse and when they did not- showed a decline in Curlew abundance of 38 percent, associated with the cessation of grouse shooting at Muirkirk. Golden Plover (a species for which the SPA status still applies) and Redshank were no longer found at Muirkirk after gamekeepers were off the moor. Lapwing and Snipe observations halved from the time keepers were there and when they were not. At Garpel, repeat surveys after gamekeepers left, failed to find any Waders at all. Garpel was previously described as one of the most favourable sites in Britain for Golden Plover. Upland Bird Surveys at Muirkirk, from the early 80s to 2015 showed an 84 percent decline in Golden Plover, an 88 percent decline in Lapwing and a 61 percent decline in Curlew. “Thus, waders and harriers declined in parallel with those of red grouse once levels of moorland management by gamekeepers had been reduced.” Langholm-Newcastleton Hills SPA On Langholm Moor where grouse moor management took place in two phases, Hen Harriers peaked at 20 breeding females in 1997. After the gamekeepers were removed in 2000, the breeding Harriers dropped by 61 percent. When the gamekeepers went back on the moor again in 2008, breeding female Harriers increased again to 12 in 2014 before the project was wound up. No Harrier chicks were lost to predation during the second phase of the Langholm Moor Demonstration project although they were seen on nest camera being predated again after keepering stopped for the second time. When it was being managed for grouse, the Langholm-Newcastleton Hills SPA boasted Hen Harrier breeding success more than twice that of the Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands SPA or Glen App and Galloway Hills SPAs (both designated for Hen Harriers), where no grouse management occurs.

on Hills SPA boasted Hen Harrier breeding success more than twice that of the Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands SPA or Glen App and Galloway Hills SPAs (both designated for Hen Harriers), where no grouse management occurs.

Israel has pumped increasing quantities of water from the Mediterranean Sea in recent years. The series of desalination plants built along the coast is supplying a significant amount of water to the country’s homes, relieving Israel of the chronic water shortages it once endured. - Israel Dawdling as Desalinated Water Kills - The Sea of Galilee: A Biblical Lake in Recession - World Bank: Gaza Water Crisis Has Caused Irreversible Damage But the new installations have also brought new problems, such as the accumulative effect of large quantities of salt being dumped back into the sea as a by-product of the desalination process. This question has already led several government ministries to order a study of the issue, which is already underway. Ensuing health and environmental problems will also have to be addressed. This year, the country’s fifth desalination plant goes online in Ashdod. Along with the four older plants, some 582 million cubic meters of water will be produced annually – meeting about two-thirds of Israel’s domestic needs. It will not be the last plant, though, with the Israel Water Authority planning to establish another in Western Galilee and another four large facilities along the coast by 2025. Zoning plans for these coastal projects have already been approved. “Desalination has created a new and reliable source of water, and reduces dependency on the amount of rainwater,” said Hila Gil, director of the desalination division in the Water Authority. “It allows us to allocate water for farmers for a much longer period, and also for rehabilitating natural parks,” she added. It’s easy to see the effect it is having on agriculture. A study by the agricultural administration, in conjunction with a consortium of government and academic institutions, found that in the years 1992-2011, the concentrations of salt in the leaves of citrus orchards was high, putting the plants at risk. But last year, a study found a decline of dozens of percent in salt concentrations, as a result of increased use of desalinated water. “Desalination has significantly improved the quality of the water,” said Gil. The dramatic influence of desalination plants on the balance of supply and demand for water can be seen in the Kinneret Basin, in northern Israel. No desalinated water has been supplied there as yet, and its supply is dependent solely on rainwater and natural supplies such as deep wells. In recent years, there has been a shortage of rain there and the Water Authority has had to set quotas on quantities of water supplied to farmers. But the damage to the region, and Lake Kinneret in particular, could have been greater. Using desalination plants as a backup, the country can afford to completely stop pumping water from the Kinneret and National Water Carrier (which originates in the north and was once the main provider of water to the center of the country). This will prevent a more severe drop in the lake’s water level. Alongside the advantages, desalination plants have also had a significant impact on the environment and, indirectly, on consumer health. Although they supply high quality water, it is devoid of some key minerals found in normal water, like magnesium. Magnesium shortages can raise the risk of heart disease, with some experts pointing to a significant shortage of this important mineral in the water. “Initial results of Israeli studies point to an elevated mortality risk of myocardial infarction in areas where there is wide use of desalinated water,” said public health expert Prof. Yona Amitai, speaking recently at a Bar-Ilan University conference on regulating water supply. Amitai urged that “more studies be done to examine the possibility of adding magnesium to the water.” As well as being bad for people, magnesium deficiency can also hurt agricultural products. Researchers at the agricultural administration have already found a significant drop in the supply of this mineral in orchards where desalinated water is used. However, they said the problem can be overcome by adding fertilizer containing magnesium to the

ted water. “Desalination has significantly improved the quality of the water,” said Gil. The dramatic influence of desalination plants on the balance of supply and demand for water can be seen in the Kinneret Basin, in northern Israel. No desalinated water has been supplied there as yet, and its supply is dependent solely on rainwater and natural supplies such as deep wells. In recent years, there has been a shortage of rain there and the Water Authority has had to set quotas on quantities of water supplied to farmers. But the damage to the region, and Lake Kinneret in particular, could have been greater. Using desalination plants as a backup, the country can afford to completely stop pumping water from the Kinneret and National Water Carrier (which originates in the north and was once the main provider of water to the center of the country). This will prevent a more severe drop in the lake’s water level. Alongside the advantages, desalination plants have also had a significant impact on the environment and, indirectly, on consumer health. Although they supply high quality water, it is devoid of some key minerals found in normal water, like magnesium. Magnesium shortages can raise the risk of heart disease, with some experts pointing to a significant shortage of this important mineral in the water. “Initial results of Israeli studies point to an elevated mortality risk of myocardial infarction in areas where there is wide use of desalinated water,” said public health expert Prof. Yona Amitai, speaking recently at a Bar-Ilan University conference on regulating water supply. Amitai urged that “more studies be done to examine the possibility of adding magnesium to the water.” As well as being bad for people, magnesium deficiency can also hurt agricultural products. Researchers at the agricultural administration have already found a significant drop in the supply of this mineral in orchards where desalinated water is used. However, they said the problem can be overcome by adding fertilizer containing magnesium to the water. “We are in the process of choosing a company that would tell us how to check the possibility of adding magnesium to the water,” noted Gil. “There are varying estimates regarding the expense of such an additive. There is no established information or survey from which we can tell how necessary or efficient this would be.” She said that even if it transpired that there was a need, “it might cost hundreds of millions of shekels a year. It could affect the price of the water, and we would be the ones who’d have to explain to the public why the prices have risen.” Desalination plants consume vast amounts of energy, and producing the electricity to power them pollutes the air. But Gil said they account for only a small percentage of the electricity used in Israel. Besides, she noted, air pollution isn’t what worries environmentalists, but pollution of the oceans from the flow of wastewater from the desalination process, which contains high concentrations of salt. This also contains the various chemicals used to treat the water. Gil said routine follow-up is done on the effects of salt concentration, and until now it has been seen as having only a localized effect. Another concern regarding desalination plants is the risk of becoming too dependent on them. One document compiled by a conservation group recently found that the plants can be sensitive to emergencies in the vicinity, such as an oil spill. The membrane technology inside the plants – which separates the salt from the water – cannot handle this type of pollution and can be badly damaged as a result. Proof of this came just a few weeks ago, when oil from one of the Electric Corporation’s installations in Ashdod leaked into the sea. Afterward, the Health Ministry ordered three of the desalination plants to immediately suspend operations. But government ministries believe further study is required to see what the accumulative effect is from all of the installations. A study is currently underway at the Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Instit

water. “We are in the process of choosing a company that would tell us how to check the possibility of adding magnesium to the water,” noted Gil. “There are varying estimates regarding the expense of such an additive. There is no established information or survey from which we can tell how necessary or efficient this would be.” She said that even if it transpired that there was a need, “it might cost hundreds of millions of shekels a year. It could affect the price of the water, and we would be the ones who’d have to explain to the public why the prices have risen.” Desalination plants consume vast amounts of energy, and producing the electricity to power them pollutes the air. But Gil said they account for only a small percentage of the electricity used in Israel. Besides, she noted, air pollution isn’t what worries environmentalists, but pollution of the oceans from the flow of wastewater from the desalination process, which contains high concentrations of salt. This also contains the various chemicals used to treat the water. Gil said routine follow-up is done on the effects of salt concentration, and until now it has been seen as having only a localized effect. Another concern regarding desalination plants is the risk of becoming too dependent on them. One document compiled by a conservation group recently found that the plants can be sensitive to emergencies in the vicinity, such as an oil spill. The membrane technology inside the plants – which separates the salt from the water – cannot handle this type of pollution and can be badly damaged as a result. Proof of this came just a few weeks ago, when oil from one of the Electric Corporation’s installations in Ashdod leaked into the sea. Afterward, the Health Ministry ordered three of the desalination plants to immediately suspend operations. But government ministries believe further study is required to see what the accumulative effect is from all of the installations. A study is currently underway at the Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute in Haifa. Dr. Jack Silverman, one of the researchers involved, says they are trying to assess what effect the high salt concentrations will have on wildlife at the bottom of the sea. “Along the bottom, there are very important processes that go on with respect to the survival of the ecological system,” he noted. “Our working assumption is that the concentration may influence these processes and, according to the initial findings, there is an effect,” he said. “It’s not the desalination that’s the problem,” the Water Authority responded. “It is one of the solutions for adding to the water supply, which also allows for rehabilitating aquifers in terms of quality and quantity.” So far, desalination plants have been built with almost zero public opposition. But the situation is different in the case of the plant planned for Western Galilee. Residents there are campaigning against having a desalination plant built near Regba and Lohamei Hageta’ot, two kibbutzim in the Acre area, north of Haifa. They worry about having an industrial-type plant near their agricultural fields and homes. Citizens are concerned that the landscape would change and the plant would create a lot of noise and pollution. They fear the area would then be used to build even more industrial plants. An experts’ report they prepared recommended instead that the plant be built in the Haifa Bay area, which is already industrialized. “The northern region is really in need of another water source,” said Gil. “We have been delaying the establishment of a plant in Galilee for years due to the opposition of residents, and now we are looking for alternative sites.” Gil said of the Haifa option: “We need a plant that can pump water from a clean part of the sea and not in an area such as that bay, where there are still problems with pollution. What is clear is that wherever the new plant is built, it will take at least five years to complete it. And that will leave residents of the north still dependent upon the number of rain clouds hovering over Israel."

ute in Haifa. Dr. Jack Silverman, one of the researchers involved, says they are trying to assess what effect the high salt concentrations will have on wildlife at the bottom of the sea. “Along the bottom, there are very important processes that go on with respect to the survival of the ecological system,” he noted. “Our working assumption is that the concentration may influence these processes and, according to the initial findings, there is an effect,” he said. “It’s not the desalination that’s the problem,” the Water Authority responded. “It is one of the solutions for adding to the water supply, which also allows for rehabilitating aquifers in terms of quality and quantity.” So far, desalination plants have been built with almost zero public opposition. But the situation is different in the case of the plant planned for Western Galilee. Residents there are campaigning against having a desalination plant built near Regba and Lohamei Hageta’ot, two kibbutzim in the Acre area, north of Haifa. They worry about having an industrial-type plant near their agricultural fields and homes. Citizens are concerned that the landscape would change and the plant would create a lot of noise and pollution. They fear the area would then be used to build even more industrial plants. An experts’ report they prepared recommended instead that the plant be built in the Haifa Bay area, which is already industrialized. “The northern region is really in need of another water source,” said Gil. “We have been delaying the establishment of a plant in Galilee for years due to the opposition of residents, and now we are looking for alternative sites.” Gil said of the Haifa option: “We need a plant that can pump water from a clean part of the sea and not in an area such as that bay, where there are still problems with pollution. What is clear is that wherever the new plant is built, it will take at least five years to complete it. And that will leave residents of the north still dependent upon the number of rain clouds hovering over Israel."

Germany launches new subsidy to support electric vehiclesMay 17, 2016 New subsidy initiative will make clean vehicles more accessible to consumers The German government is showing more support for clean transportation and aims to further encourage consumers to purchase electric vehicles of various kinds. The government has launched a new subsidy that aims to ensure that many people gain access to clean vehicles in the coming years. The subsidy is backed by more than $1 billion in funding from the German government and is expected to bring more than 1 million electric vehicles to the roadways by 2020. Funding will also aid in the construction of new charging stations for electric vehicles From now until 2019, some $600 million will be available to consumers interested in purchasing clean vehicles. The following year. Another $300 million is being provided aid in the construction of new charging stations in many cities and highways. Approximately $100 million will be used by the government itself in order to bring electric vehicles into its fleet. The initiative represents yet another step in Germany’s ongoing efforts to expand clean transportation and become more environmentally friendly. Germany’s clean transportation market continues to grow Germany is home to a very attractive clean transportation market. The government has been showing strong support for clean vehicles for years, with a particular interest in those equipped with hydrogen fuel cells. Conventional electric vehicles are much more popular than those using fuel cells, partly due to the fact that they are less expensive and have more infrastructure support. Germany’s growing energy infrastructure is expected to ensure the growth of clean transportation for years to come. Automakers show support for subsidy initiative Drivers that purchase an all-electric vehicle will have access to subsidies as high as $4,500. Those that choose hybrid vehicles will have access to less financial support, but this support will be coming from both the government and automakers. Currently, Volkswagen, Daimler, and BMW have all agreed to the subsidy initiative. Those interested in purchasing electric vehicles from these companies will benefit from the subsidies, which may make these vehicles much more attractive to a wider range of consumers.

HIV/AIDS-related stigma is a complex concept that refers to prejudice, discrediting, and discrimination directed at persons perceived to have HIV or AIDS, as well as their partners, friends, family, and communities. The devaluation of people living or perceived to be living with HIV/AIDS can negatively affect HIV prevention and treatment. Both HIV-positive and HIV-negative youth may experience multiple layers of stigma related to the aspects of their identities. For example, young men who have sex with men (MSM); lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and two-spirited (LGBTQ2S+) youth; and racial/ethnic minorities face stigma regardless of their HIV status. Individuals may also face stigma related to mental health, substance use, and socioeconomic status. HIV stigma can influence youth health through various levels including individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and policy. HIV stigma at the individual level is often a response to social norms that disregard people living with HIV. - Internalized stigma. Adolescents may feel shame, embarrassment, and/or guild related to their HIV status, gender identity, or sexuality. - Fear and discomfort of status disclosure. Youth may worry that people around them will notice their HIV medications or see them accessing HIV or sexual health clinics. Sometimes when a young person shares their HIV status, it is assumed to be related to a behavior (same-sex contact, intravenous drug use) that may also be stigmatized, adding to fear and discomfort about disclosing. - Low self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Stigma and its related stress may lead to feelings of low self-worth and harm mental health along with the overall well-being of adolescents. Interpersonal (Family, Friends, Partners) Stigma may be present in adolescents’ relationships with partners, friends, family, and their community. - Judgments from others related to disclosure or status. Family, friends, partners, and others (teachers, employers, and colleagues) may express beliefs or use language that is stigmatizing. These biases may be explicit (the person is aware of their judgments) or implicit (the person may not be aware of their bias but it influences their actions). - Partner rejection. Once youth share their status or discuss HIV with past or potential partners, they may face rejection or other negative reactions. - Inadequate social support network. Peers and families may distance themselves from youth living or perceived to be living with HIV to avoid experiencing the same stigma they do. This rejection could be internalized as abandonment, causing someone to avoid seeking support. Institutional (Schools, Colleges, After-School Programs, Workplaces) At this level, stigma originates in organizations and institutions and can impact adolescent health. - Limited discussion around sexual health. Stigma can arise when providers, educators, and other leaders do not discuss sexual health with youth. This is particularly an issue with LGBTQ2S+ youth who may not receive inclusive sex education. - Negative attitudes or beliefs surrounding HIV. If people working at the institutional level have negative or uninformed attitudes and beliefs about HIV, it can manifest as a stigma in their interactions. - Lack of culturally appropriate environments. Settings that do not make a person’s culture or background into consideration can yield a stigma that affects young people of various cultures and ethnicity, LGBTQ2S+ youth, and MSM. Community: Social/Cultural Influences, Availability of Resources Stigma at the community level can affect youth through social/cultural influences and availability of resources. - Cultural norms and traditions. Social stigma around being HIV-positive can be intensified by attention being further drawn to an adolescent’s sexuality, gender identity, ethnicity, class, and culture. Traditional community norms, cultural/social standards, and gender roles can contribute to reinforcing stigma around HIV and leading youth to internalize it. - Lack of HIV prevention services in broad health and commu

is stigmatizing. These biases may be explicit (the person is aware of their judgments) or implicit (the person may not be aware of their bias but it influences their actions). - Partner rejection. Once youth share their status or discuss HIV with past or potential partners, they may face rejection or other negative reactions. - Inadequate social support network. Peers and families may distance themselves from youth living or perceived to be living with HIV to avoid experiencing the same stigma they do. This rejection could be internalized as abandonment, causing someone to avoid seeking support. Institutional (Schools, Colleges, After-School Programs, Workplaces) At this level, stigma originates in organizations and institutions and can impact adolescent health. - Limited discussion around sexual health. Stigma can arise when providers, educators, and other leaders do not discuss sexual health with youth. This is particularly an issue with LGBTQ2S+ youth who may not receive inclusive sex education. - Negative attitudes or beliefs surrounding HIV. If people working at the institutional level have negative or uninformed attitudes and beliefs about HIV, it can manifest as a stigma in their interactions. - Lack of culturally appropriate environments. Settings that do not make a person’s culture or background into consideration can yield a stigma that affects young people of various cultures and ethnicity, LGBTQ2S+ youth, and MSM. Community: Social/Cultural Influences, Availability of Resources Stigma at the community level can affect youth through social/cultural influences and availability of resources. - Cultural norms and traditions. Social stigma around being HIV-positive can be intensified by attention being further drawn to an adolescent’s sexuality, gender identity, ethnicity, class, and culture. Traditional community norms, cultural/social standards, and gender roles can contribute to reinforcing stigma around HIV and leading youth to internalize it. - Lack of HIV prevention services in broad health and community contexts. Many schools, businesses, detention facilities, churches, and other community organizations have not integrated discussion of HIV into their practices, a silence that can contribute to HIV stigma Policy (Local, State, & Federal Laws) Laws and policies at the local, state, and federal levels can contribute to HIV stigma. - HIV stigma, incidence, and prevalence are associated with state policies related to discrimination and rights. Results from a National Alliance of State & Territorial AIDS Directors/National Coalition of STD Directors survey revealed higher levels of stigma in states without employee non-discrimination laws focused on sexual orientation and gender, in states without hate crimes laws, and in states not allowing for same-sex marriage or civil unions. Working to end stigma and discrimination experienced by people with HIV/AIDS is a critical factor in stopping the epidemic. Strategies to Reduce HIV/AIDS Stigma - Help build youth people’s self-esteem by using youth development principles and proper leadership training - Encourage youth to seek knowledge and tools to stay educated about HIV prevention, transmission, and care. - Build peer support to protect against stigma. - Promote the use of language regarding HIV that is appropriate, factual, and inoffensive. - Teach those connected with youth about HIV transmission, care, and testing - Integrate regular HIV testing into standard care practices. - Collaborate between organizations to better serve adolescents. - Encourage lawmakers to consider HIV stigma when deciding whether to support policies that could have an impact on youth living with HIV. - Ensure youth living with HIV are aware of their rights related to privacy.

nity contexts. Many schools, businesses, detention facilities, churches, and other community organizations have not integrated discussion of HIV into their practices, a silence that can contribute to HIV stigma Policy (Local, State, & Federal Laws) Laws and policies at the local, state, and federal levels can contribute to HIV stigma. - HIV stigma, incidence, and prevalence are associated with state policies related to discrimination and rights. Results from a National Alliance of State & Territorial AIDS Directors/National Coalition of STD Directors survey revealed higher levels of stigma in states without employee non-discrimination laws focused on sexual orientation and gender, in states without hate crimes laws, and in states not allowing for same-sex marriage or civil unions. Working to end stigma and discrimination experienced by people with HIV/AIDS is a critical factor in stopping the epidemic. Strategies to Reduce HIV/AIDS Stigma - Help build youth people’s self-esteem by using youth development principles and proper leadership training - Encourage youth to seek knowledge and tools to stay educated about HIV prevention, transmission, and care. - Build peer support to protect against stigma. - Promote the use of language regarding HIV that is appropriate, factual, and inoffensive. - Teach those connected with youth about HIV transmission, care, and testing - Integrate regular HIV testing into standard care practices. - Collaborate between organizations to better serve adolescents. - Encourage lawmakers to consider HIV stigma when deciding whether to support policies that could have an impact on youth living with HIV. - Ensure youth living with HIV are aware of their rights related to privacy.

1. Emigrate, emigration and emigrant are words that refer to migration. If someone leaves his home country to live in another country, he or she has emigrated. Emigrate (v) /ˈemɪɡreɪt/: to migrate. You are viewing: What is Emigrant? Ex: She received permission to emigrate to Australia. She has received permission to migrate to Australia. Emigration (n) /,emi'grei∫ən/: migration, migration process. Ex: Famine and emigration made Congo the most depopulated region in Africa. Famine and migration have made the Congo the most sparsely populated region in Europe. Emigrant (n) /ˈemɪɡrənt/: emigrant. Ex: Thousand of emigrants boarded ships for South Korea. Thousands of migrants boarded ships to go to South Korea. 2. Immigrate, immigration and immigrant are words that refer to the act of immigrating, that is, coming to a certain country to live there completely. Immigrate (v) /ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/: immigration. Ex: His family immigrated to Canada shortly after the war started, and has lived here ever since. Related Content: What is Infrastructure? Explore IT Infrastructure job prospects His family immigrated to Canada shortly after the war began, and have lived here since. Immigration (n) /ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən/: immigration, immigration. Ex: There are strict limits on immigration in United States. In the US there are strict restrictions on immigration. Immigrant (n) /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/: immigrants. A person is called an emigrant while in his home country, but when he arrives in a new country, he or she is called an immigrant. Ex: There are many illegal immigrants in the United States and Canada. There are many illegal immigrants in the US and Canada. Ex: Many of the immigrants have married with the island's original inhabitants. Many immigrants have married the original inhabitants of the island. 3. Migrate, migration and migrant are words that refer to the movement from one place to another to live and work. Migrate (v) /maɪˈɡreɪt/: to temporarily move to another place, city or country in search of work. Ex: Millions of workers have migrated to the big cities. Reference: What are HAIs? What is the cause of HAIs infection? Millions of workers have migrated to major cities. Migrate also means migratory when talking about animals, especially birds that move from place to place seasonally. Ex: Every winter these birds migrate to South Asia. These birds migrate to South Asia every winter. Migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/: emigration, temporary emigration. Ex: He argues that there are many economic benefits of migration. He argues that there are many economic benefits from migration. Migrant (n) /ˈmaɪ.ɡrənt/: emigrant (temporarily moving to another place to live and work). Ex: The big cities are full of looking for work. The big cities are filled with migrants looking for work. Ex: These birds are winter visitors from Scandinavia. These birds are winter migratory birds from Scandinavia. References: Dictionary of English Usage. Posts What's the difference between emigrate, immigrate and migrate compiled by SGV English center teacher. Reference: Causes and treatment of benign fasciculation syndrome

Foundation Stage Curriculum In the Early Years of Knightsbridge School, we use and follow the Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage 2021. Children in the Foundation Stage learn the EYFS curriculum through the Birth to 5 Matters incorporating the prime areas of; Physical Development, Communication and Language and Personal, Social and Emotional Development. These Prime Areas underpin the basics and support the other areas of learning. We also focus on the four specific areas; Literacy, Maths, Understanding the World and Expressive Arts and Design. Children primarily learn through play and teachers act as facilitators of their learning, moving each child forward at their own pace. Positive, consistent and unique learning experiences in the early years benefit children in developing social skills and enhance their overall ability to learn and enhance their social skills which will then benefit them for the rest of their time in school. We instil a love of Literacy from the start of the Foundation Stage. Each classroom has a welcoming and inviting Literacy and reading area and children develop reading and writing skills through adult-led and child-initiated activities. Story time features as an important part of the day, where children enjoy listening to and discussing stories. We use the Read, Write, Inc. scheme to teach children phonics. The children begin learning letter sounds in the Nursery and the scheme works progressively and systematically throughout Reception, where the children learn to independently read and write using Ditty Books. Children at Knightsbridge School are encouraged to ‘write for a purpose.’ This then means for example children will write letters, lists, post cards, Christmas cards, labels or recounts. Children acquire skills in numbers and space, shape and measure through a range of practical, hands-on activities. Mathematics in the Early Years is also spilt into Number and Numerical Patterns. Each Foundation Stage classroom has a Maths area and hands on task where the children explore mathematical concepts and develop their understanding. Maths is taught daily in whole class and small group sessions as well as being an intrinsic part of independent learning during self-selective activities (Continuous Provision). + Self-selective activities (Continuous Provision) Continuous provision forms the most part of a Foundation Stage timetable. Children learn through topics which change half-termly and the whole EYFS curriculum is represented in these sessions. Children independently choose activities which are carefully planned and set up in the relevant areas of the classroom. Adults also direct the learning and teaching every day by adapting plans to facilitate the children’s interests. Children become independent and enthusiastic learners who push their own learning forward. They acquire and consolidate skills and knowledge through inquiry, investigation, exploration and perseverance. + Outdoor Learning Physical development is an important part of the EYFS curriculum and is an area we focus on at KS. We make use of all the available outdoor space in close proximity to the school. Children enjoy Forest School sessions at Holland Park, where they explore nature and learn about forest animals and their habitats. We use St Luke’s park and the Holland Park Adventure Playground as a free play playground, enabling the children to climb, swing, jump, run and balance on all the apparatus. Reception children also learn to play tennis in Cadogan Gardens. + Performing Arts Our KS code tells us to ‘do something creative every day’. Music, Drama and Dance lessons are a highlight of the Foundation stage timetable and are taught by highly-skilled specialist teachers. The Nursery and Reception classes perform a Christmas Play (Twas the Night Before Christmas and Santa is on Strike) every year, as well as taking part in Harvest Festival, a Summer Show, and class assemblies. All children in the Foundation Stage learn a second language. Children can learn either French or Spanish and they have two 30 mi

ildren explore mathematical concepts and develop their understanding. Maths is taught daily in whole class and small group sessions as well as being an intrinsic part of independent learning during self-selective activities (Continuous Provision). + Self-selective activities (Continuous Provision) Continuous provision forms the most part of a Foundation Stage timetable. Children learn through topics which change half-termly and the whole EYFS curriculum is represented in these sessions. Children independently choose activities which are carefully planned and set up in the relevant areas of the classroom. Adults also direct the learning and teaching every day by adapting plans to facilitate the children’s interests. Children become independent and enthusiastic learners who push their own learning forward. They acquire and consolidate skills and knowledge through inquiry, investigation, exploration and perseverance. + Outdoor Learning Physical development is an important part of the EYFS curriculum and is an area we focus on at KS. We make use of all the available outdoor space in close proximity to the school. Children enjoy Forest School sessions at Holland Park, where they explore nature and learn about forest animals and their habitats. We use St Luke’s park and the Holland Park Adventure Playground as a free play playground, enabling the children to climb, swing, jump, run and balance on all the apparatus. Reception children also learn to play tennis in Cadogan Gardens. + Performing Arts Our KS code tells us to ‘do something creative every day’. Music, Drama and Dance lessons are a highlight of the Foundation stage timetable and are taught by highly-skilled specialist teachers. The Nursery and Reception classes perform a Christmas Play (Twas the Night Before Christmas and Santa is on Strike) every year, as well as taking part in Harvest Festival, a Summer Show, and class assemblies. All children in the Foundation Stage learn a second language. Children can learn either French or Spanish and they have two 30 minute lessons a week.

nute lessons a week.

Learning List has reviewed Davis Publication’s Communicating through Graphic Design. This comprehensive product supports instruction in high school graphic design and illustration courses. Content is available in print and eBook formats and includes additional online components. Instruction introduces students to concepts in graphic and web design. Topics include design history, publication and advertising concepts. The material also provides connections to history and introduces professionals working in the design field. [Read more…] Communicating through Graphic Design presents content in two parts. “Part One, The Nuts and Bolts of Graphic Design,” contains two chapters that introduce concepts in graphic design (e.g., What is Graphic Design?). “Part Two, Graphics Design Challenges,” is comprised of six chapters which address the design process, as well as design types (e.g., Publications Design and Digital Design). The chapters cover topics such as the history and key principles of design and the arts, as well as practical skills (e.g., simplifying images and organizing print layout). “How to” tutorials and “Case Studies” clarify the real-world applications of what students are learning. Each chapter concludes with a “Chapter Review” which prompts students to recall, understand, apply, analyze, synthesize and evaluate the chapter’s content. The text has a “Handbook” with additional resources, such as information on design tools, common terms, career planning and notable people and organizations in the graphic design industry. About Davis Publications* Art educators face increasing demands every year. At Davis, our goal is to create resources that are flexible enough to meet every teacher’s needs. Whether your school is emphasizing theme-based learning, big ideas, essential questions, connections to language arts, STEM, Common Core State Standards, or state and national standards—all Davis programs are designed to provide you with the resources you need to support and supplement your curriculum. We know how art educators teach—with a wide variety of projects, lessons, and resources. All of Davis’s core textbook programs are written by experienced and creative art educators who provide a wealth of ideas, fine art images, and studio experiences to enhance your instruction. *Information in this section is provided by or adapted from Davis Publications. Subscribe to Learning List for access to the spec sheet, full editorial review and alignment reports for these materials and thousands of other widely used PreK-12 resources.

Gingivitis is the first stage of gum disease. At this point, you may notice a bit of tenderness in your gums. They may bleed when you’re brushing your teeth. If you have this condition, it’s time to take action. Gingivitis treatment can be very effective at this stage. The longer you wait, the more complex gum disease can be. At Lovett Dental Missouri City, we can help reverse gingivitis effectively. To learn more about your treatment options, contact our team today at 281-969-5099. How to Deal with Gingivitis at Home Gingivitis is a type of inflammation of the gum tissue. You may not notice much change to your gums at this early stage, but bacteria are present. Your immune system is trying to fight off the bacteria’s growth, but it may become overwhelmed without more effective gingivitis treatment. We recommend coming in to see our periodontics team but also making some changes at home. Improve Brushing Your Teeth Work to brush your teeth at least two times a day. Floss at least once. This practice helps to control the development of bacteria in your mouth. It is best to brush after each meal if possible. By removing the sticky substances and food particles, you are minimizing the food sources for bacteria, allowing your immune system to get back on track. Choose the Right Toothbrush Ideally, it would be best to brush your teeth with a soft to medium bristle toothbrush without a lot of force. This practice can further damage the sensitive gums, leaving them more vulnerable to damage. It is a good idea to invest in an electric toothbrush. These can provide far more brushing power than a traditional manual toothbrush. Improve Your Diet Another at-home way to reverse gingivitis is to improve your diet. Here are a few tips: - Eliminate or reduce sugar intake - Stop drinking soda - Improve fruit and vegetable intake to boost immune system health - Avoid chewing gum - Increase the amount of water you consume, especially with fluoride in it Improving your diet can give your body the ability to keep bacteria at bay while also limiting sugar sources. Sugar helps to feel bacteria and is very hard to remove from the teeth. Get Gingivitis Treatment from Your Dentist, Too Some people with gum disease need more extensive treatment. That is when it is best to visit our periodontics team. However, your dentist can provide you with the help you need right away, too. With professional dental cleanings, we can remove a lot of the bacteria and plaque buildup that causes gingivitis to spread. Our team can provide you with more advanced gum disease treatment if it becomes necessary. This treatment may include options such as deep cleanings. What to Do Right Now to Reverse Gum Disease If you have gingivitis, or you suspect you do, schedule a consultation with our team. Let us provide a full exam and x-rays to meet your oral health needs. We can work closely with you to address your gingivitis through treatments such as: - General dental cleanings - Periodontal disease cleanings - Root canals for cavities - Dental fluoride treatments - Dental sealant applications You can reverse gingivitis and gum disease with routine dental care. Our team can provide that for you. Come in to see us at least one time every six months for cleanings and exams. If your gum disease worsens, our team will provide you with additional help, including periodontal disease care. You can protect your teeth and ensure your gums remain healthy with routine and specialized dental care. Start with a Visit to Lovett Dental Missouri City The sooner you take action against gingivitis, the better. Our team at Lovett Dental Missouri City can provide you with the periodontics services you need for all levels of gum disease. Please schedule a consultation with our team by calling 281-969-5099 today.

Bringing a life-saving cancer screening technology to market in record time Oral Cancer is a silent killer with a five-year mortality rate higher than both cervical and prostate cancers. With early detection the cure rate approaches 90%, but symptoms can easily be missed by the naked eye. A scientist discovered that controlled wavelengths of light can allow a dentist to identify abnormal tissue through fluorescence and highlight vasculature through reflectance. Three wavelengths of light are necessary to perform a full exam, and the dentist must be able to easily cycle through them. M3’s challenge was to create the platform and delivery system with this technology and be on the market within 9 months.

Experimental Cube - Eco Catastrophies A cube that acts as an ecosystem for 25 experiments on factors affecting the Earth. Why Shop With Us? Top Customer Service Teacher Owned & Operated Customer Loyalty Program Whether you’re a budding eco-warrior, a biologist or botanist in training, or you just have an interest in the Earth and everything that impacts it, this is the kit for you. The Eco Catastrophes kit is a mini ecosystem that will allow you to observe the effects of the forces of nature as well as human-caused problems that are impacting the Earth on a small scale in your own home. This kit features a clear plastic cube that will house your ecosystem. It also includes other necessary components and thoughtful, detailed instructions that will show you how to complete 25 different experiments so you can see exactly what happens to the Earth when a tsunami hits, or rainwaters cause a flood, or humidity begins to affect the soil. You’ll also get a first-hand look at what humans are doing to the Earth. Human impact-related experiments include the effects of crude oil, artificial irrigation, what detergent pollution does to living organisms, and plastic versus paper bags. What you get A clear plastic cube plus illustrated instructions and other necessary components for completing 25 experiments on the Earth’s ecosystem and the natural and human-caused factors that affect it. - Natural disasters - Climate change |Age Group||7-8 Years, 9-10 Years, 11-12 Years|

When a person has diabetes, they have high levels of blood sugar. If glucose levels remain high, many health issues can arise. Managing these levels can reduce the risk of excess blood sugar causing damage across the body. Getting an early diagnosis of diabetes, as well as following a treatment plan that involves regular medical care, lifestyle changes, and medication, can help limit the effects of diabetes. This article looks at some of the long-term complications of diabetes and how to prevent them. Find out here how to recognize the common symptoms of diabetes. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main energy source for the human body. It comes from the food people eat. The hormone insulin helps the cells of the body convert glucose into fuel. In type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system attacks cells in the pancreas and stops them from making insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body is not able to make insulin or the insulin does not work as it should. In both types of diabetes, the amount of sugar in the blood becomes higher than it should be. Type 2 is more common. It develops over time and is often related to a lack of exercise, an unhealthful diet, or obesity, though other factors may also predispose a person to develop it. Type 1 is usually genetic and Both types of diabetes can cause a variety of damage to the body if a person does not control the condition. High blood glucose levels can cause damage to all parts of the cardiovascular system. For this reason, there is a close link between diabetes and cardiovascular problems. Excess blood sugar decreases the elasticity of blood vessels and causes them to narrow, impeding blood flow. This can lead to a reduced supply of blood and oxygen, increasing the risk of high blood pressure and damage to large and small blood vessels. Damage to large blood vessels is known as macrovascular disease, while microvascular disease refers to damage to small blood vessels. Complications from macrovascular disease include: Microvascular disease can also lead to problems with the: - nervous system A person with diabetes can reduce the risk of cardiovascular and circulatory problems by: - managing blood sugar levels - quitting smoking - managing blood pressure and lipids - using prescription medications, such as statin drugs, to lower cholesterol - monitoring blood pressure - exercising regularly - eating a fiber-rich diet These drugs can reduce the risk of high blood sugar and cardiovascular disease. They also work to decrease weight, lower blood pressure, reduce systemic inflammation, and improve cardiac function. These drugs can also reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease progression. A doctor may also prescribe them to treat atherosclerosis with no relation to heart failure. The cardiovascular system According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cardiovascular disease is the The CDC add that people with diabetes are two to three times more likely to have a stroke or die of some form of heart disease than those without diabetes. People with diabetes also tend to develop more serious heart problems at an earlier age than people without the condition. An unhealthful diet and a lack of exercise are risk factors for both cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Wounds and infections A person with diabetes should check their skin regularly for wounds and see their doctor if they have any signs of an infection, including redness, swelling, or fever. Neuropathy, or nerve damage, is a common complication of diabetes. About More than half of people living with diabetes will eventually get the condition. Neuropathy can affect any part of the nervous system, including the nerves that control autonomic or involuntary functions, such as digestion. However, the most common form is peripheral neuropathy. This causes pain and numbness in the extremities, specifically the legs, feet, and toes, arms, hands, and fingers. Neuropathy can also affect the hips and upper legs. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) says that up to The loss of sensation t

- nervous system A person with diabetes can reduce the risk of cardiovascular and circulatory problems by: - managing blood sugar levels - quitting smoking - managing blood pressure and lipids - using prescription medications, such as statin drugs, to lower cholesterol - monitoring blood pressure - exercising regularly - eating a fiber-rich diet These drugs can reduce the risk of high blood sugar and cardiovascular disease. They also work to decrease weight, lower blood pressure, reduce systemic inflammation, and improve cardiac function. These drugs can also reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease progression. A doctor may also prescribe them to treat atherosclerosis with no relation to heart failure. The cardiovascular system According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cardiovascular disease is the The CDC add that people with diabetes are two to three times more likely to have a stroke or die of some form of heart disease than those without diabetes. People with diabetes also tend to develop more serious heart problems at an earlier age than people without the condition. An unhealthful diet and a lack of exercise are risk factors for both cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Wounds and infections A person with diabetes should check their skin regularly for wounds and see their doctor if they have any signs of an infection, including redness, swelling, or fever. Neuropathy, or nerve damage, is a common complication of diabetes. About More than half of people living with diabetes will eventually get the condition. Neuropathy can affect any part of the nervous system, including the nerves that control autonomic or involuntary functions, such as digestion. However, the most common form is peripheral neuropathy. This causes pain and numbness in the extremities, specifically the legs, feet, and toes, arms, hands, and fingers. Neuropathy can also affect the hips and upper legs. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) says that up to The loss of sensation that occurs with neuropathy can make it harder for a person to notice small wounds. Combined with poor circulation, this can lead to severe complications. If a person does not notice a blister on their foot, for example, an infection can develop and worsen quickly. Poor circulation contributes to this. Ulceration and tissue death can result, and amputation may be necessary in some cases. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels in the kidneys. This damage prevents the kidneys from filtering waste out of the blood. In time, kidney failure can result. The NIDDK describes diabetes as one of the main causes of kidney disease. It affects Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease that affects people with diabetes. Learn more here. Short-term problems include blurred vision due to high blood sugar. Long-term complications include: Having regular eye tests, managing blood sugar, and avoiding or quitting smoking can all help protect eye health with diabetes. Damage to the nervous system can affect autonomic body functions, including digestion. The condition can result in: - acid reflux - abdominal pain - weight loss in severe cases Diabetes-related damage to blood vessels and the autonomic nervous system may have a negative effect on sexual function and the body’s ability to send and respond to sexual stimuli. Other ways in which diabetes can affect people’s confidence in their sex life include: - the condition’s impact on mental health - worry that sex may lower glucose levels, leading to hypoglycemia - uncertainty about what to do with an insulin pump However, there are ways of overcoming all of these problems. Diabetes can affect fertility in both men and women. A 2020 review of 28 studies shows an association between the risk of type 2 diabetes and the earlier onset of puberty in girls. There is also a Diabetes can also cause pregnancy complications — therefore, good blood sugar management during the entire pregnancy is essential. There are links between diabetes and various skin conditions. Symptoms

hat occurs with neuropathy can make it harder for a person to notice small wounds. Combined with poor circulation, this can lead to severe complications. If a person does not notice a blister on their foot, for example, an infection can develop and worsen quickly. Poor circulation contributes to this. Ulceration and tissue death can result, and amputation may be necessary in some cases. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels in the kidneys. This damage prevents the kidneys from filtering waste out of the blood. In time, kidney failure can result. The NIDDK describes diabetes as one of the main causes of kidney disease. It affects Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease that affects people with diabetes. Learn more here. Short-term problems include blurred vision due to high blood sugar. Long-term complications include: Having regular eye tests, managing blood sugar, and avoiding or quitting smoking can all help protect eye health with diabetes. Damage to the nervous system can affect autonomic body functions, including digestion. The condition can result in: - acid reflux - abdominal pain - weight loss in severe cases Diabetes-related damage to blood vessels and the autonomic nervous system may have a negative effect on sexual function and the body’s ability to send and respond to sexual stimuli. Other ways in which diabetes can affect people’s confidence in their sex life include: - the condition’s impact on mental health - worry that sex may lower glucose levels, leading to hypoglycemia - uncertainty about what to do with an insulin pump However, there are ways of overcoming all of these problems. Diabetes can affect fertility in both men and women. A 2020 review of 28 studies shows an association between the risk of type 2 diabetes and the earlier onset of puberty in girls. There is also a Diabetes can also cause pregnancy complications — therefore, good blood sugar management during the entire pregnancy is essential. There are links between diabetes and various skin conditions. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Problems include a higher chance of: - dry skin - skin tags - dark patches of skin, known as acanthosis nigricans - bacterial infections, such as styes or boils - fungal infections, such as thrush or athlete’s foot - diabetic dermopathy, which involves harmless but potentially bothersome roundish, brown, scaly patches Ulcers can develop if a skin infection becomes severe. Ulcers are open wounds that are slow to heal. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) starts as a raised area of skin that can turn violet and become itchy and sore. NLD is a rare condition that may need treatment if the sores open. A person with high blood sugar levels may also have Calluses, foot sores, and dry skin can also pose problems. If wounds develop from these, ulcers can appear. Without attention, a foot ulcer can become dangerous, possibly resulting in the need for an amputation. Metabolism is the process by which the body converts nutrients into energy. Disruption to this process can lead to various complications, some of which can be life threatening. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life threatening diabetes complication. It happens when the body cannot use glucose for energy, so it starts to break down fat. As it does this, it releases chemicals known as ketones. High levels of ketones can make the blood too acidic. Within a few hours, this can lead to various symptoms, including: Without treatment, DKA can be fatal. DKA is most likely to affect a person with type 1 diabetes, but it can also happen with type 2 diabetes if blood sugar levels rise too far. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Symptoms develop gradually and include: - loss of consciousness and coma HHS can be fatal if a person does not receive treatment quickly. Metabolic syndrome refers to a collection of conditions and symptoms, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. - high fasting blood sugar - high LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low HDL (“good”) cholesterol - hypertension, or high blood pressure - a large waist siz

can range from mild to severe. Problems include a higher chance of: - dry skin - skin tags - dark patches of skin, known as acanthosis nigricans - bacterial infections, such as styes or boils - fungal infections, such as thrush or athlete’s foot - diabetic dermopathy, which involves harmless but potentially bothersome roundish, brown, scaly patches Ulcers can develop if a skin infection becomes severe. Ulcers are open wounds that are slow to heal. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) starts as a raised area of skin that can turn violet and become itchy and sore. NLD is a rare condition that may need treatment if the sores open. A person with high blood sugar levels may also have Calluses, foot sores, and dry skin can also pose problems. If wounds develop from these, ulcers can appear. Without attention, a foot ulcer can become dangerous, possibly resulting in the need for an amputation. Metabolism is the process by which the body converts nutrients into energy. Disruption to this process can lead to various complications, some of which can be life threatening. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life threatening diabetes complication. It happens when the body cannot use glucose for energy, so it starts to break down fat. As it does this, it releases chemicals known as ketones. High levels of ketones can make the blood too acidic. Within a few hours, this can lead to various symptoms, including: Without treatment, DKA can be fatal. DKA is most likely to affect a person with type 1 diabetes, but it can also happen with type 2 diabetes if blood sugar levels rise too far. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Symptoms develop gradually and include: - loss of consciousness and coma HHS can be fatal if a person does not receive treatment quickly. Metabolic syndrome refers to a collection of conditions and symptoms, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. - high fasting blood sugar - high LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low HDL (“good”) cholesterol - hypertension, or high blood pressure - a large waist size due to body fat around the middle - high levels of triglycerides in the blood Risk factors for diabetes and other aspects of metabolic syndrome include low physical activity and excess weight. Diabetes can affect a person’s mental health in - concerns about treatment, health, and possible complications that can give rise to stress, anxiety, and depression - concerns about the cost of treatment and whether or not they are getting it right, especially if symptoms change - mood disorders that make it difficult for a person to keep a healthy lifestyle Learning as much as possible about diabetes can help reduce stress. The more a person knows about their condition, the more control they will feel they have over their diabetes and its treatment. Knowing what to do in each situation can boost a person’s confidence and leave them feeling better overall. Working with a healthcare professional can help to minimize these problems. A doctor or counselor can help make a plan to reduce the risk of mental health problems. The following are answers to some common questions about diabetes. How do I reduce the risk of diabetes complications? The longer a person has diabetes, the Ways to minimize the risks include: - managing blood sugar levels through insulin use or medication - boosting overall health with lifestyle measures, such as having a healthful diet, exercising, and managing blood glucose - following the treatment plan that the doctor recommends What are the first signs of diabetes? Early signs of diabetes include frequent urination, excessive thirst or hunger, fatigue, and numbness in the hands or feet. What is gestational diabetes? This is another type of diabetes that only develops during pregnancy. Hormones from the placenta prevent the insulin in the body from properly storing glucose and the body does not make enough insulin to counteract this. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery. Diabetes occurs when a person’s blood sugar levels become too high. In time, high blood sugar levels can affect all p

e due to body fat around the middle - high levels of triglycerides in the blood Risk factors for diabetes and other aspects of metabolic syndrome include low physical activity and excess weight. Diabetes can affect a person’s mental health in - concerns about treatment, health, and possible complications that can give rise to stress, anxiety, and depression - concerns about the cost of treatment and whether or not they are getting it right, especially if symptoms change - mood disorders that make it difficult for a person to keep a healthy lifestyle Learning as much as possible about diabetes can help reduce stress. The more a person knows about their condition, the more control they will feel they have over their diabetes and its treatment. Knowing what to do in each situation can boost a person’s confidence and leave them feeling better overall. Working with a healthcare professional can help to minimize these problems. A doctor or counselor can help make a plan to reduce the risk of mental health problems. The following are answers to some common questions about diabetes. How do I reduce the risk of diabetes complications? The longer a person has diabetes, the Ways to minimize the risks include: - managing blood sugar levels through insulin use or medication - boosting overall health with lifestyle measures, such as having a healthful diet, exercising, and managing blood glucose - following the treatment plan that the doctor recommends What are the first signs of diabetes? Early signs of diabetes include frequent urination, excessive thirst or hunger, fatigue, and numbness in the hands or feet. What is gestational diabetes? This is another type of diabetes that only develops during pregnancy. Hormones from the placenta prevent the insulin in the body from properly storing glucose and the body does not make enough insulin to counteract this. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery. Diabetes occurs when a person’s blood sugar levels become too high. In time, high blood sugar levels can affect all parts of the body and result in several complications, some of which can be serious. In the short term, a person with high blood glucose levels will notice that they feel thirsty and need to urinate frequently. If this happens, they should see a doctor whether or not they have a diagnosis of diabetes. Without treatment, diabetes can lead to confusion and possibly a loss of consciousness, coma, and death. In the long term, diabetes increases the risk of damage to blood vessels and nerves, resulting in a wide range of complications. All forms of diabetes can disrupt daily life, but a person who manages their blood sugar levels well has a good chance of living a full and active life.

arts of the body and result in several complications, some of which can be serious. In the short term, a person with high blood glucose levels will notice that they feel thirsty and need to urinate frequently. If this happens, they should see a doctor whether or not they have a diagnosis of diabetes. Without treatment, diabetes can lead to confusion and possibly a loss of consciousness, coma, and death. In the long term, diabetes increases the risk of damage to blood vessels and nerves, resulting in a wide range of complications. All forms of diabetes can disrupt daily life, but a person who manages their blood sugar levels well has a good chance of living a full and active life.

By Debra Phillips, NEMA President and CEO, and Dominic Sims, ICC CEO May marked both National Electrical Safety and Building Safety month — a convergence of two separate commemorations aimed at raising the awareness of safety in homes, schools, and the workplace. At a fundamental level, building codes and the electrical technology they help deploy are designed with safety at the forefront. However, they do much more than that. Today’s codes and electrical equipment are designed to enable a more sustainable, resilient future. Building Codes and Electrical Technology Working Together In the United States, the National Electric Code (NEC) sets the benchmark for safe electrical design, installation, and inspection to protect people and property from electrical hazards. And the International Codes, or I-Codes, are a family of model codes developed through a process facilitated by the International Code Council with the explicit goal of ensuring safe, sustainable, and affordable structures. Electrical manufacturers work hand in glove with code developers to set standards and support the manufacture of innovative technologies that promote a holistic and comprehensive approach to building and electrical safety to protect the health, safety, and welfare of building occupants. These modern codes and electrical technologies protect millions of households from increasingly frequent and intense disasters. One study by the National Institute of Building Science found that adopting the latest building code requirements saves $11 for every $1 invested and adopting above-code design could save $4 per each $1 spent. Model codes are updated regularly to capture lessons learned from prior disaster events, new building and climate science research and new technologies and practices. This often includes technologies for a cleaner, greener world. The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) and the International Green Construction Code (IgCC) recognize the role of clean technologies like rooftop solar and battery storage, and how to ensure their safe deployment while lowering the greenhouse gas emissions of buildings. Adopting updated building codes does four things: - Keeps people and property safe - Makes buildings more energy efficient - Lowers building operating costs - Helps address threats from our changing climate Federal Funding Will Accelerate Sustainability and Resiliency Efforts Recent legislation is helping the United States build safer buildings and achieve sustainability goals through strategies including electrification. In 2021, President Biden signed into law the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which made a historic investment in energy and electrification projects by providing hundreds of millions of dollars to transform U.S. infrastructure. The Act aims to create an accessible and electrified transportation system, modernize buildings and lighting, establish a more resilient grid, and support a more efficient and expanded domestic manufacturing sector. Additionally, the Act encourages energy conservation and electric grid stability through the development, adoption, and effective implementation of building energy codes, making $225 million in competitive grants available through the Department of Energy to implement building energy codes. The new law further aligns the United States with the International Code Council’s “Code on a Mission” challenge, which aims to have over a third of the U.S. population covered by the 2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) by the end of 2023. The adoption of more resilient building codes will ensure safer homes and commercial buildings nationwide and help to close the safety equity gap for vulnerable communities and at-risk populations. Building codes and standards are developed through robust consensus-based processes managed by private sector organizations like the Code Council. The continued development of codes that capture expertise from across the building industry including manufacturers, requires continued support for these processes. The federal

to ensure their safe deployment while lowering the greenhouse gas emissions of buildings. Adopting updated building codes does four things: - Keeps people and property safe - Makes buildings more energy efficient - Lowers building operating costs - Helps address threats from our changing climate Federal Funding Will Accelerate Sustainability and Resiliency Efforts Recent legislation is helping the United States build safer buildings and achieve sustainability goals through strategies including electrification. In 2021, President Biden signed into law the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which made a historic investment in energy and electrification projects by providing hundreds of millions of dollars to transform U.S. infrastructure. The Act aims to create an accessible and electrified transportation system, modernize buildings and lighting, establish a more resilient grid, and support a more efficient and expanded domestic manufacturing sector. Additionally, the Act encourages energy conservation and electric grid stability through the development, adoption, and effective implementation of building energy codes, making $225 million in competitive grants available through the Department of Energy to implement building energy codes. The new law further aligns the United States with the International Code Council’s “Code on a Mission” challenge, which aims to have over a third of the U.S. population covered by the 2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) by the end of 2023. The adoption of more resilient building codes will ensure safer homes and commercial buildings nationwide and help to close the safety equity gap for vulnerable communities and at-risk populations. Building codes and standards are developed through robust consensus-based processes managed by private sector organizations like the Code Council. The continued development of codes that capture expertise from across the building industry including manufacturers, requires continued support for these processes. The federal Pro Codes Act (H.R. 6769) aims to support the organizations that research, develop, and fine-tune the codes that keep us safe and keep us prepared for tomorrow. As the National Fire Protection Association wrote: “…we have developed standards through a voluntary, consensus-based process at no cost to taxpayers. It has and continues to be one of the most successful public-private partnerships in American history.” The Pro Codes Act would preserve this partnership. As we recognize National Electrical Safety Month and Building Safety Month, we must work to both retrofit and build new buildings that prepare and protect people from harm. Adopting modern building codes, educating construction professionals and the public on their importance, and supporting the building departments that enforce the codes, will help us future-proof our world.

Pro Codes Act (H.R. 6769) aims to support the organizations that research, develop, and fine-tune the codes that keep us safe and keep us prepared for tomorrow. As the National Fire Protection Association wrote: “…we have developed standards through a voluntary, consensus-based process at no cost to taxpayers. It has and continues to be one of the most successful public-private partnerships in American history.” The Pro Codes Act would preserve this partnership. As we recognize National Electrical Safety Month and Building Safety Month, we must work to both retrofit and build new buildings that prepare and protect people from harm. Adopting modern building codes, educating construction professionals and the public on their importance, and supporting the building departments that enforce the codes, will help us future-proof our world.

Regional geographic disparities exist for patients requiring rehabilitation at an inpatient facility in the US for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Why this matters The rehabilitation of patients with TBI often involves time at an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), whose role it is to examine and provide care for cognitive and physical impairments with the goal of increasing functional status prior to discharge. Disparity in outcomes following IRF rehabilitation can be caused by a range of factors, including lower functional status at admission, comorbidities, ethnicity, sex, and age. It is known that geographic location is also an important factor contributing to rehabilitation outcomes and prevalence of disability in the community, with outcomes in the Southeast region flagged as particularly low; however, there is a lack of national-scale data examining these disparities.

An incorporated town in central Nowata County, Delaware is situated just west of U.S. Highway 169, approximately six miles north of Nowata and eighteen miles south of the Oklahoma-Kansas state line. Delaware was named after the Eastern Delaware tribe, whose members emigrated from Kansas to the area following a treaty made with the Cherokee in 1867. The town's beginnings can be traced to the building of the Kansas and Arkansas Valley Railway, which constructed a line through the vicinity in 1889. Before being named Delaware the place was known as Comana Switch, a site on the railroad where trains were transferred between tracks. Several houses were subsequently built nearby, and the location became more commonly known as Delaware. The name was firmly established by the time a post office was placed there on March 19, 1898. Delaware's early identity as an agricultural community continued into the twenty-first century. Since the early 1900s, when the town's principal commodities included cattle and corn, its location and economic base have supported retail trade and businesses associated with the petroleum and, more recently, the construction industries. Covering less than one square mile at an elevation of 714 feet, the town is located on a rolling prairie a short distance west of the Verdigris River. The Missouri Pacific Railway presently runs north-south through the center of town. The Delaware News, the Delaware Eagle, and the Delaware Register were among the community's former newspapers. In 1901 Delaware comprised two houses surrounded by farmland. Soon thereafter, Marion Coons built a general store, which inspired additional businesses and residents to locate in the settlement. The town's most notable change occurred as a result of the discovery of nearby oil fields in 1904–05. That find prompted a rapid growth in population, quickly changing Delaware into a bustling boomtown of four thousand inhabitants and numerous businesses, including thirteen saloons. However, Delaware grew too rapidly to be sustained. By 1907 statehood the number of residents had fallen to 108, which stands as the lowest population to date. During the next ninety-three years the number of citizens continued to fluctuate, from an official high of 804 in 1920 to 582 in 1950 and to 544 in 1980. In 2000 Delaware had a population of 456 and was governed by a city council. The 2010 population stood at 417. John Downing Benedict, Muskogee and Northeastern Oklahoma, Including the Counties of Muskogee, McIntosh, Wagoner, Cherokee, Sequoyah, Adair, Delaware, Mayes, Rogers, Washington, Nowata, Craig and Ottawa, Vol. 1 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1922). "Delaware," Vertical File, Research Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City. Felix M. Gay, History of Nowata County (Stillwater, Okla.: Redlands Press, 1957). Browse By TopicUrban Development The following (as per The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition) is the preferred citation for articles: Gary L. Cheatham, “Delaware,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=DE009. © Oklahoma Historical Society

Put a bunch of Venetian blinds at a spot permanently between the earth and the sun (know to orbital engineers as the first earth-sun Lagrange point, a.k.a. "L1"). These blinds would be refractive rather than reflective to minimize the stationkeeping needed to prevent being "blown" away by the pressure of sunlight. At L1 they only need to refract the light by less than one degree of angle for the light to miss the earth. Less than 2% of sunlight needs to be deflected away from earth to offset the expected global warming from "greenhouse gases," primarily carbon dioxide. Venetian blinds, unlike this proposal, and this one, can be opened or closed to allow continued control over the amount of sunlight hitting earth. This is essential since we can't really predict with great accuracy the degrees of global warming that we will need to combat. The blinds I propose, rather than being a number of joined slats as in a normal Venetian blind, are simply a large number of separate satellites each with a refractive slat that can be manuevered to any angle with the sun (i.e. from fully "closed" vertical to fully "open" horizontal). I propose that the blinds be placed precisely at the region where they will deflect primarily light headed for equatorial regions on earth. That will even out temperatures a bit between northern and equatorial latitudes and reduce the energy (caused by temperature differences) available for storm formation, and thus probably the intensity of storms (although the effect, like the effect of global warming itself, on storms may be negligible). But the blinds should be maneuverable enough, by using solar electric propulsion or "sailing" on sunlight pressure, to redeploy to deflect sunlight headed to extreme latitudes if polar ice sheet melting becomes a larger problem than equatorial heat. Instead of launching these vast (or vast number of) panels from the very deep gravity well of earth or manufacturing them on the moon (which probably lacks the proper organic ingredients and even sufficient water, a crucial industrial input), we can extract the raw materials from any near-earth asteroids containing water and methane ice or, if there are none such, from Jupiter-family comets. Besides the proper raw materials being available in sufficient volume in such ice, but probably not on the moon, there are a number of other advantages to microgravity ice mining explained in that linked article. If extracting material from comets and manufacturing the blinds can be automated the entire vast project can be conducted by launching just a few dozen of today's rockets using the recently-proven solar electric upper stages; otherwise it will require manned missions similar to those recently proposed to Mars, but again using solar-electric upper stages. (Solar electric rockets are only required for the first trip; much lower cost solar-thermal ice rockets can be used in subsequent trips, again as explained in that linked article). Of course shades don't combat other effects of excess carbon dioxide such as ocean acidification and faster and differential plant growth, but these effects alone do not justify the vast costs of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Indeed faster plant growth is probably a major economic benefit. My off-the-cuff estimate of cost, which is probably as good as any recent NASA estimate for any of their gigaprojects, is that the project would cost $10 billion per year over 50 years. That's for the manned version; if it could be automated it would cost far less. This is far cheaper than other space-based sunshade proposals because once initial capital costs are made and the first two or three bootstrapping cycles have been undertaken, the ongoing transport costs of material from comet to the earth-sun L1 point are extremely small. As a side benefit it would (unlike a mission to the moon or Mars or a "base" or any similar project) develop infrastructure needed for large-scale space industry and colonization. I propose funding the project, not with a tax, but by treating the blinds like a carbon dioxide sink an

rucial industrial input), we can extract the raw materials from any near-earth asteroids containing water and methane ice or, if there are none such, from Jupiter-family comets. Besides the proper raw materials being available in sufficient volume in such ice, but probably not on the moon, there are a number of other advantages to microgravity ice mining explained in that linked article. If extracting material from comets and manufacturing the blinds can be automated the entire vast project can be conducted by launching just a few dozen of today's rockets using the recently-proven solar electric upper stages; otherwise it will require manned missions similar to those recently proposed to Mars, but again using solar-electric upper stages. (Solar electric rockets are only required for the first trip; much lower cost solar-thermal ice rockets can be used in subsequent trips, again as explained in that linked article). Of course shades don't combat other effects of excess carbon dioxide such as ocean acidification and faster and differential plant growth, but these effects alone do not justify the vast costs of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Indeed faster plant growth is probably a major economic benefit. My off-the-cuff estimate of cost, which is probably as good as any recent NASA estimate for any of their gigaprojects, is that the project would cost $10 billion per year over 50 years. That's for the manned version; if it could be automated it would cost far less. This is far cheaper than other space-based sunshade proposals because once initial capital costs are made and the first two or three bootstrapping cycles have been undertaken, the ongoing transport costs of material from comet to the earth-sun L1 point are extremely small. As a side benefit it would (unlike a mission to the moon or Mars or a "base" or any similar project) develop infrastructure needed for large-scale space industry and colonization. I propose funding the project, not with a tax, but by treating the blinds like a carbon dioxide sink and auctioning extra carbon dioxide credits for a global carbon dioxide market, since the shade allows us to be far less drastic in reducing growth of carbon dioxide emissions. If instead of a market we go with carbon taxes the project could be funded from those. $10 billion per year is much lower than even the most optimistic estimates (at 1% of world GDP about $500 billion per year) of the costs of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, there are a variety of other markets for large-scale industry that can be exploited once the basic ice mining infrastructure is developed: space tourism and making manned missions and other transportation around the solar system vastly less expensive, for starters, as well as providing propellant, tankage, and industrial raw materials in earth orbits. As I stated in 1994: If the output of the icemaking equipment is high, even 10% of the original mass [returned to earth orbit by rockets using water propellant extracted from the comet ice] can be orders of magnitude cheaper than launching stuff from Earth. This allows bootstrapping: the cheap ice can be used to propel more equipment out to the comets, which can return more ice to Earth orbit, etc. Today the cost of propellant in Clarke [geosynchronous] orbit, the most important commercial orbit, is fifty thousand dollars per kilogram. The first native ice mission might reduce this to a hundred dollars, and to a few cents after two or three bootstrapping cycles.The savings for transporting materials to the earth-sun L1 point, instead of launching them from earth, are even larger.

d auctioning extra carbon dioxide credits for a global carbon dioxide market, since the shade allows us to be far less drastic in reducing growth of carbon dioxide emissions. If instead of a market we go with carbon taxes the project could be funded from those. $10 billion per year is much lower than even the most optimistic estimates (at 1% of world GDP about $500 billion per year) of the costs of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, there are a variety of other markets for large-scale industry that can be exploited once the basic ice mining infrastructure is developed: space tourism and making manned missions and other transportation around the solar system vastly less expensive, for starters, as well as providing propellant, tankage, and industrial raw materials in earth orbits. As I stated in 1994: If the output of the icemaking equipment is high, even 10% of the original mass [returned to earth orbit by rockets using water propellant extracted from the comet ice] can be orders of magnitude cheaper than launching stuff from Earth. This allows bootstrapping: the cheap ice can be used to propel more equipment out to the comets, which can return more ice to Earth orbit, etc. Today the cost of propellant in Clarke [geosynchronous] orbit, the most important commercial orbit, is fifty thousand dollars per kilogram. The first native ice mission might reduce this to a hundred dollars, and to a few cents after two or three bootstrapping cycles.The savings for transporting materials to the earth-sun L1 point, instead of launching them from earth, are even larger.

Cold war dbq essay - all kinds of academic writings & custom essays instead of worrying about essay writing get the necessary help here original reports at. Apush and us history videos for students ap history long essay question (leq) the cold war & the domino theory - duration. 2001 cold war dbq- scoring guidelines scoring guidelines for 2001 ap us history exam dbq: what were the cold war fears of the • essays may contain pertinent. Missile crisis not result in nuclear war” in preparation for writing this essay and its role in the cold war: to the cold war and cuban missile crisis. Ever wondered what really happened during the cold war this ap us history crash course will cover all the major aspects of this tense time. Advanced placement program, ap, ap you to construct a coherent essay that integrates of the united states cold war policy of containment. World history dbqs search this site home assignment cold war dbq cold war dbq answer the question above in a multi-paragraph essay response. Apush: the great depression, world war ii & the cold war evaluate the impact of the pentagon papers and watergate scandal on americans’ faith in their. We are accustomed to viewing the cold war as a determined and heroic response of the u ap us history exam essay cold war s to communist aggression spearheaded and. Ap® united states history 2014 scoring guidelines united states history 2014 scoring guidelines onset and expansion of cold war. View essay - the cold war essay from hist apush at old saybrook senior high school mr mccue apush april 16, 2010 the cold war 1945-1960 the cold war began as a. Factoring homework help cold war dbq essay dissertation help phoenix tefl phd thesis. Mr zemaitis' apush search this site apush released essay questions selection file type icon file name cold war fears 4011k: v 3 : dec 15. [apush dbq] cold war dbq (selfhomeworkhelp) but if anyone remembers the 2006 form b dbq from the apush but if anyone has written this essay for their apush.

Easy to follow guidelines on how to write effective reports pertaining to all types of engineering, the skilled trades what is technical writing / 5. Guide to technical report writing 1 for technical reports required as part of an assessment too many changes of type style can. Recommendation report technical and scientific writing is grounded in paragraphs are usually much shorter in technical writing than in other types of writing. Memos, emails, and papers are all examples of informal reports there is more than one type of informal report, and they are differentiated by the information shared in the report to help ingrid figure out which type she's writing, let's look closer at the three most common types of informal reports: informational, analytical, and progress reports. Visual aids technical report writing this chapter explains a number of different types of visual aids research shows that the quality of the visual aid is. There are four different types of writing styles: expository, descriptive as you can see by my description i’m taking about technical writing. Sources of information for reports generated by scientific research projects the various kinds of reports are described. Types of business letters the rest of this chapter explains several types of business letters and suggests how to structure their contents letters of inquiry. See the content, organization, and format guidelines for the technical background report in the following primary research reports this type presents findings and interpretation from laboratory or field research see the content, organization, and format guidelines for the primary research report in the following business plans. Technical writing types of user documentation from wikiversity jump to: navigation, search technical writing technical writing overview - easy reports. Types of graph (and when to use them) the type of graph you use will depend on your data and on what you want your technical report writing for engineers. Called technical writing technical writing is totally different from creative writing the difference between the two styles of writing is similar to the difference between a text on physics and a novel a technical report or a paper generally consists of reporting and/or interpretation of data/physical phenomena. Technical report in a variety of disciplines and purposes also, this manual can be used as a guide to compose less formal reports, such as lab reports, that may consist of a subset of the items presented here it is a useful general guide from which faculty can specify the particular requirements for reports in their courses. Complex terms are explained within the body of the report or listed as footnotes in order to make the report easier to follow a short summary of the report's contents, called an abstract, may appear in the beginning so that the. Technical report writing and presentations 3 types of technical reports 14 technologically possible a recommendation report compares two or. Technical writing is any written form of writing or drafting technical communication used in a variety of technical and occupational fields, such as computer hardware and software, engineering, chemistry, aeronautics, robotics, finance, medical, consumer electronics, and biotechnology. Guide to technical report writing skip to the use of numbering and type size and style can clarify van emden j and easteal j technical writing and. The purpose & scope of report writing technical report format trubiano, crispin four types of report formats. Some technical reports may be dropped as active work or may be subsumed by other technical reports if, at any maturity level of the recommendation track, work on a technical report ceases (eg, because a working group or activity closes, or because the work is subsumed by another technical report), the technical report should be. Mechanics of writing a technical report is explained in a pseudo report format the purpose of this pseudo report is to explain the contents of a typical engineering report it can also be used as a template

totally different from creative writing the difference between the two styles of writing is similar to the difference between a text on physics and a novel a technical report or a paper generally consists of reporting and/or interpretation of data/physical phenomena. Technical report in a variety of disciplines and purposes also, this manual can be used as a guide to compose less formal reports, such as lab reports, that may consist of a subset of the items presented here it is a useful general guide from which faculty can specify the particular requirements for reports in their courses. Complex terms are explained within the body of the report or listed as footnotes in order to make the report easier to follow a short summary of the report's contents, called an abstract, may appear in the beginning so that the. Technical report writing and presentations 3 types of technical reports 14 technologically possible a recommendation report compares two or. Technical writing is any written form of writing or drafting technical communication used in a variety of technical and occupational fields, such as computer hardware and software, engineering, chemistry, aeronautics, robotics, finance, medical, consumer electronics, and biotechnology. Guide to technical report writing skip to the use of numbering and type size and style can clarify van emden j and easteal j technical writing and. The purpose & scope of report writing technical report format trubiano, crispin four types of report formats. Some technical reports may be dropped as active work or may be subsumed by other technical reports if, at any maturity level of the recommendation track, work on a technical report ceases (eg, because a working group or activity closes, or because the work is subsumed by another technical report), the technical report should be. Mechanics of writing a technical report is explained in a pseudo report format the purpose of this pseudo report is to explain the contents of a typical engineering report it can also be used as a template for an actual engineering report with some adaptation, the format can be extended to other type of technical writings as well. Business communication report writing gurudutt r kamath agenda types of reports how to write reports technical writing reports proposals. Transcript of techniques of technical writing and type of technical report writing (informal) types of technical report writing (informal. Technical writer with 3+ years of experience in writing there are basically seven types of technical reports: technical-background report- the background report. Properties of technical writing abc’s of report writing “truth is the soul of science” -rufus turner- “good technical writing never misleads or misrepresents” accuracy: accuracy checking the whole statement and how they are put together. Types of reports (a)informal report (b)formal report (c)feasibility report (d)technical and special report the informal report functions to inform, analyze, and recommend. Apply the selected format consistently throughout the report this applies to the font type , font style guide for technical report writing • sabri. Sharma and mohan define a technical report as a written statement of the (business correspondence and report writing, 2002) types of reports include memos. Types of equipment used and writing technical report: technical report writing - technical report writing originally created by j ayers edited by r. Technical writing technical writing is a type of expository writing this is used to convey information for technical technical report writing subject: ied. Report type: decide on the type of report--for example, technical background report, feasibility report, instructions, or some other figure 2-1 front cover of a final report--do a great job on your final report, and then put a copy of it in your fancy briefcase when you go job-interviewing. If you want to be a technical writer, you must learn to write technical reports they are likely to make up your many of your future technical writing duties, after. Back t

for an actual engineering report with some adaptation, the format can be extended to other type of technical writings as well. Business communication report writing gurudutt r kamath agenda types of reports how to write reports technical writing reports proposals. Transcript of techniques of technical writing and type of technical report writing (informal) types of technical report writing (informal. Technical writer with 3+ years of experience in writing there are basically seven types of technical reports: technical-background report- the background report. Properties of technical writing abc’s of report writing “truth is the soul of science” -rufus turner- “good technical writing never misleads or misrepresents” accuracy: accuracy checking the whole statement and how they are put together. Types of reports (a)informal report (b)formal report (c)feasibility report (d)technical and special report the informal report functions to inform, analyze, and recommend. Apply the selected format consistently throughout the report this applies to the font type , font style guide for technical report writing • sabri. Sharma and mohan define a technical report as a written statement of the (business correspondence and report writing, 2002) types of reports include memos. Types of equipment used and writing technical report: technical report writing - technical report writing originally created by j ayers edited by r. Technical writing technical writing is a type of expository writing this is used to convey information for technical technical report writing subject: ied. Report type: decide on the type of report--for example, technical background report, feasibility report, instructions, or some other figure 2-1 front cover of a final report--do a great job on your final report, and then put a copy of it in your fancy briefcase when you go job-interviewing. If you want to be a technical writer, you must learn to write technical reports they are likely to make up your many of your future technical writing duties, after. Back to types of documents business and industry, as well as university, often demand short technical reports gerson and steven m gerson, technical writing.

o types of documents business and industry, as well as university, often demand short technical reports gerson and steven m gerson, technical writing.

Passing black people and hold clare essay Alcohol rehab bay area - alcohol treatment & addiction recovery [ alcohol rehab bay area ]. Writing literary arguments most of the essays you write about one about which reasonable people may or quote the ideas of literary critics who also hold this. Langston hughes was first recognized as an important literary figure during the 1920s, a period known as the. Black feminism and intersectionality by sharon smith order for us to understand our specific economic situation as black blacks and other people of. Passing is a novel by american author nella larsen, first published in 1929 set primarily in the harlem neighborhood of new york city in the 1920s, the story centers. People papers terms race and sexuality in nella larsen's passing both of whom hold the secret of clare's racial identity as an intimate and poten. And black people commonly known as the pass laws to positions they wouldn't be allowed to hold in society. Passing as white: anita hemmings 1897 clare clare is married to there were so many institutions comparable to vassar that were admitting black people at the. The white guy gives you his expert take on white people's assessments of black think blacks are intellectually inferior african americans hold. Former first lady says she 'loved' black panther and lauds nashville star clare bowen reveals she beat put their nuptials on hold as clare's. Disadvantages of black americans in black americans essay - black americans black americans are those persons in the people had to pass literacy. They were considered by the white people to be superior in intelligence in nella larsen's novel passing (1929), clare the tragic mulatto stereotype. Passing portrays the reunion of two childhood friends clare's death is never resolved clare does not redeem herself by returning to the black community. John clare essay custom student mr john clare (1793-1864) was born on july 13 at helpstone, a village in northamptonshire passing: black people and hold clare. There are few pictures of clare holtham this is partly because she was always diffident about having her picture taken, and partly because she was for many years. Nellallitea nella larsen, born missing black people which allows them to pass over clare chose to fully pass as a white woman by marrying a. Doubleness and death in nella larsen's passing doubleness and death in nella larsen’s clare did not run that strain of black. Challenging the racial dichotomy in because of people that racially pass for the overall black culture that she misses clare passing over and. Passing black people and hold clare essay While telling irene about her experience with passing, clare explained that clare’s husband was so full of hatred for black people that it was possible. Free online library: nella larsen's 'passing' and the fading subject by african american review literature, writing, book reviews ethnic, cultural, racial issues. Nella larsen’s passing 2 letters were from other black people is disgusted with her old friend clare who is black, but is passing to be. The article what's in a name' the hundreds of thousands of black people here in america who have made good against all odds you are victors hold this. Basketball passing fundamentals, drills, & tips basketball is a team game by definition, that means all players are involved with the process of playing the game and. Perturbed that clare may show up at a black into the fiction of the passing woman in his brief essay on the irene and clare in passing eluded. Names just as kunta kinte was forced under the lash to change his name in the novel and movie roots, black people both in the west and africa were forced t. Shmoop's essay lab walks you step by step through the writing process, including tips and examples for how to write an essay needs, and we'll hold your hand. New transparency cracks open ‘black box’ of and a clearer focus by policymakers and the public on the work accreditors do to hold clare mccann is the. 42 quotes from nella larsen: but which she could not put a name to and hold

of clare holtham this is partly because she was always diffident about having her picture taken, and partly because she was for many years. Nellallitea nella larsen, born missing black people which allows them to pass over clare chose to fully pass as a white woman by marrying a. Doubleness and death in nella larsen's passing doubleness and death in nella larsen’s clare did not run that strain of black. Challenging the racial dichotomy in because of people that racially pass for the overall black culture that she misses clare passing over and. Passing black people and hold clare essay While telling irene about her experience with passing, clare explained that clare’s husband was so full of hatred for black people that it was possible. Free online library: nella larsen's 'passing' and the fading subject by african american review literature, writing, book reviews ethnic, cultural, racial issues. Nella larsen’s passing 2 letters were from other black people is disgusted with her old friend clare who is black, but is passing to be. The article what's in a name' the hundreds of thousands of black people here in america who have made good against all odds you are victors hold this. Basketball passing fundamentals, drills, & tips basketball is a team game by definition, that means all players are involved with the process of playing the game and. Perturbed that clare may show up at a black into the fiction of the passing woman in his brief essay on the irene and clare in passing eluded. Names just as kunta kinte was forced under the lash to change his name in the novel and movie roots, black people both in the west and africa were forced t. Shmoop's essay lab walks you step by step through the writing process, including tips and examples for how to write an essay needs, and we'll hold your hand. New transparency cracks open ‘black box’ of and a clearer focus by policymakers and the public on the work accreditors do to hold clare mccann is the. 42 quotes from nella larsen: but which she could not put a name to and hold for definite , the complete fiction of nella larsen: passing, quicksand, and. An essay on “passing people do sometimes pass for what they’ve that there is no black community for clare to return to irene provides. Mending wall by robert frost english literature essay the meaning of the poem is how people if you are the original writer of this essay and no. Angela jackson-brown assistant professor of english ball state university dear student, it always amazes me when students feel like their english paper grades should.

for definite , the complete fiction of nella larsen: passing, quicksand, and. An essay on “passing people do sometimes pass for what they’ve that there is no black community for clare to return to irene provides. Mending wall by robert frost english literature essay the meaning of the poem is how people if you are the original writer of this essay and no. Angela jackson-brown assistant professor of english ball state university dear student, it always amazes me when students feel like their english paper grades should.

As per a report, at least 31 people have lost their lives between 2017-18. With more than a billion active mobile phone users, proliferation of smartphones and cheap data packages, the problem is only getting worst as rumours spread at a faster speed. People are already dying. The question here is, what worst can we expect? With deaths and murders involved, we are getting pretty serious and taking all the measures possible to curb fake news. (Tip: Read our article on How To Spot Fake News) Step 1: Defining fake news The word ‘Fake News’ started popping up in conversations after it became the ‘Word of the Year’ in 2017, when Trump began shouting out that word and the news shows debates started flashing the photoshopped Whatsapp forwards. Although fake news always existed, the word gained popularity in India only a few years back. Owing to it’s sudden spread in India, fake news was like a broad umbrella with many meanings and concepts attached to it. According to Pankaj Jain, an active fake news slayer, fake news can be a bit of misleading term. It can mean many things- a mistake, an intentional twisting a news story, fabricating information, news sowing confusion etc. Thus in this confused environment, if we want to discourage and condemn the spread of misinformation, we first need to define it. Responding to this need, the Press Council of India in 2018 published a definition of fake news. The chairman of PCI, Justice Chandramauli Kumar Prasad, titled as “Response of Chairman on Fake News” which outlined the definition of fake news. Along with the definition, the report also stated that accreditation of journalists could also be suspended in they are found disseminating fake news, but only in gross cases of fake news. Step 2: Regulating the social media giants If you’re an active Whatsapp user you might have noticed a new feature while using the app. If you receive a forwarded message, it is labeled as ‘Forwarded’. This indicates the message has been forwarded to someone from another user and not composed by the sender. Well, this move comes after immense pressure from the Indian government to the messaging app to take immediate action to curb fake news. In July 2018, the Indian Government warned Whatsapp to take immediate and urgent action to stop the spread of “irresponsible and explosive messages filled with rumours and provocation” The app is also working on a Suspicious Link Detention feature to curb the spread of spam messages, which they are currently testing on their beta version of the app. The feature will automatically detect and identify suspicious links which will redirect the users to fake news websites. And accordingly, will alert the user with a marked red label. As Whatsapp groups are where the major problem lies, the app is giving more control to the group admins with the Whatsapp ‘Send Message’ feature. So now, the group admin can decide whether all the participants or only the admin can send messages on the group. This is essentially useful for large groups which are mainly fr broadcasting information. This reduces the chances of circulation of fake news as only those who can be replied upon will be given the control to send messages. The app also announced a grant of $50,000 for social scientists and research groups to propose projects to understand the fake news problem. Step 3: Involving those whom we trust Sure, the government does it’s bit by issuing warning, notifications and public announcements. But, do we actually pay close attention to those? Umm…not really! But, if your dad or your office colleague brings it up in a discussion you’ll probably think about it. Thankfully, the UP Police understood this psychology which they are using to curb fake news. Uttar Pradesh has been in the headlines for mob lynching and violence taking place over fake news and messages. To minimize these, the UP Police will be deploying ‘Digital Armies’ or volunteers who will keep a strict check on inflammatory posts and rumor-mongers. All the 1469 police stations in the state will shortlist 250 people from different

sender. Well, this move comes after immense pressure from the Indian government to the messaging app to take immediate action to curb fake news. In July 2018, the Indian Government warned Whatsapp to take immediate and urgent action to stop the spread of “irresponsible and explosive messages filled with rumours and provocation” The app is also working on a Suspicious Link Detention feature to curb the spread of spam messages, which they are currently testing on their beta version of the app. The feature will automatically detect and identify suspicious links which will redirect the users to fake news websites. And accordingly, will alert the user with a marked red label. As Whatsapp groups are where the major problem lies, the app is giving more control to the group admins with the Whatsapp ‘Send Message’ feature. So now, the group admin can decide whether all the participants or only the admin can send messages on the group. This is essentially useful for large groups which are mainly fr broadcasting information. This reduces the chances of circulation of fake news as only those who can be replied upon will be given the control to send messages. The app also announced a grant of $50,000 for social scientists and research groups to propose projects to understand the fake news problem. Step 3: Involving those whom we trust Sure, the government does it’s bit by issuing warning, notifications and public announcements. But, do we actually pay close attention to those? Umm…not really! But, if your dad or your office colleague brings it up in a discussion you’ll probably think about it. Thankfully, the UP Police understood this psychology which they are using to curb fake news. Uttar Pradesh has been in the headlines for mob lynching and violence taking place over fake news and messages. To minimize these, the UP Police will be deploying ‘Digital Armies’ or volunteers who will keep a strict check on inflammatory posts and rumor-mongers. All the 1469 police stations in the state will shortlist 250 people from different walks of life including teachers, retired servicemen, retired army/policemen, student leaders, lawyers etc. Accordingly, each police station will have a Whatsapp group with 250 members. So if we multiply 250 into 1469, the state will have approximately 3,67,00 digital volunteers, helping curb fake news. Their role would be to inform the police about any incident or people who are spreading fake news and misinformation on social media. Step 4: Forming a tech army While the government is doing its bit to curb fake news, many other professionals have joined in for good. 22-year-old Lyric Jain, who is the founder of a UK based startup called Logically, has developed a machine learning algorithm which can examine fact from fiction. Here’s how it works. After sifting through all the top and biggest news stories, it highlights the features that make them fake. Like the headline, tone of the story, bias, inaccurate statistics etc. Remember the news headlines which read the 2,000 rupee note being embedded with a ‘nano GPS chip’? Well, that was a fake news story which was first brought to light by Pankaj Jain, the founder of verification site SM Hoax Slayer. He began small by responding to messages to tell people that the message they are passing were not true and then he decided to take his cause further. On average he started getting over 150 messages from people every day, enquiring about the news content they receive on the mobile messaging service WhatsApp. Till date, he has debunked 1,300 fake forwards on Whatsapp. Likewise, a team of computer science experts from IIT, Delhi are developing an app which will be able to flag the fake news messages. The app will be able to colour code the messages – green for legit content and red for fake news. Step 5: Sensitising the youth Being a netizen, we’re already a part of the fake news menace and have no choice but to deal with it’s implications. However, we can hope to secure the entire generation ahead by sensitising them about fake news right from their education level. The

walks of life including teachers, retired servicemen, retired army/policemen, student leaders, lawyers etc. Accordingly, each police station will have a Whatsapp group with 250 members. So if we multiply 250 into 1469, the state will have approximately 3,67,00 digital volunteers, helping curb fake news. Their role would be to inform the police about any incident or people who are spreading fake news and misinformation on social media. Step 4: Forming a tech army While the government is doing its bit to curb fake news, many other professionals have joined in for good. 22-year-old Lyric Jain, who is the founder of a UK based startup called Logically, has developed a machine learning algorithm which can examine fact from fiction. Here’s how it works. After sifting through all the top and biggest news stories, it highlights the features that make them fake. Like the headline, tone of the story, bias, inaccurate statistics etc. Remember the news headlines which read the 2,000 rupee note being embedded with a ‘nano GPS chip’? Well, that was a fake news story which was first brought to light by Pankaj Jain, the founder of verification site SM Hoax Slayer. He began small by responding to messages to tell people that the message they are passing were not true and then he decided to take his cause further. On average he started getting over 150 messages from people every day, enquiring about the news content they receive on the mobile messaging service WhatsApp. Till date, he has debunked 1,300 fake forwards on Whatsapp. Likewise, a team of computer science experts from IIT, Delhi are developing an app which will be able to flag the fake news messages. The app will be able to colour code the messages – green for legit content and red for fake news. Step 5: Sensitising the youth Being a netizen, we’re already a part of the fake news menace and have no choice but to deal with it’s implications. However, we can hope to secure the entire generation ahead by sensitising them about fake news right from their education level. The district of Kunnur in Kerala witnessed a plethora of fake news incidents. From hyping the entire Nipah virus outbreak to claiming vaccination as harmful, which actually deterred many parents from getting their children vaccinated. That’s when an IAS officer from that district, Mir Mohammed Ali started an initiative called Satyameva Jayate. Under this initiative, training will be given to high school students to identify fake news, inculcate the need to question the authenticity of information they receive, understand the psychology behind people sharing information, introduce them to concepts like filter bubble and click bait. He started by training 150 teachers who will pass on the training to the students. They were also urged to Google and look up for authentic news sources. He further states that he wants the students to teach their parents as well, who are the ones easily gullible and forward messages without verification. This is happening around the world, where the educators are adopting a curriculum which teaches kids to distinguish facts from fiction. The curriculum was designed by an NGO called New Literacy Project which includes 12 lessons on fake news. Sure, we are doing our bit to curb this menace, but there is a lot more India can learn from countries around the world. For instance, Malaysia has a law against fake news which makes it punishable and imposes a fine upto $1, 23,000 for the same. Germany fines social media networks if they fail to remove hateful posting and fake news. While France’s media legislation will soon see a complete overhaul in their media legislation. Compared to these stringent measures, we clearly need to up our game.

district of Kunnur in Kerala witnessed a plethora of fake news incidents. From hyping the entire Nipah virus outbreak to claiming vaccination as harmful, which actually deterred many parents from getting their children vaccinated. That’s when an IAS officer from that district, Mir Mohammed Ali started an initiative called Satyameva Jayate. Under this initiative, training will be given to high school students to identify fake news, inculcate the need to question the authenticity of information they receive, understand the psychology behind people sharing information, introduce them to concepts like filter bubble and click bait. He started by training 150 teachers who will pass on the training to the students. They were also urged to Google and look up for authentic news sources. He further states that he wants the students to teach their parents as well, who are the ones easily gullible and forward messages without verification. This is happening around the world, where the educators are adopting a curriculum which teaches kids to distinguish facts from fiction. The curriculum was designed by an NGO called New Literacy Project which includes 12 lessons on fake news. Sure, we are doing our bit to curb this menace, but there is a lot more India can learn from countries around the world. For instance, Malaysia has a law against fake news which makes it punishable and imposes a fine upto $1, 23,000 for the same. Germany fines social media networks if they fail to remove hateful posting and fake news. While France’s media legislation will soon see a complete overhaul in their media legislation. Compared to these stringent measures, we clearly need to up our game.

A variety of types of samples can be tested in the laboratory for AFB spores. The choice of sample will depend on the reason the hive, apiary or bee product needs to be tested. Contact the laboratory before sending a sample. Sample types include: - Confirmation of Diagnosis – required because there are one or more AFB-like symptoms in the hive, and a confirmed diagnosis is needed. The material tested should always be larvae or pupae actually showing the AFB symptoms. Adult bees or honey should not be tested for confirmation of diagnosis as the results will be less reliable. - Surveying the Disease Status of Colonies – required because colonies may have been exposed to AFB, but are not currently exhibiting any disease symptoms. The best material to test is adult bees taken off brood frames. Honey or larvae/pupae should not be tested as the results from these tests will be less reliable. - Surveying the Disease Status of an Apiary or Group of Apiaries – required to identify any potential disease problems in the future when no disease is currently being found. Composite bee samples can be used, consisting of 30 bees from each hive in an apiary, with all the bees put into the same container. Honey can also be tested from the extracting tank, although it may be harder to relate the results back to the correct apiary.

Birth Announcement on Endangered Species Day Highlights the Importance of Zoo-Born Animals Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo welcomes two Canada lynx (Felis lynx) kittens, born on April 26, 2017. The babies have yet to have their first exam by the zoo’s veterinarian, as their mother is still extremely protective and the zoo staff is respecting her need for privacy for several more weeks. The two kittens appear to be healthy, and a quick peek into their den showed that their eyes are open. “At just three weeks old, it will be a while before the kittens venture out in public,” explained Zoo Director Gregg Dancho. “They are just starting to explore the world around them.” Dancho remarked that it’s especially rewarding to announce the birth of the lynx kittens on Endangered Species Day. “The birth of new Zoo babies is a testament to our Zoo team’s husbandry experience and the high quality of their care.” Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo is home to the parents, a male, Sasquatch, originally from the Minnesota Zoo born in May 1991, and a female, Selma, from Hogle Zoo in Utah born in May 1992. Their twins are expected to be on exhibit at Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo early this summer. “This birth is very significant for the Zoo in that it is a first for us! The lynx are among the favorite animals here at the Zoo,” shared Dancho. “Their behavior is so entertaining that our guests never get tired of watching them.” Anyone interested in naming the kittens can bid on the opportunity at the auction at the Wild Wine Safari on June 3.

Unlike that good old fashion black gold, there are plenty of ways to ensure that waste does not pollute our environment, but rather contributes to its improvement. We have said it before; we will say it again: there is incommensurable value in waste. We can derive many different products from what many of us are so eager to get rid of. At Dechets a l’Or, we have made it our mission to show the average Sub-Saharan citizen how waste could be an answer to some of our development challenges. Indeed, through the production of reliable energy, bio fertilizers healthier on our soils and food and the recycling of plastic material that considerably reduces the production of new plastic, African cities can start looking forward to a greener future. We dump over 2 billion tons of waste every year To support our current consumption habits, we need 1.6 planets. In other words, we are overexploiting the only planet we have and are not doing enough to alleviate the effects of the waste we produce. According to the World Bank, Sub-Saharan Africa produces an approximate 62 million tons of waste per year, with an average of 0.65 kg of waste per person per day. While these figures are rather low compared to other world regions, they are nonetheless not to be neglected given that global waste production is expected to double by 2025 if no adequate measure is taken. Waste isn't going anywhere Interestingly, humans seem to be the only species in nature to experience a waste problem. Most, if not all, other living beings are inherent parts of natural processes such that everything they use is ultimately transformed and put to further use. Although our modern, post-industrial lifestyle made a lot of things more convenient for us, it left us with a serious waste problem. Since very few of us are willing to go back to our old stone-age ways, we are left with one conclusion: waste is here to stay. Thus, it seems fair to assume that it would be wise to work together to find better ways to manage our waste. Beside, our survival kind of depends on it. Mismanagement of waste poses real environmental threats such as air and water pollution, degradation of lands, all of which will surely lead us to our loss. Hence, waste must be managed as efficiently as possible if we do not want to destroy this planet and all its inhabitants for good. It can take about 450 years for the average plastic bottle to biodegrade This means that you could live at least five lives before that bottle of Coke you just tossed in the trash completely disintegrates into nature. This is no small matter given the rate at which we consume plastic products. Luckily, there are small things we can do to limit the effects of plastic waste on the planet. The first and by far the simplest is to reduce the amount of plastic we use and/or purchase. Opting for reusable bags and bottles or products made from recycled material is always a good alternative. Another solution is to recycle our plastic and let a waste management company like Dechets a l’Or make sure that the plastic is treated and ready for reuse in other products. It may take a village to raise a child, but it only takes one simple action from you to save the planet There are lots of small things you can do to value waste wherever you may be. The environment belongs to every single one of us. Thus, it is in our best interest to take care of it the best way possible. Managing waste is one such way. Although daunting, it is not impossible to reduce the amount of waste we produce every day. But at the very least, we can make sure that waste is treated and managed in a way that it can serve further purposes by leaving it with waste management companies. At Dechets a l’Or, it is our mission to ensure that waste in West Africa is valued and we are continuously working on better ways to do so. If you are still not convinced about the importance of valuing waste, check out this documentary demonstrating how Waste = Food! http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/waste-food/

Code Combat is a multiplayer game to help people learn to program. Through solving puzzles and defeating ogres players progress through the game levels to learn increasingly complex programming concepts. This workshop uses the Code Combat resource to help set the context for the day. Pupils begin the workshop by registering and playing a few levels of the game for themselves, before being asked to apply their computational thinking skills to attempt to decompose the main elements of the game. The magic of computing is then introduced through magic tricks to teach sequencing and algorithmic thinking. Pupils then return to the computer to apply their skills to move into Python and learn the basics of creating ‘Hello World’ style programs. A sample file is provided, and pupils are encouraged to decompose the given program and use logical reasoning to identify what the program does before making their own modifications to personalise it. Opportunities are then given to enable pupils to teach themselves some new skills based on suggested online tutorials. Through working with their peers they then use what they’ve learnt to create something new and inspirational. Before the end of the day the pupils return to Code Combat to complete the ‘create your own level’ challenge to help consolidate their learning for the day. Download the teaching guide below or login for access to the full set of resources.

Every dog owner has heard them at one time or another – that old wives tale told to us by a well-meaning friend. Is your dog sick? “Oh, just check to see if his nose is dry!” Is your dog licking his wounds? “Oh, that’s good, licking helps it to heal faster!” While there may be some truth behind the myths, most of them are almost completely untrue. Here are 10 of the most commonly used myths & misconceptions about dogs: 1. Your pooch is sick if his nose is warm. This is simply not true. Your dog’s nose temperature cannot denote illness or health. It also can’t indicate whether or not Fido has a fever. The only way to accurately determine if your pooch has a high body temperature is by measuring it with a thermometer. Normal temperature reading in dogs is between 100.5 to 102.5 °F. 2. It’s OK to give dogs table scraps. Not all the time. Some foods on your table like pieces of fat and chicken bones can be lethal to dogs. While fatty foods can result in gastrointestinal distress and more severe complications, like pancreatitis, large bones can cause intestinal blockages or chicken and other cooked bones can splinter and puncture a dog’s intestines. Other foods commonly consumed at the dinner table are highly toxic to dogs, including onions, grapes, raisins, and chocolate. Instead of slipping scraps to your four-legged family, choose dog-safe treats and chews as a reward. 3. Licking heals wounds faster. Although it’s natural for dogs to lick their wounds, this actually slows the healing process and can lead to serious problems and infections. If your dog is licking a wound repeatedly, you’ll need to protect the area by blocking access. An Elizabethan collar is the most effective way to stop your dog from licking wounds. To aid in the healing process, clean the wound thoroughly and apply a dog-safe antiseptic or wound cream. 4. Garlic kills fleas. Garlic has not yet been scientifically proven to help in controlling flea infestation in dogs, despite evidence from pet parents that claim it works to keep them at bay. While it is possible that the scent is a deterrent to fleas, it does not kill them. Additionally, while garlic in small amounts has proven to be beneficial to dogs, large quantities can be toxic. 5. Dogs should have a litter prior to being spayed. Another myth. Dogs that carry and birth a litter before being spayed are not found to be healthier in any way. As a matter of fact, dogs that are spayed before their first heat cycle tend to be less likely to be prone to breast cancer. Plus, spaying eliminates the risk of uterine cancers and complications. Although dogs should be spayed before their first heat cycle and before carrying any puppies, spaying should be done as late as possible. 6. Dogs eat inedible stuff because of nutritional imbalance. Not necessarily. No one can point out exactly why some dogs eat rocks, animal stools, lick the concrete, and ingest things that should never be ingested. In truth, most veterinarians claim that dogs eat inedible stuff due to boredom or to get attention. To prevent boredom eating and chewing, give your dog adequate exercise and plenty of outlets for excess energy. 7. Indoor pets don’t need heartworm prevention. Another lie. Even dogs that are mostly indoors are susceptible to heartworm disease. Remember, heartworm is contracted through mosquitoes, which obviously can come inside your house. In addition to a monthly heartworm preventative, take steps to prevent mosquitos from buzzing around. Before heading out on your evening walk, give your dog’s coat a quick spritz of natural mosquito repelling spray especially for dogs. 8. Your pooch will let you know when he’s sick or in pain. This is a misconception. Dogs, in general, are good at hiding the signs that indicate that they are sick or feeling pain. Veterinarians and behaviorists speculate that this is instinctual, left over from their ancestors drive to survive by hiding any weakness. More often than not, by the time you see him sick, your dog’s condition has already progressed. Instead of waiting for your dog to indicate he’s

e it is possible that the scent is a deterrent to fleas, it does not kill them. Additionally, while garlic in small amounts has proven to be beneficial to dogs, large quantities can be toxic. 5. Dogs should have a litter prior to being spayed. Another myth. Dogs that carry and birth a litter before being spayed are not found to be healthier in any way. As a matter of fact, dogs that are spayed before their first heat cycle tend to be less likely to be prone to breast cancer. Plus, spaying eliminates the risk of uterine cancers and complications. Although dogs should be spayed before their first heat cycle and before carrying any puppies, spaying should be done as late as possible. 6. Dogs eat inedible stuff because of nutritional imbalance. Not necessarily. No one can point out exactly why some dogs eat rocks, animal stools, lick the concrete, and ingest things that should never be ingested. In truth, most veterinarians claim that dogs eat inedible stuff due to boredom or to get attention. To prevent boredom eating and chewing, give your dog adequate exercise and plenty of outlets for excess energy. 7. Indoor pets don’t need heartworm prevention. Another lie. Even dogs that are mostly indoors are susceptible to heartworm disease. Remember, heartworm is contracted through mosquitoes, which obviously can come inside your house. In addition to a monthly heartworm preventative, take steps to prevent mosquitos from buzzing around. Before heading out on your evening walk, give your dog’s coat a quick spritz of natural mosquito repelling spray especially for dogs. 8. Your pooch will let you know when he’s sick or in pain. This is a misconception. Dogs, in general, are good at hiding the signs that indicate that they are sick or feeling pain. Veterinarians and behaviorists speculate that this is instinctual, left over from their ancestors drive to survive by hiding any weakness. More often than not, by the time you see him sick, your dog’s condition has already progressed. Instead of waiting for your dog to indicate he’s not feeling well, keep an eye on his typical behavior and make note of any differences in the amount of time he spends sleeping, if he seems slower getting up or laying down, if she’s eating less than usual, and if he seems more distant or clingy. Also, take a quick glance at your pup’s poop every time he goes and make note of any differences in its appearance. 9. Dogs only eat grass when they’re sick. This is partially true, partially not. Remember that domestic dogs share genetics with wild dogs and wolves that wholly eat their kill, including stomach contents like grass and berries. For this reason, a lot of scientists insist that it’s normal for a dog to eat some amount of grass from time to time since such material was once part of their usual diet. Other dogs nibble on the green stuff out of simple boredom, while others just like the taste. Don’t worry if your dog makes a snack of your grass every now and again. However, dogs do occasionally gulp down large amounts of grass if they’re feeling sick to their stomachs. This isn’t your typical grazing on grass. Instead, a sick dog will chow down on several blades of grass, barely chewing them, and will usually immediately vomit. If your dog does this repeatedly or often, it’s best to book a trip to the vet. 10. Mixed breed dogs are healthier than purebreds. Another lie. Both crossbreeds and purebreeds can either be healthy or not. While mutts usually don’t have the genetic diseases that are prevalent in purebred dogs, they are just as prone to health issues as a purebred dog is. Among purebred dogs, those from a reputable breeder that considers the health and vitality of the parent dogs before breeding tend to be far healthier overall than those that are bred by puppy mills or backyard breeders that don’t consider the health of the parent dogs. What other myths or old wive’s tales have you heard about dogs or their health?

not feeling well, keep an eye on his typical behavior and make note of any differences in the amount of time he spends sleeping, if he seems slower getting up or laying down, if she’s eating less than usual, and if he seems more distant or clingy. Also, take a quick glance at your pup’s poop every time he goes and make note of any differences in its appearance. 9. Dogs only eat grass when they’re sick. This is partially true, partially not. Remember that domestic dogs share genetics with wild dogs and wolves that wholly eat their kill, including stomach contents like grass and berries. For this reason, a lot of scientists insist that it’s normal for a dog to eat some amount of grass from time to time since such material was once part of their usual diet. Other dogs nibble on the green stuff out of simple boredom, while others just like the taste. Don’t worry if your dog makes a snack of your grass every now and again. However, dogs do occasionally gulp down large amounts of grass if they’re feeling sick to their stomachs. This isn’t your typical grazing on grass. Instead, a sick dog will chow down on several blades of grass, barely chewing them, and will usually immediately vomit. If your dog does this repeatedly or often, it’s best to book a trip to the vet. 10. Mixed breed dogs are healthier than purebreds. Another lie. Both crossbreeds and purebreeds can either be healthy or not. While mutts usually don’t have the genetic diseases that are prevalent in purebred dogs, they are just as prone to health issues as a purebred dog is. Among purebred dogs, those from a reputable breeder that considers the health and vitality of the parent dogs before breeding tend to be far healthier overall than those that are bred by puppy mills or backyard breeders that don’t consider the health of the parent dogs. What other myths or old wive’s tales have you heard about dogs or their health?

“The Guardian of Mercy: How an Extraordinary Painting by Caravaggio Changed an Ordinary Life Today” is written by Terence Ward. Terence Ward is also written “Searching for Hassan”. He is working as a cross-cultural consultant, who give advise to corporations and governments in the Islamic World and the West. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio ran away in 1606 to escape from Rome to flee from punishment for slaughter a guy in an arguement. After 3 years of his escape from Rome he was in Naples, in Naples he painted “The Seven Acts of Mercy’. He died under secretive situations after a year he painted ‘The Seven Acts of Mercy’ when he was thirty eight year old. Delving into Caravaggio’s unique masterstroke, in ‘The Guardian of Mercy’ Terence Ward allows a marvellous chronicle trip into the core of his brilliance and his transfiguration from elusive to noble. Angelo is the guide in Ward’s expedition of ‘The Seven Acts of Mercy’. He showed Ward where this painting is still hanging, in Naples’s small church. This painting has changed Angelo’s life too. Angelo is a Neapoltan municipal worker who is working as the gaurdian of Caravaggio’s masterpiece, ‘The Seven acts of Mercy’. Angelo’s story helps the author to unfold the layers of ‘The Seven acts of Mercy’. As Ward unravels the complex of the painting, he reveals one by one all the seven acts of mercies and its impact on Caravaggio’s distraught survival.

Tuesday, January 20, 2009 Who Founded the Internet? The birth of the internet as an idea can be traced back to a Belgian man named Paul Otlet. In 1934, Otlet presciently described the internet as "electric telescopes" that would enable people to browse, search and discover any type of document through a network of links. He began building his own network called the Mundaneum, comprised of a staff solely dedicated to indexing as much content as humanely possible. Before there was Vint Cerf, Bob Khan, and DARPA, there was Paul Otlet, the first internet theorist.

|early Dark Ages |late Dark Ages |"barbarian styles" metalwork||architectural sculpture| |Carolingian (ivories, Aachen doors) > Ottonian (ivories, Bernward doors and column, Gero Crucifix) |Byzantine style ivories| With the fall of Rome, statues disappeared as a major art form in Europe until the Gothic age. The primary types of medieval sculpture in Western Europe were architectural sculpture (especially reliefs) and carved ivory objects (aka "ivories"), including small figures, crucifixes, relief panels, and containers. Such objects were also produced to a lesser extent in metal and wood.G250,1 Relief panels were often made to decorate altars, to serve as book covers, or in the form of a diptych.1 (A diptych, which is simply two panels hinged together, is a traditional European method of presenting two complementary scenes of painting or relief sculpture. A three-panel work is called a triptych, and so on.) Medieval visual art is generally quite flat and stylized, as opposed to the physical realism of classical art (see Realism vs. Stylization). The transition from classicism to medieval stylization took place during the Early Christian period (see Early Christian Art). Byzantine sculpture (like all Byzantine visual art) is characterized by the Byzantine style. Byzantine visual art remained sufficiently static throughout the entire history of the empire to allow for this sweeping term. The central concern of the Byzantine style is the awe-inspiring presentation of holy figures; to this end, they are portrayed in stylized postures, serene of expression and often halo-crowned.2,3,4 Carved ivory objects were the leading form of Byzantine sculpture. Architectural sculpture did not flourish under the Byzantines, who preferred to coat architectural surfaces with graphic art (namely mosaic and painting); indeed, mosaic and painting embody the culmination of Byzantine art (see Medieval Painting), while sculpture is clearly secondary.2,3,4 Western Europe entered the Middle Ages as a fractured region, politically and culturally. The unity of classical art was succeeded by regional Germanic aesthetics known as the barbarian styles, which flourished roughly throughout the Dark Ages (ca. 500-1000). Common to these styles was a focus on decorative patterns (as opposed to human figures), often with zoomorphic elements. In Britain and Ireland, the artistic styles of the Celts (in Ireland and Scotland) and Anglo-Saxons (in England) blended to form the insular style. (“Insular” simply means “relating to an island”; thus, “insular style” is equivalent to “island style”.) Insular art is also known as “Hiberno-Saxon” or “Anglo-Celtic” art. The barbarian styles represent the final flourishing of native Germanic art. Like other migratory peoples throughout the world, the native art of the Germanic tribes focused mainly on patterned decoration of portable objects (e.g. clothing, jewellery, harnesses, vessels, tools), in the form of leatherwork, woodwork, or metalwork (depending on the object). Indeed, metalwork (often embellished with stones) is the chief surviving form of sculpture in the barbarian styles.H351,1 Meanwhile, the human figure was restored as the central focus of Western art by the Carolingians and Ottonians. Carolingian art denotes artworks produced by the Carolingian Empire (ca. 750-900), while Ottonian art (which is founded upon that of the Carolingians) denotes works produced by the Holy Roman Empire during its first century (ca. 950-1050). Broadly speaking, Carolingian art exhibits greater three-dimensional realism than that of the Ottonians. The Carolingians injected a significant measure of classical realism into medieval art (thus reverting to an Early Christian level of realism), after which the Ottonians slid back into flat stylization.5 The Carolingians and Ottonians both excelled in carved ivory. In terms of larger sculpture, the best known Carolingian work is a set of doors at Aachen Cathedral. The most famous large Ottonian works are the bronze Bernward Doors and Bernward Column, both commissioned by the bishop Ber

turally. The unity of classical art was succeeded by regional Germanic aesthetics known as the barbarian styles, which flourished roughly throughout the Dark Ages (ca. 500-1000). Common to these styles was a focus on decorative patterns (as opposed to human figures), often with zoomorphic elements. In Britain and Ireland, the artistic styles of the Celts (in Ireland and Scotland) and Anglo-Saxons (in England) blended to form the insular style. (“Insular” simply means “relating to an island”; thus, “insular style” is equivalent to “island style”.) Insular art is also known as “Hiberno-Saxon” or “Anglo-Celtic” art. The barbarian styles represent the final flourishing of native Germanic art. Like other migratory peoples throughout the world, the native art of the Germanic tribes focused mainly on patterned decoration of portable objects (e.g. clothing, jewellery, harnesses, vessels, tools), in the form of leatherwork, woodwork, or metalwork (depending on the object). Indeed, metalwork (often embellished with stones) is the chief surviving form of sculpture in the barbarian styles.H351,1 Meanwhile, the human figure was restored as the central focus of Western art by the Carolingians and Ottonians. Carolingian art denotes artworks produced by the Carolingian Empire (ca. 750-900), while Ottonian art (which is founded upon that of the Carolingians) denotes works produced by the Holy Roman Empire during its first century (ca. 950-1050). Broadly speaking, Carolingian art exhibits greater three-dimensional realism than that of the Ottonians. The Carolingians injected a significant measure of classical realism into medieval art (thus reverting to an Early Christian level of realism), after which the Ottonians slid back into flat stylization.5 The Carolingians and Ottonians both excelled in carved ivory. In terms of larger sculpture, the best known Carolingian work is a set of doors at Aachen Cathedral. The most famous large Ottonian works are the bronze Bernward Doors and Bernward Column, both commissioned by the bishop Bernward at a German cathedral (St Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim), and the wooden Gero Crucifix, which exceeds life-size. Romanesque art, which developed from the three great traditions of the Dark Ages (barbarian, Carolingian, and Ottonian), flourished across Western Europe. Thus, for the first time since the fall of Rome, the West was aesthetically unified. The heart of the Romanesque period (and the subsequent Gothic period) was France. The Romanesque and Gothic periods comprise the great age of cathedrals; the foremost sculpture of this age is architectural. To the non-expert eye, it can be difficult to distinguish between Byzantine, Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque sculpture. Gothic sculpture, on the other hand, stands clearly apart, thanks to a striking new degree of physical realism. Indeed, Gothic art embodies the transition from medieval stylization to the fully-developed realism of the Renaissance. The Gothic age witnessed the return of statues as the principal sculptural type. Gothic statues are still usually architectural ornaments, however; independent, free-standing statues would not be revived until the Renaissance. Indeed, given that free-standing statues had been worshipped by the pagan Greeks and Romans, they were firmly discouraged by the medieval Church.H262,1 2 - "Western Painting", Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed April 2009. 3 - "Byzantine Art", Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed April 2009. 4 - "Byzantine art and architecture", Columbia Encyclopedia. Accessed July 2009. 5 - "Ottonian art", Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 2010.

nward at a German cathedral (St Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim), and the wooden Gero Crucifix, which exceeds life-size. Romanesque art, which developed from the three great traditions of the Dark Ages (barbarian, Carolingian, and Ottonian), flourished across Western Europe. Thus, for the first time since the fall of Rome, the West was aesthetically unified. The heart of the Romanesque period (and the subsequent Gothic period) was France. The Romanesque and Gothic periods comprise the great age of cathedrals; the foremost sculpture of this age is architectural. To the non-expert eye, it can be difficult to distinguish between Byzantine, Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque sculpture. Gothic sculpture, on the other hand, stands clearly apart, thanks to a striking new degree of physical realism. Indeed, Gothic art embodies the transition from medieval stylization to the fully-developed realism of the Renaissance. The Gothic age witnessed the return of statues as the principal sculptural type. Gothic statues are still usually architectural ornaments, however; independent, free-standing statues would not be revived until the Renaissance. Indeed, given that free-standing statues had been worshipped by the pagan Greeks and Romans, they were firmly discouraged by the medieval Church.H262,1 2 - "Western Painting", Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed April 2009. 3 - "Byzantine Art", Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed April 2009. 4 - "Byzantine art and architecture", Columbia Encyclopedia. Accessed July 2009. 5 - "Ottonian art", Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 2010.

For a long time, psychological and emotional issues have been usually overlooked, and this has changed in recent times. In 1937, the first put up of psychiatric social employee was created in the little one guidance clinic run by the Dhorabji Tata School of Social Work (established in 1936), It is thought-about as the primary documented evidence of social work observe in Indian mental health discipline. Mental health can have an effect on every day life, relationships, and even bodily health. Mental health also consists of a person’s ability to get pleasure from life – to realize a stability between life activities and efforts to attain psychological resilience. Psychological sickness , disability , and suicide are in the end the result of a mixture of biology, setting, and entry to and utilization of psychological health treatment. The coordinated surveys on emotional psychological health issues, their severity, and coverings had been implemented in the aforementioned nations. 29 When a mental illness is thrown into the combination, it becomes considerably more durable for a kid to amass the required expertise and habits that individuals use all through the day. 31 When in reality, hiding it from people prevents the kid from getting the correct quantity of social interplay and remedy with the intention to thrive in as we speak’s society. The media needs to be explaining that many people with disorders like ADHD and anxiety, with the best remedy, can reside strange lives and should not be punished for one thing they can’t assist. Typically, unmet needs in low-revenue and middle-revenue international locations might be attributable to those nations spending reduced amounts (normally <1%) of already diminished health budgets on mental health care, and they rely closely on out-of-pocket spending by citizens who are in poor health equipped for it". of="" already="" diminished="" health="" budgets="" on="" mental="" health="" care,="" and="" they="" rely="" closely="" on="" out-of-pocket="" spending="" by="" citizens="" who="" are="" in="" poor="" health="" equipped="" for="">1%) of already diminished health budgets on mental health care, and they rely closely on out-of-pocket spending by citizens who are in poor health equipped for it".>

Scientists have bred mosquitoes in Guatemala that will cause mosquito genocide when they mate with normal mosquitoes. The idea is to thwart disease spread by the insects, in this case dengue fever. Dengue fever cases have quadrupled since 1970, according to the World Health Organization. It estimates the mosquito-spread virus puts 500,000 people in the hospital annually, many of whom are children. About 2.5 per cent of them die—without proper treatment that number can increase to 20 per cent. Outbreaks happen mostly in tropical and sub-tropical climates in urban areas worldwide, but its incidence is growing and spreading to new locations. The WHO reports that two-fifths of the world's population is currently at risk. "Explosive outbreaks" are also happening, like the one in 2007 in Venezuela where 80,000 cases were reported, including more than 6,000 cases of the disease's most severe form: dengue hemorrhagic fever. So if some mosquitoes have to die to get dengue under control, so be it, one would think. However, some locals in Guatemala aren't thrilled that the scientists released the genetically engineered mosquitoes into the environment without giving residents in the area a heads-up. They worry, understandably, about the environmental and human health risks that might accompany the genetically-engineered insects. Still, the researchers are proceeding with the experiment, and Scientific American has a big report on the whole thing. You have to pay for a subscription to read the main story, but you can read an accompanying piece about the ethics of the experiment for free here.

As long as there have been motor vehicles, there have been pedestrians who have been struck down by them, so why not invent a device that protects the pedestrians when they are hit. This particular safety device was a shovel that was fitted to the front of cars, first being utilised in the early 1920's. It was designed to 'scoop' up pedestrians into a safety net instead of running them over when they got hit by a car, where the pedestrian would be safely held until the car stopped. One of the earliest versions of the catcher was fitted to Model 'T' Ford Taxi's, predominant on the streets of France and Germany. The invention was short lived, as pedestrians traveled more safely as the cars got faster.

Overall, there are more dogs than children in American and British households.1 Dogs have become a huge part of humans’ lives. How and when did they get here? Chromosomes show that “the domestic dog, Canislupus familiaris, is a grey wolf.”2 Additional DNA studies provide “strong evidence” that all dog breeds descended from a wolf population that was domesticated in southern East Asia.3 Dogs, wolves, coyotes, and foxes can interbreed, so they represent the created dog kind. Over 230 dog breeds have been defined in the 4,300 or so years of post-Flood history.4 In his 300 B.C. book Historiae Animalium, Aristotle listed the dog separately from the wolf and fox. But University of Otago archaeologist Helen Leach wrote that “systematic breeding only emerged within the past 300 years.”5 Over 200 breeds were produced in only 300 years? That doesn’t fit with evolution’s theory of gradual change, in which new features are supposedly favored by natural selection over vast time periods. A recent experiment proved that dogs most likely changed in just a few generations through pre-designed genetic programming and intentional breeding. In a study published in Bioessays in 2009, Russian researchers selected foxes for “tameability.” The experiment began “about 50 years ago” and has produced scores of foxes that look very different from their ancestors.6 Researchers selected foxes that were the least aggressive and then bred them. They chose 100 females and 30 males “as the initial parental generation.” Then, they carried forward the tamest approximately 10 percent into each successive generation. “As a result of such a rigorous selection, the offspring exhibiting the aggressive and fear avoidance responses were eliminated from the experimental population in just two-three generations of selection,” the study authors wrote.6 They didn’t need thousands of years to produce these changes, just three generations. And at the sixth generation, fox pups eagerly sought human contact, complete with wagging tails, “whining, whimpering, and licking in a dog-like manner.”6 Quite unexpectedly, however, the newly tamed foxes displayed standard mammalian traits of domestication. Wild horses, cows, sheep, pigs, dogs, and rabbits have stable traits like erect ears, straight tails, uniform coat colors, restricted breeding seasons, and similar body sizes. However, the tame varieties often have floppy ears, curled tails, spotted coat colors, variations in coat textures and lengths, no set breeding seasons, and marked skeletal size and proportion differences. Natural selection was supposed to have “fixed” the stable traits into the wild animals over their supposedly countless past generations. But the researchers watched their recently wild fox population rapidly unfold new trait variations that looked just like those of domesticated dogs, cows, and rabbits. Clearly, natural selection has not been filling its billing. Also, chance-based genetic mutations could not produce the same trait variations in so many different mammals. For this reason, the authors wrote, “Finally, it is difficult to interpret the changes in the domesticated foxes as a result of randomly arisen new mutations.”6 Instead, changes in gene regulation must have caused the trait variations. Differing gene activity during development resulted in multiple simultaneous physical changes. That’s not evolution by mutations, but variations by design. According to the biological evidence, dogs could have developed from a wolf ancestor into “man’s best friend” in only three dog generations by selective breeding in the recent past. Editor's note: Regarding the interbreeding of foxes with coyotes, see Van Gelder, R. G. 1977. Mammalian Hybrids and Generic Limits. American Museum Novitates. 2365: 10. Van Gelder states: Canis latrans X Vulpes vulpes was reported at Bridgeton, New Jersey. Mr. Henry Ricci, Curator of the Cohanzick Zoo at Bridgeton, has kindly provided me with the details: A male coyote born April 5, 1971, was donated to the zoo in August of that year by a returning soldier. It was at first

licking in a dog-like manner.”6 Quite unexpectedly, however, the newly tamed foxes displayed standard mammalian traits of domestication. Wild horses, cows, sheep, pigs, dogs, and rabbits have stable traits like erect ears, straight tails, uniform coat colors, restricted breeding seasons, and similar body sizes. However, the tame varieties often have floppy ears, curled tails, spotted coat colors, variations in coat textures and lengths, no set breeding seasons, and marked skeletal size and proportion differences. Natural selection was supposed to have “fixed” the stable traits into the wild animals over their supposedly countless past generations. But the researchers watched their recently wild fox population rapidly unfold new trait variations that looked just like those of domesticated dogs, cows, and rabbits. Clearly, natural selection has not been filling its billing. Also, chance-based genetic mutations could not produce the same trait variations in so many different mammals. For this reason, the authors wrote, “Finally, it is difficult to interpret the changes in the domesticated foxes as a result of randomly arisen new mutations.”6 Instead, changes in gene regulation must have caused the trait variations. Differing gene activity during development resulted in multiple simultaneous physical changes. That’s not evolution by mutations, but variations by design. According to the biological evidence, dogs could have developed from a wolf ancestor into “man’s best friend” in only three dog generations by selective breeding in the recent past. Editor's note: Regarding the interbreeding of foxes with coyotes, see Van Gelder, R. G. 1977. Mammalian Hybrids and Generic Limits. American Museum Novitates. 2365: 10. Van Gelder states: Canis latrans X Vulpes vulpes was reported at Bridgeton, New Jersey. Mr. Henry Ricci, Curator of the Cohanzick Zoo at Bridgeton, has kindly provided me with the details: A male coyote born April 5, 1971, was donated to the zoo in August of that year by a returning soldier. It was at first housed adjacent to a young female American red fox (Vulpes vulpes) that had been born about the same time as the coyote. Eight months later the two animals were put in the same cage and were compatible. During the first and second weeks of February 1973, the animals were seen to mate and on April 9, 1973, the vixen gave birth to two male pups. They were left with the female who began to ignore them on April 12. One was found dead that morning. The second pup was removed and hand fed, but died the evening of April 12 "probably due to congestion and exposure" according to Dr. Ernest Zirkle, the zoo's veterinarian. Judging from photographs I have seen of the parents, there seems no reason to doubt their identification, nor does the appearance of the cage suggest entry by a local wild Vulpes male. The pups were preserved and are in the possession of Mr. Ricci and Dr. Zirkle. - Haveman, H. Dogs take a lead over children. CNN International. Posted on cnn.com March 5, 2004, accessed November 15, 2011. - Pendragon, B. 2011. A review of selected features of the family Canidae with reference to its fundamental taxonomic status. Journal of Creation. 25 (3): 79-88. - Ahlfort, K. Genetic Study Confirms: First Dogs Came from East Asia. Royal Institute of Technology news release, November 23, 2011. - The American Kennel Club lists over 235 breeds, 173 of which are eligible to compete at AKC events. See the Complete Breed List posted on akc.org. - Leach, H. R. 2007. Selection and the Unforeseen Consequences of Domestication. In Cassidy, R. and M. H. Mullin, eds. Where the wild things are now: domestication reconsidered. Oxford, UK: Berg, 72-73. - Trut, L., I. Oskina and A. Kharlamova. 2009. Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. Bioessays. 31 (3): 349-360. * Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research. Cite this article: Thomas, B. 2012. On the Origin of Dogs. Acts & Facts. 41 (1): 16.

housed adjacent to a young female American red fox (Vulpes vulpes) that had been born about the same time as the coyote. Eight months later the two animals were put in the same cage and were compatible. During the first and second weeks of February 1973, the animals were seen to mate and on April 9, 1973, the vixen gave birth to two male pups. They were left with the female who began to ignore them on April 12. One was found dead that morning. The second pup was removed and hand fed, but died the evening of April 12 "probably due to congestion and exposure" according to Dr. Ernest Zirkle, the zoo's veterinarian. Judging from photographs I have seen of the parents, there seems no reason to doubt their identification, nor does the appearance of the cage suggest entry by a local wild Vulpes male. The pups were preserved and are in the possession of Mr. Ricci and Dr. Zirkle. - Haveman, H. Dogs take a lead over children. CNN International. Posted on cnn.com March 5, 2004, accessed November 15, 2011. - Pendragon, B. 2011. A review of selected features of the family Canidae with reference to its fundamental taxonomic status. Journal of Creation. 25 (3): 79-88. - Ahlfort, K. Genetic Study Confirms: First Dogs Came from East Asia. Royal Institute of Technology news release, November 23, 2011. - The American Kennel Club lists over 235 breeds, 173 of which are eligible to compete at AKC events. See the Complete Breed List posted on akc.org. - Leach, H. R. 2007. Selection and the Unforeseen Consequences of Domestication. In Cassidy, R. and M. H. Mullin, eds. Where the wild things are now: domestication reconsidered. Oxford, UK: Berg, 72-73. - Trut, L., I. Oskina and A. Kharlamova. 2009. Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. Bioessays. 31 (3): 349-360. * Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research. Cite this article: Thomas, B. 2012. On the Origin of Dogs. Acts & Facts. 41 (1): 16.

Search our Archives: » Opinion & Society October and Torquemada © 2010 by Jane Bichmacher de Glasman* In October of 1483, the most known, hated, frightening and expressive figure appeared in the Spanish Inquisiton scenery: the Dominican monk Thomas de Torquemada (town that supplied him with the surname, which ironically means burnt or cremated tower). His name is almost synonymous of Inquisition and fanatical atrocity. He was nominated by the catholic kings (of whom he was a confessor) as General-inquisitor of Castile, Aragon, Lion, Catalonia and Valencia, with the Pope’s consent. In October, 17th, 1483, a papal bulla established the “Consejo de La Suprema y General Inquisición” (Council for the Supreme and General Inquisition) to act as its highest authority; the post of General Inquisitor was created and the first occupant was Torquemada. He was responsible for almost half of the people cremated in the Spanish Inquisition during all its history: until 1490, about 100,000 processes were opened, followed by 2,000 executions (burnt alive) and 15,000 strangled. The formal objective of the Inquisition was to suppress the heresy, what, for Torquemada, was a synonym of Crypto-Jews elimination. Remember that in the second half of 15th century, the Iberian Peninsula had more converted Jews than any other place of the world. Occupied during centuries by the Muslims, who granted to the Jews freedom of worship, it had been a stage of intense exchange between Christian, Muslim and Jewish cultures. With the progressive unification of Spain (the union of Lion and Castile kingdoms and, later, Aragon), Muslim and Jewish were pushed gradually to the south, obliged to migrate to north of Africa, or to convert forced to Christianity. This option was always seen with suspicion since it was caused by religious pursuit, it was only apparent that in the intimacy of their homes, many Jews were keeping in secret on practicing the old religion. Torquemada exploited the popular suspicion and the national necessity to count only on “sangre limpia” (clean, pure blood), i.e. purely Christian blood. In practice, it was a fiction; as Spain had the biggest Jewish community of medieval Europe and inter-ethnic marriages and conversions were common, very little people had really "pure" blood. Torquemada himself was a grandson of anusim, (forced converts) but he didn’t let this detail bother him; he decided to purify the country. He developed a methodical, cold and merciless work of pursuit to the cripto-judeus that resulted in the death of thirty thousand victims. To stimulate the accusations, the Inquisition published a set of directions to teach the Catholics how to watch their neighbors and to recognize possible traces of Judaism. Torquemada wrote the instructions from 1484 to 1498, in which the Spanish Inquisition’s organizational and procedure of the regulation was fixed. Torture was widely used when the Jew was accused of contradiction or if he denied confessing his heresy. And from the tortures to extract confessions originated the expression “to swear with joined feet” (non-existent in English but equivalent in meaning to “cross my heart”), used to emphasize the truth of something said. In Portugal it is common to say “to swear on joined feet” and “to deny on joined feet”. In Spain, the expression is used in the sense of believing blindly in something (“to believe with the joined feet”). The suspect of heresy against the Church had his hands and feet tied (or nailed in wooden poles or lifted in the ceiling by the feet). In this position, the accused promised quickly to say nothing but the truth. He was widely tortured until confess himself heretic or denied the charges – what was not even useful, since he would end in the dungeon for the rest of the life or in a bonfire in public square. As a matter of fact, to “deny with joined feet” also hardly would move the impassive agents of the Holy Office. There are reasons to believe that Kol Nidrei which is a solemn plea for the divine redemption from the vows taken by Crypto-Jews in their forced convers

limpia” (clean, pure blood), i.e. purely Christian blood. In practice, it was a fiction; as Spain had the biggest Jewish community of medieval Europe and inter-ethnic marriages and conversions were common, very little people had really "pure" blood. Torquemada himself was a grandson of anusim, (forced converts) but he didn’t let this detail bother him; he decided to purify the country. He developed a methodical, cold and merciless work of pursuit to the cripto-judeus that resulted in the death of thirty thousand victims. To stimulate the accusations, the Inquisition published a set of directions to teach the Catholics how to watch their neighbors and to recognize possible traces of Judaism. Torquemada wrote the instructions from 1484 to 1498, in which the Spanish Inquisition’s organizational and procedure of the regulation was fixed. Torture was widely used when the Jew was accused of contradiction or if he denied confessing his heresy. And from the tortures to extract confessions originated the expression “to swear with joined feet” (non-existent in English but equivalent in meaning to “cross my heart”), used to emphasize the truth of something said. In Portugal it is common to say “to swear on joined feet” and “to deny on joined feet”. In Spain, the expression is used in the sense of believing blindly in something (“to believe with the joined feet”). The suspect of heresy against the Church had his hands and feet tied (or nailed in wooden poles or lifted in the ceiling by the feet). In this position, the accused promised quickly to say nothing but the truth. He was widely tortured until confess himself heretic or denied the charges – what was not even useful, since he would end in the dungeon for the rest of the life or in a bonfire in public square. As a matter of fact, to “deny with joined feet” also hardly would move the impassive agents of the Holy Office. There are reasons to believe that Kol Nidrei which is a solemn plea for the divine redemption from the vows taken by Crypto-Jews in their forced conversion. Kol Nedrei was composed much earlier but it is reasoned that it became popular at this time. Many people frequented the synagogue secretly, risking their lives and used the text of Kol Nidrei like a formula of giving up the vows imposed by the Inquisition. Still inside macabre ironies of the History, in 12th of October of 1535, Pope Paul III granted general pardon to the Crypto-Jews creating, in the following year, the Inquisition in Portugal. It was also in October, of 1765, the last public “auto de fé” carried out in Lisbon, which condemned Judaism. While remembering the history and the past sufferings, Jewish people must proclaim, with the conviction of a surviving humanism, amid fire and blood: Torture, never again! Published in Visão Judaica # 96,December 2010(In Portuguese) * Jane Bichmacher de Glasman is a writer, Ph.D. in Hebrew Language, Jewish Literatures and Culture, Creator and former-director of the Program of Jewish Studies at State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Professor and coordinator of the Department of Hebrew Studies at UERJ and UFRJ (retired). from the December 2010 Edition of the Jewish Magazine Please let us know if you see something unsavory on the Google Ads and we will have them removed. Email us with the offensive URL (www.something.com)

ion. Kol Nedrei was composed much earlier but it is reasoned that it became popular at this time. Many people frequented the synagogue secretly, risking their lives and used the text of Kol Nidrei like a formula of giving up the vows imposed by the Inquisition. Still inside macabre ironies of the History, in 12th of October of 1535, Pope Paul III granted general pardon to the Crypto-Jews creating, in the following year, the Inquisition in Portugal. It was also in October, of 1765, the last public “auto de fé” carried out in Lisbon, which condemned Judaism. While remembering the history and the past sufferings, Jewish people must proclaim, with the conviction of a surviving humanism, amid fire and blood: Torture, never again! Published in Visão Judaica # 96,December 2010(In Portuguese) * Jane Bichmacher de Glasman is a writer, Ph.D. in Hebrew Language, Jewish Literatures and Culture, Creator and former-director of the Program of Jewish Studies at State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Professor and coordinator of the Department of Hebrew Studies at UERJ and UFRJ (retired). from the December 2010 Edition of the Jewish Magazine Please let us know if you see something unsavory on the Google Ads and we will have them removed. Email us with the offensive URL (www.something.com)

The purpose of this article is to study the two passages in the Old Testament that are frequently used to teach that Satan is a fallen angel. The intention is to consider the two passages, setting them in their literary and historical context, to see whether this is a legitimate interpretation. The two passages are: 1) Isaiah 14:12-15, a taunt against the king of Babylon. 2) Ezekiel 28:11-19, a lament about the king of Tyre. Because Satan is not specifically named in either passage, we should be cautious about making any claim that they are describing Satan. This would be an interpretation of the text, which is open to different opinions, rather then a direct observation. It is also important to note that both of these passages are written in poetry, using the vivid picture language and imagery typically employed by the O.T. prophets. The popular teaching on the fall of Satan The popular teaching about the fall of Satan normally follows this, or a similar, outline: Satan was once a beautiful angel, the greatest of all created beings. He rebelled against God and became the devil before man was created. Originally there were three archangels, Michael, Gabriel and Lucifer; each ruled one third of the angels. Michael and Gabriel remained faithful to God, but Satan rebelled, taking one third of the angels with him, who became the demonic forces. Some teach that Satan was the heavenly choirmaster, with musical instruments built into his body. This is supported from Ezekiel 28:13: "the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created". However this translation is only found in the King James Version (KJV). The NKJV is very similar. The NRSV renders it: "and worked in gold were your settings and your engravings", with a foot-note indicating that the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain. The NIV is as follows: “Your settings and mountings were made of gold; on the day you were created they were prepared.”, also with a footnote saying that the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain. Some also teach that there was a population of humans on the earth before Adam, known as the pre-adamic race, which Lucifer was given authority over. They rebelled and were judged by a flood, and Lucifer became Satan. After judgement, the earth was remade as described in Genesis chapters 1 and 2. This is part of the "gap theory", which is an attempt to combine the Genesis account with the theory of evolution by saying there was a very long gap in time between the first two verses in Genesis. Two other passages of scripture are used to support this teaching. The first is Luke 10:18, He (Jesus) said to them (the seventy sent out into the harvest-field), "I watched Satan fall from heaven like a flash of lightning”. However when studied in context, this does not refer to a fall of Satan before the beginning of time, but to the effect the mission of the seventy had on the powers of darkness, when they said, “Lord, in your name even the demons submit to us!” (Lk 10:17). The second is Revelation 12:1-12, in which John sees a vision of the great red dragon, who is identified as, “that ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan” (v9). Michael and his angels fought against Satan, the deceiver of the whole world, who was thrown down to earth and his angels with him. The timing of this dramatic event is indicated in verse 10, when the loud voice in heaven says: "now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of his Messiah, for the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down". This did not happen at the beginning of time, but at the cross, where Jesus brought salvation, demonstrated the power of the kingdom and defeated the enemy. Jesus made a similar statement shortly before his death, “Now is the judgement of the world; now the ruler of this world (Satan) be driven out. And I, when I am lifted up from the earth (on the cross), will draw all people to myself” (John 12:31). So it is questionable whether either the Luke 10, or the Revelation 12 passage describe a fall of Sa

in. Some also teach that there was a population of humans on the earth before Adam, known as the pre-adamic race, which Lucifer was given authority over. They rebelled and were judged by a flood, and Lucifer became Satan. After judgement, the earth was remade as described in Genesis chapters 1 and 2. This is part of the "gap theory", which is an attempt to combine the Genesis account with the theory of evolution by saying there was a very long gap in time between the first two verses in Genesis. Two other passages of scripture are used to support this teaching. The first is Luke 10:18, He (Jesus) said to them (the seventy sent out into the harvest-field), "I watched Satan fall from heaven like a flash of lightning”. However when studied in context, this does not refer to a fall of Satan before the beginning of time, but to the effect the mission of the seventy had on the powers of darkness, when they said, “Lord, in your name even the demons submit to us!” (Lk 10:17). The second is Revelation 12:1-12, in which John sees a vision of the great red dragon, who is identified as, “that ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan” (v9). Michael and his angels fought against Satan, the deceiver of the whole world, who was thrown down to earth and his angels with him. The timing of this dramatic event is indicated in verse 10, when the loud voice in heaven says: "now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of his Messiah, for the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down". This did not happen at the beginning of time, but at the cross, where Jesus brought salvation, demonstrated the power of the kingdom and defeated the enemy. Jesus made a similar statement shortly before his death, “Now is the judgement of the world; now the ruler of this world (Satan) be driven out. And I, when I am lifted up from the earth (on the cross), will draw all people to myself” (John 12:31). So it is questionable whether either the Luke 10, or the Revelation 12 passage describe a fall of Satan from heaven before the beginning of time, but more apparent that both describe the defeat of Satan achieved by the ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus. There are references to fallen angels in Jude 6 and 2 Peter 2:4, but no indication is given that Satan was associated with them or that he fell at the same time. Both these passages are more probably referring to the rather mysterious account of the time when the sons of God lusted after the daughters of men (Gen 6:1-4). Both Peter and Jude use this event as a warning about false teachers. There are no other passages in the Bible which give a clear and unambiguous teaching about the origin of Satan, or of a fall of Satan from a place of glory. Is Lucifer a name for Satan? The name “Lucifer” only appears in Isaiah 14:12. The Hebrew word is “helel”, meaning “the shining one”. In the Septuagint (LXX), the translation of the O.T. into Greek, it was translated “heosphoros”, meaning the “light-bearer”. The first time it was translated as “Lucifer” was in the Latin Vulgate Bible (AD 382-404), “Quomodo cecidisti de caelo lucifer, qui mane oriebaris?”. In Latin, “Lucifer” was the name of the planet Venus, the morning star, from a word meaning “bright light” or “light-bearer”. Venus is the brightest planet in the sky (brighter than any of the stars), and is still known as the morning star. In English translations, Wyclif was the first to translate Isaiah 14:12 as “Lucifer”, presumably because he translated from the Latin Vulgate, “A! Lucifer, that risidist eerli, hou feldist thou doun fro heuene;”. (In more modern English, it would read as follows: Ah! Lucifer, that rises early, how you have fallen down from heaven). This translation was followed by the KJV, "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!”, and more recently by the NKJV, “How you are fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!” Other translations translate it as “day star”, or “bright morning star”. The RV: "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Day Star, son of the morning!”,

tan from heaven before the beginning of time, but more apparent that both describe the defeat of Satan achieved by the ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus. There are references to fallen angels in Jude 6 and 2 Peter 2:4, but no indication is given that Satan was associated with them or that he fell at the same time. Both these passages are more probably referring to the rather mysterious account of the time when the sons of God lusted after the daughters of men (Gen 6:1-4). Both Peter and Jude use this event as a warning about false teachers. There are no other passages in the Bible which give a clear and unambiguous teaching about the origin of Satan, or of a fall of Satan from a place of glory. Is Lucifer a name for Satan? The name “Lucifer” only appears in Isaiah 14:12. The Hebrew word is “helel”, meaning “the shining one”. In the Septuagint (LXX), the translation of the O.T. into Greek, it was translated “heosphoros”, meaning the “light-bearer”. The first time it was translated as “Lucifer” was in the Latin Vulgate Bible (AD 382-404), “Quomodo cecidisti de caelo lucifer, qui mane oriebaris?”. In Latin, “Lucifer” was the name of the planet Venus, the morning star, from a word meaning “bright light” or “light-bearer”. Venus is the brightest planet in the sky (brighter than any of the stars), and is still known as the morning star. In English translations, Wyclif was the first to translate Isaiah 14:12 as “Lucifer”, presumably because he translated from the Latin Vulgate, “A! Lucifer, that risidist eerli, hou feldist thou doun fro heuene;”. (In more modern English, it would read as follows: Ah! Lucifer, that rises early, how you have fallen down from heaven). This translation was followed by the KJV, "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!”, and more recently by the NKJV, “How you are fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!” Other translations translate it as “day star”, or “bright morning star”. The RV: "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Day Star, son of the morning!”, the RSV: "How you are fallen from heaven O Day Star, son of Dawn!”, the NEB: “How you have fallen from heaven, bright morning star”, the NRSV: "How you are fallen from heaven, O Day Star, son of Dawn!”, the NIV: "How you have fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn!”, and the GNB: "King of Babylonia, bright morning star, you have fallen from heaven”. Luther translated it into German, “du schöner Morgenstern”, meaning, “you beautiful morning star”. Isaiah uses it as a name for the king of Babylon who had set himself among the gods. Babylonian worship was strongly based on astrology. Both the Babylonians and the Assyrians personified the morning star (Venus) as Ishtar. The message of Isaiah is that none of the Babylonian gods are able to save the king, as all gods are powerless before the One True God. In the Ancient Near East it was common practice for kings to believe they were incarnations of gods. So, when a king was defeated in battle and his city was captured, it was a sign that their god had also been defeated by the more powerful god of the victorious enemy. The enemy would normally tear down images of the god, and take them captive, placing them in the temple of their own god to demonstrate its superior power. This would explain why the Philistines placed the captured ark of the covenant in the temple of their god Dagon (1 Sam 5:1-2). Jesus calls himself “the bright morning star” in Rev 22:16, and is referred to as “the morning star” in 2 Peter 1:19. Tertullian (160 - 220) was the first of the church fathers who taught that Satan was a fallen angel, by quoting Ezekiel 28 (Against Marcion 2:10). Origen (c.185 - c.254) also quoted Isaiah 14, Ezekiel 28 and Luke 10:18 to teach that Satan, or Lucifer, had fallen from glory in heaven (De Principis 1:5:5, Against Celsus 6:44). Although rejected by the Reformers, this teaching was popularised through Milton's vivid description of Satan’s rebellion and fall in Book I of “Paradise Lost”, and now, at least on a popular level in the church, seems to be a

the RSV: "How you are fallen from heaven O Day Star, son of Dawn!”, the NEB: “How you have fallen from heaven, bright morning star”, the NRSV: "How you are fallen from heaven, O Day Star, son of Dawn!”, the NIV: "How you have fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn!”, and the GNB: "King of Babylonia, bright morning star, you have fallen from heaven”. Luther translated it into German, “du schöner Morgenstern”, meaning, “you beautiful morning star”. Isaiah uses it as a name for the king of Babylon who had set himself among the gods. Babylonian worship was strongly based on astrology. Both the Babylonians and the Assyrians personified the morning star (Venus) as Ishtar. The message of Isaiah is that none of the Babylonian gods are able to save the king, as all gods are powerless before the One True God. In the Ancient Near East it was common practice for kings to believe they were incarnations of gods. So, when a king was defeated in battle and his city was captured, it was a sign that their god had also been defeated by the more powerful god of the victorious enemy. The enemy would normally tear down images of the god, and take them captive, placing them in the temple of their own god to demonstrate its superior power. This would explain why the Philistines placed the captured ark of the covenant in the temple of their god Dagon (1 Sam 5:1-2). Jesus calls himself “the bright morning star” in Rev 22:16, and is referred to as “the morning star” in 2 Peter 1:19. Tertullian (160 - 220) was the first of the church fathers who taught that Satan was a fallen angel, by quoting Ezekiel 28 (Against Marcion 2:10). Origen (c.185 - c.254) also quoted Isaiah 14, Ezekiel 28 and Luke 10:18 to teach that Satan, or Lucifer, had fallen from glory in heaven (De Principis 1:5:5, Against Celsus 6:44). Although rejected by the Reformers, this teaching was popularised through Milton's vivid description of Satan’s rebellion and fall in Book I of “Paradise Lost”, and now, at least on a popular level in the church, seems to be accepted without being questioned. Isaiah chapters 13 to 23 contain prophecies against the pagan nations. Chapters 13 and 14 are prophecies specifically against the pride of Babylon, made 150 years before the rise of the empire. The most significant king of Babylon was Nebuchadnezzar. The kings who followed him were insignificant, with there only being five kings in a period of 23 years. The prophecies in Is 13-14 fit the character of the Babylonian empire, specifically king Nebuchadnezzar, perfectly. Chapter 14:2-23 is a taunt against the king of Babylon, which Israel should take up after they have been restored to the land and have rest from their pain and turmoil (14:1-3). There is peace on earth, but Sheol (the land of the dead) is stirred up (14:9) as the dead world leaders are astonished when they greet the king of Babylon, saying that he has become as weak as they. His pomp has been brought down to Sheol. The passage often claimed to be a description of the fall of Satan is contained in this taunt. The one who laid the nations low (v12) will also be brought down to Sheol (v15), where the dead will ponder over him, asking if this is the man who made the earth tremble (v16). The king of Babylon was the one who, “laid the nations low” (14:12). This is precisely what Nebuchadnezzar did when he expanded his empire by conquering the known world. Isaiah said that he said in his heart that, “I will ascend to heaven” (14:13). This is translated as the “tops of the clouds” in the NIV. This phrase does not necessarily speak about Satan exalting himself to heaven, but is often used poetically to describe excessive pride, as seen in the following examples: Daniel said to Nebuchadnezzar: "Your greatness has increased and reaches to heaven." (Dan 4:22). Jesus asked Capernaum, "Will you be exalted to heaven?" (Mt 11:23). There are five statements of the king exalting himself, each saying, “I will ...” (14:13-14). These also fit Nebuchadnezzar’s character perfectly, so it does not have to be describing an angelic being. Isa

ccepted without being questioned. Isaiah chapters 13 to 23 contain prophecies against the pagan nations. Chapters 13 and 14 are prophecies specifically against the pride of Babylon, made 150 years before the rise of the empire. The most significant king of Babylon was Nebuchadnezzar. The kings who followed him were insignificant, with there only being five kings in a period of 23 years. The prophecies in Is 13-14 fit the character of the Babylonian empire, specifically king Nebuchadnezzar, perfectly. Chapter 14:2-23 is a taunt against the king of Babylon, which Israel should take up after they have been restored to the land and have rest from their pain and turmoil (14:1-3). There is peace on earth, but Sheol (the land of the dead) is stirred up (14:9) as the dead world leaders are astonished when they greet the king of Babylon, saying that he has become as weak as they. His pomp has been brought down to Sheol. The passage often claimed to be a description of the fall of Satan is contained in this taunt. The one who laid the nations low (v12) will also be brought down to Sheol (v15), where the dead will ponder over him, asking if this is the man who made the earth tremble (v16). The king of Babylon was the one who, “laid the nations low” (14:12). This is precisely what Nebuchadnezzar did when he expanded his empire by conquering the known world. Isaiah said that he said in his heart that, “I will ascend to heaven” (14:13). This is translated as the “tops of the clouds” in the NIV. This phrase does not necessarily speak about Satan exalting himself to heaven, but is often used poetically to describe excessive pride, as seen in the following examples: Daniel said to Nebuchadnezzar: "Your greatness has increased and reaches to heaven." (Dan 4:22). Jesus asked Capernaum, "Will you be exalted to heaven?" (Mt 11:23). There are five statements of the king exalting himself, each saying, “I will ...” (14:13-14). These also fit Nebuchadnezzar’s character perfectly, so it does not have to be describing an angelic being. Isaiah says that he is “brought down to Sheol, to the depths of the Pit” (14:15). Sheol was the place of the dead in the O.T. This verse describes Nebuchadnezzar’s death and the surprise of the dead kings in Sheol who greeted him, rather than Satan being brought down to earth. The same picture is given in the previous oracle, when the dead kings express surprise of Nebuchadnezzar becoming as weak as them (14:9-11). He is described as, “he man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms?” (14:16). Nebuchadnezzar certainly did this through military conquest. It is difficult to see how Satan could be described as a man who shook kingdoms. He also, “made the world a desert and overthrew its cities” (14:17). Famine and starvation accompanied the invading armies of Nebuchadnezzar, when many cities through the Middle East, including Jerusalem, were overthrown. He was also the one, “who would not let his prisoners go home” (14:17). This fits the policy of Nebuchadnezzar who deported captured peoples and made them settle in camps outside the city of Babylon (Ezek 1:1). Ezekiel chapters 25 to 32 are also prophecies against pagan nations. Chapters 26 to 28 are specifically against Tyre, a major city, important port and wealthy commercial centre at that time, under its ruler Ethbaal III (c.590 - c.573). Ezekiel described Tyre’s trading with other nations (27:12-25), and gave dramatic oracles about the ships and sailors of Tarshish wailing over the fall of Tyre (27:25-36). The king of Tyre is described as, “the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty” (28:12). Many say only Satan could be this, not a king or a city. However, elsewhere in these same oracles against Tyre, Tyre claimed this for itself: "O Tyre, you have said, 'I am perfect in beauty'" (27:3), “Your heart is proud and you have said, ‘I am a god’” (28:2). The prince of Tyre's wisdom, trade and great wealth are described in (28:4-5). The prince of Tyre compared his mind with the mind of a god (28:6). The Hebrew here is “elohim”, which can either

iah says that he is “brought down to Sheol, to the depths of the Pit” (14:15). Sheol was the place of the dead in the O.T. This verse describes Nebuchadnezzar’s death and the surprise of the dead kings in Sheol who greeted him, rather than Satan being brought down to earth. The same picture is given in the previous oracle, when the dead kings express surprise of Nebuchadnezzar becoming as weak as them (14:9-11). He is described as, “he man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms?” (14:16). Nebuchadnezzar certainly did this through military conquest. It is difficult to see how Satan could be described as a man who shook kingdoms. He also, “made the world a desert and overthrew its cities” (14:17). Famine and starvation accompanied the invading armies of Nebuchadnezzar, when many cities through the Middle East, including Jerusalem, were overthrown. He was also the one, “who would not let his prisoners go home” (14:17). This fits the policy of Nebuchadnezzar who deported captured peoples and made them settle in camps outside the city of Babylon (Ezek 1:1). Ezekiel chapters 25 to 32 are also prophecies against pagan nations. Chapters 26 to 28 are specifically against Tyre, a major city, important port and wealthy commercial centre at that time, under its ruler Ethbaal III (c.590 - c.573). Ezekiel described Tyre’s trading with other nations (27:12-25), and gave dramatic oracles about the ships and sailors of Tarshish wailing over the fall of Tyre (27:25-36). The king of Tyre is described as, “the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty” (28:12). Many say only Satan could be this, not a king or a city. However, elsewhere in these same oracles against Tyre, Tyre claimed this for itself: "O Tyre, you have said, 'I am perfect in beauty'" (27:3), “Your heart is proud and you have said, ‘I am a god’” (28:2). The prince of Tyre's wisdom, trade and great wealth are described in (28:4-5). The prince of Tyre compared his mind with the mind of a god (28:6). The Hebrew here is “elohim”, which can either mean “God”, or pagan gods (plural), so translations vary. Ezekiel also prophesies that “the most terrible of the nations shall draw their swords against the beauty of your splendour” (28:7). He was, “in Eden, the garden of God” (28:13). This probably does not refer to Satan's presence in the garden of Eden in the account of the fall in Genesis 3, as Eden is often used poetically in the scriptures to depict a fertile place of great plenty. Elsewhere in Ezekiel, Egypt was likened to a cedar of Lebanon: “the cedars in the garden of God could not rival it ... the envy of all the trees of Eden, that were in the garden of God” (Ezek 31:8-9). Ezekiel also predicts that when Israel is restored, people will say, “This land that was desolate has become like the garden of Eden.” (Ezek 36:35). Joel said this about the locust swarm, “Before them the land is like the garden of Eden and after them a desolate wilderness” (Joel 2:3), and in Genesis, “Lot ... saw that the plain of Jordan was well watered like the garden of the Lord” (Gen 13:10). The description continues by saying that, “every precious stone was your covering” (28:13). This does not have to be a description of Satan, as throughout history kings have worn richly decorated garments. There is also a similarity with the list of precious stones on the breastplate of the high priest (Ex 28:17ff). God says that, “With an anointed cherub as guardian I placed you” (28:14). The NRSV has a footnote saying that the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain. The KJV has: “Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so”. A cherub (plural - cherubim) is one of the 4 living creatures described in Ezekiel chapter 1 and Revelation chapter 4, whose job it is to guard the throne of God and to worship God. They are associated with God's glory and judgement. Other than this passage in the KJV, Satan is never described as a cherub in the Bible, neither are the archangels Michael or Gabriel, so this verse cannot be used to claim that Satan was once an angelic being. The king

mean “God”, or pagan gods (plural), so translations vary. Ezekiel also prophesies that “the most terrible of the nations shall draw their swords against the beauty of your splendour” (28:7). He was, “in Eden, the garden of God” (28:13). This probably does not refer to Satan's presence in the garden of Eden in the account of the fall in Genesis 3, as Eden is often used poetically in the scriptures to depict a fertile place of great plenty. Elsewhere in Ezekiel, Egypt was likened to a cedar of Lebanon: “the cedars in the garden of God could not rival it ... the envy of all the trees of Eden, that were in the garden of God” (Ezek 31:8-9). Ezekiel also predicts that when Israel is restored, people will say, “This land that was desolate has become like the garden of Eden.” (Ezek 36:35). Joel said this about the locust swarm, “Before them the land is like the garden of Eden and after them a desolate wilderness” (Joel 2:3), and in Genesis, “Lot ... saw that the plain of Jordan was well watered like the garden of the Lord” (Gen 13:10). The description continues by saying that, “every precious stone was your covering” (28:13). This does not have to be a description of Satan, as throughout history kings have worn richly decorated garments. There is also a similarity with the list of precious stones on the breastplate of the high priest (Ex 28:17ff). God says that, “With an anointed cherub as guardian I placed you” (28:14). The NRSV has a footnote saying that the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain. The KJV has: “Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so”. A cherub (plural - cherubim) is one of the 4 living creatures described in Ezekiel chapter 1 and Revelation chapter 4, whose job it is to guard the throne of God and to worship God. They are associated with God's glory and judgement. Other than this passage in the KJV, Satan is never described as a cherub in the Bible, neither are the archangels Michael or Gabriel, so this verse cannot be used to claim that Satan was once an angelic being. The king of Tyre's judgement and fall were due to the abundance of its trade filling them with violence (28:16). Tyre was renowned around the ancient Near East as a important port and commercial centre. One common argument used to support the view that Satan is a fallen angel says that Ezekiel 28 distinguishes between the prince of Tyre (v2), who they say was the physical ruler of Tyre, and the king of Tyre (v12), who they say is Satan. However, a study of Ezekiel's use of the words "king” and “prince” shows that they are used interchangeably. For example, David is called king in 37:29, but prince in 34:24 and 37:25. Jehoiakim is called king in 1:2, but chapter 19 is a lamentation for the princes of Israel, Jehoahaz, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah, all of whom were kings. In 7:27 king and prince are used in the parallelism: "the king shall mourn, the prince shall be wrapped in despair". What do we know about the origin of Satan? A simple answer is that we don't know, and probably are not meant to know. God does not reveal everything, and it is important not to speculate on what God chooses not to reveal to us, or to make additions to the Biblical revelation. We have to be satisfied with what information we have. In the end, does it matter? We know Satan exists and that he is a deceiver and liar; that is enough. We also know he is defeated by Jesus' death on the cross and his resurrection (Col 2:15, 1 John 3:8b). We also can be certain of his destiny of eternal torment in the lake of fire and sulphur (Rev 20:10). I'm sure that Satan enjoys people being taught about his glorious past, so that people think that he was some glamorous figure, rather than the liar, deceiver, adversary, accuser, condemner, that he really is. The Bible has nothing positive to say about him at all. There are only two clues about his origin in the Bible. Jesus told the Pharisees, “You are from your father the devil ... He was a murderer from the beginning and does not stand in the truth” (Jn 8:44). “From the beginning” probably means for all the time he

of Tyre's judgement and fall were due to the abundance of its trade filling them with violence (28:16). Tyre was renowned around the ancient Near East as a important port and commercial centre. One common argument used to support the view that Satan is a fallen angel says that Ezekiel 28 distinguishes between the prince of Tyre (v2), who they say was the physical ruler of Tyre, and the king of Tyre (v12), who they say is Satan. However, a study of Ezekiel's use of the words "king” and “prince” shows that they are used interchangeably. For example, David is called king in 37:29, but prince in 34:24 and 37:25. Jehoiakim is called king in 1:2, but chapter 19 is a lamentation for the princes of Israel, Jehoahaz, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah, all of whom were kings. In 7:27 king and prince are used in the parallelism: "the king shall mourn, the prince shall be wrapped in despair". What do we know about the origin of Satan? A simple answer is that we don't know, and probably are not meant to know. God does not reveal everything, and it is important not to speculate on what God chooses not to reveal to us, or to make additions to the Biblical revelation. We have to be satisfied with what information we have. In the end, does it matter? We know Satan exists and that he is a deceiver and liar; that is enough. We also know he is defeated by Jesus' death on the cross and his resurrection (Col 2:15, 1 John 3:8b). We also can be certain of his destiny of eternal torment in the lake of fire and sulphur (Rev 20:10). I'm sure that Satan enjoys people being taught about his glorious past, so that people think that he was some glamorous figure, rather than the liar, deceiver, adversary, accuser, condemner, that he really is. The Bible has nothing positive to say about him at all. There are only two clues about his origin in the Bible. Jesus told the Pharisees, “You are from your father the devil ... He was a murderer from the beginning and does not stand in the truth” (Jn 8:44). “From the beginning” probably means for all the time he has existed. Also in John’s first letter, “Everyone who commits sin is a child of the devil, for the devil has been sinning from the beginning” (1 John 3:8). These passages would indicate that the devil has always been a sinner and a murderer, and that he has no great and beautiful past. Even though it causes philosophical problems, on a practical level there is very little difference between something that was created evil and something that was created good and became evil. The significant matter is that Satan exists and is evil now. Again, this is a question that is not answered in the Bible. God either created Satan as an adversary, or Satan later became an adversary, the end result is the same. One of the reasons for Satan's existence is so that humans as God's created beings should endure some testing. It is never God's will that we sin, but it is God's will that we are tested and tempted. Consistently through the New Testament it is taught that testing is part of the Christian walk (eg. James 1:2-4), so that we learn patience, our faith is strengthened, our love for God proven. Our love for God has to be a positive response and choice. In order to choose to love God, it is necessary to have opposite influence to choose to reject. What the commentaries and Bible handbooks say I have yet to find a commentary which, by looking at the whole book and the relevant passages in context, teaches with any degree of certainty that either Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 describe the fall of Satan. However, there are plenty of topical books on spiritual warfare that quote these passages, saying that they definitely describe Satan's fall. In the Keil-Delitzsch commentary, the fall of Satan mentioned and rejected in Is 14, and not mentioned in Ezek 28. Matthew Henry makes no mention of Satan in either Is 14, or Ezek 28. In the Expositors Bible Commentary, Geoffrey Grogan writing on Isaiah 14 says it points to Satan indirectly as working through world rulers, but not describing the fall of Satan. Also in the Expositors Bible Comm

has existed. Also in John’s first letter, “Everyone who commits sin is a child of the devil, for the devil has been sinning from the beginning” (1 John 3:8). These passages would indicate that the devil has always been a sinner and a murderer, and that he has no great and beautiful past. Even though it causes philosophical problems, on a practical level there is very little difference between something that was created evil and something that was created good and became evil. The significant matter is that Satan exists and is evil now. Again, this is a question that is not answered in the Bible. God either created Satan as an adversary, or Satan later became an adversary, the end result is the same. One of the reasons for Satan's existence is so that humans as God's created beings should endure some testing. It is never God's will that we sin, but it is God's will that we are tested and tempted. Consistently through the New Testament it is taught that testing is part of the Christian walk (eg. James 1:2-4), so that we learn patience, our faith is strengthened, our love for God proven. Our love for God has to be a positive response and choice. In order to choose to love God, it is necessary to have opposite influence to choose to reject. What the commentaries and Bible handbooks say I have yet to find a commentary which, by looking at the whole book and the relevant passages in context, teaches with any degree of certainty that either Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 describe the fall of Satan. However, there are plenty of topical books on spiritual warfare that quote these passages, saying that they definitely describe Satan's fall. In the Keil-Delitzsch commentary, the fall of Satan mentioned and rejected in Is 14, and not mentioned in Ezek 28. Matthew Henry makes no mention of Satan in either Is 14, or Ezek 28. In the Expositors Bible Commentary, Geoffrey Grogan writing on Isaiah 14 says it points to Satan indirectly as working through world rulers, but not describing the fall of Satan. Also in the Expositors Bible Commentary, Ralph Alexander writing on Ezekiel says it is difficult to understand this passage as describing the fall of Satan. He says that Satan was the force behind the King of Tyre (as he is behind all anti-Christian governments), but that there is no scriptural backing for using this as a description of Satan's fall. In an older edition of the one volume New Bible Commentary, Derek Kidner sees the similarity between Isaiah 14 and the pride and downfall of Satan in Lk 10:18, but sees the biblical descriptions of Satan's fall as the break-up and destruction of his kingdom, not his fall from grace. In the same volume, when commenting on Ezekiel chapter 28, G.R. Beasley-Murray makes no mention of Satan. In the one volume International Bible Commentary, David Payne writing on Isaiah says that it is inappropriate that Lucifer is a name for Satan, and F.F. Bruce writing on Ezekiel says that this passage contributed some details to the traditional picture of the fall of Satan, but makes no other comment. In his commentary on Isaiah, Calvin makes some strong statements. He says that saying Lucifer refers to Satan, “has arisen out of ignorance, as the context clearly must be understood in reference to the King of Babylon.” He continues by saying, "But when passages of Scripture are taken up at random, and no attention is paid to the context, we need not wonder that mistakes of this kind frequently arise. Yet it was an instance of very gross ignorance to imagine that Lucifer was the king of devils, and that the prophet (Isaiah) gave him this name. But as these inventions have no probability whatever, let us pass by them as useless fables." In his three volume commentary on Isaiah, Edward Young dismisses any idea of Satan being mentioned in Is 14. He sees this passage describing the downfall and removal of a tyrannical king (Babylon), rather than Satan falling from heaven. John N. Oswalt commenting on Isaiah 14 mentions that certain of the church fathers taught that this passage taught the fall of Satan, but that the reform

entary, Ralph Alexander writing on Ezekiel says it is difficult to understand this passage as describing the fall of Satan. He says that Satan was the force behind the King of Tyre (as he is behind all anti-Christian governments), but that there is no scriptural backing for using this as a description of Satan's fall. In an older edition of the one volume New Bible Commentary, Derek Kidner sees the similarity between Isaiah 14 and the pride and downfall of Satan in Lk 10:18, but sees the biblical descriptions of Satan's fall as the break-up and destruction of his kingdom, not his fall from grace. In the same volume, when commenting on Ezekiel chapter 28, G.R. Beasley-Murray makes no mention of Satan. In the one volume International Bible Commentary, David Payne writing on Isaiah says that it is inappropriate that Lucifer is a name for Satan, and F.F. Bruce writing on Ezekiel says that this passage contributed some details to the traditional picture of the fall of Satan, but makes no other comment. In his commentary on Isaiah, Calvin makes some strong statements. He says that saying Lucifer refers to Satan, “has arisen out of ignorance, as the context clearly must be understood in reference to the King of Babylon.” He continues by saying, "But when passages of Scripture are taken up at random, and no attention is paid to the context, we need not wonder that mistakes of this kind frequently arise. Yet it was an instance of very gross ignorance to imagine that Lucifer was the king of devils, and that the prophet (Isaiah) gave him this name. But as these inventions have no probability whatever, let us pass by them as useless fables." In his three volume commentary on Isaiah, Edward Young dismisses any idea of Satan being mentioned in Is 14. He sees this passage describing the downfall and removal of a tyrannical king (Babylon), rather than Satan falling from heaven. John N. Oswalt commenting on Isaiah 14 mentions that certain of the church fathers taught that this passage taught the fall of Satan, but that the reformers dismissed this when the book is studied in context. He says this passage describes human pride, rather than angelic pride, and says that the day star (Lucifer) is the planet Venus. Barry Webb tries to seek a balance when he wrote this about Is 14:3-23: “The cosmic sweep of the poem led some early interpreters, and many since then, to see here a symbolic description of the fall of Satan. But if this reads too much into the text (and I think it does), it is equally misguided to reduce it to a description of the fall of a particular earthly monarch. The King of Babylon here, like Babylon itself in ch 13, is a representative figure, the embodiment of that worldly arrogance that defies God and tramples on others in its lust for power.” Alec Motyer notes that in chapter 14, Isaiah is alluding to a Canaanite myth of Helal or Ishtar who attempted a heavenly coup but failed. However, he makes no mention of this being a description of Satan. In his two volume commentary on Ezekiel, Daniel I. Block makes this comment: “Since the time of Origen many conservative Christians in particular have equated the king of Tyre with Lucifer (= Satan) ... Accordingly, Ezekiel’s prophecy is thought to recount the circumstances of the original fall of Satan, who had previously been one of the cherubim attending the throne of God. But those who interpret the oracle historically reject this approach. Ezekiel’s prophecy is indeed couched in extravagant terms, but the primary referent within the context is clearly the human king of Tyre. In any case, for this prophet and his professional colleagues, as well as for the Hebrew historiographic narrators, human rebellion is problem enough. A detailed treatment of the origin of the demonic is not to be expected from the O.T.” In a footnote he also gives a list of books which use this passage in Ezekiel to teach the fall of Satan. In his commentary on Ezekiel 28, John Taylor makes no mention of Satan. In both Halley’s Bible handbook, and the Lion handbook of the Bible, no mention of Satan is mad

ers dismissed this when the book is studied in context. He says this passage describes human pride, rather than angelic pride, and says that the day star (Lucifer) is the planet Venus. Barry Webb tries to seek a balance when he wrote this about Is 14:3-23: “The cosmic sweep of the poem led some early interpreters, and many since then, to see here a symbolic description of the fall of Satan. But if this reads too much into the text (and I think it does), it is equally misguided to reduce it to a description of the fall of a particular earthly monarch. The King of Babylon here, like Babylon itself in ch 13, is a representative figure, the embodiment of that worldly arrogance that defies God and tramples on others in its lust for power.” Alec Motyer notes that in chapter 14, Isaiah is alluding to a Canaanite myth of Helal or Ishtar who attempted a heavenly coup but failed. However, he makes no mention of this being a description of Satan. In his two volume commentary on Ezekiel, Daniel I. Block makes this comment: “Since the time of Origen many conservative Christians in particular have equated the king of Tyre with Lucifer (= Satan) ... Accordingly, Ezekiel’s prophecy is thought to recount the circumstances of the original fall of Satan, who had previously been one of the cherubim attending the throne of God. But those who interpret the oracle historically reject this approach. Ezekiel’s prophecy is indeed couched in extravagant terms, but the primary referent within the context is clearly the human king of Tyre. In any case, for this prophet and his professional colleagues, as well as for the Hebrew historiographic narrators, human rebellion is problem enough. A detailed treatment of the origin of the demonic is not to be expected from the O.T.” In a footnote he also gives a list of books which use this passage in Ezekiel to teach the fall of Satan. In his commentary on Ezekiel 28, John Taylor makes no mention of Satan. In both Halley’s Bible handbook, and the Lion handbook of the Bible, no mention of Satan is made when comment is made on either Isaiah 14, or Ezekiel 28. It is only the Hodder Bible Handbook, which is published as Unger’s Bible Handbook in USA, which says that Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28 give revelation of the fall of Satan, but no justification is given for this opinion. Taking these two passages in their literary and historical contexts, it is a very questionable interpretation to claim they are describing the fall of Satan. This teaching is very popular, but was rejected by the Reformers and by most evangelical scholars in modern commentaries. The Bible appears to give little or no information about the origin of Satan or of evil, but very clearly describes the defeat of Satan through the death and resurrection of Jesus, and predicts his final judgement with great certainty. It is not necessary for teaching on spiritual warfare to include an explanation of the origin of Satan. Spiritual warfare is real, and it is important to develop a biblical understanding of it. The existence of evil beings is assumed in the Bible, and their work consistently mentioned, particularly in the New Testament. Christians are given the assurance of Jesus’ victory over the powers of darkness, even though they are still active in this world until the time of the final judgement. Bible quotations are taken from the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), unless otherwise noted. GNB Good News Bible KJV King James Version NEB New English Bible NIV New International Version NRSV New Revised Standard Version RSV Revised Standard Version RV Revised Version Alexander, D & P. The Lion Handbook to the Bible. Lion Tring 1973. Bruce, F.F., ed. New International Bible Commentary. IVP Leicester1986. Gaebelein, F., ed. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations and Ezekiel. Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Zondervan Grand Rapids 1986. Halley, H.H. Halley’s Bible Handbook. Zondervan Grand Rapids 1965. Keil-Delitzsch. Commentary on the Old Testament. Hendrickson 1989. Motyer, A. Isaiah. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. IVP Leicester 1999. Oswalt, J.N. The Boo

e when comment is made on either Isaiah 14, or Ezekiel 28. It is only the Hodder Bible Handbook, which is published as Unger’s Bible Handbook in USA, which says that Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28 give revelation of the fall of Satan, but no justification is given for this opinion. Taking these two passages in their literary and historical contexts, it is a very questionable interpretation to claim they are describing the fall of Satan. This teaching is very popular, but was rejected by the Reformers and by most evangelical scholars in modern commentaries. The Bible appears to give little or no information about the origin of Satan or of evil, but very clearly describes the defeat of Satan through the death and resurrection of Jesus, and predicts his final judgement with great certainty. It is not necessary for teaching on spiritual warfare to include an explanation of the origin of Satan. Spiritual warfare is real, and it is important to develop a biblical understanding of it. The existence of evil beings is assumed in the Bible, and their work consistently mentioned, particularly in the New Testament. Christians are given the assurance of Jesus’ victory over the powers of darkness, even though they are still active in this world until the time of the final judgement. Bible quotations are taken from the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), unless otherwise noted. GNB Good News Bible KJV King James Version NEB New English Bible NIV New International Version NRSV New Revised Standard Version RSV Revised Standard Version RV Revised Version Alexander, D & P. The Lion Handbook to the Bible. Lion Tring 1973. Bruce, F.F., ed. New International Bible Commentary. IVP Leicester1986. Gaebelein, F., ed. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations and Ezekiel. Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Zondervan Grand Rapids 1986. Halley, H.H. Halley’s Bible Handbook. Zondervan Grand Rapids 1965. Keil-Delitzsch. Commentary on the Old Testament. Hendrickson 1989. Motyer, A. Isaiah. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. IVP Leicester 1999. Oswalt, J.N. The Book of Isaiah, chapters 1-39. The International Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Grand Rapids 1986. Taylor, J.B. Ezekiel. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. IVP Leicester 1969. Unger, M.F. & Larson, G.N. The Hodder Bible Handbook. Hodder 1984. Webb, B. The Message of Isaiah. The Bible Speaks Today. IVP Leicester 1996. Wheaton, D.H, Lucifer, in The Illustrated Bible Dictionary (volume 2). IVP Leicester 1980. Young, E. The Book of Isaiah (3 volumes). Eerdmans Grand Rapids 1992. Calvin's commentary on Isaiah http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom13.htm Latin Vulgate Translation http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/isa014.htm#012 Matthew Henry's commentary http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc4 Milton. Paradise Lost http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/milton/pl01.htm Origen. De Principis http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-45.htm#P6244_1101010 Origen. Against Celsus http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-61.htm#P10182_2698587 Tertullian. Against Marcion http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03-29.htm#P4271_1391977 Wyclif’s translation http://sbible.boom.ru/wyc/isa14.htm

k of Isaiah, chapters 1-39. The International Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Grand Rapids 1986. Taylor, J.B. Ezekiel. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. IVP Leicester 1969. Unger, M.F. & Larson, G.N. The Hodder Bible Handbook. Hodder 1984. Webb, B. The Message of Isaiah. The Bible Speaks Today. IVP Leicester 1996. Wheaton, D.H, Lucifer, in The Illustrated Bible Dictionary (volume 2). IVP Leicester 1980. Young, E. The Book of Isaiah (3 volumes). Eerdmans Grand Rapids 1992. Calvin's commentary on Isaiah http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom13.htm Latin Vulgate Translation http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/isa014.htm#012 Matthew Henry's commentary http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc4 Milton. Paradise Lost http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/milton/pl01.htm Origen. De Principis http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-45.htm#P6244_1101010 Origen. Against Celsus http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-61.htm#P10182_2698587 Tertullian. Against Marcion http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03-29.htm#P4271_1391977 Wyclif’s translation http://sbible.boom.ru/wyc/isa14.htm

Research has found that many people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, on average, experience up to three exacerbations or flare-ups per year, with many of these resulting in hospital stays. If you have COPD, how can you keep your symptoms under better control, hopefully decreasing your odds of an exacerbation? Though you can’t prevent all COPD flare-ups, you can reduce some of them or limit their severity by quitting smoking. In fact, one study found that “smoking is a major factor in COPD exacerbations.” Granted, giving up cigarettes isn’t easy, but if it can potentially keep you out of the hospital and feeling better, it is worth trying. If you’d like help quitting, some organizations offer advice and steps for quitting: Get Your Annual Flu Shot The American Thoracic Society reports that “the flu shot has been shown to help prevent exacerbations.” Therefore, you want to get one each and every year, unless your doctor advises against it for other health-related reasons. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also recommends that you get a pneumococcal vaccine if you have a lung disease. You only need it once before the age of 65, with two additional doses required after that age. Avoid Sick People Speaking of the flu, another way to limit your risk of COPD exacerbations involves staying away from sick people. The less you’re around any potential bug or virus, the lower the likelihood that you’ll get sick yourself and make your breathing worse. Because some bugs can last on surfaces for long amounts of time, be sure to wash your hands often and avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth, especially after you’ve spent time in public locations (like grocery stores, the bank, and restaurants). Take Your Medications as Directed If you’re on long-acting medications for your COPD, taking them as directed can also help improve your lung health. Though it may be tempting to skip them when you feel okay, this can result in a flare-up down the road. If you or a loved one suffers from a chronic disease like COPD, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis or other symptoms of lung disease, the Lung Institute offers a variety of cellular treatment options. Contact us today at (800) 729-3065 or fill out the form to see if you qualify for cellular therapy, and find out what cellular therapy could mean for you. Interested in our article on how to reduce COPD exacerbations? Share your thoughts and comments below. - Breathing Exercises - Chronic Bronchitis - Diet and Nutrition - Disease Education - In the Home - Interstitial Lung Disease - Lung Disease - Lung Function Tests - Lung Transplant - Mental Health - Oxygen Levels - Patient Stories - Product Reviews - Pulmonary Fibrosis - Related Conditions

On this page: Definition of the noun corticotropin What does corticotropin mean as a name of something? noun - plural: corticotropins - a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex - lexical domain: Body Parts - nouns denoting body parts - synonyms of corticotropin: ACTH / adrenocorticotrophic hormone / adrenocorticotrophin / adrenocorticotropic hormone / adrenocorticotropin / corticotrophin - more generic terms: endocrine / hormone / internal secretion = the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect Alternative definition of the noun corticotropin - adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropin a.k.a. proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) is a gene. - read more about proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for corticotropin Click on a title to look inside that book (if available): Clinical Pharmacology (2007) With STUDENTCONSULT Access by Peter N. Bennett, Morris J. Brown Natural corticotropin is a 39-amino-acid polypeptide secreted by the anterior pituitary gland; it is obtained from animal pituitaries. The physiological activity resides in the first 24 amino acids (which are common to many species) and most ... Medical Meanings (2003) A Glossary of Word Origins by William S. Haubrich Corticotropin is a hormone elaborated by the pituitary gland that is directed to (or turned toward) the adrenal cortex, where it stimulates hormonal activity. Similarly, a gonadotropin is directed to and has a stimulating effect on the gonads or ... by Joseph Segen μg/dL– normal, 624 μg/dL; corticotropin stimulation testlittle Increased after stimulation–normal, plasma cortisol ≥ 20 μg/dL • primary adrenal insufficiency Corticotropin stimulation testno Increased after stimulation–normal, plasma cortisol ... by Stefan Offermanns Corticotropin. Synonyms Adrenocorticotrope Hormone (ACTH) >• Gluco- mineralocorticoid Receptors... Corticotropin. Releasing. Hormone. > Gluco- mineralocorticoid Receptors Co-stimulation Cough It is an essential step in the induction 394 ... Black's Medical Dictionary (2009) by Harvey Marcovitch Corticotropin is the British Pharmacopoeia name forthe adrenocorticotrophic hormone of the PITUITARY GLAND, also known as ACTH. It is so-called because it stimulatesthe functions of the cortex of the suprarenal glands. This results, among ... by John M. Lackie It also inhibits corticotropin (ACTH) stimulated corticosterone production. corticosteroids Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex. Formed in response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). Regulate both carbohydrate metabolism and ... by Donald Venes SYN: corticotropin. adrenomedullary h. Any of several hormones (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine) produced by the adrenal medulla. androgenic h. Androgen. anterior pituitary h. Any of several hormones secreted by the anterior lobe ... corticotropin. adrenomedullary h's, substances secreted by the adrenal medulla, including epinephrine and norepinephrine. androgenic h., androgen. anterior pituitary h's, those produced in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary), ... Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for corticotropin Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic: Video about corticotropin Video shows what corticotropin means. adrenocorticotropic hormone. Corticotropin Meaning. How to pronounce, definition audio dictionary. How to say ... Scrabble value of C3O1R1T1I1C3O1T1R1O1P3I1N1 The value of this 13-letter word is 19 points, but it's not an accepted word in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary. Share this page Go to the usage examples of corticotropin to see it in context!

Karachi’s climate for the last many years has increasingly been stuck on the two-season idea – hot to very hot. So Karachi is getting hotter making us sizzle in envy for cooler places. But Karachi is not alone to have the hots for hotter days. April 2014 was tied with 2010 for the highest global average temperature since 1880 as disclosed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a US agency on May 20, 2014. The planet that month was 0.770 celsius hotter than the 20th century average. As if we hadn’t had enough, the same agency informed us on July 21 this year that June 2014 was the hottest June since 1880. June has been warmer than the 20th century average for 38 years in a row as per NOAA. And on October 20 this year NOAA also found that this September was the hottest in 135 years of record-keeping while this year – 2014 – is on its way to becoming the hottest year on record. On November 29, 2011 the UN’s World Meteorological Organisation revealed in its annual report on climate trends and extreme weather events that 13 of the last 15 years were the warmest on record since 1850, when accurate measurements began. “The world is warming and this warming is due to human activities”, said WMO Secretary General Michel Jarraud. Human-caused climate change was found to have influenced some of the heat waves in 2013 by the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society on September 29, 2014 in an annual report titled, ‘Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate Perspective’ compiled by 92 scientists from around the world. The UK-based global risks advisory firm, Maplecroft, in a survey of 170 nations called ‘The Climate Change Vulnerability Index’ published in October 2010 warned that South Asia is the world’s most climate vulnerable region with five of sixteen countries listed as being at extreme risk from climate change over the next 30 years. Pakistan has of course made to the ominous list. ‘Cleaning Pakistan’s Air’, a World Bank report released in July 2014 informed that Pakistan’s urban air pollution is among the most severe in the world engendering significant damage to human health and the economy. The report also lamented the government’s lack of interest over the issue. How sincere our governments are about Pakistan’s environmental protection can be judged from former prime minister Raja Pervez Ashraf’s act of benevolence just a day before the end of his government’s tenure. According to news reports he allowed transportation of timber from the Diamer district of Gilgit-Baltistan. The removal of the ban on movement of timber, which was in place since the 1990s, resulted in deforestation by the timber mafia, endangering the environment and increasing risks of silting in the Tarbela Dam. In the March 15, 2013 notification the prime minister not only approved disposal of legally but illegally cut timber too from Diamer. The World Bank report expressed concern over data that the harm caused by air pollution in Pakistan’s urban areas is the highest in the South Asian region and advocated measures like building mass transit systems in urban areas to reduce air pollution. In the plundered city of Karachi, however, the feudal democracy’s revenge instead of reviving Karachi Circular Railway inundated the orphan city with Qingqi rickshaws reported to be a good way to extract daily bhatta (extortion money). A recent research study conducted by the PCSIR’s Centre for Environmental Studies disclosed in August 2014 that Karachi’s air is heavily polluted with lead, cadmium and carbon monoxide (CO) and poses a huge risk to public health. Providing Pakistan with healthier lungs in the form of greater tree-covered areas is among the most important environmental protection measures. For that we could consider establishing’eco corridors’ in our polluted major urban centres. The idea is that the federal and provincial governments rent out or lease unutilised state land areas measuring from 1000 to 10,000 acres around major cities to national and international investors for converting them into eco corridors. To

air pollution is among the most severe in the world engendering significant damage to human health and the economy. The report also lamented the government’s lack of interest over the issue. How sincere our governments are about Pakistan’s environmental protection can be judged from former prime minister Raja Pervez Ashraf’s act of benevolence just a day before the end of his government’s tenure. According to news reports he allowed transportation of timber from the Diamer district of Gilgit-Baltistan. The removal of the ban on movement of timber, which was in place since the 1990s, resulted in deforestation by the timber mafia, endangering the environment and increasing risks of silting in the Tarbela Dam. In the March 15, 2013 notification the prime minister not only approved disposal of legally but illegally cut timber too from Diamer. The World Bank report expressed concern over data that the harm caused by air pollution in Pakistan’s urban areas is the highest in the South Asian region and advocated measures like building mass transit systems in urban areas to reduce air pollution. In the plundered city of Karachi, however, the feudal democracy’s revenge instead of reviving Karachi Circular Railway inundated the orphan city with Qingqi rickshaws reported to be a good way to extract daily bhatta (extortion money). A recent research study conducted by the PCSIR’s Centre for Environmental Studies disclosed in August 2014 that Karachi’s air is heavily polluted with lead, cadmium and carbon monoxide (CO) and poses a huge risk to public health. Providing Pakistan with healthier lungs in the form of greater tree-covered areas is among the most important environmental protection measures. For that we could consider establishing’eco corridors’ in our polluted major urban centres. The idea is that the federal and provincial governments rent out or lease unutilised state land areas measuring from 1000 to 10,000 acres around major cities to national and international investors for converting them into eco corridors. To make the project financially productive the investors should be allowed to use five percent of the allotted land for commercial purposes such as establishment of recreational farms, 20 percent for commercial agricultural purposes like growing fruit orchards or traditional crops like wheat, rice etc, 15 percent for drawing wood for commercial purposes while the remaining 60 percent should be used to grow forests consisting of native trees. The monthly rent could be based on the particular percentage of land usage. The federal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab governments could implement and create eco corridors for the long-term protection of Pakistan’s ecology.

make the project financially productive the investors should be allowed to use five percent of the allotted land for commercial purposes such as establishment of recreational farms, 20 percent for commercial agricultural purposes like growing fruit orchards or traditional crops like wheat, rice etc, 15 percent for drawing wood for commercial purposes while the remaining 60 percent should be used to grow forests consisting of native trees. The monthly rent could be based on the particular percentage of land usage. The federal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab governments could implement and create eco corridors for the long-term protection of Pakistan’s ecology.

Very important perspective and one of the essential purposes of the Natural Park of the Friulian Dolomites is the Environmental Education, closely connected with another important purpose: the preservation, protection and restoration of ecosystems. In any activity, hiking, guided tour are conveyed important inputs, necessary to get a positive feedback on the proper approach method to the natural mountain world. Particular attention is given to schools in order to involve and make kids appreciate mountains and nature in all their details. Therefore, in addition to the naturalistic-ethnographic itineraries in many tourist centers and ethnographic museums you can also visit thematic exhibitions. With the “School in the Park” service, the Natural Park of the Friulian Dolomites can be also seen as an additional reference in the field of environmental education, sport and nature education in the schools. The Natural Park of the Friulian Dolomites is available for organized groups interested in knowledge and deepening of naturalistic, environmental and ethnographic themes typical of mountainous areas. It also offers sports activities and outdoor programs closely related to the environment and suitable for the development of psycho-motor skills. The hospitality of the Park towards visitors takes place in the activation of a series of activities whose purpose is to inform, introduce and direct the viewer to discover the territory and its features and peculiarities.

Small masterpieces of Egyptian art 7 November 2003 until 29 February 2004 ‘The small masterpieces of Egyptian art’ presents 214 highlights of the Egyptian collection of the British Myers Museum in Eton College, a famous boys’ school near Windsor. The exhibition focuses on the remarkable beauty of the artefacts and the exquisite craftsmanship of the Egyptian artists. Highlights of the exhibition include stunning amulets, ritual figurines, ceremonial water bowls and lotus chalices, including several from the reign of Amenhotep III and Tutankamun. The artefacts are small and range in age from 5500 to 1700 years. Many of the pieces on display are made from faience, which the Egyptians dubbed tjechenet, ‘that which dazzles or gleams’. Egyptian faience is a glass-like material, notable for its wonderful blue-green glaze. For the Egyptians, faience symbolised rebirth and fertility. They believed that the glossy surface of the material resembled the sun’s brightness, the source of eternal life. The ancient Egyptian artefacts have never before been displayed in Europe. Part of the collection – less than half the objects presented in this exhibition – was on show at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in autumn 2000. ‘The small masterpieces of Egyptian art’ was designed by Wim Crouwel, former director of Rotterdam’s Museum Boymans van Beuningen, who has placed the objects in an atmospheric ‘forest of pillars’. The Myers Museum was named after a former pupil of Eton College, the British army officer Major William Joseph Myers (1858-1899). While stationed in Egypt, he developed into a passionate connoisseur of the country’s culture and antiquities. The collection he bequeathed to Eton College is considered one of the finest private collections of ancient Egyptian art in the world.

The ugly truth about GM crops in the ECDate Released: Thu, 12 May 2011 10:02 +0200 “Threats to the Food Security and Food Sovereignty in the Eastern Cape: Impacts of the Massive Food Production Programme (MFPP), GMOs and cash crops in the Amathole District Municipality,” is a research findings booklet compiled by the Masifunde Education and Development Project Trust, aimed at bringing awareness to the plight of farmers who have become involved in growing genetically modified crops in the area. Mercia Andrews, an activist who works closely with NGOs such as Masifunde, explained the many reasons for conducting the research included the need to interrogate government’s stance on agriculture, GMOs and the food sector, as well as to investigate the effectiveness of the massive food production programme launched by government in the Eastern Cape. “We saw unholy alliances unfolding between government and Monsanto, and nobody was saying anything about it. We saw a deepening of poverty and people returning to the land for survival, so interrogating these issues was crucial,” she said. Prof Fred Hendricks, who chaired the event, said he welcomed the findings presented in the Masifunde booklet because they challenge the proposals and findings of mainstream science on the basis of people’s lived experiences with GMO’s. “Science can present GMOs in a very uncritical way as if they are the answer to poverty and food security. This booklet addresses experiences of people on the ground which is very valuable to this debate,” he said. As part of the massive food production programme, aimed at growing GM crops such as wheat and maize on derelict land in the Eastern Cape, government promised to provide small-scale farmers with subsidies for input supplies, mechanisation, marketing and agro-processing. However, the experiences of numerous farmers who attended the launch run contrary to the promises made by government some years ago. Gladman Tom, project coordinator of a food production project in Peddie, described his project as disastrous, following failure of government to uphold certain conditions. “Within the first year we had problems. We realised we weren’t winning with government so we aborted the project,” he said. Tom also said that he and his team, who planted canola, soya beans, cotton and maize, had no idea the crops they were farming were GM. “That term is new to us. No one in government explained that to us. We only heard about it after the project had been aborted,” he said. Nosipho Kondile, chairperson of a GM producing project near East London said her group was completely unprepared for the complexities of the specific cotton crop they were farming, and were left to their own devices by government who showed no follow-up interest in the project. “We didn’t know this was a specific type of cotton with certain requirements. It was hard to grow and after a while we ended up chasing cows into the fields to eat it and we burnt the rest so that government wouldn’t benefit from it,” she said. Andile Peter, who is involved in a paprika and soya bean project near East London, said he has faced storage and weather problems from the start of the project in 2004. “Government also hasn’t found us the markets they promised, so now we are sitting with three years worth of soya beans that we can’t sell,” he said. Mariam Mayet of the African Centre for Biodiversity described the government’s food production programmes and the propagation of GM crops as a “violent agricultural system imposed on the poor. Government is invested with the scientists who are lobbying these products while innocent farmers are made to suffer, which is criminal,” she said. Mayet, who has been campaigning against GMO production for more than 10 years, highlighted problems related to GM crops as including an erosion of genetic diversity, a negative impact on insect ecology and an increase in weed resistance. She said South Africa has been growing its own GM crops since 1999, a fact that few citizens are aware of, and that we are also the only country that eats our o

astrous, following failure of government to uphold certain conditions. “Within the first year we had problems. We realised we weren’t winning with government so we aborted the project,” he said. Tom also said that he and his team, who planted canola, soya beans, cotton and maize, had no idea the crops they were farming were GM. “That term is new to us. No one in government explained that to us. We only heard about it after the project had been aborted,” he said. Nosipho Kondile, chairperson of a GM producing project near East London said her group was completely unprepared for the complexities of the specific cotton crop they were farming, and were left to their own devices by government who showed no follow-up interest in the project. “We didn’t know this was a specific type of cotton with certain requirements. It was hard to grow and after a while we ended up chasing cows into the fields to eat it and we burnt the rest so that government wouldn’t benefit from it,” she said. Andile Peter, who is involved in a paprika and soya bean project near East London, said he has faced storage and weather problems from the start of the project in 2004. “Government also hasn’t found us the markets they promised, so now we are sitting with three years worth of soya beans that we can’t sell,” he said. Mariam Mayet of the African Centre for Biodiversity described the government’s food production programmes and the propagation of GM crops as a “violent agricultural system imposed on the poor. Government is invested with the scientists who are lobbying these products while innocent farmers are made to suffer, which is criminal,” she said. Mayet, who has been campaigning against GMO production for more than 10 years, highlighted problems related to GM crops as including an erosion of genetic diversity, a negative impact on insect ecology and an increase in weed resistance. She said South Africa has been growing its own GM crops since 1999, a fact that few citizens are aware of, and that we are also the only country that eats our own GM crops as part of our staple diet, although the possible health hazards of GM practices have yet to be fully explored. “Even so, it’s one thing to experiment on the South African population like guineapigs with GM food, but it’s quite another to mess about with poor people’s livelihoods. These people are being used as guineapigs in an agricultural project that is doomed for failure. Someone must be held accountable,” she said. Story and photo by Sarah-Jane Bradfield Photo: Mr Gladman Tom addresses members of the congregation about his experience with farming GM crops in the Eastern Cape.

wn GM crops as part of our staple diet, although the possible health hazards of GM practices have yet to be fully explored. “Even so, it’s one thing to experiment on the South African population like guineapigs with GM food, but it’s quite another to mess about with poor people’s livelihoods. These people are being used as guineapigs in an agricultural project that is doomed for failure. Someone must be held accountable,” she said. Story and photo by Sarah-Jane Bradfield Photo: Mr Gladman Tom addresses members of the congregation about his experience with farming GM crops in the Eastern Cape.

Education, of course, begins with the teacher. One good teacher holds the power to motivate, captivate and engage thousands of students. At Saint MSG Glorious International School, mentors are always encouraged to improve their teaching methods in technology-rich classrooms, making decisions that significantly affect students’ learning. Initially, teachers decide “if, when, and how” they will use technology in the classroom. Those decisions include selecting learning objects that enlarge and enrich their repertoire of instructional techniques for presenting content. At SMSGGIS our teacher training workshops are designed to increase teachers understanding of evolution and build their confidence in teaching evolutionary concept, giving teachers the strategies, tactics and tools to teach evolution effectively in their classrooms. Teacher Training place a strong emphasis on the relationship between the theoretical and practical elements of the teaching profession.

Have you ever wondered why sheep need a shepherd? In Psalms 23, God tells us that sheep need a shepherd for many reasons. Sheep have poor eyesight. Since they can’t see well, they need a shepherd to carefully guide them and watch over them. Sheep have no natural defenses. They can’t run fast and they have no sharp claws or teeth. The shepherd uses his rod and staff to protect them from becoming dinner or lunch for wild animals. Sheep also have heavy wool, and that is why the shepherds lead the sheep beside “the still waters.” Rough waters could make them drown, because the wool soaks in the water and weighs down the sheep. Sheep are not very smart, and they sometimes just wander off. Sheep also need to “chew the cud” so they can digest their food. This is why the shepherd makes them lie down in green pastures. The shepherd protects his sheep from many harmful things, the same way the Lord protects His people from Satan and sin. Because I am just like a sheep, I need Jesus as my shepherd. And I will follow him. photo credit: Lawrence OP via photo pin cc

The Rauers family sold St. Catherines Island to three investors (Keys, Coffin, and Wilson) from Detroit in 1929. Howard Coffin is well known for his involvement with St. Simons Island, Sea Island, and his restoration of a mansion on Sapelo Island that is today called “The Reynolds’ Mansion.” Between 1929 and 1931, the three restored one of the tabby slave cabins known today as Button Cabin. They also built a powerhouse for generating electricity, which is used today for a classroom, lab, and the island director’s office. Six additional guest cabins were constructed along an avenue near Button Cabin (called the Shell Road). All seven guest cabins are still in use today by visiting scientists and students. The threesome demolished the Rauers family’s mansion, built three staff houses (one is still standing today), added extensively to the Button Gwinnett house, and built a house for the superintendent. The Great Depression had a negative impact on the fortunes of the three, and Wilson never occupied the house that was built for him. Howard Coffin died, Wilson left, and the Keys attempted to continue solo with their plans for SCI. In 1937, St. Catherines Island reverted back to the Rauers family. In an attempt to offset expenses, the Rauers family cut and sold timber. The Rauers family had cut most of the old-growth pine by the time they sold St. Catherines Island to Edward J. Noble of New York in 1943. At that time, there was a horse-mounted National Guard and Coast Guard unit housed in a barracks on the island’s South Beach. The men were also housed in a couple of the north end cabins. The Coast Guard’s mission was to patrol for U-Boats. After the end of World War II, Noble had one of the cut-over forests cleared—stumps were removed, land was leveled, bahiagrass was planted, and black Angus cattle were introduced. Noble owned the Life Savers candy company and, during the 1950s, he hosted corporate meetings of that company on the island. He also hosted such guests as former President Dwight D. Eisenhower and former President Richard Nixon. Around 1930, the Keys family hired John Toby Woods to supervise their activities on the island. Mr. Toby, as staff called him, worked for the Keys family, the Rauers family, Noble, and for the E.J. Noble estate. His son, John Toby Woods, Jr., became the island’s superintendent for the E.J. Noble estate in 1962, for the E.J. Noble Foundation from 1969 to 1981, and for the St. Catherine’s Island Foundation from 1981 to 1982. In the late 1960s, June Noble Larkin, Frank Y. Larkin, and Al Chapman began to research different options for how the island could be best put to use while still retaining its special wildness. A consultant was hired to write a conservation plan, and they sought the advice of scientists and conservationists from the American Museum of Natural History, the New York Zoological Society (NYZS), and the University of Georgia. Dr. Eugene Odum was one of the scientists from the University of Georgia sought out by the Larkins. The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) was asked to supervise a research program on the island and the NYZS agreed to run a “survival center” for the breeding of endangered wildlife species. In 1972, the first researchers from the AMNH came to SCI in order to conduct surveys of flora and fauna on the island. In 1974, the NYZS brought the first endangered animals to SCI, and Dr. David Hurst Thomas of the AMNH arrived to see if the island had any potential for archaeological research. Though the survival center closed in 2004, Thomas continues to direct archaeological research on the island. The title of the island was transferred to the St. Catherines Island Foundation in 1981. The Noble Foundation is still the main source of funding for the research, education, and conservation programs being conducted on the island. From 1974 to 2007, the Wildlife Conservation Society operated a breeding facility on St. Catherines Island for rare and endangered species. As a result of this ambitious project, several thousand mammals, birds, and reptiles of 54 dif

President Richard Nixon. Around 1930, the Keys family hired John Toby Woods to supervise their activities on the island. Mr. Toby, as staff called him, worked for the Keys family, the Rauers family, Noble, and for the E.J. Noble estate. His son, John Toby Woods, Jr., became the island’s superintendent for the E.J. Noble estate in 1962, for the E.J. Noble Foundation from 1969 to 1981, and for the St. Catherine’s Island Foundation from 1981 to 1982. In the late 1960s, June Noble Larkin, Frank Y. Larkin, and Al Chapman began to research different options for how the island could be best put to use while still retaining its special wildness. A consultant was hired to write a conservation plan, and they sought the advice of scientists and conservationists from the American Museum of Natural History, the New York Zoological Society (NYZS), and the University of Georgia. Dr. Eugene Odum was one of the scientists from the University of Georgia sought out by the Larkins. The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) was asked to supervise a research program on the island and the NYZS agreed to run a “survival center” for the breeding of endangered wildlife species. In 1972, the first researchers from the AMNH came to SCI in order to conduct surveys of flora and fauna on the island. In 1974, the NYZS brought the first endangered animals to SCI, and Dr. David Hurst Thomas of the AMNH arrived to see if the island had any potential for archaeological research. Though the survival center closed in 2004, Thomas continues to direct archaeological research on the island. The title of the island was transferred to the St. Catherines Island Foundation in 1981. The Noble Foundation is still the main source of funding for the research, education, and conservation programs being conducted on the island. From 1974 to 2007, the Wildlife Conservation Society operated a breeding facility on St. Catherines Island for rare and endangered species. As a result of this ambitious project, several thousand mammals, birds, and reptiles of 54 different species lived in the island’s facilities over its 33-year existence. The breeding facilities are located in the southern section of the main Compound, although few are in use today. Animals bred at the center included: The Bronx Zoo has closed a large animal preserve on a 14,000-acre undeveloped island off the coast of Georgia, where for 30 years zoologists have studied – among other things – the mating habits of wildlife, including lemurs, hartebeests, zebras, tortoises, gazelles and several species of exotic birds. In the interior of St. Catherines Island, deer roam freely and wild hogs jog playfully throughout the woods. Suddenly, in the distance, a sound not native to the area is heard. A group of ring-tailed lemurs hangs from the trees, a small herd of African Jackson hartebeests prances by, and an exotic great hornbill bird is spotted. Welcome to the sanctuary of St. Catherines Island Wildlife Survival Center.

ferent species lived in the island’s facilities over its 33-year existence. The breeding facilities are located in the southern section of the main Compound, although few are in use today. Animals bred at the center included: The Bronx Zoo has closed a large animal preserve on a 14,000-acre undeveloped island off the coast of Georgia, where for 30 years zoologists have studied – among other things – the mating habits of wildlife, including lemurs, hartebeests, zebras, tortoises, gazelles and several species of exotic birds. In the interior of St. Catherines Island, deer roam freely and wild hogs jog playfully throughout the woods. Suddenly, in the distance, a sound not native to the area is heard. A group of ring-tailed lemurs hangs from the trees, a small herd of African Jackson hartebeests prances by, and an exotic great hornbill bird is spotted. Welcome to the sanctuary of St. Catherines Island Wildlife Survival Center.

Types of embroidery include every sort of ornamental work done with a sewing needle of any kind. Embroidery may be done on any number of fabrics from satin to canvas. Embroiderers, know for their resourcefulness, experiment and learn from others which kind of stitch and thread works best and proceed to produce wonderful works of art, many times mixing types of embroidery. Often embroidery types were named after the predominate stitch that was used, such as cross-stitch. Others were named after the place they were first introduced, such as Berlin Wool Work or Mountmellick embroidery. What can make finding a "type" of embroidery confusing is that many times there are more than one name for a particular kind of embroidery. For example, pulled thread, drawn thread and Hardanger are often classified as the same embroidery style. Embroidery techniques can produce a wide range of effects. Some produce a flat surface while others produce a relief effect. Almost any effect wanted can be produced in embroidery - from simple line to fancy stitches with beads, baubles and anything else attached. Embroidery is definitely one of the most versatile crafts ever created. Below you will find types of embroidery, listed in alphabetical order, used during Victorian times. These are described, and if possible, illustrations and instructions are provided. Alphabet Design Embroidery was originally used to mark household linens and then used to personalize handmade gifts. This technique uses padding stitches under an even layer of even stitches to produced a raised embroidery effect. Applique is the technique of taking a pattern of one material, laid on another which forms the ground. The edges of the cut-out design are either sewed over, ornamented with fancy cord, braid, gold thread, or any other appropriate material. Arrasene Embroidery is an embroidery material that was very popular during Victorian times. It was introduced for artistic embroidery around 1883 and was thought to likely supersede other kinds of embroidery materials used in bold designs in decorative needlework. It is a kind of fine chenile and came in both silk and wool. Back Stitch Embroidery is one of the simplest kinds of embroidery. The Back Stitch is the only stitch used with this type of Bead Embroidery (beading) Berlin Embroidery is a style of canvas work embroidery. In the 1830's, a new processes of dyeing wools made this type of embroidery possible. The resulting embroidery produced very durable and long lasting pieces. Berlin work was used to create cushions, bags and furniture covers. Broderie Anglaise is one of the types of embroidery that goes by at least one other name. It is also known as English Embroidery. It is kind of White Embroidery. Bulgarian Embroidery is used almost exclusively upon heavy linens and canvas. It is entirely conventional in design and also in manner of working. is stitched onto coarse or tight-textured canvas and also referred to as needlepoint, a term borrowed from lacemaking. Chip, Embroidery on was embroidery on material made either of fine plaited chips or wood shavings. The designs used for this type of work were very simple. Counted Thread Embroidery Crazy Work is made by attaching random size and shape pieces of material together to form a larger piece of material. This material then can be used in making a quilt or other projects, such as table cover, cushions, etc. Many different projects described on this page. Cretonne Applique was very popular with Victorian women. Cretonne fabric made it very easy to make wonderful and unique applique linens quickly. Crewel, or Crewel Embroidery gets its name from the fine wool yarn that is used. The designs are generally bold, since it is difficult to create small intricate designs in wool. Cross-Stitch Embroidery is probably the most common types of embroidery. It is composed of floss stitched in an X like manner on canvas or a canvas like material. Aida cloth is the choice of most Embroiderers today. Java canvas was typically used by Victorian ladies. Cut-Work, is also one of the types of

ed in bold designs in decorative needlework. It is a kind of fine chenile and came in both silk and wool. Back Stitch Embroidery is one of the simplest kinds of embroidery. The Back Stitch is the only stitch used with this type of Bead Embroidery (beading) Berlin Embroidery is a style of canvas work embroidery. In the 1830's, a new processes of dyeing wools made this type of embroidery possible. The resulting embroidery produced very durable and long lasting pieces. Berlin work was used to create cushions, bags and furniture covers. Broderie Anglaise is one of the types of embroidery that goes by at least one other name. It is also known as English Embroidery. It is kind of White Embroidery. Bulgarian Embroidery is used almost exclusively upon heavy linens and canvas. It is entirely conventional in design and also in manner of working. is stitched onto coarse or tight-textured canvas and also referred to as needlepoint, a term borrowed from lacemaking. Chip, Embroidery on was embroidery on material made either of fine plaited chips or wood shavings. The designs used for this type of work were very simple. Counted Thread Embroidery Crazy Work is made by attaching random size and shape pieces of material together to form a larger piece of material. This material then can be used in making a quilt or other projects, such as table cover, cushions, etc. Many different projects described on this page. Cretonne Applique was very popular with Victorian women. Cretonne fabric made it very easy to make wonderful and unique applique linens quickly. Crewel, or Crewel Embroidery gets its name from the fine wool yarn that is used. The designs are generally bold, since it is difficult to create small intricate designs in wool. Cross-Stitch Embroidery is probably the most common types of embroidery. It is composed of floss stitched in an X like manner on canvas or a canvas like material. Aida cloth is the choice of most Embroiderers today. Java canvas was typically used by Victorian ladies. Cut-Work, is also one of the types of embroidery that goes by at least one other name. It is also called Venetian embroidery and Roman embroidery, all of which are but the same style of work under different names. Small shapes are cut out of the ground material, the cut edges are embroidered, and the vacant space is often filled in with decorative stitches. Hardanger and Hedebo can be classified as cut work. Delft Embroidery gains its name from the Delft ware. Quaint Holland scenes, done entirely in one color, make this type of embroidery Drawn thread is needlework where certain threads of the warp or weft (or both) are removed from the ground, and the remaining threads are embroidered. Dresden Embroidery is named from the ware of the same name. Linens embroidered in this type of embroidery will add a beautiful sophistication to any Victorian table. English Embroidery is also known as Broderie Anglaise. It is kind of White Embroidery. English Eyelet Embroidery was a popular style of embroidery and was a means of decorating shirtwaists, collars and other apparel in the late 1800s. Etching Embroidery, also known as Print Work, is used to reproduce line engravings with embroidery and paint. is done on a net-like fabric. Florentine Embroidery is also known as Bargello Embroidery. Traditionally designs are very colorful. By using many different hues of the same color, very intricate shading effects were produced. French Laid Embroidery, also known as White Work, is known and appreciated the world over. It is a raised embroidery. The stitches are close and firm. It is most generally serviceable and appropriate to all applications of household use. Gretchen Embroidery is an unusual embroidery technique not often found. Haspurg lace (Hapsburg lace) Honiton (with illustration) Huckaback Embroidery is embroidered on Huckaback fabric. It is fast and easy. The most characteristic feature of this type of embroidery consists in the treatment of the background. Indian Floss Silk Embroidery is work executed upon black or white net with white or colored floss silks,