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"Hitler also said that the business bourgeoisie ""know nothing except their profit. '" | “ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵀⵉⵜⵍⵔ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴱⵓⵕⵊⵡⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ””ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ.”” |
The utility of these things was inherent in their practical functions. | ⵉⵥⵍⵢ ⵓⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. |
Belle de Jour (Beauty of the day, 1967) tells the story of a bourgeois wife who is bored with her marriage and decides to prostitute herself. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴱⵉⵍ ⴷⵓ ⵊⵓⵔ (ⵜⴰⵃⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, 1967) ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⵊⵡⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⵥⵜ. |
In Europe, the title of Emperor has been used since the Middle Ages, considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of Pope due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of Western Europe. | ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ. |
In as much as there is a strict definition of emperor, it is that an emperor has no relations implying the superiority of any other ruler and typically rules over more than one nation. | ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵢⴹⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. |
Their status was officially recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1514, although not officially used by the Russian monarchs until 1547. | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵇⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1514, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1547. |
Such pre-Roman titles as Great King or King of Kings, used by the Kings of Persia and others, are often considered as the equivalent. | ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵉⴼ. |
Empire became identified instead with vast territorial holdings rather than the title of its ruler by the mid-18th century. | ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵏⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵙ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵜⵉⵙ 18. |
"Ancient Romans abhorred the name Rex (""king""), and it was critical to the political order to maintain the forms and pretenses of republican rule." | “ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⵎⵓⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴽⵙ (“”ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ””), ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.” |
Augustus, considered the first Roman emperor, established his hegemony by collecting on himself offices, titles, and honours of Republican Rome that had traditionally been distributed to different people, concentrating what had been distributed power in one man. | ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ. |
"However, it was the informal descriptive of Imperator (""commander"") that became the title increasingly favored by his successors." | “ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ (““ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ””) ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.” |
This is one of the most enduring titles: Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946. | ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ: ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ ⵙⵉⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵕⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1946. |
Exceptions include the title of the Augustan History, a semi-historical collection of Emperors' biographies of the 2nd and 3rd century. | ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 2 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 3. |
Few were however granted the title, and it was certainly not a rule that all wives of reigning Emperors would receive it. | ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍ. |
In the late Republic, as in the early years of the new monarchy, Imperator was a title granted to Roman generals by their troops and the Roman Senate after a great victory, roughly comparable to field marshal (head or commander of the entire army). | ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵕⵛⴰⵍ (ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜⵏ). |
The succeeding Nervan-Antonian Dynasty, ruling for most of the 2nd century, stabilised the Empire. | ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 2. |
Three short lived secessionist attempts had their own emperors: the Gallic Empire, the Britannic Empire, and the Palmyrene Empire though the latter used rex more regularly. | ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵖⵓⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⵉⴽⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. |
At one point, there were as many as five sharers of the imperium (see: Tetrarchy). | ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜⵏ (ⵥⵕ: ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵛⵉ). |
The city is more commonly called Constantinople and is today named Istanbul). | ⵜⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵎⴱⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ). |
"These Later Roman ""Byzantine"" Emperors completed the transition from the idea of the Emperor as a semi-republican official to the Emperor as an absolute monarch." | “ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ “” ⵉⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜⵏ”” ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⵏⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ.” |
"Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word ""autokrator"", meaning ""one who rules himself"", or ""monarch"", which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator." | “ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ ““ⵓⴷⵓⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵜ””, ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ““ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ”” ⵏⵖ ⴷ ““ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ””, ⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ.” |
In fact, none of these (and other) additional epithets and titles had ever been completely discarded. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ (ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ) ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵙ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ. |
"Following the tragedy of the horrific sacking of the city, the conquerors declared a new ""Empire of Romania"", known to historians as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, installing Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, as Emperor." | “ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴷⴷⵙ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵢⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵙⵙⴰⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ““ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ”” ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⵚⵟⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⵍⴷⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ. ⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵍⴰⵏⴷⵔⵣ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ.” |
From the time of Otto the Great onward, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire. | ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴼⴼⵉ ⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⵓⵍⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. |
This junior King then bore the title of Roman King (King of the Romans). | ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ (ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ). |
The Holy Roman Emperor was considered the first among those in power. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. |
Geography is often defined in terms of two branches: human geography and physical geography. | ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ: ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ. |
Traditionally, geography has been associated with cartography and place names. | ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ, ⵜⵣⴷⵢ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ. |
Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. | ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵊⵖⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. |
The former largely focuses on the built environment and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space. | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⴽⵙⵡ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴹⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ. |
It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, like the ways that human societies conceptualize the environment. | ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ. |
The study of systems larger than the Earth itself usually forms part of Astronomy or Cosmology. | ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵟⵕⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵙⵎⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ. |
Regional science: In the 1950s, the regional science movement led by Walter Isard arose to provide a more quantitative and analytical base to geographical questions, in contrast to the descriptive tendencies of traditional geography programs. | ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ: ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ 1950, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵜⵕ ⵉⵣⴰⵕⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵏ, ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ. |
Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science. | ⵉⴳⵎⴰ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ. |
In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand computer science and database systems. | ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ. |
Geostatistics is used extensively in a variety of fields, including hydrology, geology, petroleum exploration, weather analysis, urban planning, logistics, and epidemiology. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵀⵉⴷⵕⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍ, ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ, ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⵍⵓⵊⵉⵙⵢⵜⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ. |
"The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria, Urartu, and several cities, in turn surrounded by a ""bitter river"" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star." | “ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⵟⴰ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⴰⵙⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⵀⴰⵕⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵢⴰ, ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢ ““ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⵕⵥⴰⴳ”” (ⵓⵙⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ), ⴷ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ.” |
In contrast to the Imago Mundi, an earlier Babylonian world map dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent. | ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵓ ⵎⵓⵏⴷⵉ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 9 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔⵙⵙ ⵎⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳ. |
Thales is also credited with the prediction of eclipses. | ⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. |
There is some debate about who was the first person to assert that the Earth is spherical in shape, with the credit going either to Parmenides or Pythagoras. | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰ ⴱⴰⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⴷⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ. |
One of the first estimates of the radius of the Earth was made by Eratosthenes. | ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵏⵥⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵜⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵉⵙ. |
The meridians were sub-divided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided into 60 (minutes). | ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵅⴼ 360°, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⴰ ⵙ 60 (ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ). |
He extended the work of Hipparchus, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree. | ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴱⴱⴰⵕⵛⵓⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 56.5 ⵎⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ. |
During the Middle Ages, the fall of the Roman empire led to a shift in the evolution of geography from Europe to the Islamic world. | ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵜⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎ. |
Further, Islamic scholars translated and interpreted the earlier works of the Romans and the Greeks and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad for this purpose. | ⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵙⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ. |
Abu Rayhan Biruni (976–1048) first described a polar equi-azimuthal equidistant projection of the celestial sphere. | ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵔⵉⵃⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵕⵓⵏⵉ (976–1048) ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ. |
He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of mountains, depths of the valleys, and expanse of the horizon. | ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ. |
The problem facing both explorers and geographers was finding the latitude and longitude of a geographic location. | ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉ. |
The 18th and the 19th centuries were the times when geography became recognized as a discrete academic discipline, and became part of a typical university curriculum in Europe (especially Paris and Berlin). | ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⵢ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ (ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ). |
Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of geomatics and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. | ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵜⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ. |
Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – noted the structure of glaciers and advanced understanding in glacier motion, especially in fast ice flow. | ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵕⵏⵓⵍⴷ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴳⵓⵢⵓⵜ (1807–1884) – ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ. |
William Morris Davis (1850–1934) – father of American geography and developer of the cycle of erosion. | ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵕⵉⵙ ⴷⵉⴼⵉⵙ (1850–1934) – ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵜⵢⵉⵛⵛ. |
Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932) – first female president of the Association of American Geographers. | ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵍ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵍ (1863–1932) – ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ. |
Walter Christaller (1893–1969) – human geographer and inventor of Central place theory. | ⵡⴰⴽⵜⵕ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍⵔ (1893–1969) – ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵍⵡⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. |
David Harvey (born 1935) – Marxist geographer and author of theories on spatial and urban geography, winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize. | ⴷⵉⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⴰⵕⴼⵉ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ 1935) – ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵢ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵜⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⴷ. |
In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. | ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ (ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵜ) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ. |
Examples are ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, ancient Athens, Rome, Bratislava, Budapest, Constantinople, Chang'an, ancient Cusco, Kyiv, Madrid, Paris, Podgorica, London, Beijing, Prague, Tallinn, Tokyo, Lisbon, Riga, Vilnius, and Warsaw. | ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ, ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵄⴱⴰⵙⵉⴷ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ, ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⴱⵕⴰⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⴰ, ⴱⵓⴷⴰⴱⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵛⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴽⵢⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ, ⴱⵓⴷⴳⵓⵔⵉⵜⵙⴰ, ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ, ⴱⵉⴽⴽⵉⵏ, ⴱⵔⴰⴳ, ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏⵏ, ⵟⵓⴽⵢⵓ, ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵔⵉⴳⴰ, ⴼⵉⵍⵏⵢⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵡ. |
In some countries, the capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland's first city, Turku, which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its right during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. | ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ; ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵜⵓⵕⴽⵓ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1812, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵀⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ. |
In Canada, there is a federal capital, while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. | ⴳ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ, ⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. |
"In Australia, the term ""capital cities"" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra, and Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory." | “ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ““ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ”” ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵕⴰⵍⵜ ⴽⴰⵏⴱⵕⴰ, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ.” |
Unlike in federations, there is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London, which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. | ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. |
The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and the federal city of Moscow) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. | ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ (ⵙⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ) ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ. |
Frankfort, Kentucky, midway between Louisville and Lexington. | ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⴼⵓⵕⵜ, ⴽⵉⵏⵟⴰⴽⵉ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⵡⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵍⵡⵉⵙⴼⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ. |
Tallahassee, Florida, chosen as the midpoint between Pensacola and St. Augustine, Florida – then the two largest cities in Florida. | ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵙⵙⵉ, ⴼⵍⵓⵕⵉⴹⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⴰⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴼⵍⵓⵕⵉⴹⴰ – ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵍⵓⵕⵉⴹⴰ. |
Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. | ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. |
When the Canary Islands became an autonomous community in 1982, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria were both given capital status. | ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1982, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ. |
Estonia: the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Education and Research are located in Tartu. | ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ : ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵓ. |
In case of emergency, the seat of the constitutional powers can be transferred to another town, in order for the Houses of Parliament to sit in the same location as the President and Cabinet. | ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵢ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ. |
The entire state machinery shifts from one city to another every six months. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⴽⵓ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ. |
Dharamshala, which is also the headquarters of the Central Tibetan Administration, is the second winter capital of the state. | ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵎⵛⴰⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ. |
The city itself is administered as a Union territory. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ. |
Uttarakhand: Dehradun is the administrative and legislative capital, while the high court is located in Nainital. | ⵓⵜⴰⵕⴰⵅⴰⵏⴷ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵉⵀⵕⴰⴷⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵏⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜⴰⵍ. |
Its construction started in 1960 and was completed in 1966. | ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1960 ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966. |
The presidential palace (Malacanang Palace) and the Supreme Court are located within the capital city but the two houses of Congress are located in separate suburbs. | ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ (ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⵏⴳ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ. |
"Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is designated the administrative capital and the location of the parliament, while the former capital, Colombo, is now designated as the ""commercial capital""." | “ⵙⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴽⴰ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵢⴰⵡⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ““ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ””.” |
South Africa: The administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein. | ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴽⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴱⵍⵓⵎⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ. |
Switzerland: Bern is the Federal City of Switzerland and functions as de facto capital. | ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵕⴰ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵕⴰ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
Also similar to Illinois and New York State, most statewide elected officials and officers who are based in Southeast Pennsylvania (City of Philadelphia, Bucks County, Montgomery County, Delaware County, and Chester County) prefer working mostly in Philadelphia. | ⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵔⴽ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ(ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷⵉⵍⴼⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴽⵙ, ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴳⵓⵎⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵙⵜⵔ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ |
Israel and Palestine: Both the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital. | ⵉⵙⵕⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏ: ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⴷⵙ. |
A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons (sometimes known as a forward capital or spearhead capital). | ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⵜⵕⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜⵏ (ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ). |
The Ming emperors moved their capital to Beijing from the more central Nanjing to help supervise the border with the Mongols. | ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⴰⵏⵊⵉⵏⴳ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ. |
Delhi finally became the colonial capital after the Coronation Durbar of King-Emperor George V in 1911, continuing as independent India's capital from 1947. | ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⴷⵉⵍⵀⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵕⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵣⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911, ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947. |
Sometimes, the location of a new capital city was chosen to terminate actual or potential squabbling between various entities, such as in the cases of Canberra, Ottawa, Washington, Wellington and Managua. | ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵏⴱⵉⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵜⴰⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵓⵡⴰ. |
In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴹⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⴳⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ. |
After the Qing dynasty's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during the great crisis of Japanese invasion. | ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⴳ, ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵃ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵚⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵚⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉ. |
It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. | ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. |
Historically, city-dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall, but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapid urbanization, more than half of the world population now lives in cities, which has had profound consequences for global sustainability. | ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ. |
This increased influence means that cities also have significant influences on global issues, such as sustainable development, global warming and global health. | ⵉⴹⵉⵕ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴰⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵕⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ. |
Therefore, compact cities are often referred to as a crucial element of fighting climate change. | ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. |
For example, country capitals such as Beijing, London, Mexico City, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi, Paris, Rome, Athens, Seoul, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C. reflect the identity and apex of their respective nations. | ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ, ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ, ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ, ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ, ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ, ⵏⵢⵓⴷⵉⵍⵀⵉ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ, ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ, ⵙⵢⵓⵍ, ⵟⵓⴽⵢⵓ, ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ. |
The city may be looked on as a story, a pattern of relations between human groups, a production and distribution space, a field of physical force, a set of linked decisions, or an arena of conflict. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵜ. |
National censuses use a variety of definitions - invoking factors such as population, population density, number of dwellings, economic function, and infrastructure - to classify populations as urban. | ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ - ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ - ⵉ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ. |
The mutual interdependence of town and country has one consequence so obvious that it is easily overlooked: at the global scale, cities are generally confined to areas capable of supporting a permanent agricultural population. | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⴰ. |
As cities grew in complexity, the major civic institutions, from seats of government to religious buildings, would also come to dominate these points of convergence. | ⵙ ⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴱⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵀⵔⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ. |
Physical environment generally constrains the form in which a city is built. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴼ ⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ. |
And it may be set up for optimal defense given the surrounding landscape. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ. |
This form could evolve from successive growth over a long time, with concentric traces of town walls and citadels marking older city boundaries. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵥⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. |
In cities such as Moscow, this pattern is still clearly visible. | ⴳ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ. |
Excavations in these areas have found the ruins of cities geared variously towards trade, politics, or religion. | ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵅⵏⵜⴼⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ. |
China's planned cities were constructed according to sacred principles to act as celestial microcosms. | ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ. |