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Recent evidence suggests the oceans may have begun forming as early as 4.4 Ga. By the start of the Archean eon, they already covered much of the Earth. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵏ ⵙⵏⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ 4.4 Ga. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⵜⵖⵎⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. |
Thus, the Sun has become 30% brighter in the last 4.5 billion years. | ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ 30% ⴳ 4.5 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. |
There are many models, but little consensus, on how life emerged from non-living chemicals; chemical systems created in the laboratory fall well short of the minimum complexity for a living organism. | ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵔⵏ; ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ. |
Although atmospheric composition was probably different from that used by Miller and Urey, later experiments with more realistic compositions also managed to synthesize organic molecules. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵉ, ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵇⵛⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ. |
RNA would later have been replaced by DNA, which is more stable and therefore can build longer genomes, expanding the range of capabilities a single organism can have. | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ RNA ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵖⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ. |
A difficulty with the metabolism-first scenario is finding a way for organisms to evolve. | ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵕⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵡⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ. |
"Research in 2003 reported that montmorillonite could also accelerate the conversion of fatty acids into ""bubbles"", and that the bubbles could encapsulate RNA attached to the clay." | "ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⵎⵓⵕⵉⵍⵄⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ""ⵉⵍⵓⴼⴼⵏ"", ⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴼⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ RNA ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⵇⵇⵉ." |
This LUA cell is the ancestor of all life on Earth today. | ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ LUA ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ. |
The change to an oxygen-rich atmosphere was a crucial development. | ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙ. |
They used fermentation, the breakdown of more complex compounds into less complex compounds with less energy, and used the energy so liberated to grow and reproduce. | ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵍⵍⵄ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ. |
Most of the life that covers the surface of the Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵏⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ. |
To supply the electrons in the circuit, hydrogen is stripped from water, leaving oxygen as a waste product. | ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⵓⴹ. |
The simpler anoxygenic form arose about 3.8 Ga, not long after the appearance of life. | ⵜⴳⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3.8 Ga, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. |
At first, the released oxygen was bound up with limestone, iron, and other minerals. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⵉⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵇⴷⴷⴰⵃ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. |
Though each cell only produced a minute amount of oxygen, the combined metabolism of many cells over a vast time transformed Earth's atmosphere to its current state. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵕⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ. |
The ozone layer absorbed, and still absorbs, a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵏ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⴽⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵕ. |
As a result, the Earth began to receive more heat from the Sun in the Proterozoic eon. | ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⴽ. |
Glacial deposits found in South Africa date back to 2.2 Ga, at which time, based on paleomagnetic evidence, they must have been located near the equator. | ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ 2.2 Ga, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ, ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵟⵟⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. |
The Huronian ice age might have been caused by the increased oxygen concentration in the atmosphere, which caused the decrease of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵕ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵏ (CH4) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵕ. |
However, the term Snowball Earth is more commonly used to describe later extreme ice ages during the Cryogenian period. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵏⵓⵡⴱⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⵓⵕⵕⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ. |
Carbon dioxide combines with rain to weather rocks to form carbonic acid, which is then washed out to sea, thus extracting the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵡⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⵉⴽ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴼⵖⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵃⵚⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵕ. |
The Bacteria domain probably first split off from the other forms of life (sometimes called Neomura), but this supposition is controversial. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓⵕⴰ), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏ. |
The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era, some 2.4 ago; these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures capable of anastomosis. | ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵣⵡⵉⴽ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2.4; ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵙⵜⵓⵎⵓⵙ. |
Perhaps the large cell attempted to digest the smaller one but failed (possibly due to the evolution of prey defenses). | ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵛ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ (ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⵎⵔ). |
Using oxygen, it metabolized the larger cell's waste products and derived more energy. | ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵕⵕⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ. |
Soon, a stable symbiosis developed between the large cell and the smaller cells inside it. | ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵉⴱⵉⵖⵍⵓ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ. |
A similar event occurred with photosynthetic cyanobacteria entering large heterotrophic cells and becoming chloroplasts. | ⵉⵊⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵏ. |
Besides the well-established endosymbiotic theory of the cellular origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, there are theories that cells led to peroxisomes, spirochetes led to cilia and flagella, and that perhaps a DNA virus led to the cell nucleus, though none of them are widely accepted. | ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵎⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵔ ⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵎⵏ, ⵉⵙⴱⵉⵔⵓⵛⵉⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵏ. |
Around 1.1 Ga, the supercontinent Rodinia was assembling. | ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1.1 Ga, ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵕⵓⴷⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ. |
Although the division between a colony with specialized cells and a multicellular organism is not always clear, around 1 billion years ago, the first multicellular plants emerged, probably green algae. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵎ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⴳⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵏ. |
Paleomagnetic poles are supplemented by geologic evidence such as orogenic belts, which mark the edges of ancient plates, and past distributions of flora and fauna. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⴽⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ. |
About 1000 to 830 Ma, most continental mass was united in the supercontinent Rodinia. | ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1000ⴰⵔ 830 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵢⴰ. |
The hypothetical supercontinent is sometimes referred to as Pannotia or Vendia. | ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⴷⵢⴰ. |
The intensity and mechanism of both glaciations are still under investigation and harder to explain than the early Proterozoic Snowball Earth. | ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. |
Because CO2 is an important greenhouse gas, climates cooled globally. | ⴰⵛⴽⵓ CO2 ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵇⵔⴰⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. |
Increased volcanic activity resulted from the break-up of Rodinia at about the same time. | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵕⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵓⴷⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ. |
The new forms of life, called Ediacara biota, were larger and more diverse than ever. | ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉⴷⵢⴰⴽⴰⵕⴰ ⴱⵢⵓⵜⴰ, ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. |
It consists of three eras: The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, and is the time when multi-cellular life greatly diversified into almost all the organisms known today. | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ: ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵙ. |
This causes the sea level to rise. | ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ. |
Traces of glaciation from this period are only found on former Gondwana. | ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⴳⵓⵏⴷⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. |
The continents Laurentia and Baltica collided between 450 and 400 Ma, during the Caledonian Orogeny, to form Laurussia (also known as Euramerica). | ⵎⵍⴰⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵓⵕⵓⵏⵜⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 450 ⴷ 400 Ma, ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵕⵓⵙⵢⴰ (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰ). |
The collision of Siberia with Laurussia caused the Uralian Orogeny, the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia is called the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny in Europe or the Alleghenian Orogeny in North America. | ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴷⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼⴰⵕⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵀⵓⵔⵙⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ. |
Whereas the Ediacaran life forms appear yet primitive and not easy to put in any modern group, at the end of the Cambrian most modern phyla were already present. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵡⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴳⵎⴱⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ. |
Some of these Cambrian groups appear complex but are seemingly quite different from modern life; examples are Anomalocaris and Haikouichthys. | ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴱⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴽⵡⵉⵛⵜⵉⵙ. |
A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes, or was probably closely related to it, was Pikaia. | ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴱⵉⴽⴰⵢⴰ. |
Fish, the earliest vertebrates, evolved in the oceans around 530 Ma. | ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵎ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 530 Ma. |
The oldest fossils of land fungi and plants date to 480–460 Ma, though molecular evidence suggests the fungi may have colonized the land as early as 1000 Ma and the plants 700 Ma. | ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵙⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ 480–460 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ 1000 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ 700 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. |
Fins evolved to become limbs that the first tetrapods used to lift their heads out of the water to breathe air. | ⴱⵓⵖⵔⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵛⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ. |
Eventually, some of them became so well adapted to terrestrial life that they spent their adult lives on land, although they hatched in the water and returned to lay their eggs. | ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵄⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵥⴰⵕⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵚⴹⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴰⵢ. |
Plants evolved seeds, which dramatically accelerated their spread on land, around this time (by approximately 360 Ma). | ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵙⴰⵄ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ (ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 360 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ). |
Another 30 million years (310 Ma) saw the divergence of the synapsids (including mammals) from the sauropsids (including birds and reptiles). | 30 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ (310 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ) ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵄⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⴱⵙⵉⴷⵏ (ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵉⵚⵓⵕⵓⴱⵙⵉⴷⵏ (ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⵔⵓⵔⴷⵏ). |
The Triassic–Jurassic extinction event at 200 Ma spared many of the dinosaurs, and they soon became dominant among the vertebrates. | ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵓⵅⵙⵙⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⵔⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉⴽ–ⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴳ 200ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵚⵓⵕⵏ, ⴼⵉⵙⴰⵄ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵍ. |
60% of marine invertebrates became extinct and 25% of all families. | 60% ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ 25% ⴳ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ. |
The third mass extinction was the Permian-Triassic, or the Great Dying, event was possibly caused by some combination of the Siberian Traps volcanic event, an asteroid impact, methane hydrate gasification, sea level fluctuations, and a major anoxic event. | ⴰⵅⵙⵙⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⵉⵔⵎⵉ-ⴰⵜⵔⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⴽⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵙ, ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵀⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ. |
This was by far the deadliest extinction ever, with about 57% of all families and 83% of all genera killed. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⵙⵙⵓⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⴷⴰⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 57% ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ 83% ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ. |
By the early Paleocene the earth recovered from the extinction, and mammalian diversity increased. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉⵢ, ⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵅⵙⵙⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⵢⴰⵍⵢ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳⵉⵏ. |
Grassless savanna began to predominate much of the landscape, and mammals such as Andrewsarchus rose up to become the largest known terrestrial predatory mammal ever, and early whales like Basilosaurus took control of the seas. | ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴹ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵡⵙⴰⵔⵛⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵏⵙⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⴱⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵏⴱⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⵏ. |
Giant ungulates like Paraceratherium and Deinotherium evolved to rule the grasslands. | ⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵉⴼⵏⵣⴰ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰⵜⵉⵔⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵓⵜⵉⵔⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵥ ⵉⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍⵏ. |
The Tethys Sea was closed off by the collision of Africa and Europe. | ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. |
The land bridge allowed the isolated creatures of South America to migrate over to North America, and vice versa. | ⵜⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ. |
The ice ages led to the evolution of modern man in Saharan Africa and expansion. | ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
It is believed by many that a huge migration took place along Beringia which is why, today, there are camels (which evolved and became extinct in North America), horses (which evolved and became extinct in North America), and Native Americans. | ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵅⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵖⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵅⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ), ⴷ ⵉⵢⵢⵙⴰⵏ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵅⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ. |
Brain size increased rapidly, and by 2 Ma, the first animals classified in the genus Homo had appeared. | ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴼⵉⵙⴰⵄ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵡⴷ 2 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. |
The ability to control fire probably began in Homo erectus (or Homo ergaster), probably at least 790,000 years ago but perhaps as early as 1.5 Ma. | ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⵀⵓⵎⵓ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵙⵜⵔ), ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ 790,000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⵔ 1.5 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. |
It is more difficult to establish the origin of language; it is unclear whether Homo erectus could speak or if that capability had not begun until Homo sapiens. | ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⵣⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵀⵓⵎⵓⵙⴰⴱⵢⴰⵏ. |
Social skills became more complex, language became more sophisticated, and tools became more elaborate. | ⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. |
The first humans to show signs of spirituality are the Neanderthals (usually classified as a separate species with no surviving descendants); they buried their dead, often with no sign of food or tools. | ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⵔⴷⵔⵜⴰⵍ (ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ); ⵓⴷⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ. |
As language became more complex, the ability to remember and communicate information resulted, according to a theory proposed by Richard Dawkins, in a new replicator: the meme. | ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵉⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵡⴽⵉⵏⵣ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ: ⴷⵓ ⵎⵉⵎ. |
Between 8500 and 7000 BC, humans in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture. | ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 8500 ⴷ 7000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵜⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ: ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. |
However, among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture, the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand. | ⵉⵎⵉⵍ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⵣⵏ, ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ. |
This led to Earth's first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East, between 4000 and 3000 BC. | ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 4000 ⴷ 3000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ. |
Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival, enabling the first specialized occupations (e.g. craftsmen, merchants, priests, etc.). | ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ, ⵓⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ (ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ, ⵉⴽⵀⵀⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ.). |
By around 500 BC, there were advanced civilizations in the Middle East, Iran, India, China, and Greece, at times expanding, at times entering into decline. | ⴳ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 500 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵣⴷⵔ. |
This civilization developed in warfare, arts, science, mathematics and in architect. | ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ. |
The Roman Empire was Christianized by Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century and declined by the end of the 5th. | ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵙⵙⵃ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵇⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 4 ⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵣ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 5. |
The House of Wisdom was established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq. | ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ, ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ. |
In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion, art, and science. | ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 14, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. |
European civilization began to change beginning in 1500, leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions. | ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1500, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. |
From 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945, nations around the world were embroiled in world wars. | ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1914 ⴰⵔ 1918 ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1939 ⴰⵔ 1945, ⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ. |
After the war, many new states were formed, declaring or being granted independence in a period of decolonization. | ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ. |
Technological developments include nuclear weapons, computers, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology. | ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵏⵓ. |
Major concerns and problems such as disease, war, poverty, violent radicalism, and recently, human-caused climate change have risen as the world population increases. | ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵓⴽⵚⵉⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. |
Human history, or recorded history, is the narrative of humanity's past. | ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. |
The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin, between 10,000 and 5000 BCE, in the Near East's Fertile Crescent. | ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 10,000 ⴷ 5000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵔⵜⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ. |
As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons. | ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⵓ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. |
Hinduism developed in the late Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent. | ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵣⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ. |
"Post-classical history (the ""Middle Ages,"" c. 500–1500 CE,) witnessed the rise of Christianity, the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE – c. 1258 CE), and the Timurid and Italian Renaissances (from around 1300 CE)." | "ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ (""ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ,"" ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 500–1500) ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ (750–1258), ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ (ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1300 )." |
By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period, which started around 1800 and has continued through the present. | ⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18, ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵣⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1800 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ. |
Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa about 300,000 years ago, and achieved behavioral modernity about 50,000 years ago. | ⵉⴳⵎⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵓⵎⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 300,000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 50,000. |
Perhaps as early as 1.8 million years ago, but certainly by 500,000 years ago, humans began to use fire for heat and cooking. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ 1.8 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵛⵛⴽ ⴷⴰⵜ 500,000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵡⵉ. |
Paleolithic humans lived as hunter-gatherers, and were generally nomadic. | ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ. |
The rapid expansion of humankind to North America and Oceania took place at the climax of the most recent ice age. | ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ. |
The Yellow River valley in China cultivated millet and other cereal crops by about 7000 BCE; the Yangtze valley domesticated rice earlier, by at least 8000 BCE. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 7000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ; ⴷ ⵓⵍⵇⵇⵎ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴳⴰⵜⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 8000. |
Metalworking, was first used in the creation of copper tools and ornaments around 6000 BCE. | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴷⴷⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵃⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ 6000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. |
Cities were centres of trade, manufacturing and political power. | ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. |
The development of cities was synonymous with the rise of civilization. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ. |
These cultures variously invented the wheel, mathematics, bronze-working, sailing boats, the potter's wheel, woven cloth, construction of monumental buildings, and writing. | ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵡⵉⴹⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵏⵃⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. |
Typical of the Neolithic was a tendency to worship anthropomorphic deities. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵄⴱⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴷⴰⵍⵏ. |
These settlements were concentrated in fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, the Indus in the Indian subcontinent, and the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China. | ⵓⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵔⵙⵏ: ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴳⵜⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ. |
Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs, whose pictorial representations eventually became simplified and more abstract. | ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵕ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵍⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. |