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Transport was facilitated by waterways—by rivers and seas. | ⵉⵙⵙⵡⵀⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ—ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵏ. |
These developments led to the rise of territorial states and empires. | ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ. |
In Crete the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe. | ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵜ, ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵃⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2700 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. |
Over the following millennia, civilizations developed across the world. | ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. |
In India, this era was the Vedic period (1750-600 BCE), which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 6th century BCE. | ⴳ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴷⵉⴽ (1750-600 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵀⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 6 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ. |
During the formative stage in Mesoamerica (about 1500 BCE to 500 CE), more complex and centralized civilizations began to develop, mostly in what is now Mexico, Central America, and Peru. | ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1500 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ 500 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⴱⴱⵉⵔⵓ. |
Karl Jaspers' Axial-Age theory also includes Persian Zoroastrianism, but other scholars dispute his timeline for Zoroastrianism.) | ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⵊⴰⵙⴱⵔⵣ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕⴰⴷⵉⵜⵛⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵛⵛⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⴰⵕⴰⴷⵉⵜⵛⵉⵢⵜ.) |
These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism. | ⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵣⵎ, ⵍⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ. |
The great empires depended on military annexation of territory and on the formation of defended settlements to become agricultural centres. | ⵙⵏⵏⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. |
There were a number of regional empires during this period. | ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ. |
The Median Empire gave way to successive Iranian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE), the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE), and the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE). | ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⵎⵉⵏⵜ (550–330 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ (247 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ–224 ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ (224–651 ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ). |
Later, Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE), of Macedon, founded an empire of conquest, extending from present-day Greece to present-day India. | ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢ (356–323 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ. |
From the 3rd century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's Golden Age. | ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 3 ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵊⵓⴱⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ. |
The ensuing stability contributed to heralding in the golden age of Hindu culture in the 4th and 5th centuries. | ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵖⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ 4 ⴷ 5. |
By the time of Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE), the first Roman Emperor, Rome had already established dominion over most of the Mediterranean. | ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵡⴹ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ (63 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ – 14 ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. |
The Western empire would fall, in 476 CE, to German influence under Odoacer. | ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⵔ. |
The Han dynasty was comparable in power and influence to the Roman Empire that lay at the other end of the Silk Road. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵔⵉⵔ. |
As with other empires during the Classical Period, Han China advanced significantly in the areas of government, education, mathematics, astronomy, technology, and many others. | ⵉⵎⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ, ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. |
Successful regional empires were also established in the Americas, arising from cultures established as early as 2500 BCE. | ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ 2500 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. |
The great Mayan city-states slowly rose in number and prominence, and Maya culture spread throughout the Yucatán and surrounding areas. | ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ-ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴽⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ |
There were, however, in some regions, periods of rapid technological progress. | ⵉⵎⵉⵍ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ. |
China's Han dynasty fell into civil war in 220 CE, beginning the Three Kingdoms period, while its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided about the same time in what is known as the Crisis of the Third Century. | ⵉⴹⵕ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 220 ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ. |
The development of the stirrup and the breeding of horses strong enough to carry a fully armed archer made the nomads a constant threat to the more settled civilizations. | ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴽⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵡⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ. |
The remaining part of the Roman Empire, in the eastern Mediterranean, continued as what came to be called the Byzantine Empire. | ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉⵢⵜ. |
The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Roman Empire, which fragmented into many separate kingdoms, some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Roman Empire. | ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵕ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ. |
South Asia saw a series of middle kingdoms of India, followed by the establishment of Islamic empires in India. | ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ, ⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ. |
This allowed Africa to join the Southeast Asia trading system, bringing it contact with Asia; this, along with Muslim culture, resulted in the Swahili culture. | ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ, ⵖⵔ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ. |
This was also a cultural battle, with the Byzantine Hellenistic and Christian culture competing against the Persian Iranian traditions and Zoroastrian religion. | ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⴷⵉⵜⵛⵉⵢ. |
From their centre on the Arabian Peninsula, Muslims began their expansion during the early Postclassical Era. | ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. |
Much of this learning and development can be linked to geography. | ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵣⴷⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵉⵖⵕⴰⴼⵉⵢⵜ. |
The influence held by Muslim merchants over African-Arabian and Arabian-Asian trade routes was tremendous. | ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ-ⵜⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ-ⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ. |
Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest, European leaders launched a number of Crusades to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the Holy Land. | ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵛⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵔⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴽ, ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⴷⵙ. |
Arab domination of the region ended in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq Turks, migrating south from the Turkic homelands in Central Asia. | ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵊⵓⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵢⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. |
The region will later be called the Barbary Coast and will host pirates and privateers who will use several North African ports for their raids against the coastal towns of several European countries in search of slaves to be sold in North African markets as part of the Barbary slave trade. | ⵇⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵉⵎⵔⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵅⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵅⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ. |
In the 8th century, Islam began to penetrate the region and soon became the sole faith of most of the population, though Buddhism remained strong in the east. | ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 8, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴼⵉⵙⴰⵄ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ. |
After Genghis Khan died in 1227, most of Central Asia continued to be dominated by a successor state, Chagatai Khanate. | ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⴽⵉⵣ ⵅⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1227, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵛⴰⴳⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵅⴰⵏⴰⵜ. |
The region then became divided into a series of smaller khanates that were created by the Uzbeks. | ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵅⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵣⴱⵉⴽ. |
The barbarian invaders formed their own new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire. | ⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ. |
Christianity expanded in western Europe, and monasteries were founded. | ⵜⵏⵏⵖⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜⵉⵔⵜ. |
Manorialism, the organization of peasants into villages that owed rents and labour service to nobles, and feudalism, a political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rents from lands and manors, were two of the ways of organizing medieval society that developed during the High Middle Ages. | ⵎⴰⵏⵓⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵢⵎⵟⵕⵕⵃⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵢⵓⴷⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵕⵕⵃⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ. |
Italian merchants imported slaves to work in households or in sugar processing. | ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵅⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵕ. |
Famine, plague, and war devastated the population of western Europe. | ⵉⵣⵍⵍⵄ ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ, ⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵄⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ. |
They eventually gave way to the Zagwe dynasty who are famed for their rock cut architecture at Lalibela. | ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵥⴰⴳⵡⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵍⴰ. |
They controlled the trans-Saharan trade in gold, ivory, salt and slaves. | ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵍⵄⴰⵊ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵅⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ. |
Central Africa saw the birth of several states, including the Kingdom of Kongo. | ⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ. |
They built large defensive stone structures without mortar such as Great Zimbabwe, capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Khami, capital of Kingdom of Butua, and Danangombe (Dhlo-Dhlo), capital of the Rozvi Empire. | ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵔⵓ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⵅⴰⵎⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵓⵡⴰ, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵏⴰⵏⴳⵓⵎⴱⵉ (ⴷⵍⵓ-ⴷⵍⵓ), ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉ. |
The ninth century saw a Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India, among the Pratihara Empire, the Pala Empire, and the Rashtrakuta Empire. | ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵜⵉⵀⴰⵕⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵜⵔⴰⴽⵓⵜⴰ. |
"The Tang dynasty eventually splintered, however, and after half a century of turmoil the Song dynasty reunified China, when it was, according to William McNeill, the ""richest, most skilled, and most populous country on earth""." | ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳ, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⴽⵏⵉⵍ, ""ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵕⵕⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ""." |
After about a century of Mongol Yuan dynasty rule, the ethnic Chinese reasserted control with the founding of the Ming dynasty (1368). | ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵡⴰⵏ, ⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵚⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴳ (1368). |
The Nara period of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state and is often portrayed as a golden age. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 8 ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ. |
The feudal period of Japanese history, dominated by powerful regional lords (daimyos) and the military rule of warlords (shoguns) such as the Ashikaga shogunate and Tokugawa shogunate, stretched from 1185 to 1868. | ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵓⴷⴰⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵊⴰⴱⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⵓⵔⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ (ⴷⴰⵢⵎⵢⵓⵙ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ (ⵛⵓⴳⵓⵏⵙ) ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⴰ ⵛⵓⴳⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⵓⴳⴰⵡⴰ ⵛⵓⴳⵓⵏⴰⵜ, ⵙⴳ 1185 ⴰⵔ 1868. |
Silla conquered Baekje in 660, and Goguryeo in 668, marking the beginning of the Northern and Southern States period (남북국시대), with Unified Silla in the south and Balhae, a successor state to Goguryeo, in the north. | ⵛⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴱⴰⵢⴽⵊⵉ ⴳ 660, ⴷ ⴳⵓⵊⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⴳ 668, ⵜⵙⵙⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ (남북국시대), ⴷ ⵛⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵍⵀⴰⵢ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵊⵓⵊⵓⵕⵢⵓ, ⴳ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ. |
Starting in the 9th century, the Bagan Kingdom rose to prominence in modern Myanmar. | ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 9, ⵜⴼⴼⵖⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. |
The Ancestral Puebloans and their predecessors (9th – 13th centuries) built extensive permanent settlements, including stone structures that would remain the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century. | ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵓⵡⴰⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 13) ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵕⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19. |
In South America, the 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of the Inca. | ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⵓⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 14 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 15. |
The Scientific Revolution received impetus from Johannes Gutenberg's introduction to Europe of printing, using movable type, and from the invention of the telescope and microscope. | ⵜⵓⴹⴼ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵙ ⴳⵓⵜⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⴽⵕⵓⵙⴽⵓⴱ. |
The late modern period continues either to the end of World War II, in 1945, or to the present. | ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ. |
The early Modern period was characterized by the rise of science, and by increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics, and the nation state. | ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜ. |
During the early modern period, Europe was able to regain its dominance; historians still debate the causes. | ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ. |
It had developed an advanced monetary economy by 1000 CE. | ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1000 ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. |
It enjoyed a technological advantage and had a monopoly in cast iron production, piston bellows, suspension bridge construction, printing, and the compass. | ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ, ⴰⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵍⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵜ. |
One theory of Europe's rise holds that Europe's geography played an important role in its success. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
This gave Europe some degree of protection from the peril of Central Asian invaders. | ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. |
The Golden Age of Islam was ended by the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258. | ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1258. |
Geography contributed to important geopolitical differences. | ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ. |
By contrast, Europe was almost always divided into a number of warring states. | ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ. |
Nearly all the agricultural civilizations have been heavily constrained by their environments. | ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. |
Technological advance and the wealth generated by trade gradually brought about a widening of possibilities. | ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵢ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ. |
Europe's maritime expansion unsurprisingly—given the continent's geography—was largely the work of its Atlantic states: Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands. | ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵄⴱ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ—ⵉⴳ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵕⴰⴼⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ—ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽⵏ: ⴱⵕⵟⵇⵉⵣ, ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ. |
In North Africa, the Saadi Sultanate remained as an independent Berber state until 1659. | ⴳ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1659. |
The Swahili coast declined after coming under the Portuguese Empire and later the Omani Empire. | ⵜⵛⵡⵡⵕ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵃⵉⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵜⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ. |
The South African Kingdom of Zimbabwe gave way to smaller kingdoms such as Mutapa, Butua, and Rozvi. | ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⵓⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉ. |
Other civilizations in Africa advanced during this period. | ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ. |
Japan experienced its Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603), followed by the Edo period (1603–1868). | ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵜⵛⵉ–ⵎⵓⵎⵓⵢⴰⵎⴰ (1568–1603), ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓ (1603–1868). |
The Johor Sultanate, centred on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, became the dominant trading power in the region. | ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵀⵓⵕ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ. |
Russia made incursions onto the northwest coast of North America, with a first colony in present-day Alaska in 1784, and the outpost of Fort Ross in present-day California in 1812. | ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵎⴹ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1784, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵔⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1812. |
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and used new modes of production—the factory, mass production, and mechanization—to manufacture a wide array of goods faster and using less labour than previously required. | ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ—ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ—ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⴰⵄ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ. |
After Europeans had achieved influence and control over the Americas, imperial activities turned to the lands of Asia and Oceania. | ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵡⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙⵢⴰ. |
The British also colonized Australia, New Zealand and South Africa with large numbers of British colonists emigrating to these colonies. | ⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ. |
Within Europe, economic and military challenges created a system of nation states, and ethno-linguistic groupings began to identify themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for cultural and political autonomy. | ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ. |
Meanwhile, industrial pollution and environmental damage, present since the discovery of fire and the beginning of civilization, accelerated drastically. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵜⵓⵍⵢ ⵜⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ. |
Much of the rest of the world was influenced by heavily Europeanized nations: the United States and Japan. | ⵜⵜⵓⴹⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ: ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ. |
World War I led to the collapse of four empires – Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire – and weakened the United Kingdom and France. | ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ – ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ-ⵀⴰⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ – ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵃⴼⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ. |
Ongoing national rivalries, exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, helped precipitate World War II. | ⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ. |
The Cold War ended peacefully in 1991 after the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent fall of the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact. | ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵇⵔⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵡⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵙⵓ. |
In the early postwar decades, the colonies in Asia and Africa of the Belgian, British, Dutch, French, and other west European empires won their formal independence. | ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. |
The European Union's effectiveness was handicapped by the immaturity of its common economic and political institutions, somewhat comparable to the inadequacy of United States institutions under the Articles of Confederation prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States that came into force in 1789. | ⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⵓⵜⵜⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵥⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1789. |
In the decades after World War II, these advances led to jet travel, artificial satellites with innumerable applications including the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the Internet. | ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵙⵉⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓ!ⵣⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ (GPS), ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. |
Worldwide competition for natural resources has risen due to growing populations and industrialization, especially in India, China, and Brazil. | ⵢⵓⵍⵢ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ. |
An archive is an accumulation of historical records – in any media – or the physical facility in which they are located. | ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ – ⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ – ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ. |
"They have been metaphorically defined as ""the secretions of an organism"", and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created to communicate a particular message to posterity." | ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵍⵡⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ""ⵉⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ"", ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ. |
This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings. | ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵓⵍⴼ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ. |
Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds (and sometime thousands) of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Hattusas, Ugarit, and Pylos. | ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵉⵡⵏ) ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴹ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵢⵉⴼⴷⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰ, ⵀⴰⵜⵓⵙⴰⵙ, ⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴱⵉⵍⵓⵙ. |
However, they have been lost, since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated at a faster pace, unlike their stone tablet counterparts. | ⵉⵎⵉⵍ, ⵓⵛⵛⴽⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⴳⴳⵣⵏⵜ ⴼⵉⵙⴰⵄ, ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ. |
England after 1066 developed archives and archival research methods. | ⴹⴰⵕⵜ 1066 ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ. |
While there are many kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types: academic, business (for profit), government, non-profit, and other. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵃⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ: ⵜⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵉⵏ (ⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔ), ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. |
Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making inquiries. | ⵉⵡⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵃⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵏ. |
Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Procter and Gamble, Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies. | ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⴽⴰ-ⴽⵓⵍⴰ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵕⵍⴷ ⵓⴼ ⴽⵓⴽⴰ-ⴽⵓⵍⴰ), ⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⴽⵜⵔ ⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼⵙ, ⵎⵓⵟⵓⵕⵓⵍⴰ ⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵊ ⵙⵉⵔⴼⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼⵙ, ⴷ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ ⵙⵜⵕⵓⵙ & Co. ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. |
Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. | ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ. |
In the United States, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and College Park, Maryland, with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States. | ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵃⴱⴱⵓ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ (NARA) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴱⴰⵕⴽ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. |