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embroidery that goes by at least one other name. It is also called Venetian embroidery and Roman embroidery, all of which are but the same style of work under different names. Small shapes are cut out of the ground material, the cut edges are embroidered, and the vacant space is often filled in with decorative stitches. Hardanger and Hedebo can be classified as cut work. Delft Embroidery gains its name from the Delft ware. Quaint Holland scenes, done entirely in one color, make this type of embroidery Drawn thread is needlework where certain threads of the warp or weft (or both) are removed from the ground, and the remaining threads are embroidered. Dresden Embroidery is named from the ware of the same name. Linens embroidered in this type of embroidery will add a beautiful sophistication to any Victorian table. English Embroidery is also known as Broderie Anglaise. It is kind of White Embroidery. English Eyelet Embroidery was a popular style of embroidery and was a means of decorating shirtwaists, collars and other apparel in the late 1800s. Etching Embroidery, also known as Print Work, is used to reproduce line engravings with embroidery and paint. is done on a net-like fabric. Florentine Embroidery is also known as Bargello Embroidery. Traditionally designs are very colorful. By using many different hues of the same color, very intricate shading effects were produced. French Laid Embroidery, also known as White Work, is known and appreciated the world over. It is a raised embroidery. The stitches are close and firm. It is most generally serviceable and appropriate to all applications of household use. Gretchen Embroidery is an unusual embroidery technique not often found. Haspurg lace (Hapsburg lace) Honiton (with illustration) Huckaback Embroidery is embroidered on Huckaback fabric. It is fast and easy. The most characteristic feature of this type of embroidery consists in the treatment of the background. Indian Floss Silk Embroidery is work executed upon black or white net with white or colored floss silks, and is an imitation of the Floss Silk Embroidery made by the natives of India. Irridescent Embroidery is sometimes called opalescent embroidery and either term indicates the distinctive feature of the work. It is always worked in Kensington Stitch and in the palest of colors Jewel Embroidery is the introduction of dots in a design which are worked in imitation of jewels. Kensington Needlework, or Crewel Work Linen Embroidery was used to decorate borders of towels, tablecloths, and other items because it looked well on both sides. It can be described as a combination of Drawn Work and Embroidery. is also known as "Point Venice", "Italian Relief Embroidery", as well as other names. It is basically an adaption of the Buttonhole Mexican Embroidery is suitable for ornamenting washable materials such as linens, muslins, and cambrics. It uses the buttonhole stitch and other simple stitches. Mexican Square Embroidery is unusual, it may be the perfect addition to your embroidery fancy work. Mexican Wheel Embroidery is similar to Mexican Square Embroidery but has it's own unique appearance. Mountmellick Embroidery is another one of the types of embroidery that goes by at least one other name. It is also called Mountmellick Work or Fine White Work. is embroidery done on canvas. Traditionally Needlepoint was completed on a linen canvas with wool thread. Although different stitches were used, depending upon locations, the tent stitch was used most often. Today embroiderers, when needlepointing, use a much wider range of stitches than ever used before. Net Embroidery is an effective way of ornamenting White or Black Net for dress trimmings, caps, and other small articles of dress. It is also used for home decorative items that do not get a lot of wear. Netting Silk in Embroidery is one of the most delicate kinds of embroidery and is worked with fine netting silk, one strand of which is drawn out. is actually a class of embroidery. It includes Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Persian, Bulgarian, and Turkish embroideries. They are cel

and is an imitation of the Floss Silk Embroidery made by the natives of India. Irridescent Embroidery is sometimes called opalescent embroidery and either term indicates the distinctive feature of the work. It is always worked in Kensington Stitch and in the palest of colors Jewel Embroidery is the introduction of dots in a design which are worked in imitation of jewels. Kensington Needlework, or Crewel Work Linen Embroidery was used to decorate borders of towels, tablecloths, and other items because it looked well on both sides. It can be described as a combination of Drawn Work and Embroidery. is also known as "Point Venice", "Italian Relief Embroidery", as well as other names. It is basically an adaption of the Buttonhole Mexican Embroidery is suitable for ornamenting washable materials such as linens, muslins, and cambrics. It uses the buttonhole stitch and other simple stitches. Mexican Square Embroidery is unusual, it may be the perfect addition to your embroidery fancy work. Mexican Wheel Embroidery is similar to Mexican Square Embroidery but has it's own unique appearance. Mountmellick Embroidery is another one of the types of embroidery that goes by at least one other name. It is also called Mountmellick Work or Fine White Work. is embroidery done on canvas. Traditionally Needlepoint was completed on a linen canvas with wool thread. Although different stitches were used, depending upon locations, the tent stitch was used most often. Today embroiderers, when needlepointing, use a much wider range of stitches than ever used before. Net Embroidery is an effective way of ornamenting White or Black Net for dress trimmings, caps, and other small articles of dress. It is also used for home decorative items that do not get a lot of wear. Netting Silk in Embroidery is one of the most delicate kinds of embroidery and is worked with fine netting silk, one strand of which is drawn out. is actually a class of embroidery. It includes Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Persian, Bulgarian, and Turkish embroideries. They are celebrated for a number of reasons. Outline Embroidery is particularly suitable for ornamentation of all kinds, even those that require washing. Easy and satisfying. Persian Embroidery has changed over the course of history. It receives its name based upon the designs and colors used. Pulled thread, pulled work, pulledwork Punched Work is another type of embroidery that has been used to described different types of embroidery. Most people today, when thinking of Punch or Punched Embroidery automatically think of the type that has the loops of top of the fabric (similar to a hooked rug). This type of embroidery has been around for centuries. The other Punched Work, as described and illustrated here, is more of a drawn work. Raised Embroidery - There a number of different Raised Embroideries. One kind is when stitches are taken over a wadding of cotton. Another is when the design is formed with loops of Plush Stitch, which are afterward fluffed up and cut. And yet a third kind is when a stiffening material, such as wire mesh, is used, then covered with cloth and then embroidered. Redwork is a form of needlework that uses red cotton embroidery floss on a white background. The patterns are usually very simple line drawings. Ribbon Embroidery - The earlier ribbon embroidery designs were worked out with a narrow China ribbon about one-half inch in width. The designs were chiefly floral in nature. Usually only the wealthy could afford to do this type of embroidery Ribbon Work - In Ribbon Work, flowers and buds only are made of ribbon, i. e., the petals only; the foliage are embroidered in arrasene, chenille, filoselle or embroidery silk. Rice Embroidery is a type of White Embroidery. The Rice Stitch is used extensively in this type of embroidery,hence the name. is an German Victorian era embroidery using a variety of seeds and chenilles to produce a very unique type of embroidery. Shadow Work, Shadow Smocking is decorative stitches that secure gathers or folds, which have been previously formed in the foundation material.

ebrated for a number of reasons. Outline Embroidery is particularly suitable for ornamentation of all kinds, even those that require washing. Easy and satisfying. Persian Embroidery has changed over the course of history. It receives its name based upon the designs and colors used. Pulled thread, pulled work, pulledwork Punched Work is another type of embroidery that has been used to described different types of embroidery. Most people today, when thinking of Punch or Punched Embroidery automatically think of the type that has the loops of top of the fabric (similar to a hooked rug). This type of embroidery has been around for centuries. The other Punched Work, as described and illustrated here, is more of a drawn work. Raised Embroidery - There a number of different Raised Embroideries. One kind is when stitches are taken over a wadding of cotton. Another is when the design is formed with loops of Plush Stitch, which are afterward fluffed up and cut. And yet a third kind is when a stiffening material, such as wire mesh, is used, then covered with cloth and then embroidered. Redwork is a form of needlework that uses red cotton embroidery floss on a white background. The patterns are usually very simple line drawings. Ribbon Embroidery - The earlier ribbon embroidery designs were worked out with a narrow China ribbon about one-half inch in width. The designs were chiefly floral in nature. Usually only the wealthy could afford to do this type of embroidery Ribbon Work - In Ribbon Work, flowers and buds only are made of ribbon, i. e., the petals only; the foliage are embroidered in arrasene, chenille, filoselle or embroidery silk. Rice Embroidery is a type of White Embroidery. The Rice Stitch is used extensively in this type of embroidery,hence the name. is an German Victorian era embroidery using a variety of seeds and chenilles to produce a very unique type of embroidery. Shadow Work, Shadow Smocking is decorative stitches that secure gathers or folds, which have been previously formed in the foundation material. Spanish Lace Work Straw Embroidery is virtually unheard of now but it was a type of embroidery Victorians were interested in using. Have you used any straw in your embroidery lately? Me neither, however, I do find it interesting. Swiss Embroidery is known by many different names such as Broderie Anglaise, Irish Work, and Madeira Work. Towelling (Toweling) Embroidery was very popular in the 1880's. It is a mix of easy embroidery stitches and drawn work. THe results are remarkable. Tulle Embroidery is a true Victorian style embroidery. Simple to do using just Tulle, floss, and a simple pattern. Venetian Embroidery takes its name from Venetian lace, owing to a certain similarity in its general appearance. It resembles Roman Work and Strasbourg Embroidery, but is lighter than either in effect. Venetian Long Stitch Embroidery is the old-fashioned description of Worsted Work worked on open canvas. - The present adaptations of this work show it in any material that can be embroidered, and, of course, the thread employed must correspond with the material on which the embroidery is done. Often the work is padded and raised. White Embroidery is also know as White Work. As you can see, there are many types of embroidery. Victorian ladies were expected to know each type of embroidery and understand the different stitches that were used with each. Like today’s embroiderers, creative license was used to obtain the look needed for each individual piece of work. Be creative like Victorian embroiderers were. Don't be afraid to mix and match types of embroidery to create YOUR work of art!

Spanish Lace Work Straw Embroidery is virtually unheard of now but it was a type of embroidery Victorians were interested in using. Have you used any straw in your embroidery lately? Me neither, however, I do find it interesting. Swiss Embroidery is known by many different names such as Broderie Anglaise, Irish Work, and Madeira Work. Towelling (Toweling) Embroidery was very popular in the 1880's. It is a mix of easy embroidery stitches and drawn work. THe results are remarkable. Tulle Embroidery is a true Victorian style embroidery. Simple to do using just Tulle, floss, and a simple pattern. Venetian Embroidery takes its name from Venetian lace, owing to a certain similarity in its general appearance. It resembles Roman Work and Strasbourg Embroidery, but is lighter than either in effect. Venetian Long Stitch Embroidery is the old-fashioned description of Worsted Work worked on open canvas. - The present adaptations of this work show it in any material that can be embroidered, and, of course, the thread employed must correspond with the material on which the embroidery is done. Often the work is padded and raised. White Embroidery is also know as White Work. As you can see, there are many types of embroidery. Victorian ladies were expected to know each type of embroidery and understand the different stitches that were used with each. Like today’s embroiderers, creative license was used to obtain the look needed for each individual piece of work. Be creative like Victorian embroiderers were. Don't be afraid to mix and match types of embroidery to create YOUR work of art!

In an era when sailing the inland seas was considered de rigueur, the SS Noronic, flagship of the Canada Steamship Lines and the largest passenger cruise ship on the Great Lakes, sailed more than a thousand safe voyages in her 37-year career. There was no reason to believe another voyage from Windsor and Detroit to the Thousand Islands and back would be But on the night of September 16, 1949, docked in the safe harbour of Torontos famed Pier 9 at the foot of Yonge Street, she became a deadly inferno in just fifteen minutes. compiled by Chris Edwards first sailing, south from Port Arthur, could have been her last. It was November, and the famous gales of the Great Lakes were indeed in full force. The SS Noronic was almost caught in The Great Storm of 1913. According to the Marine Review, The situation on the Great Lakes was unprecedented. Since the lakes have been commercially navigated, no such conditions have ever been met with before and many centuries may pass again until such a phenomenon may again be experienced. reached a height of 35 feet; on Sunday, November 9, the wind blew for 16 straight hours in excess of 80 miles an hour. From the head of Lake Superior down to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, ships and crew fought a life-and-death battle for survival. vessels went down with all hands lost; eight others were completely destroyed, with 20 more left stranded on reefs and islands. Worse still, more than 250 able seamen lost their lives (look for The TIMES coverage of The Great Storm of 13 in a future to leave on her maiden voyage on the day of the storm, the Noronic instead stayed safe and sound in Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay), Ontario. She was 362 feet long with a 52-foot beam. Her draft was 28 feet and a gross tonnage of 6,095 made her a large vessel for a lake cruiser. She had originally been ordered by the Northern Navigation Company, but later was sold to the Canadian Steamship Lines for its Great Lakes passenger fleet. few days after The Great Storm of 13, the Noronic set sail from Port Arthur to Sarnia, which remained her home port until her Noronic at port in Detroit. The Queen of the Lakes Noronic had an impressive pose when docked, as she towered over the land by five decks. In her glory days, she epitomized the ultimate in Great Lakes cruising the likes of which we shall never Noronic was one of the finest ships ever to sail on the Great Lakes. First-time passengers marvelled at her great dining room, the length of her promenade decks, the curving sweep of her carved staircases, her teak, cherry and oak walls, the pampered comfort of her staterooms. Noronic was known on both shores as The Queen of the Inland Seas. In the early days, she seldom sailed without a band leaving Detroit on her northern route, she headed to Point Edward and an eight-hour layover while she took on supplies. For onshore entertainment, passengers were ferried to Canatara Park, where they were served a sumptuous lunch by shipboard waiters and waitresses, complete with white linen tablecloths, shining silverware, and chilled outstanding feature was the great dining hall, offering a panoramic view through giant floor-to-ceiling windows and fresh-cut flowers on each table. The ships cuisine was equal to the great restaurants of the day. observation lounge on B deck included large windows and over-stuffed leather chairs. At night, it was converted into a ballroom, and the ships resident orchestra provided live music for dancing. games, euchre tournaments, gala costume balls, writing rooms, a full library, a music room, buffet bars, souvenir stands, supervised playroom for children, barber shop and beauty parlour kept the patrons busy. Passengers were provided with a daily newspaper-printed on Noronic plied the waterways between Canada and the United States for years, as did her sister ships, the SS Huronic and the SS Hamonic. As if a harbinger of things to come, the Hamonic caught fire in 1945. The dock itself was on fire and the crew were unable to build up enough steam to get her out of harms way before the ship caught fire.

to Sarnia, which remained her home port until her Noronic at port in Detroit. The Queen of the Lakes Noronic had an impressive pose when docked, as she towered over the land by five decks. In her glory days, she epitomized the ultimate in Great Lakes cruising the likes of which we shall never Noronic was one of the finest ships ever to sail on the Great Lakes. First-time passengers marvelled at her great dining room, the length of her promenade decks, the curving sweep of her carved staircases, her teak, cherry and oak walls, the pampered comfort of her staterooms. Noronic was known on both shores as The Queen of the Inland Seas. In the early days, she seldom sailed without a band leaving Detroit on her northern route, she headed to Point Edward and an eight-hour layover while she took on supplies. For onshore entertainment, passengers were ferried to Canatara Park, where they were served a sumptuous lunch by shipboard waiters and waitresses, complete with white linen tablecloths, shining silverware, and chilled outstanding feature was the great dining hall, offering a panoramic view through giant floor-to-ceiling windows and fresh-cut flowers on each table. The ships cuisine was equal to the great restaurants of the day. observation lounge on B deck included large windows and over-stuffed leather chairs. At night, it was converted into a ballroom, and the ships resident orchestra provided live music for dancing. games, euchre tournaments, gala costume balls, writing rooms, a full library, a music room, buffet bars, souvenir stands, supervised playroom for children, barber shop and beauty parlour kept the patrons busy. Passengers were provided with a daily newspaper-printed on Noronic plied the waterways between Canada and the United States for years, as did her sister ships, the SS Huronic and the SS Hamonic. As if a harbinger of things to come, the Hamonic caught fire in 1945. The dock itself was on fire and the crew were unable to build up enough steam to get her out of harms way before the ship caught fire. Fortunately, since the fire was on the dock, passengers and crew had fair warning and were able to escape. Only one fatality was suffered in that event. 1949, the Noronic was 36 years old, yet still considered the finest and largest ship of her kind afloat on the Great Lakes. She had never once been in dire peril from the weather, nor did she ever once call for assistance while cruising the lakes. Cruising the Inner Seas one time there were more people asleep on boats on the Great Lakes than on any ocean in the world. J. Wolf, 1909-1987 the early 20th Century, lake travel had become primarily a means of pleasure. Dozens of luxuriously equipped vessels plied the waters of the great inland seas, offering everything from one-day excursions to two-week cruises. nearly 100 years, from the early 1800s, packet boats with a dual freight and passenger role were the predominant mode of transportation within the region. However, as vessels grew in size, and iron hulls and steam power advanced in sophistication, the demand grew for ships that were in fact floating hotels rather than freight boats. became quite luxurious rivalling the quality of accommodation on the great ocean liners of the day. Overnight cruising also came into its own, and by the 20s and 30s, there were many lines offering ships with all levels of accommodation. Chicago, Duluth and Georgian Bay Transit Company operated two well known vessels, the North American and South American that offered 7-day cruises between Detroit and Duluth or Detroit, Montreal and the Saguenay. The South Americans last voyage, after 50 years service, was in 1967, to the Montreal Exposition. Steamship Lines offered service from Detroit to Montreal and the Saguenay Fjord, with service to Toronto and other lake ports with their three ships the Noronic, Hamonic and Huronic. Canadian Pacific connected their rail heads with a cruise on either the Assiniboia or the Keewatin between Port McNicoll and Thunder Bay. the coming of steam, fire dangers were greatly increased and numerous trage

Fortunately, since the fire was on the dock, passengers and crew had fair warning and were able to escape. Only one fatality was suffered in that event. 1949, the Noronic was 36 years old, yet still considered the finest and largest ship of her kind afloat on the Great Lakes. She had never once been in dire peril from the weather, nor did she ever once call for assistance while cruising the lakes. Cruising the Inner Seas one time there were more people asleep on boats on the Great Lakes than on any ocean in the world. J. Wolf, 1909-1987 the early 20th Century, lake travel had become primarily a means of pleasure. Dozens of luxuriously equipped vessels plied the waters of the great inland seas, offering everything from one-day excursions to two-week cruises. nearly 100 years, from the early 1800s, packet boats with a dual freight and passenger role were the predominant mode of transportation within the region. However, as vessels grew in size, and iron hulls and steam power advanced in sophistication, the demand grew for ships that were in fact floating hotels rather than freight boats. became quite luxurious rivalling the quality of accommodation on the great ocean liners of the day. Overnight cruising also came into its own, and by the 20s and 30s, there were many lines offering ships with all levels of accommodation. Chicago, Duluth and Georgian Bay Transit Company operated two well known vessels, the North American and South American that offered 7-day cruises between Detroit and Duluth or Detroit, Montreal and the Saguenay. The South Americans last voyage, after 50 years service, was in 1967, to the Montreal Exposition. Steamship Lines offered service from Detroit to Montreal and the Saguenay Fjord, with service to Toronto and other lake ports with their three ships the Noronic, Hamonic and Huronic. Canadian Pacific connected their rail heads with a cruise on either the Assiniboia or the Keewatin between Port McNicoll and Thunder Bay. the coming of steam, fire dangers were greatly increased and numerous tragedies occurred from an almost lack of knowledge as to cause and prevention. The various Steamboat Acts called for pumps and the construction of most ships was such that even in iron and steel steamers, there were wooden decks and minor bulkheads with combustible paints and furnishing. The presence of long passageways and staircases that acted as chimneys increased the ships vulnerability. All this practically guaranteed that once any fire started, it would sweep through the vessel with the explosive force of a blow torch. fire fighters dread ship fires because of their complexity and difficult access. Comments from land-based fire fighters include: its like fighting a house fire by going down the chimney or smoke stack and that steel box conducts heat like you wouldnt believe. have been many famous fires on the lakes. One such catastrophe has been referred to as the holocaust of September 8, 1934 when the U.S. Liner Munroe Castle burned in sight of the New Jersey coast. One hundred and thirty-seven souls were lost. Munroe Castle, just four years old, was considered the finest and most luxurious vessel in the American passenger service, built to 1929 fire convention standards. was the custom in all ships of the period, highly combustible linens and furnishings in the cabins and public rooms outweighed the advantages of the fire resistant partitions required by the convention. Fire swept remorselessly through The Castle shortly after being detected in the writing room. Some people were burned to death in their cabins, some escaped by life boat and a few actually swam ashore a distance of 8 miles. 1949, the era of passenger vessels on the Great Lakes was drawing to a close. Ships built following a century-old tradition were almost all ghosts, their names echoing from out of the mists of the past: The Put-in-Bay, City of Detroit, The Western World. one drama had yet to play out an event that would finally bring sailing vessel fire safety on board and into the modern era: the burning of the SS Noronic. the summer of 49

dies occurred from an almost lack of knowledge as to cause and prevention. The various Steamboat Acts called for pumps and the construction of most ships was such that even in iron and steel steamers, there were wooden decks and minor bulkheads with combustible paints and furnishing. The presence of long passageways and staircases that acted as chimneys increased the ships vulnerability. All this practically guaranteed that once any fire started, it would sweep through the vessel with the explosive force of a blow torch. fire fighters dread ship fires because of their complexity and difficult access. Comments from land-based fire fighters include: its like fighting a house fire by going down the chimney or smoke stack and that steel box conducts heat like you wouldnt believe. have been many famous fires on the lakes. One such catastrophe has been referred to as the holocaust of September 8, 1934 when the U.S. Liner Munroe Castle burned in sight of the New Jersey coast. One hundred and thirty-seven souls were lost. Munroe Castle, just four years old, was considered the finest and most luxurious vessel in the American passenger service, built to 1929 fire convention standards. was the custom in all ships of the period, highly combustible linens and furnishings in the cabins and public rooms outweighed the advantages of the fire resistant partitions required by the convention. Fire swept remorselessly through The Castle shortly after being detected in the writing room. Some people were burned to death in their cabins, some escaped by life boat and a few actually swam ashore a distance of 8 miles. 1949, the era of passenger vessels on the Great Lakes was drawing to a close. Ships built following a century-old tradition were almost all ghosts, their names echoing from out of the mists of the past: The Put-in-Bay, City of Detroit, The Western World. one drama had yet to play out an event that would finally bring sailing vessel fire safety on board and into the modern era: the burning of the SS Noronic. the summer of 49, the Noronic ran passengers from The Border Cities (Windsor, Walkerville and Detroi) to Duluth, Minnesota. This itinerary was revised in September, and her seven-day voyage began in Windsor/Detroit, continued to Cleveland, then onto Toronto, the Thousand Islands, and Prescott, Ontario, before returning to Detroit. September 14, she weighed anchor from her berth in downtown Detroit at 11 a.m., crossed Lake Erie to Cleveland to pick up more passengers, then sailed through the Welland Canal into Lake Ontario. this fateful voyage, 524 passengers, consisting mostly of Americans from Cleveland, were enjoying a late-summer excursion to Canada and the layover in Toronto. A crew of 171 looked after their safety and catered to their every whim. 6 p.m. September 16th, the Noronic slid into her Canadian Steam-ship Line berth in Toronto Pier 9 at the foot of Yonge Street. With her bow facing north, and her starboard side secured along the dock, passengers and some crew soon set out to venture amid downtown Toronto, a city growing in sophistication in post WWII the 171 crew, only 16 were on duty that night. Included among those who went ashore was the Captain William Taylor, who returned at this hour, most of the passengers had also re-boarded, along with an unknown number of guests who accompanied passengers to the ship. It was a cool night with the temperature around 60 degrees and a steady wind from the southwest. Many of those who remained on the ship would not live to see the sunrise. Instead, their peaceful slumber would become a collective nightmare of panic and chaos fire on the water.

, the Noronic ran passengers from The Border Cities (Windsor, Walkerville and Detroi) to Duluth, Minnesota. This itinerary was revised in September, and her seven-day voyage began in Windsor/Detroit, continued to Cleveland, then onto Toronto, the Thousand Islands, and Prescott, Ontario, before returning to Detroit. September 14, she weighed anchor from her berth in downtown Detroit at 11 a.m., crossed Lake Erie to Cleveland to pick up more passengers, then sailed through the Welland Canal into Lake Ontario. this fateful voyage, 524 passengers, consisting mostly of Americans from Cleveland, were enjoying a late-summer excursion to Canada and the layover in Toronto. A crew of 171 looked after their safety and catered to their every whim. 6 p.m. September 16th, the Noronic slid into her Canadian Steam-ship Line berth in Toronto Pier 9 at the foot of Yonge Street. With her bow facing north, and her starboard side secured along the dock, passengers and some crew soon set out to venture amid downtown Toronto, a city growing in sophistication in post WWII the 171 crew, only 16 were on duty that night. Included among those who went ashore was the Captain William Taylor, who returned at this hour, most of the passengers had also re-boarded, along with an unknown number of guests who accompanied passengers to the ship. It was a cool night with the temperature around 60 degrees and a steady wind from the southwest. Many of those who remained on the ship would not live to see the sunrise. Instead, their peaceful slumber would become a collective nightmare of panic and chaos fire on the water.

WHO reports that overuse of antibiotics is making humans resistant to E. coli and pneumonia. “The report confirms the serious situation of antibiotic resistance worldwide,” Dr. Marc Sprenger, director of WHO’s Antimicrobial Resistance Secretariat. Dr. Sprenger made the announcement at the inauguration report of the international agency’s Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS), created in response to the uptick in worldwide antibiotic resistance. The first GLASS report found that, worldwide, the most resistant bacteria were Escherichia coli, (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by a strain of Salmonella. Microbe resistance to antibiotics can help bacteria and virus proliferate, increase the chance of human infection and potentially kill those infected. The number of Salmonella outbreaks in the U.S. has increased significantly since 2006, which saw one outbreak compared to 2011 when there were nine outbreaks registered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Last August a Salmonella strain sent 35 people to the hospital and left one person dead in the U.S. The GLASS investigation, which began in 2015, studied a half million people in 22 countries regarding their levels of antibiotic resistance. Resistance to penicillin, a decades-old antibiotic used to treat potentially deadly pneumonia, ranged from zero to 51 percent among reporting countries. Between 8 to 65 percent of those studied were resistant to ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic used to treat E. coli. Antibiotic resistance can produce a deadly international pandemic. “Most worrying of all, pathogens don’t respect national borders,” added Dr. Sprenger at the GLASS press conference. The WHO suspects that resistance comes from overuse and overdiagnosis. To combat this public health tendency the agency has created the Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System to create reliable and meaningful data at the international level. So far 25 high-income, 20 middle-income and 7 low-income countries are taking part in the WHO’s surveillance system. “WHO is encouraging all countries to set up good surveillance systems for detecting drug resistance that can provide data to this global system,” Dr. Sprenger asserted. “The report is a vital first step towards improving our understanding of the extent of antimicrobial resistance. Surveillance is in its infancy, but it is vital to develop it if we are to anticipate and tackle one of the biggest threats to global public health,” explained Dr. Carmem Pessoa-Silva, WHO surveillance system coordinator. The WHO reports that surveillance programs for the use of drugs to treat HIV and malaria have prevented microbial resistance to the medicines used to treat the two deadly infections. Officials are confident this type of international oversight program can curb and help prevent future antibiotic resistance. - Countries: None - Nigerian children recount the challenges they face working in a city - UK returns confiscated medical cannabis to epileptic boy - 'Cruel, Heartless': Windrush Citizens Recount Treatment at British High Commission in Jamaica - This year’s severe flu exposes a serious flaw in our medical system - GRENADA | Health Minister confirms overcrowding at mental institution

focusing on words and literature What is another word for jackknife? What's another word for jackknife? | Here's a list of synonyms for jackknife. Definition 1: a dive in which the diver bends to touch the ankles before straightening out - [noun denoting act] Definition 1: a large knife with one or more folding blades - [noun denoting artifact] Definition 1: dive into the water bending the body at the waist at a right angle, like a jackknife - [verb of motion]

Rubrics for persuasive writing Rubric persuasive writing rubric (posted 10/31/11) deconstructing the staar writing rubric (ppt posted 08/01/14) deconstructing the staar writing rubric. Rubrics easy-to-use guidelines for scoring student compositions writing a-z rubrics make it easy for teachers to score original student compositions persuasive. Writing conventions standard english spelling, punctua- tion, and capital- ization are used appropriately for microsoft word - persuasive rubricdoc. Grade 3 persuasive writing rubric it is helpful to show them examples of pieces that meet and do not meet the expectations our lesson plans are written and reviewed. Browse persuasive writing rubric resources on teachers pay teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Persuasion rubric directions: your assignment will be graded based on this rubric consequently, use this rubric as a guide when working on your assignment and check. This persuasive essay rubric uses standards based grading (1-4) to assess the student writers in the following categories -introduction -reasons -transitions. Rubric for a persuasive essay in the play based foundation rubric, rubrics could try things with no fear of failure making them persuasive likely to for out and. Make the writing unclear kid-friendly persuasive writing rubric title: kid friendly persuasive rubricxlsx author: annie karl created date. Find and save ideas about writing rubrics on pinterest | see more ideas about writing checklist essay rubric writing persuasive essay rubric 1. Third grade writing rubric – persuasive writing focus content organization style conventions 4 the writing contains a clear focus with an. Distribute a rubric that focuses on assessing persuasive and descriptive writing, as well as mechanics. Grades 4 -5-6 persuasive writing rubric focus content & development organization style (voice) conventions (grammar, punctuation, capitalization, mechanics. Check out these free essay writing rubrics i made them myself narrative or persuasive essay rubrics, research paper rubrics, and more. Persuasive essay rubric and other types of rubrics every student needs to know find out, what the tutor really expects in your work in terms of structure. Rubrics for persuasive writing Persuasion rubric e-mail / share students learn about the techniques used in persuasive oral arguments and apply them to independent persuasive writing. Irubric v52977: persuasive writing about a stated opinion free rubric builder and assessment tools. Writing assessment resources kindergarten writing rubric informational cherokee county fifth grade writing rubric persuasive cherokee county. - Writing prompts, student rubrics, and narrative and persuasive writing will not be tested on the seventh-grade assessment writing prompts, scoring rubrics. - Irubric h8b8ba: rubric title rubric for persuasive paragraph writing built by lukowskie using irubriccom free rubric builder. - Grade 3 persuasive writing rubric, based on ontario grade 3 curriculum easily modified to suit grade 2 or 4 checkout the success criteria ancho. Persuasive essay grading rubric, persuasive essay rubric common core aligned by mrwatts tpt, 27 persuasive essay rubric high school essay rubric grade 12, grade essay. Persuasive writing rubric persuasive writing rubric points idea 0 not done or doesn’t relate to assigned topic 1 doesn’t stay on topic needs to be more. Persuasive writing rubrics grade 6 inasmuch as the grade of the paper can only be based on persuasive is currently known about the writing, this evidence may well. Mode of writing: first grade persuasive writing has a strong lead standards based assessment rubric. __many linking words are used effectively to connect the reasons and examples __the writing has an introduction and a conclusion __reasons and examples.

Benefits of biodiversity to humans commercial economic social about 175 million species of plants, animals, and microorganisms have been identified out of the 13 million total species. Many of the benefits of today human beings have made the earth a far, far better place to let’s improve our environment through industrial progress. Twitter google+ linkedin pinterest october 8th, 2013 by zachary shahan originally published on cost of solar everything has its advantages and disadvantages, its pluses and minuses. Why should we spend money on space exploration when we have so tangible benefits from the research solar lighting systems already in place on earth. 10 flattest places on earth - facts and benefits facts and benefits loading flattest place on earth earth earth flat prove earth is flat. Explain the advantages of placing a telescope into orbit around the earth the best solution is to place the telescope above the atmosphere. As the largest online seller of diatomaceous earth and the only brand to be an official supplement, we provide de you can trust. When you compare chlorella benefits to of chlorella can even help keep heavy metals from accumulating in our bodies’ soft tissues and organs in the first place. In the search for sources of energy, discussions of nuclear fusion power as an option have often been seen as unrealistic, overshadowed by the viability of nuclear fission. What is the purpose of mosquitoes and flies on earth but the mosquito does have a place in their food webs if there were any benefits. How to use food grade diatomaceous earth on skin lesions place diatomaceous earth into a small bowl benefits of food grade diatomaceous earth. Comprehensive information about grounding or earthing technology simple ways to connect electrically with the earth, bringing profound health benefits place. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Science that can't be done on earth of outer space on earth it's a wonderful place to do experiments that a small fraction of the ultimate benefits. It gets down to well below zero in oymyakon, russia, long known as the coldest inhabited place on earth wired’s biggest stories delivered to your inbox submit. Benefits of tree conservation, scenic america comments you can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post earth saving news. Science bulletins caught up with tyson recently in his office on the fifth floor of the museum's rose center for earth why go to mars really wet place. Cockroaches may seem like your worst enemy the sudden disappearance of earth's 5,000 to 10,000 cockroach species would have ramifications far beyond your filthy. What is the point of saving endangered species these benefits perhaps in a spaceship far from earth. The death of the most generous nation on earth to be assigned a place for the to refugees the same extensive social benefits that swedes gave. Here are five benefits of legs up the wall posture viparita karani or legs up the wall improves circulation, stimulates digestion made with on planet earth. Why earth is a nice place writers may invent planets other than our own as wonderful places to live but as far as we know there is nothing like earth in this. Why we explore human space fundamental questions about our place in the universe and the and capabilities required to explore beyond low-earth. Garlic clove is known as an indispensable ingredient for our kitchens and it is well known all the benefits placing a garlic clove under your pillow earth. Bentonite clay is an age-old method of treating many different disorders in a number of cultures from the skin to the digestive system, bentonite clay benefits are numerous but some caution. Black salve bloodroot capsules we use real plant compounds from the best sources on earth in all our products i actually feel the benefits of the black. 30-6-2016 the benefits of placing revampers on earth to make the most of all the benefits of feeding birds. The inv

on earth it's a wonderful place to do experiments that a small fraction of the ultimate benefits. It gets down to well below zero in oymyakon, russia, long known as the coldest inhabited place on earth wired’s biggest stories delivered to your inbox submit. Benefits of tree conservation, scenic america comments you can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post earth saving news. Science bulletins caught up with tyson recently in his office on the fifth floor of the museum's rose center for earth why go to mars really wet place. Cockroaches may seem like your worst enemy the sudden disappearance of earth's 5,000 to 10,000 cockroach species would have ramifications far beyond your filthy. What is the point of saving endangered species these benefits perhaps in a spaceship far from earth. The death of the most generous nation on earth to be assigned a place for the to refugees the same extensive social benefits that swedes gave. Here are five benefits of legs up the wall posture viparita karani or legs up the wall improves circulation, stimulates digestion made with on planet earth. Why earth is a nice place writers may invent planets other than our own as wonderful places to live but as far as we know there is nothing like earth in this. Why we explore human space fundamental questions about our place in the universe and the and capabilities required to explore beyond low-earth. Garlic clove is known as an indispensable ingredient for our kitchens and it is well known all the benefits placing a garlic clove under your pillow earth. Bentonite clay is an age-old method of treating many different disorders in a number of cultures from the skin to the digestive system, bentonite clay benefits are numerous but some caution. Black salve bloodroot capsules we use real plant compounds from the best sources on earth in all our products i actually feel the benefits of the black. 30-6-2016 the benefits of placing revampers on earth to make the most of all the benefits of feeding birds. The invisible benefits of back in touch with the earth there are so many health benefits to makes hard about my life and where i call my place home. Geostationary earth widely used because of the overriding advantage of the satellite always being in the same position relative to a given place on the earth. A bibliography on the benefits of space exploration covering that nasa's civil servants and contractors all live here on earth space place nasa spinoffs. Physical geography: earth 1 and explanation of earth—its variability from place to place, how places and features change over time, and the processes responsi. Introduced new perspectives on our individual and collective place in the immediate benefits back to earth in benefits from space exploration are. Water as a natural resource to know more about the different uses and benefits of harnessing water as an energy resource this is a place where gorillas. All Rights Saved.

isible benefits of back in touch with the earth there are so many health benefits to makes hard about my life and where i call my place home. Geostationary earth widely used because of the overriding advantage of the satellite always being in the same position relative to a given place on the earth. A bibliography on the benefits of space exploration covering that nasa's civil servants and contractors all live here on earth space place nasa spinoffs. Physical geography: earth 1 and explanation of earth—its variability from place to place, how places and features change over time, and the processes responsi. Introduced new perspectives on our individual and collective place in the immediate benefits back to earth in benefits from space exploration are. Water as a natural resource to know more about the different uses and benefits of harnessing water as an energy resource this is a place where gorillas. All Rights Saved.

(“lord of the rings by jrr tolkien essay example | topics and well written essays //studentsharenet/literature/336524-lord-of-the-rings-by-jrr-tolkien. 1 in what ways is the lord of the rings a typical quest narrative in what ways is it not 2 the novel is full of songs, most of which are transcribed in full. Suggested essay topics how to cite this sparknote share this sparknote in what ways is the lord of the rings a typical quest narrative in what ways is it not. Suggested essay topics and project ideas for the lord of the rings part of a detailed lesson plan by bookragscom. Essays and criticism on j r r tolkien's lord of the rings - the lord of the rings, j r r tolkien. Studying tolkien frequently asked questions the and the lord of the rings public airing — he read the fall of gondolin to the exeter college essay. Tough gcse topics broken down and lord of the rings: the fellowship of the ring english essay the filmmakers of the lord of the rings use presentational. Look through the lord of the rings summary check out more paper samples on our blog and ask our experts to help you whenever needed. Lord of the rings - the two towers essays: over 180,000 lord of the rings - the two towers essays, lord of the rings - the two towers term papers, lord of the rings - the two towers research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. John ronald reuel tolkien (january 3, 1892 – september 2, 1973 ) is best known as the author of the hobbit and its sequel the lord of the rings he was a professor of anglo-saxon language at oxford from 1925 to 1945, and of english studies (english language and literature), also at oxford, from. Complete summary of the lord of the rings enotes plot summaries critical essays the lord of the rings the lord of the rings homework help questions. Quiz full glossary for the lord of the rings essay questions full glossary for the lord of the rings essay questions practice projects. The lord of the rings essaysthe thrilling epics of the lord of the rings the lord of the rings is a magical experience to watch this movie can be an adventure for the whole family. Essay topics recent essays contact us essay: lord of the rings: analysis “early in the (lord of the rings) narrative, frodo recalls that his uncle bilbo. Argumentative essay lord of the rings argumentation is a popular kind of essay question because it forces students to think on their own:. The two towers by jrr tolkien - discussion questions discussion and essay questions 1 finishing the lord of the rings. I'm a university student and i'm currently struggling on how to approach an essay question and thought that some fresh insight help with a lord of the rings essay. The lord of the rings lesson plans and worksheets from thousands of teacher-reviewed students choose two essay questions related to the book and answer the. The lord of the rings essay examples the hobbit by jrr tolkien: bilbo baggins as a non-typical hero in jrr tolkien’s the hobbit, bilbo baggins is presented as a hero, however does not posses the stereotypical qualities of this persona. I topics for discussion and essays a teacher’s guide to lord of the flies by william golding 5 idol” piggy and ralph join the group, and. The screen version of “the lord of the rings” trilogy (written by jrr tolkien) is undoubtedly one the most prominent creations of the whole film industry. Lord of the rings evaluation essayspeter jackson (director/writer/producer) has delivered viewers his triumphant midterm middle earth epic, lord of the rings: the two towers. Essay topics flashcards the lord of the rings – short summary essay it’s frodo’s task in jrr tolkien’s famous novel the lord of the rings.Download

Prevention and treatment, the recovery of americans missing in action during the vietnam war, and military education and training in 2008 lao-hmong guerilla army of the vietnam war period, and efforts by thai authorities to repatriate. The united states involvement in the vietnam war is debatable and controversial some hold to the notion that us intervention was necessary and critical to the suppression of communism and vital to. The secret war and hmong genocide although the cia was already involved in the vietnam war, it became a part of the secret war when president eisenhower was looking for ways to stabilize the situation in laos without having to introduce american troops into the conflict. The conflict that raged in southeast asia a generation ago is called the vietnam war, but for veterans like chong moua lee, it was something else as a hmong who has written a book on the hmong's involvement in the secret war. It was a very brief one sentence side note on the section about the united states' involvement in the vietnam war hmong hill tribes of laos helped americans in what was called the 'secret war' during the. It wasn't until the 1960's during the vietnam war that the hmong got involved with the americans, resulting in the last massive emigration after the end of the vietnam war hmong people are divided into clans or tribes that share the same paternal ancestry. Hmong face military in laos jungle in fallout from vietnam war grilled for days, and then sentenced to 15 years in connection with their alleged involvement in the the unpo states that the lao government does not ensure basic human rights to the hmong people, committing war crimes. Listen: documenting hmong recipes from an oral tradition more from the splendid table antibiotics and the future of big chicken the beets go on: america's test kitchen reimagines beet salad hmong involvement during the vietnam war lrk. Almost two decades ago a spate of teen suicides shook fresno's hmong community something had to change. The hmong are an ethnic group from the highlands of laos when a communist movement called the pathet lao began to gain power in laos during the vietnam war, the central intelligence agency recruited. The history of cambodia and laos of the years during and after the vietnam war are filled from this time on, as a result of us involvement, cambodia was sucked into the maelstrom this commitment was very costly for the hmong during the war more than 17,000 soldiers and 50,000. Hmong parent education and involvement and its impact on children: a the vietnam war among these concerns is the area of education supplying insight on hmong parents and their involvement and influence on their. The door county reads schedule includes an exhibit of hmong textile art, and a panel discussion of the hmong role in the vietnam war. Research pr cis and annotated bibliography hmong involvement in the vietnam war literature review outline i introduction a history of hmong existence in america (barr, 2005 mote, 2004 castle, 1993. What were the hmong people's involvement during the vietnam war. America wasn't the only foreign power in the vietnam war honoring and commending the lao veterans of america, laotian and hmong veterans of the vietnam war a neutral power - american involvement in ww2 before pearl harbor bloodletting. Start studying hmong learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games how did the hmong become involved in the vietnam war how did the result of the vietnam war affect the hmong. Hmong americans - history, the hmong in laos ha-la toggle navigation forum chinese oppression during the nineteenth century and the rise of communism in vietnam following world war ii pushed many hmong the united states became involved in southeast asia to preserve a non. The ken burns series was a big thing, but it didn't touch on the hmong involvement much, kayacan said scott mcfarlane expected to be on hand dick campbell, a volunteer with the hmong community, is moderator, and us and hmong vietnam war veterans are invited to attend. The laotian civil war (1953

rom the highlands of laos when a communist movement called the pathet lao began to gain power in laos during the vietnam war, the central intelligence agency recruited. The history of cambodia and laos of the years during and after the vietnam war are filled from this time on, as a result of us involvement, cambodia was sucked into the maelstrom this commitment was very costly for the hmong during the war more than 17,000 soldiers and 50,000. Hmong parent education and involvement and its impact on children: a the vietnam war among these concerns is the area of education supplying insight on hmong parents and their involvement and influence on their. The door county reads schedule includes an exhibit of hmong textile art, and a panel discussion of the hmong role in the vietnam war. Research pr cis and annotated bibliography hmong involvement in the vietnam war literature review outline i introduction a history of hmong existence in america (barr, 2005 mote, 2004 castle, 1993. What were the hmong people's involvement during the vietnam war. America wasn't the only foreign power in the vietnam war honoring and commending the lao veterans of america, laotian and hmong veterans of the vietnam war a neutral power - american involvement in ww2 before pearl harbor bloodletting. Start studying hmong learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games how did the hmong become involved in the vietnam war how did the result of the vietnam war affect the hmong. Hmong americans - history, the hmong in laos ha-la toggle navigation forum chinese oppression during the nineteenth century and the rise of communism in vietnam following world war ii pushed many hmong the united states became involved in southeast asia to preserve a non. The ken burns series was a big thing, but it didn't touch on the hmong involvement much, kayacan said scott mcfarlane expected to be on hand dick campbell, a volunteer with the hmong community, is moderator, and us and hmong vietnam war veterans are invited to attend. The laotian civil war (1953--75) laotian civil war and us government involvement the film archives loading the kingdom of laos was a covert theatre for battle for the other belligerents during the vietnam war. Sgu community involvement read more youth of sgu suffering fatalities at a rate three times higher than that of us armed forces in vietnam the hmong who survived were persecuted by the communist as richard helms, cia director during the vietnam war explained, every nv[a] soldier. Heritage museum hosts 'hmong in america' exhibit for a good reason, the title of hmong in america: journey from a secret war puzzles many of the hmong. A lot was going on in laos during the vietnam war his operation was self-financed by selling the opium grown by the hmong in south vietnam thailand was also involved in the war in laos, providing aircraft and troops. Hmong vietnam war vets still seeking recognition and were involved in rescuing downed us pilots -- they deserve to be buried in our national cemeteries last thursday, moua and the xiong cousins went to visit the vietnam veterans war memorial in capitol park.

--75) laotian civil war and us government involvement the film archives loading the kingdom of laos was a covert theatre for battle for the other belligerents during the vietnam war. Sgu community involvement read more youth of sgu suffering fatalities at a rate three times higher than that of us armed forces in vietnam the hmong who survived were persecuted by the communist as richard helms, cia director during the vietnam war explained, every nv[a] soldier. Heritage museum hosts 'hmong in america' exhibit for a good reason, the title of hmong in america: journey from a secret war puzzles many of the hmong. A lot was going on in laos during the vietnam war his operation was self-financed by selling the opium grown by the hmong in south vietnam thailand was also involved in the war in laos, providing aircraft and troops. Hmong vietnam war vets still seeking recognition and were involved in rescuing downed us pilots -- they deserve to be buried in our national cemeteries last thursday, moua and the xiong cousins went to visit the vietnam veterans war memorial in capitol park.

The True History Of Chocolate Bibliography Template The Coes' examination of the history of the "food of the Gods" is a delight that can be enjoyed on several levels. Historians should find the interaction between economic factors and the power relations in meso-America fascinating. Anthropologists can immerse themselves in the ample information illustrating how entire cultures were shaped and modified by the expanding value of the cacao plant. Finally, those interested in food science should find the extensive descriptions of chocolate production, from growth to refinement to delivery, to be both informative and thought provoking. The Coes are well prepared to write such a definitive history; the late Sophie had both a culinary and an anthropological background, while Michael has written extensively on pre-Colombian civilizations. The result is a superbly written, charming, and surprisingly engrossing chronicle of a food and how its development has touched the lives of cultures around the world. Jay Freeman --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. Chocolate – ‘the food of the Gods’ – has had a long and eventful history. Its story is expertly told here by the doyen of Maya studies, Michael Coe, and his late wife, Sophie. The book begins 3,000 years ago in the Mexican jungles and goes on to draw on aspects of archaeology, botany and socio-economics. Used as currency and traded by the Aztecs, chocolate arrived in Europe via the conquistadors, and was soon a favourite drink with aristocrats. By the 19th century and industrialization, chocolate became a food for the masses – until its revival in our own time as a luxury item. This book features tantalising information on the first cultivation of the cacao tree in the northwest Amazon, and the discovery of the chocolate process in southern Mesoamerica, long before the rise of the Olmecs. Chocolate has also been giving up some of its secrets to modern neuroscientists, who have been investigating how flavour perception is mediated by the human brain. The book also contains two contemporary accounts of how chocolate manufacturers have (or have not) been dealing with the ethical side of the industry.

Archivo de la categoría: cajón This activity is thought to be developed at the end of the course. ♪ Background needed: notes on the recorder, rumba and rock rhythms on the cajón, basic musical coordination. ♪ Contents worked: 4/4 meter, beat, rhythm, melody, chords, structure, variation, ♪ Skills developed: … Seguir leyendo Another fantastic video by Ted – Ed Lessons. Enjoy it. A lyrical fusion of samba and jazz the Bossa Nova developed and was popularized in the 1950s and 1960s and is today one of the best-known Brazilian music genres abroad. This is the famous bossa nova ‘One note samba’, by Jobim. We are playing … Seguir leyendo Cajón Flamenco from José Luis Rozúa Lucena Instrucciones cajón

Unidentified artist, detail, Calle Obrapía 158, early to mid-19th c., fresco or semi-fresco[?] As mentioned, a shift in the style of mural paintings occurred around the turn of the nineteenth century, from larger, freehand-drawn paintings to more formal and Europeanized designs, as in this detail also from Calle Obrapía 158. We can see the influence of Pompeian-style mural painting in the manner that the wreaths top an architectural and illusionistic wainscoting punctuated by a vignette of a silhouetted figure. Interestingly, the scholar Elisa Serrano González speculates that fresco painting techniques arrived with traveling artists to Cuba, like the Italian Juan de Rosas, particularly after the discovery of the murals at Pompeii (Serrano González 2005, 177). Yet, most colonial-era mural paintings in Havana are a combination of fresco and semi-fresco techniques, while others are simply painted on top of paint layers.

National Geographic : 1935 Nov CONSTANTLY THE CANAL IS FIGHTING THE DESERT Huge dredges combat the shallowing effects of wind-blown sand and make the big ditch even deeper. Here the sand and gravel sucked up from the bottom are being sluiced out through a long, elevated channel and emptied on the bank (see illustrations, pages 616 and 617). Near this spot a Turkish force unsuccessfully attacked the Canal during the World War. DE LESSEPS' TRIBUTETO WAGHORN, OVERLAND MAIL CARRIER At Port Tewfik the French Canal builder erected amonument totheBrit ish officer for his effortstolink theMediterranean and Red Seas byland going postal and passengerservice. Bycarrying duplicate dispatches inarace with steamers rounding the Cape ofGood Hope, hedirected attention tothe time-saving of the Egyptroute (seetext, page 614).

A neologism (/niːˈɒlədʒɪzəm/; from Greek νέο- néo-, “new” and λόγος lógos, “speech, utterance”) is the name for a newly coined term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use but that has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. ~Wikipedia A meme (/ˈmiːm/ meem) is “an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture.” A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices that can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures. The word meme is a shortening (modeled on gene) of mimeme (from Ancient Greek μίμημα Greek pronunciation: [míːmɛːma] mīmēma, “imitated thing”, from μιμεῖσθαιmimeisthai, “to imitate”, from μῖμος mimos “mime”) and it was coined by the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene (1976) as a concept for discussion of evolutionary principles in explaining the spread of ideas and cultural phenomena. Examples of memes given in the book included melodies,catch-phrases, fashion, and the technology of building arches. ~wikipedia Silverman may have gone a bit further in his rhetoric than he intended. In a thundering call for “zero tolerance” for anyone who disagrees with or insults atheism, Silverman proclaimed, “Stand your ground!” WHERE DO POLLOCK JOKES COME FROM? When word spread in America of the very quick defeat of Poland by German and Russian forces (just over a month), Pollack jokes came about making fun of the Polish people. And in that defeat an advance on a German tank battalion charged on by a polish Calvary division on horses.The polish Calvary was decimated and what was an act of true bravery was tossed aside as an act of stupidity horses vs tanks.Even though this is disputed as a myth it is still the spin put on to the polish army by the ease of the victory with Poland perhaps. The phrase “dumb Polack” generated after WWII. When Hitler’s army invaded Poland, the Nazi soldiers were ordered to hunt down and kill any person of intelligence in the country. This included: authors, painters, teachers, and any other person with a high level of education. With all the intelligent people of Poland murdered, the phrase came to be because the “dumb” citizens were left to pass on their genes to future generations. Sad but true. Noam Chomsky asked about what he thinks about Richard Dawkins term. Notice that Chomsky says, “with organization” and yet some Atheists insist that Atheism is not an organization. ..

Attached are articles about something that we see all too often – another barn fire. I probably read somewhere between 10 and 20 articles every year about these tragedies. In virtually every one, there is no specific origin given for the fire or “it’s under investigation.” However, any person who has been around barns is aware of the probable answer. Usually, some electrical condition (light fixtures, heater, faulty fan, etc) ignites a flammable material such as hay, bedding, cobwebs, etc. In the article about a tragic barn fire in Georgia that took the lives of 35 horses, it does not mention the origin of the fire but states, “The stable was filled with hay and wood chips for the horses’ bedding…. And those running the stable kept fans blowing on the horses to keep them cool through the summer night.” Once again the issue comes down to ventilation, the use of fans, and the probable culprit of faulty wiring. Please excuse me if I preach once again about the importance of “natural” ventilation, which in my opinion is the most critical aspect of barn design in relation to the health and safety of the animals. “Natural” lighting is also important, but when designed effectively, both work together to ventilate the barn. I am not familiar with the barn that burned or the conditions that may have caused the fire, but the article states that the fans blowing in the barn increased the intensity of the fire. For thirty years, we have designed barns that incorporate the chimney effect and the Bernoulli principle to ventilate barns naturally. (Click here for explanation and to learn more). Neither of these will eliminate the use of fans entirely in a barn, but they will greatly reduce the need for electric fans (and electric lights as well). Reducing the need, will reduce the use and consequently extend the life (they won’t wear out as quickly) of the fans or lights. Ultimately, this will also reduce energy cost for the barn. Many farms use the cheap residential box fan for ventilation over extended periods of time. Not only are they cheaply made (I have seen them selling for as little as $10), but they are not designed to withstand the environmental abuse they can receive in the barn. Dust, dirt, hay, and/or bedding particles can clog the fans, easily creating potential for fire. In addition, the humidity can cause the fans to rust and deteriorate more rapidly. The less fans, lights, and other mechanical systems are needed, the safer the farm will be. Although, these methods do not eliminate the possibility of one of these horrific events, they decrease the likelihood. Something that will make most, if not all, horse owners’ sleep a little more soundly at night. A well-designed barn needs to consider the heath and safety of the horse at every turn. Remember your barn does not have to cost you an arm and a leg, but neither should your barn cost you your horse. Check out my new book, Healthy Stables by Design, at www.healthystablesbydesign.com. Not only does it discuss ventilation practices, but it will also feature other ways to make a stable safe and healthy for horses. Times Free Press – www.timesfreepress.com/news/2013/jun/23/stable-fire-shocks-neighbors/

Black history is filled with so many jewels, and is rich with people who made major contributions to this nation and to the entire world. According to Smithsonian Mag, one such contributor was Charles Alston. A sculptor, painter and teacher, Alston is best-known for sculpting the bust of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. that became the first image of the civil rights icon to be displayed in the White House's Oval Office. Alston also painted murals for a Harlem hospital in the 1930s, commissioned by the WPA's Federal Art Project. However, one of his most significant contributions to the country would come in the 1940s, when he was hired by the Office of War Information to draw a series of cartoons to be featured in black newspapers, according to the National Archives. Alston's illustrations helped to boost morale on the homefront. They featured pro-Allies messages that encouraged conserving fuel, buying war bonds and growing victory gardens and also showcased important messages surrounding racial and gender equality. As part of his newspaper work, Alston also drew informational portraits of several African American leaders such as Harvard-educated attorney Edward O. Gourdin, who later became a Massachusetts Superior Court judge, and Willa B. Brown, a lieutenant in the U.S. Civil Air Patrol and the first African American woman to earn her pilot's license in the United States. The Office of War Information hoped that Alston's drawings would encourage patriotism in the black community. At the time, many black Americans were ambivalent about the war, since they felt that battles fought for freedom abroad weren't effective given that black people had limited freedoms in the U.S. Alston's drawings were also meant to serve as inspiration for black soldiers to participate in the war; and as the history of the Red Tails, the 6888th, Patton's Panthers and others prove, black Americans provided a significant contribution. Although Alston died in 1977, he lives on through his work, come of which you can see for yourself at the National Archives.

|Methods and techniques| The ideal system concept of G. Nadler is a method in which the ideal system is first created, from which it gradually descends down to the system that meets the limiting conditions. This concept is looking for a comprehensive improvement, here the system function is the goal, and the whole system should strive to achieve this function. The concept of the ideal system by G. Nadler had a significant impact on the methodology of organizing research. Significant is the fact that the system according to Nadler is not the sum of the system components, because the properties of the whole do not come down to the properties of the part and each system is something specific. The proposed method is called the "modeling" method and, in contrast to the "improvement" method proposed by the classics based on current observations and analyzes, is to leave the ideal system and then gradually approach a concept that meets the imposed limiting conditions, expressing the essence of a specific process. In Nadler's approach, it is not important to look for specific improvements to the options, but the overall concept of the process under consideration is sought. General characteristics of the system according to Nadler include the indication of: - The size of human resources According to the concept, such a formulation of the system makes it possible to transform input streams, such as materials, information or people, into the formulation of specific products or services. The existence of a given system is perceived as its functions, included in the category of purpose, which the specific system is to serve. In addition, as the system environment Nadler defines the total of physical factors, economic, and sociological, which together create the environment of the organizational system. Well, the considerations are based on the analysis of the unit cost of production in the enterprise. In this particular case, the ideal system is the state of the system where the unit cost is equal to zero. This system is located at the apex of the triangle and bears the name of a theoretically perfect system. In fact, it is difficult to imagine a situation, but the sketch of such an ideal concept is to be a reference to the possibilities offered by different variants of the solution, which aim to minimize unit cost. In addition, Nadler defines in a special case an ideal system as such a system that can be eliminated without affecting the functioning of the whole. - The ideal theoretical system - The ideal perspective system - The perfect system implemented technologically - The proposed system - Improved system - The existing system Stages of the proceedings - In the initial phase, the system function is determined - Then an ideal system is introduced - Information is collected - Suggested variants are created - The next step is choosing the recommended system - Then follows: - System formulation - System revision - System testing - Installing the system - System operation control If this is not possible, a perfect perspective system is designed. It assumes ideal conditions for its functioning based on the latest achievements of science and technology. The next stages of this method are designed to "realize" the ideal system. This is distinguished by the level of the ideal system implemented technologically, created on the basis of already implemented solutions in the organizational and technical sphere, showing high efficiency. The final stage is the transition to the proposed system. The existing system lies at the root of the triangle. This method is widely used. Its unquestionable advantage is that it does not require significant expenditures to perform analyzes of the current state, but nevertheless it is undoubtedly a more difficult method and requires high capabilities of prognostic thinking. In addition, as Nadler claimed, this method is much more effective, than the concept of an "improved system", which arises through diagnostic procedures, thus running "from below". - Reason, J. (2000). Human error: models and management.

ted at the apex of the triangle and bears the name of a theoretically perfect system. In fact, it is difficult to imagine a situation, but the sketch of such an ideal concept is to be a reference to the possibilities offered by different variants of the solution, which aim to minimize unit cost. In addition, Nadler defines in a special case an ideal system as such a system that can be eliminated without affecting the functioning of the whole. - The ideal theoretical system - The ideal perspective system - The perfect system implemented technologically - The proposed system - Improved system - The existing system Stages of the proceedings - In the initial phase, the system function is determined - Then an ideal system is introduced - Information is collected - Suggested variants are created - The next step is choosing the recommended system - Then follows: - System formulation - System revision - System testing - Installing the system - System operation control If this is not possible, a perfect perspective system is designed. It assumes ideal conditions for its functioning based on the latest achievements of science and technology. The next stages of this method are designed to "realize" the ideal system. This is distinguished by the level of the ideal system implemented technologically, created on the basis of already implemented solutions in the organizational and technical sphere, showing high efficiency. The final stage is the transition to the proposed system. The existing system lies at the root of the triangle. This method is widely used. Its unquestionable advantage is that it does not require significant expenditures to perform analyzes of the current state, but nevertheless it is undoubtedly a more difficult method and requires high capabilities of prognostic thinking. In addition, as Nadler claimed, this method is much more effective, than the concept of an "improved system", which arises through diagnostic procedures, thus running "from below". - Reason, J. (2000). Human error: models and management. Bmj, 320(7237), 768-770. - Lasseter, R. H., & Paigi, P. (2004, June). Microgrid: A conceptual solution. In Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual (Vol. 6, pp. 4285-4290). IEEE. - Haken, H., & Jumarie, G. (2006). A macroscopic approach to complex system. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 3th.

Bmj, 320(7237), 768-770. - Lasseter, R. H., & Paigi, P. (2004, June). Microgrid: A conceptual solution. In Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual (Vol. 6, pp. 4285-4290). IEEE. - Haken, H., & Jumarie, G. (2006). A macroscopic approach to complex system. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 3th.

Cereal foods, snack foods and confectionery are now big business, involving mass production systems and equipment. This guide and reference provides a clear, systematic review of the basic types of machinery now used for these products. Basic principles, machine design, function, operation and output are examined. Numerous detailed schematics illustrate machine design and process steps. Special chapters cover heat transfer and electric heating elements, and food machinery design. This 300-page handbook will be useful to managers and engineers involved in snack and cereal food and confectionery processing, as well as designers of machinery and production lines.

Have you ever wondered why Solomon answered God as he did when God asked him the following? In Gibeon the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. (1 Kings 3:5) I think that I now know the root of it. It is how David, Solomon’s father, taught him. We can see this in some of the last words David had for Solomon. Now, my son, the LORD be with thee; and prosper thou, and build the house of the LORD thy God, as he hath said of thee. Only the LORD give thee wisdom and understanding, and give thee charge concerning Israel, that thou mayest keep the law of the LORD thy God. Then shalt thou prosper, if thou takest heed to fulfil the statutes and judgments which the LORD charged Moses with concerning Israel: be strong, and of good courage; dread not, nor be dismayed. (1 Chronicles 22:11-13) It was not long after this that David made Solomon king. So when David was old and full of days, he made Solomon his son king over Israel. (1 Chronicles 23:1) Solomon’s upbringing and David’s final words produced the fruit of Solomon’s answer to God’s command, “Ask what I shall give thee.” Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people? (1 Kings 3:9) Remember what David said? “Only the LORD give thee wisdom and understanding, and give thee charge concerning Israel, that thou mayest keep the law of the LORD thy God.” Solomon answer to God came because he was taught of his father. The wisdom that God had given David is passed on to his son. And the speech pleased the Lord, that Solomon had asked this thing. (1 Kings 3:10) God bless, Mike

IN 1693 the philosopher John Locke warned that children should not be given too much “unwholesome fruit” to eat. Three centuries later, misguided ideas about child-rearing are still rife. Many parents fret that their offspring will die unless ceaselessly watched. In America the law can be equally paranoid. In South Carolina this month Debra Harrell was jailed for letting her nine-year-old daughter play in a park unsupervised. The child, who had a mobile phone and had not been harmed in any way, was briefly taken into custody of the social services. Ms Harrell’s draconian punishment reflects the rich world’s angst about parenting. By most objective measures, modern parents are far more conscientious than previous generations. Since 1965 labour-saving devices such as washing machines and ready meals have freed eight hours a week for the average American couple, but slightly more than all of that time has been swallowed up by childcare. Dads are far more hands-on than their fathers were, and working mothers spend more time nurturing their sprogs than the housewives of the 1960s did. This works for both sides: children need love and stimulation; and for the parents, reading to a child or playing ball games in the garden is more fulfilling than washing dishes according to the Economist. The other popular parental fear—that your children might not get into an Ivy League college—is more rational. Academic success matters more than ever before. But beyond a certain point, parenting makes less difference than many parents imagine. Studies in Minnesota and Sweden, for example, found that identical twins grew up equally intelligent whether they were raised together or apart. A study in Colorado found that children adopted and raised by brainy parents ended up no brainier than those adopted by average parents. Genes appear to matter more than upbringing in the jobs market, too. In a big study of Korean children adopted in America, those raised by the richest families grew up to earn no more than those adopted by the poorest families. This does not mean that parenting is irrelevant. The families who adopt children are carefully screened, so they tend to be warm, capable and middle-class. But the twin and adoption studies indicate that any child given a loving home and adequate stimulation is likely to fulfil her potential. Put another way, better-off parents can afford to relax a bit. Your kids will be fine if you hover over them less and let them frolic in the sun from time to time. You may be happier, too, if you spend the extra time indulging your own hobbies—or sleeping. And if you are less stressed, your children will appreciate it, even if you still make them eat their fruit and vegetables.

Sahara Desert (ecoregion) Sand dunes in Tadrart Acacus, a desert area in western Libya |Biome||Deserts and xeric shrublands| |Area||4,619,260 km2 (1,783,510 sq mi)| |Countries||Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Sudan| |Rivers||Nile River; intermittent rivers and streams| |Climate type||hot desert and hyper-arid| The Sahara Desert ecoregion, as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), includes the hyper-arid center of the Sahara, between 18° and 30° N. It is one of several desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions that cover the northern portion of the African continent. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert, located in North Africa. It stretches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The vast desert encompasses several ecologically distinct regions. The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of 4,619,260 km2 (1,783,510 sq mi) in the hot, hyper-arid center of the Sahara, surrounded on the north, south, east, and west by desert ecoregions with higher rainfall and more vegetation. The North Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion lies to the north and west, bordering the Mediterranean climate regions of Africa's Mediterranean and North Atlantic coasts. The North Saharan steppe and woodlands receives more regular winter rainfall than the Sahara Desert ecoregion. The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion lies to the south, between the Sahara Desert ecoregion and the Sahel grasslands. The South Saharan steppe and woodlands receives most of its annual rainfall during the summer. The Red Sea coastal desert lies in the coastal strip between the Sahara Desert ecoregion and the Red Sea. Some mountain ranges rise up from the desert and receive more rainfall and cooler temperatures. These Saharan mountains are home to two distinct ecoregions; the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands in the Ahaggar, Tassili n'Ajjer, Aïr, and other ranges in the western and central Sahara Desert, and the Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands in the Tibesti and Jebel Uweinat of the eastern Sahara. The surface of the desert ranges from large areas of sand dunes (erg), to stone plateaus (hamadas), gravel plains (reg), dry valleys (wadis), and salt flats. The only permanent river that crosses the ecoregion is the Nile River, which originates in central Africa and empties northwards into the Mediterranean Sea. Some areas encompass vast underground aquifers resulting in oases, while other regions severely lack water reserves. The Sahara Desert features a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). The Sahara Desert is one of the driest and hottest regions of the world, with a mean temperature sometimes over 30 °C (86 °F) and the averages high temperatures in summer are over 40 °C (104 °F) for months at a time, and can even soar to 47 °C (117 °F). In desert rocky mountains such as the Tibesti in Libya or the Hoggar in Algeria, averages highs in summer are slightly moderated by the high elevation and are between 35 and 42 °C (95 and 108 °F) at 1,000 to 1,500 metres (3,300 to 4,900 ft) elevation. Daily variations may also be extreme: a swing from 37.5 to −0.5 °C (100 to 31 °F) has been observed. Typical temperature swings are between 15 and 20 °C (27 and 36 °F). Precipitation in the Sahara Desert is scarce, as the whole desert generally receives less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rain per year except on the northernmost and southernmost edge as well as in the highest desert mountains. More than half of the desert area is hyper-arid and virtually rainless, with an average annual precipitation below 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and many consecutive years may pass without any rainfall. The south of the Sahara Desert, along the boundary with the hot semi-arid climate (BSh) of the Sahel, receives most of its annual rainfall during the highest-sun months (summer) when the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone moves up from the south. Wind- and sandstorms occur in early spring. Local inhabitants protect themselves from the heat, the sunshine, the dry air, the high diurnal temperature ranges and the sometimes

Sahara. The surface of the desert ranges from large areas of sand dunes (erg), to stone plateaus (hamadas), gravel plains (reg), dry valleys (wadis), and salt flats. The only permanent river that crosses the ecoregion is the Nile River, which originates in central Africa and empties northwards into the Mediterranean Sea. Some areas encompass vast underground aquifers resulting in oases, while other regions severely lack water reserves. The Sahara Desert features a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). The Sahara Desert is one of the driest and hottest regions of the world, with a mean temperature sometimes over 30 °C (86 °F) and the averages high temperatures in summer are over 40 °C (104 °F) for months at a time, and can even soar to 47 °C (117 °F). In desert rocky mountains such as the Tibesti in Libya or the Hoggar in Algeria, averages highs in summer are slightly moderated by the high elevation and are between 35 and 42 °C (95 and 108 °F) at 1,000 to 1,500 metres (3,300 to 4,900 ft) elevation. Daily variations may also be extreme: a swing from 37.5 to −0.5 °C (100 to 31 °F) has been observed. Typical temperature swings are between 15 and 20 °C (27 and 36 °F). Precipitation in the Sahara Desert is scarce, as the whole desert generally receives less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rain per year except on the northernmost and southernmost edge as well as in the highest desert mountains. More than half of the desert area is hyper-arid and virtually rainless, with an average annual precipitation below 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and many consecutive years may pass without any rainfall. The south of the Sahara Desert, along the boundary with the hot semi-arid climate (BSh) of the Sahel, receives most of its annual rainfall during the highest-sun months (summer) when the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone moves up from the south. Wind- and sandstorms occur in early spring. Local inhabitants protect themselves from the heat, the sunshine, the dry air, the high diurnal temperature ranges and the sometimes dusty or sandy winds by covering their heads, such as the cheche garment worn by Tuareg. History and conservation The Sahara was one of the first regions of Africa to be farmed. Some 5,000 years ago, the area was not so arid and the vegetation might have been closer to a savanna. Previous fauna may be recognised in stone carvings. However, desertification set in around 3000 BCE, and the area became much like it is today. The Sahara is largely undisturbed. The most degradation is found in areas where there is water, such as aquifer oases or along the desert margins where some rain usually falls most years. In these areas, animals such as addaxes, scimitar-horned oryxes, and bustards are over-hunted for their meat. Only one area of conservation is recorded in the Sahara: the Zellaf Nature Reserve in Libya. - "Sahara Desert". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-03-21.

dusty or sandy winds by covering their heads, such as the cheche garment worn by Tuareg. History and conservation The Sahara was one of the first regions of Africa to be farmed. Some 5,000 years ago, the area was not so arid and the vegetation might have been closer to a savanna. Previous fauna may be recognised in stone carvings. However, desertification set in around 3000 BCE, and the area became much like it is today. The Sahara is largely undisturbed. The most degradation is found in areas where there is water, such as aquifer oases or along the desert margins where some rain usually falls most years. In these areas, animals such as addaxes, scimitar-horned oryxes, and bustards are over-hunted for their meat. Only one area of conservation is recorded in the Sahara: the Zellaf Nature Reserve in Libya. - "Sahara Desert". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-03-21.

Tiblen, Nikolai L’vovich Born 1825 in St. Petersburg; died after 1869. Russian publisher and printer. Tibien, after serving in the Crimean War (1853–56), left military service in 1859 and opened a printing house in St. Petersburg. He was ideologically close to the revolutionary democratic figures of the 1860’s. Tibien published the first Russian-language editions of several major foreign works, primarily in natural science and philosophy. These included works by F. Guizot, T. B. Macaulay, H. T. Buckle, H. Spencer, J. S. Mill, and J.-J. Rousseau. In 1862, Tibien published the first complete edition of A. S. Griboedov’s Woe From Wit, with illustrations by M. S. Bashilov. In 1868, Tibien published the periodical collection Novyepisateli (New Writers) and the journal Sovremennoe obozrenie (Contemporary Review). In the same year, on the verge of bankruptcy, he went abroad, and his subsequent fate is unknown. REFERENCEBarenbaum, I. E. “Izdatel’skaia deiatel’nost’ N. L. Tiblena.” In Knigaigrafika. [Moscow, 1972.] M. D. ELZON

Eustacy(redirected from eustatic) Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia. (also eustatism or eustatic change), a slow worldwide change in the level of the world ocean and the seas linked with it. Eustatic movements were first identified by E. Suess in 1888. A distinction is made between movements of the shoreline as a result of the formation of marine basins, when real changes in the level of the ocean occur, and movements of the shoreline as a result of tectonic processes, which cause apparent changes in the level of the ocean. Such changes, which result in local transgressions and regressions and are caused by different tectonic forces, were termed deleveling changes, whereas broad transgressions and regressions caused by fluctuations in the level of the actual water shell were called hydrokinematic changes by F. Iu. Levin-son-Lessing (1893). A. P. Pavlov called (1896) negative movements of the shoreline geocratic movements and advances by the sea hydrocratic movements. One of the hypothetical factors responsible for eustacy is the change in the total volume of water in the ocean in the course of the geological history of the earth, a change occurring as a result of the evolution of the continents. During the initial stages of the development of the earth’s crust, juvenile waters constituted the single most important factor in eustacy. At later stages, the importance of this factor lessened. The volume of water stabilized in the Proterozoic, according to A. P. Vinogradov, and has not changed significantly in the hydrosphere since the Paleozoic. Somewhat important are the processes of sediment accumulation and volcanic flows on the ocean floor (sedimento-eustacy) and the resulting rise in the level of the world ocean. Beginning with the Paleozoic, the tectonic factor acquired great importance (tectono-eustacy), causing changes in the volume of marine and ocean basins and alteration of the relief and structure of the ocean floor and adjacent continents. It appears that the main changes in the level of the world ocean are linked to the development of the system of midoceanic ridges and with the phenomenon of sea-floor spreading. Along with tectono-eustacy, the climatic factor acquired considerable importance in recent geological times, in the form of glacio-eustacy. During the glacial epochs, when water was concentrated on the continents in the form of ice sheets, the level of the world ocean dropped by about 110–140 m; after thawing, glacier waters again flowed into the world ocean, raising its level by approximately one-third of the original level. The decrease in temperature and the associated change in salinity affected water density, and consequently the level of the world ocean in the high latitudes differed several meters from the level in the equatorial regions. The formation of the lowest terrace, 3–5 m, is linked to these factors. Planetary factors, such as changes in the earth’s speed of rotation and the shifting of the poles, have also somewhat affected the mechanism of eustacy. The study of the processes of eustacy is very important for historical geology and for gaining an understanding of the formation of the shelf zones, with which the formation of various minerals is linked. REFERENCESNikolaev, N. I. “Evstaziia, izostaziia i voprosy neotektoniki.” Vesln. MGU: Seriia 4—Geologiia, 1972, no. 1, pp. 6–22. Kolebaniia urovnia Mirovogo okeana i voprosy morskoi geomorfologii. [A collection.] Moscow, 1975. N. I. NIKOLAEV

Most families end up spending a lot of time in the car, oftentimes stuck in traffic. No judgement if you have to use an iPad to survive, but here are a few suggestions to help lessen the need for technology in the car (and bonus points for sneaking in language targets!) - Play “I spy” using descriptors. For example, “I spy something that is small, round and black” (volume knob). - Sing songs together. Songs are a great way to work on language skills, speech sounds, prosody, etc. You can listen to a Pandora station and sing along or make your own music. Change the way you sing for an extra challenge. For example, sing in a whisper, silly voice, like a pirate…whatever your kids imagine! - Play a category game. One person picks a category and then everyone in the car takes turn naming something in the category until someone gets stuck or repeats something. Category ideas include food, weather, places, etc. - Play travel Bingo. This is a great way to learn transportation vocabulary. Get the free printable from Carla Schauer Studio here. - Have your kids “read” you stories. Put a small basket of books in the car and switch them out as needed to keep them fresh. This may be a great place for library books to hang out. Remember, if kids aren’t reading yet, it is perfectly ok (and actually wonderful) for them to make up a story by describing the pictures. Do you have any “go-to” tricks for keeping kids “occupied” in the car? Have you worked on language learning in the car before? I’d love to hear!

|Any Cucumber tips for me on insuring I have a good crop of cucumbers? I heard used coffee grounds are good to mix in the soil.| |Coffee grounds are a source of nitrogen and they help loosen garden soil so adding them to your veggie garden will be somewhat helpful. They will reduce the pH (acidify the soil) to a small degree. You can get similar results by incorporating compost, aged-manure or even shredded leaves. Cucumbers are a subtropical plant and require full sun. Cucumbers also require a decent amount of growing space in your garden, so you?ll need to take this into account. If you?re short on space, vertical structures such as trellises can help make up for limited space in your garden. There are also a number of dwarf varieties if you?d like to grow your cucumbers in containers. Cucumbers are happiest when the average temperatures are around 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Plant your cucumbers in the late spring or early summer when there is no risk of frost. Even a light frost can kill your plants. In general, cucumbers are not picky about soils. However, make sure your soil is well-draining and has a pH of around 6.5. Add plenty of organic compost to your garden soil before you grow cucumbers. This will ensure that they have the proper nutrients to grow strong and healthy. Additionally, your soil will have the proper drainage to let your plants thrive when you add compost. Adding organic compost is really one of the best ways to improve both soil drainage and balance soil pH. Applying mulch to your garden can also help your cucumbers. The mulch will retain soil moisture, keep weeds from establishing, and can add nutrients to the soil. Use at least 4 inches of an organic mulch such as wood chips or bark. A permeable synthetic weed barrier can also help to retain moisture and keep weeds out of your garden. You can grow your cucumber starter plants indoors up to 2 weeks before you?re ready to plant. Remember to wait until all risk of frost has passed to transplant. You can also plant seeds directly in the garden. Arrange your garden in small hills and plant around 4 seeds per hill. Separate your seeds by about 3-4 feet. You can also ground your cucumbers in rows. Space your rows about 6 ? feet apart, with the seeds about 2 ? feet apart in the rows. Remember that some cucumbers varieties are suitable for container gardens. Best wishes with your garden!

|could you please tell me the procedure for sowing annual seeds.Also, can an umbrella tree live outdoors in warm weather on a shaded porch ?| |The annual seed packages should indicate whether you need to bury the seeds or simply sow them on the surface of the soil so be sure to follow those directions. As for preparing the planting bed, cultivate it with a hand shovel (dig around in it and mix up the soil, removing any large stones or debris) then rake the ground smooth and sow your seeds. Water carefully so you don't accidentally float the seeds away! The seeds usually sprout in 7-14 days as long as you keep the seedbed moist. An umbrella tree would be quite happy to live outdoors in a shaded porch for the summer months. It will probably grow lots of new green leaves once it gets out in the fresh air.

Electrically conductive adhesives enabling low temperature electronics By Rachel Gordon, Technology Analyst Materials are needed to replace the estimated 50,000 metric tons of tin-lead solder currently used each year, but there are no “drop-in” replacements for eutectic tin-lead solder. $1.2 billion of electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) are already selling each year, and they are becoming increasingly common to replace solders in a variety of functions, applications and industries. The new IDTechEx Research report Electrically Conductive Adhesives 2016-2026 covers the three main categories of conductive adhesives available as safe and environmentally-sound solder alternatives. ECAs consist of a polymeric resin (such as an epoxy, or a silicone) that provides physical and mechanical properties such as adhesion, mechanical strength and impact strength, and a metal filler (such as silver, gold or nickel) that conducts electricity. In order to reduce the volume of filler used, increase the electrical conductivity, and decrease the finest possible pitch width, there is research into using nanoparticle fillers including silver nanowires, silver nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Obviously in all these materials, the electrical conductivity is of primary importance. However, the thermal conductivity must also be high enough so that components do not overheat. The thermal conductivity of ICP is approximately 20 W/m.K, compared to 60 W/m.K for lead solders. Adhesion to the mating surfaces must be good enough that there will not be adhesive failure, and the tensile strength must be high enough to avoid cohesive failure, even under bending and flexing conditions. The viscosity must be low enough for easy dispensing, but high enough after curing to avoid pump out and dry out. In some applications, the operating temperature will be important and, whereas solders can operate up to 270°C, ECAs are limited to around 200°C. It must be non-toxic, because there is no point replacing lead with another equally toxic material. Lead solder melts at 215°C, whereas isotropic conductive paste can be cured as low as 110°C. This opens up possibilities for using plastic substrates to allow a new generation of flexible electronics. In order to use PET substrates, without the risk of buckling or warping during curing, the cure temperature needs to be brought below 80°C. - Photovoltaic modules – ECAs have suffered from poor stability when applied to copper and tin metals, but improved ECAs for PV applications have been available since 2010. Lower temperature interconnections can allow thinner wafers, and reduce warpage and breakage of solar cells. - LCD and OLED displays – ACFs have found a particular niche market in packaging flat panel displays. In general, bending or physical deformation of ECAs can degrade the electrical conductivity. Therefore, novel flexible electrically conductive materials which respond well to repeated bending or high elongations will be required for future flexible display technologies. - Touch panels – The damage to the substrates can be reduced by lowering the bonding temperature during assembly. The penetration of touch panels in the cell phone market is forecasted to reach more than 40% in the near future. - LEDs – It is quick and cheap to mount LEDs using conductive adhesives and the thermal penalty is tolerable if the adhesive layer is kept thin. - RFID chips – Conductive adhesives are used for mounting temperature-sensitive chips on smart cards, because of low curing temperatures. Currently, 74% of Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF) is used in the manufacture of LCD or OLED displays. Displays are becoming more widely used in consumer electronics, aerospace, defence, automotive, and infrastructure sectors. UV-thermal cure mechanisms must be developed to lower cure temperature to allow plastic substrates for flexible displays. However, according to IDTechEx Research’s report Electrically Conductive Adhesives 2016-2026, this market is still set to diversify with the market for ACF in non-display

ally toxic material. Lead solder melts at 215°C, whereas isotropic conductive paste can be cured as low as 110°C. This opens up possibilities for using plastic substrates to allow a new generation of flexible electronics. In order to use PET substrates, without the risk of buckling or warping during curing, the cure temperature needs to be brought below 80°C. - Photovoltaic modules – ECAs have suffered from poor stability when applied to copper and tin metals, but improved ECAs for PV applications have been available since 2010. Lower temperature interconnections can allow thinner wafers, and reduce warpage and breakage of solar cells. - LCD and OLED displays – ACFs have found a particular niche market in packaging flat panel displays. In general, bending or physical deformation of ECAs can degrade the electrical conductivity. Therefore, novel flexible electrically conductive materials which respond well to repeated bending or high elongations will be required for future flexible display technologies. - Touch panels – The damage to the substrates can be reduced by lowering the bonding temperature during assembly. The penetration of touch panels in the cell phone market is forecasted to reach more than 40% in the near future. - LEDs – It is quick and cheap to mount LEDs using conductive adhesives and the thermal penalty is tolerable if the adhesive layer is kept thin. - RFID chips – Conductive adhesives are used for mounting temperature-sensitive chips on smart cards, because of low curing temperatures. Currently, 74% of Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF) is used in the manufacture of LCD or OLED displays. Displays are becoming more widely used in consumer electronics, aerospace, defence, automotive, and infrastructure sectors. UV-thermal cure mechanisms must be developed to lower cure temperature to allow plastic substrates for flexible displays. However, according to IDTechEx Research’s report Electrically Conductive Adhesives 2016-2026, this market is still set to diversify with the market for ACF in non-display applications reaching over $1 billion by 2026, due to the reliable properties, thinness and ease of processing. Metallic coatings on polymeric particles will allow lower cost fillers. Electrically Conductive Adhesives 2016-2026 offers worldwide coverage of electrically conductive adhesives, most of which are manufactured in Asia-Pacific but start-ups and innovation exists in Europe and North America. The report is based on extensive research and includes twelve primary interviews with the market leading manufacturers. It includes forecasts by revenue, split by technology and function, until 2026.

applications reaching over $1 billion by 2026, due to the reliable properties, thinness and ease of processing. Metallic coatings on polymeric particles will allow lower cost fillers. Electrically Conductive Adhesives 2016-2026 offers worldwide coverage of electrically conductive adhesives, most of which are manufactured in Asia-Pacific but start-ups and innovation exists in Europe and North America. The report is based on extensive research and includes twelve primary interviews with the market leading manufacturers. It includes forecasts by revenue, split by technology and function, until 2026.

The Benefit of Spices to Health Though most spices are as accessible as the nearest grocery store, the delightfully aromatic parts or extracts of certain tropical plants, have, in the past, influenced cultures, inspired global exploration, created fortunes and at times been the source of bitter political conflicts over trade routes. Essential components of some of your favorite foods, spices also provide potential health benefits. Antioxidants and other phytochemicals in spices help make some of your favorite foods heart-healthy, according to the University of Michigan Health System. Antioxidants in garlic lower blood pressure, thin blood and inhibit arterial plaque formation. Cayenne pepper contains antioxidants that improve peripheral circulation. In a study published in a 2013 issue of the journal "Bratislavske Lekarsky Listy," curcumin, the active ingredient in the curry spice turmeric, and onion helped lower cholesterol and decrease levels of homocysteine, an inflammatory marker that gauges heart disease risk. Participants, all healthy men aged 30 to 50, consumed biscuits made with the spices for two months. The combination of spices that lend distinctive flavor to chai tea, a traditional Indian beverage that combines tea with milk and spices, also provides potential digestive benefits. Piperine in black pepper stimulates the release of digestive enzymes; cinnamon slows the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine, allowing for longer time in contact with stomach acid, and pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme the stomach secretes. Gingerol in ginger alleviates some forms of nausea and fennel stimulates digestion and helps prevent gassiness, according to George Mason University Botany Department. The Rockefeller Institute lists basil, cumin, ginger, mint and sage among its top 10 most powerful herbs with cancer-fighting benefits. In a study published in the May 2012 "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine," out of nine spices tested, oregano and bay leaf showed the greatest inhibition of cultured human cervical cancer cells. Both spices also inhibited kidney cancer in an animal portion of the study. Other spices tested include rosemary, thyme, bay leaf, parsley, fennel, paprika and two varieties of lavender. Flavorful and convenient, spices offer sizable benefits in small packages. Most spices store well when kept in a cool, dry location away from direct light and will provide you with a ready source of health- and menu-enhancing benefits. Experiment with unusual combinations by adding a pinch of cinnamon to meat dishes and stews or a dash of pepper to lemonade or iced tea. For the added bonus of just-picked freshness, hardy spices, such as oregano, thyme and parsley are easy to grow in your backyard garden, on a porch or in a window sill. - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Anticancer Activity of Certain Herbs and Spices on the Cervical Epithelial Carcinoma (HeLa) Cell Line - The Rockefeller University: Food Choices for Reducing Cancer Risk - Pacific College of Oriental Medicine: Chai Tea for Digestion - Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition: Black Pepper and Its Pungent Principle-Piperine: A Review of Diverse Physiological Effects - Cardiovascular Diabetology: Effect of Cinnamon on Gastric Emptying, Arterial Stiffness, Postprandial Lipemia, Glycemia, and Appetite Responses to High-Fat Breakfast - George Mason University Botany Department: Fennel - UCLA History and Special Collections Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library: What is a Spice? - Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images

List held key to Holocaust survivor’s life Mystery of his past revealed at archives Miki Schwartz was 13 when the Nazis came for him. In 1944, Hitler’s storm troopers packed his family into a windowless cattle car for a four-day train ride to Auschwitz. “Werner von Braun needed workers. There weren’t enough Germans to do the work, so they took from the (concentration) camps, slave laborers,” Schwartz said. “See here — here is my name, Mikolaus Schwartz, crossed out. Why, I do not know.” By Lisa Petrillo UNION-TRIBUNE STAFF WRITER July 19, 2007 Webmaster note: It’s all very confusing: Were Jews wiped out, or were they needed for the war effort?

The following definitions are taken from the “General Code of Operating Rules”, effective April 28, 1985. And yes I know that the GCOR came into effect at two different dates depending on the railroad. I am using the date it first came into use. A length of track in which no train or engine is permitted to enter while it is occupied by another train or engine. A designated section of track or tracks within which the movement of trains will be governed by block signals, whose indications supersede the superiority of trains. The block signals may be controlled manually or automatically. A block or interlocking (signal box) designated by an “A” marker or the absence of a number plate. A series of consecutive blocks governed by block signals, cab signals or both, actuated by a train, engine or by certain conditions affecting the use of the block. A system which provides for the automatic operation of the cab signals and cab warning whistle. A system actuated by wayside inductors, so arranged that its operation will automatically result in the operation of the brakes until the train has been brought to a stop. A length of track between consecutive block signals or from a block signal to the end of block system limits, governed by block signals, cab signals or both. An indicator used to convey information regarding block occupancy. A fixed signal at the entrance of a block to govern trains and engines entering and using that block. A signal located in engineer’s (driver’s) compartment or cab, indicating a condition affecting the movement of a train or engine and used in conjunction with interlocking signals and in conjunction with or in lieu of block signals. A remotely controlled block signal system under which train movements are authorised by block signals whose indications supersede the superiority of trains. A siding within CTC or interlocking limits, the authorisation for use of which is governed by signal indication or control operator. An absolute signal, the aspect of which, is controlled by a tower (signal box) operator (signaller). A track connection between tow adjacent tracks. The movement of trains on a main track, in one direction, specified by the rules. A fixed signal outside of a block system, used to govern the approach to a block signal, interlocking signal or switch point indicator. It will not convey information as to conditions affecting the use of the track between the distant signal and block signal (Home Signal), interlocking signal or switch point indicator to which the approach is governed. It will be identified by a “D” marker. A portion of the railroad designated by timetable. Two main tracks, on one of which the current of traffic is in a specified direction, and on the other in the opposite direction. A power-operated switch, also equipped for hand operation. An electrically controlled lock device affixed to a hand operated switch or derail to control its use. A unit propelled by any form of energy, or a combination of such units operated from a single control, used in train or yard service. A train not authorised by timetable schedule. It may be designated: - Extra: For any extra train except work extra, the movement of which is authorised in a specific direction. - Work Extra: For an extra train authorised by Form H train order, the movement of which may be within either direction within specified limits. A signal of fixed location indicating a condition affecting the movement of a train. The first station on each subdivision from which a train is authorised to occupy the main track. An arrangement of signal appliances so interconnected that their movements must succeed each other in proper sequence. It may be operated manually or automatically. The tracks between the outer opposing absolute signals of an interlocking. The fixed signals of an interlocking, governing trains using interlocking limits. A track extending through yards and between stations which must not be occupied without authority or protection. Two or more main tracks, the use of which is designated in the timetable. A sign mar

x) operator (signaller). A track connection between tow adjacent tracks. The movement of trains on a main track, in one direction, specified by the rules. A fixed signal outside of a block system, used to govern the approach to a block signal, interlocking signal or switch point indicator. It will not convey information as to conditions affecting the use of the track between the distant signal and block signal (Home Signal), interlocking signal or switch point indicator to which the approach is governed. It will be identified by a “D” marker. A portion of the railroad designated by timetable. Two main tracks, on one of which the current of traffic is in a specified direction, and on the other in the opposite direction. A power-operated switch, also equipped for hand operation. An electrically controlled lock device affixed to a hand operated switch or derail to control its use. A unit propelled by any form of energy, or a combination of such units operated from a single control, used in train or yard service. A train not authorised by timetable schedule. It may be designated: - Extra: For any extra train except work extra, the movement of which is authorised in a specific direction. - Work Extra: For an extra train authorised by Form H train order, the movement of which may be within either direction within specified limits. A signal of fixed location indicating a condition affecting the movement of a train. The first station on each subdivision from which a train is authorised to occupy the main track. An arrangement of signal appliances so interconnected that their movements must succeed each other in proper sequence. It may be operated manually or automatically. The tracks between the outer opposing absolute signals of an interlocking. The fixed signals of an interlocking, governing trains using interlocking limits. A track extending through yards and between stations which must not be occupied without authority or protection. Two or more main tracks, the use of which is designated in the timetable. A sign marking the limit of control of a block signal. An employee assigned to a train when the engineer or conductor is not acquainted with the rules or portion of railroad over which the train is to be moved. A station at which a train register is located. A train authorised by timetable schedule. A speed that will permit stopping within one half the range of vision; short of train, engine, railroad car, stop signal, derail or switch not properly lined, looking out for broken rail, not exceeding 20 MPH. That part of a timetable which prescribes class, direction, number and movement for a regular train. A track auxiliary to the main track for meeting or passing trains. The timetable will indicate stations at which sidings are located. The appearance of a fixed signal conveying an indication as viewed from the direction of an approaching train; or the appearance of a cab signal conveying an indication as viewed by an observer in the cab. The information conveyed by the signal aspect. A main track upon which trains operate in both directions. A switch equipped with a spring mechanism to restore the switch points to original position after having been trailed through. A place designated in the timetable station column by name. A portion of a division designated by timetable. A train having precedence over another train. A light type indicator used in connection with facing point movement over certain switches to indicate points fit properly. The last station on each subdivision to which a train is authorised to occupy the main track. The authority for the movement of trains subject to the rules. It may contain classified schedules and includes special instructions. A notice containing information as to track conditions or other conditions, necessary for the safe operation of trains or engines. A form used to authorise occupancy of main track where designated by special instructions. Wayside detectors which are provided at various locations as shown in the timetable which detect such conditions as overheated journals (hot box

king the limit of control of a block signal. An employee assigned to a train when the engineer or conductor is not acquainted with the rules or portion of railroad over which the train is to be moved. A station at which a train register is located. A train authorised by timetable schedule. A speed that will permit stopping within one half the range of vision; short of train, engine, railroad car, stop signal, derail or switch not properly lined, looking out for broken rail, not exceeding 20 MPH. That part of a timetable which prescribes class, direction, number and movement for a regular train. A track auxiliary to the main track for meeting or passing trains. The timetable will indicate stations at which sidings are located. The appearance of a fixed signal conveying an indication as viewed from the direction of an approaching train; or the appearance of a cab signal conveying an indication as viewed by an observer in the cab. The information conveyed by the signal aspect. A main track upon which trains operate in both directions. A switch equipped with a spring mechanism to restore the switch points to original position after having been trailed through. A place designated in the timetable station column by name. A portion of a division designated by timetable. A train having precedence over another train. A light type indicator used in connection with facing point movement over certain switches to indicate points fit properly. The last station on each subdivision to which a train is authorised to occupy the main track. The authority for the movement of trains subject to the rules. It may contain classified schedules and includes special instructions. A notice containing information as to track conditions or other conditions, necessary for the safe operation of trains or engines. A form used to authorise occupancy of main track where designated by special instructions. Wayside detectors which are provided at various locations as shown in the timetable which detect such conditions as overheated journals (hot boxes), dragging equipment, excess dimensions, shifted loads, high water and (rock or earth) slides. A method of authorising movements of trains or engines or protecting men or machines on a main track within specified limits in territory designated by special instructions or general order. An engine, or more than one engine coupled, with or without cars, displaying a marker and authorised to operate on a main track. A book of forms used at designated stations for registering time of arrival and departure of trains, and such other information as may be prescribed. A switch, designated by letter “V” or bowl painted yellow, when trailed through the switch points remain lined in the position to which forced. A system of tracks, other than main tracks and sidings, used for making up trains, storing of cars and for other purposes. A portion of the main track, designated by yard limit signs and timetable, train order Form T, or track bulletin, which trains and engines may use as prescribed by Rule 93. An engine assigned to yard service.

es), dragging equipment, excess dimensions, shifted loads, high water and (rock or earth) slides. A method of authorising movements of trains or engines or protecting men or machines on a main track within specified limits in territory designated by special instructions or general order. An engine, or more than one engine coupled, with or without cars, displaying a marker and authorised to operate on a main track. A book of forms used at designated stations for registering time of arrival and departure of trains, and such other information as may be prescribed. A switch, designated by letter “V” or bowl painted yellow, when trailed through the switch points remain lined in the position to which forced. A system of tracks, other than main tracks and sidings, used for making up trains, storing of cars and for other purposes. A portion of the main track, designated by yard limit signs and timetable, train order Form T, or track bulletin, which trains and engines may use as prescribed by Rule 93. An engine assigned to yard service.

This policy brief from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Health Affairs examines the critical issue of enrolling uninsured young adults in health insurance coverage. According to 2008 Census data, 37 percent of individuals ages 19-25 are uninsured, and 25 percent of individuals ages 26-35 are uninsured. The enrollment of these so-called “young invincibles” also is vital to the success of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) because they are generally healthier (and are less likely to use health care services) and will therefore balance the risk pool and costs of insuring older and sicker uninsured individuals. Young people are at a critical stage in their lives, when long-term health risks, such as obesity, sexually transmitted disease, and tobacco use, often present themselves, and when early medical intervention can make a real difference. Uninsured young adults without insurance are two to four times as likely as their peers to forgo treatment for medical problems. Lacking proper health insurance can also lead to long-term financial problems if substantial medical debt is incurred. Now, in addition to having new ways to access affordable insurance, young adults will find that those plans offer better coverage. For example, many preventive care visits, which young adults are likely to need more than treatment for illnesses, are covered entirely. Under the ACA, individuals can remain on their parent’s family coverage until age 26. Low-income young adults are eligible for Medicaid (in the 25 states and District of Columbia that have chosen to expand Medicaid). Young adults with low and moderate incomes have the highest rates of uninsurance. A Commonwealth Fund tracking survey found that 59 percent of young adults with incomes under 133 percent of poverty either were uninsured or had been uninsured at some point in 2013. In the 25 states without the Medicaid expansion, young adults with incomes under the poverty level ($11,490 for an individual in 2013) will not be eligible for either Medicaid or federal premium tax subsidies through health insurance marketplaces and are at the greatest risk of remaining uninsured. Finally, the individual mandate to purchase insurance through health insurance marketplaces is intended to drive uninsured young adults (and other uninsured individuals) to purchase health insurance when their employers or families do not provide them coverage. Those with incomes of 133-400 percent of the federal poverty level, including many young adults entering the workforce for the first time, will be eligible for premium tax credits to lower the cost for coverage through the exchanges. The Young Invincibles, a nonprofit, foundation-supported advocacy group, estimates some 9 million individuals ages 18-34 could be eligible for premium tax credits.

Rule 116. With a view to the identification of the dead, each party to the conflict must record all available information prior to disposal and mark the location of the graves. State practice establishes this rule as a norm of customary international law applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts. This rule is reinforced by the requirement of respect for family life (see Rule 105) and the right of families to know the fate of their relatives (see Rule 117). The obligation to identify the dead prior to their disposal was first codified in the 1929 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. This obligation, together with the details to be recorded and the obligation to transmit the information to the other party and the Central Tracing Agency, is now set forth in the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Numerous military manuals set forth the obligation to identify the dead prior to disposal. Some of them specify what details are to be recorded with regard to the deceased. In addition, several military manuals include the requirement to record the location of the place of burial. In the Jenin (Mortal Remains) case , Israel’s High Court of Justice stated that the identification of the dead was a “highly important humanitarian deed”. There is no treaty provision explicitly requiring measures to identify the dead prior to their disposal in the context of a non-international armed conflict. There is consistent practice which indicates, nevertheless, that this obligation is also incumbent upon parties to internal conflicts. This practice includes military manuals which are applicable in or have been applied in non-international armed conflicts. In addition, the case-law of Argentina and Colombia has required that prior to their disposal the dead must be examined so that they can be identified and the circumstances of death established. It is likely that such requirements are part of the legislation of numerous States. Measures to identify the dead and investigate the cause of death are also required by international human rights law, in particular in order to protect the right to life. The European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights have required that effective measures be taken to this effect in a timely fashion, even in situations of armed violence. Other instances have called for such measures in the context of the conflicts in Chechnya, El Salvador and the former Yugoslavia. In addition, on two occasions, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the State was obliged to do all it could to inform the relatives of the location of the remains of persons killed as a result of enforced disappearances. In December 1991, when the armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia was characterized as non-international, the parties to the conflict reached an agreement with respect to the exchange of information regarding the identification of the deceased. Other practice found includes that of the Philippine government, which collects information on dead insurgents after clashes, and that of the Salvadoran army photographing the bodies of the dead after a clash between FMLN troops and a military patrol. Three resolutions adopted at the international level, which received very wide support and no negative vote, called upon parties to armed conflicts to account for the dead (identify and provide information about the dead). In 1973, the 22nd International Conference of the Red Cross called upon parties to armed conflicts “to accomplish the humanitarian mission of accounting for the dead”. In a resolution adopted in 1974, the UN General Assembly called upon parties to armed conflicts, regardless of their character, to cooperate “in providing information on the missing and dead in armed conflicts”. More recently, the Plan of Action for the years 2000–2003, adopted by the 27th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in 1999, required that all parties to an armed conflict take effective measures t

ead and investigate the cause of death are also required by international human rights law, in particular in order to protect the right to life. The European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights have required that effective measures be taken to this effect in a timely fashion, even in situations of armed violence. Other instances have called for such measures in the context of the conflicts in Chechnya, El Salvador and the former Yugoslavia. In addition, on two occasions, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the State was obliged to do all it could to inform the relatives of the location of the remains of persons killed as a result of enforced disappearances. In December 1991, when the armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia was characterized as non-international, the parties to the conflict reached an agreement with respect to the exchange of information regarding the identification of the deceased. Other practice found includes that of the Philippine government, which collects information on dead insurgents after clashes, and that of the Salvadoran army photographing the bodies of the dead after a clash between FMLN troops and a military patrol. Three resolutions adopted at the international level, which received very wide support and no negative vote, called upon parties to armed conflicts to account for the dead (identify and provide information about the dead). In 1973, the 22nd International Conference of the Red Cross called upon parties to armed conflicts “to accomplish the humanitarian mission of accounting for the dead”. In a resolution adopted in 1974, the UN General Assembly called upon parties to armed conflicts, regardless of their character, to cooperate “in providing information on the missing and dead in armed conflicts”. More recently, the Plan of Action for the years 2000–2003, adopted by the 27th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in 1999, required that all parties to an armed conflict take effective measures to ensure that “every effort is made … to identify dead persons”. Furthermore, one of the main purposes of this rule is to prevent the enforced disappearance of persons (see Rule 98) and to ensure that they do not otherwise go missing (see Rule 117), two obligations which apply equally to international and non-international armed conflicts. No official contrary practice was found with respect to either international or non-international armed conflicts. The obligation to identify the dead is an obligation of means, and parties have to use their best efforts and all means at their disposal in this respect. According to the practice collected, the measures envisaged here include collecting one half of the double identity disk, autopsies, the recording of autopsies, the establishment of death certificates, the recording of the disposal of the dead, burial in individual graves, prohibition of collective graves without prior identification, and the proper marking of graves. Practice also suggests that exhumation combined with the application of forensic methods, including DNA testing, may be an appropriate method of identifying the dead after burial. In general, this obligation also requires effective cooperation between all parties concerned. The Plan of Action for the years 2000–2003, adopted by the 27th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in 1999, requires that in order to comply with this rule, “appropriate procedures be put into place at the latest from the beginning of an armed conflict”.

o ensure that “every effort is made … to identify dead persons”. Furthermore, one of the main purposes of this rule is to prevent the enforced disappearance of persons (see Rule 98) and to ensure that they do not otherwise go missing (see Rule 117), two obligations which apply equally to international and non-international armed conflicts. No official contrary practice was found with respect to either international or non-international armed conflicts. The obligation to identify the dead is an obligation of means, and parties have to use their best efforts and all means at their disposal in this respect. According to the practice collected, the measures envisaged here include collecting one half of the double identity disk, autopsies, the recording of autopsies, the establishment of death certificates, the recording of the disposal of the dead, burial in individual graves, prohibition of collective graves without prior identification, and the proper marking of graves. Practice also suggests that exhumation combined with the application of forensic methods, including DNA testing, may be an appropriate method of identifying the dead after burial. In general, this obligation also requires effective cooperation between all parties concerned. The Plan of Action for the years 2000–2003, adopted by the 27th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in 1999, requires that in order to comply with this rule, “appropriate procedures be put into place at the latest from the beginning of an armed conflict”.

In many problems in engineering mechanics, it is essential to isolate the body under consideration from the other bodies in contact and draw all the forces acting on the body. For this, first the body is drawn and then applied forces, self-weight and the reactions at the points of contact with other bodies are drawn. Such a diagram of the body in which the body under consideration is freed from all the contact surfaces and shows all the forces acting on it, is called a Free Body Diagram (FBD). To fully understand the safety of a machine, all forces that act on the links need to be examined. It is widely accepted that the best way to track these forces is to construct a free body diagram. A free-body diagram is a picture of the isolated part, as if it were floating freely. The part appears to be floating because all the supports and contacts with other parts have been removed. All these supports and contacts are then replaced with forces that represent the action of the support. Thus, a free-body diagram of a part shows all the forces acting on the part. Figure 1 illustrates a free-body diagram of an isolated link. Notice that this part is designated as link 3. It is essential that all forces are shown on the free-body diagram. A convenient notation is to label the forces consistent with the link number that is being acted upon and the link number that is driving the action. Thus, a force designated as F34 is a force on link 3 from the contact of link 4. Because forces are vectors, determination of a force requires knowledge of the magnitude and direction of that force. If the direction of a force is known, it should be indicated on the free-body diagram. This is the case for F34 in figure 1. When the direction of a force is not known, it is common to draw two orthogonal components of the unknown force. These two components represent the two items that need to be determined for a full understanding of the force. Notice that this is the case for F32 in figure 1. The following steps can help us in systematically drawing a free-body diagram: - Isolate the components that must be studied. - Draw the component as if it were floating freely in space by removing all visible supports and physical contact that it has with other objects. - Replace the supports or physical contacts, with the appropriate force and moments, which have the same effect as the supports. Establishing the supporting forces takes some care. As a general rule, if the nature of the contact prevents motion in a certain direction, there must be a supporting force in that direction. The types of reactions can be classified into three groups corresponding to the type of physical contacts. a. The direction of Reaction is Known: Components in this group (figure 2a) include rollers, sliders, pins in slots, and cables. Each of these supports can prevent motion in only one direction. Reactions in this group involve only one unknown, namely the magnitude of the reaction force. b. The direction of Reaction is Unknown: Components in this group (figure 2b) include frictionless pins, hinges, and sliders on rough surfaces. Each of these supports can prevent translation in both planar directions. Reactions in this group involve two unknowns, usually shown as the x- and y-components of the reaction force. c. Reaction Prohibits Rotation: Components in this group (figure 2c) include fixed supports and pin joints at an actuator (motor or engine). Each of these supports can prevent translation in both planar directions and free rotation. Reactions in this group involve three unknowns, usually shown as the x- and y-components of the reaction force and a reaction moment. Free Body Diagrams (FBD) are shown for few typical cases in inn below figure.

by Olivia Saray and Joshua Lee Chlamydophila psittaci is a species of bacteria that was first isolated from humans in Switzerland in 1879 and at this time named Pseudotyphus. The name Chlamydophila psittaci was adopted in 1890 by french scientist Morange, who isolated the same bacterium in parrots after deciphering it as a causative agent of psittacosis. C. psittaci caught the limelight in the early 1930’s when an epidemic broke out within domestic parrots and parakeets decreasing their popularity as household pets. C. psittaci in addition to being a bacteria is also known as a zoonosis, causing infection primarily in animals but can also be contracted by humans; as a result inspection of exotic birds during importation is crucial to prevent future epidemics. C. psittaci can be transmitted across species from bird to bird, bird to human, bird to reptiles, and bird to mammals. The bacterium is present in the tissues, feces, nasal and ocular discharge as well as plumage of infected birds. Contraction of the bacteria can occur through inhalation of particles from secretions of infected birds. It may also be transferred via physical contact of the bird’s beak with another animal or exposure due to injury, such as a bite from an infected bird. The most common method of transmission, however, is through the air. C. psittaci presents less of a threat upon immediate release due to the fact that the organism remains viable while independent of a host. It exists as an elementary body outside of the host, meaning it can survive, but not infect, until it enters a new organism. Infected secretions eventually dry into a dusty substance, which contaminates the air. Inhalation of these particles could allow the bacterium to enter a potentially viable host and cause infection. Once the bacterium presents itself in a new avian host, it will infect the mucosal epithelial cells of the bird and the macrophages of the respiratory tract. Macrophages, meaning “big eater”, are cells of the innate immune system that engulf pathogens. The bacterium will spread to infect other organs via the blood and result in localized infections such as pneumonitis, pericarditis, enteritis and sinusitis. If untreated the infection will eventually lead to septicemia and death of the bird. Infection of a bird by C. psittaci will present observable symptoms in the host such as rough plumage, fever (resulting in puffiness of the bird’s feathers to keep warm), tremors, weight loss, yellow-green/greyish watery droppings, coughing and conjunctivitis. Due to the adaptive nature of this bacterium, humans can also contract the disease and display symptoms following a 5 – 14 day incubation period. The severity of symptoms can vary from slight feelings of illness to systemic illness accompanied by severe pneumonia. More specific symptoms include fever, chills, headache, and myalgia. Humans usually contract this disease through inhalation of contaminated air or coming into direct contact with a bird, which is infected with the disease. Although the disease can be contracted through birds, transmission from human to human is rare. With modern medicine, deaths are limited to less than 1% of all reported cases, and are easily treated with antibiotics such as tetracycline. Cases of psittacosis have been reported in at least 159 different avian species. The most common victim being parrots, but transmissions have also been widely documented from free-ranging birds including doves, pigeons, and shore birds, among others. Though there have been several outbreaks of psittacosis, the highest rate among household parrots was in 1983 with an astonishing rate of 24% of birds admitted to veterinary clinics testing positive for the disease. This percentage was probably much higher seeing as it is likely that many cases go unreported. Psittacosis is most common among small to medium sized parrots, where 17.8% of cockatiels, 27.3% lovebirds and conures, and 17.24% of African Greys and Amazon Parrots tested positive for the disease in the 1983 outbreak. Today, these numbers remain relatively

bacterium will spread to infect other organs via the blood and result in localized infections such as pneumonitis, pericarditis, enteritis and sinusitis. If untreated the infection will eventually lead to septicemia and death of the bird. Infection of a bird by C. psittaci will present observable symptoms in the host such as rough plumage, fever (resulting in puffiness of the bird’s feathers to keep warm), tremors, weight loss, yellow-green/greyish watery droppings, coughing and conjunctivitis. Due to the adaptive nature of this bacterium, humans can also contract the disease and display symptoms following a 5 – 14 day incubation period. The severity of symptoms can vary from slight feelings of illness to systemic illness accompanied by severe pneumonia. More specific symptoms include fever, chills, headache, and myalgia. Humans usually contract this disease through inhalation of contaminated air or coming into direct contact with a bird, which is infected with the disease. Although the disease can be contracted through birds, transmission from human to human is rare. With modern medicine, deaths are limited to less than 1% of all reported cases, and are easily treated with antibiotics such as tetracycline. Cases of psittacosis have been reported in at least 159 different avian species. The most common victim being parrots, but transmissions have also been widely documented from free-ranging birds including doves, pigeons, and shore birds, among others. Though there have been several outbreaks of psittacosis, the highest rate among household parrots was in 1983 with an astonishing rate of 24% of birds admitted to veterinary clinics testing positive for the disease. This percentage was probably much higher seeing as it is likely that many cases go unreported. Psittacosis is most common among small to medium sized parrots, where 17.8% of cockatiels, 27.3% lovebirds and conures, and 17.24% of African Greys and Amazon Parrots tested positive for the disease in the 1983 outbreak. Today, these numbers remain relatively consistent, and cockatiels remain the most prevalent species to be infected with a rate of 24.8% positive diagnosis among examined cases. Pet shops, breeders, and farming areas are at a higher risk of experiencing an outbreak due to the large number of birds kept in close proximity to one another. C. psittaci is a gram negative, coccoid shaped (round), intracellular bacterium, which begins infecting a host while it is still in the elementary body phase. Only in this phase can the bacterium be freely transferred from host to host. When particles containing C. psittaci are inhaled, the bacteria will begin by attacking the host’s respiratory tract. Cells of the immune system respond to the presence of the foreign bacteria and ingest the bacteria by engulfment (known as phagocytosis) to form a phagosome. However, unlike other pathogens, upon ingestion, the bacteria do not die. Phagosomes, which are compartments formed after the bacteria is engulfed, are responsible for bringing bacteria to lysosomes, an acidic compartment in the cell. The two organelles will fuse to form a phagolysosome, which is responsible for digestion and ultimately, the death of the bacterium. In the case of C. psittaci, however, the elementary body is not killed when the phagosome and lysosome fuse; rather it is transformed into a reticulate body. A reticulate body is a bacterium that is now able to replicate. After replication of the bacterium, C. psittaci will revert back to an elementary body and exit the host cell it has infected via lysis or bursting of the cell, resulting in host cell death. The elementary body will then continue its journey and repeat the infection and proliferation process in tissues throughout the entire body of the host. Infected birds should be kept in quarantine with proper ventilation to limit the amount of bacteria in the air. A heat lamp should be applied to maintain a cage temperature of 32℃. The environment should be kept as clean as possible. Birds should be weighed every 3-7 days to evaluate progression of t

consistent, and cockatiels remain the most prevalent species to be infected with a rate of 24.8% positive diagnosis among examined cases. Pet shops, breeders, and farming areas are at a higher risk of experiencing an outbreak due to the large number of birds kept in close proximity to one another. C. psittaci is a gram negative, coccoid shaped (round), intracellular bacterium, which begins infecting a host while it is still in the elementary body phase. Only in this phase can the bacterium be freely transferred from host to host. When particles containing C. psittaci are inhaled, the bacteria will begin by attacking the host’s respiratory tract. Cells of the immune system respond to the presence of the foreign bacteria and ingest the bacteria by engulfment (known as phagocytosis) to form a phagosome. However, unlike other pathogens, upon ingestion, the bacteria do not die. Phagosomes, which are compartments formed after the bacteria is engulfed, are responsible for bringing bacteria to lysosomes, an acidic compartment in the cell. The two organelles will fuse to form a phagolysosome, which is responsible for digestion and ultimately, the death of the bacterium. In the case of C. psittaci, however, the elementary body is not killed when the phagosome and lysosome fuse; rather it is transformed into a reticulate body. A reticulate body is a bacterium that is now able to replicate. After replication of the bacterium, C. psittaci will revert back to an elementary body and exit the host cell it has infected via lysis or bursting of the cell, resulting in host cell death. The elementary body will then continue its journey and repeat the infection and proliferation process in tissues throughout the entire body of the host. Infected birds should be kept in quarantine with proper ventilation to limit the amount of bacteria in the air. A heat lamp should be applied to maintain a cage temperature of 32℃. The environment should be kept as clean as possible. Birds should be weighed every 3-7 days to evaluate progression of the disease. C. psittaci is highly susceptible to antibiotics such as tetracycline or its derivatives such as doxycycline or vibramycin. Tetracycline works by binding to the 30S ribosome of the bacteria, therefore inhibiting protein synthesis. This stops the proliferation of bacteria and allows the immune system to clear out the existing infection. Vibramycin is now the most commonly used antibiotic to treat psittacosis and is most effective when injected intravenously or intramuscularly (into the vein or muscle). Calcium supplements should be avoided during treatment, seeing as they bind to tetracycline and inhibit its antibacterial activity. If treatment is administered in the early stages of infection, psittacosis is rarely ever fatal. Avian Biotech. (1995). Chlamydophila psittaci. Retrieved from http://www.avianbiotech.com/diseases/Chlamydophila.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). MMWR weekly: Summary of notifiable diseases. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4908a1.htm DC, Beeckman. ‘Zoonotic Chlamydophila Psittaci Infections From A Clinical Perspective. – Pubmed – NCBI’. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. De Wailly, P., Prin, J., Prin, G. (Ed. 1). (2004). Atlas de l’ornithologie perruches & perroquets. (Vol. 1). United States: Animalia Editions. Franson, C. J. (1989). Chlamydiosis. Field Manuel of Wildlife Diseases. 2(10), 111-114. Retrieved from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00Ref/bookref36_fieldmanualofwildlifediseases/10/chapter10.htm Harkinezhad, T., Verminnen, K. (2009, May 12). Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 58. 1207 – 1212. doi:10.1099/jmm. 0.011379-0 Martin, R.M. (1980). Cage & aviary birds. London, England: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. R, Mohan. ‘Epidemiologic And Laboratory Observations Of Chlamydophila Psittaci Infection In Pet Birds. – Pubmed – NCBI’. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. Stoddard, Hannis L.

he disease. C. psittaci is highly susceptible to antibiotics such as tetracycline or its derivatives such as doxycycline or vibramycin. Tetracycline works by binding to the 30S ribosome of the bacteria, therefore inhibiting protein synthesis. This stops the proliferation of bacteria and allows the immune system to clear out the existing infection. Vibramycin is now the most commonly used antibiotic to treat psittacosis and is most effective when injected intravenously or intramuscularly (into the vein or muscle). Calcium supplements should be avoided during treatment, seeing as they bind to tetracycline and inhibit its antibacterial activity. If treatment is administered in the early stages of infection, psittacosis is rarely ever fatal. Avian Biotech. (1995). Chlamydophila psittaci. Retrieved from http://www.avianbiotech.com/diseases/Chlamydophila.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). MMWR weekly: Summary of notifiable diseases. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4908a1.htm DC, Beeckman. ‘Zoonotic Chlamydophila Psittaci Infections From A Clinical Perspective. – Pubmed – NCBI’. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. De Wailly, P., Prin, J., Prin, G. (Ed. 1). (2004). Atlas de l’ornithologie perruches & perroquets. (Vol. 1). United States: Animalia Editions. Franson, C. J. (1989). Chlamydiosis. Field Manuel of Wildlife Diseases. 2(10), 111-114. Retrieved from http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/00Ref/bookref36_fieldmanualofwildlifediseases/10/chapter10.htm Harkinezhad, T., Verminnen, K. (2009, May 12). Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 58. 1207 – 1212. doi:10.1099/jmm. 0.011379-0 Martin, R.M. (1980). Cage & aviary birds. London, England: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. R, Mohan. ‘Epidemiologic And Laboratory Observations Of Chlamydophila Psittaci Infection In Pet Birds. – Pubmed – NCBI’. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. Stoddard, Hannis L. ‘Understanding Psittacosis’. Multiscope.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 18 Nov. 2015.

‘Understanding Psittacosis’. Multiscope.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 18 Nov. 2015.

This post may contain affiliate links. Please read full disclosure here. Thank you! St. Patrick’s Day began as a holiday to remember the life of a man named St. Patrick who did good work in Ireland in the late 5th Century. But over the years, St. Patrick’s Day has become more of a day to simply celebrate being Irish. Traditional symbols of the holiday are shamrocks, Leprechauns, and of course, wearing the color green! And, before we move on, how cute are the Little Passports characters, Sam and Sofia: Across the world, people who want to celebrate head to parades and events whether they’re really “Irish” or not. Little Passports (A monthly children’s subscription service that teaches your kids about different states in the USA and new countries around the world) has shared some of the special festivities planned in each of these countries. In Brisbane, the St. Patrick’s Day celebrations spread over ten days and include not only a parade, Irish dancing, dinners, and boxing matches, but also a Family Sports Day which includes Gaelic Football and other Gaelic sports! In Tokyo, over 1,000 people wearing green will take part in their parade this year. They also host an International Collegiate Festival with workshops where you can learn Irish dance, play Irish music, and enjoy a full day of concerts! Dublin hosts a giant four day festival featuring a parade with marching bands from all over the world. They also hold a fair with carousels, roller coasters and Ferris wheels and an Enchanted Banquet which includes a “curious evening” with plenty of erish fables, fairy tales and folklore. The festivities begin with famous buildings like the Blarney Castle, St. Patrick’s Cathedral, and the Bank of Ireland being lit green! The United States hosts St. Patrick’s Day parades in over 100 cities. One of the biggest is in the city of Chicago, who famously dyes its river green for the day! After the huge parade which draws thousands of people, you can head to the St. Patrick’s Day Festival at the Irish American Heritage Center and listen to Irish music, dance, and of course eat good old Irish food and drinks! Categories: Kiddie Stuff

This problem was written by James from St Peter's College, Adelaide, Australia. Draw a pentagon and draw in all the diagonals (lines joining the vertices not including the edges of the pentagon), how many diagonals is this? This is called a pentagram. How many diagonals are there in a hexagram, heptagram, octagram, nonagram, decagram etc. up to a 20 sided shape. Does any pattern occur when looking at the number of diagonals? Why is this so? Can you find a formula?

When Malala Yousafzai received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death, she was only the 16th woman to be awarded what has been called the world’s most prestigious prize. And yet, there is a clear trajectory from the origins of the award and its first female recipient in 1905 to the female laureates over time since, and to the young woman honoured this year. That trajectory involves women’s active engagement with issues of peace, independent from men’s activities. The link between women and peace is not a new concept. In 1820, American women formed the Female Peace Society, and in 1854, the European Women’s Peace League, the first transnational peace group, was founded by Swedish feminist Frederika Bremer. By the 1890s, as European nationalism and armament grew, and as many thought war not only inevitable but a form of patriotism, women more and more connected their political activism – for the right to vote – to the need for an organized peacekeeping system. No vote meant no say in the matter of war while having to suffer its consequences, so suffrage and peace were quite naturally linked. Two of Canada’s foremost suffragists, Nellie McClung and Flora MacDonald Denison, were also long-time pacifists. At the same time, women and especially mothers were regarded as “innately” drawn to pacifism due to “typically feminine” or “maternal” qualities such as nurture and care. The idea, however simplified, that women have a moral investment in peace because mothers’ duty is to protect life – not to send sons off to fight – often is an established component of gender ideologies. In 1889, the women’s international peace movement received a tremendous boost with the publication of the anti-war novel, Lay Down Your Arms!, by Austrian peace activist Bertha von Suttner. Among those impressed was Alfred Nobel, whom von Suttner had met in 1876, when she went to work as his secretary. Her influence led Nobel to include the peace prize category in his will. Her tireless international peace activism over decades won her the award as the first woman in 1905, although it was not enough to stop the escalating militarism in Europe. She died 100 years ago, on June 21, 1914, one week before the assassination in Sarajevo that led to the outbreak of World War I. Even so, von Suttner’s engagement ensured that the Nobel Peace Prize would have a distinctly female dimension and that women – not just statesmen – could work to bring about the conditions for a more peaceful world. In 1915, the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom grew out of the Hague Congress; it still exists today. Since then, women as diverse as Mairead Corrigan of Northern Ireland, Mother Teresa, Aung San Suu Kyi, Iranian Shirin Ebadi, and others have followed the trail that links women and peace. A First World War/von Suttner memorial event took place in late November at the Conflict Research Centre at St. Paul’s University. The highlight was a passionate solo performance, Soul of Fire, by Austrian actress Maxi Blaha as von Suttner. Blaha said that slipping into the pacifist’s role has become her life’s work, and that she wanted to follow in the trail laid internationally by von Suttner, as an envoy for the “fraternity between nations” that Nobel mentioned in his will and that von Suttner sought. The performance showed a determined, disappointed, fierce, vulnerable, occasionally angry, and profoundly womanly peace activist. As such, it served as a timely reminder of the human effort behind the Nobel Peace Prize and the long tradition of women fighting for peace – all the way into the present to this year’s courageous recipient. Christa Thomas is a university lecturer and writer. She blogs about Canada’s Women of Confederation at http://women-of-confederation.ca.

Despite the buzz this week from Interior Secretary Ken Salazar approving the controversial Cape Wind project off Cape Cod, the United States has yet to construct any offshore wind farms despite a slew of ideas blowing around and 11 specific proposals on the table. While those U.S. projects inch forward, researchers see a wealth of wind being wasted. Willett Kempton, a marine policy professor and offshore wind expert at the University of Delaware, calls the wind off the Mid-Atlantic coast "a huge resource. It's enough to run the whole East Coast." He points to a 2007 study (he was the lead author), which showed that two-thirds of the power available from wind off the East Coast could provide enough energy to completely satisfy the demand for electricity, light vehicle fuel, and heating fuel for the region from Massachusetts to North Carolina. But Kempton noted that study left an important question unanswered: What happens when the wind lets up? In a paper published this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Kempton suggested that if you look at it the right way, the wind never lets up. When it dies down in one spot off the Atlantic coast, it's invariably kicking up in another. The research demonstrates, he said, that a fleet of offshore wind farms strung together along a 1,500-mile high-voltage cable could, from their combined output, provide more than enough electricity for the East Coast without interruption. And, he told Miller-McCune.com, this could happen using everyday technology and a few institutional changes. "If you assume new technology, we could run the whole United States," he added. It's all in the balance Even though the power supply and customer demand vary constantly, the power grid must maintain consistent voltage at all times. To avoid power failures when circumstances change, utilities generally "load balance" — firing up highly responsive gas-fired turbines to adjust to fluctuating demand for power. In effect, these generators are what keep the lights across town from flickering whenever the stadium powers up for a big game. Because variability is inherent in wind, Kempton says utilities use the same equipment to accommodate fluctuations in power levels introduced by the small volume of wind generation currently feeding into the grid. "If you have 20 percent wind, that's fine, no problem. We'll just ramp the generators up and down as the wind fluctuates." So it works — up to a point. "It keeps the managers busy; it's not that they let the fluctuations go out and let your lights bulbs flicker, but it adds maybe 5 percent to the cost of wind power to do that management." However, "If you want to run 50 percent or 80 percent of your electricity from wind, then that fluctuation becomes more problematic." This calls for either massive power storage systems to warehouse energy for a rainy (or not so rainy) day, or major investments for more gas-fired generators. Kempton believes that wind farms up and down the coast, under the power of local weather conditions, could perform the same load balancing function for one another that gas turbines provide onshore. He and his co-authors Dana Veron and Felipe Pimenta from University of Delaware and Stony Brook University associate professor Brian Colle tracked coastal winds over five years using hour-by-hour data from 11 offshore weather buoys and meteorological stations. Then they put together a computer simulation that substituted wind farms for weather stations and included the proposed interlinking cable. They generated data simulating five years' worth of power feeds from the hypothetical wind farms. While the researchers found that output from individual wind farms varied widely over time, the power output of the network as a whole held steady. Fluctuations, when they did occur, were gradual, but at no time during the study period did power output on the simulated grid drop to zero. Other wind energy researchers see potential in other U.S. coastal areas. For example, Stanford's Mike Dvorak and Mark Jacobsen looked at the California coas

lickering whenever the stadium powers up for a big game. Because variability is inherent in wind, Kempton says utilities use the same equipment to accommodate fluctuations in power levels introduced by the small volume of wind generation currently feeding into the grid. "If you have 20 percent wind, that's fine, no problem. We'll just ramp the generators up and down as the wind fluctuates." So it works — up to a point. "It keeps the managers busy; it's not that they let the fluctuations go out and let your lights bulbs flicker, but it adds maybe 5 percent to the cost of wind power to do that management." However, "If you want to run 50 percent or 80 percent of your electricity from wind, then that fluctuation becomes more problematic." This calls for either massive power storage systems to warehouse energy for a rainy (or not so rainy) day, or major investments for more gas-fired generators. Kempton believes that wind farms up and down the coast, under the power of local weather conditions, could perform the same load balancing function for one another that gas turbines provide onshore. He and his co-authors Dana Veron and Felipe Pimenta from University of Delaware and Stony Brook University associate professor Brian Colle tracked coastal winds over five years using hour-by-hour data from 11 offshore weather buoys and meteorological stations. Then they put together a computer simulation that substituted wind farms for weather stations and included the proposed interlinking cable. They generated data simulating five years' worth of power feeds from the hypothetical wind farms. While the researchers found that output from individual wind farms varied widely over time, the power output of the network as a whole held steady. Fluctuations, when they did occur, were gradual, but at no time during the study period did power output on the simulated grid drop to zero. Other wind energy researchers see potential in other U.S. coastal areas. For example, Stanford's Mike Dvorak and Mark Jacobsen looked at the California coast and determined that despite deep water close to shore creating headaches for placing turbines, offshore wind conceivably could meet up to 83 percent of the state's electricity demand. Kempton says the reliability of the North America's coastal wind resource is a happy accident of geography. A similar exercise using data from Great Britain's coastal areas suggested considerably less promising results. Researchers on the British study observed "large power swings in a 12-hour period" during the height of winter, when the region faces its highest demand for power. From that experience, lead researcher James Oswald of Coventry University suggested that "distributed generation would not help much" in the case of the British Isles, "since most of the region experienced the same wind conditions." By contrast, according to Kempton, from the Bermuda High to the Nor'easter, "there is almost always a pressure gradient somewhere and cyclonic events move along the [Atlantic] coast. There are a few times of low power throughout, but they are not due to any one particular weather pattern." An energy superhighway Kempton calls his proposed cable interconnect the Atlantic Transmission Grid, although he imagines it as an "energy superhighway." It would shuttle power between wind farms spanning 1,500 miles (2,500 kilometers) of coastline, eventually sending that power to shore wherever it is needed. "We have a uniform grid, in a sense, already. Everything in the Eastern Interconnection is all connected together. But this would make one line that would enable us to move a lot of power north and south." Kempton estimates the transmission system would add less than 15 percent to the capital cost of offshore wind generation and says the figure is "in line with the market cost of leveling wind via existing generation." There are also other start-up issues that will raise the price, including a provision in the federal Merchant Marine Act of 1920 that requires the ships used to build the offshore portions to be U.S.-built and U.S.-citi

t and determined that despite deep water close to shore creating headaches for placing turbines, offshore wind conceivably could meet up to 83 percent of the state's electricity demand. Kempton says the reliability of the North America's coastal wind resource is a happy accident of geography. A similar exercise using data from Great Britain's coastal areas suggested considerably less promising results. Researchers on the British study observed "large power swings in a 12-hour period" during the height of winter, when the region faces its highest demand for power. From that experience, lead researcher James Oswald of Coventry University suggested that "distributed generation would not help much" in the case of the British Isles, "since most of the region experienced the same wind conditions." By contrast, according to Kempton, from the Bermuda High to the Nor'easter, "there is almost always a pressure gradient somewhere and cyclonic events move along the [Atlantic] coast. There are a few times of low power throughout, but they are not due to any one particular weather pattern." An energy superhighway Kempton calls his proposed cable interconnect the Atlantic Transmission Grid, although he imagines it as an "energy superhighway." It would shuttle power between wind farms spanning 1,500 miles (2,500 kilometers) of coastline, eventually sending that power to shore wherever it is needed. "We have a uniform grid, in a sense, already. Everything in the Eastern Interconnection is all connected together. But this would make one line that would enable us to move a lot of power north and south." Kempton estimates the transmission system would add less than 15 percent to the capital cost of offshore wind generation and says the figure is "in line with the market cost of leveling wind via existing generation." There are also other start-up issues that will raise the price, including a provision in the federal Merchant Marine Act of 1920 that requires the ships used to build the offshore portions to be U.S.-built and U.S.-citizen owned, ruling out use of vessels and experienced crews from Europe. Building the entire offshore wind generation and transmission system remains a significant undertaking, something the Stanford researchers also noted in the California study. "We haven't calculated the amount of steel that would be required," Kempton said, "but we have calculated in terms of production capability, and it's on the order of 10 or 15 full-size automobile production facilities." That industrial capacity doesn't require an equivalent intellectual ramp-up, since the transmission technology is readily accessible. "There are undersea cables exactly like the one's we're describing that connect New Jersey to New York," Kempton said, in addition, "[t]here is a long run in Europe connecting Norway to Belgium" with a 580 km cable. "It's not that we're requiring some kind of new technology." However, Kempton concedes an offshore interconnection would be costly and that "there is no agreed upon mechanism for the company that builds it to recover their costs." An interstate offshore interconnect might prove a bit of a conceptual stretch for electric utilities and their regulators, who have been traditionally confined to arranging their affairs state by state. But Kempton believes existing power distribution by "independent system operators" that operate on a regional basis (take California's ISO, for example) could implement the "early phases of this without any new organizations or new structures." That, he believes, would achieve some of the desired "smoothing." Even so, caveats remain. "If you want to go the long distances that we show in our article, then you would need some authority that would have the ability to regulate and recover costs and determine who's got the right to use and how much they should charge." He has even proposed a name for this entity: the Atlantic Independent System Operator. "It's creating a whole new institution, although it would be similar to those that operate regional power distribution systems on land." An

zen owned, ruling out use of vessels and experienced crews from Europe. Building the entire offshore wind generation and transmission system remains a significant undertaking, something the Stanford researchers also noted in the California study. "We haven't calculated the amount of steel that would be required," Kempton said, "but we have calculated in terms of production capability, and it's on the order of 10 or 15 full-size automobile production facilities." That industrial capacity doesn't require an equivalent intellectual ramp-up, since the transmission technology is readily accessible. "There are undersea cables exactly like the one's we're describing that connect New Jersey to New York," Kempton said, in addition, "[t]here is a long run in Europe connecting Norway to Belgium" with a 580 km cable. "It's not that we're requiring some kind of new technology." However, Kempton concedes an offshore interconnection would be costly and that "there is no agreed upon mechanism for the company that builds it to recover their costs." An interstate offshore interconnect might prove a bit of a conceptual stretch for electric utilities and their regulators, who have been traditionally confined to arranging their affairs state by state. But Kempton believes existing power distribution by "independent system operators" that operate on a regional basis (take California's ISO, for example) could implement the "early phases of this without any new organizations or new structures." That, he believes, would achieve some of the desired "smoothing." Even so, caveats remain. "If you want to go the long distances that we show in our article, then you would need some authority that would have the ability to regulate and recover costs and determine who's got the right to use and how much they should charge." He has even proposed a name for this entity: the Atlantic Independent System Operator. "It's creating a whole new institution, although it would be similar to those that operate regional power distribution systems on land." An ever-growing circle While two offshore wind projects in the United States, Cape Wind and one off the Delaware coast, appear to be nearing the construction stage, both currently plan to cable their electricity directly ashore to utilities in their abutting localities. Kempton says when completed, the two projects would tap no more than 0.01 percent of the region's wind energy potential, and he is hopeful that in the long run his ideas will be of some help. (Cape Wind says its 130 turbines could produce up to 468 megawatts, but acknowledged the more likely figure would be 170 megawatts, which it said is 70 percent of demand for the Cape Cod/Martha's Vineyard/Nantucket area.) "People always think of wind as a highly fluctuating resource and therefore not very useful. Not true. Because at low levels of wind, which is all we're going to see for years anyway, it's very easily managed within the power system," Kempton suggested. "This study shows that you can cheaply bring in large amounts of wind without getting the kinds of fluctuations that individual wind farms are known for." Kempton's science and policy proposals make sense to David H. Matthiesen, associate professor at Case Western Reserve, who leads a group of researchers studying the potential of offshore wind power on the Great Lakes. "As you draw a circle, as the circle gets bigger, the odds become better that the wind is blowing somewhere in that circle," he said from the offices of the Great Lakes Energy Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, "I can see this playing out very nicely in the Great Lakes. The weather that Chicago's getting, we'll get in two days; if you could have a regional network like that, it would make balancing that base load from wind energy a lot better."

ever-growing circle While two offshore wind projects in the United States, Cape Wind and one off the Delaware coast, appear to be nearing the construction stage, both currently plan to cable their electricity directly ashore to utilities in their abutting localities. Kempton says when completed, the two projects would tap no more than 0.01 percent of the region's wind energy potential, and he is hopeful that in the long run his ideas will be of some help. (Cape Wind says its 130 turbines could produce up to 468 megawatts, but acknowledged the more likely figure would be 170 megawatts, which it said is 70 percent of demand for the Cape Cod/Martha's Vineyard/Nantucket area.) "People always think of wind as a highly fluctuating resource and therefore not very useful. Not true. Because at low levels of wind, which is all we're going to see for years anyway, it's very easily managed within the power system," Kempton suggested. "This study shows that you can cheaply bring in large amounts of wind without getting the kinds of fluctuations that individual wind farms are known for." Kempton's science and policy proposals make sense to David H. Matthiesen, associate professor at Case Western Reserve, who leads a group of researchers studying the potential of offshore wind power on the Great Lakes. "As you draw a circle, as the circle gets bigger, the odds become better that the wind is blowing somewhere in that circle," he said from the offices of the Great Lakes Energy Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, "I can see this playing out very nicely in the Great Lakes. The weather that Chicago's getting, we'll get in two days; if you could have a regional network like that, it would make balancing that base load from wind energy a lot better."

"The impact of income volatility on Canadians" survey was conducted by Ipsos for TD Bank in 2017. Income volatility is the fluctuation of income from month to month. This impacts people working hourly pay jobs where work hours change from week to week, especially in seasonal demand industries. Income volatility also affects those relying on multiple sources of income, self-employed, and those on two week pay periods. The survey found that 37% of Canadians experience moderate to high income volatility. That's about 10 million Canadians. 5 million of those Canadians experience high or very high income volatility. And 3.3 million of those Canadians can see monthly income fluctuate by 25% or more. These statistics are alarming. While it's great that 63% of Canadian have a relatively stable and consistent income. The 10 million Canadians that don't are in a situation where they can't "expect" the next paycheque to cover all their expenses next month. If this month they spent their entire paycheque, then next month will have one of three scenarios. 1. They get lucky and get the same income next month and can maintain the same standard of living. 2. They get very lucky and get more income next month and can either maintain the same standard of living (and save the extra) or raise their standard of living. 3. They get unlucky and get less income next month and have a financial shortfall. They can't maintain their standard of living unless they take debt (credit card, line of credit, payday loans) All three scenarios could be equally as likely, but it's always the "black swan" the negative extremes that hurt us the most. If you are one of these 10 million Canadians impacted by income volatility, what can you do? There are two simple options; A. Spend only as much as the lowest income month. If you expect to make at a minimum $2,500 a month and at most $4,000 a month, plan your spending so that every month you are within the $2,500 budget. For months where you have extra, you can save it in the bank to build up an emergency fund and retirement fund. B. Spend the average of your income every month. If you expect to make an average income of $3,000 a month but that income fluctuates between $2,500 to $4,000, plan to save the extra from higher income months to be used later in lower income months. If your income is volatile you need to be a little bit more vigilant than those with stable incomes, but it doesn't mean you cannot live a stable life as well. A little planning and budgeting can steady your life. Building up your savings to make sure you have money to buy food in lower income months is a smart idea. Don't leave your lifestyle up to chance. Save Money Retire Early is written by Jon Lo, a barely 30 something change optimist, and personal finance guy. I believe anyone can be rich or poor, it's what you save that makes the difference.

When planning future outdoor activities such as weddings, gardening or a vacation, many people check on the weather outlook by reviewing their local meteorologist's predictions either online or by watching their daily news broadcast. Meteorologists form their predictions based on information gathered by various scientific instruments such as thermometers, barometers and hygrometers. Temperature changes forecast weather events. Thermometers measure the changes in the temperature by using a liquid such as mercury or alcohol, normally colored red. When this liquid gets hotter it expands, and when it cools it retracts, thus the recognizable form of a thin red or silver line going up or down the thermometer. Some thermometers, called spring thermometers, measure the expansion and retraction of metal to measure the temperature. Thermometers measure the temperature in three different scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin, a scale normally used by scientists. The thermometer's origins trace back to Galileo who used a device he called a "thermoscope." First developed by the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli in the 17th century, the barometer measures the atmospheric pressure, which helps meteorologists predict weather patterns. These slight changes in the atmosphere's pressure usually foreshadow changes in the weather. Barometers either use mercury or small metallic strips to show the changes in pressure. A mercury barometer, which is based on Toricelli's experiments, places a small amount of mercury in a vacuum. This mercury moves up or down depending on whether the atmospheric pressure weighs more or less than the mercury's own weight. Aneroid barometers, common in households, follow the expansion and retraction of two metallic strips as the atmospheric pressure changes. To test the humidity in the atmosphere, which helps forecast weather patterns, meteorologists use a hygrometer. Hygrometers use either a small metal coil, a liquid or a condensation to measure the humidity. When moisture touches the coil, it changes its physical shape. Condensation or "dew point" hygrometers measure the amount of condensation that appears on a small bulb. Finally, liquid hygrometers base their measurements on the chemical changes in the liquid due to the moisture in the air. A psychrometer, a fourth version of the hygrometer, uses thermodynamic properties by comparing a dry bulb and a bulb saturated with distilled water to measure the moisture. The Swiss physicist and geologist Horace Benedict de Saussure built the first hygrometer in 1783 and used a human hair as the coil.

Science has helped in shaping the world through breakthroughs that have revolutionized humanity’s existence and provided valuable solutions to multiple challenges. But currently, cassava, one of Africa’s leading root crops — a staple in over 20 African countries that serves as a huge source of livelihood for millions of families — is faced is facing challenges. Cassava forms part of the daily meal for most families, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has a very high amount of cyanide, a fast-acting and potentially deadly chemical, which must be removed from the root before it is consumed. The crop has also been researched thoroughly over the years and this has led to the tremendous improvements witnessed by farmers. Despite the wonderful improvements, women and children spend many hours processing it. An individual can only peel about 30 kilograms an hour and at most 200 kilograms a day. Peter Kolawale, a postharvest specialist at the IITA, says more than 45 % of the root is lost to the conventional peeling method of using knife to remove the brownish outer cover leads to huge wastage. Efforts by technologists across the globe in the past to address this problem has yielded little result. According to Kola Adeniji, managing director of Nigeria-based Niji Farms, even with the introduction of mechanical processes because of the irregular shapes and sizes of the crop. There is a need to the laboratory and develop cassava varieties that will have uniform shapes and sizes. “For instance, scientists, especially plant breeders, need to return to the laboratory and develop cassava varieties that will have uniform shapes and sizes. This way, fabricators can construct machines that can peel the root without wasting it,” says Adeniji. But as lofty and magnificent as the idea of uniform shape and size may sound, Unamma Chika Victor, an agronomist with the Italy-headquartered International Fund for Agriculture and Development, says developing a uniform form of cassava may be possible with time but may not be acceptable to farmers. “Cassava is a root crop that grows on the top soil and can expand so long as the soil is fertile, so controlling it to maintain certain shape or size may be difficult,” explains Victor. “With science, almost everything is possible but we have to consider the time, resources and fund needed to undertake such research and more importantly [and whether] farmers like it.” This piece was produced by SciDev.Net’s Sub-Saharan Africa English desk.

by Art Myatt, SEMG Chair and Alliance to Halt Fermi 3 board member. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently published their proposed drinking water “Protective Action Guide (PAG) for Radiological Incidents.” The purpose, according to them. is “to guide planning and decision-making efforts by local and state officials” in response to “a large-scale emergency.” They further say this would apply for “any radiation incident, such as spills of radioactive material, the detonation of a radiological dispersion device (RDD) or “dirty bomb,” or an accident at a nuclear power plant.” The reason for this new standard is given as “lessons learned from actual radiological emergencies, including the Fukushima nuclear power plant.” In Japan, 5 years of effort have demonstrated it is impossible to clean up the areas contaminated by fallout to anything like a safe condition. EPA obviously has learned the wrong lessons; drastically lowering standards instead of increasing efforts to prevent similar contamination. What are their standards? Well, they will be aiming for “500 mrem projected dose, for one year, to the general population.” Explaining what this means will get confusing. A “rem,” or “Roentgen Equivalent [for] Man,” is a calculated unit which attempts to compare different radioactive elements to whole-body radiation such as an x-ray, in terms of their effect on human health. If you want to get into the details of what exactly a “rem” is, you might start with the Wikipedia article – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man. We would be wrong to assume that all the calculations have been done accurately. The current standard for safe drinking water allows a maximum dose of 4 mrem (0.004 rem) per year. The 500 mrem per year new standard, in other words, is 125 times the safe limit for drinking water. The 4 mrem dose was based on old calculations, while current research shows radionuclides in drinking water are significantly more harmful than previously believed. Diane D’Arrigo, an expert on the staff of the Nuclear Information and Resource Service, said “under these proposals, people would be forced to get the radiation equivalent of a chest X-ray 5 days a week, 50 weeks a year, for up to several years, with no medical benefit or informed consent, just from drinking water. This is immoral.” Once an area is contaminated with long-lived radioactive isotopes, it will not be safe in several lifetimes. This is clearly demonstrated in the global disaster zones of Chernobyl and Fukushima. In the United States, it’s demonstrated on a smaller scale at Hanford, Three Mile Island, Fermi 1 in Michigan, and literally hundreds of other sites that were used for nuclear power and nuclear weapons. We should learn from all these examples that nuclear operations create areas hostile to life that cannot be fixed, and that the way to avoid creating these areas is to avoid nuclear operations. Instead, the people in charge of our government, now working through the agency that is supposed to protect our environment, want us to accept these areas regardless of contamination hundreds or thousands of times more than safe levels. Worse, the new unsafe standards are part of a long-term pattern. When the EPA was created over 40 years ago, there was reason to expect it might actually protect us from degradation of the environment. Instead, it has steadily been transformed into the Energy (industry) Protection Agency. Under the Bush Administration, the oil and gas industry was exempted from complying with the standards for clean air and clean water. Now, the Obama Administration is doing the equivalent for the nuclear industry. Simply writing to the EPA or bringing it up with your Congressional representative can’t hurt, but reversing the long-term pattern will take a substantial change in what the public demands from our government. This article appeared in the December 2016 edition of “The Activist,” a publication of the Southeast Michigan Group of the Sierra Club.

We have our first assignments! We are all supposed to look up information and make flash cards on noodle tools. Each person had to research different information according to their position in the group. Beginning Steps In Research Bryce picked out a few recipes for our group to recreate. He is now searching how the diet of France affects the people living there. Caleb is creating a drawing and the scale for our model. Elena researched the map that she is now going to trace and start drawing on. Celine is researching how she is going to create our video about our country. The Waiting Game Our group member did all the research and started making progress except one member, Elena. She hadn't done her work and it was affecting all of us. Beginning the Model Bryce brought the base board for our model. And Caleb used all the drawings he had made to draw the part of the Louvre we were doing onto the base board. We had to erase multiple times and find the right tools to make the base look just right. In the beginning we were going to build the entire museum but we decided to make the pyramid out front of the museum. Elena Is Gone Elena was not doing her work for the class and for our group. She was removed and I took over being cartographer. For the map I had to find a map of France to scale and trace it onto a poster board. Then I labeled the countries on the map. Next, I colored the map topographically. I put France's extorts and the major sixties on the map. I finished the map off with a map key, rose compass, and lamination. Our model is not only going to be 3D but it also will have a view of the subterranean part of the pyramid. We made a viewing area on one side of the base where we plan to leave off the sides so we can see to where the subterranean part of the pyramid is located . We are putting in pieces of styrofoam to make the viewer's eyes scope in on the subterranean view of the pyramid. We continued building today. I was assigned to create a pillar out of cardboard for the observation area. We started putting sides on the base and pieces to narrow the view of the observer. For the small pyramid we will be bought a square mirror that was the dementions of the small pyramid. We had to draw lines with permanent marker to symbolize the separations in the pieces of glass. We also had to tape the model and spray paint to make the base look like the ground is cobblestone. We glued the styrofoam triangles on to where the fountains were on the model. Then, made the water by first covering the styrofoam with hot glue. Then we placed liquid model gel that is colored like water to make the hot glue blue. We added boarders to make the fountains look cleaner. To finish the small pyramid I glued the small plastic triangles to the small mirror and made sure they lined up.

What does an antihydrogen (1 anti-proton in the nucleus and 1 positron orbiting the anti-proton) atom do in a gravitational field? Does it fall down or does it fall up? If it falls down, does the anti-hydrogen have the same weight as the hydrogen atom? Does the “Weak Equivalence Principle” hold for antihydrogen atoms? No one knows the answers to these questions but fortunately there are multiple experiments at CERN studying the behavior of anti-matter. We should expect to have answers in the next decade. This is very exciting. Before I proceed to the information regarding the CERN anti-matter experiments I should mention the theoretical expectations. Einstein’s General Relativity Theory says that gravitational force should work identically on matter and anti-matter. Similarly, the Standard Model of particle physics says that matter and antimatter are identical except for their electrical charge. I am glad that experimental physicists do not take these statements for granted. The experiments testing the gravitational interaction of anti-matter are extremely important. We might be in for a surprise. CERN anti-matter experiments In the movie “Angels and Demons” there is a mention of the anti-matter (antihydrogen) so people are generally aware that CERN can generate anti-atoms but people do not always realize the difficulty of performing experiments with anti-atoms. The first antihydrogen atom was created at the LEAR facility of CERN in 1995. Seven years later, in 2002, ATHENA and ATRAP experiments produced large numbers of antihydrogen atoms using CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator (AD). Today, the AD serves five experiments that are studying antimatter in different ways: AEgIS, ALPHA, ASACUSA, ATRAP and BASE. “ALPHA – ATHENA’s successor – is specifically designed to trap antihydrogen particles for longer than its predecessors, so they can be studied in finer detail than ever before. The ALPHA collaboration has already measured the electric charge of an antiatom to a much higher precision than before. The ASACUSA collaboration, which also has high-precision studies of antihydrogen in its sights, has demonstrated the first-ever production of a beam of antiatoms. Earlier this year further advances were made when the Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE) reported the most precise comparison of the charge-to-mass ratio of the proton to that of its antimatter equivalent, the antiproton. The study, which took 13,000 measurements over a 35-day period, showed that protons and antiprotons have identical mass-to-charge ratios. The AEgIS experiment, which has just started operation this year , is designed specifically to measure the gravitational interaction of antimatter. Another, future experiment, GBAR, will make similar investigations. These recent successes mark a growth in antimatter research that CERN’s AD can no longer keep up with, as more and more low-energy antiprotons are needed for experiments. An upgrade to the AD, called ELENA, will become operational in 2017. This is where GBAR will be installed. ELENA will decelerate the antiprotons from the AD still further, allowing many more to be trapped by the experiments. With the additional ability to serve four experiments almost simultaneously, ELENA will usher in a new era in the investigation of the relationship between matter and antimatter in the universe.” The ALPHA experiment at CERN is designed to make precise comparisons of hydrogen and antihydrogen. Here’s a statement from the ALPHA experiment at CERN (2013) “Physicists have long wondered if the gravitational interaction between antimatter and matter might be different than that between matter and itself. Do atoms made of antimatter, like antihydrogen, fall at a different rate to those made of matter, or might they even fall up — antigravity? There are many arguments that make the case that the interaction must be the same, but no-one has ever observed what an anti-atom does in a gravitational field – until now. Today, the ALPHA Collaboration has published results in Nature Communications placing the first experim

ration, which also has high-precision studies of antihydrogen in its sights, has demonstrated the first-ever production of a beam of antiatoms. Earlier this year further advances were made when the Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE) reported the most precise comparison of the charge-to-mass ratio of the proton to that of its antimatter equivalent, the antiproton. The study, which took 13,000 measurements over a 35-day period, showed that protons and antiprotons have identical mass-to-charge ratios. The AEgIS experiment, which has just started operation this year , is designed specifically to measure the gravitational interaction of antimatter. Another, future experiment, GBAR, will make similar investigations. These recent successes mark a growth in antimatter research that CERN’s AD can no longer keep up with, as more and more low-energy antiprotons are needed for experiments. An upgrade to the AD, called ELENA, will become operational in 2017. This is where GBAR will be installed. ELENA will decelerate the antiprotons from the AD still further, allowing many more to be trapped by the experiments. With the additional ability to serve four experiments almost simultaneously, ELENA will usher in a new era in the investigation of the relationship between matter and antimatter in the universe.” The ALPHA experiment at CERN is designed to make precise comparisons of hydrogen and antihydrogen. Here’s a statement from the ALPHA experiment at CERN (2013) “Physicists have long wondered if the gravitational interaction between antimatter and matter might be different than that between matter and itself. Do atoms made of antimatter, like antihydrogen, fall at a different rate to those made of matter, or might they even fall up — antigravity? There are many arguments that make the case that the interaction must be the same, but no-one has ever observed what an anti-atom does in a gravitational field – until now. Today, the ALPHA Collaboration has published results in Nature Communications placing the first experimental limits on the ratio of the graviational and inertial masses of antihydrogen (the ratio is very close to one for hydrogen). We observed the times and positions at which 434 trapped antihydrogen atoms escaped our magnetic trap, and searched for the influence of a gravitational force. Based on our data, we can exclude the possibility that the gravitiational mass of antihydrogen is more than 110 times its inertial mass, or that it falls upwards with a gravitational mass more than 65 times its inertial mass. Our results far from settle the question of antimatter gravity. But they open the way towards higher-precision measurements in the future, using the same technique, but more, and colder trapped antihydrogen atoms, and a better understanding of the systematic effects in our apparatus.” “The goal of the AEgIS experiment is to measure the gravitational acceleration of antihydrogen with 1% accuracy and test the Weak Equivalence Principle which lies at the base of General Relativity. Most of the equipment has been installed with the exception of the gravity module which is still the subject of research and development. We have performed a test experiment with a miniature copy of the gravity module. The results have shown that a micrometric shift is observable, and thus establish the feasibility of the proposed detection method. Obviously, the short term plan is to produce antihydrogen atoms. This requires improvements in antiproton cooling system, in the positron system and the optimization of positronium production. The goal is to produce an antihydrogen beam in 2015–2016 and to perform a first rough measurement of the gravitational acceleration shortly thereafter.”

ental limits on the ratio of the graviational and inertial masses of antihydrogen (the ratio is very close to one for hydrogen). We observed the times and positions at which 434 trapped antihydrogen atoms escaped our magnetic trap, and searched for the influence of a gravitational force. Based on our data, we can exclude the possibility that the gravitiational mass of antihydrogen is more than 110 times its inertial mass, or that it falls upwards with a gravitational mass more than 65 times its inertial mass. Our results far from settle the question of antimatter gravity. But they open the way towards higher-precision measurements in the future, using the same technique, but more, and colder trapped antihydrogen atoms, and a better understanding of the systematic effects in our apparatus.” “The goal of the AEgIS experiment is to measure the gravitational acceleration of antihydrogen with 1% accuracy and test the Weak Equivalence Principle which lies at the base of General Relativity. Most of the equipment has been installed with the exception of the gravity module which is still the subject of research and development. We have performed a test experiment with a miniature copy of the gravity module. The results have shown that a micrometric shift is observable, and thus establish the feasibility of the proposed detection method. Obviously, the short term plan is to produce antihydrogen atoms. This requires improvements in antiproton cooling system, in the positron system and the optimization of positronium production. The goal is to produce an antihydrogen beam in 2015–2016 and to perform a first rough measurement of the gravitational acceleration shortly thereafter.”

Today we are celebrating Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose birthday. So on this occasion let us know some Unknown and Interesting Facts about Bose Subhash Chandra Bose is the national hero who has done a lot to our nation. He is the idol for our country and became the inspiration for youth. His courage and sacrifice towards the nation make him as a hero of India. On occasion of Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti let us know some facts. Unknown facts about Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose - Netaji had born on 23rd January in the year 1897 at Cuttack. He is the 9th child to his parents. He is the brilliant kid from childhood onwards. He came second in his matriculation exams in the year 1913. - He made a promise to his father to pass in the Indian civil service examination. As he promised he went to England and got qualified in the Indian civil service examination. But he hates to work under the British government, later on, he resigned his position. - British government prohibited to carry an umbrella while meeting government general. But he refused to obey that rule because it is a dignity for Bengali men to carry an umbrella. Governor General asked not to carry an umbrella then bose puts the umbrella around his neck and warned him to mind his behavior - He has participated in the freedom struggle. He was imprisoned eleven times during 1921 to 1941. - In the year 1941, he planned an escape from prison. From Kolkata jail, he escaped and went to gomo by car and from there they traveled to Peshawar by train. Then from that place he went to Kabul, then from Kabul, he traveled to Germany to get help from Adolph Hitler - In the year 1943 Bose is in Berlin, at that time he has established a Free Indian Center and Azad Hind Radio station. Later he got the invitation from Japan, so he left Germany and went to Japan. 7. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was married to the Austrian girl named Emily Shenki secretly. She gave birth to a baby girl named Anita Bose Pfaff who is a famous economist in Germany. - Subhas Chandra Bose is very famous for his patriotic slogan Jai Hind - In 1945 on August 18th Subhash died in a plane accident. Till now the accident is very mysterious, no dead body was found, only ashes are available at that place. - There is also a rumor Subhash Chandra Bose lived as Bhagwan Ji till 1985. After the plane accident, he is alive and came to Indian. He took sanyasam and became a baba. Many officials tested and said his writing and Bose writing are matching. It is just a rumor we don’t know how much truth hidden in this fact

World Asthma DAY 2017 Every year World Asthma Day is celebrated to create awareness, support and care for the affected people. GINA which stands for Global Initiative for Asthma is a medical guidelines organization which conducts World Asthma Day. GINA organizes this day every year on first Tuesday of May Month. World Asthma Day Celebrations were first started in the year 1988 by Global Initiative for Asthma. GINA celebrated this day in more than 35 countries after its first “World Asthma Meeting” in the Barcelona, Spain. Here we are providing World Asthma Day Activities along with the World Asthma Day Images for you to get awareness on Asthma. The reason for celebrating Asthma day is to help people and make them aware of this disease, symptoms and ways to prevent Asthma. Asthma is a chronic disease of Lungs which causes breathing problems. Symptoms of asthma include coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, and a feeling of tightness in the chest. To help Asthma Affected People, GINA organizes a variety of Activities every year. “It’s Time To Control Asthma” is the World Asthma Day 2017 Theme used by various health care groups and Asthma Educators to motivate Public. NAEPP which stands for National Asthma Education and Prevention Program encourages people to take care of their Asthma. Asthma can be controlled with proper medication. If it is neglected, it can even lead to a frequent attack. The sales of anti-asthma medicines in India went up 43% over the past four years, shows market data, with 2016 marking a 15% growth in anti-asthma prescriptions across children and adults. According to Canadians people who already have Asthma can reduce their symptoms by doing Yoga. Try to recognize when Asthma Symptoms are becoming worse. World Asthma Day 2017 Activities to Raise Awareness Health Care organizers and charities will organize various Awareness Activities on World Asthma Day. Some of the Activities include - Teachers take classes on the subjects of asthma prevention and precaution methods. - At local Hospitals, they will provide free asthma screening clinics. - Through TV they will spread the messages like “Fighting Asthma with Every Breath.” - To create public awareness banners related to Asthma are placed in crowded areas. - Advertising about Asthma through TV, Radio and Internet - By Organizing Debates, Quiz Competitions on the subject Asthma in Schools, Colleges and Pharmacies throughout the country.

The cello, or violoncello, is an instrument which, together with the violin, the viola and the double bass, belongs to the string instruments family. The cello has a beautiful rich sound, like that of the human voice; it is extremely emotional and powerful, but also delicate and lyrical at the same time. It is lower in pitch than the viola and the violin, but higher than the double bass. It is a difficult instrument to play and has quite a long learning curve, but it is a real joy if you are willing to put in the time and effort! The cello is also quite a large instrument, but children can start at a young age, as it is possible to buy or rent smaller scale cellos suitable for every age. First, you should consider your reasons for playing the cello. Playing the cello because your parents are forcing you to learn (or forcing your child to play the cello), or perhaps because your friends or siblings play the cello, are not good reasons. It is important to have a strong desire to become a good cellist to avoid wasting time, money and effort. Select a good teacher The first step to learning the cello is to find a good teacher. It is important to have a great relationship with your cello teacher, as learning is built on communication and you must be able to effectively communicate with your teacher, especially considering that lessons are one-on-one and usually last between thirty minutes and one hour. Your teacher helps you to grow and develop as a musician and as a teacher, so it is very important that there is a strong student-teacher chemistry. Many teachers often offer trial lessons (which are sometimes free), so be sure to try out a number of teachers before deciding which one is for you. During lessons, your teacher will teach you the correct cello technique, including vibrato, pizzicato, correct posture and bowing technique; this is necessary to avoid strain and injury which could stop you playing for a while. You will also learn how to read music and music theory. Music theory is essential to broaden your overall knowledge of music and be able to achieve more as a musician and performer. Remember that practice makes perfect! To improve, you should practice every day for at least twenty to thirty minutes. In any case, it is always better to spread out your practicing rather than practicing once a week for two hours; even fifteen minutes every day can make the difference! Don’t forget to warm up before practicing difficult pieces (for example, Bach’s cello suites!) in order to avoid injury and strain. “I’m a frustrated musician and I really wanted to learn cello. I tried several teachers but it did not work until I asked help from Violin Lessons Singapore which leads me to my best teacher in town! Now, I am confident to play Cello! – Jess, 29” “I was just student that time when I realized I wanted to learn to play Cello. I was grateful a friend of mind recommended Violin Lessons Singapore to me since they offer great tuition rates! – Mark, 23” If you wish to develop your skills further, you could try joining a local community orchestra; this teaches you how to play with other musicians. If you are hardworking and put in a lot of time and effort, an orchestra can be a truly rewarding experience, both from a musical and human point of view. After reading all tasks to get the best mandolin buying guide reviews.

On eight expeditions to Tibet between 1926 and 1948, Italian scholar and explorer Giuseppe Tucci (1894–1984) collected more than 200 portable paintings, or thangkas, from every part of the country and from every historical period between the 13th and 19th centuries. His collecting was informed by his background as a student of Eastern languages and religions, a growing familiarity with Tibetan culture, an interest in regional styles that were even then disappearing, and above all, a discerning eye and a taste for anomalous images. Curated by the Asia Society’s Adriana Proser and guest curator Deborah Klimburg-Salter, professor emeritus for non-European art history at the University of Vienna, this exhibition brings together more than 50 of these works, all on loan from the Museum of Civilization-Museum of Oriental Art (MCMOA) in Rome. It not only presents a group of beautiful and unusual examples of Tibetan Buddhist art, but also a riveting account—told through archival photographs and a documentary film—of Tucci’s journeys. The show opens with a spectacular 16th-century painting depicting a brilliant red Amitayus, one of the three long life deities in Tibetan Buddhism, ensconced in an edge-to-edge field of small copies of himself. Richly accoutered in rippling red, gold, and black robes and gold jewelry, Amitayus holds a bowl overflowing with the nectar of immortality, which spills into wine cups held by the 16th-century ruler King Jigten Wangchung, an important patron of the arts, and his son. Tucci acquired this work, as he did every painting in these galleries, after it had been deemed too badly damaged—by water, by the soot and grease from offering lamps filled with animal fat, or simply by time—for use as a devotional object. In Tibetan Buddhism, such religious artifacts cannot be thrown away. Instead, they are stored or ceremonially buried; it is a testament to the trust that Tucci inspired in the lay and monastic communities he visited that he was allowed to buy or take them. The painting and its companions owe their luminosity and legibility to a 30-year conservation effort mounted by the MCMOA, which still holds the bulk of Tucci’s collection. Still blurred, cracked, and faded in places, they brim with newly readable information. Rather than organize the works by style, religious tradition, or historical period, curator Klimburg-Salter has arranged them according to the two paths of Tibetan Buddhist devotional practice: the Sutrayana, in which enlightenment is achieved over many lifetimes and refuge is taken in the Buddha, dharma (teachings), and sangha (community), and the Vajrayana, or quick path, in which enlightenment can be reached in one lifetime through reliance on a lama, or guru; a yidam, or personal meditation deity; and beings known as protectors, who guard the dharma and the practitioner. These images of the Buddhist cosmos and the activities of its saints, teachers, and deities tend toward great explicitness. In the section devoted to the Buddha, for instance, a 15th-century image of Shakyamuni, the historical Buddha, in the bhadrakalpa—an age in which there are 1,000 buddhas—portrays in minute detail a harmonious realm filled with enlightened beings and their devotees. Executed in deep burgundy, dark green, white, and now-faded gold, the painting shows a Buddha in meditation surrounded by a stepped display of nine more buddhas and eight stupas, or dome structures on a shrine. This grouping appears to be emanating from a low-lying puja table, which is used in devotional practices, covered with offerings and presided over by a lama, while the whole scene floats in a shimmering field of miniature repetitions of the main figure. The painting is significant artistically as well as historically; it originated from Tholing, in Western Tibet, and its style and iconography are nearly identical to wall murals found in Tholing’s monasteries. In the course of restoring the thangka, an inscription was found hidden under its silk frame that mentions this particular artistic school as well as the name of the pie

ns owe their luminosity and legibility to a 30-year conservation effort mounted by the MCMOA, which still holds the bulk of Tucci’s collection. Still blurred, cracked, and faded in places, they brim with newly readable information. Rather than organize the works by style, religious tradition, or historical period, curator Klimburg-Salter has arranged them according to the two paths of Tibetan Buddhist devotional practice: the Sutrayana, in which enlightenment is achieved over many lifetimes and refuge is taken in the Buddha, dharma (teachings), and sangha (community), and the Vajrayana, or quick path, in which enlightenment can be reached in one lifetime through reliance on a lama, or guru; a yidam, or personal meditation deity; and beings known as protectors, who guard the dharma and the practitioner. These images of the Buddhist cosmos and the activities of its saints, teachers, and deities tend toward great explicitness. In the section devoted to the Buddha, for instance, a 15th-century image of Shakyamuni, the historical Buddha, in the bhadrakalpa—an age in which there are 1,000 buddhas—portrays in minute detail a harmonious realm filled with enlightened beings and their devotees. Executed in deep burgundy, dark green, white, and now-faded gold, the painting shows a Buddha in meditation surrounded by a stepped display of nine more buddhas and eight stupas, or dome structures on a shrine. This grouping appears to be emanating from a low-lying puja table, which is used in devotional practices, covered with offerings and presided over by a lama, while the whole scene floats in a shimmering field of miniature repetitions of the main figure. The painting is significant artistically as well as historically; it originated from Tholing, in Western Tibet, and its style and iconography are nearly identical to wall murals found in Tholing’s monasteries. In the course of restoring the thangka, an inscription was found hidden under its silk frame that mentions this particular artistic school as well as the name of the piece’s maker. While the lay and monastic creators of religious art in Tibet almost always worked anonymously, this inscription suggests that this artist, at least, took pride in his, and his compatriots’, work. The sangha is represented in the show by an incomplete set of paintings from the 17th century of the 16 arhats, the Buddha’s original followers. The set was clearly produced by a number of artists, who, while following a basic color scheme and layout, each had a recognizably individual style. The impression is that of a fully realized world but viewed from slightly different perspectives. The individuality of the pieces is underscored by their careful notation of the arhats’ various attributes and quirks, including Abheda’s gem-spitting mongoose, Panthaka’s elephant, Ajita’s boldly patterned cloak, and Vanavasin’s slippers, which he has removed and hidden under his throne. Three photographs of Tucci inspecting a trove of illustrated manuscripts—found buried in a cave high above Tholing Monastery by expedition photographer Eugenio Ghersi—stand in for the dharma in this exhibition. When Tucci arrived in Tibet nearly 100 years ago, he found a way of life already in danger of disappearing as a result of climate change and war. His extensive photographic record of Tibet’s artifacts, monuments, and people is in some cases the only surviving documentation of a cultural patrimony destroyed following the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1950. (The exhibition press materials fail to mention that from the 1920s until the dictator’s death, Tucci was a supporter of Benito Mussolini and used idealizing interpretations of Asian traditions to promote Fascist agendas. The collection, however, stands on its own.) In the sections devoted to tantric practice, the lamas include Padmasambhava, the towering Tibetan figure said to have brought tantra to Tibet. He features in several paintings; a wonderful thangka from the 1800s shows him appearing several times in the same bucolic landscape, each time in the guise of a different wrathf

ce’s maker. While the lay and monastic creators of religious art in Tibet almost always worked anonymously, this inscription suggests that this artist, at least, took pride in his, and his compatriots’, work. The sangha is represented in the show by an incomplete set of paintings from the 17th century of the 16 arhats, the Buddha’s original followers. The set was clearly produced by a number of artists, who, while following a basic color scheme and layout, each had a recognizably individual style. The impression is that of a fully realized world but viewed from slightly different perspectives. The individuality of the pieces is underscored by their careful notation of the arhats’ various attributes and quirks, including Abheda’s gem-spitting mongoose, Panthaka’s elephant, Ajita’s boldly patterned cloak, and Vanavasin’s slippers, which he has removed and hidden under his throne. Three photographs of Tucci inspecting a trove of illustrated manuscripts—found buried in a cave high above Tholing Monastery by expedition photographer Eugenio Ghersi—stand in for the dharma in this exhibition. When Tucci arrived in Tibet nearly 100 years ago, he found a way of life already in danger of disappearing as a result of climate change and war. His extensive photographic record of Tibet’s artifacts, monuments, and people is in some cases the only surviving documentation of a cultural patrimony destroyed following the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1950. (The exhibition press materials fail to mention that from the 1920s until the dictator’s death, Tucci was a supporter of Benito Mussolini and used idealizing interpretations of Asian traditions to promote Fascist agendas. The collection, however, stands on its own.) In the sections devoted to tantric practice, the lamas include Padmasambhava, the towering Tibetan figure said to have brought tantra to Tibet. He features in several paintings; a wonderful thangka from the 1800s shows him appearing several times in the same bucolic landscape, each time in the guise of a different wrathful deity. This work is joined by a rare and beautiful 18th-century Bhutanese lineage tree with its progression of historical masters—one of a number of paintings emphasizing the importance of transmitted knowledge in Tibet’s oral traditions—and a depiction from the 16th or 17th century of four teachers, each with a student. Around them, tiny mahasiddhas, or tantric practitioners, giddily levitate, dance with dakinis, fly through space, and otherwise enjoy the magical fruits of their attainment. The yidams include Green Tara, a popular Tibetan deity. In a thangka from the 1500s, she is surrounded by eight more Green Taras addressing eight perils, including water, imprisonment, and robbers—real dangers that travelers of the time would have encountered, but also metaphors for obstacles encountered on the path to enlightenment. Elsewhere are several beautiful mandalas, aids to navigating the realms of specific deities, and a wonderful 15-century painting of Dorje Jigje, a wrathful, buffalo-headed manifestation of Manjushri, the bodhisattva of wisdom. With his eight right feet, he tramples demons, and with his left he crushes eight kinds of birds. One of them, a goose, can be seen reaching its neck around to nip at his big toe, exacting a small but no doubt painful revenge. Sequestered in a separate gallery, the works in the show’s final, and most exciting, section depict the protectors of the dharma. These ravishing paintings, each a masterpiece, would make a knockout exhibition by themselves, and in a way, they do: they are separated from the rest of the show as they would have been separated from less esoteric images in a Tibetan temple. A 14th-century green-faced Vaisravana, the chief of the Four Heavenly Kings, in pale blue, wine, and lavender military garb and smart white boots sits flanked by eight representations of gardens, each occupied by a beautifully rendered cow. Garuda, a deity imported from pre-Buddhist Tibetan religions, appears twice: once in a finely detailed black and gold rendering from the 1700s,

ul deity. This work is joined by a rare and beautiful 18th-century Bhutanese lineage tree with its progression of historical masters—one of a number of paintings emphasizing the importance of transmitted knowledge in Tibet’s oral traditions—and a depiction from the 16th or 17th century of four teachers, each with a student. Around them, tiny mahasiddhas, or tantric practitioners, giddily levitate, dance with dakinis, fly through space, and otherwise enjoy the magical fruits of their attainment. The yidams include Green Tara, a popular Tibetan deity. In a thangka from the 1500s, she is surrounded by eight more Green Taras addressing eight perils, including water, imprisonment, and robbers—real dangers that travelers of the time would have encountered, but also metaphors for obstacles encountered on the path to enlightenment. Elsewhere are several beautiful mandalas, aids to navigating the realms of specific deities, and a wonderful 15-century painting of Dorje Jigje, a wrathful, buffalo-headed manifestation of Manjushri, the bodhisattva of wisdom. With his eight right feet, he tramples demons, and with his left he crushes eight kinds of birds. One of them, a goose, can be seen reaching its neck around to nip at his big toe, exacting a small but no doubt painful revenge. Sequestered in a separate gallery, the works in the show’s final, and most exciting, section depict the protectors of the dharma. These ravishing paintings, each a masterpiece, would make a knockout exhibition by themselves, and in a way, they do: they are separated from the rest of the show as they would have been separated from less esoteric images in a Tibetan temple. A 14th-century green-faced Vaisravana, the chief of the Four Heavenly Kings, in pale blue, wine, and lavender military garb and smart white boots sits flanked by eight representations of gardens, each occupied by a beautifully rendered cow. Garuda, a deity imported from pre-Buddhist Tibetan religions, appears twice: once in a finely detailed black and gold rendering from the 1700s, and once in a more folkish painting, made 200 years earlier, that emphasizes his stocky body, wild hair, and puffy feathered thighs. The final work is an 18th-century image of the Protectoress of Tibet, Palden Lhamo, who rides a prancing mule through clouds of smoke and fire. Though extraordinarily varied, the artworks in this show are united by the vividness of the worlds and presences they depict. Their believability, paradoxically, underscores the possibility that our own world, so real to us, is itself only an illusion. Unknown Tibet is on view at the Asia Society in New York City through May 20. Sign up for Tricycle’s newsletters Thank you for subscribing to Tricycle! As a nonprofit, we depend on readers like you to keep Buddhist teachings and practices widely available.

and once in a more folkish painting, made 200 years earlier, that emphasizes his stocky body, wild hair, and puffy feathered thighs. The final work is an 18th-century image of the Protectoress of Tibet, Palden Lhamo, who rides a prancing mule through clouds of smoke and fire. Though extraordinarily varied, the artworks in this show are united by the vividness of the worlds and presences they depict. Their believability, paradoxically, underscores the possibility that our own world, so real to us, is itself only an illusion. Unknown Tibet is on view at the Asia Society in New York City through May 20. Sign up for Tricycle’s newsletters Thank you for subscribing to Tricycle! As a nonprofit, we depend on readers like you to keep Buddhist teachings and practices widely available.

Holidays are times of celebration and cheerfulness. In this atmosphere, people have a tendency to feel friendlier and more magnanimous. They may also reflect upon the origin and meaning of the holiday itself. Quite possibly, they may even put those reflections into a more personal context, become introspective, and take a look at what the holiday represents in their own lives. While Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ, it is important to remember that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all based on the very same Old Testament of the Bible. Those faiths all revere the Old Testament as a guide for how to best live our lives. It teaches us lessons about right versus wrong, defining the morals we are encouraged to embrace. Perhaps NOW- during this season of cheerfulness, nostalgia, and enhanced openness toward introspection- is a good time to evaluate our moral code. About the Quiz Answer the following questions honestly, for yourself. No one else need ever know your answers. The point is to see typical moral issues in writing so you are inclined to think about them. When answering, consider ONLY the exceptions noted. Answer Yes or No: Do you believe it is OK to: - Cause physical harm to another person? [Exception: acting in self-defense.] - Impose your own will on another adult person? [Exception: preventing another from harming him/herself or others.] - Purposely cause psychological pain to another using degrading name-calling or by berating them, no matter the reason or impetus to do so? - Treat anyone with incivility or disrespect? - Deliberately lie to another? [Exception: when facing mortal danger.] - Steal from a person, business, or other entity? - Break a promise to an individual or a group of people? [Exception: when facing harm to own psyche or body.] - Make a promise you know you cannot keep, or one you do not intend to honor? - Fail to speak up or intervene for those being harmed by others? [Exception: when doing so might cause even more harm.] - Ignore your own sense of right and wrong, even if you think “the end might justify the means?” Most probably, few of us would answer “yes, it’s OK” to more than a few of these questions. Yet it is just as likely that each of us has done some of the things we believe are wrong. We are human, after all. We rationalize our decisions by defending them and claiming circumstances or other people have “forced” our hand. Nevertheless, deep inside, we know the truth when we decide to LOOK inside and understand ourselves. Introspection is a beautiful thing! It gives us the opportunity to make reparations when we have chosen to ignore our moral compass. As we celebrate the holidays, let us also celebrate each other! We are good and moral people who sometimes need to be forgiven, who sometimes need to forgive. Cherish the chance to be a part of the giving, the receiving. The Golden Rule cannot be wrapped in glitzy paper and bows, but it is the best gift we have to offer.

Oakland is a historic home located near Montpelier, Hanover County, Virginia. It was built in 1898-1846, and is a 1 1/2-story, three bay, frame farmhouse, with a 2 1/2-story, three bay by five bay, rambling wing. It was built on the foundations of a house built in 1812 that was destroyed by fire. Also on the property are a contributing smokehouse and office. Oakland was the home and birthplace of the Virginia novelist, Thomas Nelson Page. A population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. In ecology, the population of a certain species in a certain area is estimated using the Lincoln Index. The area that is used to define a sexual population is defined as the area where inter-breeding is potentially possible between any pair within the area. The probability of interbreeding is greater than the probability of cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. Under normal conditions, breeding is substantially more common within the area than across the border. In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans. Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of human populations. This article refers mainly to human population. Population genetics (ecology) In population genetics a sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. This means that they can regularly exchange gametes to produce normally-fertile offspring, and such a breeding group is also known therefore as a gamodeme. This also implies that all members belong to the same of species, such as humans. If the gamodeme is very large (theoretically, approaching infinity), and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, the gamodeme is said to be panmictic. Under this state, allele (gamete) frequencies can be converted to genotype (zygote) frequencies by expanding an appropriate quadratic equation, as shown by Sir Ronald Fisher in his establishment of quantitative genetics. Population is the second studio album by Canadian indie rock band The Most Serene Republic. It was recorded and mixed by Ryan Mills, Mike Kuehn and Ryan Lenssen at Sleepytown Sound in Toronto. The album was released on October 2, 2007 through Arts & Crafts. This is the first album to feature the band's new rhythm section of Tony Nesbitt-Larking and Simon Lukasewich. The album artwork features the Muji toy "suburbia in a bag".

What is Scoliosis? Scoliosis is an abnormal sideways (lateral) curvature of the spine. The spinal column (backbone) of the patient with this condition curves and twists, so rotating the ribcage. X-rays of individuals with scoliosis show an ‘S’ or a ‘C’ shaped curve rather than a straight line. Scoliosis can be disfiguring and often presents with a hump. Scoliosis affects approximately 2% of the population to some degree but serious noticeable curves are much less common. (see Fig. 1). How is scoliosis managed? Scoliosis is managed according to the presenting factors. For small curves, we start with exercise and regular monitoring. If during monitoring, an increasing curve occurs before or during puberty, then the consultant may advise a spinal brace. Even with regular exercise, monitoring and regular use of braces, some patients whose curves keep progressing may be referred for surgery. What is done during surgery? Surgical treatment usually combines correction and straightening of the curvature and deformity with implanted rods and fusion of the involved vertebrae. This means that the levels fused act as one column of bone. Operations for scoliosis can be carried out from the front (anterior) or the back (posterior). Patients with more severe curvatures might need both an anterior and posterior approach performed. In the hands of a skilled surgeon, neither approach is clearly superior. The consultant will advise you which surgical approach would be most appropriate. Scarring is kept to the minimal for most patients. Invisible sutures are used internally that dissolve and sterri strip plasters are used for the skin. What are the risks of surgery? Surgery in an adult carries a higher rate of complications and risks than in a child or teenager. Immediate risks of surgery include: - Neurological complications; this is the loss of movement in all extremities or just partial loss of function. Neurological complications are rare, but they can occur. To reduce the risk, intraoperative electronic monitoring of spinal cord functioning is used. - Infection; deep wound infections are rare but may require further surgery. - Surface infections are more common and need wound care and antibiotics. - Lung problems; collapse of small portion of the lung is a common cause of fever after surgery. Frequent turning of the patient by the nurses and physiotherapists using techniques to encourage deep breathing and coughing help prevent this. - Ileus (lazy bowel) is a common complication after spinal fusion. To treat this complication, the patient is not allowed to have any food and drink by mouth until the signs of normal bowel function returns, which is usually within three days after surgery. - Temperature change in the foot, leg because of operation e.g. one foot cold and one foot warm as nerves has been disturbed or severed. - Numbness in vicinity of operation site, sensation may return after time. How flexible will I be after surgery? This depends largely on how many vertebrae are fused, and where in the back these vertebrae are located. Fusing just the middle of the back (the thoracic vertebrae) will not significantly impact the forward bending flexibility, since these vertebrae connect to the ribcage which is fairly rigid anyway. Fusing the upper back and neck (the cervical region) will limit the bending and twisting flexibility in your neck somewhat, but usually not severely. The five lumbar vertebrae at the base of the spine are the most important for bending; flexibility and when these are affected by the surgery noticeable stiffness will result. The aim of the surgery is to stabilise the spine by fixing as few vertebrae as possible.

Jean-François Ducis, (born Aug. 22, 1733, Versailles, France—died March 31, 1816, Versailles), French dramatist who made the first sustained effort to present William Shakespeare’s tragedies on the French stage. Although he remodeled the tragedies to the French taste for witty, epigrammatic style and attempted to confine the plays within the “classical unities” (of time, place, and action), such critics as Voltaire still raged against what he called Shakespeare’s “barbarous histrionics.” Nonetheless, Ducis achieved great success with his principal adaptations—from Hamlet (1769), which he saw mainly as a lesson in filial piety, through his works titled Roméo et Juliette (1772), Le Roi Lear (1783), Macbeth (1784), and Othello (1792). Ducis came from a bourgeois family, rising through his position as secretary to several powerful figures of the court. He knew no English and thus was hampered from the start by having to work with the mediocre translations of two contemporaries, Pierre-Antoine de La Place and Pierre Le Tourneur. Aware of his uncomfortable position between an audience with specific tastes and a body of brilliant but largely unfamiliar works in an alien style, he attempted to compromise the plays, buying exposure for them by revising the texts and, in some cases, even by changing the catastrophes. Nevertheless, his adaptations have a certain vigorous eloquence. Of Ducis’s original tragedies, Oedipe chez Admète (1778; “Oedipus at the Home of Admetus”) and Abufar (1795) are considered his best; the first earned him election to the French Academy in succession, ironically, to Voltaire. His complete works, including his beautifully written letters, were edited and published by his friend François-Vincent Campenon (1818 and 1826).

Worried When It Comes To Mucous? Not Sure When you Should Call The Doctor? Green usually means go and when it comes to mucous, some think that green means go to your local family medicine clinic. Many parents think that green mucous signals that your child has a sinus infection and needs medicine immediately. The good news is that that is merely an old wives’ tale and simply isn’t the case. Does Green Mucous Mean Go? Colds or viral respiratory infections can lead to a slew of mucous color changes, including green, yellow, orange, and brown. Family medicine doctors want parents to know that a color change does not immediately signal a serious infection. In fact, the color of the mucous can change several times in the first few days of an illness. If you or your child has had mucous color changes accompanied by a cold, read this information before you rush off to your family doctor. 5 Things To Review • Mucous tends to be the worst in the morning or after a large sneeze. While the sick person has been sleeping, the mucous has been sitting stagnant all night. This is similar to a lake or pond that doesn’t have flowing water. It will turn green. While this may be due in part to some bacteria, it is not a reason to worry right away. • While green mucous in the morning isn’t much of a concern, pay more attention to it in the afternoon and as the cold continues. If a week or more has gone by and the mucous has stayed consistently green, now would be the time to call your family medicine doctor. While there might not be anything wrong, consistently green mucus could be a sign of a more serious infection. • If you notice that green mucous is only coming from one of your child’s nostrils, then it is probably not a medical concern. Toddlers like to stick things up their nostrils and that is usually the cause. Raisins, beans, popcorn kernels, and other food items are often found inside. This usually doesn’t warrant a doctor’s visit unless you can’t get the foreign object out. • Colds tend to last a week, despite anything we do to treat them. For young children, colds can last even longer especially if they are constantly around other children. If your child is hit with a second cold, symptoms can last up to a month. • However, if a cold is accompanied by any other symptoms such as a fever, rapid breathing, wheezing, or worsening symptoms, you should call your family medicine doctor right away. Chances are high that a secondary infection has taken hold and professional treatment is required. Everybody gets sick on occasion However, a simple cold does not usually require medical attention. If you or your child has had green mucous for 10 or more days, then you might want to call a medical professional. This is especially true if there are other symptoms such as a headache, a sore throat, or a fever. While unusual, there are cases where you or your child might need antibiotics. If you have any questions or concerns about you or your child’s respiratory illness or any other illness, don’t hesitate to give our family medicine professionals a call 435.656.5323. We would be more than happy to help you with any health questions you may have. You can also reach out via our contact form You may also want to read: 5 Things You Can Do To Prevent A Cold

Radiation Risks and Pediatric Computed Tomography (CT): A Guide for Health Care Providers The use of pediatric CT, which is a valuable imaging tool, has been increasing rapidly. However, because of the potential for increased radiation exposure to children undergoing these scans, pediatric CT is a public health concern. This page discusses the value of CT and the importance of minimizing the radiation dose, especially in children. It will address the following issues: - CT as a diagnostic tool - Unique considerations for radiation exposure in children - Radiation risks from CT in children - Immediate strategies to minimize CT radiation exposure to children CT as a Diagnostic Tool CT can be a life saving tool for diagnosing illness and injury in children. For an individual child, the risks of CT are small and the individual risk-benefit balance favors the benefit when used appropriately. Approximately 5 to 9 million CT examinations are performed annually on children in the United States. The use of CT in adults and children has increased about eightfold since 1980, with annual growth estimated at about 10 percent per year. Much of this increase is due to its utility in common diseases, as well as to technical improvements. Despite the many benefits of CT, a disadvantage is the inevitable radiation exposure. Although CT scans comprise up to about 12 percent of diagnostic radiological procedures in large U.S. hospitals, it is estimated that they account for approximately 49 percent of the U.S. population's collective radiation dose from all medical x-ray examinations. CT is the largest contributor to medical radiation exposure among the U.S. population. Unique Considerations for Radiation Exposure in Children Radiation exposure is a concern in both adults and children. However, there are three unique considerations in children. - Children are considerably more sensitive to radiation than adults, as demonstrated in epidemiologic studies of exposed populations. - Children have a longer life expectancy than adults, resulting in a larger window of opportunity for expressing radiation damage. - Children may receive a higher radiation dose than necessary if CT settings are not adjusted for their smaller body size. As a result, the risk for developing a radiation-related cancer can be several times higher for a young child compared with an adult exposed to an identical CT scan. In the last decade improvements in CT equipment have allowed for better images at lower doses. The use of appropriate settings has also become much more widespread, resulting in reductions in doses for children. There is no need for higher doses in children, and appropriate settings should always be used. Regardless of the lower doses, multiple scans to an individual patient present a particular concern. In addition, the use of more than one scan (that is, more than one contrast "phase") during a single examination will further increase the radiation dose. In the vast majority of cases, a single scan should be sufficient during pediatric CT. Radiation Risks from CT in Children Major national and international organizations responsible for evaluating radiation risks agree that there probably is no low-dose radiation "threshold" for inducing cancers. In other words, no amount of radiation should be considered absolutely safe. The first study to assess directly the risk of cancer after CT scans in childhood found a clear dose-response relationship for both leukemia and brain tumors: risk increased with increasing cumulative radiation dose. For a cumulative dose of between 50 and 60 milligray or mGy (mGy is a unit of estimated absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) to the head, the investigators reported a threefold increase in the risk of brain tumors; the same dose to bone marrow (the part of the body responsible for generating blood cells) resulted in a threefold increase in the risk of leukemia. For both findings, the comparison group consisted of individuals who had cumulative doses of less than 5 mGy to the relevant regions of the body. The number of CT sca

ulting in a larger window of opportunity for expressing radiation damage. - Children may receive a higher radiation dose than necessary if CT settings are not adjusted for their smaller body size. As a result, the risk for developing a radiation-related cancer can be several times higher for a young child compared with an adult exposed to an identical CT scan. In the last decade improvements in CT equipment have allowed for better images at lower doses. The use of appropriate settings has also become much more widespread, resulting in reductions in doses for children. There is no need for higher doses in children, and appropriate settings should always be used. Regardless of the lower doses, multiple scans to an individual patient present a particular concern. In addition, the use of more than one scan (that is, more than one contrast "phase") during a single examination will further increase the radiation dose. In the vast majority of cases, a single scan should be sufficient during pediatric CT. Radiation Risks from CT in Children Major national and international organizations responsible for evaluating radiation risks agree that there probably is no low-dose radiation "threshold" for inducing cancers. In other words, no amount of radiation should be considered absolutely safe. The first study to assess directly the risk of cancer after CT scans in childhood found a clear dose-response relationship for both leukemia and brain tumors: risk increased with increasing cumulative radiation dose. For a cumulative dose of between 50 and 60 milligray or mGy (mGy is a unit of estimated absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) to the head, the investigators reported a threefold increase in the risk of brain tumors; the same dose to bone marrow (the part of the body responsible for generating blood cells) resulted in a threefold increase in the risk of leukemia. For both findings, the comparison group consisted of individuals who had cumulative doses of less than 5 mGy to the relevant regions of the body. The number of CT scans required to give a cumulative dose of 50-60mGy depends on the type of CT scan, the age of the patient, and the scanner settings. If typical current scanner settings are used for head CT in children, then two to three head CT scans would result in a dose of 50-60mGy to the brain. The same dose to red bone marrow would be produced by five to 10 head CT scans, using current scanner settings for children under age 15. Previously, the potential cancer risk from CT use has been estimated using risk projection models derived primarily from studies of survivors of the atomic bomb explosions in Japan. The risks observed in the study described above were consistent with those previous estimates. It is important to stress that the absolute cancer risks associated with CT scans are small. The lifetime risks of cancer due to CT scans, which have been estimated in the literature using projection models based on atomic bomb survivors, are about 1 case of cancer for every 1,000 people who are scanned, with a maximum incidence of about 1 case of cancer for every 500 people who are scanned. The benefits of properly performed and clinically justified CT examinations should always outweigh the risks for an individual child; unnecessary exposure is associated with unnecessary risk. Minimizing radiation exposure from pediatric CT, whenever possible, will reduce the projected number of CT-related cancers. Immediate Measures to Minimize CT Radiation Exposure in Children Physicians, other pediatric health care providers, CT technologists, CT manufacturers, and various medical and governmental organizations share the responsibility to minimize CT radiation doses to children. Several immediate steps can be taken to reduce the amount of radiation that children receive from CT examinations: - Perform only necessary CT examinations. Communication between pediatric health care providers and radiologists can determine the need for CT and the technique to be used. There are standard indications for CT in children, and radiologists should revi

ns required to give a cumulative dose of 50-60mGy depends on the type of CT scan, the age of the patient, and the scanner settings. If typical current scanner settings are used for head CT in children, then two to three head CT scans would result in a dose of 50-60mGy to the brain. The same dose to red bone marrow would be produced by five to 10 head CT scans, using current scanner settings for children under age 15. Previously, the potential cancer risk from CT use has been estimated using risk projection models derived primarily from studies of survivors of the atomic bomb explosions in Japan. The risks observed in the study described above were consistent with those previous estimates. It is important to stress that the absolute cancer risks associated with CT scans are small. The lifetime risks of cancer due to CT scans, which have been estimated in the literature using projection models based on atomic bomb survivors, are about 1 case of cancer for every 1,000 people who are scanned, with a maximum incidence of about 1 case of cancer for every 500 people who are scanned. The benefits of properly performed and clinically justified CT examinations should always outweigh the risks for an individual child; unnecessary exposure is associated with unnecessary risk. Minimizing radiation exposure from pediatric CT, whenever possible, will reduce the projected number of CT-related cancers. Immediate Measures to Minimize CT Radiation Exposure in Children Physicians, other pediatric health care providers, CT technologists, CT manufacturers, and various medical and governmental organizations share the responsibility to minimize CT radiation doses to children. Several immediate steps can be taken to reduce the amount of radiation that children receive from CT examinations: - Perform only necessary CT examinations. Communication between pediatric health care providers and radiologists can determine the need for CT and the technique to be used. There are standard indications for CT in children, and radiologists should review reasons prior to every pediatric scan and be available for consultation when indications are uncertain. When appropriate, other modalities such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which do not use ionizing radiation, should be considered. - Adjust exposure parameters for pediatric CT based on - Child size: guidelines based on individual size / weight parameters should be used. - Region scanned: the region of the body scanned should be limited to the smallest necessary area. - Organ systems scanned: lower mA and/or kVp settings should be considered for skeletal, lung imaging, and some CT angiographic and follow up examinations. - Scan resolution: the highest quality images (i.e., those that require the most radiation) are not always required to make diagnoses. In many cases, lower-resolution scans are diagnostic. Providers should be familiar with the dose descriptors available on CT scanners and minimize the use of CT examinations that use multiple scans obtained during different phases of contrast enhancement (multiphase examinations). These multiphase examinations result in a considerable increase in dose and are rarely necessary, especially in body (chest and abdomen) imaging. Long-Term Strategies to Minimize CT Radiation In addition to the immediate measures to reduce CT radiation exposure in children, long-term strategies are also needed. - Encourage the development and adoption of pediatric CT protocols. - Encourage the use of selective strategies for pediatric imaging, such as for the pre-surgical evaluation of appendicitis. - Educate through journal publications and conferences within and outside radiology specialties to optimize exposure settings and assess the need for CT in an individual patient. Disseminate information through associations, organizations, or societies involved in health care of children, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, , and the American College of Emergency Physicians. Provide readily available information sour

ew reasons prior to every pediatric scan and be available for consultation when indications are uncertain. When appropriate, other modalities such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which do not use ionizing radiation, should be considered. - Adjust exposure parameters for pediatric CT based on - Child size: guidelines based on individual size / weight parameters should be used. - Region scanned: the region of the body scanned should be limited to the smallest necessary area. - Organ systems scanned: lower mA and/or kVp settings should be considered for skeletal, lung imaging, and some CT angiographic and follow up examinations. - Scan resolution: the highest quality images (i.e., those that require the most radiation) are not always required to make diagnoses. In many cases, lower-resolution scans are diagnostic. Providers should be familiar with the dose descriptors available on CT scanners and minimize the use of CT examinations that use multiple scans obtained during different phases of contrast enhancement (multiphase examinations). These multiphase examinations result in a considerable increase in dose and are rarely necessary, especially in body (chest and abdomen) imaging. Long-Term Strategies to Minimize CT Radiation In addition to the immediate measures to reduce CT radiation exposure in children, long-term strategies are also needed. - Encourage the development and adoption of pediatric CT protocols. - Encourage the use of selective strategies for pediatric imaging, such as for the pre-surgical evaluation of appendicitis. - Educate through journal publications and conferences within and outside radiology specialties to optimize exposure settings and assess the need for CT in an individual patient. Disseminate information through associations, organizations, or societies involved in health care of children, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, , and the American College of Emergency Physicians. Provide readily available information sources, such as the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging. - Conduct further research to determine the relationship between CT quality and dose, to customize CT scanning for individual children, and to further clarify the relationship between CT radiation and cancer risk. Although CT remains a crucial tool for pediatric diagnosis, it is important for the health care community to work together to minimize the radiation dose to children. Radiologists should continually think about reducing exposure as low as reasonably achievable by using exposure settings customized for children. All physicians who prescribe pediatric CT should continually assess its use on a case-by-case basis. Used prudently and optimally, CT is one of the most valuable imaging modalities for both children and adults. Society for Pediatric Radiology 1891 Preston White Drive Reston, Virginia 20191 Amis ES, Jr., Butler PF, Applegate KE, et al. American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. Journal of the American College of Radiology 2007; 4:272-284. Arch ME, Frush DP. Pediatric body MDCT: A 5-year follow-up survey of scanning parameters used by pediatric radiologists. American Journal of Roentgenology 2008:191;611-617 Berrington de Gonzále. A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, Bhargavan M, Lewis R, Mettler F, Land C. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009; 169: 2071-7. Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003; 100:13761-13766. Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:289-296. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Current concepts - Computed tomography - An increasing source of radiation exposure. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 357:2277-2284. Brody AS, Frush D

ces, such as the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging. - Conduct further research to determine the relationship between CT quality and dose, to customize CT scanning for individual children, and to further clarify the relationship between CT radiation and cancer risk. Although CT remains a crucial tool for pediatric diagnosis, it is important for the health care community to work together to minimize the radiation dose to children. Radiologists should continually think about reducing exposure as low as reasonably achievable by using exposure settings customized for children. All physicians who prescribe pediatric CT should continually assess its use on a case-by-case basis. Used prudently and optimally, CT is one of the most valuable imaging modalities for both children and adults. Society for Pediatric Radiology 1891 Preston White Drive Reston, Virginia 20191 Amis ES, Jr., Butler PF, Applegate KE, et al. American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. Journal of the American College of Radiology 2007; 4:272-284. Arch ME, Frush DP. Pediatric body MDCT: A 5-year follow-up survey of scanning parameters used by pediatric radiologists. American Journal of Roentgenology 2008:191;611-617 Berrington de Gonzále. A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, Bhargavan M, Lewis R, Mettler F, Land C. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009; 169: 2071-7. Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003; 100:13761-13766. Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:289-296. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Current concepts - Computed tomography - An increasing source of radiation exposure. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 357:2277-2284. Brody AS, Frush DP, Huda W, Brent RL, Radiology AAoPSo. Radiation risk to children from computed tomography. Pediatrics 2007; 120:677-682. Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, et al. The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: Estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiation Research 2007; 167:396-416. Chodick G, Ronckers C, Ron E, Shalev V. The utilization of pediatric computed tomography in a large Israeli Health Maintenance Organization. Pediatric Radiology 2006; 36:485-490. Chodick G, Ronckers CM, Shalev V, Ron E. Excess lifetime cancer mortality risk attributable to radiation exposure from computed tomography examinations in children. Israel Medical Association Journal 2007; 9:584-587. da Costa e Silva EJ, da Silva GA. Eliminating unenhanced CT when evaluating abdominal neoplasms in children. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007; 189:1211-1214. Donnelly LF, Emery KH, Brody AS, et al. Minimizing radiation dose for pediatric body applications of single-detector helical CT: Strategies at a large children's hospital. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:303-306. Frush DP, Applegate K. Computed tomography and radiation: understanding the issues. Journal of the American College of Radiology 2004; 1:113-119. Frush DP, Donnelly LF, Rosen NS. Computed tomography and radiation risks: What pediatric health care providers should know. Pediatrics 2003; 112:951-957. Garcia Peña BM, Cook EF, Mandl KD. Selective imaging strategies for the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Pediatrics 2004; 113:24-28. Goske MJ, Applegate KE, Boylan J, et al. The 'Image Gently' campaign: increasing CT radiation dose awareness through a national education and awareness program. Pediatric Radiology 2008; 38:265-269. Huda W, Vance A. Patient radiation doses from adult and pediatric CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007; 188:540-546. Larson DB, Rader SB, Forman HP, Fenton LZ. Informing parents about CT radiation exposure in children: It's OK to tell them. American Journal of Roentgenology

P, Huda W, Brent RL, Radiology AAoPSo. Radiation risk to children from computed tomography. Pediatrics 2007; 120:677-682. Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, et al. The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: Estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiation Research 2007; 167:396-416. Chodick G, Ronckers C, Ron E, Shalev V. The utilization of pediatric computed tomography in a large Israeli Health Maintenance Organization. Pediatric Radiology 2006; 36:485-490. Chodick G, Ronckers CM, Shalev V, Ron E. Excess lifetime cancer mortality risk attributable to radiation exposure from computed tomography examinations in children. Israel Medical Association Journal 2007; 9:584-587. da Costa e Silva EJ, da Silva GA. Eliminating unenhanced CT when evaluating abdominal neoplasms in children. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007; 189:1211-1214. Donnelly LF, Emery KH, Brody AS, et al. Minimizing radiation dose for pediatric body applications of single-detector helical CT: Strategies at a large children's hospital. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:303-306. Frush DP, Applegate K. Computed tomography and radiation: understanding the issues. Journal of the American College of Radiology 2004; 1:113-119. Frush DP, Donnelly LF, Rosen NS. Computed tomography and radiation risks: What pediatric health care providers should know. Pediatrics 2003; 112:951-957. Garcia Peña BM, Cook EF, Mandl KD. Selective imaging strategies for the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Pediatrics 2004; 113:24-28. Goske MJ, Applegate KE, Boylan J, et al. The 'Image Gently' campaign: increasing CT radiation dose awareness through a national education and awareness program. Pediatric Radiology 2008; 38:265-269. Huda W, Vance A. Patient radiation doses from adult and pediatric CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007; 188:540-546. Larson DB, Rader SB, Forman HP, Fenton LZ. Informing parents about CT radiation exposure in children: It's OK to tell them. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007; 189:271-275. McNitt-Gray MF. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: Topics in CT - Radiation dose in CT1. Radiographics 2002; 22:1541-1553. Mettler FA, Jr., Wiest PW, Locken JA, Kelsey CA. CT scanning: patterns of use and dose. Journal of Radiological Protection 2000; 20:353-359. NAS. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2005. NCRP. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. NCRP Report 160. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Bethesda, Maryland, 2009. Paterson A, Frush DP, Donnelly LF. Helical CT of the body: Are settings adjusted for pediatric patients? American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:297-301. Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (published online June 7th 2012). Pierce DA, Preston DL. Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiation Research 2000; 154:178-186. Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, et al. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiation Research 2007; 168:1-64. Rogers LF. Taking care of children: Check out the parameters used for helical CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:287-287. Slovis TL. The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept in pediatric CT intelligent dose reduction. Multidisciplinary conference organized by the Society of Pediatric Radiology. August 18-19, 2001. Pediatric Radiology 2002; 32:217-317. Strauss KJ, Goske MJ. Estimated pediatric radiation dose during CT. Pediatric Radiology 2011; 41(suppl2):S472-482. Thomas KE, Wang BB. Age-specific effective doses for pediatric MSCT examinations at a large children's hospital using DLP conversion coefficients: a simple estimation method. Pediatric Radiology 2008; 38:645-656.

2007; 189:271-275. McNitt-Gray MF. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: Topics in CT - Radiation dose in CT1. Radiographics 2002; 22:1541-1553. Mettler FA, Jr., Wiest PW, Locken JA, Kelsey CA. CT scanning: patterns of use and dose. Journal of Radiological Protection 2000; 20:353-359. NAS. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2005. NCRP. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. NCRP Report 160. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Bethesda, Maryland, 2009. Paterson A, Frush DP, Donnelly LF. Helical CT of the body: Are settings adjusted for pediatric patients? American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:297-301. Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (published online June 7th 2012). Pierce DA, Preston DL. Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiation Research 2000; 154:178-186. Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, et al. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiation Research 2007; 168:1-64. Rogers LF. Taking care of children: Check out the parameters used for helical CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:287-287. Slovis TL. The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept in pediatric CT intelligent dose reduction. Multidisciplinary conference organized by the Society of Pediatric Radiology. August 18-19, 2001. Pediatric Radiology 2002; 32:217-317. Strauss KJ, Goske MJ. Estimated pediatric radiation dose during CT. Pediatric Radiology 2011; 41(suppl2):S472-482. Thomas KE, Wang BB. Age-specific effective doses for pediatric MSCT examinations at a large children's hospital using DLP conversion coefficients: a simple estimation method. Pediatric Radiology 2008; 38:645-656.

Accurate initiation of translation in eukaryotes is complex and requires many factors, some of which are composed of multiple subunits. The process is simpler in prokaryotes which have only three initiation factors (IF1, IF2, IF3). Two of these factors are conserved in eukaryotes: the homolog of IF1 is eIF1A and the homolog of IF2 is eIF5B. This gene encodes eIF5B. Factors eIF1A and eIF5B interact on the ribosome along with other initiation factors and GTP to position the initiation methionine tRNA on the start codon of the mRNA so that translation initiates accurately.

ISSN 10214437, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2014, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 289–297. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2014. Sugars provide energy and carbon skeletons for plant growth and also behave as signaling molecules [1, 2]. Sucrose, an essential photosynthesis product, is the primary sugar transported in various vascular plants. Sucrose is converted by sucrose synthase into UDPglucose and fructose or by invertase into glucose and fructose to support tissue development and func tioning . Consequently, free fructose is phosphory lated by hexokinase (HXK, EC 18.104.22.168) or fructoki nase (FRK, EC 22.214.171.124) for further metabolism. How ever, fructose is primarily phosphorylated by FRKs because the affinity of FRKs for fructose is much higher than that of HXKs . Plant FRK enzymes have been purified from , soybean, maize, sugarcane, etc. and analyzed [5, 6]. FRK genes have been identified from several plants, such as tomato and citrus . Tomato is the first plant species, from which four FRK genes, This text was submitted by the authors in English. , were isolated and characterized [8–11]. Among these genes, major FRKencoding genes expressed in most tissues, exhibits the highest expression in leaves and apices. is required for stem xylem development as well as sugar metabolism [12, 13]. and their corresponding isozymes are found in tomato fruits . expressed in stamens . is located on chro – on chromosome 6, on chromosome 2, – on chromosome 10 . Subcellular analysis showed that LeFRK3 is located within plastids, whereas LeFRK1, LeFRK4 are located in the cytosol. Hence, fruc tose phosphorylation is not confined to special intrac ellular localizations . Different expression patterns were also exhibited by four apple FRK genes had similar expression patterns, was expressed significantly higher in shoot tips than in mature leaves. highly expressed in young fruits than in mature fruits. had a significant function in the efficient uti lization of fructose in shoot tips and young fruit. might provide fructose for sucrose synthesis Isolation and Induced Expression of a Fructokinase Gene Q. P. Qin, Y. Y. Cui, L. L. Zhang, F. F. Lin, and Q. X. Lai School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300 China The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, China; fax: 08657163741276; email: [email protected], [email protected] Received January 29, 2013 —Fructose is essential for plant development as well as for fruit sugar composition and fruit quality. Fructose is one of the major sugars in the mature loquat ( Lindl.) fruit, which is popular because of its flavor and availability in early summer. The elucidation of the mechanism of fructose metabo lism is of great importance for fruit quality improving. Fructose is primarily phosphorylated by fructokinase (FRK). In order to understand the fructose metabolism in the loquat fruit, a putative loquat FRK fulllength cDNA designated as was isolated in this study. The encoding FRK possesses conserved regions inherent to plant FRKs. Transient expression of 35S: GFP fusion protein in onion epidermal cells was mainly expressed in the cytosol. The realtime RTPCR analysis indicated that was expressed in all loquat tissues. Monitoring the dynamic changes of transcripts and FRK enzymatic activities demonstrated that expression was at a relative high level during early fruit devel opmental stages and dropped to the lower level during maturation, similar with the changes in FRK activity, which was opposite to the fructose levels during fruit development. The results indicated that the high FRK enzymatic activity was not conducive to fructose accumulation in loquat fruit. The transcript level in leaves of loquat seedlings was significantly enhanced after 6 h of treatment with 10 and 100 mM fructose or glucose, which indicates that is modulated by fructose and glucose in vivo. Keywords: Eriobotrya japonica , fructokinase, glycolysis, sugar meta

crose synthesis Isolation and Induced Expression of a Fructokinase Gene Q. P. Qin, Y. Y. Cui, L. L. Zhang, F. F. Lin, and Q. X. Lai School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300 China The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, China; fax: 08657163741276; email: [email protected], [email protected] Received January 29, 2013 —Fructose is essential for plant development as well as for fruit sugar composition and fruit quality. Fructose is one of the major sugars in the mature loquat ( Lindl.) fruit, which is popular because of its flavor and availability in early summer. The elucidation of the mechanism of fructose metabo lism is of great importance for fruit quality improving. Fructose is primarily phosphorylated by fructokinase (FRK). In order to understand the fructose metabolism in the loquat fruit, a putative loquat FRK fulllength cDNA designated as was isolated in this study. The encoding FRK possesses conserved regions inherent to plant FRKs. Transient expression of 35S: GFP fusion protein in onion epidermal cells was mainly expressed in the cytosol. The realtime RTPCR analysis indicated that was expressed in all loquat tissues. Monitoring the dynamic changes of transcripts and FRK enzymatic activities demonstrated that expression was at a relative high level during early fruit devel opmental stages and dropped to the lower level during maturation, similar with the changes in FRK activity, which was opposite to the fructose levels during fruit development. The results indicated that the high FRK enzymatic activity was not conducive to fructose accumulation in loquat fruit. The transcript level in leaves of loquat seedlings was significantly enhanced after 6 h of treatment with 10 and 100 mM fructose or glucose, which indicates that is modulated by fructose and glucose in vivo. Keywords: Eriobotrya japonica , fructokinase, glycolysis, sugar metabolism : DAF—days after flowering; FRK—fructokinase; RACE—Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends; SDH—sorbitol dehydrogenase; S6PDH—sorbitol6phosphate dehydrogenase.

bolism : DAF—days after flowering; FRK—fructokinase; RACE—Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends; SDH—sorbitol dehydrogenase; S6PDH—sorbitol6phosphate dehydrogenase.

What exactly is Demolition? Demolition is a complex set of tasks involving structural dismantlement, site clearance, environmental remediation, salvage, recycling, and industrial recovery. Demolition is a highly sophisticated craft which involves the use of hydraulic equipment with specialized attachments, cranes, loaders, wrecking balls and in some cases explosives. What is in the Demolition Commodity Stream? As most of the materials generated on a demolition project have a market value they are not considered waste. On most demolition projects 90% of this material is recycled, salvaged or reused. Typical commodities generated on a demolition project site include: Concrete and other aggregate materials including brick, porcelain, etc. Metals including iron, steel, copper, brass, bronze and other exotic metallic commodities Flooring and carpets Wiring and conduit What is Interior Demolition? Interior demolition is the non-structural demolishing of spaces within a structure usually in preparation for reuse and upgrading of the space. This work includes interior wall and ceiling removal, demolition of flooring and some utility services, salvage, and selective structural demolition. What is Explosive Demolition or Implosion? The use of explosives to implode a structure is a relatively small part of the demolition process however, it can prove very effective and time efficient. It is a highly specialized part of the demolition process requiring an in-depth knowledge of the nature of structures and the use of explosives. Contractors performing this work, often as subcontractors to a conventional demolition company who perform the site preparation and clearance work are usually licensed professionals. What is Industrial Demolition? Industrial demolition is the dismantlement of structures or facilities used in the production of goods. This work can be done at chemical plants, oil refineries, manufacturing facilities and the like. It often involves the environmental remediation of hazardous substances that were part of the industrial process and potentially contaminated the site. Industrial demolition can be a complex undertaking involving sophisticated engineering, specialized rigging, and complex industrial hygiene requirements. What is a High Reach and how is it used in Demolition? High reach units can involve the use of super long boom arms with specialized hydraulic attachments mounted on excavator platforms. These units are designed to allow access to tall structures, often 20 stories or more, and safe demolition of the building within its footprint. What is Commercial Demolition? Commercial demolition is the partial or complete dismantlement of commercial properties such as office buildings, shopping malls, hotels and the like. What is Deconstruction? Deconstruction is defined as the labor-intensive demolition of a structure in order to maximize the amount of potentially recyclable materials from the building. It often involved a considerable amount of hand demolition and sort separation in preparation for marketing the structure’s components. How exactly are Demolition and Deconstruction Different? Considering that conventional demolition contractors routinely recycled up to 90% of the material generated on a typical demolition site, there is little difference between the two methods of demolition save the labor-intensive nature of deconstruction. Is Demolition a Regulated Industry? Demolition contractors are some of the most regulated construction industry professionals. As they are working on structures that are often damaged by fire, weather, or structural deficiency, most demolition projects require permit review by local municipal building departments. As demolition contractors handle hazardous materials and toxic substances there are a host of municipal, state and federal environmental regulations that govern the industry’s operations. As demolition is a dynamic craft and contractors are dealing with a variety of structures, the industry’s health and safety regulations are very strong. Many states have their own he