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Arsenic contamination is one of the biggest issue Indian people are facing in drinking water. Central Groundwater Board published a report which states that 21 states in our country are facing this issue and have arsenic levels higher than normal. The first case of contamination of Arsenic in groundwater was observed in 1983 in West Bengal. After that several other states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh of Ganga River basin, and Assam and Manipur of Brahmaputra basin have also registered the case of arsenic pollution in their groundwater. Arsenic Contamination: A major issue on the groundwater of the Indian peninsula The situation is getting worse with every passing day according to a survey by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, which implies that about 9.6 m people in West Bengal, 1.6 m in Assam, 1.2 m in Bihar, 0.5 m in Uttar Pradesh, and 0.012m in Jharkhand are at the risk of danger. World Health Organization has given the guideline that the permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water is 10 parts per billion while the Indian government recorded it to be 50ppb which is five times higher, hand pumps of Buxar (a district in Bihar) found to have the highest arsenic contamination of 1500 parts per billion. However, the main highlight of this whole propaganda is to let you all know that the contamination of groundwater has entered the food chain. The reason behind the penetration of arsenic in our food is that farmers use the contaminated water for irrigation purposes and coincidentally Ganga and Brahmaputra plains are the ideal surface for agriculture of various fields and horticultural crops such as rice, wheat, maize, etc. But what actually grown is crops containing hazardous arsenic. Talking about the health issue caused by this whole scenario is that, Arsenic has been found to be leading to various forms of cancer in India. Specifically skin cancer and cancer of lungs, kidney, and bladder. Several common symptoms like keratosis and pigmentation, which cause hardening of the skin of the palm and soles of feet. It also leads to few other diseases like vascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Our government is only showing interest in drinking water for the checkup of arsenic contamination. Each hand pumps and tubewell have been tested and marked as safe or unsafe considering the level of arsenic present in water. But this is not enough as the water used for agricultural means has been observed as a major loophole in the surrounding. To solve this issue up to maximum extent government must conduct a closure study towards the water used for agriculture as well, which will prevent it from entering our food chain. Apart from that, it is our responsibility as well to keep an eye on these and be wise enough to save ourselves and our surroundings from any unusual health impact. Ignoring this can be a reason to destroy the environment with this poison.

During the summer months, many of us spend our tie searching for the most effective ways to tan, always on the hunt for the next most efficient way to catch a bronzed glow. Whether it’s checking up on the UV index or finding hack for a suntan, there’s always something. But can you tan through a window? How do you get a suntan? Before we take a look at whether you can tan through a window, it’s worth finding out how your skin tans in the first place. While you may believe the Sun’s brightness and heat affects how you tan, the real reason behind a suntan is actually the Sun’s UV rays, which aren’t quite the same as the Sun’s visible light. When you go outside on a hot day, many people believe that this increases your chance of tanning and, while this often does correlate, your suntan is actually caused by UV rays – UVA and UVB. These are emitted by the Sun and the majority of them are filtered by the Earth’s atmosphere. However, the small percentage of UV rays which do penetrate the atmosphere are very strong. They proceed to penetrate just below your skin’s surface until they reach small structures known as melanocytes. When the UV rays reach the melanocytes, they trigger the production of melanin, a natural pigment which causes your skin to turn darker, leaving you with a tan. We all know this process takes place when you’re outside, exposed to these UV rays coming from the Sun, but have you ever considered whether the same thing could happen indoors, too? Let’s take a look to see if you can get your suntan from the comfort of your own home – inside. Can you tan through a window? In theory, you’d think the answer to this question is simple, as windows are just clear, so you may automatically assume it’s true. However, the answer is a little more complicated than that, so it’s time to look at the science behind it. |Varies based on coating |Varies based on coating As we mentioned earlier, the Sun emits two different types of UV rays: UVA and UVB, and they both interact slightly differently with your skin. Generally, UVB rays don’t penetrate the skin as deeply, and tend to be responsible for more of the short-term damage – sunburns – while UVA rays tend to radiate further into the skin and trigger melanin production. When it comes to tanning through a window, it’s believed that the average glass pane absorbs somewhere around 97 percent of UVB rays, meaning much less of these are able to actually reach your skin’s surface. Therefore, when exposed to the Sun through glass, you’re much less likely to sunburn, as just a tiny percent of these sunburn-causing rays actually makes it to your skin. On the other hand, most panes of glass are said to absorb around 37 percent of UVA. Meaning most of this radiation still makes it through to your skin. Because UVA is usually the tanning component of UV rays, this means it can, in fact, be possible to achieve a suntan through a window. However, because a lower percentage makes its way to your skin, this process won’t happen as quickly. Also read: Tanning with UV Index of 5: Is it Possible? Can you tan through tinted glass? We’ve established that regular windows do allow suntanning to take place, but how about tinted windows? These windows tend to let in much less light, so do they filter even more UV radiation too? One thing that makes it difficult to determine whether you’ll be able to tan through a tinted window is the fact that tinted windows can have varied opacities, and these cover a large range. |Influence on Tanning Potential through a Window |Some UV radiation can penetrate certain types of glass |Different types of glass may vary in UV transmission |Sun exposure and UV transmission can vary based on window direction |Duration of Exposure |Longer periods near a window can potentially lead to some tanning If you’re exposed to the sun through tinted windows, you’re much less likely to tan than through non-tinted glass, as even more of the UV rays are blocked by the tint. It’s also worth noting that, in some types of glass, such as car windows, less UV is able to penetrate as they’

y, UVB rays don’t penetrate the skin as deeply, and tend to be responsible for more of the short-term damage – sunburns – while UVA rays tend to radiate further into the skin and trigger melanin production. When it comes to tanning through a window, it’s believed that the average glass pane absorbs somewhere around 97 percent of UVB rays, meaning much less of these are able to actually reach your skin’s surface. Therefore, when exposed to the Sun through glass, you’re much less likely to sunburn, as just a tiny percent of these sunburn-causing rays actually makes it to your skin. On the other hand, most panes of glass are said to absorb around 37 percent of UVA. Meaning most of this radiation still makes it through to your skin. Because UVA is usually the tanning component of UV rays, this means it can, in fact, be possible to achieve a suntan through a window. However, because a lower percentage makes its way to your skin, this process won’t happen as quickly. Also read: Tanning with UV Index of 5: Is it Possible? Can you tan through tinted glass? We’ve established that regular windows do allow suntanning to take place, but how about tinted windows? These windows tend to let in much less light, so do they filter even more UV radiation too? One thing that makes it difficult to determine whether you’ll be able to tan through a tinted window is the fact that tinted windows can have varied opacities, and these cover a large range. |Influence on Tanning Potential through a Window |Some UV radiation can penetrate certain types of glass |Different types of glass may vary in UV transmission |Sun exposure and UV transmission can vary based on window direction |Duration of Exposure |Longer periods near a window can potentially lead to some tanning If you’re exposed to the sun through tinted windows, you’re much less likely to tan than through non-tinted glass, as even more of the UV rays are blocked by the tint. It’s also worth noting that, in some types of glass, such as car windows, less UV is able to penetrate as they’re specifically designed to prevent this. So, in conclusion, if you’re trying to tan through tinted glass, you probably won’t be very successful as little UV will reach your skin. In conclusion, it’s clear to see that you can get a tan through a window, to an extent, but this generally won’t happen to the same extent as it would when you’re outside. It’s worth noting in case you wish to protect your skin from the Sun whilst indoors, but you probably won’t achieve a super dark tan. If you’re looking for the safest, quickest way to achieve a holiday glow, why not reach for your self-tanner, instead.

re specifically designed to prevent this. So, in conclusion, if you’re trying to tan through tinted glass, you probably won’t be very successful as little UV will reach your skin. In conclusion, it’s clear to see that you can get a tan through a window, to an extent, but this generally won’t happen to the same extent as it would when you’re outside. It’s worth noting in case you wish to protect your skin from the Sun whilst indoors, but you probably won’t achieve a super dark tan. If you’re looking for the safest, quickest way to achieve a holiday glow, why not reach for your self-tanner, instead.

India’s accidental Missile launch can trigger nuclear war between Pakistan and India: US research report Last month, while most of the world focused on the war in Ukraine and worried that a beleaguered Russian leadership might resort to nuclear weapons, thus escalating the conflict into a direct war with the U.S.-led NATO nuclear-armed alliance, a nearly tragic accident involving India and Pakistan pointed to another path to nuclear war. The accident highlighted how complex technological systems, including those involving nuclear weapons, can generate unexpected routes to potential disaster—especially when managed by overconfident organizations. India and Pakistan possess more than 300 nuclear weapons link between them, and have fought multiple wars and faced many military crises. On March 9, two years after their dispute over Kashmir escalated into attacks by jet fighters link, the Pakistan Air Force detected link high speed flying object” inside Indian territory change course and veer suddenly toward Pakistan. It flew deep into Pakistan and crashed. The object was a BrahMos cruise missile link, a weapon system developed jointly by India and Russia. India soon stated the launch was an accident link . The firing of the BrahMos missile falls within a long history of accidents involving military systems in India. Military aircraft link have strayed across the borders during peacetime. India’s first nuclear submarine was reportedly “crippled link” by an accident in 2018, but the government refused to divulge link any details. Secrecy has prevented the investigation of an apparent failure of India's ballistic missile defence system link 2016. Engagements between India and Pakistan can arise from such accidents, as in 1999 when a Pakistani military plane was shot down link along the border by India, killing 16 people. Pakistan has had its share of accidents, including a Pakistani fighter jet crashing link the capital city in 2020. Advertisement All these weapons systems are inherently accident-prone because of two characteristics identified by organizational sociologist Charles Perrow decades ago—interactive complexity and tight coupling—that combine to make accidents a “normal” feature of the operation of some hazardous technologies. The first characteristic refers to the possibility that different parts of the system can affect each other in unexpected ways, thus producing unanticipated outcomes. The second makes it hard to stop the resulting sequence of events. For Perrow, “the dangerous accidents lie in the system, not in the components link,” and are inevitable. Perhaps the best and most troubling proof of this proposition is in the realm of nuclear weapons link embody all the properties of high-risk technological systems. Despite decades of efforts to ensure safety, these systems have suffered many failures, accidents link and close calls link. During 1979–1980, for example, there were several false warnings of Soviet missile attacks link, some of which resulted in U.S. nuclear forces being put on alert. Illustrating political theorist Benoît Pelopidas’s observation that luck has long played a “crucial role ... in preserving the world from nuclear devastation link,” the BrahMos accident was not more consequential because of three lucky circumstances. First, the missile was not armed with a warhead. Second, the accident occurred during peacetime, not during a bout of armed conflict or a period of military tension between the two countries; had that been the case, the Pakistani military might have interpreted it as a deliberate attack and responded militarily. Third, BrahMos apparently is not designed to carry nuclear weapons. But India link has cruise missiles that can carry nuclear warheads, as does Pakistan link . Compounding the risk is the mobility of India’s expanding fleet of nuclear capable missiles link. These can be launched quickly from specially developed vehicles link that move around on roads or rails—meaning that military planners in Pakistan and China, the nuclear-armed neighbors against whom India has war

racteristics identified by organizational sociologist Charles Perrow decades ago—interactive complexity and tight coupling—that combine to make accidents a “normal” feature of the operation of some hazardous technologies. The first characteristic refers to the possibility that different parts of the system can affect each other in unexpected ways, thus producing unanticipated outcomes. The second makes it hard to stop the resulting sequence of events. For Perrow, “the dangerous accidents lie in the system, not in the components link,” and are inevitable. Perhaps the best and most troubling proof of this proposition is in the realm of nuclear weapons link embody all the properties of high-risk technological systems. Despite decades of efforts to ensure safety, these systems have suffered many failures, accidents link and close calls link. During 1979–1980, for example, there were several false warnings of Soviet missile attacks link, some of which resulted in U.S. nuclear forces being put on alert. Illustrating political theorist Benoît Pelopidas’s observation that luck has long played a “crucial role ... in preserving the world from nuclear devastation link,” the BrahMos accident was not more consequential because of three lucky circumstances. First, the missile was not armed with a warhead. Second, the accident occurred during peacetime, not during a bout of armed conflict or a period of military tension between the two countries; had that been the case, the Pakistani military might have interpreted it as a deliberate attack and responded militarily. Third, BrahMos apparently is not designed to carry nuclear weapons. But India link has cruise missiles that can carry nuclear warheads, as does Pakistan link . Compounding the risk is the mobility of India’s expanding fleet of nuclear capable missiles link. These can be launched quickly from specially developed vehicles link that move around on roads or rails—meaning that military planners in Pakistan and China, the nuclear-armed neighbors against whom India has war plans link, have to be prepared for sudden missile launches from almost anywhere in India’s vast landmass. Given the secretive nature of Indian nuclear policymaking, little is known about India’s nuclear command and control system link. However, the 1999 Draft Nuclear Doctrine link called for “assured capability to shift from peacetime deployment to fully employable forces *in the shortest possible time*.” (Emphasis added.) The combination of technology and plans for being able to rapidly launch nuclear weapons raises the risk of accidental and inadvertent escalation to nuclear war. Advertisement South Asia’s geography is pitiless. It would only take five to 10 minutes link for a missile launched from India to attack Pakistan’s national capital, nuclear weapon command posts or bases. For comparison, the flight times between missile launch sites and targets in the United States and Russia are about 30 minutes. Even this extra time may be insufficient. In the event of a military crisis, no leader can make a judicious decision during this period, when faced with impossible choices link. But shorter flight times link increase the likelihood of mistakes link. The mistake that is of greatest concern is a false alarm of an incoming nuclear attack, possibly directed against nuclear forces. Indian or Pakistani—or Russian or NATO—policy makers may find themselves under immense pressure to launch a preemptive attack, thereby compounding the crisis. The terrible dilemma confronting them would be whether to use their nuclear weapons first or wait for the bombs from the other side to land. Nuclear war, even of a limited nature, between India and Pakistan could lead to millions of deaths link in the short term and even graver consequences in the longer term for the region and beyond. Compounding these dangers is the overconfidence of India’s officials, who displayed no recognition of the gravity of the Brahmos accident. A “technical malfunction” had “led to the accidental firing of a missile,” the official statement declared,

plans link, have to be prepared for sudden missile launches from almost anywhere in India’s vast landmass. Given the secretive nature of Indian nuclear policymaking, little is known about India’s nuclear command and control system link. However, the 1999 Draft Nuclear Doctrine link called for “assured capability to shift from peacetime deployment to fully employable forces *in the shortest possible time*.” (Emphasis added.) The combination of technology and plans for being able to rapidly launch nuclear weapons raises the risk of accidental and inadvertent escalation to nuclear war. Advertisement South Asia’s geography is pitiless. It would only take five to 10 minutes link for a missile launched from India to attack Pakistan’s national capital, nuclear weapon command posts or bases. For comparison, the flight times between missile launch sites and targets in the United States and Russia are about 30 minutes. Even this extra time may be insufficient. In the event of a military crisis, no leader can make a judicious decision during this period, when faced with impossible choices link. But shorter flight times link increase the likelihood of mistakes link. The mistake that is of greatest concern is a false alarm of an incoming nuclear attack, possibly directed against nuclear forces. Indian or Pakistani—or Russian or NATO—policy makers may find themselves under immense pressure to launch a preemptive attack, thereby compounding the crisis. The terrible dilemma confronting them would be whether to use their nuclear weapons first or wait for the bombs from the other side to land. Nuclear war, even of a limited nature, between India and Pakistan could lead to millions of deaths link in the short term and even graver consequences in the longer term for the region and beyond. Compounding these dangers is the overconfidence of India’s officials, who displayed no recognition of the gravity of the Brahmos accident. A “technical malfunction” had “led to the accidental firing of a missile,” the official statement declared, noting glibly “it is learnt that the missile landed in an area of Pakistan link.” India’s defense minister assured parliament members that the system is “very reliable and safe link .” [image: newsletter promo] Sign up for *Scientific American*’s free newsletters. As the legendary analyst of nuclear command and control Bruce Blair link, among nuclear weapon system managers and operators there is an “illusion of safety link” that masks “the systematic potential for tragedy on a monumental scale.” Whether it is India and Pakistan preparing for a fifth war, or the forces of a nuclear-armed Russia struggling ever more violently to subdue Ukraine and stem the flow of lethal NATO weapons, such illusions threaten the destruction of cities and may lead to the killing of nations.

noting glibly “it is learnt that the missile landed in an area of Pakistan link.” India’s defense minister assured parliament members that the system is “very reliable and safe link .” [image: newsletter promo] Sign up for *Scientific American*’s free newsletters. As the legendary analyst of nuclear command and control Bruce Blair link, among nuclear weapon system managers and operators there is an “illusion of safety link” that masks “the systematic potential for tragedy on a monumental scale.” Whether it is India and Pakistan preparing for a fifth war, or the forces of a nuclear-armed Russia struggling ever more violently to subdue Ukraine and stem the flow of lethal NATO weapons, such illusions threaten the destruction of cities and may lead to the killing of nations.

Smart Tree Pruning: A Key Strategy for Preparing Your Property for an El Niño Summer Benefit 1: Reduction of water requirements. Reduced water demands during the scorching temperatures and limited rainfall that accompany an El Niño summer, water conservation becomes vital. Pruning your trees strategically can significantly reduce their water requirements. By carefully removing dead, weak, or excessive branches, you enable your trees to direct their available resources towards healthy growth and essential functions. This judicious use of resources translates into trees that can thrive with less water, making your property more resilient in the face of water scarcity. Seek a tree removal service in Melbourne to best assist you with correct tree pruning. Benefit 2: Promoting tree health. Enhanced tree health and vitality pruning isn’t merely about shaping trees for aesthetic appeal; it’s a powerful tool for promoting tree health. Regular pruning allows for improved air circulation and sunlight penetration, reducing the likelihood of fungal infections and promoting vigorous growth. During an El Niño summer in Melbourne, when trees are already under stress due to heat and drought, maintaining optimal health is crucial. Pruned trees are better equipped to endure these challenges, showcasing lush foliage and strong branches that withstand the rigors of the season. Benefit 3: Help prepare for drought conditions. Drought Stress Mitigation Trees are living organisms that respond to environmental changes. Pruning before an El Niño summer can help trees prepare for the impending drought conditions. By removing branches that might compete for limited water resources, you assist trees in focusing their energy on essential functions, such as water uptake and transpiration regulation. This proactive step minimizes drought stress, allowing your trees to cope more effectively with the water-scarce conditions that lie ahead. Tree removal services in Eltham will be able to best assist with this. Benefit 4: Safety (Removal of potential threats) Minimized Risk of Falling Branches During an El Niño summer, the combination of dry conditions and potential storms can increase the risk of falling branches. Weak, dead, or overgrown branches become susceptible to breakage, posing hazards to your property and safety. Pruning removes these potential threats, reducing the chances of property damage and personal injury. A well-pruned tree is not only more aesthetically pleasing but also safer for you, your loved ones, and your property. Tree removal companies in Sunbury will be able to best assist with this. As Melbourne prepares for the challenges of an El Niño summer, taking proactive measures to safeguard your property becomes important. Smart tree pruning emerges as a versatile and effective strategy that not only conserves water but also enhances tree health, mitigates drought stress, and minimizes risks. By investing in proper tree care through strategic pruning, you’re not only ensuring the resilience of your property during the upcoming season but also contributing to the long-term vitality and beauty of your landscape. Incorporating tree pruning melbourne into your property’s El Niño preparedness plan is a step towards responsible and thoughtful stewardship of the environment. Whether you’re a homeowner looking to create a thriving outdoor haven or a property investor aiming to maximize your asset’s value, the benefits of smart tree pruning are undeniable. Embrace this opportunity to nurture your trees and prepare your property for a successful and beautiful El Niño summer. Get in touch with a professional tree removal service in Melbourne to further assist you.

Genealogist Lynn Serafinn explains the role of the soprannome in Trentino and other parts of Italy and shows how to recognise them in genealogical records. Sooner or later, anyone working with Italian genealogy will encounter something called a ‘soprannome’ (plural: soprannomi). And if you’re working specifically on Trentino family history, you might also hear or read the word ‘scutum’, which is the Trentino dialect word for soprannome. Despite the fact that EVERY family of Italian origin has a soprannome, many people researching their Trentino (or other Italian) ancestry either don’t know anything about them or fail to recognise them when they see them. And of those who DO know something about them, they often misunderstand the meaning and ‘behaviour’ of their family’s soprannome over time. I’ve mentioned soprannomi within the context of other articles on this website but have never spoken about them in detail. As this subject is such an important part of Trentino genealogy, I thought it would be helpful to devote an entire article to the subject. In this article, I will discuss: - What soprannomi are and why they are used - Why I think the word ‘nickname’ is not an appropriate term for them. - The various ways soprannomi are recorded in parish registers - How soprannomi are ‘born’, change, and what they might mean - Why soprannomi can be both a blessing and a curse for genealogists - How to record soprannomi in your family tree Recording Data – The Computer as an Analogy Think back to the days when you first started using a computer. Imagine you’ve just created your first Word document. You probably just saved it to the default ‘Documents’ folder without thinking about it. You might not even have given it a title, just calling it something like ‘Document 1.’ But over time, you made lots and lots of Word documents. Perhaps some were business letters. Perhaps others were letters to the family, stories you wrote or genealogy research notes. After a while, it became difficult to find the documents you had written in the past because they weren’t labelled clearly, and they were all in one big folder called ‘Documents’. So, what did you do? Well, first of all, you probably started renaming the documents, so you knew what was what. But then, you might also have started creating folders inside the main ‘Documents’ folder. Perhaps one folder was called ‘Business Letters’, and another ‘My Research’, etc. But soon, you created still MORE documents. For example, perhaps your research diversified, and now you wanted to separate your notes for different branches of the family. So, you started to create subfolders inside the folder called ‘My Research’. By labelling your files clearly and creating a system of folders and subfolders, it became easier for you to identify and find the correct files when you needed them. In simple terms, we can say that creating a structure is fundamental to being able to identify things and to distinguish one thing from another. Name, Surname, Soprannome – An Increasing Need for Accuracy If you think about it, names, surnames and soprannomi serve much the same purpose as the filing system on our computer: - Our personal names are like the documents, in that each document is an individual entity. - Our surnames are like the folders in which our documents are stored, in that they group many individuals into different categories. - And, in the case of Trentino and other Italian ancestry, our soprannomi are like the subfolders within those folders, in that they create sub-groups within the group. Just as your system for naming files was less complex when you started out using your computer, naming people was also less complex in the past, when the population was smaller, and most people were living in small, rural hamlets or homesteads. Indeed, in the beginning, people were known mainly by their personal names along with their father’s name and/or their village of origin. Thus, in early records (and sometime even after surnames were already in use), you will see things like ‘Sebastiano of Sesto’, or ‘Nicolo

n the past because they weren’t labelled clearly, and they were all in one big folder called ‘Documents’. So, what did you do? Well, first of all, you probably started renaming the documents, so you knew what was what. But then, you might also have started creating folders inside the main ‘Documents’ folder. Perhaps one folder was called ‘Business Letters’, and another ‘My Research’, etc. But soon, you created still MORE documents. For example, perhaps your research diversified, and now you wanted to separate your notes for different branches of the family. So, you started to create subfolders inside the folder called ‘My Research’. By labelling your files clearly and creating a system of folders and subfolders, it became easier for you to identify and find the correct files when you needed them. In simple terms, we can say that creating a structure is fundamental to being able to identify things and to distinguish one thing from another. Name, Surname, Soprannome – An Increasing Need for Accuracy If you think about it, names, surnames and soprannomi serve much the same purpose as the filing system on our computer: - Our personal names are like the documents, in that each document is an individual entity. - Our surnames are like the folders in which our documents are stored, in that they group many individuals into different categories. - And, in the case of Trentino and other Italian ancestry, our soprannomi are like the subfolders within those folders, in that they create sub-groups within the group. Just as your system for naming files was less complex when you started out using your computer, naming people was also less complex in the past, when the population was smaller, and most people were living in small, rural hamlets or homesteads. Indeed, in the beginning, people were known mainly by their personal names along with their father’s name and/or their village of origin. Thus, in early records (and sometime even after surnames were already in use), you will see things like ‘Sebastiano of Sesto’, or ‘Nicolo’ son of Sebastiano of Sesto’. But just like when you created folders because you had created so many documents you could no longer find what you were looking for, people started using surnames. The Italian word for surname is ‘cognome’ (plural = cognomi): Con = with Nome = name When the words are joined together, the ‘n’ in ‘con’ is changed to a ‘g’, which creates the sound ‘nya’ (like the ‘gn’ ‘lasagne’). Thus, cognome means ‘with the name’, implying it is a kind of partner to the name. While some surnames on the Italian peninsula appear in records as early as the 1200s or so, you don’t really see them becoming the norm until around the 1400s, and even then, they are often a bit ‘fluid’ and still in the state of change/clarification. The ‘Black Death’ (1346-53) dealt a severe blow to the European population, wiping out an estimated 50% of the population. But gradually, and additional outbreaks of plague notwithstanding, the population not only restored itself, but eventually expanded by the 1600s. Then, we see a situation where there was a limited number of cognomi within a small community, but lots of sons were being born, all naming their sons after their fathers. Just like your research documents, things started to get confusing. This is when soprannomi became necessary. Like cognome, the word soprannome is also comprised of two Italian words: ‘Sopra’ = above or ‘on top of’ ‘Nome’ = name When the words are joined together, the ‘n’ is doubled. Thus, together, the term means ‘on top of the name’. What are Soprannomi and Why Are They Used? As you might have already surmised: A soprannome is an additional name used that is used to distinguish one branch of a family from others who share the same surname. I think it is useful to think of a soprannome as a kind of ‘bolt on’ family surname, an idea that is also consistent with literal meaning of the word (‘on top of the name’). Just as creating subfolders can be extremely helping in helping organise and identify individual files on our computer, soprannomi can be e

’ son of Sebastiano of Sesto’. But just like when you created folders because you had created so many documents you could no longer find what you were looking for, people started using surnames. The Italian word for surname is ‘cognome’ (plural = cognomi): Con = with Nome = name When the words are joined together, the ‘n’ in ‘con’ is changed to a ‘g’, which creates the sound ‘nya’ (like the ‘gn’ ‘lasagne’). Thus, cognome means ‘with the name’, implying it is a kind of partner to the name. While some surnames on the Italian peninsula appear in records as early as the 1200s or so, you don’t really see them becoming the norm until around the 1400s, and even then, they are often a bit ‘fluid’ and still in the state of change/clarification. The ‘Black Death’ (1346-53) dealt a severe blow to the European population, wiping out an estimated 50% of the population. But gradually, and additional outbreaks of plague notwithstanding, the population not only restored itself, but eventually expanded by the 1600s. Then, we see a situation where there was a limited number of cognomi within a small community, but lots of sons were being born, all naming their sons after their fathers. Just like your research documents, things started to get confusing. This is when soprannomi became necessary. Like cognome, the word soprannome is also comprised of two Italian words: ‘Sopra’ = above or ‘on top of’ ‘Nome’ = name When the words are joined together, the ‘n’ is doubled. Thus, together, the term means ‘on top of the name’. What are Soprannomi and Why Are They Used? As you might have already surmised: A soprannome is an additional name used that is used to distinguish one branch of a family from others who share the same surname. I think it is useful to think of a soprannome as a kind of ‘bolt on’ family surname, an idea that is also consistent with literal meaning of the word (‘on top of the name’). Just as creating subfolders can be extremely helping in helping organise and identify individual files on our computer, soprannomi can be extremely useful in identifying the correct people – both during their own lifetimes, and in our family trees – especially when many people seem to have the same name and surname. And, although I have NOT seen this mentioned in any of my research resources, I would assume that soprannomi might also have been considered useful (if not necessary) tools in helping ensure close bloodlines didn’t intermarry. As I mentioned in an earlier article (see link below), marriages between 3rd cousins or closer were only permitted via a special church dispensation. Why I Think ‘Nickname’ is a Misleading Term I have frequently seen the word soprannome translated into English as ‘nickname’. However, I believe this is a misleading term, and it doesn’t really reflect the true purpose and behaviour of a soprannome. When we use the term ‘nickname’ in English, we usually mean: - A shortening/adaptation of a person’s personal name (such as ‘Charly’ for ‘Charles’ or ‘Peggy’ for ‘Margaret’) OR - An individual ‘pet name’ given to someone reflecting a personal trait or characteristic; alternatively, it may be associated with an achievement or event unique to them. Almost everyone will have had at least one ‘pet name’ in their lives, if not various ones from parents, schoolmates, spouse, friends, etc., according to their relationship with them. While a soprannome might share some obvious similarities with one of these criteria, its historical origins might be so obscure that even the families who ‘inherited’ it may no longer know where it came from or what it means. Moreover, the original significance of the soprannome may have no relevance whatsoever to the family in the present day. This is quite different from what we associate with the term ‘nickname’, which is usually something intentionally given to someone to create a sense of intimacy and familiarity. The function of a soprannome is also quite different from a nickname, as its purpose is to identify a specific lineage of people within a larger group, rather than one particular person

xtremely useful in identifying the correct people – both during their own lifetimes, and in our family trees – especially when many people seem to have the same name and surname. And, although I have NOT seen this mentioned in any of my research resources, I would assume that soprannomi might also have been considered useful (if not necessary) tools in helping ensure close bloodlines didn’t intermarry. As I mentioned in an earlier article (see link below), marriages between 3rd cousins or closer were only permitted via a special church dispensation. Why I Think ‘Nickname’ is a Misleading Term I have frequently seen the word soprannome translated into English as ‘nickname’. However, I believe this is a misleading term, and it doesn’t really reflect the true purpose and behaviour of a soprannome. When we use the term ‘nickname’ in English, we usually mean: - A shortening/adaptation of a person’s personal name (such as ‘Charly’ for ‘Charles’ or ‘Peggy’ for ‘Margaret’) OR - An individual ‘pet name’ given to someone reflecting a personal trait or characteristic; alternatively, it may be associated with an achievement or event unique to them. Almost everyone will have had at least one ‘pet name’ in their lives, if not various ones from parents, schoolmates, spouse, friends, etc., according to their relationship with them. While a soprannome might share some obvious similarities with one of these criteria, its historical origins might be so obscure that even the families who ‘inherited’ it may no longer know where it came from or what it means. Moreover, the original significance of the soprannome may have no relevance whatsoever to the family in the present day. This is quite different from what we associate with the term ‘nickname’, which is usually something intentionally given to someone to create a sense of intimacy and familiarity. The function of a soprannome is also quite different from a nickname, as its purpose is to identify a specific lineage of people within a larger group, rather than one particular person. Perhaps the English word ‘clan’ might be a bit closer in meaning, but I don’t know enough about clans in other cultures to make a true comparison. How Soprannomi Are Recorded in Parish Registers (or not!) After analysing hundreds of thousands of Italian parish records from at least five different provinces, I can conclude: There is NO consistently used system for recording soprannomi. Soprannomi appear in all manner of ways in the records, depending on the era, the parish and the individual style of the priest. You can sometimes read decades worth of records in some parishes, and never stumble across a single soprannome. In fact, I have NEVER seen the soprannome for the branch of our Serafini family in any record, despite the fact it has most likely been around since the beginning of the 19th century. I only know the soprannome anecdotally, via my cousins in Trentino. That said, there are some common practices for recording soprannomi, including: ‘Detto’ or ‘Dicti’ Perhaps the most commonly seen way of recording a soprannome is with the word ‘detto’ (if the record is in Italian, usually after 1800) or the word ‘dicti’ (if the record is in Latin, as is almost always the case before 1800). Without going into the grammar too much, these words are derived from the verb ‘to say’. You will often see them in documents with the meaning of ‘the aforesaid’, but in the context of surname/soprannome, they can loosely be translated as ‘called’ or ‘otherwise known as’. For example, consider this baptismal record from 1705: Click on image to see it larger Here we see the name of the baptised child is Antonio, and his father is referred to as ‘Giovanni, son of Francesco Buschetti, called (dicti) Caserini. In other words, the surname is Buschetti, and the soprannome for that branch of the family is Caserini. Be aware, however, that these words are FREQUENTLY abbreviated, e.g. ‘dto’ for detto, or ‘dti’ for dicti. Here’s one example from a 1768 marriage record from Tione di Trento: Click on image to see it larger Here, we see the

. Perhaps the English word ‘clan’ might be a bit closer in meaning, but I don’t know enough about clans in other cultures to make a true comparison. How Soprannomi Are Recorded in Parish Registers (or not!) After analysing hundreds of thousands of Italian parish records from at least five different provinces, I can conclude: There is NO consistently used system for recording soprannomi. Soprannomi appear in all manner of ways in the records, depending on the era, the parish and the individual style of the priest. You can sometimes read decades worth of records in some parishes, and never stumble across a single soprannome. In fact, I have NEVER seen the soprannome for the branch of our Serafini family in any record, despite the fact it has most likely been around since the beginning of the 19th century. I only know the soprannome anecdotally, via my cousins in Trentino. That said, there are some common practices for recording soprannomi, including: ‘Detto’ or ‘Dicti’ Perhaps the most commonly seen way of recording a soprannome is with the word ‘detto’ (if the record is in Italian, usually after 1800) or the word ‘dicti’ (if the record is in Latin, as is almost always the case before 1800). Without going into the grammar too much, these words are derived from the verb ‘to say’. You will often see them in documents with the meaning of ‘the aforesaid’, but in the context of surname/soprannome, they can loosely be translated as ‘called’ or ‘otherwise known as’. For example, consider this baptismal record from 1705: Click on image to see it larger Here we see the name of the baptised child is Antonio, and his father is referred to as ‘Giovanni, son of Francesco Buschetti, called (dicti) Caserini. In other words, the surname is Buschetti, and the soprannome for that branch of the family is Caserini. Be aware, however, that these words are FREQUENTLY abbreviated, e.g. ‘dto’ for detto, or ‘dti’ for dicti. Here’s one example from a 1768 marriage record from Tione di Trento: Click on image to see it larger Here, we see the groom is referred to as ‘Antonio son of the late Francesco Salvaterra called Borella’ (i.e. surname Salvaterra, soprannome Borella), and the bride is ‘Cattarina, daughter of Giuseppe Salvaterra called Serafin’ (i.e. the surname is again Salvaterra, and the soprannome is Serafin or Serafini). In both cases, the soprannome is indicated by the word dicti in its abbreviated from. Recently when I did some research in Valvestino in the province of Brescia (Lombardia), I encountered another method of recording in soprannomi in Latin records, using the word ‘vulgo’. This word loosely means ‘commonly’, but in this context can be translated as ‘commonly known as’. Consider this baptismal record from 1839 (during an era when I would have expected to see the record written in Italian): Click on image to see it larger Here, the child’s father is referred to as ‘Giovanni Grandi, vulgo Ecclesia’ (the priest had actually omitted the surname at first and inserted it above the line). Thus, the surname is Grandi, and the soprannome is ‘Ecclesia’. However, in this particular case, the family’s soprannome is actually Chiesa (which means ‘church’ in English), as the priest has used the Latin word for church (Ecclesia). Surname Followed by Soprannome Some priests don’t bother to use an indicator such as detto, etc. for the soprannome, preferring simply to write the two names one after the other. Consider this baptismal record from 1760, again from the parish of Tione di Trento: Click on image to see it larger Here the priest refers to the father of the child as ‘Felice, son of Francesco Failoni Battaia’. It is understood from this context that the surname is Failoni, and the soprannome is Battaia – at least we HOPE that is what he means. I say ‘hope’ because, in my experience, priests will occasionally REVERSE the surname and soprannome, making it difficult to know which is which. A perfect example is this same document, in the name of the godmother. She is described here as ‘Maria, widow of the late Vittorio Seraphin (Serafin or Sera

groom is referred to as ‘Antonio son of the late Francesco Salvaterra called Borella’ (i.e. surname Salvaterra, soprannome Borella), and the bride is ‘Cattarina, daughter of Giuseppe Salvaterra called Serafin’ (i.e. the surname is again Salvaterra, and the soprannome is Serafin or Serafini). In both cases, the soprannome is indicated by the word dicti in its abbreviated from. Recently when I did some research in Valvestino in the province of Brescia (Lombardia), I encountered another method of recording in soprannomi in Latin records, using the word ‘vulgo’. This word loosely means ‘commonly’, but in this context can be translated as ‘commonly known as’. Consider this baptismal record from 1839 (during an era when I would have expected to see the record written in Italian): Click on image to see it larger Here, the child’s father is referred to as ‘Giovanni Grandi, vulgo Ecclesia’ (the priest had actually omitted the surname at first and inserted it above the line). Thus, the surname is Grandi, and the soprannome is ‘Ecclesia’. However, in this particular case, the family’s soprannome is actually Chiesa (which means ‘church’ in English), as the priest has used the Latin word for church (Ecclesia). Surname Followed by Soprannome Some priests don’t bother to use an indicator such as detto, etc. for the soprannome, preferring simply to write the two names one after the other. Consider this baptismal record from 1760, again from the parish of Tione di Trento: Click on image to see it larger Here the priest refers to the father of the child as ‘Felice, son of Francesco Failoni Battaia’. It is understood from this context that the surname is Failoni, and the soprannome is Battaia – at least we HOPE that is what he means. I say ‘hope’ because, in my experience, priests will occasionally REVERSE the surname and soprannome, making it difficult to know which is which. A perfect example is this same document, in the name of the godmother. She is described here as ‘Maria, widow of the late Vittorio Seraphin (Serafin or Serafini) Salvaterra’. Having done a fair amount of research on the families of Tione, I am fairly certain the Vittorio’s surname was Salvaterra, and his soprannome was Serafin(i), not the other way around (in fact, we saw an example of this combination in a previous record in this article). I couldn’t say that this was definitely the case, however, without future research. Sometimes soprannome is preceded by an ‘equal’ sign (=). I have seen this system used most frequently in 19th century records. Usually, this sign will be between the surname and the soprannome, but not always. Consider this 1838 death record from the parish of Cavedago in Val di Non: Click on image to see it larger Here, this 86-year-old deceased man is called ‘Tommaso Viola, son of the late Giovanni = Rodar’. In other words, his surname was Viola, and his soprannome was ‘Rodar’. Article continues below… Where Do Soprannomi Come From? Much like Italian surnames, many (but not all) soprannomi may be derived from: - The personal name of a patriarch or matriarch - A place of origin of either a patriarch or matriarch - An historic profession of the family - A personal characteristic or attribute of a family or individual Some examples soprannomi I’ve encountered which mostly likely came from patriarchal personal names include: Stefani (from Stefano), Battianel (from Giovanni Battista), Vigiolot (from Vigilio), Gianon (from Giovanni), Tondon (probably from Antonio), and many others too numerous to count. Sal Romano of the ‘Trentino Heritage’ blog told me that one of the soprannome for his Iob family was ‘Sicher’, which he theorises may have come from the personal name of a man named Sichero (Sicherius in Latin) in the 1670s. Occasionally, you will see a soprannome that is derived from the name of a female ancestor, especially if the name is not so common. For example, one of my clients’ trees had the soprannome ‘Massenza’ because that was the name of one of the matriarchs for that line back in the 1700s. Notice how I am expressing different levels of c

fini) Salvaterra’. Having done a fair amount of research on the families of Tione, I am fairly certain the Vittorio’s surname was Salvaterra, and his soprannome was Serafin(i), not the other way around (in fact, we saw an example of this combination in a previous record in this article). I couldn’t say that this was definitely the case, however, without future research. Sometimes soprannome is preceded by an ‘equal’ sign (=). I have seen this system used most frequently in 19th century records. Usually, this sign will be between the surname and the soprannome, but not always. Consider this 1838 death record from the parish of Cavedago in Val di Non: Click on image to see it larger Here, this 86-year-old deceased man is called ‘Tommaso Viola, son of the late Giovanni = Rodar’. In other words, his surname was Viola, and his soprannome was ‘Rodar’. Article continues below… Where Do Soprannomi Come From? Much like Italian surnames, many (but not all) soprannomi may be derived from: - The personal name of a patriarch or matriarch - A place of origin of either a patriarch or matriarch - An historic profession of the family - A personal characteristic or attribute of a family or individual Some examples soprannomi I’ve encountered which mostly likely came from patriarchal personal names include: Stefani (from Stefano), Battianel (from Giovanni Battista), Vigiolot (from Vigilio), Gianon (from Giovanni), Tondon (probably from Antonio), and many others too numerous to count. Sal Romano of the ‘Trentino Heritage’ blog told me that one of the soprannome for his Iob family was ‘Sicher’, which he theorises may have come from the personal name of a man named Sichero (Sicherius in Latin) in the 1670s. Occasionally, you will see a soprannome that is derived from the name of a female ancestor, especially if the name is not so common. For example, one of my clients’ trees had the soprannome ‘Massenza’ because that was the name of one of the matriarchs for that line back in the 1700s. Notice how I am expressing different levels of certainty here. That is because, of the above soprannomi, the only one for which I have definitely identified the origin is ‘Massenza’. The origins of the others are only hypothetical until research proves (or disproves) the theory. Place of Origin Some soprannomi indicate a connection with another place somewhere in the ancestral line. My friend and client Gene Pancheri, author of Pancheri: Our Story, told me that one of the Pancheri soprannomi is ‘Rumeri’, which means ‘a person from the village of Rumo’. He traced the origins of that soprannome to one of the female ancestors (who married a Pancheri of Romallo) who had come from Rumo. Similarly, my own Serafini branch has the soprannome ‘Cenighi’ because my 4X great-grandmother, Margherita Giuliani (married to a Serafini in Santa Croce parish), came from the frazione of Ceniga in the parish of Drò (near Arco). When making a tree for a client last year whose ancestors came from Tione di Trento, I noticed one of the soprannomi for the surname Salvaterra was ‘Ragol’. While I haven’t yet traced it back to its source, it is highly likely to have originated with female who came from the nearby village of Ragoli, which was often included within the parish of Tione in the past. Notice how all of the examples above are linked to matriarchal lines. In my observation, most soprannomi that are linked to a place of origin tend to come from a female line. This is because women tended to move to the village/parish of their husbands (unless the woman was wealthy or had inherited property from her father). There are exceptions, of course. On a list I recently received for Villa Banale in Val Giudicarie via Daniel Caliari at Giudicarie Storia, one of the soprannome for the surname Flaim was ‘Nonesi’, which means, ‘from Val di Non’. I found this interesting because Flaim is not indigenous to Villa Banale, and ALL the Flaim from that parish are descended from one man (named Bartolomeo Flaim) who came from Revò in Val di Non, who migrated there in the 1700s. Thus, all the Flaim there

ertainty here. That is because, of the above soprannomi, the only one for which I have definitely identified the origin is ‘Massenza’. The origins of the others are only hypothetical until research proves (or disproves) the theory. Place of Origin Some soprannomi indicate a connection with another place somewhere in the ancestral line. My friend and client Gene Pancheri, author of Pancheri: Our Story, told me that one of the Pancheri soprannomi is ‘Rumeri’, which means ‘a person from the village of Rumo’. He traced the origins of that soprannome to one of the female ancestors (who married a Pancheri of Romallo) who had come from Rumo. Similarly, my own Serafini branch has the soprannome ‘Cenighi’ because my 4X great-grandmother, Margherita Giuliani (married to a Serafini in Santa Croce parish), came from the frazione of Ceniga in the parish of Drò (near Arco). When making a tree for a client last year whose ancestors came from Tione di Trento, I noticed one of the soprannomi for the surname Salvaterra was ‘Ragol’. While I haven’t yet traced it back to its source, it is highly likely to have originated with female who came from the nearby village of Ragoli, which was often included within the parish of Tione in the past. Notice how all of the examples above are linked to matriarchal lines. In my observation, most soprannomi that are linked to a place of origin tend to come from a female line. This is because women tended to move to the village/parish of their husbands (unless the woman was wealthy or had inherited property from her father). There are exceptions, of course. On a list I recently received for Villa Banale in Val Giudicarie via Daniel Caliari at Giudicarie Storia, one of the soprannome for the surname Flaim was ‘Nonesi’, which means, ‘from Val di Non’. I found this interesting because Flaim is not indigenous to Villa Banale, and ALL the Flaim from that parish are descended from one man (named Bartolomeo Flaim) who came from Revò in Val di Non, who migrated there in the 1700s. Thus, all the Flaim there are technically ‘Nonesi’; it made me wonder how they figured out which branch got to ‘keep’ this soprannome as a memory of their origins. Most soprannomi I have found that relate back to profession will refer to a ‘family’ profession rather than one for an individual. In this regard, the many variants on the word for ‘blacksmith’ spring to mind: Ferrari, Frerotti, Frieri, Fabro, Fabroferrari, etc. While most of these are also surnames in their own right, you will also see them crop up as soprannomi, telling you that, at least at some point in your family’s history, the blacksmithing was the family occupation. Perhaps one of the most curious soprannomi I have ever encountered was when I was researching the Etro family of the Bassano del Grappa area of the province of Vicenza (Veneto), who migrated to the mountains of Madonna di Campiglio near Pinzolo in Trentino in the 1860s. Their soprannome was ‘Rollo dei Mori’, which means ‘Rollo of the Moors’. In this era, the term ‘Moor’ referred to dark-skinned people from the Iberian Peninsula who were of north African descent, and usually Muslim. It his book Guida ai Cognomi del Trentino, Aldo Bertoluzza stressed that the surnames/soprannomi derived from this word were most likely used to describe someone with black hair or very dark complexion, NOT someone who had Moorish background. Bearing that in mind, there was something about the Etro family that MIGHT explain this curious soprannome: THEY WERE CHARCOAL MAKERS (carbonai). Charcoal making was a ‘whole family’ operation, requiring the family to spend many months of the year in the woods, away from their main village. Children learned the skills of the profession from a young age, and sons often followed in their fathers’ footsteps, also becoming carbonai when they grew up. In my mind, I imagine the family would often have been seen with blackened hands and faces as a result of their occupation. Perhaps ‘Rollo dei Mori’ was an affectionate or teasing term given to (or adopted by) the family because they were charcoal m

are technically ‘Nonesi’; it made me wonder how they figured out which branch got to ‘keep’ this soprannome as a memory of their origins. Most soprannomi I have found that relate back to profession will refer to a ‘family’ profession rather than one for an individual. In this regard, the many variants on the word for ‘blacksmith’ spring to mind: Ferrari, Frerotti, Frieri, Fabro, Fabroferrari, etc. While most of these are also surnames in their own right, you will also see them crop up as soprannomi, telling you that, at least at some point in your family’s history, the blacksmithing was the family occupation. Perhaps one of the most curious soprannomi I have ever encountered was when I was researching the Etro family of the Bassano del Grappa area of the province of Vicenza (Veneto), who migrated to the mountains of Madonna di Campiglio near Pinzolo in Trentino in the 1860s. Their soprannome was ‘Rollo dei Mori’, which means ‘Rollo of the Moors’. In this era, the term ‘Moor’ referred to dark-skinned people from the Iberian Peninsula who were of north African descent, and usually Muslim. It his book Guida ai Cognomi del Trentino, Aldo Bertoluzza stressed that the surnames/soprannomi derived from this word were most likely used to describe someone with black hair or very dark complexion, NOT someone who had Moorish background. Bearing that in mind, there was something about the Etro family that MIGHT explain this curious soprannome: THEY WERE CHARCOAL MAKERS (carbonai). Charcoal making was a ‘whole family’ operation, requiring the family to spend many months of the year in the woods, away from their main village. Children learned the skills of the profession from a young age, and sons often followed in their fathers’ footsteps, also becoming carbonai when they grew up. In my mind, I imagine the family would often have been seen with blackened hands and faces as a result of their occupation. Perhaps ‘Rollo dei Mori’ was an affectionate or teasing term given to (or adopted by) the family because they were charcoal makers. Of course, this is JUST my own theory. SIDE NOTE: Interestingly, Moorish themes and motifs were very popular in Trentino, and indeed throughout Italy between the 17th and 19th centuries. Consider this amazing ‘Moorish’ chandelier in Castel Stenico in Val Giudicarie. I’ve seen many such artefacts in many places in the province. It also brings to mind the ‘Dance of the Moors’ in Verdi’s opera Aida. Character or Attribute of Family or Individual Recently I stumbled across the soprannome ‘Piccolo Vigiloti’, which suddenly cropped up after several generations of seeing ‘Vigilot’. This is an example of a patriarchal soprannome differentiating to reflect an attribute of either a branch of the family or an individual. We can safely assume that the ‘Vigiloti’ branch got too big for the soprannome to be useful, and rather than create a new soprannome, they called one of them ‘Piccolo’, meaning ‘small’. As this branch was not the main focus of my research at that time, I didn’t trace it back to its roots, but my guess would be it either means ‘the smaller branch of descendants of Vigilio’, or ‘the descendants of the YOUNGER Vigilio’ (which I think is more likely). Another soprannome I encountered that might be connected to a personal attribute (although, again, I haven’t yet excluded other possibilities) is Papi, which I have seen in connection with the surname Rigotti in San Lorenzo in Banale in the 19th century. The word ‘papi’ is the plural of the word for ‘pope’ (papa), not to be confused with the word papà, which means ‘father’. Both Papa and Papi are surnames in other parts of the province, but the soprannome MIGHT have no connection with these. Rather, as Aldo Bertoluzza theorises in Guida ai Cognomi del Trentino, it might have been used as a nickname for a man (again, perhaps in an affectionate way) who was said to have the demeanour or ‘presence’ of a pope. There are a lot of ‘mights’ here, of course, and I prefer NOT to speculate too much, lest it blind me to the truth later. I think soprannomi that are der

akers. Of course, this is JUST my own theory. SIDE NOTE: Interestingly, Moorish themes and motifs were very popular in Trentino, and indeed throughout Italy between the 17th and 19th centuries. Consider this amazing ‘Moorish’ chandelier in Castel Stenico in Val Giudicarie. I’ve seen many such artefacts in many places in the province. It also brings to mind the ‘Dance of the Moors’ in Verdi’s opera Aida. Character or Attribute of Family or Individual Recently I stumbled across the soprannome ‘Piccolo Vigiloti’, which suddenly cropped up after several generations of seeing ‘Vigilot’. This is an example of a patriarchal soprannome differentiating to reflect an attribute of either a branch of the family or an individual. We can safely assume that the ‘Vigiloti’ branch got too big for the soprannome to be useful, and rather than create a new soprannome, they called one of them ‘Piccolo’, meaning ‘small’. As this branch was not the main focus of my research at that time, I didn’t trace it back to its roots, but my guess would be it either means ‘the smaller branch of descendants of Vigilio’, or ‘the descendants of the YOUNGER Vigilio’ (which I think is more likely). Another soprannome I encountered that might be connected to a personal attribute (although, again, I haven’t yet excluded other possibilities) is Papi, which I have seen in connection with the surname Rigotti in San Lorenzo in Banale in the 19th century. The word ‘papi’ is the plural of the word for ‘pope’ (papa), not to be confused with the word papà, which means ‘father’. Both Papa and Papi are surnames in other parts of the province, but the soprannome MIGHT have no connection with these. Rather, as Aldo Bertoluzza theorises in Guida ai Cognomi del Trentino, it might have been used as a nickname for a man (again, perhaps in an affectionate way) who was said to have the demeanour or ‘presence’ of a pope. There are a lot of ‘mights’ here, of course, and I prefer NOT to speculate too much, lest it blind me to the truth later. I think soprannomi that are derived from attributes are often the most difficult to identify with confidence, as we have no way of knowing much, if anything, about the personality of the people or families in question. Soprannomi Taken from the Surname of a Matriarch I’ve put this topic under its own header because I didn’t want it to get lost amongst the other categories. Some soprannomi are actually other SURNAMES. Some examples I’ve personally encountered include: - Serafini/Serafin (a common surname in Ragoli and Santa Croce) was a soprannome for a branch of the Salvaterra in Tione in the 19th century (as we saw earlier). - Armanini (a common surname in Premione) was a soprannome for a branch of the Scandolari in Tione in the 19th century. - Conti (a surname in many parts of the province, but it also means ‘Counts’), was a soprannome for the Pancheri of Romallo in the 20th century. - Bondi (a common surname in Saone, and later in Santa Croce) was is a soprannome for a branch of the Devilli of Cavrasto in the 1600-1700s. - Bleggi (a common surname of Tignerone/Cilla’) was a soprannome for a branch of the Duchi in Sesto in the 1500-1600s. Now, while I cannot say categorically this is true across the board, my ‘educated guess’ is that most of these surname-derived soprannomi are the surnames of a matriarch in the ancestral line. In the case of the older lines, I probably will never be able to prove this theory, as the records won’t go back far enough to find the origins. Moreover, the further back you go in time, information about women in general becomes increasingly scant. The fact that some soprannomi are identical to surnames can be a real bother – especially if a priest writes the soprannome before the surname in the record, as you have no way of knowing which is which without cross-referencing lots of other records. Even worse is when a priest suddenly decides to use the soprannome INSTEAD of the surname, leaving the surname out altogether. That is definitely NOT fun. When Soprannomi Become a Nightmare On that note, consider this 1708 m

ived from attributes are often the most difficult to identify with confidence, as we have no way of knowing much, if anything, about the personality of the people or families in question. Soprannomi Taken from the Surname of a Matriarch I’ve put this topic under its own header because I didn’t want it to get lost amongst the other categories. Some soprannomi are actually other SURNAMES. Some examples I’ve personally encountered include: - Serafini/Serafin (a common surname in Ragoli and Santa Croce) was a soprannome for a branch of the Salvaterra in Tione in the 19th century (as we saw earlier). - Armanini (a common surname in Premione) was a soprannome for a branch of the Scandolari in Tione in the 19th century. - Conti (a surname in many parts of the province, but it also means ‘Counts’), was a soprannome for the Pancheri of Romallo in the 20th century. - Bondi (a common surname in Saone, and later in Santa Croce) was is a soprannome for a branch of the Devilli of Cavrasto in the 1600-1700s. - Bleggi (a common surname of Tignerone/Cilla’) was a soprannome for a branch of the Duchi in Sesto in the 1500-1600s. Now, while I cannot say categorically this is true across the board, my ‘educated guess’ is that most of these surname-derived soprannomi are the surnames of a matriarch in the ancestral line. In the case of the older lines, I probably will never be able to prove this theory, as the records won’t go back far enough to find the origins. Moreover, the further back you go in time, information about women in general becomes increasingly scant. The fact that some soprannomi are identical to surnames can be a real bother – especially if a priest writes the soprannome before the surname in the record, as you have no way of knowing which is which without cross-referencing lots of other records. Even worse is when a priest suddenly decides to use the soprannome INSTEAD of the surname, leaving the surname out altogether. That is definitely NOT fun. When Soprannomi Become a Nightmare On that note, consider this 1708 marriage record, where the groom is clearly identified as Giovanni Battista, son of the late Vigilio Bondi: Click on image to see it larger As Giovanni Battista is also called Bondi in his 1690 baptismal record, I originally took this at face value, and assumed ‘Bondi’ was the family surname. However, for the longest time I couldn’t figure out who this Bondi family were or how they connected to the rest of the tree. They just sort of ‘popped up’ out of nowhere, like time travellers. Then, and only by a great stroke of fortune where the priest made a correction in the records, I saw another marriage record for the same Giovanni Battista (he had been widowed twice at this point), where the priest had ORIGINALLY written ‘Bondi’, and then crossed it out and wrote ‘Villi’ (one of many spelling variants for the surname ‘Devilli’) above it: Click on image to see it larger Only then did I realise that the ‘Bondi’ family and the ‘Devilli’ family were one and the same – which was really handy, as Giovanni Battista Devilli happened to be my 6X great-grandfather. Now consider this record of a double marriage in 1583, in which two siblings married two other siblings: Click on image to see it larger Now, I know many of you will find this challenging to read, so let me just identify the key people: - Benedetto REVERSI (son of the late Antonio) married Lucia BALLINA (daughter of Vincenzo) - Silvestro BALLINA (son of Vincenzo, hence brother of Lucia) married and Maddalena REVERSI (daughter of the late Antonio, hence sister of Benedetto) In this record, the priest (don Alberto Farina) has apparently recorded the surnames for the couples, without and mention of soprannome. But now have a look at this baptismal record from 1588, written by a different priest (Nicolo’ Arnoldo) of the same parish: Click on image to see it larger The child’s first name is Antonio, and his surname (or so we assume) is underlined in the first sentence. It looks like ‘Tacchel’, but I have also seen it spelled ‘Tachelli’ in other records. I also found a rec

arriage record, where the groom is clearly identified as Giovanni Battista, son of the late Vigilio Bondi: Click on image to see it larger As Giovanni Battista is also called Bondi in his 1690 baptismal record, I originally took this at face value, and assumed ‘Bondi’ was the family surname. However, for the longest time I couldn’t figure out who this Bondi family were or how they connected to the rest of the tree. They just sort of ‘popped up’ out of nowhere, like time travellers. Then, and only by a great stroke of fortune where the priest made a correction in the records, I saw another marriage record for the same Giovanni Battista (he had been widowed twice at this point), where the priest had ORIGINALLY written ‘Bondi’, and then crossed it out and wrote ‘Villi’ (one of many spelling variants for the surname ‘Devilli’) above it: Click on image to see it larger Only then did I realise that the ‘Bondi’ family and the ‘Devilli’ family were one and the same – which was really handy, as Giovanni Battista Devilli happened to be my 6X great-grandfather. Now consider this record of a double marriage in 1583, in which two siblings married two other siblings: Click on image to see it larger Now, I know many of you will find this challenging to read, so let me just identify the key people: - Benedetto REVERSI (son of the late Antonio) married Lucia BALLINA (daughter of Vincenzo) - Silvestro BALLINA (son of Vincenzo, hence brother of Lucia) married and Maddalena REVERSI (daughter of the late Antonio, hence sister of Benedetto) In this record, the priest (don Alberto Farina) has apparently recorded the surnames for the couples, without and mention of soprannome. But now have a look at this baptismal record from 1588, written by a different priest (Nicolo’ Arnoldo) of the same parish: Click on image to see it larger The child’s first name is Antonio, and his surname (or so we assume) is underlined in the first sentence. It looks like ‘Tacchel’, but I have also seen it spelled ‘Tachelli’ in other records. I also found a record for Antonio’s elder sister, ‘Margherita Tacchel’, born in 1568. Like the ‘Bondi’ family, this ‘Tacchel/Tachelli’ family were kind of floating in space on my tree for the longest time because I just couldn’t figure out who they were. But the answer was staring me right in the face (you can probably already guess it, as I’ve already shown you the document with the answer). As you can see in Antonio’s baptismal record, his parents’ names are ‘Benedetto’ and Lucia’, and they lived in Cavaione. Now, remember we are talking about tiny hamlets, especially back in 1588. Only a handful of extended families would have been living in each frazione. Add to that, the name ‘Benedetto’ is not a super common. But the combination of Benedetto AND Lucia in Cavaione in the 1580s? What are the chances of there being more than one such couple? The answer is: none. There was indeed only one couple with those names in that village at that time. As my tree is pretty large, I ran a few filters in my Family Tree Maker programme to find a ‘Benedetto’ living in Cavaione in this era and found Benedetto Reversi and Lucia Ballina, whose marriage I had already entered into the tree. What’s more, I knew that Benedetto’s father’s name was Antonio, and it was the usual practice back then to name the first son after the paternal grandfather. All this made a very strong case for concluding that these were one and the same couple, and that ‘Tachel/Tachelli’ was a soprannome for this branch of the Reversi family (a surname that is still in use to this day in that parish). MAIN ‘TAKEWAY’: If you see a surname that just sort of ‘appears’ in the records, and no mention is made that the family came from someplace else, consider the possibility that you are looking at a soprannome and that this family may already exist in your tree. SIDE NOTE: The surname for the ‘Ballina’ family here eventually become ‘Fusari’. But I digress… Article continues below… The Ever-Changing Nature of Soprannomi While the linguistic conventions for creating soprannomi might

ord for Antonio’s elder sister, ‘Margherita Tacchel’, born in 1568. Like the ‘Bondi’ family, this ‘Tacchel/Tachelli’ family were kind of floating in space on my tree for the longest time because I just couldn’t figure out who they were. But the answer was staring me right in the face (you can probably already guess it, as I’ve already shown you the document with the answer). As you can see in Antonio’s baptismal record, his parents’ names are ‘Benedetto’ and Lucia’, and they lived in Cavaione. Now, remember we are talking about tiny hamlets, especially back in 1588. Only a handful of extended families would have been living in each frazione. Add to that, the name ‘Benedetto’ is not a super common. But the combination of Benedetto AND Lucia in Cavaione in the 1580s? What are the chances of there being more than one such couple? The answer is: none. There was indeed only one couple with those names in that village at that time. As my tree is pretty large, I ran a few filters in my Family Tree Maker programme to find a ‘Benedetto’ living in Cavaione in this era and found Benedetto Reversi and Lucia Ballina, whose marriage I had already entered into the tree. What’s more, I knew that Benedetto’s father’s name was Antonio, and it was the usual practice back then to name the first son after the paternal grandfather. All this made a very strong case for concluding that these were one and the same couple, and that ‘Tachel/Tachelli’ was a soprannome for this branch of the Reversi family (a surname that is still in use to this day in that parish). MAIN ‘TAKEWAY’: If you see a surname that just sort of ‘appears’ in the records, and no mention is made that the family came from someplace else, consider the possibility that you are looking at a soprannome and that this family may already exist in your tree. SIDE NOTE: The surname for the ‘Ballina’ family here eventually become ‘Fusari’. But I digress… Article continues below… The Ever-Changing Nature of Soprannomi While the linguistic conventions for creating soprannomi might be similar to those for surnames, there is one BIG difference between them: While surnames tend to stay the more or less the same for a long time (often for centuries), soprannomi will CHANGE whenever they need to, sometimes from one generation to the next. Whenever a branch of a family gets very large, with lots of male descendants carrying the family surname, new soprannomi will suddenly spring up to differentiate these various male lines. This is why you might sometimes see a father with one soprannome, and his son with another. So, if a relative tells you that your family’s soprannome is such-and-such, don’t just accept it something ‘cast in stone’. It might be so, but then again it might not. It’s essential to know WHEN they are talking about. If that person saw that soprannome in a book or in some parish records from the 1600s …well… it is highly unlikely this will be your family soprannome TODAY. Many soprannomi will be used only three or four generations (sometimes less) before they morph into something else. Remember, it’s just like creating subfolders (and sub-subfolders) on your computer. There is no way to keep everything straight without continual, dynamic change to adapt to new situations and needs. And sometimes, but less frequently, these adaptations may result in a more radical change, where a soprannome will replace the surname altogether. In my father’s parish of Santa Croce, for example, the family now known as ‘Martinelli’ used to be called ‘Giumenta’ before the 1630s, adopting their soprannome (apparently derived from a patriarch named Martino who was born around 1515) as their surname. Similarly, the present-day surname ‘Tosi’ in the same parish came from the soprannome of a branch of the noble Crosina family of Balbido. Unless you are aware of these shifts from soprannome to surname, it can seem like your ancestral family has vanished into dust when you are trying to trace them backwards. Tracing the Origins of Your Family’s Soprannomi As you can see, origins and behaviour of soprannomi ar

be similar to those for surnames, there is one BIG difference between them: While surnames tend to stay the more or less the same for a long time (often for centuries), soprannomi will CHANGE whenever they need to, sometimes from one generation to the next. Whenever a branch of a family gets very large, with lots of male descendants carrying the family surname, new soprannomi will suddenly spring up to differentiate these various male lines. This is why you might sometimes see a father with one soprannome, and his son with another. So, if a relative tells you that your family’s soprannome is such-and-such, don’t just accept it something ‘cast in stone’. It might be so, but then again it might not. It’s essential to know WHEN they are talking about. If that person saw that soprannome in a book or in some parish records from the 1600s …well… it is highly unlikely this will be your family soprannome TODAY. Many soprannomi will be used only three or four generations (sometimes less) before they morph into something else. Remember, it’s just like creating subfolders (and sub-subfolders) on your computer. There is no way to keep everything straight without continual, dynamic change to adapt to new situations and needs. And sometimes, but less frequently, these adaptations may result in a more radical change, where a soprannome will replace the surname altogether. In my father’s parish of Santa Croce, for example, the family now known as ‘Martinelli’ used to be called ‘Giumenta’ before the 1630s, adopting their soprannome (apparently derived from a patriarch named Martino who was born around 1515) as their surname. Similarly, the present-day surname ‘Tosi’ in the same parish came from the soprannome of a branch of the noble Crosina family of Balbido. Unless you are aware of these shifts from soprannome to surname, it can seem like your ancestral family has vanished into dust when you are trying to trace them backwards. Tracing the Origins of Your Family’s Soprannomi As you can see, origins and behaviour of soprannomi are highly varied, often unclear, and constantly changing. As such, tracing the origin and meaning of a soprannome can range from really obvious to doggedly elusive. But if we are to have even the slightest chance of understanding them, and to using them as genealogical tools, we must make it a practice to keep a record our family soprannomi whenever we encounter them. They are not just colourful names, but important clues as to our ancestral lines, which can help us identify specific people, places and/or occupations of the past. If you haven’t done so already, I highly recommend that you start keeping a list of soprannomi, taking care to record: - The SURNAMES they are connected to - The VILLAGES in which they appear - The DATES (both the earliest AND the most recent) you have seen them in a record I keep an ongoing list of soprannomi for my father’s parish, mostly from the 1500-1700s. I keep it as a ‘general task’ in my Family Tree Maker programme, and refer to it frequently. For me, those years are the most crucial to record, because (as already illustrated) there are so many instances of the priests using soprannomi instead of surnames. Without this ‘road map’ I could easily get lost. Recording Soprannomi in Your Family Tree I believe it is important to record soprannomi in your family tree, not only because they are an important part of your family history, but also because doing so will also help you keep track of your ancestral lines. So, what is the ‘best’ way of doing this? I think it ultimately comes down to personal choice. I’ve used a variety of methods in different trees,all with their own advantages/disadvantages. Below are a few options you might consider. TIP: Whichever method you choose, BE CONSISTENT. Try to use the same method throughout the same tree. My oldest tree (now around 26,000 people) has a patchwork of styles, which I am gradually trying to standardise. OPTION 1: Soprannome as a MIDDLE NAME Sometimes I put soprannomi in ALL CAPS as a middle name just before the surname. This has the ad

e highly varied, often unclear, and constantly changing. As such, tracing the origin and meaning of a soprannome can range from really obvious to doggedly elusive. But if we are to have even the slightest chance of understanding them, and to using them as genealogical tools, we must make it a practice to keep a record our family soprannomi whenever we encounter them. They are not just colourful names, but important clues as to our ancestral lines, which can help us identify specific people, places and/or occupations of the past. If you haven’t done so already, I highly recommend that you start keeping a list of soprannomi, taking care to record: - The SURNAMES they are connected to - The VILLAGES in which they appear - The DATES (both the earliest AND the most recent) you have seen them in a record I keep an ongoing list of soprannomi for my father’s parish, mostly from the 1500-1700s. I keep it as a ‘general task’ in my Family Tree Maker programme, and refer to it frequently. For me, those years are the most crucial to record, because (as already illustrated) there are so many instances of the priests using soprannomi instead of surnames. Without this ‘road map’ I could easily get lost. Recording Soprannomi in Your Family Tree I believe it is important to record soprannomi in your family tree, not only because they are an important part of your family history, but also because doing so will also help you keep track of your ancestral lines. So, what is the ‘best’ way of doing this? I think it ultimately comes down to personal choice. I’ve used a variety of methods in different trees,all with their own advantages/disadvantages. Below are a few options you might consider. TIP: Whichever method you choose, BE CONSISTENT. Try to use the same method throughout the same tree. My oldest tree (now around 26,000 people) has a patchwork of styles, which I am gradually trying to standardise. OPTION 1: Soprannome as a MIDDLE NAME Sometimes I put soprannomi in ALL CAPS as a middle name just before the surname. This has the advantage of making things visible for me to find them quickly in the index when using a programme like Family Tree Maker or searching for that person on Ancestry. However, it can also be confusing, as I also use the same method with middle names that are used as the primary name by which the person was known. OPTION 2: Using ‘Also Known As’ Both Ancestry and Family Tree Maker have an option for ‘also known as’ (AKA). This might seem like a good choice for a soprannome, but I feel that is better used for when someone is known by one of their middle names OR an actual NICKNAME as we think of it in English. OPTION 3: The ‘Double-Barrelled’ Surname-Soprannome In some parishes, the surnames are SO repetitive, and the priests CONSISTENTLY used soprannomi in just about every record, I have occasionally opted to HYPHENATED the surname with the soprannome. This was a method I used when making a tree for someone with family from the parish of Tione di Trento, as the soprannome in that parish are almost always see in conjunction with the surname. The advantage of this method is it immediately organised everyone with the same surname-soprannome combination alphabetically in the person index for the tree, which is actually very useful. The disadvantage is that, if you don’t know a person’s soprannome because it wasn’t recorded in the record, they might look like they are disconnected from their branch of the family. OPTION 4: Create a Custom Fact or Event Called ‘Soprannome’ Although sites like Ancestry and programmes like Family Tree Maker don’t have a ‘soprannome’ in their default settings, it is possible to create a ‘custom fact’ (in Family Tree Maker) or ‘custom event’ (in Ancestry) and label it ‘soprannome’. Personally, I believe this the BEST option, as it makes it absolutely CLEAR that this name is a soprannome and not something else. When using Family Tree Maker, it gives you the additional advantage of being able to create filtered lists or custom reports for specific soprannomi (which can be really informative). Equa

vantage of making things visible for me to find them quickly in the index when using a programme like Family Tree Maker or searching for that person on Ancestry. However, it can also be confusing, as I also use the same method with middle names that are used as the primary name by which the person was known. OPTION 2: Using ‘Also Known As’ Both Ancestry and Family Tree Maker have an option for ‘also known as’ (AKA). This might seem like a good choice for a soprannome, but I feel that is better used for when someone is known by one of their middle names OR an actual NICKNAME as we think of it in English. OPTION 3: The ‘Double-Barrelled’ Surname-Soprannome In some parishes, the surnames are SO repetitive, and the priests CONSISTENTLY used soprannomi in just about every record, I have occasionally opted to HYPHENATED the surname with the soprannome. This was a method I used when making a tree for someone with family from the parish of Tione di Trento, as the soprannome in that parish are almost always see in conjunction with the surname. The advantage of this method is it immediately organised everyone with the same surname-soprannome combination alphabetically in the person index for the tree, which is actually very useful. The disadvantage is that, if you don’t know a person’s soprannome because it wasn’t recorded in the record, they might look like they are disconnected from their branch of the family. OPTION 4: Create a Custom Fact or Event Called ‘Soprannome’ Although sites like Ancestry and programmes like Family Tree Maker don’t have a ‘soprannome’ in their default settings, it is possible to create a ‘custom fact’ (in Family Tree Maker) or ‘custom event’ (in Ancestry) and label it ‘soprannome’. Personally, I believe this the BEST option, as it makes it absolutely CLEAR that this name is a soprannome and not something else. When using Family Tree Maker, it gives you the additional advantage of being able to create filtered lists or custom reports for specific soprannomi (which can be really informative). Equally important, you can also write NOTES about the soprannome ‘fact/event’, where you can discuss how it was derived, when it started, where it was recorded, or any other relevant information. UNBREAKABLE RULE: Record WHERE You Found It Regardless of which method you choose or devise to record your family’s soprannomi, there is one ‘unbreakable rule’ I strongly advise you include in your research practice: After the soprannome, make a note of where you found it – preferably the earliest record. For example, if a soprannome is in Giovanni’s baptismal record, put down ‘as per Giovanni’s baptismal record’ or something to that effect. But what if it’s NOT in the baptismal record for Giovanni, but in the baptismal records of two of his children? Then, write ‘as per the baptismal records of his children, Antonio and Maria,’ etc. This helps you remember that the soprannome MIGHT have started with that generation, and not earlier. Later, if you find an earlier record, change the notation to reflect that. Please trust me on this point. In the past, I neglected this important ‘rule’, which resulted in me not being able to identify where the soprannome first entered the tree, which can potentially create some confusion as you move backwards in time. How NOT to Record Soprannomi (or Nicknames) in Your Tree Two things you should NEVER (ever!) use in the name field for people in your tree are: - Quotation marks (AKA inverted commas) - Parentheses (AKA brackets) I’ve seen these on so many trees on Ancestry, I’ve lost count. They are especially common in trees where people changed their names after immigration. SIDE NOTE: While not on the subject of soprannomi, I really want to stress that married surnames should NEVER be part of a woman’s name – neither in the name field, and not in the ‘also known as. It is already understood that she would possibly have been known by her husband’s surname if she lived in the US or UK. Besides, when we are talking about Italian women, many, if not most, retain their maiden names throughout life

lly important, you can also write NOTES about the soprannome ‘fact/event’, where you can discuss how it was derived, when it started, where it was recorded, or any other relevant information. UNBREAKABLE RULE: Record WHERE You Found It Regardless of which method you choose or devise to record your family’s soprannomi, there is one ‘unbreakable rule’ I strongly advise you include in your research practice: After the soprannome, make a note of where you found it – preferably the earliest record. For example, if a soprannome is in Giovanni’s baptismal record, put down ‘as per Giovanni’s baptismal record’ or something to that effect. But what if it’s NOT in the baptismal record for Giovanni, but in the baptismal records of two of his children? Then, write ‘as per the baptismal records of his children, Antonio and Maria,’ etc. This helps you remember that the soprannome MIGHT have started with that generation, and not earlier. Later, if you find an earlier record, change the notation to reflect that. Please trust me on this point. In the past, I neglected this important ‘rule’, which resulted in me not being able to identify where the soprannome first entered the tree, which can potentially create some confusion as you move backwards in time. How NOT to Record Soprannomi (or Nicknames) in Your Tree Two things you should NEVER (ever!) use in the name field for people in your tree are: - Quotation marks (AKA inverted commas) - Parentheses (AKA brackets) I’ve seen these on so many trees on Ancestry, I’ve lost count. They are especially common in trees where people changed their names after immigration. SIDE NOTE: While not on the subject of soprannomi, I really want to stress that married surnames should NEVER be part of a woman’s name – neither in the name field, and not in the ‘also known as. It is already understood that she would possibly have been known by her husband’s surname if she lived in the US or UK. Besides, when we are talking about Italian women, many, if not most, retain their maiden names throughout life. So, let’s have a look at what a MESS all these variables can create. I’ll use my father’s eldest sister as an example (both she and my dad are deceased): - My dad’s sister was born Pierina Luigina Serafini, - She was known as Jean Serafinn in America. - She was sometimes called ‘Gina’ in the family and ‘Jeannie’ by American friends. - She was married to a man whose surname was Graiff who died young. - Later she remarried a man with the surname Watson (he is also deceased). - Oh, and just for the heck of it, let’s go ahead and throw in our family soprannome, ‘Cenighi’. Using the ‘quotation mark’ and ‘parentheses’ methods, and inserting her married surnames, my poor aunt’s name might end up looking like this: Pierina Luigia “Gina” (Jean Serafinn) “Jeannie” Serafini “Cenighi” Graiff Watson Please DON’T do this!! Not only is this only horribly confusing to as to what her name actually IS, but all those quotation marks and brackets can cause errors in software programmes. The best policy is to record the person’s name AT BIRTH in the name field, and then put alternative names in the ‘also known as’ field. And, as mentioned, the husbands’ surnames stay with the husbands, not the wife. Thus, here is how my aunt SHOULD be entered into the tree: - NAME: Pierina Luigina Serafini - ALSO KNOWN AS: Jean Serafinn - SOPRANNOME: Cenighi (not in records, but via verbal info from Serafini cousins) - HUSBAND 1: Albino Graiff - HUSBAND 2: Gary Watson If you really wanted, you could put additional ‘also known as’ to put her nicknames ‘Gina’ and ‘Jeannie’, but I think those are unnecessary, as we already know she was known as ‘Jean’. Also, if you wanted (and if you knew enough information), you could write some notes about the historical origins of the soprannome in the notes for that fact in Family Tree Marker…. something I am again only just starting to integrate into my own trees. Here are some notes I’ve entered about the Cenighi soprannome: The soprannome ‘Cenighi’ originates with Margherita Giuliani, who married Alberto Serafi

. So, let’s have a look at what a MESS all these variables can create. I’ll use my father’s eldest sister as an example (both she and my dad are deceased): - My dad’s sister was born Pierina Luigina Serafini, - She was known as Jean Serafinn in America. - She was sometimes called ‘Gina’ in the family and ‘Jeannie’ by American friends. - She was married to a man whose surname was Graiff who died young. - Later she remarried a man with the surname Watson (he is also deceased). - Oh, and just for the heck of it, let’s go ahead and throw in our family soprannome, ‘Cenighi’. Using the ‘quotation mark’ and ‘parentheses’ methods, and inserting her married surnames, my poor aunt’s name might end up looking like this: Pierina Luigia “Gina” (Jean Serafinn) “Jeannie” Serafini “Cenighi” Graiff Watson Please DON’T do this!! Not only is this only horribly confusing to as to what her name actually IS, but all those quotation marks and brackets can cause errors in software programmes. The best policy is to record the person’s name AT BIRTH in the name field, and then put alternative names in the ‘also known as’ field. And, as mentioned, the husbands’ surnames stay with the husbands, not the wife. Thus, here is how my aunt SHOULD be entered into the tree: - NAME: Pierina Luigina Serafini - ALSO KNOWN AS: Jean Serafinn - SOPRANNOME: Cenighi (not in records, but via verbal info from Serafini cousins) - HUSBAND 1: Albino Graiff - HUSBAND 2: Gary Watson If you really wanted, you could put additional ‘also known as’ to put her nicknames ‘Gina’ and ‘Jeannie’, but I think those are unnecessary, as we already know she was known as ‘Jean’. Also, if you wanted (and if you knew enough information), you could write some notes about the historical origins of the soprannome in the notes for that fact in Family Tree Marker…. something I am again only just starting to integrate into my own trees. Here are some notes I’ve entered about the Cenighi soprannome: The soprannome ‘Cenighi’ originates with Margherita Giuliani, who married Alberto Serafini in 1803, as she came from the frazione of Ceniga in the parish of Drò (near Arco). Their descendants are thus known as the ‘Cenighi Serafini’. I have not yet seen this soprannome in any records; rather, I was told the soprannome by Luigina Serafini (daughter of Luigi Paolo Serafini and Gemma Gasperini). Apparently, the family were unaware of the origin of the soprannome prior to my researching the family history. Thanks so much for taking time to read this article on soprannomi. I do hope you enjoyed it, and found it informative and useful to your research. It’s an article I’ve been wanting to write for some time now. It’s a complex topic – in many ways more complex that surnames. I also hope I have presented a convincing argument AGAINST the word ‘nickname’ as a translation for the word soprannome. It really doesn’t do the term justice, nor does it reflect its important social function. Perhaps we can all agree to stick to using the original word – soprannome. I would mean so much to me (and you would really help me know if these articles are explaining things clearly enough), if you could take a moment to leave a few comments below, sharing what you found most helpful or interesting about the article, or asking whatever questions I may not have answered. Until next time! 6 Oct 2019 P.S. My next trip to Trento is coming up in November 2019. My client roster for that trip is already full, but if you would like to book a time to discuss having me do research for you on a future trip in 2020, I invite you to read my ‘Genealogy Services’ page, and then drop me a line using the Contact form on this site. Then, we can set up a free 30-minute chat to discuss your project. P.P.S.: As I’ve had so many other projects lately, I have still not finished the edits for the PDF eBook on DNA tests, which I will be offering for FREE to my blog subscribers. I will send you a link to download it when it is done. Please be patient, as it will take a month or so to edit the articles and put them into the eBook format. If you are n

ni in 1803, as she came from the frazione of Ceniga in the parish of Drò (near Arco). Their descendants are thus known as the ‘Cenighi Serafini’. I have not yet seen this soprannome in any records; rather, I was told the soprannome by Luigina Serafini (daughter of Luigi Paolo Serafini and Gemma Gasperini). Apparently, the family were unaware of the origin of the soprannome prior to my researching the family history. Thanks so much for taking time to read this article on soprannomi. I do hope you enjoyed it, and found it informative and useful to your research. It’s an article I’ve been wanting to write for some time now. It’s a complex topic – in many ways more complex that surnames. I also hope I have presented a convincing argument AGAINST the word ‘nickname’ as a translation for the word soprannome. It really doesn’t do the term justice, nor does it reflect its important social function. Perhaps we can all agree to stick to using the original word – soprannome. I would mean so much to me (and you would really help me know if these articles are explaining things clearly enough), if you could take a moment to leave a few comments below, sharing what you found most helpful or interesting about the article, or asking whatever questions I may not have answered. Until next time! 6 Oct 2019 P.S. My next trip to Trento is coming up in November 2019. My client roster for that trip is already full, but if you would like to book a time to discuss having me do research for you on a future trip in 2020, I invite you to read my ‘Genealogy Services’ page, and then drop me a line using the Contact form on this site. Then, we can set up a free 30-minute chat to discuss your project. P.P.S.: As I’ve had so many other projects lately, I have still not finished the edits for the PDF eBook on DNA tests, which I will be offering for FREE to my blog subscribers. I will send you a link to download it when it is done. Please be patient, as it will take a month or so to edit the articles and put them into the eBook format. If you are not yet subscribed, you can do so using the subscription form at the end of this article below. Join our Trentino Genealogy Group on Facebook: http://facebook.com/groups/TrentinoGenealogy Lynn on Twitter: http://twitter.com/LynnSerafinn View my Santa Croce del Bleggio Family Tree on Ancestry:

ot yet subscribed, you can do so using the subscription form at the end of this article below. Join our Trentino Genealogy Group on Facebook: http://facebook.com/groups/TrentinoGenealogy Lynn on Twitter: http://twitter.com/LynnSerafinn View my Santa Croce del Bleggio Family Tree on Ancestry:

Let’s go back to the future... to a time when nicotine is cool (when you don’t vape it or smoke it) and, as we say at Troscriptions, to a time when Blue is the New Smart. But before we get there... nicotine is bad for you, right? If you ask a random person on the street whether nicotine is good or bad for your health, overwhelmingly they will answer that it’s worse than bad... it’s terrible! It has earned this reputation because it’s one of the main reasons why people get addicted to tobacco-containing products (there’s more to the story though... see below). However, did you know that nicotine, in small quantities such as a nootropic, can enhance focus, alertness, concentration, and even protect your brain? We’d venture to say that nicotine is, in fact, the most misunderstood nootropic on the planet. Read on to learn more! The History of Nicotine Tobacco was first introduced into Europe in 1559 from North America where Native Americans mainly used it for ceremonial and medicinal purposes. In Europe, it was used for smoking as well as an insecticide. Nicotine was first isolated from tobacco in 1828 by chemists Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann. Its chemical formula was derived in 1843, and it was first synthesized in 1904. It was named after the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum, which was named after French ambassador Jean Nicot de Villemain. How Nicotine Works Once nicotine gets to your brain, it binds to nAChRs. These are nicotinic receptors that control the release of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins . Dopamine is our main “reward” neurotransmitter, released when we feel pleasure. It’s the release of dopamine that is thought to be the reason for nicotine addiction in tobacco users, especially those who vape or smoke (more on this below), but there’s more to the story and they are called additives. Nicotine + Additives = Badness! Nicotine has a bad reputation because of its association with tobacco products. However, much of its addictive potential comes from it being consumed with the number of other chemicals and additives found in tobacco or vaping products. Chemicals such as formaldehyde, lead, arsenic, carbon monoxide, and more all contribute to the addictive and dangerous potential of tobacco smoking. In addition, when smoked, the potential of addiction also increases dramatically because nicotine and the additives get into the bloodstream immediately. Other nicotine products like gums, troches, and sprays take longer to exert an effect and have less addictive potential. Nicotine can be derived from tobacco or be made synthetically in a lab. Tobacco-derived nicotine comes from the tobacco plant. Synthetic nicotine is made in a lab without any potential impurities, additives, or other chemical compounds that may contaminate or be added to tobacco-derived nicotine. Nicotine Nootropic Benefits Nicotine has numerous cognitive benefits and positive effects on the brain including: - Focus - Concentration - Memory and learning - Protecting your brain (neuroprotective) - Creativity Many campaigns against tobacco use have painted it as a destroyer of brain and nerve cells. Contrary to this popular belief, studies have found potential for it as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s . Does nicotine make you smarter? There are numerous benefits of nicotine as a nootropic, but it isn't going to morph you into Einstein overnight. As a neuroactive compound, it may momentarily fine-tune your brain's processing capabilities but it's no substitute for knowledge and experience. Bear in mind that true wisdom comes from a lifetime of learning — nicotine is just temporarily turning up the dial on your cognitive radio, not reprogramming the station. Does nicotine improve focus? Could nicotine act as your brain's temporary assistant? Potentially. By engaging with specific neurotransmitters, nicotine can offer a brief period of sharpened focus — an intellectual espresso shot, if you will. However, like caffeine, the

uch of its addictive potential comes from it being consumed with the number of other chemicals and additives found in tobacco or vaping products. Chemicals such as formaldehyde, lead, arsenic, carbon monoxide, and more all contribute to the addictive and dangerous potential of tobacco smoking. In addition, when smoked, the potential of addiction also increases dramatically because nicotine and the additives get into the bloodstream immediately. Other nicotine products like gums, troches, and sprays take longer to exert an effect and have less addictive potential. Nicotine can be derived from tobacco or be made synthetically in a lab. Tobacco-derived nicotine comes from the tobacco plant. Synthetic nicotine is made in a lab without any potential impurities, additives, or other chemical compounds that may contaminate or be added to tobacco-derived nicotine. Nicotine Nootropic Benefits Nicotine has numerous cognitive benefits and positive effects on the brain including: - Focus - Concentration - Memory and learning - Protecting your brain (neuroprotective) - Creativity Many campaigns against tobacco use have painted it as a destroyer of brain and nerve cells. Contrary to this popular belief, studies have found potential for it as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s . Does nicotine make you smarter? There are numerous benefits of nicotine as a nootropic, but it isn't going to morph you into Einstein overnight. As a neuroactive compound, it may momentarily fine-tune your brain's processing capabilities but it's no substitute for knowledge and experience. Bear in mind that true wisdom comes from a lifetime of learning — nicotine is just temporarily turning up the dial on your cognitive radio, not reprogramming the station. Does nicotine improve focus? Could nicotine act as your brain's temporary assistant? Potentially. By engaging with specific neurotransmitters, nicotine can offer a brief period of sharpened focus — an intellectual espresso shot, if you will. However, like caffeine, the kick of nicotine for focus is fleeting. For sustainable mental performance, you've got to rely on consistent study, healthy lifestyle choices, and good ol' fashioned discipline. A typical cigarette has a dose of nicotine between 6-28 mg, while a cigar can astonishingly have between 100-200 mg. Wow! In contrast, a nicotine nootropic dose is low, with recommended starting doses between 0.5 to 2 mg per day. At this dosage, you get the cognitive benefits and positive effects of nicotine on the brain, while decreasing the possibility for any negative effects. Nicotine’s half-life is about 2 hours . This means that if you ingest 5 mg, in 2 hours your body will have 2.5 mg left (and so on) so it’s pretty short-acting compared to caffeine. Nicotine should be used with caution or not taken by individuals who have: - Cardiovascular or peripheral vascular diseases - Accelerated hypertension - Uncontrolled hypertension - Peptic ulcer disease - Hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, or insulin-dependent diabetes - Fetal/infant harm may occur if taken by pregnant/nursing adults Always ask your doctor before starting a nicotine product to make sure it’s safe for you to do so. Obviously, if you ask them if you can smoke cigarettes, they’ll say f*ck no... that is, unless you’ve somehow commandeered a Dolorian and went back in time with Marty McFly to 1955 when doctors were on TV telling everyone to smoke the ones they do. It was the new health trend for babies and doctors alike back then! Types of Nicotine Nootropics Nicotine's potential as a cognitive enhancer is a popular topic in nootropic circles. While this chemical has garnered a bad reputation through its association with smoking, it's crucial to clarify that nicotine's nootropic properties are separate from the destructive effects of tobacco consumption and can even help to quit smoking. Let's get down to the nitty-gritty of nicotine as it stands alone, focusing on its nootropic forms that are quickly capturing attention for their brain-boosting prowess. The nicotine lozenge

kick of nicotine for focus is fleeting. For sustainable mental performance, you've got to rely on consistent study, healthy lifestyle choices, and good ol' fashioned discipline. A typical cigarette has a dose of nicotine between 6-28 mg, while a cigar can astonishingly have between 100-200 mg. Wow! In contrast, a nicotine nootropic dose is low, with recommended starting doses between 0.5 to 2 mg per day. At this dosage, you get the cognitive benefits and positive effects of nicotine on the brain, while decreasing the possibility for any negative effects. Nicotine’s half-life is about 2 hours . This means that if you ingest 5 mg, in 2 hours your body will have 2.5 mg left (and so on) so it’s pretty short-acting compared to caffeine. Nicotine should be used with caution or not taken by individuals who have: - Cardiovascular or peripheral vascular diseases - Accelerated hypertension - Uncontrolled hypertension - Peptic ulcer disease - Hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, or insulin-dependent diabetes - Fetal/infant harm may occur if taken by pregnant/nursing adults Always ask your doctor before starting a nicotine product to make sure it’s safe for you to do so. Obviously, if you ask them if you can smoke cigarettes, they’ll say f*ck no... that is, unless you’ve somehow commandeered a Dolorian and went back in time with Marty McFly to 1955 when doctors were on TV telling everyone to smoke the ones they do. It was the new health trend for babies and doctors alike back then! Types of Nicotine Nootropics Nicotine's potential as a cognitive enhancer is a popular topic in nootropic circles. While this chemical has garnered a bad reputation through its association with smoking, it's crucial to clarify that nicotine's nootropic properties are separate from the destructive effects of tobacco consumption and can even help to quit smoking. Let's get down to the nitty-gritty of nicotine as it stands alone, focusing on its nootropic forms that are quickly capturing attention for their brain-boosting prowess. The nicotine lozenge or troche is our favorite form of nicotine nootropics. It sidesteps the health hazards of smoke inhalation by providing a metered dose of nicotine orally. It's the tortoise in the race; slow and steady, releasing nicotine gradually over 15 to 30 minutes. A buccal troche like our Blue Cannatine is perfect for those seeking sustained, increased focus and mental clarity. Nicotine gum offers users control over their dosage with every chew. As you work the gum, nicotine is released, providing an uptick in concentration and neurostimulation. This form is akin to sipping on a latte throughout the day, enjoying a controlled release of energy while minimizing the risk of jitters or crashes associated with quicker delivery systems although pure nicotine by itself can cause jitters or crashes in any form. The nicotine spray stands out for its rapid absorption and immediate results. A quick spritz under the tongue and the effects are felt almost instantaneously, bypassing the digestive tract for a flash of focus. Be mindful, however, that the spray can lead to jitters and an edgy feeling as it is the fastest way to deliver nicotine that is not vaped or smoked. This also gives it a higher addictive potential than troches or gum. Nicotine: One Key Ingredient in Blue Cannatine Blue Cannatine, Troscriptions' signature nootropic, contains 1 mg of nicotine in a full buccal troche, which is a small lozenge that allows the ingredients to be gradually absorbed into the bloodstream through the cheek mucosa. This is in contrast to cigarettes which contain anywhere from 6 to 28 mg of nicotine (as mentioned above!) and give you an instant hit. Buccal troches are a slow-release delivery system. As a result, the risk of addiction is very low as long as you follow the directions on the box and have less than 4 mg of nicotine per day. Plus, the nicotine is pharmaceutical grade and synthetically made in a lab so it does not contain any impurities or additives. In addition to nicotine, Blue Cannatine contains methylene blue, caffeine, and hem

or troche is our favorite form of nicotine nootropics. It sidesteps the health hazards of smoke inhalation by providing a metered dose of nicotine orally. It's the tortoise in the race; slow and steady, releasing nicotine gradually over 15 to 30 minutes. A buccal troche like our Blue Cannatine is perfect for those seeking sustained, increased focus and mental clarity. Nicotine gum offers users control over their dosage with every chew. As you work the gum, nicotine is released, providing an uptick in concentration and neurostimulation. This form is akin to sipping on a latte throughout the day, enjoying a controlled release of energy while minimizing the risk of jitters or crashes associated with quicker delivery systems although pure nicotine by itself can cause jitters or crashes in any form. The nicotine spray stands out for its rapid absorption and immediate results. A quick spritz under the tongue and the effects are felt almost instantaneously, bypassing the digestive tract for a flash of focus. Be mindful, however, that the spray can lead to jitters and an edgy feeling as it is the fastest way to deliver nicotine that is not vaped or smoked. This also gives it a higher addictive potential than troches or gum. Nicotine: One Key Ingredient in Blue Cannatine Blue Cannatine, Troscriptions' signature nootropic, contains 1 mg of nicotine in a full buccal troche, which is a small lozenge that allows the ingredients to be gradually absorbed into the bloodstream through the cheek mucosa. This is in contrast to cigarettes which contain anywhere from 6 to 28 mg of nicotine (as mentioned above!) and give you an instant hit. Buccal troches are a slow-release delivery system. As a result, the risk of addiction is very low as long as you follow the directions on the box and have less than 4 mg of nicotine per day. Plus, the nicotine is pharmaceutical grade and synthetically made in a lab so it does not contain any impurities or additives. In addition to nicotine, Blue Cannatine contains methylene blue, caffeine, and hemp extract. These four ingredients, which are all low dose, synergize to give you massive productivity, focus, verbal fluidity, and more for 3 to 5 hours. Blue Cannatine’s other ingredients also help with a smooth launch of productivity and focus without the jitters associated with pure nicotine as mentioned above. All ingredients in Blue Cannatine and all our products at Troscriptions are precision dosed, physician formulated, and pharmaceutical grade. So are you ready to go back to the future when nicotine is cool again but only in troche form where Blue is the New Smart? If yes, then join us! - Benowitz N. L. (2009). Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 49, 57–71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946180/ - Lu, J., Su, P., Barber, J., Nash, J. E., Le, A. D., Liu, F., & Wong, A. (2017). The neuroprotective effect of nicotine in Parkinson's disease models is associated with inhibiting PARP-1 and caspase-3 cleavage. PeerJ, 5, e3933. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3933 - Valentine, G., & Sofuoglu, M. (2018). Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Current neuropharmacology, 16(4), 403–414. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/ - Juliano, L. M., Fucito, L. M., & Harrell, P. T. (2011). The influence of nicotine dose and nicotine dose expectancy on the cognitive and subjective effects of cigarette smoking. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 19(2), 105–115. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3660849/

p extract. These four ingredients, which are all low dose, synergize to give you massive productivity, focus, verbal fluidity, and more for 3 to 5 hours. Blue Cannatine’s other ingredients also help with a smooth launch of productivity and focus without the jitters associated with pure nicotine as mentioned above. All ingredients in Blue Cannatine and all our products at Troscriptions are precision dosed, physician formulated, and pharmaceutical grade. So are you ready to go back to the future when nicotine is cool again but only in troche form where Blue is the New Smart? If yes, then join us! - Benowitz N. L. (2009). Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 49, 57–71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946180/ - Lu, J., Su, P., Barber, J., Nash, J. E., Le, A. D., Liu, F., & Wong, A. (2017). The neuroprotective effect of nicotine in Parkinson's disease models is associated with inhibiting PARP-1 and caspase-3 cleavage. PeerJ, 5, e3933. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3933 - Valentine, G., & Sofuoglu, M. (2018). Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Current neuropharmacology, 16(4), 403–414. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/ - Juliano, L. M., Fucito, L. M., & Harrell, P. T. (2011). The influence of nicotine dose and nicotine dose expectancy on the cognitive and subjective effects of cigarette smoking. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 19(2), 105–115. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3660849/

Autism is a developmental disability that affects around one in every hundred people around the world (Mental Health Foundation). Although it can lead to people struggling with certain things, it’s important to remember that autistic people live happy and fulfilling lives. If you suspect you might have autism, then it’s important that you get a confirmed diagnosis. This way, you can make any necessary adjustments to your life while also having support measures put in place if needed. Table of Contents How to Get an Autism Test The best way to find out if you have autism is by getting an autism diagnosis Manchester professionals can give. This involves a trained professional looking at your learning history, behaviors, and more so that they can make a diagnosis. If you look at the symptoms below and can identify with all (or some) of them, you should definitely get tested for autism so you can have peace of mind and understand everything more clearly. 1. Repetitive Behavior One of the main signs of autism in adults is ultra-repetitive behavior. Partnered with this is a strong dislike of having to change or temporarily stop doing your behaviors. For example, you might have to change the daily route that you take to work one day, and this then leads to you becoming extremely agitated or anxious. The reason why autistic people take part in repetitive behaviors is because they provide them with a sense of security. Essentially, it’s a way for autistic people to cope with everyday life and the challenges that come with it. Naturally, when these repetitive behaviors are disrupted or broken, it can lead to strong outbursts. 2. Social Anxiety Social anxiety is very common in people who have autism. Although social anxiety is generally accepted as a normal part of the human experience, it can get slightly out of control with autistic people to the extent that they’ll entirely avoid social situations or experience extreme panic while they’re taking place. 3. Sensory Overload Sensory overload is when one or multiple sensory stimuli overwhelm an individual so much that they can’t cope with them. As a result, intense anxiety and the strong desire to escape a situation often take over. Imagine for a second that you’re in an incredibly busy restaurant with loud music and lots of voices flying around. If you were to suddenly become overwhelmed by this and feel the need to go somewhere to calm down, then this would be an example of sensory overload. 4. Specific Obsessions and Interests Often, autistic people will have highly specific obsessions and interests. This can be anything, from machines and technology to math and science. It’s also important to mention that these interests will sometimes revolve around collectibles which then lead to hoarding. 5. Communication Problems Lastly, autistic people experience communication problems. This can range from struggling to read facial emotions to completely missing social cues. On top of this, an autistic person will sometimes have an extreme dislike for eye contact and find it to be stressful. If you think that you might have autism, it’s a great idea to get an official diagnosis. You’ll then be able to move forward positively with a clear understanding of your condition and how you can adapt so you’re living the best life possible.

reniform, ovate, palmate lobed, suborbicular March - May Large lobed leaves and mottled smooth bark. Leaf petiole sits on top of lateral buds completely covering them up until leaf falls off. Low, moist woods, floodplains, rich bottomlands, along streams. Sycamore is used for lumber, veneer, ties, slack cooperage, fencing and interior parts of furniture. It is also used for flooring, handles, and butchers' blocks. It is used by the food industry for containers since it imparts no taste or color to the contents.

People throughout the world are dealing with the unforeseen problems brought by the CoronaVirus epidemic. The COVID 19 pandemic is causing widespread death and posing enormous difficulties to public health, food systems, and the workplace. The social and economic implications of a pandemic are huge, ranging from school closures to industrial damage to millions of people losing their jobs. Covid19 has the potential to aggravate global inequality while also increasing global poverty and reducing sustainable energy advancement. The greatest strategy is to prevent the damage from occurring by delivering testing, treatments, and immunizations. This will just be a small percentage of the massive economic damage caused by the epidemic each week. Many types of tests are available in the market. If you are facing the symptoms of coronavirus, fast rapid covid testing for Lauderdale can be very beneficial to you in getting a fast result. The people who are about to travel anytime soon usually go for fast rapid covid testing to make sure they are safe from this deadly virus. Let’s talk about some of the common questions asked by people related to coronavirus What is the coronavirus’s mode of transmission? Coronavirus can be easily transmitted from one individual to another even if there are no signs and symptoms of the transfer. The people who have the virus can spread the virus into the air during talking, coughing, sneezing, or breathing. These viruses can float for 3 hours in the air. When you inhale these particles, you can also become infected with the virus. When people are in close proximity, droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze can enter the mouth or nose of others around or be breathed into the lungs. Outdoors, where the wind disperses and dilutes the virus, the chances of infection are lower than in a house, workplace, or other enclosed location where the ventilation is restricted. What is the significance of Physical Distance? The COVID19 virus is disseminated mostly by inhalation of droplets or aerosols created by coughing, sneezing, talking, or breathing by an infected person. The actions taken to inhibit or postpone the transmission of an infectious illness are referred to as physical distance. It involves maintaining a sufficient distance of about 2 meters from others in order to protect yourself and others from catching the virus. Physical distance can be enforced at the community level through instructions for working from home, face-to-face meetings, and the cancellation of big events. Moreover, many types of tests are available in the market. If you are facing the symptoms of coronavirus, fast Walgreens rapid testing for Lauderdale can be very beneficial to you in getting a fast result. What Important Step Can You Follow When Shopping for Groceries? Maintain a space of at least 2 meters between yourself and other grocery store patrons. Use a disinfectant wipe, and clean regularly handled objects like shopping carts and basket handles. It is important not to touch your face. You can wear a mask to avoid anything from touching your face. Wearing a mask reduces the chances of viral transmission. However, even after wearing a mask and using a sanitizer, it is important for you to wash your hands as soon as you reach home. Try to restrict your trips to the grocery store if you are over 65 because the chances of acquiring the virus are higher at this age. Request that your friends and neighbors pick up the groceries and place them in front of your house. Important Tips to Follow Here are some of the important tips that you can follow to prevent the spread of the coronavirus 1. Exercise your physical distance Coronavirus spreads from one person to another. When an infected individual coughs or sneezes, the droplets can infect those in the immediate vicinity. Because anybody, even children, can become infected and display relatively minor symptoms, physical distance (at least 6 feet from others) is a crucial aspect of coronavirus protection. 2. Put on a mask In crowded indoor locations, use a face mask since

sols created by coughing, sneezing, talking, or breathing by an infected person. The actions taken to inhibit or postpone the transmission of an infectious illness are referred to as physical distance. It involves maintaining a sufficient distance of about 2 meters from others in order to protect yourself and others from catching the virus. Physical distance can be enforced at the community level through instructions for working from home, face-to-face meetings, and the cancellation of big events. Moreover, many types of tests are available in the market. If you are facing the symptoms of coronavirus, fast Walgreens rapid testing for Lauderdale can be very beneficial to you in getting a fast result. What Important Step Can You Follow When Shopping for Groceries? Maintain a space of at least 2 meters between yourself and other grocery store patrons. Use a disinfectant wipe, and clean regularly handled objects like shopping carts and basket handles. It is important not to touch your face. You can wear a mask to avoid anything from touching your face. Wearing a mask reduces the chances of viral transmission. However, even after wearing a mask and using a sanitizer, it is important for you to wash your hands as soon as you reach home. Try to restrict your trips to the grocery store if you are over 65 because the chances of acquiring the virus are higher at this age. Request that your friends and neighbors pick up the groceries and place them in front of your house. Important Tips to Follow Here are some of the important tips that you can follow to prevent the spread of the coronavirus 1. Exercise your physical distance Coronavirus spreads from one person to another. When an infected individual coughs or sneezes, the droplets can infect those in the immediate vicinity. Because anybody, even children, can become infected and display relatively minor symptoms, physical distance (at least 6 feet from others) is a crucial aspect of coronavirus protection. 2. Put on a mask In crowded indoor locations, use a face mask since some persons may be infected with a virus or maybe unvaccinated or susceptible. All visitors, patients, and staff need to wear masks in hospitals, treatment facilities, and offices. 3. It is Better for You to Stay at home if you are not Feeling Well If a person has mild COVID 19 symptoms, they can self-isolate by staying at home and avoiding social contact. If you have acquired the virus or if you have a cold, it is most preferable to stay home and not come in contact with other people. 4. Do Not Touch Your Face Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth, especially if you haven’t washed them recently. This reduces the transmission of germs and their risks of being ill. Viruses may be picked up by touching a variety of surfaces throughout the day. The covid virus can survive for up to three days on some surfaces, according to recent research. The virus can then spread to the eyes, nose, and mouth and enter the body when a person touches their face. 5. Inquire about medical aid ahead of time People in the region where COVID19 has been detected should seek medical attention if they have a fever or cough. It is better to call before attending your healthcare institution. It can assist your healthcare practitioner in reducing the danger of the virus spreading to others. People can take actions to protect themselves and others by preventing the transmission of the coronavirus. Simple actions like hand washing and maintaining a safe distance from others can help to mitigate the impacts of coronavirus. If you have COVID19 symptoms, you should stay at home and use a face mask among other people. If you are having severe symptoms or are at high risk of COVID 19, you should visit a doctor immediately. Moreover, it’s also crucial to acquire the most up-to-date information from the local government on recommendations and cancellations.

some persons may be infected with a virus or maybe unvaccinated or susceptible. All visitors, patients, and staff need to wear masks in hospitals, treatment facilities, and offices. 3. It is Better for You to Stay at home if you are not Feeling Well If a person has mild COVID 19 symptoms, they can self-isolate by staying at home and avoiding social contact. If you have acquired the virus or if you have a cold, it is most preferable to stay home and not come in contact with other people. 4. Do Not Touch Your Face Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth, especially if you haven’t washed them recently. This reduces the transmission of germs and their risks of being ill. Viruses may be picked up by touching a variety of surfaces throughout the day. The covid virus can survive for up to three days on some surfaces, according to recent research. The virus can then spread to the eyes, nose, and mouth and enter the body when a person touches their face. 5. Inquire about medical aid ahead of time People in the region where COVID19 has been detected should seek medical attention if they have a fever or cough. It is better to call before attending your healthcare institution. It can assist your healthcare practitioner in reducing the danger of the virus spreading to others. People can take actions to protect themselves and others by preventing the transmission of the coronavirus. Simple actions like hand washing and maintaining a safe distance from others can help to mitigate the impacts of coronavirus. If you have COVID19 symptoms, you should stay at home and use a face mask among other people. If you are having severe symptoms or are at high risk of COVID 19, you should visit a doctor immediately. Moreover, it’s also crucial to acquire the most up-to-date information from the local government on recommendations and cancellations.

What are Hormones? Hormones are chemical messengers that act on receptors on cells of specific organs. Once activated by hormones, these receptors will turn on genes to produce certain proteins and other genes. Hormones are gender specific There are billions of hormone messengers in the human body. There are countless benefits gained from the supplementation of endogenous hormones with bio-identical hormones. BioIdentical Hormone Replacement Facts/Stats Everyday almost 4000 women enter menopause. Symptoms of menopause can begin 20 years prior to the onset of menopause Male hypogonadism is present in over 33% of males above the age of 45 years old. Men lose up to 3% of testosterone production per year after reaching their 30’s The POWER of BioIdentical Hormones… Hormones are essential to rejuvenate, regenerate and restore our bodies to youthful vitality. Hormones are powerful chemical messengers that orchestrate many of the body’s internal functions and dictate the behavior of our organs. Aging can lead to gradual small fluctuations that can lead to big changes in cells and disrupt the essential balance throughout the body. There are many hormonal disruptors in our environment and in the foods that we eat. The goal of hormone therapy should be to achieve a healthy balance. Experienced physicians can achieve a healthy balance of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone based of science rather than experimentation. Pellet therapy helps to achieve this healthy balance in a safe and hassle free manner. Menopause, Perimenopause, Andropause… After age 30, we see a progressive decline in the body’s hormones. With this decline in hormones, men and women experience medical issues like depression, anxiety, memory loss, hot flashes, sleep problems, libido issues, erectile dysfunction and sexual dysfunction to name a few. Research has even shown a relationship between low hormone levels and increased risk for alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, cancers and other age-related disorders. Hormone replacement with bio-identical hormones can have a profound effect on restoring your vitality and helping you to get more quality out of your life. The Safety of Bioidentical Hormones Bio-identical hormones were developed in 1939 for women who had radical hysterectomies (removal of ovaries and uterus). Since that time, there have been over 80 years of research supporting their use and efficacy. bio-identical hormones are widely used in Europe and Australia. *Salmon, U., et al. Use of Estradiol Subcutaneous Pellets in humans. Science 1939, 90: 162 Conventional Hormone Replacement Therapies (HRT) got bad press after a Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trial(1991) of HRT on thousands of post-menopausal women showed some alarming results: 41% increase in stroke, 29% increase in heart attacks, 26% increase in Breast Cancer, 2x increase in rate of Blood Clots, 76% increase in Alzheimer’s Dementia. The reason for these dismal outcomes was the use of synthetic hormones. Synthetic Hormones like Premarin and progestin used in the study should be used with caution in post-menopausal women. Today, with the advent of bio-identical hormones, hormones that are identical to the body’s endogenous hormones, the safety and efficacy of hormonal therapy has been shown time and time again.

FP ExplainersJun 10, 2022 11:56:34 IST Up until now, most of us had assumed that the safest way to keep your devices from getting hacked was to simply switch them off. If your device isn’t powered on, it can’t be hacked, right? Well, a group of researchers have shown that they can still be hacked. People have always assumed that Apple’s iPhones are some of the most secure devices and that they have the least number of vulnerabilities. However, a group of researchers from the Secure Mobile Networking Lab at the University of Darmstadt, Germany, have published a paper describing a theoretical method for hacking an iPhone, even when the device is switched off. According to a blog post by Kaspersky, one of the world’s leading antivirus and internet security service providers, the study conducted by the engineers at the University of Darmstadt examined the operation of the wireless modules in an iPhone and found ways to analyze the Bluetooth firmware. They were able to consequently introduce a malware program that was capable of running completely independent of iOS, the device’s operating system. In 2021, Apple announced that the Find My Device service, which is basically used for locating a lost device, would now work even if the device has been switched off. This feature is available in all Apple smartphones starting with the iPhone 11. Even though this functionality has been a lifesaver for a number of people over the years, there are some pretty serious ways in which it can compromise safety. Even when switched off, iPhones don’t turn off completely but switch to Low Power Mode, in which only a very limited set of modules are kept alive. These are primarily the Bluetooth and Ultra WideBand (UWB) wireless modules, as well as NFC, provided there is sufficient power in the battery. Basically, even when the device is in this Low Power Mode, it sends out information about itself. The researchers in Germany carried out a detailed analysis of the Find My service in Low Power Mode and discovered some rather strange things. After the device is powered off, most of the work is handled by the Bluetooth module, which gets reconfigured by a set of iOS commands. It then periodically sends data packets over the air, allowing other devices in its vicinity to know its location. The main discovery was that the firmware of the Bluetooth module is not encrypted and not protected. The lack of encryption permits analysis of the firmware and a search for vulnerabilities, which can later be used in attacks. The absence of Secure Boot allows an attacker to go further and completely replace the manufacturer’s code with their own, which the Bluetooth module then executes. In this entire process, the device does not need to be turned on even once.

A large number of organizations and businesses are leveraging on chatbots to help automate and support their helpdesks and healthcare is no exception. In fact, it is in the healthcare industry that these chatbots are of tremendous importance than other sectors, for patients always have queries and people always keep hunting for solutions for their health related problems. What are chatbots: Chatbots in healthcare is software that helps in conversation between two parties. They work with the help of standalone apps or for website applications. The agent that communicate through the chatbots mimic human action and speech so as to stimulate conversations and the end user has the experience as though talking to a real life person. The chat bot technology uses natural language processing techniques and is thus capable of recognizing the voice of the user and interprets the same using algorithms. With Himalayan changes in machine learning and artificial intelligence, the chatbots have become extremely popular in the healthcare sector. Their responsiveness, smart intelligence, and usefulness help impact patient care to an all new level. Impact of chatbots in the medical field: The possibilities of chatbots in the health care industry are growing extremely high in recent times. Though the rate of adoption has not reached convincing levels, the number of chatbots that are been used in the healthcare industry keeps increasing. There is tremendous scope for this AI learning system as healthcare is transforming to be more patient centric and is aiming to offer a personalized and satisfactory experience for both the client and the healthcare service providers. The new age healthcare companies are embracing technology as it takes to stay in tune with the latest requirements of the healthcare market demands. In the current digital age, patients expect a fast response from the healthcare service provides and any delay in the same annoys them. This results in negative impression and damage to the reputation of the hospital. Chatbots helps in replacing human executives and are fast and intelligent in handling patient queries. Clients get an impression of given the priority in care with the help of these chatbots. With the help of these chatbots in place, healthcare professionals are not able to concentrate better on other valuable things pertaining to healthcare such as treating clients, prescribing medicines, handling surgeries and other important things. Consumers also feel that chatbots re quick, responsive and are precise with their answers. The best chatbots providers in the healthcare industry: Q3tech are pioneers in designing high quality chatbots that are simple yet hold a lot of attributes in its conceptualization and development. This best chatbots company in healthcare offers the best menu driven and conversational bots that are integrated with the backend database and systems. These bots ae also integrated with mobile applications and are helpful in prompt reporting and in maintaining healthcare statistics. Chatbots have excellent potential in the healthcare industry, in recent years the number of chatbots in medical field has seen a drastic rise and are all set to empower the healthcare industry.

What is the most mysterious sea creature? The Ocean’s Weirdest Creatures! - Leafy Sea Dragon. Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Australia. - Christmas Tree Worm. - Northern Stargazer. - Red Handfish. Are there undiscovered monsters in the ocean? But scientists believe the world’s oceans are still hiding giant underwater creatures which have yet to be discovered. Marine ecologists have predicted there could be as many as 18 unknown species, with body lengths greater than 1.8 metres, still swimming in the great expanses of unexplored sea. What is the rarest underwater creature? The vaquita is the world’s rarest sea mammal and one of the most endangered animals in the world. What fossil was found in Alaska tidal zone? An iguana-like creature with a needle-sharp snout has been confirmed from a fossilized skeleton as a species of the marine reptile thalattosaur previously unknown to science that roamed the coast of what is now Alaska some 200 million years ago. What sea creatures have we not seen? 20 Bizarre Sea Creatures That Look Like They’re Not Real - Halitrephes Massi Jellyfish. This brightly colored sea-dweller, dubbed the Halitrephes Massi jellyfish, lives in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and is rarely seen by humans. - Blob Sculpin. - Christmas Tree Worms. - Clown Frogfish. - Gulper Eel. - Vampire Squid. What is the cutest deep sea creature? Ten Cutest Underwater Animals - Costasiella kuroshimae nudibranch. - Beluga whale. - Green sea turtle. - Bigeye thresher shark. - Bottlenose dolphin. - Pygmy seahorse. Who is the most creepiest person in the world? 10 Scariest People Who Ever Lived - Maximilien de Robespierre (1758-1794) © The Famous People. - Gilles de Rais (1404-1440) © Blogspot. - Timur (1336-1405) © Tarihnotlari. - Ilse Koch (1906-1967) © Tumblr. - HH Holmes (1861-1896) © Youtube. - Thug Behram (1765-1840) - Elizabeth Bathory (1560-1614) - Empress Wu Zetian (625-705) Where was the beaked whale found in Alaska? The animal was too short to be an adult, but its teeth were worn and yellowed with age. This whale washed up dead on Alaska’s St. George Island in June 2014. Scientists say it is a newly discovered species of beaked whale. Is there a water monster on Kodiak Island? Alaska has also had its share of mysterious water beasts, and one of these is a monster that supposedly lurks around Alaska’s Kodiak Island, off the south coast. What kind of Monster is in Lake Illiamna Alaska? Another strange type of Alaskan mystery creature similar to Bigfoot but seemingly quite unique is creature from the southwest portion of the state near Lake Illiamna, and which is variously referred to as the Arulataq, Bushman, Big Man, Tent Monster, Nant’ina, or most commonly the Urayuli, which translates to simply “Hairy Man.” What kind of whale is buried in sand? A young biology teacher spotted the carcass half-buried in sand on a desolate windswept beach. He alerted a former fur seal researcher who presumed, at first, that she knew what they’d found: a Baird’s beaked whale, a large, gray, deep-diving creature that occasionally washes in dead with the tide.

Why is investing difficult? Well, it’s simply down to the way we are. One example is our tendency to rely quite heavily on intuition. Professor Arman Eshraghi from Cardiff Business School is an expert in behavioural finance and explains that we approach judgement and decision making in two ways. There is thinking and then there’s intuition and instinct. If someone was to ask you, “do you like pepperoni pizza?”, you would give an instant response to that without thinking too much. And that’s your intuitive response. This intuition is actually very helpful in various areas of life. But, when it comes to financial decision making, it’s not helpful. You want to be in is the thinking mode. Another problem is that investing requires a long-term perspective. People are naturally far more interested in the here and now and in the immediate future. Most humans ignore the distant future and focus too much on the present. This is known as the “present bias” in behavioural finance. And therefore, when it comes to events that happen in the long-term, we don’t plan for them sufficiently because we don’t see them as sufficiently close. Professor Eshraghi says that the key is to train yourself to focus on the long-term. That way, investing is far less risky than many of us assume. Very solid academic research shows that investing in, for example, the equity markets tends to be a very relatively safe and profitable approach or alternative to other forms of investing in the long-term. So, if you have time, and if you don’t get embroiled in the short-term ups and downs of stock markets, you can make reasonably attractive financial returns at relatively low risk. Essentially, the more you distance yourself from these sorts of unhelpful emotions, the better you can invest consistently and robustly for the long-term. All this sounds simple. But, in practice, it often isn’t. Some people get the hang of it, but then, for whatever reason, lose their way. Having a financial adviser you can turn to for an objective opinion is a good way to stay focused on what’s important.

A boats deadrise is defined by the angle formed between between the horizontal plane and the vessels hull. This is usually given by most manufacturers as an angle at the transom. To give you an example of this is shown in the transom section in the images below. The angle is seen as essentially how much of a vee shape the hull makes. It is a shape that is most carefully engineered to achieve a certain result. Therefore this should be important to you, if you are after a vessel that can handle rough water, or shallow water. Whether you’re looking for overall smooth ride or high performance. At CNC Marine At CNC Marine most of our vessels use a variable deadrise which starts at about 15 degrees at the transom but aggressively increases towards the bow. We’ve spent a large amount of time and used leading edge naval architecture software to come up with a hull that meets our stringent requirements. We aimed to achieve a fine waterline entry while retaining stability and efficiency. We did this while also creating a structure that is easy to put together and does not require any jigs.

A new study by researchers from the College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung-Taiwan and Asia University, Taichung-Taiwan has found that a class of phytochemicals called tannins can be used to treat COVID-19. Tannins are polyphenols enriched in wood, bark, roots, leaves, seeds and fruits of a variety of plants. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the biological functions of tannins and their applications as antioxidants, anticancer drugs, and food additives. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, much effort has been devoted to finding an expedient cure. Tannins have been put forward as having possible anti-COVID-19 properties; however, owing to the profuse nature of the structurally diverse derivatives of tannins, the tannin species in the family associated with an indication of anti-COVID-19 have been poorly defined, compounded by frequent terminology misnomers. This article reviews the tannin family in fruits and the current knowledge about the activities of the compounds with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It will aid molecular and cellular biologists in developing natural anti-viral chemicals as means of overcoming the current and future pandemics. The study findings were published in the peer reviewed International Journal of Biological Sciences. https://www.ijbs.com/v18p4669.htm . . . . The first silico docking study involving an international collaboration, showed as early as August 2020 that Tannins could be deployed to disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycles by targeting the 3CLpro viral proteins. Already as early as December 2020, Taiwanese researchers found that tannic acid could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7783773/ A Canadian study in the March of this year also showed that tannins could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 activity through three distinct molecular pathways. A Japanese study involving hamsters also showed the efficacy of using tannins derived from persimmons to treat COVID-19. This new review study by Taiwanese scientists focusses on the tannin family in fruits and the current knowledge about the activities of the compounds with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2. . . . . The anti-COVID-19 activities of tannins The two major frontiers in battling the COVID-19 are infection and propagation of the SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, and the possible extreme reaction of the body’s immune system in response to pathogenic intrusion . While most research efforts have been devoted to preventing viral infection or eradicating the virus from the body, relatively less attention has been focused on developing methods to cope with the inflammatory responses, the “cytokine storm”, over the course of COVID-19. Elevations of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-10, as well as reductions in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes have been observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe cases . Currently, several polyphenol-based and tannin-based clinical trials (NCT04911777 , NCT04403646 , and IRCT20200418047122N1 ) have been conducted with COVID-19 patients. Oral tannins extracted from quebracho and chestnut in combination with B12 vitamin and standard treatment reduced macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and TNF-α levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients . In a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19, persimmon-derived tannins pre-administered by oral gavage were able to suppress SARS-CoV-2 titers, reduce the severity of pneumonia and decrease inflammation-related gene expression such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ . The transmembrane protease serine 2 TMPRSS2 is an essential cell surface protease which processes the viral surface spike protein (S protein) to enhance its binding to the cell surface receptor ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) followed by cell entry via membrane fusion. The intracellular viral genomic RNA is then translated into polyproteins which are subject to further proteolytic cleavage by the viral main protease/3-chymotrypsin-like

m persimmons to treat COVID-19. This new review study by Taiwanese scientists focusses on the tannin family in fruits and the current knowledge about the activities of the compounds with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2. . . . . The anti-COVID-19 activities of tannins The two major frontiers in battling the COVID-19 are infection and propagation of the SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, and the possible extreme reaction of the body’s immune system in response to pathogenic intrusion . While most research efforts have been devoted to preventing viral infection or eradicating the virus from the body, relatively less attention has been focused on developing methods to cope with the inflammatory responses, the “cytokine storm”, over the course of COVID-19. Elevations of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-10, as well as reductions in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes have been observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe cases . Currently, several polyphenol-based and tannin-based clinical trials (NCT04911777 , NCT04403646 , and IRCT20200418047122N1 ) have been conducted with COVID-19 patients. Oral tannins extracted from quebracho and chestnut in combination with B12 vitamin and standard treatment reduced macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and TNF-α levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients . In a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19, persimmon-derived tannins pre-administered by oral gavage were able to suppress SARS-CoV-2 titers, reduce the severity of pneumonia and decrease inflammation-related gene expression such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ . The transmembrane protease serine 2 TMPRSS2 is an essential cell surface protease which processes the viral surface spike protein (S protein) to enhance its binding to the cell surface receptor ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) followed by cell entry via membrane fusion. The intracellular viral genomic RNA is then translated into polyproteins which are subject to further proteolytic cleavage by the viral main protease/3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (Mpro/3CLpro) to produce non-structural functional proteins essential for viral propagation (Figure 1) [65-70]. It has been demonstrated by multiple groups that tannic acid is a potent dual inhibitor of TMPRSS2 and Mpro/3CLpro to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 activity [65-69]. Tannic acid inhibits Mpro/3CLpro with IC50 ranging from 1 μM to 13.4 Μm [65-69], and inhibits TMPRSS2 with IC50 ranging from 2.31 μM to 50 μM [68, 69]. The variable IC50 may result from the different methodologies such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and ELISA-based enzymatic assays. Importantly, the dual inhibition of TMPRSS2 and Mpro/3CLpro by tannic acid can be translated into suppression of cellular entry of the virus . Thus, tannic acid shows high potential for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 among plant-derived polyphenols. Similar inhibitory activities of Mpro/3CLpro by the tannins of dimeric proanthocyanidins , punicalagin and mixtures of tannic acid with plant-derived polyphenols have also been observed in in vitro studies. Consistently, it has been reported that green tea-derived tannins inhibited viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and stably persist in the pharyngeal mucosa 1 hour after administration by throat spray , supporting the potential of green tea tannins in anti-COVID-19 therapies. Moreover, the hydrolysable tannins such as pedunculagin, tercatain, and castalin have been demonstrated to be potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 using the molecular operating environment software (MOE 09) which is an integrated computer-aided molecular design platform . These natural compounds are predicted to be able to bind to the catalytic dyad residues of Mpro/3CLpro and inhibit the enzyme activity . It is worth mentioning that oral administration of highly-purified isomers of tannic acid exerts anti-COVID-19 activity against both the omicron and delta variants . A phase III clinical trial will be carried out in 2022 (NCT04911777).

cysteine protease (Mpro/3CLpro) to produce non-structural functional proteins essential for viral propagation (Figure 1) [65-70]. It has been demonstrated by multiple groups that tannic acid is a potent dual inhibitor of TMPRSS2 and Mpro/3CLpro to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 activity [65-69]. Tannic acid inhibits Mpro/3CLpro with IC50 ranging from 1 μM to 13.4 Μm [65-69], and inhibits TMPRSS2 with IC50 ranging from 2.31 μM to 50 μM [68, 69]. The variable IC50 may result from the different methodologies such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and ELISA-based enzymatic assays. Importantly, the dual inhibition of TMPRSS2 and Mpro/3CLpro by tannic acid can be translated into suppression of cellular entry of the virus . Thus, tannic acid shows high potential for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 among plant-derived polyphenols. Similar inhibitory activities of Mpro/3CLpro by the tannins of dimeric proanthocyanidins , punicalagin and mixtures of tannic acid with plant-derived polyphenols have also been observed in in vitro studies. Consistently, it has been reported that green tea-derived tannins inhibited viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and stably persist in the pharyngeal mucosa 1 hour after administration by throat spray , supporting the potential of green tea tannins in anti-COVID-19 therapies. Moreover, the hydrolysable tannins such as pedunculagin, tercatain, and castalin have been demonstrated to be potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 using the molecular operating environment software (MOE 09) which is an integrated computer-aided molecular design platform . These natural compounds are predicted to be able to bind to the catalytic dyad residues of Mpro/3CLpro and inhibit the enzyme activity . It is worth mentioning that oral administration of highly-purified isomers of tannic acid exerts anti-COVID-19 activity against both the omicron and delta variants . A phase III clinical trial will be carried out in 2022 (NCT04911777).

A version of this page is also available for Conceptually, a viewport is a 2-D rectangle into which a three-dimensional scene is projected. In Microsoft® Direct3D® Mobile, the rectangle exists as coordinates within a Direct3D Mobile surface that the system uses as a rendering target. The projection transformation converts vertices into the coordinate system used for the viewport. You use a viewport in Direct3D Mobile to specify the following features in your application: - The screen-space viewport to which the rendering will be confined. - The range of depth values on a render-target surface into which a scene will be rendered (usually 0.0 to 1.0). The viewport transformation is the final transformation from projection space to homogeneous screen space. The viewport transformation scales coordinates to be within the viewport window and Z range, and it inverts the Y axis. Unlike other transformations, the viewport transformation is not specified by a matrix. You define the viewport rectangle by using the D3DMVIEWPORT structure. The D3DMVIEWPORT structure is used with the following viewport manipulation methods exposed by the IDirect3DMobileDevice interface: The D3DMVIEWPORT structure contains four members — X, Y, Width, and Height — that define the area of the render-target surface into which a scene will be rendered. These values correspond to the destination rectangle, or viewport rectangle, as shown in the following illustration. The values you specify for the X, Y, Width, and Height members of the D3DMVIEWPORT structure are screen coordinates relative to the upper-left corner of the render-target surface. The structure defines two additional members (MinZ and MaxZ) that indicate the depth-ranges into which the scene will be rendered. Direct3D Mobile assumes that the viewport clipping volume ranges from -1.0 to 1.0 in X, and from 1.0 to -1.0 in Y. These were the settings used most often by applications in the past. During the projection transformation, you can adjust for viewport aspect ratio before clipping. For more information, see Projection Transformations. The D3DMVIEWPORT structure members MinZ and MaxZ indicate the depth-ranges into which the scene will be rendered and are not used for clipping. Most applications will set these members to 0.0 and 1.0 to enable the system to render to the entire range of depth values in the depth buffer. In some cases, you can achieve special effects by using other depth ranges. For instance, to render a heads-up display in a game, you can set both values to 0.0 to force the system to render objects in a scene in the foreground, or you might set them both to 1.0 to render an object that should always be in the background. The dimensions used in the X, Y, Width, and Height members of the D3DMVIEWPORT structure for a viewport define the location and dimensions of the viewport on the render-target surface. These values are in screen coordinates, relative to the upper-left corner of the surface. Direct3D Mobile uses the viewport location and dimensions to scale the vertices to fit a rendered scene into the appropriate location on the target surface. Internally, Direct3D Mobile inserts these values into a matrix that is applied to each vertex. This matrix simply scales vertices according to the viewport dimensions and desired depth range and translates them to the appropriate location on the render-target surface. The matrix also flips the y-coordinate to reflect a screen origin at the top-left corner with y increasing downward. After this matrix is applied, vertices are still homogeneous — that is, they still exist as [x,y,z,w] vertices — and they must be converted to non-homogeneous coordinates before being sent to the rasterizer. This is performed by way of simple division, as discussed in Rasterization.

Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920 Biography of Gabrielle (Stewart) Mulliner, 1872-1919 By Jodi Oaks, Librarian, Mohawk Valley Community College Gabrielle Stewart was born on October 24, 1872 in Cleveland, Ohio to Newell Coe Stewart and Gabrielle (Townsend) Stewart. She had three brothers, Major Samuel Stewart, William G. Stewart, and Newell Coe Stewart. Her father worked in the Cleveland public school system for over 30 years as a music teacher, director of music, and superintendent. She went to Cleveland public schools, and then attended the University of Ohio and Ohio State University Law School in 1900. She became a member of the Ohio Bar and practiced law in Ohio for 3 years. She was one of the first women admitted to the Ohio Bar. After moving to NYC, she was admitted to the New York Bar. Her law office was at 542 Fifth Avenue. On September 26, 1904 she married Walter Girdwood Mulliner from Leamington, Warwickshire, England. They had a small wedding, as it was reported that Walter was still recovering from an appendectomy. He was born May 13, 1864 to Henry and Ann Mulliner, and was an art dealer, with some sources stating he was a tapestries expert. Gabrielle was noted as a leader in women's affairs and was referred to as a prominent suffragist. She was reported to have called anti-suffragists "traitors to the home" and "cowards." Gabrielle authored a pamphlet entitled, New York Laws of Interest to Women, read at the November 11, 1908 convention of the New York State Federation of Women's Clubs and published by the Federation in 1908. She was active in the Woman Suffrage Party from its inception in 1909. She served as chairman of the Legislative Committee of the New York State Federation of Women's Clubs, during which time she was successful in establishing a Women's Court, a separate court for the trial of women under arrest. She was a member of the New York County Lawyer's Association, Equal Franchise Society, Women's Republican Club, National Civic Association, National Society of Patriotic Women, and Daughters of the American Revolution. She pursued the hobbies of music and literature, and was a member of the Poetry Society of America, Browning Society, and Pen and Brush Club. Gabrielle died Saturday June 28, 1919 in her apartment at Hotel Netherland in NYC. It was reported that she had been ill for two weeks. Her funeral was at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, NYC. She is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, NY. U.S. Census Bureau, 1870, "Gabriella Stewart in household of N Coe Stewart, Ohio, United States;" New York City Municipal Archives, 1904, "New York City Marriage Records, 1829-1940: Walter Mulliner and Gabrielle Stewart, 26 Sep 1904, Marriage, Manhattan, New York;" U.S. Census Bureau, 1910, "Gabrielle S Mulliner in household of Newell C Stewart, Manhattan Ward 12, New York, New York, United States;" New York City Municipal Archives, 1919, "New York City Municipal Deaths, 1795-1949: Gabriel Stewart Mulliner, 28 Jun 1919, Death, Manhattan, New York." For contemporary biographies on Mulliner, see Who's Who in New York City and State: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries, ed. John W. Leonard (New York: L.R. Hamersly & Company, 1909), 965; Who's Who in New York City and State: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries, ed. William F. Mohr (New York: Who's Who in New York City and State, Inc., 1914), 529; Woman's Who's Who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, ed. John W. Leonard (New York: American Commonwealth Company, 1914), 584 [LINK]. On Mulliner's suffrage activities, see "Traitors to the Home" and "The Women Suffragists Do Not Ask," Miller NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbooks, 1897-1911; Scrapbook 8 (1909-1910), https://www.loc.gov/item/rbcmiller003683/; Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, "The Revolutionary Spirit in Women," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, September 1908, 251-256; "Women In Albany In Ballot Battle," New York Times, February 25, 1909, 1; "Want Women to Get City Votes First," New York Times,

iotic Women, and Daughters of the American Revolution. She pursued the hobbies of music and literature, and was a member of the Poetry Society of America, Browning Society, and Pen and Brush Club. Gabrielle died Saturday June 28, 1919 in her apartment at Hotel Netherland in NYC. It was reported that she had been ill for two weeks. Her funeral was at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, NYC. She is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, NY. U.S. Census Bureau, 1870, "Gabriella Stewart in household of N Coe Stewart, Ohio, United States;" New York City Municipal Archives, 1904, "New York City Marriage Records, 1829-1940: Walter Mulliner and Gabrielle Stewart, 26 Sep 1904, Marriage, Manhattan, New York;" U.S. Census Bureau, 1910, "Gabrielle S Mulliner in household of Newell C Stewart, Manhattan Ward 12, New York, New York, United States;" New York City Municipal Archives, 1919, "New York City Municipal Deaths, 1795-1949: Gabriel Stewart Mulliner, 28 Jun 1919, Death, Manhattan, New York." For contemporary biographies on Mulliner, see Who's Who in New York City and State: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries, ed. John W. Leonard (New York: L.R. Hamersly & Company, 1909), 965; Who's Who in New York City and State: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries, ed. William F. Mohr (New York: Who's Who in New York City and State, Inc., 1914), 529; Woman's Who's Who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, ed. John W. Leonard (New York: American Commonwealth Company, 1914), 584 [LINK]. On Mulliner's suffrage activities, see "Traitors to the Home" and "The Women Suffragists Do Not Ask," Miller NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbooks, 1897-1911; Scrapbook 8 (1909-1910), https://www.loc.gov/item/rbcmiller003683/; Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, "The Revolutionary Spirit in Women," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, September 1908, 251-256; "Women In Albany In Ballot Battle," New York Times, February 25, 1909, 1; "Want Women to Get City Votes First," New York Times, March 26, 1909, 5; "Women Mix Up in Political Game," The Evening Statesman, October 30, 1909, 6; "Equal Franchise Reception," New York Times, January 23, 1910, 12; "Mrs. Belmont Home For Suffrage War," New York Times, September 16, 1910, 9; "Suffragettes Will Dance," New York Times, November 12, 1910, 9; "Women Hold Suffrage Tea," New York Times, December 11, 1910, 14. On her work to establish a separate court for women, see "Woman's Court Assured," New York Post, February 1909, Miller NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbooks, 1897-1911; Scrapbook 7 (1908-1909), https://www.loc.gov/item/rbcmiller002011/; "Gabrielle Mulliner" in The Part Taken by Women in American History, ed. Mary Simmerson Cunningham Logan (Delaware: Perry-Nalle Publishing Company, 1912), 593. On her career as a lawyer, see "New York's New Organization of Women Lawyers," New York Times, January 21, 1906, 7; Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, New York Laws of Interest to Women (New York: Federation of Women's Clubs, 1908); Bettie Bowman, "Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner: A Modern Portia," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, June 1908, 197-198; Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, letter to Ida M. Tarbell, March 10, 1909, http://hdl.handle.net/10456/24811; "A Modern Portia: Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, A Champion of Women's Rights, Who Opposes Divorce," The Labor Digest, October 1910, 8; "Woman Lawyer Retired," The Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram, February 13, 1911, 6. For a published poem by Mulliner, see Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, "My Jewels," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, September 1908, 248. Mulliner wrote several letters to the Editor of the New York Times, including "Work of Miss Anthony," New York Times, October 3, 1905, 8; "Limiting Fortunes," New York Times, April 19, 1906, 12; "Women Enjoy Cooking," New York Times, March 27, 1907, 8; "The Plight of Aged Women," New York Times, July 16, 1907, 6; "Woman's Suffrage as a By-Product," New York Times, January 5, 1908, 10; "Suffragette Replies," New York Times, December 17, 1908, 8; "Husbands Slandered,"

March 26, 1909, 5; "Women Mix Up in Political Game," The Evening Statesman, October 30, 1909, 6; "Equal Franchise Reception," New York Times, January 23, 1910, 12; "Mrs. Belmont Home For Suffrage War," New York Times, September 16, 1910, 9; "Suffragettes Will Dance," New York Times, November 12, 1910, 9; "Women Hold Suffrage Tea," New York Times, December 11, 1910, 14. On her work to establish a separate court for women, see "Woman's Court Assured," New York Post, February 1909, Miller NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbooks, 1897-1911; Scrapbook 7 (1908-1909), https://www.loc.gov/item/rbcmiller002011/; "Gabrielle Mulliner" in The Part Taken by Women in American History, ed. Mary Simmerson Cunningham Logan (Delaware: Perry-Nalle Publishing Company, 1912), 593. On her career as a lawyer, see "New York's New Organization of Women Lawyers," New York Times, January 21, 1906, 7; Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, New York Laws of Interest to Women (New York: Federation of Women's Clubs, 1908); Bettie Bowman, "Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner: A Modern Portia," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, June 1908, 197-198; Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, letter to Ida M. Tarbell, March 10, 1909, http://hdl.handle.net/10456/24811; "A Modern Portia: Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, A Champion of Women's Rights, Who Opposes Divorce," The Labor Digest, October 1910, 8; "Woman Lawyer Retired," The Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram, February 13, 1911, 6. For a published poem by Mulliner, see Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner, "My Jewels," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, September 1908, 248. Mulliner wrote several letters to the Editor of the New York Times, including "Work of Miss Anthony," New York Times, October 3, 1905, 8; "Limiting Fortunes," New York Times, April 19, 1906, 12; "Women Enjoy Cooking," New York Times, March 27, 1907, 8; "The Plight of Aged Women," New York Times, July 16, 1907, 6; "Woman's Suffrage as a By-Product," New York Times, January 5, 1908, 10; "Suffragette Replies," New York Times, December 17, 1908, 8; "Husbands Slandered," New York Times, August 2, 1909, 6; "Temperance Cause," New York Times, May 29, 1910, 6; "Alimony," New York Times, July 29, 1910, 6; "A New Surgical Bandage," New York Times, June 3, 1917, 24; "Citizens By Marriage," New York Times, December 25, 1917, 14. On her marriage, see "Mulliner-Stewart," New York Tribune, September 27, 1904, 5; "A 'Flitch of Bacon' Bestowed on Young Married Couple Who Had Never Fought," New York Tribune, October 1, 1905, 4. On her death, see "Mrs. G.S. Mulliner Dies," New York Times, June 30, 1919, 11; "Mrs. Gabrielle Mulliner, Lawyer and Writer, Dead," New York Tribune, June 30, 1919, 8. Image of Gabrielle (Stewart) Mulliner, 1872-1919: Bettie Bowman, "Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner: A Modern Portia," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, June 1908, 197.

New York Times, August 2, 1909, 6; "Temperance Cause," New York Times, May 29, 1910, 6; "Alimony," New York Times, July 29, 1910, 6; "A New Surgical Bandage," New York Times, June 3, 1917, 24; "Citizens By Marriage," New York Times, December 25, 1917, 14. On her marriage, see "Mulliner-Stewart," New York Tribune, September 27, 1904, 5; "A 'Flitch of Bacon' Bestowed on Young Married Couple Who Had Never Fought," New York Tribune, October 1, 1905, 4. On her death, see "Mrs. G.S. Mulliner Dies," New York Times, June 30, 1919, 11; "Mrs. Gabrielle Mulliner, Lawyer and Writer, Dead," New York Tribune, June 30, 1919, 8. Image of Gabrielle (Stewart) Mulliner, 1872-1919: Bettie Bowman, "Gabrielle Stewart Mulliner: A Modern Portia," Modern World and Business Woman's Magazine, June 1908, 197.

In the first segment of the video, study participant Kent Stephenson does voluntary training with spinal stimulation. Spinal stimulation helps four patients with paraplegia regain voluntary movement Groundbreaking results bring new hope for those with spinal cord injury – NIH study Four people with paraplegia are able to voluntarily move previously paralyzed muscles as a result of a novel therapy that involves electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, according to a study funded in part by the National Institutes of Health and the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation. The participants, each of whom had been paralyzed for more than two years, were able to voluntarily flex their toes, ankles, and knees while the stimulator was active, and the movements were enhanced over time when combined with physical rehabilitation. Researchers involved in the study say the therapy has the potential to change the prognosis of people with paralysis even years after injury. “When we first learned that a patient had regained voluntary control as a result of spinal stimulation, we were cautiously optimistic,” said Roderic Pettigrew, Ph.D., M.D., director of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) at NIH, which provided support for the study. “Now that spinal stimulation has been successful in 4 out of 4 patients, there is evidence to suggest that a large cohort of individuals, previously with little realistic hope of any meaningful recovery from spinal cord injury, may benefit from this intervention.” One of the most impressive and unexpected findings of the study is that two of the patients who benefited from the spinal stimulation had complete motor andsensory paralysis. In these patients, the pathway that sends information about sensation from the legs to the brain is disrupted, in addition to the pathway that sends information from the brain to the legs in order to control movement. The researchers were surprised by the outcome; they had assumed that at least some of the sensory pathway needed to be intact for the therapy to be effective. The study is the continuation of a groundbreaking pilot trial initiated in 2009 to determine whether spinal stimulation, in conjunction with daily training on a treadmill, could help patients with paralysis regain some ability to move. In that trial, Rob Summers, a young man paralyzed below his chest, had a 16-electrode array implanted on his spinal cord. He then underwent daily training in which he was suspended in a harness over a treadmill while a team of researchers supported his legs, helping him to either stand or walk. At the same time, the array delivered electrical pulses to his spinal cord just below his injury. According to the researchers, the goal of the stimulation was to increase the sensitivity of local circuits within the spinal cord that carry out basic motor functions without input from the brain—such as the knee jerk that occurs after stepping on a tack, or even more complex patterned movements like stepping. While not strong enough to directly induce muscle activation by itself, the researchers believed the stimulation could lead to movement when combined with sensory input from stepping on a treadmill. With his stimulator active, Summers was able to gradually bear his own weight and could eventually stand without assistance from physical therapists for up to four minutes. Surprisingly, seven months into the trial, Summers also discovered that he had regained some voluntary control of his legs. The researchers were amazed by this latter outcome, as intentional movement requires information to travel from the brain down to the lower spinal cord, a path that had been rendered nonfunctional by his injury. Other impairments caused by Summers’ injury also began to improve over time, in the absence of stimulation, such as blood pressure control, body temperature regulation, bladder control, and sexual function. Now, in this follow-up study, Claudia Angeli, Ph.D., assistant professor at the University of Louisville’s Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Cen

be intact for the therapy to be effective. The study is the continuation of a groundbreaking pilot trial initiated in 2009 to determine whether spinal stimulation, in conjunction with daily training on a treadmill, could help patients with paralysis regain some ability to move. In that trial, Rob Summers, a young man paralyzed below his chest, had a 16-electrode array implanted on his spinal cord. He then underwent daily training in which he was suspended in a harness over a treadmill while a team of researchers supported his legs, helping him to either stand or walk. At the same time, the array delivered electrical pulses to his spinal cord just below his injury. According to the researchers, the goal of the stimulation was to increase the sensitivity of local circuits within the spinal cord that carry out basic motor functions without input from the brain—such as the knee jerk that occurs after stepping on a tack, or even more complex patterned movements like stepping. While not strong enough to directly induce muscle activation by itself, the researchers believed the stimulation could lead to movement when combined with sensory input from stepping on a treadmill. With his stimulator active, Summers was able to gradually bear his own weight and could eventually stand without assistance from physical therapists for up to four minutes. Surprisingly, seven months into the trial, Summers also discovered that he had regained some voluntary control of his legs. The researchers were amazed by this latter outcome, as intentional movement requires information to travel from the brain down to the lower spinal cord, a path that had been rendered nonfunctional by his injury. Other impairments caused by Summers’ injury also began to improve over time, in the absence of stimulation, such as blood pressure control, body temperature regulation, bladder control, and sexual function. Now, in this follow-up study, Claudia Angeli, Ph.D., assistant professor at the University of Louisville’s Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and her research colleagues report that three additional patients with paralysis have recovered voluntary muscle control following electrical stimulation of the spine. Their report, which also includes results from new tests conducted on Summers, was published in the April 8 online issue of Brain. The three patients in the new study include two with complete motor and sensory paralysis, and one, similar to Summers, with complete motor paralysis but some ability to experience sensation below his injury. Within just a few days of the start of stimulation, all three patients regained some voluntary control of previously paralyzed muscles. The first person they implanted after Summers was unable to move or experience any sensation below his injury and was initially meant to be their baseline patient. “What was astounding about him was that not only was there voluntary movement, but we saw it in the first week of stimulation. We then saw it in the next two patients as well,” said Susan Harkema, Ph.D., the director of rehabilitation research at the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center at the University of Louisville, and a researcher in the study. The researchers point to the speed at which each subject recovered voluntary movement as evidence that there may be dormant connections that exist in patients with complete motor paralysis. “Rather than there being a complete separation of the upper and lower regions relative to the injury, it’s possible that there is some contact, but that these connections are not functional,” said V. Reggie Edgerton, Ph.D., a UCLA distinguished professor of integrative biology and physiology, and the researcher responsible for developing the novel approach to rehabilitation. “The spinal stimulation could be reawakening these connections.” An important aspect of the new study involved assessing the ability of each patient to modulate his movements in response to auditory and visual cues. "We hoped to determine if they could voluntarily move in the presence of stimulation, and als

ter and her research colleagues report that three additional patients with paralysis have recovered voluntary muscle control following electrical stimulation of the spine. Their report, which also includes results from new tests conducted on Summers, was published in the April 8 online issue of Brain. The three patients in the new study include two with complete motor and sensory paralysis, and one, similar to Summers, with complete motor paralysis but some ability to experience sensation below his injury. Within just a few days of the start of stimulation, all three patients regained some voluntary control of previously paralyzed muscles. The first person they implanted after Summers was unable to move or experience any sensation below his injury and was initially meant to be their baseline patient. “What was astounding about him was that not only was there voluntary movement, but we saw it in the first week of stimulation. We then saw it in the next two patients as well,” said Susan Harkema, Ph.D., the director of rehabilitation research at the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center at the University of Louisville, and a researcher in the study. The researchers point to the speed at which each subject recovered voluntary movement as evidence that there may be dormant connections that exist in patients with complete motor paralysis. “Rather than there being a complete separation of the upper and lower regions relative to the injury, it’s possible that there is some contact, but that these connections are not functional,” said V. Reggie Edgerton, Ph.D., a UCLA distinguished professor of integrative biology and physiology, and the researcher responsible for developing the novel approach to rehabilitation. “The spinal stimulation could be reawakening these connections.” An important aspect of the new study involved assessing the ability of each patient to modulate his movements in response to auditory and visual cues. "We hoped to determine if they could voluntarily move in the presence of stimulation, and also how controlled they could be about their movements," said Angeli. All participants, including Summers, were able to synchronize leg, ankle, and toe movements in unison with the rise and fall of a wave displayed on a computer screen, and three out of the four were able to change the force at which they flexed their leg, depending on the intensity of three different auditory cues. “The fact that the brain is able to take advantage of the few connections that may be remaining, and then process this complicated visual, auditory, and perceptual information, is pretty amazing. It tells us that the information from the brain is getting to the right place in the spinal cord, so that the person can control, with fairly impressive accuracy, the nature of the movement,” said Edgerton. The same tests were also administered following several months of spinal stimulation applied in conjunction with locomotor training. During this time, patients also carried out home-based training, which consisted of hour-long stimulation while practicing intentional movements lying down. At the end of the training, some subjects were able to execute voluntary movements with greater force and with reduced stimulation, while others experienced enhanced movement accuracy. Harkema says it’s unclear whether the improvement was a result of the training or due to the cumulative effects of stimulation over time. They plan to test this distinction in their next study. “With this study the investigators show that their findings about a motor complete patient regaining movement, reported three years ago in The Lancet, were not an anomaly,” said Susan Howley, executive vice president for research at the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, Short Hills, N.J., which provides patient advocacy and funding for spinal cord injury research. “The implications of this study for the entire field are quite profound and we can now envision a day where epidural stimulation might be part of a cocktail of therapies used to treat paralysis.” With support from NIBIB, E

o how controlled they could be about their movements," said Angeli. All participants, including Summers, were able to synchronize leg, ankle, and toe movements in unison with the rise and fall of a wave displayed on a computer screen, and three out of the four were able to change the force at which they flexed their leg, depending on the intensity of three different auditory cues. “The fact that the brain is able to take advantage of the few connections that may be remaining, and then process this complicated visual, auditory, and perceptual information, is pretty amazing. It tells us that the information from the brain is getting to the right place in the spinal cord, so that the person can control, with fairly impressive accuracy, the nature of the movement,” said Edgerton. The same tests were also administered following several months of spinal stimulation applied in conjunction with locomotor training. During this time, patients also carried out home-based training, which consisted of hour-long stimulation while practicing intentional movements lying down. At the end of the training, some subjects were able to execute voluntary movements with greater force and with reduced stimulation, while others experienced enhanced movement accuracy. Harkema says it’s unclear whether the improvement was a result of the training or due to the cumulative effects of stimulation over time. They plan to test this distinction in their next study. “With this study the investigators show that their findings about a motor complete patient regaining movement, reported three years ago in The Lancet, were not an anomaly,” said Susan Howley, executive vice president for research at the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, Short Hills, N.J., which provides patient advocacy and funding for spinal cord injury research. “The implications of this study for the entire field are quite profound and we can now envision a day where epidural stimulation might be part of a cocktail of therapies used to treat paralysis.” With support from NIBIB, Edgerton, along with collaborators Joel Burdick and Y.C. Tai, professors of mechanical and electrical engineering and bioengineering at Caltech, are also working to develop a new high-density, 27-electrode array in rats to determine if it can provide finer, more robust control of locomotion. “The technology we used in these four individuals was initially designed for the suppression of back pain, and our animal experiments have told us that we can do much better,” said Edgerton. “For a given type of movement, we want to be able to select exactly where and how to stimulate the spinal cord. We just don’t have that flexibility in the current technology.” Edgerton is also working with various collaborators on NIBIB-funded projects to explore whether epidural stimulation can be used to help patients with paralysis of the upper limbs. They are also developing a technology that can deliver spinal stimulation through the skin (transcutaneously), which would bypass the need for surgical implantation. Though there is much work to be done, Harkema believes the results from this newest study already provide enough evidence to challenge currently held beliefs about the prognosis of patients with severe spinal cord injuries. “Right now, the clinical perspective for individuals with complete motor paralysis is that there is nothing we can do,” said Harkema “I think we need to rethink that. In our study, we demonstrated potential beyond any expectation. We need to relook at what the perceived potential is for this group of individuals.” “This is a wake-up call for how we see motor complete spinal cord injury,” said Edgerton. “We don’t have to necessarily rely on regrowth of nerves in order to regain function. The fact that we’ve observed this in all four patients suggests that this is actually a common phenomenon in those with complete paralysis.” This work was supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences at NIH under the award numbers EB007615

dgerton, along with collaborators Joel Burdick and Y.C. Tai, professors of mechanical and electrical engineering and bioengineering at Caltech, are also working to develop a new high-density, 27-electrode array in rats to determine if it can provide finer, more robust control of locomotion. “The technology we used in these four individuals was initially designed for the suppression of back pain, and our animal experiments have told us that we can do much better,” said Edgerton. “For a given type of movement, we want to be able to select exactly where and how to stimulate the spinal cord. We just don’t have that flexibility in the current technology.” Edgerton is also working with various collaborators on NIBIB-funded projects to explore whether epidural stimulation can be used to help patients with paralysis of the upper limbs. They are also developing a technology that can deliver spinal stimulation through the skin (transcutaneously), which would bypass the need for surgical implantation. Though there is much work to be done, Harkema believes the results from this newest study already provide enough evidence to challenge currently held beliefs about the prognosis of patients with severe spinal cord injuries. “Right now, the clinical perspective for individuals with complete motor paralysis is that there is nothing we can do,” said Harkema “I think we need to rethink that. In our study, we demonstrated potential beyond any expectation. We need to relook at what the perceived potential is for this group of individuals.” “This is a wake-up call for how we see motor complete spinal cord injury,” said Edgerton. “We don’t have to necessarily rely on regrowth of nerves in order to regain function. The fact that we’ve observed this in all four patients suggests that this is actually a common phenomenon in those with complete paralysis.” This work was supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences at NIH under the award numbers EB007615 and GM103507, the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, the Kessler Foundation, the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, University of Louisville Foundation, and Jewish Hospital and St. Mary’s Foundation, Frazier Rehab Institute and University Hospital. NIBIB’s mission is to improve health by leading the development and accelerating the application of biomedical technologies. The Institute is committed to integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life sciences to advance basic research and medical care. NIBIB supports emerging technology research and development within its internal laboratories and through grants, collaborations, and training. More information is available at the NIBIB website:http://www.nibib.nih.gov. NIGMS’ mission is to support basic research to increase our understanding of life processes and lay the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For more information on the institute's research and training programs, see http://www.nigms.nih.gov. About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visitwww.nih.gov. NIH...Turning Discovery Into Health®

and GM103507, the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, the Kessler Foundation, the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, University of Louisville Foundation, and Jewish Hospital and St. Mary’s Foundation, Frazier Rehab Institute and University Hospital. NIBIB’s mission is to improve health by leading the development and accelerating the application of biomedical technologies. The Institute is committed to integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life sciences to advance basic research and medical care. NIBIB supports emerging technology research and development within its internal laboratories and through grants, collaborations, and training. More information is available at the NIBIB website:http://www.nibib.nih.gov. NIGMS’ mission is to support basic research to increase our understanding of life processes and lay the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For more information on the institute's research and training programs, see http://www.nigms.nih.gov. About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visitwww.nih.gov. NIH...Turning Discovery Into Health®

People often fail to realize language’s importance; from phrases like “sticks and stones” to dismissing an argument as “just semantics,” people can sometimes forget to choose their words carefully. In fact, there is a major link between psychology and language. Words can even influence the brain’s cognitive functioning and reaction to stress. Other research shows words can drastically affect your perception . Whether or not you realize it, you have probably experienced these effects and not even thought about it. Think of the difference between an emphatic “Yeah!” and a monotone “Sure,” or between “I have a lot to learn about X” and “I’m terrible at X.” So how can you apply this knowledge to sales? Simple: think about how you say what you mean.

by Frank Klefenz The human auditory system processes very complex audio signals and deduces meaningful information like speech and music. Conventional speech processors for cochlea implants use mathematically based information-coding strategies. In a new approach being investigated by researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology (IDMT), the human auditory system is digitally modelled as naturally as possible. This leads to a better understanding of the neural representation of sounds and their subsequent processing. A cochlea implant is controlled by its dedicated speech processor, which specifically triggers electric stimuli according to the speech coding strategy. To make this speech coding easier and more natural, research efforts have recently been invested in the development of analogue silicon cochleas. Some Analogue Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits have been evaluated as speech processors for cochlea implants. Even micro-engineered approaches exist, which implement the cochlea as a hydromechanical system on a physical substrate. Even the signal-transducing sensor units " the inner hair cells " have been micro-engineered on a physical substrate. Fraunhofer IDMT took a slightly different approach to solving the underlying partial differential equations of the mathematically described cochlea definition in a digital computer system. The cochlea and the sensor model are coupled. The structure and function of the outer ear, the middle ear, the cochlea, the inner hair cells, the spiral ganglion cells and higher cognitive maps for vowel recognition and sound-source localization are modelled and physiologically parameterized, taking psychoacoustic phenomena into account. The audio signal transduction process is very complex. The audio signal, consisting of sound pressure fluctuations in the air, is converted to movements of the tympanic membrane. This is mechanically coupled to a group of tiny bones in the middle ear, the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup, which cause the fluid-filled cochlea to vibrate. Sensing the fluid velocity along the basilar membrane, the inner hair cells convert this into the release of neurotransmitter vesicles. The neurotransmitters diffuse through the synaptic cleft of the adherent spiral ganglion cells and bind to the receptor ligand sites of the cells ion channels. The triggering of an electric postsynaptic potential at the spiral ganglion cell is modelled according to the Hodgkin-Huxley rate kinetic equations. The auditory system model therefore directly produces the stimuli patterns for the electrodes of the cochlea implant in a spatio-temporal fashion. In Figure 1, the stimuli patterns for the conventional advanced combinational encoder (ACE) speech processor strategy are shown on the left. On the right, the stimuli patterns are shown for the new strategy. The latter differ significantly from existing speech-processing coding strategies such as ACE and spectral peak (SPEAK). In Figure 2, the basilar membrane movement is shown in the upper part for the vowel /a/. The middle part shows the neurotransmitter vesicle release probability, and the lower part shows the actually released neurotransmitter vesicles. This strategy computes typical delays in the propagation of signals from apex to helicotrema, which is not reflected in the other strategies. Vowels are coded in this neural representation as bundles of pulse spiking trains of hyperbolic shape. We have found a solution to detect these delay trajectories using a Hubel-Wiesel type computational map. For instance, the vesicle release representation of vowel /a/ undergoes a mathematical transformation, allowing the differences between individual voices to be compensated for. Figure 3 shows the transformed result of the vowel /a/ for two different speakers; the three-point structure is very regular and very similar for both speakers. This research continues with the aim of improving the system in detail. and allowing it to function in real-time. This will mean that the digital system can be used without prestored st

ochlea to vibrate. Sensing the fluid velocity along the basilar membrane, the inner hair cells convert this into the release of neurotransmitter vesicles. The neurotransmitters diffuse through the synaptic cleft of the adherent spiral ganglion cells and bind to the receptor ligand sites of the cells ion channels. The triggering of an electric postsynaptic potential at the spiral ganglion cell is modelled according to the Hodgkin-Huxley rate kinetic equations. The auditory system model therefore directly produces the stimuli patterns for the electrodes of the cochlea implant in a spatio-temporal fashion. In Figure 1, the stimuli patterns for the conventional advanced combinational encoder (ACE) speech processor strategy are shown on the left. On the right, the stimuli patterns are shown for the new strategy. The latter differ significantly from existing speech-processing coding strategies such as ACE and spectral peak (SPEAK). In Figure 2, the basilar membrane movement is shown in the upper part for the vowel /a/. The middle part shows the neurotransmitter vesicle release probability, and the lower part shows the actually released neurotransmitter vesicles. This strategy computes typical delays in the propagation of signals from apex to helicotrema, which is not reflected in the other strategies. Vowels are coded in this neural representation as bundles of pulse spiking trains of hyperbolic shape. We have found a solution to detect these delay trajectories using a Hubel-Wiesel type computational map. For instance, the vesicle release representation of vowel /a/ undergoes a mathematical transformation, allowing the differences between individual voices to be compensated for. Figure 3 shows the transformed result of the vowel /a/ for two different speakers; the three-point structure is very regular and very similar for both speakers. This research continues with the aim of improving the system in detail. and allowing it to function in real-time. This will mean that the digital system can be used without prestored stimuli; field tests with several patients will then be run. The computer model will be parameterized, so that the system can be fine-tuned and will be adaptable to the patients needs. The system's performance will be monitored by an automatic speech recognizer that delivers a quality measure of speech intelligibility. These tests, which are done at the Hearing Research Center in Hannover, Germany, serve to evaluate the system and to compare its performance in terms of speech intelligibility to existing speech processors. Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Germany Tel: +49 3677 467 216

imuli; field tests with several patients will then be run. The computer model will be parameterized, so that the system can be fine-tuned and will be adaptable to the patients needs. The system's performance will be monitored by an automatic speech recognizer that delivers a quality measure of speech intelligibility. These tests, which are done at the Hearing Research Center in Hannover, Germany, serve to evaluate the system and to compare its performance in terms of speech intelligibility to existing speech processors. Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Germany Tel: +49 3677 467 216

what is the leading hypothesis for venus’s lack of water Have We Located Evidence Of Life On Venus? In a similar way, algal growth additionally decreased as the pH level of water exceeded 8. These data show that water acidification negatively influences algal development in the Chlorella vulgaris species. Algal fatality brought on by increased acidification or harmful algal flowers due to boosted alkalinity may have ramifications on the food chain. The principal advancement of planetary science featured the U.S and Soviet space programs. While info had actually been amassed through telescopic study going back to Galileo’s research of the moons of Jupiter, room probes as well as manned area flight produced a cornucopia of information about the other planets. With a highly eccentric orbit, it will have the ability to take close-up pictures of the world, and need to likewise verify the visibility of both energetic volcanoes in addition to lightning. Early Venus would certainly hence probably have had water seas like the Earth, however any type of plate tectonics would have finished when Venus lost its oceans. Its surface is approximated to be concerning 500 million years old, so it would not be expected to reveal evidence of plate tectonics. This infrared light can be soaked up by greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and also water vapor, in the environment. Actually, all the earthbound earths release infrared light from their surfaces. The adhering to pictures reveal the four earthbound worlds in our planetary system. Rank these earths from entrusted to best based upon the complete quantity of infrared-absorbing greenhouse gases in their ambiences, from greatest to the very least. The average temperature level externally is above the melting factors of lead (600 K, 327 ° C), tin (505 K, 232 ° C), as well as zinc (693 K, 420 ° C). The thick air likewise makes the difference in temperature level between the night and day side little, although the slow backward turning of the planet causes a solitary solar day to last 116.5 Planet days. Between the magnetopause and ionopause there exists a magnetic barrier– a neighborhood improvement of the electromagnetic field, which avoids the solar plasma from permeating much deeper into the Venusian ambience, a minimum of near solar activity minimum. The powers of electrons as well as ions in the magnetotail are around 100eV and 1000eV specifically. Ranking the earths from entrusted to right based upon the amount by which the greenhouse effect increases their surface temperatures, compared to what their temperature levels would lack the pollution, from largest to smallest rise. The continually habitable zone of the Sun is from about 0.9 to 1.2 expensive devices. A solar leaflet has actually additionally been proposed by Geoffrey A. Landis instead of a balloon, and also the suggestion has actually been included every so often considering that the early 2000s. In addition to this, the slightly lower gravity, high atmospheric pressure as well as slow turning enabling continuous solar power make this component of the world ideal for exploration. The proposed flyer would operate finest at an elevation where sunshine, atmospheric pressure, and also wind rate would allow it to stay airborne perpetually, with mild dips to lower altitudes for a few hrs each time prior to returning to higher altitudes. The JAXA probe Akatsuki, released in May 2010, is studying the planet for a period of 2 years, consisting of the framework as well as activity of the environment, yet it failed to enter Venus orbit in December 2010. Made specifically to study the planet’s climate, Akatsuki is the first weather forecasting satellite to orbit Venus. One of its 5 cams called the “IR2” will certainly have the ability to penetrate the ambience of the planet beneath its thick clouds, along with its motion and circulation of trace parts. The surface area temperature level of Venus (over 450 ° C) is far beyond the extremophile range, which extends just 10s of degrees beyond 100 ° C. Nonetheless, the lower temperature of

last 116.5 Planet days. Between the magnetopause and ionopause there exists a magnetic barrier– a neighborhood improvement of the electromagnetic field, which avoids the solar plasma from permeating much deeper into the Venusian ambience, a minimum of near solar activity minimum. The powers of electrons as well as ions in the magnetotail are around 100eV and 1000eV specifically. Ranking the earths from entrusted to right based upon the amount by which the greenhouse effect increases their surface temperatures, compared to what their temperature levels would lack the pollution, from largest to smallest rise. The continually habitable zone of the Sun is from about 0.9 to 1.2 expensive devices. A solar leaflet has actually additionally been proposed by Geoffrey A. Landis instead of a balloon, and also the suggestion has actually been included every so often considering that the early 2000s. In addition to this, the slightly lower gravity, high atmospheric pressure as well as slow turning enabling continuous solar power make this component of the world ideal for exploration. The proposed flyer would operate finest at an elevation where sunshine, atmospheric pressure, and also wind rate would allow it to stay airborne perpetually, with mild dips to lower altitudes for a few hrs each time prior to returning to higher altitudes. The JAXA probe Akatsuki, released in May 2010, is studying the planet for a period of 2 years, consisting of the framework as well as activity of the environment, yet it failed to enter Venus orbit in December 2010. Made specifically to study the planet’s climate, Akatsuki is the first weather forecasting satellite to orbit Venus. One of its 5 cams called the “IR2” will certainly have the ability to penetrate the ambience of the planet beneath its thick clouds, along with its motion and circulation of trace parts. The surface area temperature level of Venus (over 450 ° C) is far beyond the extremophile range, which extends just 10s of degrees beyond 100 ° C. Nonetheless, the lower temperature of the cloud tops means that life can plausibly exist there, similarly that bacteria have actually been found living as well as duplicating in clouds on Earth. Any type of such microorganisms residing in the cloud tops, nonetheless, would certainly need to be hyper-acidophilic, because of the concentrated sulfuric acid setting. Microorganisms in the thick, gloomy environment might be safeguarded from solar radiation by the sulfur compounds airborne. At the subsolar factor the bow shock stands 1900 km (0.3 Motor home, where Recreational vehicle is the span of Venus) over the surface of Venus. Near the solar activity maximum it can be a number of times further from the planet. The surface of Venus spends 58.3 days in darkness before the sunlight climbs again behind the clouds. Rank the planets based upon the amount of time the surface area of the planet has actually had a moderate to high degree of volcanic/tectonic activity, from longest to fastest. Since a celebrity’s brightness boosts with time, both the inner and external borders of its habitable zone move external. Therefore, an earth that is in the habitable area when a celebrity is young may consequently end up being too warm. Venus might have been such a world; nonetheless, since it is geologically active, its existing surface is also young to show any kind of evidence that a much more clement environment might have existed billions of years ago. Other worlds could be also cold for fluid water to exist when their star is young however might warm up sufficient to have fluid water on their surface later as their star’s luminosity increases. Thus, one of the most promising region to locate Earth-like life would be in a “continuously habitable zone,” where liquid water might have existed from very early in the star’s life up to the present epoch. Because of the increasing temperature level of the Planet’s surface, all bodies of water are confronted with the rough impacts of environment change. The acidification of water ecosystems exists as an outcome of the over

the cloud tops means that life can plausibly exist there, similarly that bacteria have actually been found living as well as duplicating in clouds on Earth. Any type of such microorganisms residing in the cloud tops, nonetheless, would certainly need to be hyper-acidophilic, because of the concentrated sulfuric acid setting. Microorganisms in the thick, gloomy environment might be safeguarded from solar radiation by the sulfur compounds airborne. At the subsolar factor the bow shock stands 1900 km (0.3 Motor home, where Recreational vehicle is the span of Venus) over the surface of Venus. Near the solar activity maximum it can be a number of times further from the planet. The surface of Venus spends 58.3 days in darkness before the sunlight climbs again behind the clouds. Rank the planets based upon the amount of time the surface area of the planet has actually had a moderate to high degree of volcanic/tectonic activity, from longest to fastest. Since a celebrity’s brightness boosts with time, both the inner and external borders of its habitable zone move external. Therefore, an earth that is in the habitable area when a celebrity is young may consequently end up being too warm. Venus might have been such a world; nonetheless, since it is geologically active, its existing surface is also young to show any kind of evidence that a much more clement environment might have existed billions of years ago. Other worlds could be also cold for fluid water to exist when their star is young however might warm up sufficient to have fluid water on their surface later as their star’s luminosity increases. Thus, one of the most promising region to locate Earth-like life would be in a “continuously habitable zone,” where liquid water might have existed from very early in the star’s life up to the present epoch. Because of the increasing temperature level of the Planet’s surface, all bodies of water are confronted with the rough impacts of environment change. The acidification of water ecosystems exists as an outcome of the over-abundance of carbon dioxide in the surrounding setting. Within our research, we measured the impacts of different pH levels on algae varieties Chlorella vulgaris. We placed the algal types in six different pH (2, 4, 6, 7.6, 8, and also 10), each with three reproduces. We hypothesized that as the pH degrees of the water ended up being more acidic algal chlorophyll production will be negatively influenced. After one week, we determined chlorophyll material as a component of algal growth. Acidification of the water led to decreased development and also algal fatality was observed at pH 2.

-abundance of carbon dioxide in the surrounding setting. Within our research, we measured the impacts of different pH levels on algae varieties Chlorella vulgaris. We placed the algal types in six different pH (2, 4, 6, 7.6, 8, and also 10), each with three reproduces. We hypothesized that as the pH degrees of the water ended up being more acidic algal chlorophyll production will be negatively influenced. After one week, we determined chlorophyll material as a component of algal growth. Acidification of the water led to decreased development and also algal fatality was observed at pH 2.

How can I live healthy in Canada? build a circle of social contacts to create a supportive environment of people who care for you and respect you; stay physically active to keep your body strong, reduce stress, and improve your energy. choose not to smoke; and. put an end to other negative lifestyle practices. How healthy are people in Canada? This report tells us Canadians are experiencing good health on a number of measures—almost 90 percent of Canadians reported having good to excellent health. If you feel healthy, then you likely are healthy. Canada’s average life expectancy of 82 years ranks us as among the healthiest nations in the world. Do Canadians have a healthy diet? Generally, Canadians think their eating habits are good. In fact, almost three-in-four (73%) Canadians says they eat a well balanced and healthy diet or mainly healthy food with some gaps. One-in-five (22%) claim to eat less healthy diets, although only a small minority (4%) say that they do not usually eat well. What is the most common health issue in Canada? *Cancer, heart disease, and stroke are the three most common chronic diseases in Canada. How do I start living a healthy lifestyle? Although there is a ton of advice out there on how to achieve a healthy lifestyle, here are some key factors to keep in mind: - Drink more water. … - Get enough sleep. … - Exercise. … - Eat more fruits and vegetables. … - Eat the rainbow. … - Cut down on processed foods. … - Avoid negative people in your life. … - Avoid negativity within yourself. How is a healthy diet? Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products. Includes a variety of protein foods such as seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), soy products, nuts, and seeds. Is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars. Do Canadians eat unhealthy? Unhealthy food consumption increases dramatically in Canada: study. Almost half the foods Canadians eat are highly processed products that are poor in nutrition and increase health risks, according to new research commissioned by Heart & Stroke Canada. What health issues are in Canada? Major chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) and diabetes are the cause of 65% of all deaths in Canada each year and are the leading causes of death globally. What are the top ten most common chronic illnesses in Canada? The 10 chronic diseases included are heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease or other dementia, mood disorders and anxiety disorders. What are the 7 nutrients? There are more than 40 different kinds of nutrients in food and they can generally be classified into the following 7 major groups: - Dietary fibre. How can I eat healthy everyday? Top 5 tips from the experts - Prepare most of your meals at home using whole or minimally processed foods. … - Make an eating plan each week – this is the key to fast, easy meal preparation. … - Choose recipes with plenty of vegetables and fruit. … - Avoid sugary drinks and instead drink water. … - Eat smaller meals more often. How many vegetables should I eat a day Canada? 13 Canada’s Food Guide recommends 5 servings per day of vegetables and fruit for children aged 4 to 8 years and 7 to 10 servings/day for adults.

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in seston (biotic and abiotic particles <200 μm) were measured during summer thermal stratification in nine lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State that exhibit a range of physical and chemical characteristics. Fractionation of Hg bound to particulate matter was conducted to identify the influences of seston density and water chemistry on Hg accumulation among various ecologically important seston size classes (0.2-2, 2-20, 20-200, and >153 μm). Total dissolved Al (<0.45 μm) in lake water was significantly related to Hg concentrations in the 20-200 μm size class, and was positively correlated with Hg concentrations in the other seston size classes. Seston density was negatively correlated with seston Hg concentrations and significantly related to Hg bound by seston in the 0.2-2 μm size class. The results suggest that surface water Al concentrations and seston density influence Hg accumulation at the base of the aquatic food chain. ASJC Scopus subject areas - Environmental Chemistry

Once, when his wisdom was less great, Odin had lived in the world of men. Frigga, his Queen, was with him then; they had lived on a bleak island, and they were known as Grimner the Fisherman and his wife. Always Odin and Frigga were watching over the sons of men, watching to know which ones they would foster and train so that they might have the strength and spirit to save the world from the power of the Giants. And while they were staying on the bleak island, Odin and Frigga saw the sons of King Hrauding, and both thought that in them the spirit of heroes could be fostered. Odin and Frigga made plans to bring the children to them, so that they might be under their care and training. One day the boys went fishing. A storm came and drove their boat on the rocks of the island where Odin and Frigga lived. They brought them to their hut, Odin and Frigga, and they told them they would care for them and train them through the winter and that in the spring they would build a boat that would carry them back to their father’s country. “We shall see,” said Odin to Frigga that night, “we shall see which of the two can be formed into the noblest hero.” He said that because Frigga favored one of the boys and he favored the other. Frigga thought well of the elder boy, Agnar, who had a gentle voice and quiet and kindly ways. But Odin thought more of the younger boy. Geirrod, his name was, and he was strong and passionate, with a high and a loud voice. Odin took Geirrod into his charge, and he showed him how to fish and hunt. He made the boy even bolder than he was by making him leap from rock to rock, and by letting him climb the highest cliffs and jump across the widest chasms. He would bring him to the den of the bear and make him fight for his life with the spear he had made for him. Agnar went to the chase, too, and showed his skill and boldness. But Geirrod overcame him in nearly every trial. “What a hero Geirrod will be,” Odin would often say. Agnar stayed often with Frigga. He would stay beside her while she spun, listening to the tales she told, and asking such questions as brought him more and more wisdom. And Agnar heard of Asgard and of the Dwellers in Asgard and of how they protected Midgard, the World of Men, from the Giants of Jötunheim. Agnar, though he did not speak out, said in his own mind that he would give all his life and all his strength and all his thought to helping the work of the Gods. Spring came and Odin built a boat for Geirrod and Agnar. They could go back now to their own country. And before they set out Odin told Geirrod that one day he would come to visit him. “And do not be too proud to receive a Fisherman in your hall, Geirrod,” said Odin. “A King should give welcome to the poorest who comes to his hall.” “I will be a hero, no doubt of that,” Geirrod answered. “And I would be a King, too, only Agnar Little-good was born before me.” Agnar bade goodby to Frigga and to Odin, thanking them for the care they had taken of Geirrod and himself. He looked into Frigga’s eyes, and he told her that he would strive to learn how he might fight the battle for the Gods. The two went into the boat and they rowed away. They came near to King Hrauding’s realm. They saw the castle overlooking the sea. Then Geirrod did a terrible thing. He turned the boat back toward the sea, and he cast the oars away. Then, for he was well fit to swim the roughest sea and climb the highest cliffs, he plunged into the water and struck out toward the shore. And Agnar, left without oars, went drifting out to sea. Geirrod climbed the high cliffs and came to his father’s castle. King Hrauding, who had given up both of his sons for lost, was rejoiced to see him. Geirrod told of Agnar that he had fallen out of the boat on their way back and that he had been drowned. King Hrauding, who had thought both of his sons were gone from him, was glad enough that one had come safe. He put Geirrod beside him on the throne, and when he died Geirrod was made King over the people. And now Odin, having drunk from Mimir’s Well, went through the kingdoms of men

ing to the tales she told, and asking such questions as brought him more and more wisdom. And Agnar heard of Asgard and of the Dwellers in Asgard and of how they protected Midgard, the World of Men, from the Giants of Jötunheim. Agnar, though he did not speak out, said in his own mind that he would give all his life and all his strength and all his thought to helping the work of the Gods. Spring came and Odin built a boat for Geirrod and Agnar. They could go back now to their own country. And before they set out Odin told Geirrod that one day he would come to visit him. “And do not be too proud to receive a Fisherman in your hall, Geirrod,” said Odin. “A King should give welcome to the poorest who comes to his hall.” “I will be a hero, no doubt of that,” Geirrod answered. “And I would be a King, too, only Agnar Little-good was born before me.” Agnar bade goodby to Frigga and to Odin, thanking them for the care they had taken of Geirrod and himself. He looked into Frigga’s eyes, and he told her that he would strive to learn how he might fight the battle for the Gods. The two went into the boat and they rowed away. They came near to King Hrauding’s realm. They saw the castle overlooking the sea. Then Geirrod did a terrible thing. He turned the boat back toward the sea, and he cast the oars away. Then, for he was well fit to swim the roughest sea and climb the highest cliffs, he plunged into the water and struck out toward the shore. And Agnar, left without oars, went drifting out to sea. Geirrod climbed the high cliffs and came to his father’s castle. King Hrauding, who had given up both of his sons for lost, was rejoiced to see him. Geirrod told of Agnar that he had fallen out of the boat on their way back and that he had been drowned. King Hrauding, who had thought both of his sons were gone from him, was glad enough that one had come safe. He put Geirrod beside him on the throne, and when he died Geirrod was made King over the people. And now Odin, having drunk from Mimir’s Well, went through the kingdoms of men, judging Kings and simple people according to the wisdom he had gained. He came at last to the kingdom that Geirrod ruled over. Odin thought that of all the Kings he had judged to be noble, Geirrod would assuredly be the noblest. He went to the King’s house as a Wanderer, blind of one eye, wearing a cloak of dark blue and with a wanderer’s staff in his hands. As he drew near the King’s house men on dark horses came riding behind him. The first of the men did not turn his horse as he came near the Wanderer, but rode on, nearly trampling him to the ground. As they came before the King’s house the men on the dark horses shouted for servants. Only one servant was in the stable. He came out and took the horse of the first man. Then the others called upon the Wanderer to tend their horses. He had to hold the stirrups for some of them to dismount. Odin knew who the first man was. He was Geirrod the King. And he knew who the man who served in the stable was. He was Agnar, Geirrod’s brother. By the wisdom he had gained he knew that Agnar had come back to his father’s kingdom in the guise of a servant, and he knew that Geirrod did not know who this servant was. They went into the stable together. Agnar took bread and broke it and gave some to the Wanderer. He gave him, too, straw to seat himself on. But in a while Odin said, “I would seat myself at the fire in the King’s hall and eat my supper of meat.” “Nay, stay here,” Agnar said. “I will give you more bread and a wrap to cover yourself with. Do not go to the door of the King’s house, for the King is angry today and he might repulse you.” “How?” said Odin. “A King turn away a Wanderer who comes to his door! It cannot be that he would do it!” “Today he is angry,” Agnar said. Again he begged him not to go to the door of the King’s house. But Odin rose up from the straw on which he was seated and went to the door. A porter, hunchbacked and with long arms, stood at the door. “I am a Wanderer, and I would have rest and food in the King’s hall,” Odin said. “Not in this King’s

, judging Kings and simple people according to the wisdom he had gained. He came at last to the kingdom that Geirrod ruled over. Odin thought that of all the Kings he had judged to be noble, Geirrod would assuredly be the noblest. He went to the King’s house as a Wanderer, blind of one eye, wearing a cloak of dark blue and with a wanderer’s staff in his hands. As he drew near the King’s house men on dark horses came riding behind him. The first of the men did not turn his horse as he came near the Wanderer, but rode on, nearly trampling him to the ground. As they came before the King’s house the men on the dark horses shouted for servants. Only one servant was in the stable. He came out and took the horse of the first man. Then the others called upon the Wanderer to tend their horses. He had to hold the stirrups for some of them to dismount. Odin knew who the first man was. He was Geirrod the King. And he knew who the man who served in the stable was. He was Agnar, Geirrod’s brother. By the wisdom he had gained he knew that Agnar had come back to his father’s kingdom in the guise of a servant, and he knew that Geirrod did not know who this servant was. They went into the stable together. Agnar took bread and broke it and gave some to the Wanderer. He gave him, too, straw to seat himself on. But in a while Odin said, “I would seat myself at the fire in the King’s hall and eat my supper of meat.” “Nay, stay here,” Agnar said. “I will give you more bread and a wrap to cover yourself with. Do not go to the door of the King’s house, for the King is angry today and he might repulse you.” “How?” said Odin. “A King turn away a Wanderer who comes to his door! It cannot be that he would do it!” “Today he is angry,” Agnar said. Again he begged him not to go to the door of the King’s house. But Odin rose up from the straw on which he was seated and went to the door. A porter, hunchbacked and with long arms, stood at the door. “I am a Wanderer, and I would have rest and food in the King’s hall,” Odin said. “Not in this King’s hall,” said the hunchbacked porter. He would have barred the door to Odin, but the voice of the King called him away. Odin then strode into the hall and saw the King at table with his friends, all dark-bearded, and cruel-looking men. And when Odin looked on them he knew that the boy whom he had trained in nobility had become a King over robbers. “Since you have come into the hall where we eat, sing to us, Wanderer,” shouted one of the dark men. “Aye, I will sing to you,” said Odin. Then he stood between two of the stone pillars in the hall and he sang a song reproaching the King for having fallen into an evil way of life, and denouncing all for following the cruel ways of robbers. “Seize him,” said the King, when Odin’s song was finished. The dark men threw themselves upon Odin and put chains around him and bound him between the stone pillars of the hall. “He came into this hall for warmth, and warmth he shall have,” said Geirrod. He called upon his servants to heap up wood around him. They did this. Then the King, with his own hand, put a blazing torch to the wood and the fagots blazed up around the Wanderer. The fagots burned round and round him. But the fire did not burn the flesh of Odin All-Father. The King and the King’s friends stood round, watching with delight the fires blaze round a living man. The fagots all burned away, and Odin was left standing there with his terrible gaze fixed upon the men who were so hard and cruel. They went to sleep, leaving him chained to the pillars of the hall. Odin could have broken the chains and pulled down the pillars, but he wanted to see what else would happen in this King’s house. The servants were ordered not to bring food or drink to him, but at dawn, when there was no one near, Agnar came to him with a horn of ale and gave it to him to drink. The next evening when the King came back from his robberies, and when he and his friends, sitting down at the tables, had eaten like wolves, he ordered the fagots to be placed around Odin. And again they stood around, watchin

hall,” said the hunchbacked porter. He would have barred the door to Odin, but the voice of the King called him away. Odin then strode into the hall and saw the King at table with his friends, all dark-bearded, and cruel-looking men. And when Odin looked on them he knew that the boy whom he had trained in nobility had become a King over robbers. “Since you have come into the hall where we eat, sing to us, Wanderer,” shouted one of the dark men. “Aye, I will sing to you,” said Odin. Then he stood between two of the stone pillars in the hall and he sang a song reproaching the King for having fallen into an evil way of life, and denouncing all for following the cruel ways of robbers. “Seize him,” said the King, when Odin’s song was finished. The dark men threw themselves upon Odin and put chains around him and bound him between the stone pillars of the hall. “He came into this hall for warmth, and warmth he shall have,” said Geirrod. He called upon his servants to heap up wood around him. They did this. Then the King, with his own hand, put a blazing torch to the wood and the fagots blazed up around the Wanderer. The fagots burned round and round him. But the fire did not burn the flesh of Odin All-Father. The King and the King’s friends stood round, watching with delight the fires blaze round a living man. The fagots all burned away, and Odin was left standing there with his terrible gaze fixed upon the men who were so hard and cruel. They went to sleep, leaving him chained to the pillars of the hall. Odin could have broken the chains and pulled down the pillars, but he wanted to see what else would happen in this King’s house. The servants were ordered not to bring food or drink to him, but at dawn, when there was no one near, Agnar came to him with a horn of ale and gave it to him to drink. The next evening when the King came back from his robberies, and when he and his friends, sitting down at the tables, had eaten like wolves, he ordered the fagots to be placed around Odin. And again they stood around, watching in delight the fire playing around a living man. And as before Odin stood there, unhurt by the fire, and his steady and terrible gaze made the King hate him more and more. And all day he was kept in chains, and the servants were forbidden to bring him food or drink. None knew that a horn of ale was brought to him at dawn. And night after night, for eight nights, this went on. Then, on the ninth night, when the fires around him had been lighted, Odin lifted up his voice and began to sing a song. His song became louder and louder, and the King and the King’s friends and the servants of the thing’s house had to stand still and harken to it. Odin sang about Geirrod, the King; how the Gods had protected him, giving him strength and skill, and how instead of making a noble use of that strength and skill he had made himself like one of the wild beasts. Then he sang of how the vengeance of the Gods was about to fall on this ignoble King. The flames died down and Geirrod and his friends saw before them, not a friendless Wanderer, but one who looked more kingly than any King of the earth. The chains fell down from his body and he advanced toward the evil company. Then Geirrod rushed upon him with his sword in hand to kill him. The sword struck him, but Odin remained unhurt. Thy life runs out, The Gods they are wroth with thee; Draw near if thou canst; Odin thou shalt see. So Odin sang, and, in fear of his terrible gaze, Geirrod and his company shrank away. And as they shrank away they were changed into beasts, into the wolves that range the forests. And Agnar came forward, and him Odin declared to be King. All the folk were glad when Agnar came to rule over them, for they had been oppressed by Geirrod in his cruel reign. And Agnar was not only kind, but he was strong and victorious in his rule.

g in delight the fire playing around a living man. And as before Odin stood there, unhurt by the fire, and his steady and terrible gaze made the King hate him more and more. And all day he was kept in chains, and the servants were forbidden to bring him food or drink. None knew that a horn of ale was brought to him at dawn. And night after night, for eight nights, this went on. Then, on the ninth night, when the fires around him had been lighted, Odin lifted up his voice and began to sing a song. His song became louder and louder, and the King and the King’s friends and the servants of the thing’s house had to stand still and harken to it. Odin sang about Geirrod, the King; how the Gods had protected him, giving him strength and skill, and how instead of making a noble use of that strength and skill he had made himself like one of the wild beasts. Then he sang of how the vengeance of the Gods was about to fall on this ignoble King. The flames died down and Geirrod and his friends saw before them, not a friendless Wanderer, but one who looked more kingly than any King of the earth. The chains fell down from his body and he advanced toward the evil company. Then Geirrod rushed upon him with his sword in hand to kill him. The sword struck him, but Odin remained unhurt. Thy life runs out, The Gods they are wroth with thee; Draw near if thou canst; Odin thou shalt see. So Odin sang, and, in fear of his terrible gaze, Geirrod and his company shrank away. And as they shrank away they were changed into beasts, into the wolves that range the forests. And Agnar came forward, and him Odin declared to be King. All the folk were glad when Agnar came to rule over them, for they had been oppressed by Geirrod in his cruel reign. And Agnar was not only kind, but he was strong and victorious in his rule.

Topic 2. Gender differences in psychological adjustment Examine gender differences in the psychological adjustment of children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 15 years. Answering this question requires (a) critical evaluation of the evidence Essay Example 8GENDER DIFFERENCE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT Gender Difference in Psychological Adjustment Gender Difference in Psychological Adjustment Gender differences in children’s emotion expression and psychological adjustment have been observed as early as preschool years, with female children and adolescents geed 7 to 15 years being less likely to demonstrate anger, and more likely to display sadness, than boys. One source of influence on these gender differences might be the socialization pressures that orient girls and boys toward diverse roles in life. These socialization pressures, nevertheless, might not usually be overt or obvious, but might be faint, passed on in the form of differential attention to girls’ and boys’ expressions during incidents, attention that might subtly encourage expression of particular emotions and discourage others. This might contribute to the tendency for females to be more likely than boys, to express submissive emotions, like anxiety and sadness, and for males to be more disposed to convey disharmonious emotions, like laughing at one another and anger. Gender Differences in Psychological Adjustment to Child Abuse Examinations on the effects of child abuse and neglect have included gender differences in psychological adjustment to abuse. Gender differences in expression of symptom on the basis of the exposure to physical and sexual abuse were revealed in a study conducted by Rensick, Blum, and Chandy (1996). The outcomes of this study showed that male adolescents who were victims of sexual abuse experienced more problems in delinquent behaviors, marijuana use , school, as well as sexual risk taking behavior in comparison to girls who were victims, who reported increased degrees of disordered eating, suicidal behavior and ideation, and a higher frequency of taking consuming alcohol. On the other hand, Arends and Garnefski (1998) showed that sexual abuse was equally connected with behavioral and emotional problems and suicidal ideation in adolescent females and males, but delinquent and aggressive behavior was highly prevalent in male adolescents. These diverging findings obstruct our understanding of probable gender related impacts on the sequelae of sexual abuse. It’s similarly possible that the findings of the subsisting research based samples on both female and male participants might be puzzled by the effect of gender. Gender Differences to Psychological Adjustments to Divorce Children and adolescents always lose a degree of contact of their attachment figures when their parents divorce. It is a stressful and confusing time for adolescents and children, in spite of whether a divorce was agreeable or not. According to Boooth et al (2000), there are numerous national studies that reveal poor school performance, behavior problems, and low self esteem and adjustment problems associated with divorce. They note that there are greater instances of early sexual activity, delinquent behavior and constant academic issues. Gender difference amid children in a divorced family play a very significant role in the way they adjust. This is true at the duration of divorce and has long tem impacts in adult life. Several investigations have agreed that girls and boys respond differently to the diminished contact with a main attachment figure. Boys appear to have a hard time with divorce, leading them to have problems at school; withdrawals form social interactions and fights with peers (Kobak, 1999). Nevertheless, Amato and Keith (2001) conducted a follow up investigation to this study and established that behavior traits are ranked in children and adolescents with divorced children and detected negative behaviors. The study emphasizes that disadvantages connected with divorce are identical for girls and boys. The stress on children and adolescent

eation, and a higher frequency of taking consuming alcohol. On the other hand, Arends and Garnefski (1998) showed that sexual abuse was equally connected with behavioral and emotional problems and suicidal ideation in adolescent females and males, but delinquent and aggressive behavior was highly prevalent in male adolescents. These diverging findings obstruct our understanding of probable gender related impacts on the sequelae of sexual abuse. It’s similarly possible that the findings of the subsisting research based samples on both female and male participants might be puzzled by the effect of gender. Gender Differences to Psychological Adjustments to Divorce Children and adolescents always lose a degree of contact of their attachment figures when their parents divorce. It is a stressful and confusing time for adolescents and children, in spite of whether a divorce was agreeable or not. According to Boooth et al (2000), there are numerous national studies that reveal poor school performance, behavior problems, and low self esteem and adjustment problems associated with divorce. They note that there are greater instances of early sexual activity, delinquent behavior and constant academic issues. Gender difference amid children in a divorced family play a very significant role in the way they adjust. This is true at the duration of divorce and has long tem impacts in adult life. Several investigations have agreed that girls and boys respond differently to the diminished contact with a main attachment figure. Boys appear to have a hard time with divorce, leading them to have problems at school; withdrawals form social interactions and fights with peers (Kobak, 1999). Nevertheless, Amato and Keith (2001) conducted a follow up investigation to this study and established that behavior traits are ranked in children and adolescents with divorced children and detected negative behaviors. The study emphasizes that disadvantages connected with divorce are identical for girls and boys. The stress on children and adolescents is equal, but the only difference is the way they express it. There is a high probability of the boys acting out during the period of divorce, by showing anger and aggression at the situation. On the contrary, girls tend to keep this aggravation inside. This pent up emotion is conceptualized to demonstrate its impacts later in their lives and this effects are dangerous because they occur at a vital period when young women make decisions that have lasting inferences for their lives. When they are suddenly overcome by anxieties and fears, they start making connections amid these feelings and the divorce of their parent (Kobak, 1999). Gender Identity and Psychological Adjustment According to Carver, Yunger, and Perry (2003), gender identity serve diverse affect adjustment or psychological functions in different ways. Children who experience high felt pressure for gender conformity display greater signs of internalized anguish that those who are freer of gender stereotypes. Internalized pressure from the society for gender conformity disposes boys to utilize power to attain dominance and disposes girls to subordinate their individual desires, interests and needs to those of other people. This pressure disposes boys to repress communal behaviors and hide the feelings of sadness, fear, tenderness and weakness. These suggestions propose the theory that felt pressures makes children to take on negative constituents of same gender stereotypes for instance, antisocial inclinations for boys and subservience for girls and also to shirk positive constituents of other gender stereotypes such as boys’ communal behavior, and girls’ agentic traits (Carver, Yunger, & Perry, 2003). Sex Differences in Stress and Coping Processes A research on gender differences in exposure to distressing interpersonal life incidents, with a particular focus on stress in a peer group reveals that girls are more stressed with peers than boys. Nevertheless, a closer investigation of this pattern of gender differences in distressing circumstances and

s is equal, but the only difference is the way they express it. There is a high probability of the boys acting out during the period of divorce, by showing anger and aggression at the situation. On the contrary, girls tend to keep this aggravation inside. This pent up emotion is conceptualized to demonstrate its impacts later in their lives and this effects are dangerous because they occur at a vital period when young women make decisions that have lasting inferences for their lives. When they are suddenly overcome by anxieties and fears, they start making connections amid these feelings and the divorce of their parent (Kobak, 1999). Gender Identity and Psychological Adjustment According to Carver, Yunger, and Perry (2003), gender identity serve diverse affect adjustment or psychological functions in different ways. Children who experience high felt pressure for gender conformity display greater signs of internalized anguish that those who are freer of gender stereotypes. Internalized pressure from the society for gender conformity disposes boys to utilize power to attain dominance and disposes girls to subordinate their individual desires, interests and needs to those of other people. This pressure disposes boys to repress communal behaviors and hide the feelings of sadness, fear, tenderness and weakness. These suggestions propose the theory that felt pressures makes children to take on negative constituents of same gender stereotypes for instance, antisocial inclinations for boys and subservience for girls and also to shirk positive constituents of other gender stereotypes such as boys’ communal behavior, and girls’ agentic traits (Carver, Yunger, & Perry, 2003). Sex Differences in Stress and Coping Processes A research on gender differences in exposure to distressing interpersonal life incidents, with a particular focus on stress in a peer group reveals that girls are more stressed with peers than boys. Nevertheless, a closer investigation of this pattern of gender differences in distressing circumstances and events suggests numerous clarifications that are required in this research area. Firstly, this set of studies entails assessments of varying types and ranges of events. For instance, numerous studies focus more precisely on distressing events related to romantic relationships or friendships, while others include a range of stressors (Rose, & Rudolph, 2006). It is not clear whether gender differences are driven by larger exposure to particular forms of peer stressors in girls than in boys. , Secondly, gender differences in exposure to peer stress might differ across development and based on whether the stressor is dependent or self-generated (implying an incident which a person contributed, like an argument with a friend) versus independent implying an incident that is outside one’s control, like a friend moving away. One study found that girls didn’t experience much stress than boys in childhood. Nevertheless, during adolescence medium impact favoring girls was established for dependent peer stress (Rose, & Rudolph, 2006). Gender Differences in Depression Girls are more likely to admit symptoms of depression than boys, and this diversity is usually due to the fact that girls are more open and boys being more likely to utilize denial. Likewise, girls are highly prepared to seek assistance than boys for their depression. Girls are more likely to recall episode not formerly nominated and to recall more symptoms, whereas boys are highly likely over time to forget formerly reported episodes. This is due to gender differences in coping repertoires where girls re more likely to directly experience depression and ruminate on issues and boys being highly likely to distract themselves or use drugs as well as engage in reckless behavior. Socialization and social influences are main contributors of gender differences in depression. Girls internalize depression and anxiety and seek self esteem from their families and friends while boys externalize depression and are more likely to attain their self esteem and exert power acro

events suggests numerous clarifications that are required in this research area. Firstly, this set of studies entails assessments of varying types and ranges of events. For instance, numerous studies focus more precisely on distressing events related to romantic relationships or friendships, while others include a range of stressors (Rose, & Rudolph, 2006). It is not clear whether gender differences are driven by larger exposure to particular forms of peer stressors in girls than in boys. , Secondly, gender differences in exposure to peer stress might differ across development and based on whether the stressor is dependent or self-generated (implying an incident which a person contributed, like an argument with a friend) versus independent implying an incident that is outside one’s control, like a friend moving away. One study found that girls didn’t experience much stress than boys in childhood. Nevertheless, during adolescence medium impact favoring girls was established for dependent peer stress (Rose, & Rudolph, 2006). Gender Differences in Depression Girls are more likely to admit symptoms of depression than boys, and this diversity is usually due to the fact that girls are more open and boys being more likely to utilize denial. Likewise, girls are highly prepared to seek assistance than boys for their depression. Girls are more likely to recall episode not formerly nominated and to recall more symptoms, whereas boys are highly likely over time to forget formerly reported episodes. This is due to gender differences in coping repertoires where girls re more likely to directly experience depression and ruminate on issues and boys being highly likely to distract themselves or use drugs as well as engage in reckless behavior. Socialization and social influences are main contributors of gender differences in depression. Girls internalize depression and anxiety and seek self esteem from their families and friends while boys externalize depression and are more likely to attain their self esteem and exert power across public sphere (Cambron, Acitelli, & Pettit, 2009). Sex linked responses to depression might contribute to gender differences in emotional adjustments. According to Burton, Stice and Seeley, (2004), the tendency of girls to display emotions and seek help from friends might in part cushion them from emotional distress. Through seeking support, girls are offered a reassurance that their problems may be solved and that they are valued in the society, and this decreases the chances of the stressors leading to reduced self esteem, sadness, and excessive worrying. In reality, getting social support from friends is connected with reduced levels of depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, the support seeking tendency presents a threat that girls will be fixated on talking about their problems, which might increase their levels of emotional distress. Conversely, the greater likelihood of boys to make problems light helps them to dwell on the problems and this be protected against emotional problems (Plancherel, & Bolognini, 1995). The literature reveals that gender differences in psychological adjustment. Compared to boys, girls are more likely to express their emotions, seek help and ruminate in response to stress. Boys usually victims experience difficulties in adjusting to the stressful situations and display delinquent behaviors such as fighting and aggression, substance abuse while girls display fear and anxiety. While girls are open on issues regarding depression, boys usually deny that they are depressed and this seek self worth from the public sphere with girls seeking esteem from peers. Carver, P. R., Yunger, J. L., & Perry, D. G. (2003). Gender identity and adjustment inSex Roles, 49, 95- 109. processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationshipPsychological Bulletin, 132, 98-131. Burton E, Stice E, Seeley, R., (2004). A prospective test of the stress-buffering model of depression adolescent girls:

ss public sphere (Cambron, Acitelli, & Pettit, 2009). Sex linked responses to depression might contribute to gender differences in emotional adjustments. According to Burton, Stice and Seeley, (2004), the tendency of girls to display emotions and seek help from friends might in part cushion them from emotional distress. Through seeking support, girls are offered a reassurance that their problems may be solved and that they are valued in the society, and this decreases the chances of the stressors leading to reduced self esteem, sadness, and excessive worrying. In reality, getting social support from friends is connected with reduced levels of depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, the support seeking tendency presents a threat that girls will be fixated on talking about their problems, which might increase their levels of emotional distress. Conversely, the greater likelihood of boys to make problems light helps them to dwell on the problems and this be protected against emotional problems (Plancherel, & Bolognini, 1995). The literature reveals that gender differences in psychological adjustment. Compared to boys, girls are more likely to express their emotions, seek help and ruminate in response to stress. Boys usually victims experience difficulties in adjusting to the stressful situations and display delinquent behaviors such as fighting and aggression, substance abuse while girls display fear and anxiety. While girls are open on issues regarding depression, boys usually deny that they are depressed and this seek self worth from the public sphere with girls seeking esteem from peers. Carver, P. R., Yunger, J. L., & Perry, D. G. (2003). Gender identity and adjustment inSex Roles, 49, 95- 109. processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationshipPsychological Bulletin, 132, 98-131. Burton E, Stice E, Seeley, R., (2004). A prospective test of the stress-buffering model of depression adolescent girls: No support once again. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72:689–697. Garnefski, N., & Arends, E., (1998). Sexual abuse and adolescent maladjustment: differences between male and female victims. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 99-70. Kobak, R., (1999). The emotional dynamics of disruptions in attachment relationships, Guildford, New York. Chandy, M., Blum, W., & Resnick, D., (1996). Gender specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 1219-1231. Booth, C., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., & Vandell, D. L. (2000). Effects of parental separation and divorce on very young children. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 304-326.vs Amato, R., (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s. An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) metanalysis. Journal of family psychology, 15, 355-370. Cambron, M. J., Acitelli, L.K., & Pettit, J. W. (2009). Explaining gender differences in depression: An interpersonal contingent self-esteem perspective. Sex Roles, 61, 751-761. Plancherel, B., & Bolognini M., (1995). Coping and mental health in early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 18:459–474. More Important Things

No support once again. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72:689–697. Garnefski, N., & Arends, E., (1998). Sexual abuse and adolescent maladjustment: differences between male and female victims. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 99-70. Kobak, R., (1999). The emotional dynamics of disruptions in attachment relationships, Guildford, New York. Chandy, M., Blum, W., & Resnick, D., (1996). Gender specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 1219-1231. Booth, C., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., & Vandell, D. L. (2000). Effects of parental separation and divorce on very young children. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 304-326.vs Amato, R., (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s. An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) metanalysis. Journal of family psychology, 15, 355-370. Cambron, M. J., Acitelli, L.K., & Pettit, J. W. (2009). Explaining gender differences in depression: An interpersonal contingent self-esteem perspective. Sex Roles, 61, 751-761. Plancherel, B., & Bolognini M., (1995). Coping and mental health in early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 18:459–474. More Important Things

How is hydrogen transported? There are several possible methods for preparing, packaging and transporting renewable hydrogen to get it from its place of production to place of consumption, namely: – as a gas in cylinders – as a gas in semi-trailers (tube trailers) – as a liquid in tanker trucks – underground pipeline The choice made depends primarily on the amount of hydrogen being transported and its end use. Delivery of hydrogen in cylinder frames A 50-litre cylinder (known as ‘B50’ or ‘L50’) contains 0.75 kg of compressed H2 at 200 bar. They are generally packed in metal frames holding 8 – 28 cylinders. This supply method is favoured when consumption is less than 10 tonnes of H2 a year. Delivery of gaseous hydrogen by tube trailer This is the supply method used for filling stations. Upon arrival, the full trailer is connected to the station and refuelling takes place immediately. The truck heads straight back to the production site with another empty trailer, ready to be filled once more. The amount transported depends on the pressure of the hydrogen and type of tank: – Capacity at 200 bar (steel tank): up to 0.5 t – Capacity at 300 bar (composite tank): up to 0.8 t – Capacity at 500 bar (composite tank): up to 1.1 t Delivery of liquid hydrogen by tanker In order to deliver hydrogen in a liquid form, it must be chilled to a temperature of -253°C and kept at that temperature in a cryogenic tanker. This type of tanker can hold up to 4 tonnes of liquid hydrogen. Delivery of hydrogen by pipeline Gaseous hydrogen passes through a steel pipeline, generally at a pressure of 25 – 60 bar. The maximum flow rate depends on the pipeline diameter: 150 mm Diameter → 12,000 Nm3/hr i.e. 1 t/hr 250 mm Diameter → 40,000 Nm3/hr i.e. 3.4 t/hr 300 mm Diameter → 80,000 Nm3/hr i.e. 6.8 t/hr 400 mm Diameter → 120,000 Nm3/hr i.e. 10 t/hr A single 100MW unit producing hydrogen by electrolysis produces 14,000 tonnes of hydrogen a year. Delivery by pipeline or tube trailer is the most appropriate method.

Mumbai: To encourage healthy, holistic growth in kids, Abbott has launched its Grow Right 2.0 charter introducing M-E-A-N-S guidelines for good practices in Measuring growth, Eating, Activity, Nurturing and Sleep. The charter, backed by health and nutrition experts, can help address parents’ concerns by providing tips to encourage healthy lifestyle habits that will positively impact their children. The Grow Right 2.0 charter includes recommendations from a guild of leading experts in childcare pediatrics, nutrition and behavioral science, including pediatricians Dr Indu Khosla and Dr Sumon Poddar, nutritionist Dr Eileen Canday and child psychiatrist Dr Shiva Prakash Srinivasan. Swati Dalal, general manager of Abbott’s nutrition business in India, said “The early years of a child’s life are foundational and very important for lifelong health and development. Nurturing growth is critical, which is why Abbott is acknowledging parents’ concerns and empowering them with the Grow Right 2.0 Charter with the right M-E-A-N-S to ensure their child is not just growing physically but also holistically.'' The M-E-A-N-S guidelines include disciplined sleeping patterns, meal schedules, physical activity time and intellectual pauses/reflections: Measuring and monitoring growth: Correct measuring is important to understand and monitor a child’s growth. It can also help identify shortfalls in growth so that parents can act early and address the cause. Eating correctly: Nutrition is key for holistic growth and immune system support. A child’s daily diet should include the five food groups – cereals, pulses, milk and meat, fruits and vegetables, fats and sugar. For parents of fussy eaters, oral nutrition supplements can help ensure children receive balanced nutrition. Actively playing: Physical activity helps improve bone health, enhances sleep, and promotes overall physical health. It can also help lower risk of health issues, including pediatric obesity. Nurturing and disciplining: Parents can promote emotional well-being by showing empathy and encouraging kids to share their feelings. Experts recommend avoiding punishing children frequently but instead allowing them time to reflect and resolve to help fix their behaviour. Encouraging sleep: Early-age healthy sleeping habits are important to promote physical and cognitive performance in children. It is recommended for parents to build a bedtime routine for kids and maintain timing consistency. To avoid a shortage and help ensure patients have access to an adequate supply of the medicine, FDA will not object to the temporary distribution of Sitagliptin containing NTTP above the acceptable intake limit of 37 ng per day, and up to 246.7 ng per day. The acquisition marks the entry of the group in the state of Haryana. The upcoming integrated healthcare complex located on the Golf Course Road at Gurugram would be commissioned in a span of 24 months.

The utility sends a request to the specified address and records the responses. The service allows you to quickly check whether the node you need is available on the network: a website, server or IP address. More about online ping Originally the word ping was used to describe the sound of an impulse emitted by a sonar. In computer slang, it is a test of a network connection quality. The word ping also refers to the time taken to transmit a small packet of data from the user to the server and from the server back to the user. Most often used to determine the availability of a website, server on the internet. Ping time can be used to determine how responsive the connection to this server will be. Not only a low value of time in milliseconds, a small ping, is important but also the stability of this value, absence of significant jumps in readings and, especially, packet loss. It is convenient to use an online ping test to check and find out whether a website is inaccessible only from your computer or to everyone on the internet.

Cold-Resistant Avocado Trees Avocados grown here originated in either Guatemala or Mexico. Although larger and often boasting richer flavor, Guatemalan types (Persea americana guatemalensis) suffer more in frosts and are recommended only for U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zone 10. Mexican types (P. a. drymifolia), on the other hand, show more resistance to the cold and can be successfully grown in USDA zones 9 and 10. "Hass" and "Fuerte," two of the most popular varieties, have been hybridized and share traits of both types. Frost Resistance of Varieties In general, Mexican avocados can survive lower temperatures than the Guatemalan. "Mexicola," particularly, exhibits rapid recovery from a freeze. It does not defoliate until the temperature drops to 20 degrees Fahrenheit for four hours; the trunk will be killed at 17 degrees F. "Duke" is another outstanding Mexican performer, hardy to 22 degrees F. "Ganter" and "Topa Topa," both with Mexican ancestry, can withstand four hours at 23 degrees F. The hardiest of the hybrids, "Bacon," recovers from freezes to 25 degrees F, followed by "Hass" and "Fuerte," capable of taking 26 degrees F. The most cold-tolerant of the Guatemalan varieties, "Queen," is also hardy to 26 degrees F. Home gardeners often find more success growing avocados in the cold than commercial growers, because backyards tend to hold more heat than open fields. Avocado Frost Protection After choosing the variety, determining where to plant an avocado tree should be the next step toward protection from frost. Planting above a slope or near the house may afford the most warmth. Since trees have more vulnerability in their youth, spread rugs or blankets on structures above the young trees when a frost is predicted. Install lights to burn through the night, or wrap trunks with sponge foam for further protection. Running water through a hose on the ground or a sprinkler system can also supply heat to the trees. Damages From a Freeze During periods of freezing temperatures, avocado leaves may appear wilted. Actually, this is a protective response by the plant and does not indicate that the leaves have frozen. Leaves become stiff, brittle and sometimes curled when frozen. Foliage injury can be recognized immediately, but the full extent of damage may not be apparent for months. If the branches and trunk are not greatly damaged, the leaves will shed quickly. This leaf-shedding is an encouraging sign that the tree will survive. Discoloration, splitting or loosening of the bark often means that the tree has been fatally damaged. Do not prune the tree or even attempt to assess damage until time for the new growth in spring. Rehabilitating Freeze-Damaged Avocados Sunburn of the twigs and branches exposed after defoliation threatens the freeze-damaged trees, even if temperatures stay relatively low. Whitewashing can prevent it and should be the only treatment done immediately after a freeze. Dilute a white latex paint with water, and spray all exposed tree parts. Be careful not to thin the paint too much, as the whitewash needs to be truly white when it dries on the tree to offer the necessary protection. While your avocado tree recovers, go lightly on feeding, watering and pruning, or you may overwhelm it and cause further damage. - The New Sunset Western Garden Book; Kathleen Norris Brenzel - California Rare Fruit Growers: Avocado Fruit Facts - University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources: Avocado - University of California Agriculture and Natural Rexources: Avocado Production in Home Gardens Mary Simpson began her writing career in 1968 on a Dallas oil magazine. Besides reporting and editing for several small Texas newspapers, Simpson has written for "Petroleum Engineer Magazine," "Denton Today Magazine" and put out an employee newsletter for a FEMA facility. She holds a B.A. in journalism and an M.A.in English, both from the University of North Texas.

We are the combination of four hospitals: the General Hospital, the Children’s Hospital, the Women’s Hospital and the Traumatology, Rehabilitation and Burns Hospital. We are part of the Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus: a world-leading health park where healthcare plays a crucial role. Below we will list the departments and units that form part of Vall d’Hebron Hospital and the main diseases that we treat. We will also make recommendations based on advice backed up by scientific evidence that has been shown to be effective in guaranteeing well-being and quality of life. We will guide you from your first visit to the centre, allowing you to find all the departments and make the most of our facilities. Whatever the reason for your visit, we will explain how to get about the hospital. Fever is the body’s response against an infection and is the most common sign of illness. It is considered a fever when the body’s temperature is greater than 38°C at the rectum or 37.5°C in the armpit. Between 37 and 38 degrees is known as low-grade fever. A sensation of cold, discomfort and loss of appetite may all accompany a fever, but children normally tolerate fever well. Fever is not an illness in itself, but the body’s defence response. Treatments for fever serve to alleviate the symptoms. To find out if you have a fever, always use a thermometer. A digital thermometer is best. To use it, place it in the ill person’s armpit for approximately two minutes, until it beeps. In breastfeeding babies it can be placed in the rectum, but bear in mind that if done this way a fever is anything above 38°C. If, despite having applied the above measures, the fever remains higher than 38ºC and the child is generally unwell, antipyretics may be administered. The medication used most often is paracetamol or ibuprofen. Both can be administered in drops or syrup. In summary, when we have an infection and the body raises our temperature, it causes what is known as a fever. Antipyretics do not cure the infection, but they can alleviate the symptoms. Paediatric Hospitalisation and Hospital Paediatrics Unit Paediatric emergency care Hereditary Angioedema Unit Select the newsletter you want to receive: By accepting these conditions, you are agreeing to the processing of your personal data for the provision of the services requested through this portal, and, if necessary, for any procedures required by the administrations or public bodies involved in this processing, and their subsequent inclusion in the aforementioned automated file. You may exercise your rights to access, rectification, cancellation or opposition by writing to [email protected], clearly stating the subject as "Exercising of Data Protection Rights". Operated by: Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron - Institut Català de la Salut. Purpose: Manage the user’s contact information. Rights: To access, rectify, and delete personal information data, as well to the portability thereof and to limit and/or oppose their use. Source: The interested party themselves.

The word “Sewer” is derived from the term “seaward” in Old English, as in ditches and ravines slightly sloped to run waste water from land to sea. From an 1857 story in the Commercial Pacific Advertiser it appears that the first sewer facility to be constructed on Oʻahu was a storm drain located at Queen Street at the foot of Kaʻahumanu Street opposite Pier 11. (ASCE) What about before that? “The kapus which were established by the priests for the disposal of body wastes had a double concern: the protection of the mana, the spiritual power, of the person from whom the wastes were derived; and respect for the mana of all of the gods …” “Out of respect for the gods, the Hawaiian refrained from polluting their abodes. Out of fear for himself, he was most careful to keep his body’s parts, or its wastes, and his personal possessions from falling into the hands of the dreaded sorcerer, the kahuna ana‘ana, or into the keeping of an enemy who would give them to the sorcerer to use in his fell ritual.” “When a man needed to relieve himself he went off into the bush or into the wasteland, apart from the others of his household or village; and there, as a Jew was enjoined to do by the Mosaic Laws …” “… he dug a hole and buried in it the portions of himself that were so indubitably his, together with the leaves or small stones or wisps of grass with which he cleaned himself when he was done.” “(H)e carefully covered the cat-hole he had dug and all traces of his visit, in order to hide its secrets from the searching eyes of the kahuna ana‘ana.” “Others of his personal wastes were not casually thrown away; they were buried, as carefully as was his excrement, or they were burned. Nor were they cast into the sea, or into streams, pools, swamps, taro-patches, or other accumulations of fresh water.” (Bushnell) Following Western contact, “Having no inside lavatories, our ancestors had to contrive acceptable indoor facilities. Bedrooms were equipped with a corner washstand holding soap and water.” “The toilet problem was solved by the use of a large covered chamber pot that was usually kept under the bed. Most well-to-do homes in the eighteenth century had servants who emptied the chamber pot daily …” “The formal washstands of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries took several shapes. Some were rectangular but the corner stand was the most popular because it was a space saver” “A hole was cut in the top of the stand so that a basin could fit into the top, thereby lessening the danger of spilling …” (Kovel; Mission Houses) “As we know them today, there were no bathrooms in the homes of our forefathers … Some distance beyond the houses (for obvious reasons) were the ‘Necessary Houses’ (or ‘outhouses’), usually secreted behind or enclosed within pleasing plant screening …” “In the homes of long ago, there were the ‘chamber pots’, so called perhaps because they were located generally in the bedchamber where there was little concern to hide them …” (Wise; Mission Houses) A chamber pot was sometimes referred to as a potty. (Tung) “’The language of the toilet is indeed an etymologlsts’s nightmare: chamber comes by way of chamber pot to mean the pot itself; the adjective privy (private) comes by way of privy chamber, to mean the chamber or room itself.” “Closet (small room) comes by way of water closet to mean the apparatus, not the room. Lavatory (washing place) comes to mean the water-closet …” (Wright; Mission Houses) “Toilet paper was unbleached pearl-colored pure manila hemp paper made in 1857 by Joseph C. Gayetty of New York City, whose name was watermarked on each sheet.” “It sold at five-hundred sheets for fifty cents and was known as ‘Gayetty’s Medicated Paper – a perfectly pure article for the toilet and for the prevention of piles’.” (Kane; Mission Houses) In 1879, Walter Murray Gibson, Chair of the Legislature’s Sanitary Committee, wrote Sanitary Instructions for Hawaiians. It is a collation of “a series of sanitary instructions, deemed suitable to the conditions of Hawaiians, and have the compilation translated into the Hawaiian lang

he use of a large covered chamber pot that was usually kept under the bed. Most well-to-do homes in the eighteenth century had servants who emptied the chamber pot daily …” “The formal washstands of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries took several shapes. Some were rectangular but the corner stand was the most popular because it was a space saver” “A hole was cut in the top of the stand so that a basin could fit into the top, thereby lessening the danger of spilling …” (Kovel; Mission Houses) “As we know them today, there were no bathrooms in the homes of our forefathers … Some distance beyond the houses (for obvious reasons) were the ‘Necessary Houses’ (or ‘outhouses’), usually secreted behind or enclosed within pleasing plant screening …” “In the homes of long ago, there were the ‘chamber pots’, so called perhaps because they were located generally in the bedchamber where there was little concern to hide them …” (Wise; Mission Houses) A chamber pot was sometimes referred to as a potty. (Tung) “’The language of the toilet is indeed an etymologlsts’s nightmare: chamber comes by way of chamber pot to mean the pot itself; the adjective privy (private) comes by way of privy chamber, to mean the chamber or room itself.” “Closet (small room) comes by way of water closet to mean the apparatus, not the room. Lavatory (washing place) comes to mean the water-closet …” (Wright; Mission Houses) “Toilet paper was unbleached pearl-colored pure manila hemp paper made in 1857 by Joseph C. Gayetty of New York City, whose name was watermarked on each sheet.” “It sold at five-hundred sheets for fifty cents and was known as ‘Gayetty’s Medicated Paper – a perfectly pure article for the toilet and for the prevention of piles’.” (Kane; Mission Houses) In 1879, Walter Murray Gibson, Chair of the Legislature’s Sanitary Committee, wrote Sanitary Instructions for Hawaiians. It is a collation of “a series of sanitary instructions, deemed suitable to the conditions of Hawaiians, and have the compilation translated into the Hawaiian language.” (Gibson) In part, the Instructions note, “Every Hawaiian, who desires to be regarded as civilized must construct a privy near his dwelling, with a pit underneath it, at least six feet deep.” They further note, “Every head of a family, and owner, or renter of a lot in Honolulu, or other town, can observe these rules …” “Rule 1. Fill up at once, without waiting to be commanded by health officers, any privy pit, that has been open and used for a number of years.” “Rule 2. Dig a new pit adjoining the outer wall of your yard, not less than seven feet deep; and do not wall up its sides with stone, or brick, or plank, or any other material. Let the surrounding soil of the walls of the pit help to absorb and defecate the impurities cast in.” “Do not dig your pit within 30 feet of any well in use. And do not dig your pit adjoining your neighbor’s house. Be sure and have an air opening at least two feet square in the little house you build over your pit, as well as a door.” “Rule 3. Provide a barrel, or a box, to stand inside of, or near the little house that covers your pit; and have this barrel or box filled with fresh, dry soil, especially the red, dry, iron tinctured soil from the kula plains …” “… and have a paddle, or scoop of any kind, – a shingle would answer – to cast, after you use the place, a small quantity of dry earth into the pit. This earth must always be kept dry. All this will require some little labor, and perhaps expense on your part, but a blessing will come with the care and outlay, O, Hawaiian father of a family.” “Rule 4. Dig a fresh pit at least every year. If your yard is small, you can return to the old places covered up, after a few years, and dig a pit in the same place a second time, without annoyance or injury.” “Rule 5. Never permit any ordure to be deposited, or exposed in your yard, or on any pathway by your house, no more than you would permit your own person, or the person of any member of your family to be openly defiled by such impurities …” “And thus, as you would keep your per

uage.” (Gibson) In part, the Instructions note, “Every Hawaiian, who desires to be regarded as civilized must construct a privy near his dwelling, with a pit underneath it, at least six feet deep.” They further note, “Every head of a family, and owner, or renter of a lot in Honolulu, or other town, can observe these rules …” “Rule 1. Fill up at once, without waiting to be commanded by health officers, any privy pit, that has been open and used for a number of years.” “Rule 2. Dig a new pit adjoining the outer wall of your yard, not less than seven feet deep; and do not wall up its sides with stone, or brick, or plank, or any other material. Let the surrounding soil of the walls of the pit help to absorb and defecate the impurities cast in.” “Do not dig your pit within 30 feet of any well in use. And do not dig your pit adjoining your neighbor’s house. Be sure and have an air opening at least two feet square in the little house you build over your pit, as well as a door.” “Rule 3. Provide a barrel, or a box, to stand inside of, or near the little house that covers your pit; and have this barrel or box filled with fresh, dry soil, especially the red, dry, iron tinctured soil from the kula plains …” “… and have a paddle, or scoop of any kind, – a shingle would answer – to cast, after you use the place, a small quantity of dry earth into the pit. This earth must always be kept dry. All this will require some little labor, and perhaps expense on your part, but a blessing will come with the care and outlay, O, Hawaiian father of a family.” “Rule 4. Dig a fresh pit at least every year. If your yard is small, you can return to the old places covered up, after a few years, and dig a pit in the same place a second time, without annoyance or injury.” “Rule 5. Never permit any ordure to be deposited, or exposed in your yard, or on any pathway by your house, no more than you would permit your own person, or the person of any member of your family to be openly defiled by such impurities …” “And thus, as you would keep your persons and your premises clean, your lives would be clean, and God, that giveth health, will abide with you, and not turn away.” (Gibson) In 1897, Rudolph Hering, a New York Sanitary Engineer, designed Honolulu’s sewer system; it was a “separate system” whereby separate networks of conduits would carry sewage and storm waters, a system still used today in Honolulu. Work on the system began in 1899 and sewer lines were laid out in a gravity flow pattern in a rectangular fashion and ran along Alapaʻi, River and South Streets, past Thomas Square, and ended in the Punahou area. The sewer outfall to the ocean was built in 1899. The outfall ran some 3,800-feet out to sea at a depth of 40-feet of water, rather than farther out to a 100-foot depth (due to funding constraints.) (Darnell) In 1900, the Kakaʻako Pumping Station was constructed; with features such as large arched windows, exterior walls of local lava rock, roofs of green tile and a smokestack 76-feet tall. The use of the Kakaʻako Pumping Station was abandoned by the City and County of Honolulu when it built a new pumping station on the southwest portion of the block, adjacent to the Historic Ala Moana Pumping Station in 1955.

sons and your premises clean, your lives would be clean, and God, that giveth health, will abide with you, and not turn away.” (Gibson) In 1897, Rudolph Hering, a New York Sanitary Engineer, designed Honolulu’s sewer system; it was a “separate system” whereby separate networks of conduits would carry sewage and storm waters, a system still used today in Honolulu. Work on the system began in 1899 and sewer lines were laid out in a gravity flow pattern in a rectangular fashion and ran along Alapaʻi, River and South Streets, past Thomas Square, and ended in the Punahou area. The sewer outfall to the ocean was built in 1899. The outfall ran some 3,800-feet out to sea at a depth of 40-feet of water, rather than farther out to a 100-foot depth (due to funding constraints.) (Darnell) In 1900, the Kakaʻako Pumping Station was constructed; with features such as large arched windows, exterior walls of local lava rock, roofs of green tile and a smokestack 76-feet tall. The use of the Kakaʻako Pumping Station was abandoned by the City and County of Honolulu when it built a new pumping station on the southwest portion of the block, adjacent to the Historic Ala Moana Pumping Station in 1955.

Praise be to Allah. The marriage contract has three pillars or essential parts: the proposal, acceptance, and consent of the wife’s guardian. The proposal is issued by one of the two parties first of all, indicating what he wants of forming a contract. It is call ijaab which means commitment. The acceptance is issued second by the other party, indicating that he agrees to what the first party has proposed. This is called acceptance because it indicates consent to what the first party has proposed. If this is done in the presence of the wife's guardian and with his consent, then the marriage contract has been completed and the woman has become his wife and he has become her husband. There result from this contract a number of shar’i implications, which are: 1.It becomes permissible for each of the spouses to enjoy intimacy with the other. 2.The dowry which is mentioned in the contract becomes obligatory, if he consummates the marriage with her or if he is alone with her in the shar’i sense and in such a way that he would be able to have intercourse with her, or if he dies before consummating the marriage or being alone with her. She becomes entitled to half of the amount as a result of the contract if he divorces her before consummating the marriage or being alone with her. If he did not state an amount for the dowry, then upon consummation or if he dies or if he is alone with her, she becomes entitled to a dowry like that of her peers, such as her sisters and female cousins. 3.It becomes obligatory on the husband to spend on the wife's maintenance, such as food, clothing and shelter. This does not become obligatory upon the husband until after he has consummated the marriage with her, because these obligations are in return for intimacy and her living under his care. 4.Any children are to be attributed to the husband if the marriage has been consummated or if he has been alone with her in the shar’i sense. 5.The right of inheritance is established between the spouses, if one of them dies, whether the husband has consummated the marriage with his wife or not. 6.The in-laws become mahrams, which means that the ascendants and descendants of the husband become mahrams for the wife, and the ascendants and descendants of the wife become mahrams for the husband, according to the explanations of the scholars. From what we have mentioned with regard to the consequences of marriage, the answer to the question is known, which is that it is permissible for both spouses to enjoy intimacy, such as touching, kissing and so on, with the other as soon as the marriage contract is done. In the answer to questions number 74321 and 13886 there was a discussion of the things that are permissible for the one who has done the marriage contract with a woman, even if he has not yet consummated the marriage with her. But it is permissible for the guardian to be strict with regard to being alone with her -- which means closing the door, drawing the curtains and especially intercourse -- because of the problems that may result from that before the marriage is announced. One spouse may die or divorce may occur, which would result in bad consequences for the woman in the event that she is pregnant or has lost her virginity. In the answer to question no. 3215, there is a discussion of this issue, which we hope you will read. If we add to these problems that which happens a lot of negligence concerning this issue before consummation and moving to the marital home, namely the way people view these matters and their customs and traditions which do not accept this kind of relationship except after consummation of the marriage in the marital home that has been prepared for that, then this is something to be taken into consideration with regard to protecting honour and lineages. The husband should pay attention to this matter and think with his head, not with his heart, and he should understand the effects of this if death or divorce were to occur. He should remember that he definitely would not accept that for his daughter, and by the same token people do n

consummated the marriage with his wife or not. 6.The in-laws become mahrams, which means that the ascendants and descendants of the husband become mahrams for the wife, and the ascendants and descendants of the wife become mahrams for the husband, according to the explanations of the scholars. From what we have mentioned with regard to the consequences of marriage, the answer to the question is known, which is that it is permissible for both spouses to enjoy intimacy, such as touching, kissing and so on, with the other as soon as the marriage contract is done. In the answer to questions number 74321 and 13886 there was a discussion of the things that are permissible for the one who has done the marriage contract with a woman, even if he has not yet consummated the marriage with her. But it is permissible for the guardian to be strict with regard to being alone with her -- which means closing the door, drawing the curtains and especially intercourse -- because of the problems that may result from that before the marriage is announced. One spouse may die or divorce may occur, which would result in bad consequences for the woman in the event that she is pregnant or has lost her virginity. In the answer to question no. 3215, there is a discussion of this issue, which we hope you will read. If we add to these problems that which happens a lot of negligence concerning this issue before consummation and moving to the marital home, namely the way people view these matters and their customs and traditions which do not accept this kind of relationship except after consummation of the marriage in the marital home that has been prepared for that, then this is something to be taken into consideration with regard to protecting honour and lineages. The husband should pay attention to this matter and think with his head, not with his heart, and he should understand the effects of this if death or divorce were to occur. He should remember that he definitely would not accept that for his daughter, and by the same token people do not accept that for their daughters. We think that this is the best solution and the middle way between going to extremes and being careless with regard to this matter. And Allaah knows best.

ot accept that for their daughters. We think that this is the best solution and the middle way between going to extremes and being careless with regard to this matter. And Allaah knows best.

Few species have had as much international conservation focus as Orangutans. They certainly are stunning animals and there is no doubt when you see them in the wild it is an uplifting and amazing experience. I have seen both Bornean and Sumatran Orangutan in the wild, and I will admit that my heart races every time I see them. We need to remember, however, that the plight of the orangutan is representative of the broader plight of much of the (less charismatic) tropical biodiversity of south east Asia. With the decline of Orangutan we actually see an even more pronounced decline of species far less sensitive to changes in primary jungle. In effect Orangutan are just the poster children for the wide spread decline of numerous less sexy creatures. The extensive and rapid transformation of the landscape of Borneo and Sumatra from primary jungle to secondary jungle (broad scale selective logging) or, even more extreme, removal of the jungle all together to be replaced by other land-uses (primarily oil palm plantations) has received extensive international focus. This focus has primarily been associated with the decline of orang-utan due to deforestation for oil palm plantations. Needless to say, the exploitation of these jungles has also allowed the nations involved to expand and modify their economies. And yes, some individuals have become extremely wealthy along the way. The issues associated with biodiversity conservation and rapidly expanding economies in southeast Asia (largely based on natural resources and agriculture) are complex. It is hard to ask nations not to clear their forests for agriculture when much of world has already done the same. In fact the state of forest cover in Victoria, Australia (my home) is not a great deal better, and we have certainly converted enormous areas of land to agricultural pursuits. I am not going to provide any solutions here to the problems; all I will say is that it is complex and as such solutions will need to be multifaceted. If we, and I mean we as a global society, want Borneo to remain a global biodiversity hotspot, “we” need to provide a mechanism that allows the governments of Malaysia and Indonesia to make more money out of jungles than timber or oil palm. And then their is the Amazon and……. It is the complex nature of conservation, land-use change and economics in Borneo that draws me to this region. For the last 3 years I have taken a team of Deakin Environmental Science staff and students to Malaysian Borneo to investigate the issues for ourselves. Our undergraduate study tour unit (SLE353) takes students to Borneo, meeting the indigenous communities, into jungles, experiencing wildlife and of course the people involved in conservation as well as oil palm. It is challenging but at the same time life changing. It is critical to look at issues from a wide range of perspectives before even trying to think about solutions.

End Stage Renal Failure Ayurvedic Treatment – The kidneys flush out the waste and excess water from the blood in the form of urine. Renal failure is the same as kidney failure and occurs due to the loss in functioning of kidneys. An end stage renal failure is the final stage of a kidney disease. In this stage the kidneys no longer function and one can die if not treated urgently. Kidney disease is usually progressive and it takes a relatively long time to come to end stage. Most people in this stage are on dialysis or under the treatment of kidney transplant. There are many reasons that can cause kidney diseases like high blood sugar level, diabetes, physical injury, kidney stones, acute dehydration and family history of kidney disease. End Stage Renal Failure Ayurvedic Treatment: Common Signs And Symptoms In the case of a decline in the normal functioning of the kidneys, indicates the end stage of renal failure. There are some common signs and symptoms that a patient experience, such as: - Decrease in the amount of urine - Inability to urinate - Fatigue and tiredness - A general ill feeling - Abnormal weight loss or weight gain - Loss of appetite - Itchy and dry skin - Nausea and vomiting - Back and joint pain - Change in the color of urine - Swelling in hands and feet - Easy bruising If the above symptoms prevail for long in your life, it can create unhealthiness. You may feel weak and unable to carry on with your daily lives. It is better to go for a quick diagnosis to confirm the stage of the disease and then go for an immediate treatment. Some of the common tests to check your kidney function are urinalysis, serum creatinine test, blood urea nitrogen test and estimated GFR. Kidney Dialysis, Types Of Kidney Dialysis, And Ayurvedic Renal Failure Treatment In the end stage, the two main treatments that can be performed are dialysis and kidney transplant. Dialysis is mainly of two types’ hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. - Hemodialysis uses a machine to process the kidney functions. The machine filters the waste using a solution and sends the clean blood back to the body. Usually, this method is performed twice or thrice a week. - Peritoneal dialysis involves placing a solution into the abdomen which can be later removed using a catheter. Such a dialysis can be done at home, mainly during overnight while sleeping. - Kidney transplant is a surgery that involves removing the affected kidneys and replacing it with a new donated kidney. The donor can survive in one kidney, as even one working kidney is enough for normal functioning. Karma Ayurveda – How Long Can You Live With End Stage Renal Failure? All the above treatments are not a permanent solution to your problem. Dialysis is only an alternate to kidney functions till it is replaced with a new kidney. It doesn’t correct endorphin level. Also, a kidney transplant allows you to resume to normal functions but you still can face chronic kidney disease in future. However, opting for Ayurvedic treatment for your kidney related problems can be a likely option. Ayurvedic medicines have natural healing power and can slow down the damage to kidneys. A high-quality of life along with healthy diet and routine can increase your chances of survival in end-stage.

We come from many different countries of the world. We live in many different societies and environments. But the most important thing is that we think of other beings, we keep them alive and present in our minds. If we forget other sentient beings, we lose contact with the very people that we want to benefit. We are supposed to be Mahayana practitioners. The main practice is not to give up on sentient beings. If we can let the happiness and suffering of many other people arise in our minds, then that will help us to transform ourselves, to change ourselves. If we just think of ourselves, saying; “I am alone, I am free, or if I change myself I am afraid I will disappear or something bad will happen to me,” if we think like this, then there is no reason to change. But if we think about other people, if we think about their happiness and their problems and we feel a certain kind of responsibility, a concern about their welfare, then there is the possibility that we might have a strong inclination to change ourselves. Because when other people are really suffering, then an image comes to mind of the importance of other people, the importance of so many people, and that starts to change our way of being, our way of seeing. In our mind and in our eyes the image and experience of all these other beings becomes an important part of the basis for practice, so that our own self-interest, our own self-cherishing can become a little less.

In the fall of 2014, Lynchburg College began implementing WE Write for Success, a new initiative to help students improve their capacity to engage in evidence-based writing. Beginning with the class of 2018, students are required to take at least six “writing enriched” (WE) courses, which help them engage in the writing process and develop their writing skills by using writing as a mode of learning. Students in WE courses address academic and professional audiences and purposes, they receive feedback on their writing, and they are encouraged to rethink, revise, and improve their work. WE Write for Success is LC’s way of helping today’s students become more effective writers, which has long been understood as one of the central purposes of higher education. Regardless of their chosen field of study, college and university students have had to take “freshman composition” courses, engage in college-level writing in a broad variety of courses, and learn the conventions of writing in their particular disciplines. Writing well is an important element of academic success; it is also a skill that employers say they are looking for. An April 2013 report sponsored by the American Association of Colleges and Universities (AACU) found that 93 percent of the employers they surveyed agreed that “a candidate’s demonstrated capacity to think critically, communicate clearly, and solve complex problems is more important than their major.” Moreover, four of five employers that were surveyed thought that colleges and universities should place more emphasis on these skills than they currently do. (For more information on this research, read “It Takes More Than A Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Success,” at www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/it-takes-more-major-employer-priorities-college-learning-and.) More and more students are coming to college without adequate skills for the kinds of academic work we expect of them. Much of the poor writing we see stems from poor thinking — or to be more specific, from an inability to read actively and deeply — and from little practice in processing ideas into clear, organized thoughts and sentences. Whether we like it or not, it falls to us to help them develop an active reading, thinking, and writing process if we want them to succeed in higher education and afterwards. WE courses are designed to address that task. Two facts supported by pedagogy are particularly pertinent here: 1) to develop an effective writing process, students need to have a chance to try and practice various approaches to find what works for them, an 2) requiring students to craft a writing project in stages can help them to do that. Writing is thinking; it is often a more productive and thorough type of thinking than that required for an informal class discussion or an oral exchange of ideas. Thus, in WE courses, instructors not only require more writing but design writing projects and integrate writing in ways that allow students to hone their skills over time and across disciplines. Writing Enriched faculty from a wide variety of disciplines have gathered in workshops, brown bag luncheons, and day-long retreats that we have designed so that they can talk about ways to strengthen students’ understanding of the writing process. They frequently report that they have been energized by the conversations at these events; they feel they are crafting better writing assignments and providing students with more appropriate feedback. Those who earn a college degree are still expected to be able to think and write clearly. In essence, the WE Write for Success initiative aims to improve students’ power to think and write by helping them learn to organize thoughts and articulate them effectively. Although the ongoing “digital revolution” is profoundly changing society and higher education with it, in its WE Write for Success initiative, Lynchburg College addresses a goal for higher education that has not changed: to improve an individual’s chance of leading an intellectually fulfilling and productive life. Judy

rom an inability to read actively and deeply — and from little practice in processing ideas into clear, organized thoughts and sentences. Whether we like it or not, it falls to us to help them develop an active reading, thinking, and writing process if we want them to succeed in higher education and afterwards. WE courses are designed to address that task. Two facts supported by pedagogy are particularly pertinent here: 1) to develop an effective writing process, students need to have a chance to try and practice various approaches to find what works for them, an 2) requiring students to craft a writing project in stages can help them to do that. Writing is thinking; it is often a more productive and thorough type of thinking than that required for an informal class discussion or an oral exchange of ideas. Thus, in WE courses, instructors not only require more writing but design writing projects and integrate writing in ways that allow students to hone their skills over time and across disciplines. Writing Enriched faculty from a wide variety of disciplines have gathered in workshops, brown bag luncheons, and day-long retreats that we have designed so that they can talk about ways to strengthen students’ understanding of the writing process. They frequently report that they have been energized by the conversations at these events; they feel they are crafting better writing assignments and providing students with more appropriate feedback. Those who earn a college degree are still expected to be able to think and write clearly. In essence, the WE Write for Success initiative aims to improve students’ power to think and write by helping them learn to organize thoughts and articulate them effectively. Although the ongoing “digital revolution” is profoundly changing society and higher education with it, in its WE Write for Success initiative, Lynchburg College addresses a goal for higher education that has not changed: to improve an individual’s chance of leading an intellectually fulfilling and productive life. Judy Strang, a writing consultant for Lynchburg College, contributed to this article.

Strang, a writing consultant for Lynchburg College, contributed to this article.

Rice is the No.1 food in the world. It is the most important food and its nutritional value is higher than the wheat, the corn and the bananas. It is the main food for about 3 million people, which means, for about half of the world population and it accounts for 20% of calories that are consumed by humans. In Asia, more than 3 billion people, receive 70% of their calories from rice. More than 520 millions of rice tons are produced each year and more than 1\10 of the cultivable land is used for rice cultivation, which, ecologically speaking, consists rich and completely stable ecosystems. Wheat and corn production is bigger, but 20% of wheat and 65% of corn are used for feed. However, almost the whole quantity of rice, is consumed by humans. It is a member of a plants’ family, that includes cannabis, grass and the bamboo. There are more than 120.000 different varieties of rice that include not only white grains, but also black ones and red ones. It grows almost everywhere: it can be found in the flooded hounds of Bangladesh and Japan, in the Himaloyan Plateau in Nepal even in the deserts of Egypt and Australia. It is said that it was first cultivated in China, about 10.000 years ago. The oldest finding is 7.000 years old and was found in the provinces of Zheijiang. It is about rice grains that were white, while they were in the ground, but after their exposure in light, they turned into black and at this moment they are kept in a museum. According to a chinese legend, back in time, when people were suffering from a huge plague outbreak, Buone God, decided to sacrifice all of his teeth, by throwing them to a bog, as he could not stand seeing people in such a bad condition. Water turned his teeth into grains that grew up and gave thousands of rice plants. Ever since, rice comes together with abudance and throwing rice at the newlywed couple, symbolizes love and fertility. In Ancient Greece, they threw at the couple rice desserts, while in Indonesia they throw rice right after the wedding in order to keep the groom’s soul tied, which would otherwise escape. It is said that rice cultivation became known in ancient Greece and in the nearby areas by soldiers, who came back from the military campaign that was conducted by Alexander the Great in India in 344-324 B.C and gradually the cultivation spread all over Europe and in N. Africa. Others claim that it was spread in Europe, through Spain, with the invansion of Arabs. Even during the Medievan Times, rice was regarded a food flavoring from the East and they used it mainly as a meal in order to thicken their soups, or as a make up basis. They often used it as a medicine for different health issues concerning the bowels, while it was soon added along with corn, in the diet that was expected to deal with peoples’ hunger. Rice should never be omitted from the table. It’s high nutritional value in B complex vitamins, trace minerals like phosphorus, calcium, potassium and starch, make it necessary for the flu prevention, for the normal bowel function, while as an oil it subserves in controlling the <<bad cholesterol>>. It is a perfect choice for all seasons and especially in winter, it’s contribution to our health is greater. Rice bran contains antioxidants, metals and vitamins. It does not contain gluten, so it is a perfect choice for those who are allergic to gluten. If you want to stay young, relax yourselves with a bath and add hot water and 200-500 gr of rice starch for a lean and soft skin. The chaff of the rice was used in Ancient Times for the manufacture of sandals, ropes, hats and patching for house roofs. There are two main types of rice: the Indian and the Japanese. The first one has big and oblong grains and releases easily starch during cooking. When it absorbs water, it expands. Generally speaking, these kind of varieties are more appropriate for risotto and paella, while the ones with the smaller grains are more appropriate for desserts and rice cakes. This is the rice category that is used mainly by people of the Mediterranean. The varieties that belong to the India

s soul tied, which would otherwise escape. It is said that rice cultivation became known in ancient Greece and in the nearby areas by soldiers, who came back from the military campaign that was conducted by Alexander the Great in India in 344-324 B.C and gradually the cultivation spread all over Europe and in N. Africa. Others claim that it was spread in Europe, through Spain, with the invansion of Arabs. Even during the Medievan Times, rice was regarded a food flavoring from the East and they used it mainly as a meal in order to thicken their soups, or as a make up basis. They often used it as a medicine for different health issues concerning the bowels, while it was soon added along with corn, in the diet that was expected to deal with peoples’ hunger. Rice should never be omitted from the table. It’s high nutritional value in B complex vitamins, trace minerals like phosphorus, calcium, potassium and starch, make it necessary for the flu prevention, for the normal bowel function, while as an oil it subserves in controlling the <<bad cholesterol>>. It is a perfect choice for all seasons and especially in winter, it’s contribution to our health is greater. Rice bran contains antioxidants, metals and vitamins. It does not contain gluten, so it is a perfect choice for those who are allergic to gluten. If you want to stay young, relax yourselves with a bath and add hot water and 200-500 gr of rice starch for a lean and soft skin. The chaff of the rice was used in Ancient Times for the manufacture of sandals, ropes, hats and patching for house roofs. There are two main types of rice: the Indian and the Japanese. The first one has big and oblong grains and releases easily starch during cooking. When it absorbs water, it expands. Generally speaking, these kind of varieties are more appropriate for risotto and paella, while the ones with the smaller grains are more appropriate for desserts and rice cakes. This is the rice category that is used mainly by people of the Mediterranean. The varieties that belong to the Indian type of rice, are charachterized by long and thin grains. They do not get sloppy, even if they are overcooked, due to the fact that they release less starch. They are a good choice for salads, stuffed vegetables and oriental recipes. Also,they are used as accompaniment, often replacing bread. Rice grain consists of the core that includes the embryo (the grain heart), the endosperm that feeds the embryo, the hull and numerous layers of rice bran. Rice can be sold either brown or refined. The refined or otherwise the white rice, that is mainly consumed, consists only of core. Brown rice is the one that keeps some of the nutritional layers of rice bran, demands more cooking time (30-40 minutes) and releases less starch. During chewing is soft but be careful: it goes off more easily that the white rice, that is why it should be consumed immediately, so that no one will suffer from food poisoning. Rice brans and hulls are removed during the grinding process. In most places around the world, remnants are used for feed, but in Japan they use them in order to make salad and cooking oil, as they believe that it is a secret for longevity. In Egypt and in India, they turn them into soups. Including whole-grain rice in our diet, can prevent the beriberi illness. Rice texture is defined by the amylose factor. If amylose is low (10-18%), then the rice is soft and sticky. If amylose is high, then the rice is harder and fluffy. People in China, Korea and Japan, prefer their rice sticky. In India, Bagladesh and Pakistan people prefer their rice fluffy, while in southeastern Asia, Indonesia, Europe and America, they prefer a middle state of the rice. The more amylose a rice contains, the harder it will be in digestion. Due to its varieties and its process, rice is charachterized as superfine. The closer a rice variety comes to the superfine category, the more valueable it becomes. However, it should not be taken for granted that these rice categories are the best. Another charachteristic of them is their transparecy degree. Parb