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These sites appear planned in a highly regimented and stratified fashion, with a minimalistic grid of rooms for the workers and increasingly more elaborate housing available for higher classes. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵀⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ. |
In the following centuries, independent city-states of Greece, especially Athens, developed the polis, an association of male landowning citizens who collectively constituted the city. | ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. |
Under the authority of its empire, Rome transformed and founded many cities (coloniae), and with them brought its principles of urban architecture, design, and society. | ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ (ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ), ⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. |
The Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. | ⵜⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵓⵕⵜ ⵛⵉⴽⵓ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 30 ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵕⵜ ⵛⵉⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ. |
The locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. | ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵇⵓⵟⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵇⴰⵀⵉⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵇⵓⵕⵟⵓⴱⴰ. |
By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, some cities become powerful states, taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. | ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵡⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴷⵡⵍⵏⵜ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ. |
Western Europe's larger capitals (London and Paris) benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. | ⵙⵙⴱⵖⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵟ. |
England led the way as London became the capital of a world empire and cities across the country grew in locations strategic for manufacturing. | ⵜⵓⵙⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵕⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ. |
Entrepreneurial leadership became manifest through growth coalitions made up of builders, realtors, developers, the media, government actors such as mayors, and dominant corporations. | ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⴷⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴰⵕⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ. |
"The results were efforts at downtown revitalization; inner-city gentrification; the transformation of the CBD to advanced service employment; entertainment, museums, and cultural venues; the construction of sports stadiums and sport complexes; and waterfront development.""" | ““ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ; ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ; ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ; ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ; ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.”” |
Until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the rural agricultural population and towns featuring markets and small-scale manufacturing. | ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 18, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵡⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ. |
The cultural appeal of cities also plays a role in attracting residents. | ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⴷⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵓⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ. |
Batam, Indonesia, Mogadishu, Somalia, Xiamen, China and Niamey, Niger, are considered among the world's fastest-growing cities, with annual growth rates of 5–8%. | ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵜⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵛⵓ, ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵛⵢⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵉⵢⴰⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵔ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⴳ 5–8%. |
The UN predicts an additional 2.5 billion citydwellers (and 300 million fewer countrydwellers) worldwide by 2050, with 90% of urban population expansion occurring in Asia and Africa. | ⴷⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ 2.5 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ (ⴷ 300 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ) ⴳ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ 2050, ⵙ 90% ⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. |
A deep gulf divides rich and poor in these cities, with usually contain a super-wealthy elite living in gated communities and large masses of people living in substandard housing with inadequate infrastructure and otherwise poor conditions. | ⴰⵔ ⴱⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⵀⵛⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵀⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ. |
"Yet municipalities routinely enact sweeping by-laws directed at open ended (and ill-defined) offences such as loitering and obstruction, requiring permits for protests or requiring residents and homeowners to remove snow from the city's sidewalks.""" | “ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ (ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ) ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴼⵜⵉⵍ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴼ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.””” |
These are provided more or less routinely, in a more or less equal fashion. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴽ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ. |
"These production oriented criteria often give rise to ""service deliver rules"", regularized procedures for the delivery of services, which are attempts to codify the productivity goals of urban service bureaucracies." | “ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ““ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ””, ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵓⵔⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.” |
"""Robert L. Lineberry, ""Mandating Urban Equality: The Distribution of Municipal Public Services""; in Hahn & Levine (1980)." | “““ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ ⵍ. ⵍⵉⵏⵉⴱⵉⵔⵔⵉ, ““ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ: ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ””, ⴳ ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷ ⵍⵉⴼⵉⵏ (1980).” |
However, financing municipal services, as well as urban renewal and other development projects, is a perennial problem, which cities address through appeals to higher governments, arrangements with the private sector, and techniques such as privatization (selling services into the private sector), corporatization (formation of quasi-private municipally-owned corporations), and financialization (packaging city assets into tradable financial instruments and derivatives). | ⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵥⵍⵢ (ⴰⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ), ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ (ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵏⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ (ⴰⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵏⵣⴰ). |
"The impact of globalization and the role of multinational corporations in local governments worldwide, has led to a shift in perspective on urban governance, away from the ""urban regime theory"" in which a coalition of local interests functionally govern, toward a theory of outside economic control, widely associated in academics with the philosophy of neoliberalism." | ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵉ ““ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ”” ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴹⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵖⵔ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ.”” |
Planning tools, beyond the original design of the city itself, include public capital investment in infrastructure and land-use controls such as zoning. | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵙⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ. |
"Also available to cities in their implementation of planning objectives are municipal powers of zoning, subdivision control and the regulation of building, housing and sanitation principles.""" | “ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴼⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ.””” |
People living relatively close together may live, work, and play, in separate areas, and associate with different people, forming ethnic or lifestyle enclaves or, in areas of concentrated poverty, ghettoes. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ, ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ. |
"Suburbs in the west, and, increasingly, gated communities and other forms of ""privatopia"" around the world, allow local elites to self-segregate into secure and exclusive neighborhoods." | “ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ““ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ”” ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ.” |
This outcast proletariat—perhaps 1.5 billion people today, 2.5 billion by 2030—is the fastest-growing and most novel social class on the planet. | ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵓⵍⵉⵟⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ—ⵜⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷ 1.5 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, 2.5 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴳ 2030— ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵡⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⴼⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. |
It is ontologically both similar and dissimilar to the historical agency described in the Communist Manifesto. | ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵓⵔⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ. |
As hubs of trade cities have long been home to retail commerce and consumption through the interface of shopping. | ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵖⵉⵡⵜ. |
A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. | ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ. |
Cultural elites tend to live in cities, bound together by shared cultural capital, and themselves playing some role in governance. | ⵣⵍⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ. |
"Greg Kerr & Jessica Oliver, ""Rethinking Place Identities"", in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015)." | “ⴳⵔⵉⴳ ⴽⵉⵔ ⴷ ⴷⵊⵉⵙⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⴼⵔ, ““ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ””, ⴳ ⴽⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵜⵣⵉⵙ, ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵛⵡⵓⵔⵜ (2015).” |
Patriotic tourists visit Agra to see the Taj Mahal, or New York City to visit the World Trade Center. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵊ ⵎⴰⵃⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ. |
Why do anonymous people—the poor, the underprivileged, the unconnected—frequently prefer life under miserable conditions in tenements to the healthy order and tranquility of small towns or the sanitary subdivisions of semirural developments? | ⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ —ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ—ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵅⵅⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵕⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ? |
Those who came to live in them did so in order to participate and compete on any attainable level. | ⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ. |
Sports also play a major role in city branding and local identity formation. | ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ. |
More importantly, there is also huge long term potential for both tourism and investment (Kasimati, 2003). | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵖⵉ (ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵜⵉ, 2003). |
"War brought concentration of social leadership and political power in the hands of a weapons-bearing minority, abetted by a priesthood exercising sacred powers and possessing secret but valuable scientific and magical knowledge.""" | “ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⴳⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵃⵔⴳⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ.””” |
During World War II, national governments on occasion declared certain cities open, effectively surrendering them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed. | ⴳ ⵓⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵍⴰⵖⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⴼⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵓ ⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. |
Such warfare, known as counterinsurgency, involves techniques of surveillance and psychological warfare as well as close combat, functionally extends modern urban crime prevention, which already uses concepts such as defensible space. | ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ, ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵓⴽⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ. |
Because of the higher barriers to entry, these networks have been classified as natural monopolies, meaning that economic logic favors control of each network by a single organization, public or private. | ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵍ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵛⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⵉⵢⵜ. |
"Kath Wellman & Frederik Pretorius, ""Urban Infrastructure: Productivity, Project Evaluation, and Finance""; in Wellman & Spiller (2012)." | “ⴽⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ, ““ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ: ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ””; ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵙⴱⵉⵍⵔ (2012).” |
Sanitation, necessary for good health in crowded conditions, requires water supply and waste management as well as individual hygiene. | ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴳⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ. |
Modern urban life relies heavily on the energy transmitted through electricity for the operation of electric machines (from household appliances to industrial machines to now-ubiquitous electronic systems used in communications, business, and government) and for traffic lights, streetlights and indoor lighting. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ (ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵓⵡⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ) ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵍⴼ ⴰⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ. |
"Tom Hart, ""Transport and the City""; in Paddison (2001)." | “ⵜⵓⵎ ⵀⴰⵔⵜ, ““ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ””; ⴳ ⴱⴰⴷⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ (2001).” |
Many big American cities still operate conventional public transit by rail, as exemplified by the ever-popular New York City Subway system. | ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵜⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵅⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵀⴰ. |
Anthropogenic buildings and waste, as well as cultivation in gardens, create physical and chemical environments which have no equivalents in wilderness, in some cases enabling exceptional biodiversity. | ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵖ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ. |
From one perspective, cities are not ecologically sustainable due to their resource needs. | ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵣⴰⵏ. |
Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates, due to concrete, asphalt, and other artificial surfaces, which heat up in sunlight and channel rainwater into underground ducts. | ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵔⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. |
Aerial particulates increase rainfall by 5–10%. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵙ 5–10%. |
For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it). | ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵥⵥⵉⴹⵉⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖ ⵉⴷⵙ). |
Generally they are called Urban open space (although this word does not always mean green space), Green space, Urban greening. | ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵜⵉⵢ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵣⵡ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ. |
The study used data from almost 20,000 people in the UK. | ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 20,000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. |
People who did not get at least two hours — even if they surpassed an hour per week — did not get the benefits. | ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵢ — ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ — ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ. |
"The study didn't count time spent in a person's own yard or garden as time in nature, but the majority of nature visits in the study took place within two miles from home. """ | “ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.””” |
"Saskia Sassen used the term ""global city"" in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo to refer to a city's power, status, and cosmopolitanism, rather than to its size." | “ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵢⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ “ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ” ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ: ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ, ⵟⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.” |
3 (1982): 319 Global cities form the capstone of the global hierarchy, exerting command and control through their economic and political influence. | 3 (1982): 319 ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵕⴽⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. |
Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power and interchange. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ. |
Multinational corporations and banks make their headquarters in global cities and conduct much of their business within this context. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵡⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵓⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ. |
"Nancy Duxbury & Sharon Jeannotte, ""Global Cultural Governance Policy""; Chapter 21 in The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture; London: Ashgate, 2013." | “ⵏⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⴷⵓⴽⵙⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵕⵓⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵜ, ““ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ””; ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ 21 ⴳ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴳⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ; ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ:ⵛⴳⴰⵜ, 2013.” |
"The Habitat I conference in 1976 adopted the ""Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements"" which identifies urban management as a fundamental aspect of development and establishes various principles for maintaining urban habitats." | ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976 ““ⴰⵍⴰⵖⵉ ⴼⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ” ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ.” |
In January 2002 the UN Commission on Human Settlements became an umbrella agency called the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or UN-Habitat, a member of the United Nations Development Group. | ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2002, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ. |
The Bank's policies have tended to focus on bolstering real estate markets through credit and technical assistance. | ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵕⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ. |
Cities figure prominently in traditional Western culture, appearing in the Bible in both evil and holy forms, symbolized by Babylon and Jerusalem. | ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ. |
Cities can be perceived in terms of extremes or opposites: at once liberating and oppressive, wealthy and poor, organized and chaotic. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ: ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⵉⵊⵊⵉⵡⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⴹⵏ, ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴱⴱⵊⵏ. |
This and other political ideologies strongly influence narratives and themes in discourse about cities. | ⵜⵉⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵕ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ. |
Classical and medieval literature includes a genre of descriptiones which treat of city features and history. | ⵜⵓⵙⵢ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵊⵊⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
Other early cinematic representations of cities in the twentieth century generally depicted them as technologically efficient spaces with smoothly functioning systems of automobile transport. | ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ. |
A country is a distinct territorial body or political entity (i.e. a nation). | ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ (ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰ). |
It is not inherently sovereign. | ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
The largest country in the world by geographical area is Russia, while the most populous is China, followed by India, the United States, Indonesia, Pakistan and Brazil. | ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ. |
In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the national territory, as in the German Bundesländer, as well as a less formal term for a sovereign state. | ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴱⵓⵏⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. |
"There is no universal agreement on the number of ""countries"" in the world since a number of states have disputed sovereignty status." | “ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ““ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ”” ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.” |
The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely. | ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. |
The report classifies country development based on per capita gross national income (GNI). | ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵢ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⴽ. |
The 2019 report recognizes only developed countries in North America, Europe, and Asia and the Pacific. | ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ 2019 ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ. |
The World Bank defines its regions as East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, North America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. | ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵢⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ. |
Exploration is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources, especially in the context of geography or space, rather than research and development that is usually not centred on earth sciences or astronomy. | ⵉⴼⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵚⵟⵕⵓⵏⵓⵎⵜ. |
Only the one done by emperor Nero seemed to be a preparative for the conquest of Ethiopia or Nubia: in 62 AD two legionaries explored the sources of the Nile river. | ⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵏⵉⵕⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵊⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵓⴱⵢⴰ: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 62 ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ. |
The Romans also organized several explorations into Northern Europe, and explored as far as China in Asia. | ⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵕⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. |
100 AD-166 AD Romano-Chinese relations begin. | 100 - 166 ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵚⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ. |
The key invention to their exploration was the outrigger canoe, which provided a swift and stable platform for carrying goods and people. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵣⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. |
2011 studies at Wairau Bar in New Zealand show a high probability that one origin was Ruahine Island in the Society Islands. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ 2011 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵔⵓ ⴱⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵡⴰⵀⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ. |
There are cultural and language similarities between Cook Islanders and New Zealand Maori. | ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉ. |
During 1328–1333, he sailed along the South China Sea and visited many places in Southeast Asia and reached as far as South Asia, landing in Sri Lanka and India, and he even went to Australia. | ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1328 ⴷ 1333, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⴳⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ. |
Portugal and Spain dominated the first stages of exploration, while other European nations followed, such as England, Netherlands, and France. | ⵜⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ. |
The extreme conditions in the deep sea require elaborate methods and technologies to endure them. | ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵇⵙⵃⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵇⵙⵃⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. |
An administrative subdivision, instead, is understood to be a division of a state proper. | ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣ ⵙ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ. |
The dependent territories that currently remain in the world today generally maintain a very high degree of political autonomy. | ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. |
Cook Islands' status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes, and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴽ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ. |
Under the terms of the free association agreement, however, New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of Niue. | ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⵏⵢⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵏⵉⵡⵉ. |
This list is generally limited to entities that are either subject to an international treaty on their status, uninhabited, or have a unique level of autonomy and are largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. | ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⵡⵓⵎⵓⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. |
They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defense and international representation and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. | ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴰⴹⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵅⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴷⵉⵎⵜ. |
No crown dependency has representation in the U.K. Parliament. | ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵏⵓⵏⵏ. |
New Zealand and its dependencies share the same governor-general and constitute one monarchic realm. | ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. |
The mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976. | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵎⵓⵏⵡⵉⵍⵜⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏⴰ (CNMI) ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976. |
This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand, and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. | ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴱⵊ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⵔⵓⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ. |
"However, the status of its ""constituent countries"" in the Caribbean (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) can be considered akin to dependencies or ""associated non-independent states.""" | “ⵎⵖⴰⵔ, ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ““ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ”” ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ (ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ) ⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵏⵖ ““ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ.””” |
Borders are geographic boundaries, imposed either by geographic features such as oceans, or by arbitrary groupings of political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. | ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵊⵖⵕⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. |
Most external borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ. |
Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. | ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. |