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US-201716652228-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Tampon applicator
ABSTRACT
An applicator for a tampon comprising an inner tube and an outer tube is provided. The inner tube is slideable within the outer tube and the applicator has a forward end. A plurality of petals are provided at the forward end of the inner tube and at least one protrusion is provided at the base of each petal. Each protrusion extends in a radially outward direction from the outer surface of the inner tube.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a U.S. National Phase application of PCT/EP2017/075541, filedOct. 6, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety for all purposes.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates to tampon applicators.
BACKGROUND
Tampons are female hygiene absorbent products used to absorb menstrualblood flow within the body of a user. Tampons may be provided with orwithout applicators. When no applicator is provided, the tampon isgenerally inserted manually by the user. However many women prefer touse an applicator to facilitate insertion of the tampon and/or forhygiene reasons.
Known tampon applicators generally include two cylindrical tubesarranged in a telescopic relationship with each other, one tube beingslideable within the other tube. In one arrangement, the tampon isprovided within the outer tube whilst the inner tube is provided withinthe outer tube behind the tampon and extending outside of the outer tubein a rearward direction. In use, the user inserts the outer tube intothe body and pushes the rearwardly extending portion of the inner tubein a forward direction towards the tampon, and the front part of theinner tube makes contact with and pushes the tampon out of the outertube and into the body of the user. It will be appreciated that, as theinner tube is only partially inserted into the outer tube, suchapplicators are relatively bulky.
In another arrangement, where the applicators may be referred to as“compact” or “collapsible” applicators, the tampon is located in theinner tube and the inner tube is almost entirely contained within theouter tube. This provides a more compact and discreet applicator. Insuch applicators, in use, the user first pulls an exposed rear part ofthe inner tube in a rearward direction so that the inner tube slidesrearwardly with respect to the outer tube, thereby exposing most of theinner tube. Whilst the inner tube is being slid relative to the outertube, the front end of the tampon may be engaged by the outer tube tohelp to hold the tampon in place whilst the inner tube is beingrearwardly extended. In this manner, the tampon stays in position withrespect to the outer tube whilst the inner tube slides backwards andextends rearwardly of the outer tube. This movement of the inner tuberelative to the tampon and the outer tube results in the inner tubesliding in a rearward direction over the tampon and leaving the tamponwithin the outer tube. Once the tampon is no longer held within theinner tube and the inner tube is positioned rearwardly of the tampon,the outer tube may be inserted into the body of the user and therearwardly extending portion of the inner tube may be pushed in aforward direction towards the tampon. The front part of the inner tubeideally then makes contact with the tampon and pushes the tampon out ofthe outer tube and into the body of the user.
As the tampon must fit within the inner tube and be readily slideablefrom the inner tube to the outer tube, the tampon is generally of asmaller diameter than the internal diameter of the inner tube. However,this can lead to the inner tube sliding back over and surrounding thetampon when the inner tube is pushed in a forward direction. This canprevent the tampon from exiting the applicator. In order to ensure thatthe inner tube does not slide back over the tampon but instead makescontact with the rear end of the tampon and pushes the tampon forwardsout of the outer tube, users may angle the inner tube with respect tothe outer tube when pushing the inner tube in a forward direction, sothat the longitudinal axis of the inner tube and the longitudinal axisof the outer tube are no longer aligned or parallel. This usuallypermits the front end of the inner tube to make contact with the rearend of the tampon, but it complicates the process and requires moreforce from the user in order to expel the tampon from the applicator.Furthermore, it makes it more difficult for a user to correctly positiona tampon within the body.
It would be desirable to provide an applicator that is of the compacttype and which permits a user to more accurately, easily and comfortablyinsert a tampon into the body.
SUMMARY
According to the present disclosure there is provided an applicator fora tampon comprising an inner tube and an outer tube, the inner tubebeing slideable within the outer tube, the applicator having a forwardend, wherein a plurality of petals are provided at the forward end ofthe inner tube and at least one protrusion is provided at the base ofeach petal, each protrusion extending in a radially outward directionfrom the outer surface of the inner tube.
The applicator may be of a compact type. The inner tube of theapplicator may be configured to receive a tampon. The forward end refersto the front or distal end of the applicator, i.e. the part of theapplicator which is inserted into the body. The rear or rearward endrefers to the back or proximal end of the applicator, i.e. the part ofthe applicator which is not inserted into the body and which is handledby the user.
Each protrusion may extend from the base of a petal in the longitudinaldirection of the inner tube towards the forward end of said petal.
The length of the protrusion in the direction of the longitudinal lengthof the inner tube may be at least a quarter of the distance between thebase of the petal and the forward end of said petal.
The length of the protrusion in the direction of the longitudinal lengthof the inner tube may be greater than the width of the protrusion in adirection extending around the circumference of the inner tube. Theprotrusion may have a substantially constant width. Alternatively, theprotrusion may have a width which tapers from the base of the petal(where the protrusion is at its widest) towards the forward end of thepetal. The protrusion may have a substantially triangular shape in planview (i.e. when viewed from directly above). The protrusion may have theshape of an isosceles triangle when viewed from above. The length of theprotrusion may be greater than the width of the protrusion at the baseof the petal.
A longitudinal section of the protrusion may have a substantiallytriangular shape, whereby the rear end of the protrusion may extend in asubstantially radial direction outwardly from the outer surface of theinner tube and the hypotenuse of the triangle may extend from the rearend of the protrusion to its forward end, the forward end of theprotrusion meeting the outer surface of the petal.
The forward end of each petal may be substantially ‘U’-shaped. Thepetals may have a curved forward end or alternatively may have astraight forward end. The petals may be approximately semi-circular,“U”-shaped, square shaped or rectangular shaped.
One single protrusion may be provided at the base of each petal.Alternatively more than one protrusion may be provided at the base ofeach petal.
There may be two or more petals provided. Four petals may be provided.Alternatively six or eight petals may be provided.
The plurality of petals may be evenly spaced around the circumference ofthe inner tube. Each petal may be separated from adjacent petals by agap. The gap may extend from the base of the petals to the forward endof the petals. The gap may have a width which extends in a directionaround the circumference of the inner tube. The petals may each have awidth which extends in a direction around the circumference of the innertube. The width of the gap may be substantially constant along thelongitudinal length of the gap. The gap may widen at its forward end ifthe petals taper to a rounded shape at their forward end. The gap mayhave a width which is greater than, the same as, or less than the widthof the petals. The gap may have a width at the base of the petals whichis similar to the width of the petals at the base of the petals.
The inner surface of the outer tube may comprise an annular protrudingring at or near to its rear end.
The internal diameter of the outer tube at the location of the annularprotruding ring may be smaller than the external diameter of the innertube including the protrusions such that the protrusions on the outersurface of the inner tube may be configured to engage with the annularprotruding ring of the outer tube to thereby prevent the inner tube fromsliding completely out of the outer tube at the rear end of the outertube.
The inner tube and the outer tube may be formed from a thermoplasticmaterial, such as a medical device classified thermoplastic material forexample. The inner and outer tube may be formed from low densitypolyethylene (LDPE). The inner tube may be formed from a more rigidmaterial or a stiffer material than the outer tube. For example, theouter tube may be formed from LDPE and the inner tube may be formed frompolypropylene (PP). This permits the outer tube to be formed from asofter and/or more resilient material than the inner tube so that theouter tube is more comfortable when inserted into the body of a user.The inner tube may be formed of a more rigid or stiffer material toassist in pushing the tampon out from the outer tube of the applicatorinto the body of a user.
The applicator may further comprise a tampon disposed in the inner tube.
The applicator may comprise or consist of an inner tube and an outertube and a tampon disposed in the inner tube.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The present invention will now be described by way of example only andwith reference to the following drawings, of which:
FIG. 1 is a side view of an inner tube of a tampon applicator inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view through the inner tube ofFIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows a cross-section through the inner tube of FIG. 1 at theposition A-A.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged side view of the forward part of the inner tube ofFIG. 1.
FIG. 5 shows alternative inner tube petal shapes.
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view through an outer tube of atampon applicator in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a cross-section through the outer tube of FIG. 6 at theposition B-B.
FIG. 8 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view through a tamponapplicator in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
An inner tube 1 of a tampon applicator is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Thedirection along the longitudinal axis of the inner tube is shown as X.The inner tube 1 has a front end 3 and a rear end 5. The front end 3 ofthe inner tube 1 includes a plurality of petals 9. In this depictedembodiment, four identical petals are provided, the petals being evenlyspaced around the circumference of the inner tube. In other embodiments,the petals may not be identical, and/or may not be spaced evenly aroundthe circumference of the inner tube. It is advantageous to provide atleast two petals. In embodiments of the invention two, three, four,five, six or more petals may be provided.
A protrusion 19 is provided at the base 7 of each petal 9. In thisdepicted embodiment, a single protrusion 19 is provided at the base 7 ofeach petal 9. However, in other embodiments two or more protrusions maybe provided at the base of each petal.
The protrusions extend in a radially outward direction from the outersurface 11 of the inner tube 1. Each protrusion 19 extends from the base7 of a petal 9 in the longitudinal direction X of the inner tube towardsthe forward end 21 of the petal 9. The length of the protrusion 19 inthe longitudinal direction X may be at least a quarter of the distancebetween the base 7 of the petal 9 and the forward end 21 of the petal 9,and may be a third or even a half of this distance.
The protrusions 19 have a width W in a direction extending around thecircumference of the inner tube 1 (as shown in FIG. 4). The protrusions19 may have a width which tapers from the base 7 of the petal 9 (wherethe protrusion 19 is at its widest) towards the forward end 21 of thepetal 9 giving the protrusions 19 a triangular shape as shown in FIG. 1.Alternatively, the protrusions 19 may have a substantially constantwidth W giving the protrusions 19 a rectangular shape when viewed fromdirectly above.
The protrusions 19 cause the petals 9 to bend inwards so that theforward end 3 of the inner tube has a tapered shape in the region of thepetals 9, as can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. A tapered inner tube frontend 3 may be beneficial for engaging with the rear end of a tampon andin pushing the tampon out of an outer tube of an applicator.
The rear end 5 of the inner tube 1 may be tapered such that the rear end5 of the inner tube 1 is wider than the remainder of the inner tube 1.This may assist in preventing the inner tube from being pushed entirelywithin an outer tube. The rear end 5 of the inner tube may includedecorative or grip features 13 which may assist a user to firmly gripthe rear end 5 of the inner tube 1 between their fingers, therebyfacilitating use of the applicator.
FIG. 3 shows a cross-section through the inner tube at the positionshown as A-A in FIG. 1. The inner tube 1 defines an interior space 17for receiving a tampon. The inner tube 1 has an inner surface 15 and anouter surface 11. The protrusions 19 and petals 9 can be seen in FIG. 3.
FIG. 4 shows an enlarged view of the forward part of the inner tube ofFIG. 1. From FIG. 4 it can be seen that, in this depicted embodiment,the length L of the protrusions 19 in the longitudinal direction X isgreater than the maximum width W of the protrusions in a directionextending around the circumference of the inner tube. In otherembodiments, the length L may be equal to the width W or less than thewidth W. Where the applicator includes an outer tube having spikesprotruding from the interior surface of the outer tube or from theinterior surface of petals of the outer tube in order to hold a tamponin position whilst the inner tube is being moved rearwardly relative tothe outer tube, it may be advantageous to provide protrusions 19 on theinner tube where the length L of the protrusions is greater than theirwidth W. This is because protrusions having a smaller width W are lesslikely to become undesirably engaged with the spikes of the outer tubethan protrusions having a larger width W. Providing protrusions having atapered width may further help in preventing the spikes from engagingwith the protrusions.
The protrusions 19 in the depicted embodiment have a substantiallytriangular shape. In other embodiments, the protrusions 19 may haveanother shape, such as rectangular or square shaped, for example. In thedepicted embodiment, the rear end surface 23 of the protrusion 19extends in a substantially radial direction outwardly from the outersurface 11 of the inner tube 1, such that the angle between the rear endsurface 23 of the protrusion 19 and the outer surface 11 of the innertube 1 is approximately 90 degrees. This is advantageous where the outertube is provided with an interior annular ring, rim or protrusion asexplained with reference to FIG. 8. The hypotenuse surface 25 of thedepicted triangular protrusion extends from the radially most distantpart of the rear end surface 23 of the protrusion 19 to the forward end27 of the protrusion 19, the forward end 27 of the protrusion 19 meetingthe outer surface of the petal 9. In this embodiment, the hypotenusesurface 25 has a curved shape as can be seen in FIG. 4. This may assistthe inner tube to slide in a forwards direction relative to the outertube during insertion of a tampon into the body of a user. In otherembodiments, the hypotenuse surface 25 of the protrusion 19 may be aflat sloping surface rather than a curved one.
The petals 9 depicted in FIG. 4 are substantially “U”-shaped. However,the petals 9 may instead be of a rectangular or square shape, or mayhave a more rounded shape than that depicted in FIG. 4. FIG. 5a shows aninner tube 1 including petals 9 having a rounded forward end 21. FIG. 5bshows an inner tube 1 including petals 9 having a rectangular shape andhaving a forward end 21 that is not rounded. It may be advantageous toprovide a relatively blunt or only gently rounded forward end 21 of thepetal 9, such as that shown in FIG. 4, so that the forward end 21 of thepetal 9 presents a reasonably large pushing surface for pushing a tamponout of the outer tube and into the body of a user. In this manner theapplied force can be distributed over a greater area and there is lessrisk of the forward end 21 of the petal 9 breaking or becoming entangledwith or embedded in the tampon.
A longitudinal section through an outer tube 31 is shown in FIG. 6. Theouter tube 31 has a forward end 33 and a rear end 35. In thisembodiment, the outer tube 31 includes a plurality of petals 39 at itsforward end 33. Towards the rear end 35 of the outer tube 31 there is anannular protrusion 41 which extends circumferentially around theinterior surface 45 of the outer tube 31 and which protrudes radiallyinwards into the interior space 47 defined by the outer tube 31, as canbe seen in FIG. 7.
The internal diameter of the outer tube is slightly greater than theexternal diameter of the inner tube, to enable the inner tube to slidewithin the outer tube. Initially, a tampon is at least partly locatedwithin the inner tube and the inner tube is almost entirely locatedwithin the outer tube, except for the rearmost part of the inner tube.To use the applicator, a user grips the rearmost part of the inner tubeand slides the inner tube backwards relative to the outer tube. Means,such as spikes provided on the interior forward end of the outer tube,hold the tampon in position relative to the outer tube whilst the innertube slides relative to the outer tube. This allows the inner tube toslide rearwardly away from the tampon and to leave the tampon in theouter tube 31. The inner tube 1 is then positioned behind the tampon 51as shown in FIG. 8.
The internal diameter of the outer tube at the location of the annularprotrusion 41 is smaller than the external diameter of the protrusions19 (i.e. the external diameter of the inner tube at the location of theprotrusions 19), such that the protrusions 19 of the inner tube engagethe annular protrusion 41 of the outer tube to prevent the inner tubefrom sliding backwards completely out of the outer tube.
The annular protrusion 41 of the outer tube may extend radially inwardlysubstantially at a right angle from the interior surface 45 of the outertube 31. This may help to retain the inner tube 1 in the outer tube 31,particularly when the rear end surfaces 23 of the protrusions 19 extendradially outwardly at substantially right angles to the longitudinaldirection X of the inner tube.
While the foregoing description and drawings represent exemplaryembodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that variousadditions, modifications and substitutions may be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Inparticular, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that thepresent invention may be embodied in other specific forms, structures,arrangements, proportions, and with other elements, materials, andcomponents, without departing from the spirit or essentialcharacteristics thereof. One skilled in the art will appreciate that theinvention may be used with many modifications of structure, arrangement,proportions, materials, and components and otherwise, used in thepractice of the invention, which are particularly adapted to specificenvironments and operative requirements without departing from theprinciples of the present invention. The presently disclosed embodimentsare therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and notrestrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appendedclaims, and not limited to the foregoing description.
The invention claimed is:
1. An applicator for a tampon comprising aninner tube and an outer tube, the inner tube being slideable within theouter tube, the applicator having a forward end, wherein a plurality ofpetals are provided at a forward end of the inner tube and at least oneprotrusion is provided on and at a base of at least one petal, the atleast one protrusion extending in a radially outward direction from anouter surface of the inner tube, wherein a length of the at least oneprotrusion in the direction of a longitudinal length of the inner tubeis at least a quarter of a distance between the base of the at least onepetal and a forward end of the at least one petal.
2. The applicator fora tampon in accordance with claim 1 wherein the at least one protrusionextends from the base of the at least one petal in a longitudinaldirection of the inner tube towards a forward end of the at least onepetal.
3. The applicator for a tampon in accordance with claim 1 whereinthe length of the at least one protrusion in the direction of thelongitudinal length of the inner tube is greater than a width of the atleast one protrusion in a direction extending around a circumference ofthe inner tube.
4. The applicator for a tampon in accordance with claim1 wherein a forward end of the at least one petal is substantially‘U’-shaped.
5. The applicator for a tampon in accordance with claim 1wherein one single protrusion is provided at a base of the at least onepetal.
6. The applicator for a tampon in accordance with claim 1 whereinfour petals are provided.
7. The applicator for a tampon in accordancewith claim 1 wherein the plurality of petals are evenly spaced around acircumference of the inner tube.
8. The applicator for a tampon inaccordance with claim 1 wherein an inner surface of the outer tubecomprises an annular protruding ring at or near to its rear end.
9. Theapplicator for a tampon in accordance with claim 8 wherein an internaldiameter of the outer tube at the location of the annular protrudingring is smaller than an external diameter of the inner tube includingthe at least one protrusion such that the at least one protrusion on theouter surface of the inner tube is configured to engage with the annularprotruding ring of the outer tube to thereby prevent the inner tube fromsliding completely out of the outer tube at a rear end of the outertube.
10. The applicator for a tampon in accordance with claim 1,wherein the applicator further comprises a tampon disposed in the innertube.
11. An applicator for a tampon comprising an inner tube and anouter tube, the inner tube being slideable within the outer tube, theapplicator having a forward end, wherein a plurality of petals areprovided at a forward end of the inner tube and at least one protrusionis provided on and at a base of at least one petal, the at least oneprotrusion extending in a radially outward direction from an outersurface of the inner tube, wherein a longitudinal section through the atleast one protrusion has a substantially triangular shape, a rear end ofthe at least one protrusion extending in a substantially radialdirection outwardly from the outer surface of the inner tube and ahypotenuse of a triangle extending from the rear end of the at least oneprotrusion to its forward end, the forward end of the at least oneprotrusion meeting an outer surface of the at least one petal.
12. Anapplicator for a tampon comprising an inner tube and an outer tube, theinner tube being slideable within the outer tube, the applicator havinga forward end, wherein a plurality of petals are provided at a forwardend of the inner tube and at least one protrusion is provided on and ata base of at least one petal, the at least one protrusion extending in aradially outward direction from an outer surface of the inner tube,wherein the at least one protrusion has a width in a direction extendingaround a circumference of the inner tube, and wherein the width of theat least one protrusion tapers from the base of the at least one petal,where the at least one protrusion is at its widest, towards a forwardend of the at least one petal..
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github_open_source_100_8_19975 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.urbanairship.api.push.parse.notification.wns;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import com.urbanairship.api.common.parse.APIParsingException;
import com.urbanairship.api.push.model.notification.wns.WNSBadgeData;
import com.urbanairship.api.push.parse.PushObjectMapper;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
public class BadgeDeserializerTest {
private static final ObjectMapper mapper = PushObjectMapper.getInstance();
@Test
public void testValue() throws Exception {
String json =
"{" +
" \"value\": 10" +
"}";
WNSBadgeData parsed = mapper.readValue(json, WNSBadgeData.class);
assertEquals(10, parsed.getValue().get().intValue());
assertFalse(parsed.getGlyph().isPresent());
}
@Test
public void testGlyph() throws Exception {
String json =
"{" +
" \"glyph\": \"new-message\"" +
"}";
WNSBadgeData parsed = mapper.readValue(json, WNSBadgeData.class);
assertEquals(WNSBadgeData.Glyph.NEW_MESSAGE, parsed.getGlyph().get());
assertFalse(parsed.getValue().isPresent());
}
@Test(expected = APIParsingException.class)
public void testValidation_Both() throws Exception {
String json =
"{" +
" \"value\": 10," +
" \"glyph\": \"none\"" +
"}";
mapper.readValue(json, WNSBadgeData.class);
}
@Test(expected = APIParsingException.class)
public void testValidation_InvalidGlyph() throws Exception {
String json =
"{" +
" \"glyph\": \"alkjsaasas\"" +
"}";
mapper.readValue(json, WNSBadgeData.class);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19976 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | {% extends "CmsBundle::layout.html.twig" %}
{% block style %}
<!-- Less -->
<link rel="stylesheet/less" type="text/css" href="{{ asset('/template/css/profil.less') }}"/>
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<nav class="navbar navbar-default">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="navbar-header">
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse"
data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1" aria-expanded="false">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="{{ path('digital_pilot_choiceApp') }}"><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> 
Retour</a>
</div>
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li class="dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true"
aria-expanded="false">
<i class="fa fa-user"></i> {{ user.username }}<span class="caret"></span></a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li><a href="#">Profil</a></li>
<li role="separator" class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="{{ path('connexionInformations') }}">Informations de connexion</a></li>
<li role="separator" class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="{{ path('fos_user_security_logout') }}">Deconnexion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
</div><!-- /.container-fluid -->
</nav>
<div class="container">
{% for flashMessage in app.session.flashbag.get('notice') %}
<div class="alert alert-success" role="alert">
{{ flashMessage }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
<!-- Content -->
<div class="row">
<h1 class="text-center">Modification du profil</h1>
<form class="form-horizontal" role="form" action="{{ path('digital_pilot_profil') }}" method="POST" {{ form_enctype(form) }} >
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_firstName">
{{ form_label(form.firstName) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.firstName is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.firstName, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Prénom'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.firstName, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.firstName} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_lastName">
{{ form_label(form.lastName) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.lastName is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.lastName, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Nom'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.lastName, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.lastName} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_email">
{{ form_label(form.email) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{{ form_widget(form.email, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.email, 'disabled': "disabled"} }) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_phone">
{{ form_label(form.phone) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.phone is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.phone, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'N° de téléphone'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.phone, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.phone} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_portable">
{{ form_label(form.portable) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.portable is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.portable, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'N° de portable'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.portable, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.portable} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_address">
{{ form_label(form.address) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.address is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.address, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Adresse'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.address, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.address} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_company">
{{ form_label(form.company) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.company is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.company, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Entreprise'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.company, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.company} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_companySize">
{{ form_label(form.companySize) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.companySize is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.companySize, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Taille de l\'entreprise'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.companySize, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.companySize} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label col-sm-4" for="profil_form_companyAddress">
{{ form_label(form.companyAddress) }}
</label>
<div class="col-sm-6">
{% if customer.companyAddress is empty %}
{{ form_widget(form.companyAddress, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Adresse de l\'entreprise'} }) }}
{% else %}
{{ form_widget(form.companyAddress, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control', 'value': customer.companyAddress} }) }}
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-info col-md-offset-8">Valider</button>
<input type="hidden" name="_csrf_token" value="{{ csrf_token('authenticate') }}">
{{ form_rest(form) }}
</form>
</div>
<!-- /.row -->
</div>
{% endblock %} |
github_open_source_100_8_19977 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2014 The Skfiy Open Association.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.skfiy.typhon.container;
import com.google.inject.AbstractModule;
import com.google.inject.TypeLiteral;
import com.google.inject.matcher.Matchers;
import com.google.inject.spi.InjectionListener;
import com.google.inject.spi.TypeEncounter;
import com.google.inject.spi.TypeListener;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import org.skfiy.typhon.Component;
import org.skfiy.typhon.Container;
import org.skfiy.util.ReflectionUtils;
/**
*
* @author kevin
*/
class Jsr250Module extends AbstractModule {
@Override
protected void configure() {
bindListener(Matchers.any(), new TypeListener() {
@Override
public <I> void hear(TypeLiteral<I> typeLiteral, TypeEncounter<I> encounter) {
Class<? super I> type = typeLiteral.getRawType();
if (Container.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
return;
}
if (Component.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
register(encounter, ReflectionUtils.findMethod(type, "init"));
return;
}
Method[] methods = ReflectionUtils.getUniqueDeclaredMethods(type);
for (final Method m : methods) {
if (m.getAnnotation(PostConstruct.class) != null) {
register(encounter, m);
break;
}
}
}
});
bind(Destroyable.class).to(Jsr250PreDestroy.class);
}
private <I> void register(TypeEncounter<I> encounter, final Method method) {
encounter.register(new InjectionListener<I>() {
@Override
public void afterInjection(I injectee) {
ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(method, injectee);
}
});
}
}
|
fiche3-8.txt_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | 03 L’opinion des Français envers les politiques publiques d’aide sociale
Les Français expriment une forte solidarité envers les personnes en situation difficile. Ainsi, une majorité d’entre eux souhaitent que le revenu de solidarité active (RSA) soit augmenté. Toutefois, son financement ne fait pas consensus, tout comme celui de la prise en charge publique de la dépendance des personnes âgées. Le principe d’un minimum social plus élevé que le RSA pour les personnes âgées dépendantes ou en situation de handicap est très largement approuvé. Le Baromètre d’opinion de la DREES (encadré) permet d’analyser chaque année le soutien des Français aux politiques d’aide en faveur des personnes démunies, des personnes handicapées et des personnes âgées dépendantes. Un soutien aux personnes en difficulté stable depuis 2013, mais moins marqué qu’avant la crise En 2015, lorsqu’on interroge les Français sur la prestation emblématique de soutien aux personnes en grande difficulté financière, le revenu de solidarité active (RSA) 1, 62 % souhaitent l’augmentation de son montant (actuellement, celui-ci est de 525 euros par mois environ pour une personne seule 2, sans enfant, forfait logement compris). Cette proportion était de 77 % en 2009, juste après le déclenchement de la crise financière de 2008. Elle a régulièrement décru jusqu’en 2013 (60 %). À l’inverse, la part des personnes jugeant qu’il faut diminuer le RSA, quoique toujours très minoritaire (17 %), suit une tendance régulière à la hausse et a crû de plus de 10 points entre 2009 et 2015 (graphique 1). Si la part des Français qui souhaitent une augmentation du RSA est majoritaire, un tiers seulement sont prêts à accepter une hausse de leurs impôts pour la financer. Les personnes les moins aisées et celles n’ayant pas un emploi à temps plein (chômeurs, étudiants ou occupant un poste à temps partiel) sont plus nombreuses que les autres Français à souhaiter une hausse du RSA (63 % des chômeurs et 72 % des personnes à temps partiel), mais refuseraient également en plus grande proportion de la financer par une hausse de leurs impôts. Les personnes les plus aisées souhaitent moins souvent cette hausse du RSA. 55 % des personnes dont le niveau de vie est supérieur à 2 000 euros par mois y sont favorables. Cependant, lorsqu’elles sont favorables à l’augmentation de ce minimum social, elles seraient plus enclines à accepter une hausse de leurs impôts pour la financer : c’est le cas de près de la moitié des personnes dont le niveau de vie est d’au moins 2 000 euros, contre 37 % pour les demandeurs d’emploi ou 28 % pour les personnes employées à temps partiel. 85 % des Français favorables à une solidarité renforcée envers les personnes handicapées
Moins de la moitié des Français (44 %) pensent que la société se donne les moyens d’intégrer les personnes handicapées (tableau 1). Et ils sont largement favorables à une solidarité renforcée envers ces personnes handicapées : 85 % jugent qu’il est normal qu’une personne handicapée ait un revenu minimum supérieur à celui d’une personne qui ne l’est pas. Seuls 15 % jugent que les minima sociaux devraient être les mêmes pour tous, que la personne soit ou non handicapée. De fait, 1. Le RSA est accordé sous condition de ressources. Les ressources de toutes les personnes du foyer sont prises en compte. Elles correspondent à la moyenne mensuelle des ressources perçues au cours des trois derniers mois. Le RSA peut être versé à toute personne âgée d’au moins 25 ans résidant en France, ou sans condition d’âge pour les personnes assumant la charge d’au moins un enfant né ou à naître (voir fiches 20 et 21). 2. Ce montant est précisé dans la question posée aux enquêtés.
32 L’aide et l’action sociales en France > édition 2017 > DREES L’opinion des Français envers les politiques publiques d’aide sociale
Encadré Le Baromètre d’opinion de la DREES
Le Baromètre d’opinion de la DREES est une enquête de suivi de l’opinion des Français sur la santé, les inégalités et la protection sociale (assurance maladie, retraite, famille, handicap-dépendance, pauvreté-exclusion). Commandée par la DREES tous les ans depuis 2000 (sauf en 2003), elle est réalisée par l’institut BVA depuis 2004, après l’avoir été par l’IFOP de 2000 à 2002. L’enquête est effectuée en face à face en octobre-novembre auprès d’un échantillon d’environ 3 000 personnes représentatif de la population habitant en France métropolitaine, et âgées de 18 ans ou plus. L’échantillon est construit selon la méthode des quotas (par sexe, âge, profession de la personne de référence, après stratification par région et catégorie d’agglomération). Le Baromètre permet, une année sur deux, d’approfondir une thématique parmi celles citées ci-dessus. En particulier, des questions portant sur le soutien aux personnes handicapées ou âgées dépendantes, introduites en 2015 sont posées une année sur deux ; pour certaines questions, les seules données disponibles sont donc celles de 2015.
Précautions d’interprétation des enquêtes d’opinion
Les réponses à une enquête d’opinion sont particulièrement sensibles à la formulation des questions ou à la place de celles-ci dans le questionnaire. Les enquêtes d’opinion permettent néanmoins des comparaisons entre sous-catégories (selon le revenu, l’âge, etc.) ou dans le temps. Elles peuvent notamment capter l’évolution de la distribution des réponses, au fil des années, lorsque la formulation des questions et l’organisation du questionnaire restent les mêmes. De telles variations informent de l’évolution des opinions dans le temps, en fonction de la conjoncture, des actions politiques mises en œuvre et du débat médiatique. Toutefois, de trop petites variations peuvent ne refléter que des imperfections de mesure. Pour des raisons de commodité, les personnes interrogées dans le cadre de ce Baromètre (résidents en France métropolitaine de 18 ans ou plus sont désignées ici par le terme « Français ». Graphique
La position des Français sur la hausse du RSA 80 En % Il faut augmenter le RSA Il faut laisser le RSA à ce niveau 71 Il faut diminuer le RSA 77 62 60 60 40 27 20 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 21 12 6 2 0 27 17 2010 2011 2012 2013 17 2014 2015
Note > Les données de l’année 2014 ne sont pas disponibles pour cette question. Lecture > En 2015, 62 % des personnes interrogées pensent qu’il faut augmenter le RSA. Champ > Personnes habitant en France métropolitaine et âgées de 18 ans ou plus. Les personnes qui ne se prononcent pas sont exclues du graphique. Source > Baromètre d’opinion DREES 2004-2015. il existe aujourd’hui un minimum social spécifique
: l’
allocation
aux adultes handicapés
(
AAH)3. Son montant maximal est de 800 euros par mois environ pour une personne seule sans ressources. Il est supérieur à la plupart des minima sociaux, comme le RSA ou l’allocation de solidarité spécifique (ASS), et comparable à celui
de
l’allocation de solidarité aux personnes âgées (ASPA) [minimum vieillesse]. 3. L’allocation supplémentaire d’invalidité
(ASI)
peut aussi être servie aux personnes handicapées, lorsque celles-ci sont titulaires d’une pension d’invalidité, mais elle est beaucoup moins répandue. L’aide et l’action sociales en France > édition 2017 > DREES 33 03 03
L’opinion des Français envers les politiques publiques d’aide sociale Tableau 1 Les opinions sur l’intégration des personnes handicapées dans la société, en 2015
Répartition en %
À votre avis, la société actuelle se donne-t-elle les moyens d’intégrer les personnes handicapées? Oui tout à fait / Oui plutôt 44 Non plutôt pas / Non pas du tout 56
Avec
laquelle des
opinions
êtes-vous le plus en accord? Il est normal qu’une personne handicapée ait un revenu minimum supérieur à une personne non handicapée 85 Les minima sociaux devraient être les mêmes, que la personne soit handicapée ou non
15 Selon
vous
,
une aide financière pour compenser les surcoûts liés au handicap doit-elle être accordée......à toutes les personnes se trouvant dans cette situation quel que soit leur niveau de revenu 46...uniquement aux personnes disposant de faibles revenus
54 Lecture > En 2015, 44 % des personnes interrogées pensent que la société se donne les moyens d’intégrer les personnes handicapées. Champ > Personnes habitant en France métropolitaine et âgées de 18 ans ou plus. Les personnes qui ne se prononcent pas sont exclues du tableau. Source > Baromètre d’opinion DREES 2015. En revanche, les Français sont nettement plus partagés sur l’attribution d’aides à toutes les personnes handicapées indépendamment de leur revenu : 54 % d’entre eux estiment que les aides financières pour compenser les surcoûts liés au handicap devraient être réservées aux seules personnes disposant de faibles revenus4. Dans la pratique, hormis l’AAH qui est un minimum social5, la principale prestation pour compenser les surcoûts liés au handicap est la prestation de compensation du handicap (PCH). Cette prestation est versée sans condition de ressources aux personnes ayant des difficultés pour la réalisation des actes de la vie quotidienne, âgées de moins de 60 ans au moment de la première demande, résidant en France, mais dont le montant est modulé selon le revenu 6. Si les ressources annuelles du ménage dépassent un seuil (26 500 euros, soit 2 200 euros par mois environ), une participation lui est demandée, équivalente à 20 % du montant de la prestation.
Une position nuancée sur la prise en charge de la dépendance et son financement
La dépendance d’une personne âgée est définie comme un besoin d’aide pour réaliser des actes de la vie quotidienne, en raison d’incapacités durables. Il existe différents niveaux de dépendance7 qui conditionnent le versement d’une aide en nature aux personnes de plus de 60 ans : l’allocation personnalisée d’autonomie 8 (APA). Plus la dépendance est sévère, plus le montant de l’aide sera élevé. L’APA permet de prendre en charge une partie des frais nécessaires à l’intervention à domicile d’aidants professionnels, au portage de repas ou à l’acquisition d’aides techniques (téléalarme...). Toutefois, une participation, sous la forme d’un ticket modérateur dépendant des revenus, est demandée aux ménages disposant de ressources supérieures au montant de l’ASPA. Les garanties dépendance relevant des assurances privées et des mutuelles représentent une très faible 4. Il n’est pas précisé dans la question à partir de quel seuil cette aide devrait être réduite. 5. L’AAH est définie dans le Code de la sécurité sociale et reprise dans le Code de l’action sociale et des familles (CASF). N’étant pas exclusivement dans le CASF, elle n’est pas incluse dans le champ de l’aide et de l’action sociales. L’opinion vis-à-vis de cette allocation n’en reste pas moins éclairante. 6. Voir fiche 9. 7. Voir la grille Autonomie gérontologique, groupes iso-ressources (AGGIR) à ce sujet, qui définit les six niveaux de dépendance qui conditionnent l’éligibilité à l’allocation personnalisée d’autonomie (APA) – pour les quatre premiers d’entre eux – et le montant de l’aide versée. 8. Voir fiche 4.
34 L’aide et l’action sociales en France > édition 2017 > DREES
L’opinion des Français envers les politiques publiques d’aide sociale part de l’activité de ce secteur (moins de 1 % des cotisations et des prestations versées). La prise en charge de la dépendance relève donc essentiellement de la puissance publique. De fait, les Français déclarent en majorité (61 %) vouloir que l’État et les pouvoirs publics prennent en charge le financement de la dépendance (tableau 2). À l’inverse, quatre Français sur dix jugent que la prise en charge financière des personnes âgées dépendantes devrait être du ressort des enfants ou des familles (27 %) ou des personnes âgées dépendantes elles-mêmes (12 %). La moitié d’entre eux souhaitent qu’une cotisation spécifique au financement de la dépendance soit créée. Toutefois, seulement un tiers (34 %) estiment que cette cotisation devrait être obligatoire pour tous, et 17 % qu’elle devrait l’être à partir d’un certain âge. L’autre moitié des personnes interrogées préfèrerait que la en charge du risque dépendance pèse seulement sur les personnes qui veulent bénéficier d’une aide pour y faire face (49 %). Moins d’un Français sur trois (29 %) souhaite que l’aide financière apportée aux personnes âgées dépendantes soit universelle, sans condition de ressources. Ce niveau est bien inférieur (-17 points) à celui des personnes se prononçant en faveur d’une aide universelle aux personnes handicapées. Une large majorité de Français préfère en effet réserver cette aide aux personnes dépendantes disposant de faibles revenus (71 %). La prestation spécifique dépendance (PSD), remplacée en 2002 par l’APA, était justement réservée aux personnes dont les revenus ne dépassaient pas un certain plafond. Elle était en outre récupérable sur succession 9. Actuellement, l’APA peut être versée à toutes les personnes dépendantes, mais avec des montants pouvant être fortement modulés en fonction des revenus10.
Tableau 2 Les opinions vis-à-vis des modalités de la prise en charge publique de la dépendance en 2015
Répartition en % Qui
doit
principal
ement prendre en charge financièrement les personnes âgées dépendant
es? L’État et les pouvoirs publics 61
Les enfants ou les familles des personnes âgées dépendantes
27
Les personnes âgées dépendantes elles-mêmes
, en
épargnant
ou souscriv
ant une assurance privée 12 Si on devait créer une cotisation spécifique pour être couvert au cas où l’on devienne dépendant, devrait-elle être... Obligatoire pour tous 34 Obligatoire, à partir d’un certain âge 17 Uniquement pour ceux qui le veulent 49 Une aide financière pour compenser les surcoûts liés à la dépendance des personnes âgées doit-elle être accordée......à toutes les personnes se trouvant dans cette situation, quel que soit leur niveau de revenu 29...uniquement aux personnes disposant de faibles revenus 71 Lecture > En 2015, 61 % des personnes interrogées pensent que « l’État et les pouvoirs publics » doivent en priorité prendre en charge financièrement les personnes âgées dépendantes. Champ >
Personne
s
habitant en France
m
étropolitaine
et
âg
ées de 18 ans ou plus. Les personnes qui ne se prononcent pas sont exclues du tableau. Source
> Baromètre d’
opinion
DREES
2015. 9. Les montants versés au titre de la PSD à la personne dépendante pouvaient être récupérés par les organismes de protection sociale au moment du décès de la personne. Pour ne pas pénaliser ses héritiers, une personne dépendante pouvait donc choisir de ne pas bénéficier de cette aide. Ce n’est plus le cas pour l’APA. 10. Les ménages les plus aisés voient néanmoins la moitié de leurs dépenses d’aide à domicile prises en charge par une réduction d’impôt (que ces dépenses soient couvertes ou non par l’APA) ; cette réduction est transformée en crédit d’impôt à compter de 2017, et bénéficiera donc dorénavant à l’ensemble des ménages.
L’aide et l’action sociales en France > édition 2017 > DREES 35 03. |
1220865_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Днестарски Кањон (украински: Дністровський каньйон) — кањон на реката Днестар кој се наоѓа во долината на истоимената река во Украина. На 3 февруари 2010 година, регионалниот парк на природата „Кањон Днестар“ бил промовиран во Национален парк на природата.
Топографија
Реката Днестар е втора по големина и еколошки незагадена река во Украина. Кањонот е дел од реката Днестар, со должина од 250 километри и се протега од устието на реката Золота Липа до устието на реката Збрух. Тука Днестар влегува во кањон чија длабочина варира од 80 до 200 метри. Во кањонот се сливаат и водите на тамошните водени резервоари. Длабочината во најдлабоките места изнесува околу 50 метри.
Падините на кањонот се стрмни и составени од варовник. Тој бил избран за еден од Седумте природни чуда на Украина (украински: Сім природніх чудес України).
Во кањонот има повеќе од десетина карстни пештери и гротла. Малите водопади, наречени „момини солзи“ се сливаат преку карпи покриени со дебел слој на мововидни растенија.
Пејзаж
Највредниот и најживописниот дел од целиот тек на реката Днестар е 250-километарскиот долг кањон кој се протега меѓу устијата на двете реки Золота Липа и Збрух. Природата на кањонот е специфична и оригинална. Рабовите на кањонот ги прават или карпести или пошумени падини, кои на места се високи и до 200 метри. На места има уникатни травертински карпи, геолошки ексфолијации, пештери и гротла, каде има и знаци за населување на праисториски луѓе. Низ кањонот се среќаваат прекрасни водопади, живописни острови и споменици на природата. Најубава е дивата и девствена природа втурната во светот на тишината и смиреноста.
Делови од кањонот
Во рамките на кањонот има делови кои се кањон во кањон. Таков дел е Днестерско-Беремјански кањон, кој се наоѓа меѓу селата Хубин-Беремјани-Хмелева. Неговата длабочина изнесува 200 метри, а ширината од 1–5 километри, и должина од 10 километри.
Заштита
Националниот парк на природата Днестарски Кањон бил основан со претседателската уредба 2010 и уредбата на Министерството за животна средина и природни ресурси на 12 декември 2011 година.
Туризам
Днестарскиот Кањон привлекува илјадници туристи секоја година.
Сплаварењето по реката Днестар е едно од најинтересните патувања низ Украина. Селата Исакив и Одаив, кои се наоѓаат во кањонот привлекуваат падобранци од Украина, Белорусија, Русија, Полска и Германија. Двапати годишно се одржуваат натпревари во падобранство за натпреварувачи од Украина, како и за меѓународни натпревари.
Наводи
Надворешни врски
Седум природни чуда на Украина: Днестарски Кањон
Днестарски Кањон (со фотографии)
Национален парк на природата Днестарски Кањон
Дністровський каньйон
Претседателски декрет за создавање на Националниот парк Днестарски Кањон
Паркови во Украина.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19978 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package kategory
import io.kotlintest.KTestJUnitRunner
import io.kotlintest.matchers.shouldBe
import io.kotlintest.matchers.shouldNotBe
import kategory.Failure
import kategory.Success
import kategory.laws.EqLaws
import org.junit.runner.RunWith
@RunWith(KTestJUnitRunner::class)
class TryTest : UnitSpec() {
init {
"instances can be resolved implicitly" {
functor<TryHK>() shouldNotBe null
applicative<TryHK>() shouldNotBe null
monad<TryHK>() shouldNotBe null
foldable<TryHK>() shouldNotBe null
traverse<TryHK>() shouldNotBe null
monadError<TryHK, Throwable>() shouldNotBe null
eq<Try<Int>>() shouldNotBe null
}
testLaws(
EqLaws.laws { Try { it } },
MonadErrorLaws.laws(Try.monadError(), Eq.any(), Eq.any()),
TraverseLaws.laws(Try.traverse(), Try.functor(), ::Success, Eq.any())
)
"invoke of any should be success" {
Try.invoke { 1 } shouldBe Success(1)
}
"invoke of exception should be failure" {
val ex = Exception()
Try.invoke { throw ex } shouldBe Failure<Any>(ex)
}
"filter evaluates predicate" {
val failure: Try<Int> = Failure(Exception())
Success(1).filter { true } shouldBe Success(1)
Success(1).filter { false } shouldBe Failure<Int>(TryException.PredicateException("Predicate does not hold for 1"))
failure.filter { true } shouldBe failure
failure.filter { false } shouldBe failure
}
"failed tries to swap" {
val ex = Exception()
val failure: Try<Int> = Failure(ex)
Success(1).failed() shouldBe Failure<Int>(TryException.UnsupportedOperationException("Success.failed"))
failure.failed() shouldBe Success(ex)
}
"fold should call left function on Failure" {
Failure<Int>(Exception()).fold({ 2 }, { 3 }) shouldBe 2
}
"fold should call right function on Success" {
Success(1).fold({ 2 }, { 3 }) shouldBe 3
}
"fold should call left function on Success with exception" {
Success(1).fold({ 2 }, { throw Exception() }) shouldBe 2
}
"getOrElse returns default if Failure" {
Success(1).getOrElse { 2 } shouldBe 1
Failure<Int>(Exception()).getOrElse { 2 } shouldBe 2
}
"recoverWith should modify Failure entity" {
Success(1).recoverWith { Failure<Int>(Exception()) } shouldBe Success(1)
Success(1).recoverWith { Success(2) } shouldBe Success(1)
Failure<Int>(Exception()).recoverWith { Success(2) } shouldBe Success(2)
}
"recover should modify Failure value" {
Success(1).recover { 2 } shouldBe Success(1)
Failure<Int>(Exception()).recover { 2 } shouldBe Success(2)
}
"transform applies left function for Success" {
Success(1).transform({ Success(2) }, { Success(3) }) shouldBe Success(2)
}
"transform applies right function for Failure" {
Failure<Int>(Exception()).transform({ Success(2) }, { Success(3) }) shouldBe Success(3)
}
"Cartesian builder should build products over homogeneous Try" {
Try.applicative().map(
Success("11th"),
Success("Doctor"),
Success("Who"),
{ (a, b, c) -> "$a $b $c" }) shouldBe Success("11th Doctor Who")
}
"Cartesian builder should build products over heterogeneous Try" {
Try.applicative().map(
Success(13),
Success("Doctor"),
Success(false),
{ (a, b, c) -> "${a}th $b is $c" }) shouldBe Success("13th Doctor is false")
}
data class DoctorNotFoundException(val msg: String) : Exception()
"Cartesian builder should build products over Failure Try" {
Try.applicative().map(
Success(13),
Failure<Boolean>(DoctorNotFoundException("13th Doctor is coming!")),
Success("Who"),
{ (a, b, c) -> "${a}th $b is $c" }) shouldBe Failure<String>(DoctorNotFoundException("13th Doctor is coming!"))
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19979 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | Time (s): 6.254619359970093
Number of evaluations: 12730582
Number of iterations: 938
Number of local search applications: 8704
Number of greedy solutions: 1200
Number of reemplacements in GADEGD: 5433
The solution has objective value 3744 .
The permutation is:
[12 22 3 11 16 9 6 13 20 23 18 5 2 15 17 0 8 7 24 1 21 14 19 10 4]
|
github_open_source_100_8_19980 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace JustShout\Gfs\Block\Adminhtml\System\Config;
use Magento\Config\Block\System\Config\Form\Field;
use Magento\Framework\Data\Form\Element\AbstractElement;
/**
* Header Title Block
*
* @package JustShout\Gfs
* @author JustShout <http://developer.justshoutgfs.com/>
* @copyright JustShout - 2019
*/
class Header extends Field
{
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*
* @var string
*/
protected $_template = 'JustShout_Gfs::system/config/header.phtml';
/**
* Element Label
*
* @var string
*/
protected $_label;
/**
* This method will render the gfs info block in the system config
*
* @param AbstractElement $element
*
* @return string
*/
public function render(AbstractElement $element)
{
$columns = $this->getRequest()->getParam('website') || $this->getRequest()->getParam('store') ? 5 : 4;
$this->setLabel($element->getLabel());
$html = $this->toHtml();
return $this->_decorateRowHtml($element, sprintf('<td colspan="%d">%s</td>',
$columns,
$html
));
}
/**
* Set label in header
*
* @param string $label
*
* @return $this
*/
public function setLabel($label)
{
$this->_label = $label;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get the label
*
* @return string
*/
public function getLabel()
{
return $this->_label;
}
}
|
GHPHQBFQQHCODVCOEODLBDF7OVSNB3RI_2 | German-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Grossich und Prof. P. Marcovich in Fiume folgendes Verfahren ( Pat. 47428 ) an. Ein aus reiner Leinen faser mit etwa 25 pt. reiner Baumwolle gewonnener Papier brei wird mittelst alkatischer Lösung , Alkohol oder dergleichen gereinigt und einer Temperatur von über 100 Grad Celsius ausgesetzt. Hierauf wird das Papier bei einer gleichen Tempe ratur gepret. , nach vollständiger Fertigstellung wiederholt einer Temperatur von 120 Grad Celsius ausgesetzt , sodann in Gly zerin , Baselin , Alkohol , Aether oder Chloroformlosung aufge weicht und mit Jodoform , Karbolsäure oder Sublimat imprägnirt. FÜR TAUBE. Eine Person , welche durch ein einfaches Mittel von 23jahriger Taubheit und Ohrengeranschen geheilt wurde. ist bereit eine Beschreibung desselben in deutecher Sprache allen Ansuchern gratis zu übersenden. Adr. : J. H. NICHOLSON , Wien IX , Kolingasse 4. ( 6509 Gummi Paris. Waaren = v. S. Fabrik. Reues Feinste Speeialitäten. Zollfr. Versandt durch W. H. Mielck , Frankfurt a. M. Ausführliche Special = Preisliste gegen 20 Pfg. Portoauslage. Dux = Bodenbacher Eisenbahn Silber = Prioritäten von 1871. Die nächste Ziehung findet am 1. Juli statt. Gegen den Coursverlust von ca. 7 pEt. bei der Ausloosung übernimmt das Bankhaus Carl Neuburger , Berlin , Frau = zösische Straße 13 , die Versicherung für eine Pramie von 10 Pfg. pro 100 Mark. Blitznadel. — Bei jeder Näharbeit lehrt die Erfahrung , daß der Widerstand , den die Nadel beim Durchstechen des Stoffes findet , in dem gleichen Maße zunimmt , in welchem sie in denselben eindringt. Besonders bei sehr dicken Stoffen steigert sich dieser Büderstand gegen das Ende des Stiches der art , daß der Druck des Fingerhutes kaum ausreicht , um die Nadel hindurch gelangen zu lassen ; disweilen bricht sogar bei ungeschickter Führung schließlich das Nadelohr ab. Um die be treffende Schwierigkeit zu beseitigen , ist von einer älteren deut schen Nahnadelfabrik , Georg Prinz u. Co. in Aachen , die Form der gewohnlichen Nahnadel in sinnreicher Weise verbessert wor den. Diese einfache und dabei vervollkommen zweckmäßige Neuerung beruht darauf , daß , während die gewöhnliche Nah nadel am Ohre gerade so stark wie in der Mitte ist , bei der ge setzlich geschützten Form der sog. Blitznadel der Schaft von der Spitze aus nur bis zur Mitte an Starke zunimmt , sich aber von da an bis zum Oehr wieder etwas verjüngt. Vermoge der spindelformigen Gestalt der neuen Nadel wird erreicht , daß dieselbe , wenn sie in Folge des mit dem Fingerhut ausgeubten Drucks den Stoff bis zur Mitte durchdrungen hat , fast von selbst vollends hindurchschlupft. KE Ein Arzt wird in der Nacht geweckt , damit er zu einem. zwei Meilen entfernt wohnenden Patienten hinausfahre. Nach einer muhsamen Reise gelaugt er erfroren und durchnäßt im Dorfe an und konstatirt eine unbedeutende Halsentzündung. Vor der Abreise übergiebt ihm der Hausherr als Honorar einen Papiergulden. Ohne seine Ueberraschung zu zeigen , fragte der Arzt : „ Konnten Sie mir nicht diesen Betrag in Kupfergeld geben ? “ „ Wozu brauchen Sie das , Herr Doktor ? " fragte der Hausherr. „ Damit ich es Ihnen an den Kopf werfen kann " , entgegnete der Arzt und bestieg eiligst den Wagen , der ihn wieder nach Hause brachte. * * * Raffinirt. Ein Vater giebt seinen beiden Söhnen , die eine Landpartie machen , eine gebratene Gans mit auf die Reise — für jeden eine halbe. Nach kurzer Zeit spürt Bruder Louis , der ein großer Esser ist , Hunger , lässt sich seine Hälfte geben und ißt sie auf. — Die Brüder kommen ins Nachtquartier und legen sich schlafen ; es dauert nicht lange , so bekommt Leuis wieder Hunger und mochte gern seinem Bruder die andere halbe Gaus wegessen. Er steht auf , sucht Alles durch , selbst das Bett , findet aber nichts. Nachsten Morgen sag : Louis zu seinem Bruder : „ David , ich muß Dir ein Geständniss machen. Denk ' Dir , ich wollte Dir in der Nacht Deine Gans wegessen — hab ' sie aber nicht gefunden. Sag mir nur , wo hast Du sie denn eigentlich hingesteckt ? Ich hab doch Alles durchsucht ! “ — David : „ Hab ' ich sie gesteckt in Deinen Ueberzieher ! “ * Professor X. — so erzählt man , hat , auf dem Lande bei einem braven Kohlbauer die Sommerfrische genießend , einen reizenden kleinen Bengel entdeckt und benutzte ihn als Model ! für eine seiner vielgesuchten Skizzen. Dal überascht ihn sein biederer Wirth und berrachtet ganz verblufft die Aehrlichkeit zwischen Bild und Wirktichkeit. — „ Ja so machen Sie das ! wendet er sich achsetzuckend an den Künstler. Na , aber sein Sie man ruhig “ , fahrt er gonnerhaft fort , „ ich sag ' s nich weiter ! “ „ * Immer nobel. Schauspieler ( einen früheren Kollegen bei einer Schmiere treffend ) : „ Freund , was thust Du hier bei dieser elenden Gesellschaft ? “ — Freund : „ Ich spiele hier meiner Erholung auf Sommerwohnung. “ * * Mißverstanden. Jette wird auf dem Compagnie = hall zu Kaisers Geburtstag von einem flonen Einjahrigen zum Tanze aufgefordert. Harmlos , unerfahren , was die Schnüre zu bedeuten haben , druckte sie ihm verstandnißinnig ihren Geld beutel in die Hand : „ Da , Grenadier ! “ — „ Nee , laß mau , Kindchen “ , wehrt der zukünftige Reservelieutenant ab. Jette wird still , dankt und weist alle ferneren Bemutungen des jungen Morssohnes eisig zurück. Ihrer Freundin aber offenbart sie : „ Scheen is er ja , siebste , aber det hab ' ick doch gleich jemerkt : der meint et nich ehrlich ! “ * * < space > * < space > SS Mittheilung ! Einem geehrten Kundenkreise zeige ich ergebenst an , daß ich das bisher von meinen Eltern geführte Schungeschaft übernommen habe und unter der früheren Firma 1. Geunrbach , Tuisburg , weiter betreiben werde. ( 6404 Es wird mein Bestreben sein , das dem Geschäft seither so reichlich zugewandte Wohlwollen demselben zu erhalten. Das Lager ist wieder in alter Weise ver vollständigt. Die aus dem Nachlasse meines Vaters noch vorräthigen Waaren verkaufe ich bedeutend unter Preis. Mülheims. SA KSTT „ Cässel = Coneurrenz ! Müser ’ s Malz Caffeemehl ersetzt den bisher theuren Caffee vollständig und ist weit wohl schmeckender , bekömmlicher und dabei billiger als das aus puren Kaffeebohnen bereitete Getrank. Dasselbe ist in rothweißen ½ Pfund Paketen zu 20 Pfg. in allen Kolomalwaaren = Hand lungen zu haben. ( 6526 Gustav Muser , Dampf = Getreiderosterei und Sugrogat = Fabrik. aller Länder zu mäß. Preisen , Rath gratis durch Haus Friedrich , Jugenteur und Patentanwalt , Dusseldorf Oststraße 72. ( 3093 Capitalien von Mt. 1000 bis 500 , 830 auf gute 1. Hypothek auf tängere Jahre feststehend oder auch mit Amortisation , auszuleihen durch das Hypotheken = Geschäft von Jak. Breuer , Köln , Karthauserwall 2a , am Seve einsthor. ( 1123 Achlung ! Taglich prima Hammelfleisch und Mastkalbsleisch dei Py. Philippe Ein junger Mann sucht in bürgerlicher Familie Logis mtt Betöstigung im Preise von crca 45 Mark. ( 6516 Offerten unter Nr. 6516 an die Expd. d. Big. erbeten Graue Haare * erhalten durch mein neues , garantirt unschädliches Haarfärbemittel die ursprüngliche Farbe wieder. Als bewährtes Präparat von Autoritäten anerkannt. Keine Depots. Nur direkt von Paul Juri , Dresden N , gegen Mk. 3 ( auch Brief marken ) oder Nachnahme von M. 50 portofrei zu beziehen. [ 5100 von getragenen Kleidungsstücken Moveln , Uhren , Gold = und Silbersachen und Pfandscheinen. Jean Boßmann vormals H. Sundorf. Deisburg , Mullergasse 1. 1 kleines Kallepterd wird auf sofort zu kaufen ges. Zu erst. in der Expedition. Große Anktion. Am Montag den 8. Juli und an den folgenden Tagen , jedesmal Nachmitt. 2 Uhr anfangend sollen im städtischen Leihhause die verfallenen Pfänder Nr. 4039 bis 5124 als : geldene Herren - und Damen Remontotruhren , silb. Uhren , Broschen , Ringe , Ohrunge. Kreuze , Medaislons , Haar ketten , goldene Ketten 2c. , ferner die Pfänder Nr. 19029 bis 24669 als : 5 Singer = Näh maschinen , eine große Parthie Buxkin , 8 Stück Leinen , 14 Stuck Handtuchgebild , 1 Stück Chiffon , 1 Stuck Halbleinen , 1 Stück Zanella , 9 feine Tischgedecke , Betttücher , Hand tücher , Tischtücher , Ueberzieher , Rocke , Hosen , Westen , Kleider. Mantel , Regenmäntel , Jacken , Shawls , Tücher , Kleiderstoffe , Betten , Kissen , Stiefel , Schuhe , u. s. w. ( 6519 öffentlich meistbietend geg. baare Zahlung verkauft werden. Pfand. geber können den etwaigen Ueberschuß spätestens 14 Tage nach dem Verkaufstermine auf der Leihhauskasse in Empfang nehmen. Duisburg , 20. Juni 1889 Der Oberbürgermeister Lebr. Sämmtliche Farsen trocken und in Oel gerieben. Firnisse und Siccative , Pinsel und Weißguasten , sowie gekochtes Leinoe ! empfiehlt derm. Aluks , Duisburg , Königsstraße. Krüchem richtet Tod und Verderben unter den Fliegen an und befreit so Menschen und Thiere von diesen lästigen und Gefahr bringenden Insekten. Für Menschen voll. standig gefahrlos ; ärztlich unter sucht. Beste Erfindung der Neu zeit. — Mit gleich wunderbarer Schnelligkeit rottet mau ( 6504 Schwäben , Motten , Küblen , Wanzen u. aus. Zu haben in Packeten à 10. 25 , 50 Pfg. bei Hermann Buchlot. Duisburg. Hamburger Kaffee. Fabrikat kraftig u. schön schmeckend versendet zu 60 Pfg. u. 80 Pfg. das Pfd. in Postkollis von 9 Pfd. an zollfrei ( 4975 August Andressen , Hamburg — LSt. Pauli. sogenannte Brillaut und Victoria bei weiiem über treffend , liefert unter Gar und auf Prode Magazin für u. Küchenbedarf. Fn eer gate diede Bltang Peses Nühnerange , Nernbars umd Warze wird In kürsester Zeit durch blossen Teberpinseln mit demröhml. bekausten , echten Apetheker Rastauer schen Aulimerengen geg # # # 69 P1. 4 schmerstes beseltigt. Cortes unt Flesche u Pleret * Ceatrat - Ver hauf durch die Krenen - Apetheke Berlin. , Pierdtcen 140. Bepat : Duisburg a allen 2772 Dregnerien Diasigegerst. Rang. v. 380 M. Pan ; Ohne Anz. à 15 1. monatl. Kostenfreie , 4 voch. Probesend. Fabrik Stern. Bertin. , Annenstr. 26. Verrachtungen von Gütern , Hotels , Restaurants u. fonstig. Etablissements , desgleich. Pachtgesuche , sowie Ca pital = Gesuche und leihungen publicirt man an besten und bikigsten durch die älteste Annoncen = Expedition Haaserstein & Vogler , Koln am Rh. , welche , wenn gewünscht , auf Grund näherer Angaben be züglich der Absatsung der Inserate und Auswahl geeignetsten Zei tungen den zuverlässignt. Rath ertheilt. Ein jgr. Kaufmann ( Sachse ) sucht frdl. möbl. Zimmer mit od. ohne Pension. Gefl. Off. mit Preisang. u. M. L. 39 postl. Duisburg. In einem anständigen bürgerl. Hause finden einige junge Leute Rost und Näh. in der Exp. ( 6513 Straßenbahn Luisburg - Mouning - Preich. Route Duisburg = Breich Täglich ab Duisburg = Kuhthor bis Broich :. 10. 50 10. 30 12. 10. 50. 40. 30. 20. 10. —. 50. 40 Extra ab Duisburg Montag , Mittwoch und Sounabend bis Monning :. 15. 05. 55. 45. 35. 25. 15. 05 Extra ab Duisburg an Sonntagen bis Broich :. —. 40 11. 20. —. 15. 05. 55. 45. 35. 25. 15. 05 Route Broich = Duisburg. Täglich ab Breich bis Duisburg :. 03. 43 11. 23. 03. 43. 33. 23. 13. 03. 53. 43. 33 Extra ad Monning Montag , Mutwoch und Sonnabend bis Duisburg :. 38. 28. 18. 08. 58. 48. 38. 28 Extra ab Broich an Sonntagen bis Duisburg :. 53 10. 33 12. 13. 53. 08. 58. 48 538. 28. 18. 08. 58 Straßenbahn Zuisburg - Ruhrort. Duisdurg ab von Morg. 45 bis. — Abends viertetstündlich ein Wagen ; von. — bis. 30 Abends halbständlich ein Wagen 77 Ruhrort ab von Morgens. 30 bis. Männer feiert an Bonntag den 30. Ju den 1. Juli sein im Lokale des Herm A. Lackmann in Düsfern am Kaiserberg. Sonntag den 30. Juni , Nachmittags 4 Uhr : Pokal - und Insrumental - Coucert unter gütiger Mitwirkung mehrerer hiefiger und aus. wärtiger Vereine und der Kapelle des Herrn F. Röder. Entré à Person 25 Pfg. Abends 8 Uhr : Krde e geführte Zutritt. Montag den 1. Juli , Vormittags 10 Uhr : Gemütbliches Zusammensein der Vereinsmitglieder im Festlekale. Nachmittags 4 Uhr : □ Kaffer - Kränzchen. Heinr. Messmann Petersthal 12 Duisburg Petersthal 12 *. In Vertretung der Firma Heinrich # # Nielmann , Nuhrort , unterhalte ein grosses Lager Uhren # c in Gold , Silber und Nickel M. 15 — 800 sowie dazu passende Ketten u. Anhängsel , Wecker v. M. — 20. Pendulen v. M. 25 — 900. Soid = , Silber = und alsentdewaaren , sovie sämmtl. Fili eran - Artikel liefere zu billigsten Kon 3 kurrenz = Preisen. Cranaten u. Korallen als : Brochen , Ohrgehange , Armbänder , Halsketten u. Ringe in größ. Auswahl staunend billig. Diamanten u. Ortllauten können nach Bestellung in kürzester Zeit geliefert , sowie Muster zur Auswahl zu gestellt werden. Brochennadeln werden zu 15 Pf. p. angemacht. — Vorsteh. Artikel werden auch gegen Theil u. Ratenzahlungen nach Uebereinkunft abgegeben. — Reparaturwerkstatt im Hause. — Zu Besuchen mit Muster = Auswahl bin jeder Zeit gerne bereit , auch nach Auswärts. Heinr. Messmann Petersthal 12 Duisburg Petersthal 12 v. 148. — Duisburger Cageblatt und General = Anzeiger. 29. Juni. Neueste Tuchmuster Franko an Jedermann Neueste Tuchmuster Franko Neueste Tuchmuster Franko an Jedermann an Jedermann. Ich versende an Jedermann , der sich per Postkarte meine Collektion bestellt , franko eine reichhaltige Kuswohl der neuesten Muster für Herren = Anzuge , Ueberzieher , Joppen und Regenmäntel , ferner Proden von Jagdstoffen , forstgrauen Tuchen , Feuerwehr tuchen , Billard = , Chaisen = und Livree = Tuchen 2c. 2. und liefere nach ganz Nord = und Süddeutschland Alles sranko ins Haus — jedes beliebige Maaß , selbst für einzelne Kleidungsstücke — zu Original = Fabeckpreisen , unter Garantie für mustergetreue Waare. Ich versende zum Betspiel : Stoffe zu einem dauerhaften , modernen Buckskin = Anzug schon von Mark. 30 an Stoffe zu einem guten , schwarzen Tuch Anzuge schon von Mark. —. an , Stoffe zu einem eleganten , modernen Gebrock schon von Mark. 50 un , Stoffe zu einer dauerhaften , guten Buchskin = Hose schon von Mark. 90 an. 1997 Stoffe zu einem eleganten , modernen Ueberzieher schon von Mark. — an , Stoffe zu einer guten , haltbaren Joppe schon von Mark. 50 an zu den hochseinsten , elegantesten Geures , Alles franko zu Fabrikpreisen. — Leute , welchen an Ort und Stelle nur wenig günstige Kaufsgelegenheit geboten ist , oder solche , welche unabhängig davon sind , wo sie ihr Einkäufe machen , kaufem am vor theilhaftesten und billigsten in meinem Magazine , denn nicht allein , daß ich Alles franko ins Haus liesere , dietet mein Etablisse ment Jedermann den Vortheil , auch im Kleinen zu Fabrikpreisen zu kausen und sich seinen Bedarf aus ernem außerordentlich reichhaltigen und mit allen Neuheiten der Saison ausgestatteten Lager , ohne jede Beeinflussung mit Ruhe zu Hause auswählen zu können. — Ich führe grundsätzlich nur bewährte , gute Qualitäten , halte streug auf Reellität und garantire für mustergetreue Waare. Es lohnt sich gewiß der Mühe sich durch eine Postkarte meine Muster zu bestellen , um sich von der ganz besonderen Leistungsfähigkeit meines Etablissements zu überzeugen und stehen die Proben auf Verlangen Jedermann gerne franko zu Dbenster. Ammerbacher , Tabrik = Depot Angsburg. Wiesbadener. Köchbrunnen - Quelr Salz ein reines Naturprodukt unter amtlicher Contreie hergestellt und Erztlich allgemein empfehlen und vererdnet als bestes und schnell wirksamstes Beseiti gungsmittel bei Verdauungs - u. Ernährungs beschwerden , Darm - u. Magenleiden aller Art. Ebenso von eminent heilkräftiger Wirkung bei Catarrben der Luftröhre und der Lunge : bei Husten , Heiserkeit , Schleim auswurl u. a. w. und , in Folge seines HOTIEN EITTHONGEKAETES Für Hanoler Lekenomen ! Gesunde , grobe 10nn per Ctr. Mk. 4,25 bei Entnahme von 18 Centnern , per Ctr. Mk. 4 bei Entnahme von 50 Centnern für auswärtige Rechnung ab zugeben. ( 6322 Ferd. Faver , Abtheilung für Getreide Spedition. gichtischen und rheumatischen Leiden. Ein Glas Kochbrunnen - Quell - Salz eatspricht dem Salzgehalt und demeatsprechend der Wirkung von etwa 85 — 40 Schechtelhtrssrte Anderer Brangen. Preis per Glas 2 Mk. ( Nur ächt wenn in Gläsern wie nebenstehende Abbildung. ) Käuflich in den Apotbeken und Mineral : Wasser = Handlungen 2c. Zuntz à Mlk. 90 ,. 80 ,. 70 per Pfd. unübertreffen. in Arema , Kraft und wehlgeschmack. In Duisburg bei : L. Lilienfeld , Gg. Kristen , Kondit. , Wwe. Gust. Keschel , Jeh. Liedtke. ( 6303 A. Zuntz sel. Wwe. , Königl. Hef. , Dampf - Kaffee - Brennerei is Bonn und Berlin. Druchbauder s bester Konstruktion , in allen Formen und Großen werden. auch auf briefliche Bestellung , jedem einzelnen Falle ent sprechend , geliefert. Brochüre : Die Unterleibsbrüche und ihre Heilung gratis. Professor Kargacin aus Novi bei Fiume ( Oesterreich ) schreibt : „ Die Bandage ist ein Meisterstück u. zu meiner vollständigen Zufriedenheit aus gefallen. Dieselbesitzt ausgezeichnet , macht mir keine Beschwerden und hält den Bauch , trotz seiner Große , vollkommen zurück. Ich bin Ihnen umsomehr verpflichtet , da ich früher nie ein Band erhalten konnte , welches eine Zurückhaltung bewirkte ! Annahme von Bandazen - Bestellungen in Duisburg : Jean Bienen ' s Gasthof am 13. jeden Monats von 8 Uhr Vorm. bis 12½ Uhr Nachm. Man adressire : An die Heilanstalt für Gruchleiden iu Stuttgart , Allernstr. 11. biligtes Duisburg ' s und Schuh - Geschäft Beekstraße 29 empfiehlt ( 5707 Knabenstrohhüte von 50 Pfeunige an , Herrenstrohhute mit gradem Rand und breitem Band v. 1 Mtt. Herrenfilzhüte von 2 Mark an. Arbeitsmützen von 50 Pfg. an , Sonnenschirme von. 50 Mark an. Nur neue , schöne , gute Waaren an , Alten und Jungen Mänsern wint die saoben in neser vermahrter Auflage eischenene Schriß des Med. Rath Dr. Müller über des gestate Cfeuen - und erpie derern mdimle Hellung um be lehrung dungend Prais inel. Bosendung untnr Orwr. 1 M. Eduard Bendt , Braunschweig. 1 118 % sr 8 Ein Hotter SeimartCart eswie Vollbart werden am echnellsten und schersten unter Garantie erzeugt durch Panl Roeacis Für die Haut völlig anschadlich. Ver discret , auch gegen Nachnahme. Per Dose. 50 Mk. Zu haben in Deisburg bei B. Bönncken , Weinbsssmarkt. Original - Austackes - Balsam. Albert Montel , Duisburgem Bahnhof , empfiehlt sich im Einbinden von Büchern , 4 Einrahmen von Bildern u. Brautkränzen standfrei. Großes Lager in Sold = u Politurleisten Billigste Preise. Spezialität : Asphaltlack , Bernsteinlack , Cepallack , Dammarlack , Sarglack , Spirituslack , Standöl , Sieeatif , Leinöl , Terpentinöl , Holzbeizen , Streichpolitur , Bleiweise , Zinkweise , Kreide , Gyp3. Bunte Farben , Erdfarben , Kölner Leim , Schellack , Bimstein , Broncen , Pinsel , Schwämme , enpüchlt Herm. Buchloh. den 29. Juni 1889. Nr. 147 — 3. Blatt Insertions - Preis : Anzeigen die 6gespalt. Vorgiszeile oder deren Raum 18 Pf. Nanoneen anderhell unseres Verdreitungs kreises stammend 20 Abonnemend. ecd pro Monat 50 Pf. frei in das Haus gebracht ; durch die Post bezogen pre Quartal Mt. 50. Eingetragen unter Nr. 1676 des Postkatalogs Ruhrort. speldorf Broich Huckingen , Großendaum , Rahm , Ebingen , Angermund , Mündelheim. Kaiserswerth , Wanheim. e : # # # S iten Sterkrade — Milheim o d N. Heißen Sedönebeck Winkhausen. Ful Verbreitungsbezirk : Duisburg Stadt und Land , #. # # # e Meiderich , Laar , Fühlenfeld , Stockum , Beeck , Hamborn , Aldenrade , Dmstaten , Hollen , Serrikabt. schonereu , Wallhäusen , Fulerum , Dinmnpter , Malhenn u. v. , Heißen , m. Siertlabs — Mulhun u. v. , Beißen , Schoncreu , Winkhausen. I1 Homberg , Hochheide , Moers , Hochemmerich , Baerl , Orsoy , Uerdingen , Rheinhausen , Budberz , Styrum , Saarn , Mintard. Lintorf , Kettwig , Oderhausen , Alstaden , Lirich. Osterfeld. gbrbiich Samstag angreisen. — Dr. Peters landete in Kwilo , von Lamu , und märschint in das Jeland. seine Erledigung nicht fände. Im letzteren Falle würde eden die deutsche Reichsregierung sich kaum vertreten lassen. Es ist aber von großem Werth daß gerade das industriereiche und „ - opem Getlg , dap geruse dus kkbasttlltig = und einflußreiche Deutschland an einem solchen Tage theilnimmt. Auch insofern darf man nur sehr mäßige Hoffnungen auf das Ergedniß der Bemuhungen des Bundesrathes um den Abschluß einer internationalen Konvention hegen , als leider die großeren Staaten , welche bisher die Theilnahme erklärt haben , nichts von der Regelung der Kinderarbeit , der Frauenarbeit und Sonntags arbeit scheinen wissen zu wollen. Und doch wären dies gerade die wichtigsten Gebiete für den Abschluß einer Uedereinkunft. — Auch die Bochumer Handelskammer hat sich in ihrer schon gekennzeichneten jüngsten Sitzung mit dem Ar beiterausstande im rheinisch = westfklischen Industriebezirk beschaf Rheinland = Westfalen. * Düffeldorf , 28. Juni. Der Arbeiter Alberl S. meldete sich vor einiger Zeit krauk und erhielt Unterstützung durch die Ortskrankenkasse. Das Geld verkrank er in Schnaps. während er die ihm verschriebene schüttete. Die Krankenkassenverwattung eiben Kenntniß und leitete gegen denselben die Unterfuchung ein. G. wurhe kem „ T. “ zufolge vom Schöffengericht zu 10 Tagen Gefängniß verurtheilt. * Köln , 28. Juni. Im Kaisergarten , dem Internationalen Ausstellung für Hausbedarf und Nahrungs mittel , herrschte dieser Tage ein sehr rages Leben. Mit großer Spannung sah man dem Versuche eines Abftiegs mit Fall schirm , welcher an dem Drahtseil des gefesselten Luftschiffes Hohenzollern ausgeführt werden sollte , entgegen. Rochdem gegen 6 Uhr hoch in der Lust die angebrachten tungen einer Probe unterzogen worden waren , stieg eine Biertel stunde sotter der gefesselte Ballon abermals auf 400 Meter in die Höhe , worauf der kühne Luftschiffer , an Stricken wohl de festigt , aus der Gondel herauskleiterte. Dann wurde der Fallz schirm zurecht gewocht welcher anscheinend nur aud einent großen Leinwandtuch bestand , an dessen Rande eine Anzahl Stricke in geeigneter Weise befestigt waren. Plotzlich wurde der Apparat von der Gondet abgestoßen , schnell siel er etwa 30 Meter hinab , dann sing der Schirm die Luft auf , brettete sich weit aus und nun schwebte der Mann mit seinem Schirm sanft hernieder. Großer Schrecken ergriff die Zuschauer , als man merkte , daß der Abstieg nicht am Drahtseil , sondern frei in der Luft von statten ging , und die Angst steigerte sich noch , als der Wind den Fallschirm über den Rhein trieb. In der That waren noch keine zwei Minuten verflossen , als der Luftfahrer mit seinem Schirme vor dem Kurfürsten = Garten in den Strom sank. Doch der Luftschiffer schien auch im Wasser sich gut zu recht zu finden ; platt legte er sich auf den Rücken und schwamm den Rhein hinab bis er mit sammt seinem Fallschirme von einem Mulheimer Dampfboote aufgenommen wurde. Die Angst der Zuschauer verwandelte sich aber bald in ungezwungene Heiterkeit , als der ganze Vorfas als ein Scherz der Aus stellungs = Direktion sich herausstellte ; der kühne Luftschiffer war namlich nichts auderes als eine — lebensgroße Puppe. * Bonn , 26. Juni. Ein Verbrecher = Kleeblat : nahm die Anklegebank im hiesigen Schwurgerichtssaale ein. Der achtundzwanzigjährige Schlosser Heydelmeyer aus Koblenz , der in der westdeutschen Verbrecherweit unter dem Spitznarten „ Nieres " bekannt. Schuster Hirschen aus Trier , 27 Jahre , und der zweiundvierzigjährige Landstreicher Gerhard Keitz aus Nieder mendig. Keitz hat wegen Straßenraubes bereits fünf Jahre und wegen Brandstiftung vier Jahre im Zuchhaus verbracht. Hirschen ist zwanzig Mal , Heydelmeyer vierundzwanzig Mal vorbestraft. Die Angeklagten hatten in vorigen Sommer in der Besserungsanstalt zu Brauweiler Freundschaft geschlossen und zo gen von ihrer Entlassung an beitelnd und stehlend durch ' s Land. September und Oktober vorigen Jahres lebten sie in einer Herderge in dem nahegelegenen rechtsrheinischen Dorse Ober dollendorf , indem sie ihren Unterhalt durch die Erträgnisse ge meinschaftlicher „ Ausfluge " bestritten. In der Nacht zum 2. Oktober zogen sie nach Godesberg , schlugen don zuerst einen ihnen begegnenden Lithographen zu Boden , dem sie Uhr mit Kette und Notizbuch abnahmen , und überfielen dann einen arg les des Weges kommenden ältern Herrn , der sein Portemsnndie mit 10 Mark und seinen Hut ir den Händen der nichtswürdigen Schurken lassen mußte. Durch die Schwatzhaftigkeit eines Frauen zimmers , welches sich lange Zeit mit dem Hirschen herumtrieb , kamen die Raubthaten an ' s Licht. Das Gericht verurtheilte den Heydelmeyer , als den Anführer der Bande , zu zwolf , zu acht und Keitz zu sünf Jahren Zuchthaus. * Bonn , 27. Juni. Eine schöne Geschichte berichtet man der „ Köln. Zig. “ aus Vonn : Ein dortiger Reitlehrer machte im vorigen Sommer in Begleitung von zwei Damen dungen über die Avsichten der serbischen Regierung betreffs des Abschlusses einer serbisch = russischen Konvention seien von der serdischen Regierung auf das bestimmteste abgeleugnet worden. Die in der Thronrede erwähnten Versicherungen der serbischen Regierung seien schriftlich gekommen ; er daue darauf , daß die letztere ihre bisherige freundnachbarliche Politik nicht aufgeben würde. Bulgarien habe das ihm in der Thronrede gespendete Lod verdient ; es sei jedoch nicht jetzt die Leit , die bulgarische Frage durch eine einseitige und voreilige Anerkennung des Fürsten heraufzubeschworen. Oesterreich sei jedoch bereit , dieser Anerkennung morgen beizutreteu , wenn im Sinne des Berliner Vertrages die einstimmige Auerkennung der Mächte in Aussichl stehe. Gegenüber dem Adg. Horvath bemerkte Redner , daß die Regierung unschuldig daran sei , wenn der Handelsvertrag mit Rumanien nicht zu Stande kam ; er wurde wunschen , daß die würde. Man müsse sehr versichtig sein , um das seit Jahren bestehende Mißtrauen in den Balkanländern zu zerstoren. Alle Kriegsbefürchtungen seien übertrieben und er würde niemals die Verantwortung für eine vorzeitige Herbeiführung eines Krieges übernehmen. Rom , 28. Juni. Aus Tunis wird gemeldet : „ Die fran zösische Polizei durchsuchte italienische Schiffe auf Schmuggler waare und beleidigte dabei die italienische Flagge sowie den italienischen Konsul. Der Zwischenfall soll bereits Gegenstand diplomatischer Verhandlungen sein. “ Kruschewatz , 28. Juni. Der König Alexander ist hier eingetroffen und wurde sturmisch begrupt. Am Eingange der Stadt überreichte ihm der Bürgermeister Salz und Brod , wobei er betonte , die Dynastie Ovunowitsch sei von dem Volke unzer trenndar ; Fier Sntben immetoul # rcrint bleiden. Der junge 1b. mi. Das Kriminalgericht hat den Herrn Max Bewer , zu acht ü er den Literarhistoriker Dr. Georg Brandes zu einem Pistolenduell gefordert hatte. Mochte dieses Urtheil recht dald in Deutschland Nachahmung finden , damit dem Duellunjuge ein E Brusse ! , 28. Juni. Bei Cincy. ein Eisendahnunfell statt. geriammer. Wastington , 28. Juni. sen worden. Derseibe vertrat soeben sein Land bei der Konserenz „ „ Sansbar , 28. Juni. , Lippa Tip ' s kommen ; er zu kaufen. will also einfach die Theilung der Schweiz , ein Gedanke , der angesichts der Vertrage , des Volkerrechts und der ganzen politi schen Lage als ungeheuerlich bezeichnet werden muß. In der Schweiz hat man längst den Verdacht gehabt , der ganze Streit sei das Ergebniß geheimer Abmachungen zwischen Deutschland und Italien bei dem Berliner Besuche Konig Humberts. Ohne Zweisel ist diese Vermuthung ganz unbegrundet. Aber sie muß neue Nahrung durch so abgeschmackte Erorterungen eines offizios von Berlin bedienten Blattes erhalten. — Die „ Züricher Post “ bemerkt zu dem bereits veroffent lichten Briefe einer Zuricher Firma , die ihren deutschen Geschaftsfreunden die bisherigen Beziehungen aufkundigt , Fol gendes : „ Dieses Vorgehen der Züricher Firma ist kein verein zeltes und entspricht einem berechtigten , in allen Kreisen unseres Volkes herrschenden Gefuhl des Unwillens. Aber wir mochten bitten , diesen Unwillen nicht an eine falsche Adresse zu richten und dadurch ebenfalls ungerecht zu werden. Die Deutschen in der Schweiz haben sofort in würdiger Weise gegen die nichtsnutzigen Anklagen der „ Nordd. Allg. Zig. " und beide wurden immerdar verein bleiden. Konig stieg im Gymnasialgedäude # #. Kopenbagen , 28. Korrespondenten der „ Koln. Zig. tägiger Gefangnißstrafe verurtheitt , weil Dr. Georg Brandes zu Ende gemacht werde. Provinz Namur , fand Die Maschiue und 15 Wagen sind William Walter Phelps ist Gesandten der Vereinigten Siaaten in Berlin ernannt Land bei der Samoa sohn ist ange brachte kaum genugend Elsenbein , um Ledensmittel Er ließ einen groperen Theil seiner Karawane in nruck , wohin er in wenigen Monaten zuruckzukehren um seines Vaters Ankunft zu erwarten. Nr. 148. guesß eritens der bnden gurichte u u 0 durch auen u. worden sein. Di. zehenden Arbeiter herbeigefuhrt bestach durch das Pmnadue für den lezien Unstand wrnde Veritermn von ihrer Ouebeparge. Jusnik das den beden Te aine i — gering Gehgr. Die Strase wurde in Zoige deisen in grtinge Gelbstlafe umgewandelt. — Und diesen höchst Sein , Dug ; geng ucd ie Justpslage mnserer Zeit giebi die der Tierde durch aiuen Kommentar. Also weil des Scheuen # anen Angriff der Arbeiter hervorgenusen sein haben , „ geringe Geldstrafe " dafür am ie icn Bsign e s. 27. Juni. Eimn vielbesuchter Aussichtspurkt Den shein de cher Der Runddlick von hier aus auf auch bei Somen = Aafe und der That eiu grobariger , naventich Untergang , und man wundert sich ganz verenzell besach war bieder bot nicht belanut und nur neu erbauten Restourationshause , Paposteinen turzich chemaligen Balang. Eine unternehanueu aar Rühlenbesizers , jetigen. ; Juni. Der Prozeß des früheren viertehnige # # # Veiermannes Lanz ist trog Belammlich find Pabrnd 3. uoch inmer nicht berudet. den Gewahsam des Vonner Lagh Gugzten ds Vrzese ans schpunden , ohne wieder zum Vorsche daude Atentüibe ver kom Lang wieder in den Bestz i koumen , Kurzith Brieschasten , welche sei 1885 garzegdeu fur ihu wichuge dessen auch bei der iin 1adu viescgwunden waren und in Folge vorgelegen haben solen. Gerade diese Brgich Bedentung für die Höhe der dem Lang uiu utch ben bgung , weiche auf 21. 00 N. fesgesene estenstese angeie Gruad Bicg , Unhane P aidst ohzuwarten. — De türs zu verantwonten. Behose bad ; sund des Mili der Angelagte bewesen wil. d ven Veugen , burch Patiot und an Freund dea Wag “ , dos er beis en ein Ausfluß der E. — — Deimart , und die Neußerung nur steze geusen , Briche de Sache vertag. von vinr Wi Licenri = Geschafte, , Nach einem Unwoblsein v # um. Suuigen Tagen murde 9t “ : Rach einen. — —. bicherweise mur bele di Wetur ver junge Mann von der gluck. # eren auftretenden gefährlichen Genickstarre an der Ecde der Kengstlage , emn einen berngen Eiertandter gechilten Koches uns sich wost der Boden Ein in der Nähe wohgender Thertena. daschz bese kostete und u — schendere Aucgen woscen zu lasen ; üer sergsen das Maul ab un. — Jur Eigenthümer wicht Enge wieder zurdc. — — — ses sch denn mit seinem Died Sohn eines Weichenstellers So nnenstiche besellen. Pag uu irnien Sede ven der Tes # n # e befallen. Ruch eimer Viertelstunde bereits trat des Mengers D. der ein gebrochen Summe von 400 Mark entwendel. Der Diebstahl ist ui srech darste jedacz der Fall sein , daß in der Nch v : Wäukter , 28. Juni. Am Morgen der Nahe der Zeche „ Genetal Blumenthal auf Posten , als plötzlich sich muhernden Leuten auf in geschoffe 8019 eunt ausgeschiche Patrouste machte die beide ,. i — Senung gsenert hanten dmatest. Es uurentend Detsbarger Lögeblott und Genenol - Angeiger. pernad , un bei feinen Jonk : vom Rasfahren. auf die Sachgtagten der Sluchzt nocz mehrmals H leute Bremer und Crowins — — P. “ waten die Berg. an Stück erseiglos geb ' edenen ut = c ; besen bieses zum Gtuck erfelgn uiuasen , welche wegen iun der züuigsten Stzung der besigen 2 , sgwichen hebertalt e ür Ptes wucde kurzich Wbends gegen 10 Ube uederreschung Scweim wotnenden drei Freisem u un der : Sede ve her vernahnen die Ahnungslo. eit. Son der Binnern. Veim Nachseben seanden gich an Pellauss Hauschure legend ein dicht eingebalten nach erst 2 bis 3 Wochen alt. Eine lere Rich neben. Die milleidigen Damen nahmen. 8 Wesen ins Haus und unter scleuuige -. uutih bos Buliese aus der Nachdarschaft , weiche : vnztzetung ainer Fras aer „ Wümen brser bandte lichen u uu i ie worden. Vorlaufig wird das kleine Madel ein Stück bei den drei Schwestern verleden , o5. : Pu 886 = 99 Sichesegen Dauen uch femerchin inr dern us die allen us hie Liner Fastage Feen in Anspruch , Derselbe haue nach Aubsage am 2 zli 1839 seine — — geim Gluck in der Fremde zu suchen. Trotzsem er fast liche Erdtheile besucht hatte , war ihm dennoch das Glück nicht lingere Eesprechung u wrichemn die Gersahe. neuen Sports beleuchtet werden. se K as bas hoße Bwsitcd ung p. die Sriahen baurist. zutraut , das mon mit ein. , aan die allergrößte Heimtücke so , wie der Wilde , der u. gewisen Scheu betrachict , ungefähr beausen sett , und debald druch Mae aue Eisenbahn vorten. , mit ollzech früigen Uchele deag auun dder ien gevter Spen den mniglichten Gesahren Krustuag aud die Baittente 66 kenmensperiher Osentzeit darauf hinpesen Sielle aus Ir. med. Outo Ranns Briszo : 2a8 uschichende „ Das hohe Zweitad poß. —. Satrad “ : durfnisse jAngerer Leute , weiche die u du ventichen Ve Pandscheit beigen und weiche Dur a uide bernckite Gr und Vergnugungstouren als gubrad mehr zum Sport wollen. Eine Gefahr läßz vo , grschaftlichen Reisen denugen hoben Zweirades nicht w. auerdings dei Venutzung des GBesahr enich Stuzes , besondeng u die Kris vorkandene Ee kamn nicht geleagnt weden der e berichigten Kophurget. Die sch bei den boben Zustradern u Soige Bbreier Verihur. meiden lassen , ganz bedentende Verie u Sot peiden ver loennen Wanen : Gleichwott tert die e deu ier Sottert vor vertliche Geschichte meish von Wder amp ; erschrung , dat de te füir den Geltlrnten begzselet a. auuden bemisten Soiher Dretade augzeschosen , Daß aucd ien ue unde bnn und doß die Gegner des Sports der uien Stnhe bertounen , sagen , aus agener Erfaebug. Tudeu “ ; uir De Kut gern , aber das beweist. aunen ternien , Jlauben wir daß die beteffenden nach eungen du : Sache uchit , wott abr , suchen die Fiute ine Nom geworten u ueschichen Ler mit dem Bade ausgeschuntet haben. 0 “ darzuthan , Die vorhandenen Vorurthels Sct gegnenschen Veweistgennde auf ihr nchtige D u genüigt nicht alein , denn nöcht den de. uud brtichtüiten , dessen Vortbele mon in Beir — dorper it es der Geist , von R nuicht der lete wicher u sechen bat. Der Rodtohr bringt. Auch it ane gute Per viguende Wirtugen Kervor bidung und wers kunen kernen Stucher , ader sicht damal , er muß ausdonern — gnügen was eine erstere Seie in sch Ser Kt. bas der haulengenden Zerstreur ucd ichicht uus nicht alen Korer venweichicht und eschast. udt , weiche Gest un der Predigrichser au Zweig dieikes Sports nehnen , der abseits sein eigener Richter sein soll : das find die Erholungs und unserer Zeit der Stablschernaen , dde dder Dri = Rade. Ju ausgesponnen haben , tritt die Poesie der Natur , immer mehr zurück. Die Fußreisen ! könnt gegnen ; sa , die Faßrasen , die fud — uue vor eut wan die Bahn benugen , und dann it der Geist — — Resetzalgier , Pmanusgant un de write Wla. Bahn nicht hinfuhrt , da rennt das Fahrrad wit :. Gehorsom an , der ihm befohlenen a u uu uuer gleichen dann verweilt man , ' s niche schon. 0 warten braucht wan auch nienals. Früh Morgens Vöstermn , um andere Pieder zu beglicken uum von vernden Uebernachtigte Gesichter , aus der Schauke heimkehrend , sehen im blicken sie den finken Stahlreitern nach. Draukey die Natur zum Empfande dmuckt sich dem ersen Sonnenkase enigegen. Sonne. Der Morgenwind säuselt und kost : Frei ist die Welt ! dann übermannt es auch den Sportsman , den Lustfahrer , und wbe a2 grüßt auch er den jungen , heiteren Tag mit fröhlichen gen werden erweitert , das Urheil gereiser Du Auschouun , larer auf den Lebensweg , der m vielen Füllen nur darum hierin liegt das Erziehliche eines Liebhabers des Sports. sind alln 10 758 Bundesmitgleder in verschiedenen durchlousen aaer , Back Leche „ Strecde in 4 Minuten beauen e ee. aus ; isen mietungen brateuen Auurn rubig sagen : Der Nadsahrivon i dar nuog “ sreitung zu faden. wentz , de weiche Ver humseck der „ Turner = Vezeig. be den Feien des gnannten Verans — Muur aumerische Grst , der solchen Festen uud un P r ganz und vol zu Gelung , Fremnd. Sest werden doter auch uicht verehien. ue dur die Thathurt und 30 Jui in den Rdumen der „ Schszenturg. den dietjahnigen Schautumnfeste der Turner = cers wohnen zu volen. Las Vragrang Sargfalt antgeselt. Bei dau Seiaun gen der der Vereingung H auuen graden lichen. neten musikelischen Leishtungenun zumc , den altgeeh Bechamer Aaduischen Lapelle und u — den ur Nemmingdonstschen Brauerti wich dv. Neisch des kaum ewas zu wünschen u u. —. — — Sestod woht mitag dot die „ Tumery ; ueng lassen. Für Montag Ratz , nach der Moning geplant. nen Kuchug mi Dame 2. Aaiheur , A ah uia. ansale an Sonuag den 30 d. M. 24 , Ronag dan ! im reizend am Fuße der Männer = Gesangverein „ Helvetia “ es Kaiserberges gelegenen Lokale des Herrn # # # eeme Lüssern. Der Verein dat zu diesen den besachenden Gasten Jswcht burch aies autebdten , un auswariger tüchtiger Gesangeskräbe au. Vorahrung Ssener vie Männergesanges zu bieten. Unger Bud des benier aber fnden nach dem Konzert Gelazenhel Klängen der Roderscher Kapele ihrer Tanzlust volauf 97 Verein einen zahlreichen Besuch wünschen. den sungine. Derseide haute den. Sc 3ie Bauge eid bis zu den Worten : „ und nichts hinzusetzen werde " nach werde. — Zeuge : Gepeßz net. und nichts birzusezen geschnedhener Farn , Bauge entlich nuach und legt den 6d un vur. deul. ich washe den dal de gauf Ju : Je. dür Bast gad er Ihnen anen Thaier ye Ddaier bor. — Boc, : Borstr ich mit och en pour Kae loof. Vors. : Wos wurde denn geswpett ? — Zeuge : “ vier. — Vors. : 93 : " Gruge : Siebezehn Zeuge : So vin aut viel Karen betomut denn Jeder “ denn genug2 —. Fang w =. — Berz : Wamn havm Sie Varien Jeuge : Wenmn mer 21 h4t. — Vors. : Wi schieht dann 9 —. heuge , ui. 9e. — Vor. : And vut ge ban hont mas anf. — Zeuge : Ja , u Sorte : Wige , — Zeuge : Doi innmt mer maahe Thaler vertoren 7 — Zeuge : Ena , Ihr müt nit dat ich sonst nix mieh in der Tasch hat. Hahnemännche hat Geld daun se ute geagz. —. Vos. : Lat gechal uich u. Beur gedonn. — Zeuge Aul ( auf einen Zeugen deutend ) bat el und des Gerlichtshoseg aroder Heiterteit des Babikhauns “ war aber die Rahe uig au der Zeugendank Plat , Kaum die Verhandlung adernals a dergestelt , untertruach Beuge gerichteten Worten : Holt mär de Muhl , do has et jo doch Verhaudlung. a die Geldstrase und Tragung auer Verurhelung de C. u. 20 M. zu Ende gefühen purde der Posten endelte , mit Müße mihig 28. Juni. Vier Wochen schon sind ver Kaud dek Flammen wurge. Sitespeicher an Hosen en Duisburger Bürgerschaft durch alle die heißen Sommertage hin dise , daß die Bewohner der Schwanen = , Beek = und angrenzenden Straßen Eeben , in. ihre Wohuralme verhindern , Tag und Nacht ihre brischtossen zu halten. 10 Nr. 148. — 3 Quisburger Cageblatt und General = Anzeiger. K 29. Juni. Konzert der Kapelle des 57. Infanterie = Regimer. es , Volk belustigungen und Abends brillantes Feuerwerk. o Beleuchtung des gesammten Festplatzes bei Schübel bringen. Morgens 10 Uhr findet der Rheinische Schützentag in der Festhalle statt. dem sich um 12 Uhr ein Festbankett anschließt. Am Sonntog Nachmittag findet der Schluß des Schießens abermals bei Konzert und Voiksbelustigungen statt ; Abends während des Huldigungsballes in der „ Tonhalle “ erfolgt die Vertheilung der 10 ersten Preise auf der Festscheibe. — Im Großen und Ganzen ist der feftgebende Verein mit dem bisberigen Verlauf des Festes zufrieden , da der Besuch des Rheinischen Bundesschießens in hiesiger Stadt an auswärtigen Schützen ein bedeutend stärkerer war , als z. B. im vorigen Jahre in Düsseldorf. So sind auch bereits sämmtliche vom Bundes = Vorsitzenden bestellte Schuß karten vergriffen ; die Zahl der bis Mittwoch auf Punktscheiben abgegebenen Schusse belauft sich auf 3500. Zu Senntag Nach mittag ist außerdem noch ein Preisschießen auf Vogel einge schoben , an dem auch Nichtmitglieder sich betheiligen können. * Duisbura , 28. Juni. ( Panorama. ) Durch die prachtvolle Reise ( Tavoyen und die Besteigung des Mont Blanc hat das Panorama wieder viele neue Besucher erhalten. Von morgen an kommt Paris zur Ausstellung und wir machen unsere Leser darauf aufmerksam , daß diese Serie von Pracht bauten , Kirchen , Denkmaiern 2c. kaum übertroffen werden kann. Wir werden in einer der nächsten Nummern auf diese Aus stellung näher zurückkommen. * Duisburg , 28. Juni. Der „ Verl. Ak. , “ schreibt : Am 1. April d. J. war seitens des Ministers der öffentlichen Arbeiten angeordnet worden , daß die Personenzüge , welche nicht mit durchgehenden , d. h. vom Locomotivführerstande aus , zu bedienenden Bremsen ausgerustet sind , in keinem Falle schneller als 60 Kilom. in der Stunde fahren dürften. Diese Bestimmung ist vorläufig wieder aufgehoben worden , indem von jetzt ab bis zum 1. April 1891 bei diesen Zügen die Ueberschreitung von 60 Kilometer in der Stunde bis zur erlaubten Grenze zum Zwecke der Crreichung von Auschlüssen bei Zugverspätungen enehmigt worden ist. Während die Zugverspätung bisher nur urch Abkürzungen der Aufenthalte auf den Stationen ver sindert werden konnte , kann dieselbe von jetzt ab auch durch Steigerung der Fahrgeschwindigkrit abgekurzt werden. * < space > D u i s b u r g , < space > 2 8. < space > J u n i. < space > E i n e < space > t h e i l w e i s e < space > M o n d ¬ < space > Ffinsterniß wird am 12. Juli. stattfinden. Dieselbe beginnt ids gegen halb 9 Uhr und dauert bis 11 Uhr. Die Ver isterung erstreckt sich von oben her fast auf die Hälfte des onddurchmessers und ist in ihrem ganzen Verlauf bei uns schtidar. — Duisburg , 29. Juli. Herr Goldberg ist eifrig be strebt , den Besuchern der „ Monning = Konzerte “ Gelegen heit zu geben , ihr musikalisches Urtheil zu schärfen , indem er für seine Gäste in steter Abwechselung neue Musikkapellen en gagirt. So wird zum heutigen Peter = und Paultage die Kapelle des 2. Westfäl. Husaren = Regiments Nr. 11 von Düsseldorf an der „ Monning “ konzertiren , der sich am Sonntag den 30. d. ein Konzert der Kapelle des 2. Wesisäl. Feidartillerie = Regiments Nr. 22 von Münster anschließen wird. Unsere Musikfreunde werden sich diese schönen Gelegenheiten zur Anhörung einiger guten Konzerte im schattigen Walde gewiß nicht entgehen lassen und Herrn Goldberg durch zahlreichen Besuch für die ihnen ge botenen genußreichen Stunden belohnen. * Der Göttinger Professor der Mathernatst Gotthelf Kästner 20. Juni 1800 zu Gottingen ) , war wegen seines scharfen Spottes und seines beißenden Witzes allgemein bekannt und ge fürchtet. Einmal hatte er durch eine spottische Bemerkung den reichen Göttinger Kaufmann Macarius beldigigt , und er war deshalb vom Gericht verurtheilt worden , personlich Abbitte bei acarius zu leisten. An dem hierzu bestimmten Tage hatte der Beleidigte eine große Anzahl seiner Freunde und Bekannten um sich versammelt , in deren Mitte er die de = und wehmüthige Abbitte Kastners triumphirend entgegenzunehmen gedachte. Richtig klingelte es auch zur festgesetzten Stunde in Macarius ' Wohnung und dann ertönte ein bescheidenes Klopfen an der Thür der Stube , wo der große Akt vor sich geben sollte. Auf das „ Herein ! " des Hausherrn steckte Professor Kastner den Kopf ein wenig zur Thür herein und fragte : „ Wohnt hier nicht Herr Engelmann ? “ Und als nun Macanus verwundert mit „ Nein “ entzegnet , bemerkte Kastnec im sanftesten Tone der Welt : „ O , so verzeihen Sie , Herr Macarius , ich bitte um Entschul digung Herr Macarius ! “ worauf der Professor wieder rasch verschwand und die Gesellschaft in einem Zustande unbeschreib licher Verblüffung zurückließ. * Einige sehr hübsche „ Gedaukensplitter “ von Robert Falk finden sich im jüngsten Hefte des „ Humoristischen Deutschland " : Wer seinen Fuß in eines anderen Fußstapfen setzt , der kann nicht geschwind laufen. Wer schweigt , dem kann keiner etwas nachsagen. Recht haben ist leicht , aber recht kriegen ist schwer. Der Dumme sängt jeden Tag aufs Neue an zu leben. Dem Geizigen fehlt sowohl das , was er besitzt , als auch das , was er nicht besitzt. In großen Irrthumern steckt oft mehr Wahrheit , als in Aeinen Wahrheiten. Die Schuldner verbrauchen die meisten Futura. Die Frauen beherrschen uns wemiger durch ihre Vorzüge , unsere Fehler. Wir besitzen stets Geist und Philosophie genug , die Leiden unserer Mit = und Nebenmenschen zu ertragen. Biele Frauen brauchten ihrr Augen mehr zum Gesehen werden , als zum Sehen. Glückliche Thoren brauchen keine Weisheit. Possenran Aufgebote. Anna Gertrud Wormann von mit Johann Kreutz v. , fr. Camp. Maria Immel mit Eduard Hermann Sander , b. v. h. Sterbefälle. Anton Johannes Abels , 3 J. Carl Johann Hürten , 3 Mt. Wetterbericht. Duisburg , den 28. Juni. Meteorologische Beobatitungen an der Normaluhr des „ Duisb. Tagebl. “ 7 Uhr Morg. ( 0 ° C. 754,0 Cels. + 15,4 NW Heiter. 2 Uhr Mitt. red. ) 754,7 ] + 24. 0 SO Bedeckt. Muthmaßliche Witterung für den 29. Juni : verändert , es sei denn durch gewitterhafte Vorgänge. Wasserstands = Nachrichten. Duisburg , 28. Juni. 7 M. Rheinhöhe 3,20 Meter , gest. 0,04 Meter. Ruhrhohe 2,62 Meter gest. 04 Meter. Ruhrort , 28. Juni. 7 M. Rheinhöhe 3,32 Met. , gest. 04 Meter. Koln , 27. Juni. 7 Rheinhahe Vm. 89 M. zest. 02 M. Mainz , 27. Juni. 5 Nm. Rheinhöhe 2,61 Meter gest. 04 Meter. Trier , 27. Juni. 12 Miriug Moselhöhe 1,12 Meter gest. 0,08 Meter. Koblenz , 27. Juni. 6 Ab. Rheinhöhe. 45 Meter gest , 0,05 Meter. Stoat Peter ! Unserm Freunde Pitter 8. zum heutigen „ Ramenetage “ , die besten Wünsche. Cuno und Genossen. Wiae gute Singer - Nähmaschine wird zu kaufen gesucht. Taubenstraße 1. Tüchtige ( 6297 Argeiichmiror sucht gegen hohen Lohn die Kesselschmiede von Joh. Heiur. Becker , am Bahnhof Connboru rh. bei Elberseld. Bandelsbericht. Neuß , 28. Juni. Fruchtmarkt. Weizen 1. Qual. M. 18. 40 2. Qual. 17. 10. Landroggen 1. Qual. Mk. 13. 20 2. Qual. 12. 20. Buchweizen Mk. 00. 00. Hafer , alter Mk. 14. 30 , neuer. 00. 00. Kartoffeln Mk. 00. Alles die 100 Kilo. Heu M. 42. Stroh 30 die 500 Kilo. Kleien Mk. 5,30 die 50 Kilo. Ruböl in Partieen von 100 Ctr. M. 61. 50 , faßweise 62. 00 die 100 Kilo Gereinigtes Oel 3 Mark höher # Is Rüböl. Avcel ( Rübsen ) 00. 00. M. Diuslaken , 27. Juni. Die Gesammtmenge des zum diesmaligen Markte gebrachten Viehes belief sich auf ca. 570 Stück tragende frischmilchende Kühe und Rinder , es wurde bei großer Kauflust das ganze zugetriebene Quantum verkauft. Preise fest. — Am Schweinemarkt belief sich die Zutrifft auf ca. 435 Stück Schweine aller Gattungen , wovon Saugschweine — 8 Wochen alt , pro Weche mit M. — 4 bezahlt wurden , Faselschweine 16 — 20 Wochen alt , pro Stück M. 33 — 45 , fette M. 54 per 50 Kilo Schlachtgewicht. Handel flott. — Preise nementlich bei Faselschweinen steigend. — Nächster Markt Donnerstag den 11. Juli. Das überall als bestes Mittel gegen alle Losesten anerkannte G • Ba de kauft man echt nur so : denn es existirt nur in Flaschcden mit dem Namen J. ZACHERL , und ist vor nichts mihr zu F # warnen , als vor den in dosem Papier pfennigweise aus gewogenen , so sehr versälschten Jusektenpulvern. Auch vor den vielfachen setzänd lichen Nachahmungen der „ ichte Zacherlin = Fläschchen muß erust lich gewarnt werden , wiewo : jeder auf seinen Ruf sehende ( 15/110 tingswichslls Wiederverkäufer es ablehnt , seine er # # # o flaschs. Hand zu Falschungen und Irre = Flazche. füdrungen zu bieten J. ZACHERL , WIEN. In Duisburg bei Heren Gottfried Maas , Tüchtige Kettenschmiede für dauernde Arbeit und hohen Akkordlohn gesucht. ( 6339 Hochselder Walzwerk , Aktien Verein. Ich suche zum möglichst sofortigen Eintritt ( 6425 luch Feirhte für große Kopf = u. Spindelbänke. Stellung lohnend und dauernd. Wilh. Munscheis , Gelsenkirchen , Essengießere u. Maschinentabrik. Wir suchen einen tüchtige Ehenische Fabrik Aercingen Lienau & Co. Eine konlaute deutsche Lebensversicherung mit vorzüglicher Sterbekasse ohne ärztliche Untersuchung sucht fleißige gewissenhafte Vertreter unter günstigen Bedingungen. Offerten unter #. gehend an d. Expd. d. Ein ordentlicher Junge auf einem Bureau gesucht. Von wem. sagt die Exped , Peloslsc gohcl. Wertbhauserstraße 123. 10 tüchtige Orbaroriikt Grunstraße Zum 1. oder 15. Auzust ein im waschen und putzen durchaus erfahrenes ( 6418 Mädchen gesucht Gute Zeugisse erforderlich. Nährres Feldstraße 25. Suchen einen ( 6453 lachl. Kattiger , sowie einige tüchtige für Konstruktionen und Mauntage auf Gebr. Schäfer & Möller , Hamm. Ein gesetztes , kathelisches Mädchen ans udentlicher Fennte weiches gut nähen und bügeln kunn , und Liede zu Kindern hot , 7m 1. August gesucht. Doreiust findet auch ein starkes Mäd chenfür alle Hausarbeit Steile. 6447 ) Juau L. Beit , Krefeld , Friedrich Straße 2. Piatzarbeiter sofort gesucht. ( 6454 Gelebschaft Harkort , Abtheilung Brückendan. 1 braves Muten , die verstabt , per 15. Bugust gefrch. Recch Altendorf Uerdingen Moers Mülheim a. d. R. Oberdausen Sloct , Huppert. 1. J. Ofterloh ,. Hempelmann , Wilh. W. u. S. 0 J. H. Kipp , „ „ „ F. C. Berger , Natingen " „ Fiunmann Robert , Ruhrort " „ Carl Friedr. Dresen. Haupt = Depot : J. Zacherl , Wien. — 4 tüchtige Stuccateure auf sofort gesucht. ( 6459 Stephan Landwehr , Resteuration Watterscheid , Universitcätstraße. Tüchtige Klempner , Kupterschmiede und Schlosler Ein tüichtiges ( 6487 Ziensmädchen ges. Withehmstraße 93. Em erangesiches 8509 Kindermädchen , welches etwas Maschinennähen versteht , zu Ende Juli oder zum Ottoder ges. Frau Bast , Krefeld , Oberstr. 96. Wegen Heirath des jetzigen Madchens , suche ein starkes Mädchen , welches gut Waschen und Putzen kann und in allen häuslichen Arbeiten erfahren ist , auf bald. 8449 ] Kutzlenwall 33. werden gege dauernde A 8460 sen hohen Lohn , rbeit gesucht. Oberstraße 41. Zivilstand von Duisburg. Vom 28. Juni. Geburten. Johann Franz. S. v. Franz Joseph Efle mann. Hendrika Adriana , T. v. Cornelius Jakod Span. Ottilie Inlie Theodore , T. v. Heinrich Ebbinghaus. Heinrich Johann , v. Heinrich Holtichneider. Anna Maria , T. v. Heinrich van Broekhoven. Heurich , S. v. Ernst Weiß. Wilhelm Johann Hubert , S. v. Jahann Philipp Köder. Erich Heinrich , S. v. Johann Bovenkerk. St. Sebastianns - Schützen - Verein zu Duisburg feiert am. , 7. und 8. Juli er. sein ( 6322 in den Räumen der „ Schützenburg “ und Schützenwiese am Grunewald. Alles Nähere durch die Plakate. Das Fest - Komilse. Duisburger Cageblatt und General = Anzeiger. Juni. 29. ! Promenaben - Alanteln , Umhängen , Fichus , Jaquetts jeden Genres in modernßen Jacons zu außerge wohnlich dilligen Preisen ; ebenso bringen uuser reich haltiges Lager in Cattunen , Sarins 2c. 2c in empfehlende Erinnerung. Tabriskraße 49, “ Sänds - Eielwald Königkraße - Str. # Den Einpfang der neuesten Kleiderstoffe , Tuche und Buckskins zeige ergebenst an. Anfertigung nach Maaßz prompt und billig. TARRR „ Duisburg. S Samstag den 29. Juni , am Feste Peter und Paul , von 4 Uhr an Großes Militär - Crucert , im Walde ausgeführt von der Fapelledes fälischen Iularen - Regiments Nr. 11 in Büsseldorf unter Leitung des Stabstrompeters Herrn Lehmann ; am Schluß des Concerts : Potpourri von Saro. Sonntag den 50. Juni , Nachmittags von 3 Uhr an Großes Militär - Concert , ausgeführt von der Kapese des 2. Westf. Feld Artillarie Regts. Nr. 22 , zu Mänster , unter Leitung des Stabstrompeters Herrn Schubert. Entree 30 Pfg. Duisburg , Burgplatz 7 , Düsseldorf , Mittelstrasse 16. Tuisburger Spielwaaren - Fabriklager en gres en detall Wilhelm Lechner jr. Duisburg , Poststraße Nr. 31 , gegenüber der Post. Zum diesjährigen Schützenfeste empfehle pickseine Schutzen = Cigarren , sowie Knall = und Feuerwerts = Cigarren , Salon = Feuerwerk , Deugalische Flammen , Leuchttugeln , Fackeln 2c. 2c. , Bostkarten mit Gruß aus Duisburg , Medaillen , Festschleifen. Scherz = und Witz Artikel. Ferner Spazierstöcke , Portemonnates , Schmucksochen , Broschen und sämmtliche Kinder Spielwaaren in unübertroffener Auswahl und dilligen Preisen. NB. Für Wirthe empfehle einen großen Posten Fackeln , Luftballons , Feuerwerke , Fahnen mit 25 % Rabatt bei Abnahme von 1 Dpd. an , bei großerem Bedarf nach Uebereinkunft. Wilhelm Lechner jr. Duisburg , Poststraße Nr. 31 , gegenuber der Post. 890 Gürger - Schützen - Versin. Sonntag den 39. Iunier. , nachmittags von 2 Uhr ab Schiessen auf Preisvogel , woran auch Nichtmitglieder theil nehmen können. ( 6521 Der Schützenmeister. Männerverein Niegedacht zu Wauheimerort. Sonntag den 30. Juni er. , Abends 6 Uhr : Außerordentliche General - Versammlung im Vereinslokal. Tages = Ordnung : Ballotage. Vereinsangelegenheiten. Zadlung der Beitrage. 6518 ) Der Vorstand. Sämmtl. Pariser Gummi - Artikel. J. Keutorowicz , Bertin N. 28 , Arkonoplet Preisliste gratts. 1 neuer Tederwagen I. i. Geschaft gerignet , 1 lange szes Langierte muswartig zu verka uten. ( 6523 Bacstr. 29 , Muldemm ( Ruhr. ) Total - Ausverkauf wegen Ambau ! ! Tertige Petten mit vollstandig Kaubfreien Federn dick gefullt zu 9. 11. 14 , 16 , 18. 21 , 24 Mark und hoher. Billigere Sorten zu 6 , 7 und 8 Mark. Fertige Kissen mit guten Federn dick gefullt von 2 % Mark an bis zu den feinsten Sorten. Flocken u. Pflanzen daunen = Kissen von. 20 M. an. Kandentel Rechnungen , Briefbogen sowie alle anderen kaufmännischen Formulare empfiehlt in einfacher und seiner , mehrfarbiger Ausstattung zu billigen Preisen bei prompter Lieferung Ferd. Strunck , Buchdruckerei. Nochnr der dun un drangn rr Diensten. Ruhrort. Versandt nach Auswärts fraueo. Verpackung frei. # ß Holländer , 4Ctr. Holft. Edamer , 4 Ctr. 2890 sad dier geg. Nachn , empfiebl. Jul. Werner , Hesaönster i. B. 10 Pfd. = Prodepostkolli 3 M. u M. 50 jrko. jeder Poststat. Bschsine — 3 Raume , Parierre , oder keines Haus zum 1. Oh. zu miethen gesucht. ( 6314 Naderes Zulverweg 112 einem ordentsichen Pause , I. Erage , sind 2 durcheinander schende ( 6212 Stuben , mit Wasserleitung , nebst einem Speicherzimmer , sowie Mit gebrauch des Kellere u. Speichers , an eine propere , kinderlose Familie oder einzelne Person per 1. Onoder zu vermiethen. Wo , sogt die Erped. Zwei schon möblirte Zimmer zu vermieiden. 6617 Dußseldorferstr. 86 rosss Lolteris des Mitleldeutschen Kunst Gewerbe Vereins zu Frankfurt a. M. — Ziehung am S. November er. — Loose à 1 Mk. sind zu haben in der Expe dition des „ Duisburger Tageblatt. “ De vorstiten gesetzuich geschützt , anerkannt bestsigzen des Facen besitzt anschmiegen , ohne ihn zu drücken. Allein - Verkaut zür Duisburg zu Original - Tabrikpreiten. Schlankhalter - Torletten für Damen und Kinder , von Aerzten geprüst und empfohien , empfehlen Geschir 20 Kuhstraße Duisburg Kudstraße 20. Tapeten : Wir versenden Naturell = Tapeten von 10 an. Slanz = Tapeten von 30 Pia an. Seld Tapeten von 20 Pig an , in den gretzartig schonsten neuen Mußtern. nut schweren Papieren und gutem Druck. ( 2956 Eiegler & Jansen in Selfenkirden. |
github_open_source_100_8_19981 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
namespace UrhoPackageExtract
{
public class PackageEntry
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public UInt32 Offset { get; set; }
public UInt32 Length { get; set; }
}
}
|
620036_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | En skipsbesetning er den mannskapsstyrken som skal til for å føre et skip. Havgående fraktskip er tradisjonelt bygget for tankfrakt, stykkgodsfrakt eller bulkfrakt. I etterkrigsårene (ca. 1950 til 1970) skjedde det en del endringer i sjøfartens oppgave for verdenshandelen, og tendensen var bygging av større skip enn tidligere, og etterhvert også justeringer av skipstypene.
En stor del av den havgående flåten økte fra skipsstørrelser med lasteevne under 15 000 dødvekttonn (dwt) til mer enn det dobbelte og etterhvert mangedobbelte. I dag kan fraktskip ha lasteevne over 250 000 dødvekttonn. De vanligste fraktskipstypene i dag er stykkgodsskip, containerskip, bulkskip (tørrlasteskip), tankskip, gasstankskip og kjemikalietankskip. Store tankskip går ofte under betegnelsen supertankere.
Ved påmønstring på skip var sjømannskontorene mønstingsmyndighet. Ved avmønstring eller ommønstring i utlandet var utenriksstasjonene mønstringsmyndighet. I sjømansspråket ble formuleringen mønstre ut (reise til sjøs) ofte byttet med å ta hyre. Besetningen på den eldre flåten besto av rundt 50 mann litt avhengig av skipstypen. Disse var fordelt på flg. områder:
Dekksoffiserer:
Skipsfører
Overstyrmann
Førstestyrmann
Andrestyrmann
Telegrafist
Underoffiserer:
Båtsmann
Tømmermann
Elektriker
Pumpemann (tankskip)
Dekksmannskap:
Matroser
Lettmatroser
Jungmenn
Dekksgutter
Maskinoffiserer:
Maskinsjef
Førstemaskinist
Andremaskinist
Maskinmannskap:
Motormenn
Smørere
Maskingutter
Serveringsoffiserer og -mannskap:
Stuert
Salongservitør
Overkokk
Kokker
Byssegutter
Messegutter
Beskjeftigelser
Skipsterminologi
Sjøfart
Artikler i sjøfart-prosjektet.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19982 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | from indra.databases import mgi_client
def test_lookups():
assert mgi_client.get_id_from_name('Braf') == '88190'
assert mgi_client.get_name_from_id('1926283') == 'Pgap6'
assert mgi_client.get_id_from_name_synonym('Pgap6') == '1926283'
assert mgi_client.get_id_from_name_synonym('Tmem8') == '1926283'
assert isinstance(mgi_client.get_id_from_name_synonym('EGF-TM7'), list)
|
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/tp8ktm/articles/DTL41_1 | BNL Newspapers | Public Domain | Frankreich. Paris, 12. Dec. Vor wenigen Tagen ging ein Transport von500 Gefangenennach Cayenne ab. Es befinden sich in Cayenne bereits 6425 Deportirte, darunter 4248 Galeerensträflinge, 1116 gefährliche und abgestrafte Subjecte, 813 Internirte nach Ablauf ihrer Strafzeit, 37 freiwillig Internirte, 8 aus Frankreich ausgewiesene Fremde, 102 Frauenzimmer, 101 Colonialsträflinge. Politische Verbrecher scheint man seit einiger Zeit nicht mehr, oder unter einer andern Rubrik, zu deportiren. Die Transportation beschränkte sich auf Galeerensträflinge, unverbesserliche Verbrecher und auf Afrikaner und Asiaten aus den Colonien. Nur wenige Deportirte erlangen ein Stück Land zur Ansiedelung. Zur „Moralisirung“ der Sträflinge hat die Regierung schon mehrere Schiffsladungen von Zuchthäuslerinnen hinübergeschickt, auch hat sie mehreren Deportirten ihre Familien kostenfrei nachdeportirt. Die Colonie, abgesehen vom Standpunkt der Militärverwaltung, besindet sich in einem Zustand unaussprechlicher Verkommenheit. Paris, 13. Dec. Von Wien aus werden der „Gazette de France“ viele rühmliche Dinge über die Leistungen des Hrn. von Bi,marl auf dem Gebiet der HVHern Politik geschrieben. „Wir «innen nicht umhin", heißt es da, „das Talent und den erfindungsreichen Geist de« Hrn. v. Vi«marl zu bewundern, der mit solcher Geschicklichkeit alle Hindernisse zu entfernen, und in der Herzogthlimerfrage, tiefem Wespennest das niemand mit dem Finger zu berühren wagte, so vollständig aufzuräumen weiß. Es gelang ihm hintereinandei einen Ver» trag außer Kraft zu setzen, die Diplomatie lahm zu legen, die Action be« deutschen Bundes zu annulliren, die Prätendenten wie die deutsche Demokratie zum Schweigen zu bringen, und endlich feinen österreichischen Verbündeten mit solchem Zauber zu bestricken, daß dieser nunmehr findet: alles was Hr. v. Bismark thuc fei wohlgethan." Um den Franzosen an einem Beispiel begreiflich zu machen wie wenig die Gruppe der deutschen Mittelstaaten als ein Ganzes, al« ein ©efammtbiir.bcl der vereinigten einzelnen Kräfte angesehen werden könne, weist der Correspondent der Gazette auf die Abstimmung über die Räumung Holstein« hin. „Hannover, ebenso Baden, Kurhessen und die freien Städte traten auf die Seite der beiden Großmächte. So wurde die Execution zurückgenommen von demselben Bundestag der fie angeordnet hatte. Ganz der Ordnung!" Wer den Schaden hat, braucht für den Spott nicht zu sorgen. Ueberhaupt macht sich fett ber letzten Niederlage der Mittelstaaten am Bund in den französischen Blättern das Bestreben geltend die Sache derselben als ein hoffnungslos verlorene darzustellen. Paris, 14. Dec. friedliche Slu«fid)ten.] Nach der Rückkehr des Kaisers werden die allgemeinen Fragen der Politik wieder zur Discussion kommen. Man versichert, und der Stand unserer sowie der europäischen Finanzen über* haupt gibt einen gewichtigen Grund für di» Glaubwürdigkeit dieser Versicherungen ab, baß die Tendenzen unserer Regierung, die allgemeine Politik betreffend, fortdauernd friedlicher Natur bleiben werden. Der sehnlichste Wunsch unserer Regierung, versichert man, werde die Möglichkeit einer bedeutenden Réduction unserer militärischen und maritimen Streitkräfte und in Verbindung damit die Ausführung des im vorigen Jahre angeregten Planes cine« allgemeinen Songreffe« fein. Italien, und es hat gewichtige Gründe dazu, würde dem von unserer Regierung gegebenen Beispiele einer theilweisen Entwaffnung sofort in ausgedehntem Maße folgen. Hr. Sella soll durchaus auf cine Entlassung von 150,000 Mann au« dcr Armee und einer verhältnißmäßigen Verringerung der Cadres bestehen. Ueber jene Réduction an sich, sagt man, sei man im Turiner Ministerium einig Die Differenz besteht blos darin, daß Hr. Lamarmora und einige andere hervorragende Mitglieder der Actionspartei die Beibehaltung des Cadres wollen, doch gewinnt die Anficht des Hrn. Sella mehr und mehr Anhänger und hat um so mehr Ausficht auf Erfolg, als der driunächstige Rücktritt be« gegenwärtigen Chefs des Cabinets und seine Ersetzung durch Hrn. Ratazzi allgemein als bevorstehend bezeichnet wird. Die Eröffnung der franz. Kammern wird gegen Mitte Februar stattsinden lso kurz nach deraufeen 7FebrnarftstgesßierErsnüng des englischen Parlaments. Paris, 17. Decewber. Der Moniteur enthält Nachrichten aus Meriko, die bis zum 11. November reichen. Kaiser Maximilian ist am 30. Oct. in seine Hanptstadt zurückgekehrt. Er hatte sich einen ofsiciellen Empfang verbeten, allein es gab sich darum nichts weniger an diesem Tage aus freien vEäcken eeineungewöhnliche lebhafte und freudige Bewegung unter der Bevölkerung kun. Es scheint mit dieser Rückkehr nunmehr eine neue, nicht mehr ausschließliche militärische Aera für das Land begonnen zu haben, und es deuten mehrere wichtige Maßregeln, wie die definitive Bildung des Ministeriums und verschiedene Decrete darauf hin. Durch das eine dieser Decrete werden die Landbevölkerungen zum Schutze des Eigenthums und zur Sicherheit der Verbindungen als Milizen organisirt; in einem zweiten Decret werden über die regelmäßige Organisation des Civilstandes Verfügungen getroffen. Die militärischen Operationen beschränken sich jetzt auf Colima, Mazatlan und den Staat Durango. Den 2. November hat General Dacap sich in den Besitz von Colima gesetzt. Der Feind hatte keinen Widerstand versucht, sondern vorher schon, mit Zurücklassung seines schweren Geschützes die Stadt geräumt. Die französische Marine war am 8. November von San Blas abgegangen und sollte am 10. |
US-26941299-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | [0103] When triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate (hereinafter referred to sometimes as “3GH”) or dihexyl adipate (hereinafter referred to sometimes as “DHA”) is used as the plasticizer, a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms is preferably used as a bond strength control agent, since, in that case, the decrease in the bond strength with the lapse of time between the interlayer film and glass can be prevented and the prevention of blushing and prevention of the decrease in the bond strength with the lapse of time can be simultaneously accomplished. When triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (hereinafter referred to sometimes as “3GO”) is used as the plasticizer, it is preferred, for the same reasons, that a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing 6 to 8 carbon atoms be contained in the formulation. When tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (hereinafter referred to sometimes as “4GO”) is used as the plasticizer, it is preferred that a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing 6 or 7 carbon atoms be contained in the formulation.
[0104] For preventing the above plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin as far as possible from undergoing heat-induced hydrolysis in the sheet forming step, the use of plasticizers less susceptible to hydrolysis such as plasticizers of the side chain type, such as 3GH, 3GO and 4GO, or of the adipate type, such as DHA, is preferred to the use of such plasticizers as triethylene glycol diheptanoate (3G7) and tetraethylene glycol diheptanoate (4G7).
[0105] Said 3GH has long been in use as a plasticizer in interlayer films with practically acceptable results and the organic acid constituent thereof is of the side chain type. Therefore, 3GH is more advantageous than 3G7, 4G7 and the like, which are of the straight chain type, in that it is less hydrolyzable. The above-mentioned 3GO and 4GO are advantageous in that they are higher in boiling point than 3GH, for instance, and therefore are less volatile in the sheet forming step or in the lamination step.
[0106] Said 3GH, 3GO, 4GO and DHA may be used singly or in combination with another plasticizer such as mentioned hereinafter. The mixing ratio of said 3GH, 3GO, 4GO and/or DHA to said other plasticizer is preferred that the amount of said other plasticizer be less than 50% by weight of the amount of said plasticizer(s) 3GH, 3GO, 4GO and DHA. When this ratio is over 50% by weight, the characteristic features of 3GH, 3GO, 4GO and DHA are sacrificed by said other plasticizer and, therefore, the effect of the bond strength control agent used in combination with them may not be expressed to a satisfactory extent.
[0107] The carboxylic acid metal salt to be used as the bond strength control agent, when the plasticizer in the interlayer film is specified as mentioned above, includes but is not limited to pentanoic acid (of 5 carbon atoms) metal salts, hexanoic acid (2-ethylbutanoic acid) (of 6 carbon atoms) metal salts, heptanoic acid (of 7 carbon atoms) metal salts, octanoic acid (of 8 carbon atoms) metal salts, and so forth. According to the plasticizer mentioned above, one, two or more of these are suitably used. The carboxylic acid may be of the straight chain type or of the side chain type.
[0108] When a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing too small a number of carbon atoms is used, the interlayer film obtained will have an insufficient moisture resistance, which may allow the blushing phenomenon to occur widely. Conversely, if a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing an excessively large number of carbon atoms is used, the decrease in the bond strength with the lapse of time between the interlayer film and glass may be insufficient.
[0109] The above-mentioned carboxylic acid metal salt as the bond strength control agent may be used independently or in combination with another bond strength control agent, for example a bond strength control agent of metal salt of carboxylic acid containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms type such as magnesium formate, magnesium acetate, magnesium propanoate or magnesium butanoate, or a modified silicone oil bond strength control agent such as mentioned later herein.
[0110] When said alkali metal salt and/or alkaline earth metal salt is added as a bond strength control agent, the addition amount thereof is preferably 0.01 to 0.2 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount lower than 0.01 part by weight, the bond strength modifying effect will be nil, hence the penetration resistance of the product laminated glass may be low. At an amount exceeding 0.2 part by weight, the control agent may bleed out, impairing the transparency of the product laminated glass and at the same time leading to an excessively decreased bond strength between interlayer film and glass. A more preferred range is 0.03 to 0.08 part by weight.
[0111] When the alkali metal salt is a sodium salt, blushing tends to occur very readily, so that the sodium concentration should preferably be not more than 50 ppm. When the alkali metal salt is a potassium salt, too, blushing may occur readily, hence the potassium concentration should preferably be not more than 100 ppm.
[0112] In addition to the cases where said alkali metal salt and/or alkaline earth metal salt is added as the bond strength control agent, as mentioned above, there are cases where said salts come from the alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt used as a neutralizing agent for the acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, used in the reaction for producing poly(vinyl acetal) resin, or cases in which said salt comes from one or more of various raw materials and water used in the reaction for producing poly(vinyl acetal) resin which contains said salt. The alkali metal salt and alkaline earth metal salt as said neutralizing agent may be used also as the bond strength control agent.
[0113] The interlayer film for laminated glass of the present invention comprises a plastic resin film composed of the above-mentioned poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a plasticizer and, where necessary, an additive such as the above-mentioned dispersant and/or bond strength control agent.
[0114] The plasticizer to be used in the present invention includes those known plasticizers for use in interlayer films of this kind, for example organic ester type plasticizers such as monobasic acid esters and polybasic acid esters, and phosphorus type plasticizers such as organic phosphate and organic phosphite plasticizers.
[0115] Preferred among said monobasic acid esters are those glycol esters which can be obtained by the reaction of triethylene glycol with an organic acid such as butyric acid, isobutyric acid, caproic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, heptanoic acid, n-octylic acid, 2-ethylhexylic acid, pelargonic acid (n-nonylic acid) or decylic acid. In addition, esters of tetraethylene glycol or tripropylene glycol with the organic acids mentioned above may also be used.
[0116] Preferred as said polybasic acid esters are, for example, esters of an organic acid such as adipic acid, sebacic acid or azelaic acid with a straight-chain or branched alcohol containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
[0117] As typical examples of said organic ester plasticizers which can be suitably used, there may be mentioned triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexoate, triethylene glycol dicaprylate, triethylene glycol di-n-octoate, triethylene glycol di-n-heptoate, tetraethylene glycol di-n-heptoate and, further, dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl azelate and dibutylcarbitol adipate.
[0118] In addition, ethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,3-propylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,4-propylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,4-butylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,2-butylene glycol di-2-ethylenebutyrate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexoate, dipropylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylpentoate, tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol dicaprylate and the like may also be used as the plasticizer.
[0119] Among the phosphate plasticizers, tributoxyethyl phosphate, isodecylphenyl phosphate, trisopropyl phosphite and the like are preferred.
[0120] Among the plasticizers mentioned above, diester compounds derived from a dicarboxylic acid and a monohydric alcohol or from a monocarboxylic acid and a dihydric alcohol are preferably incorporated in the resin composition.
[0121] The addition amount of said plasticizer is preferably 20 to 70 parts by weight, more preferably 40 to 60 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount below 20 parts by weight, the penetration resistance of the product laminated glass may be low. At an addition amount exceeding 70 parts by weight, the plasticizer may bleed out, increasing the optical strain or decreasing the transparency and/or tackiness of the resin film.
[0122] In the present invention, known additives for use in interlayer films for laminated glass, for example modified silicone oils for controlling penetration resistance, ultraviolet absorbers, light stabilizers, antioxidants, surfactants and coloring agent, may also be incorporated as additives in addition to said dispersant and bond strength control agent.
[0123] The modified silicone oils mentioned above include but are not limited to epoxy-modified silicone oils, ether-modified silicone oils, ester-modified silicone oils, amine-modified silicone oils and carboxyl-modified silicone oils, such as disclosed in Japanese Kokoku Publication Sho-55-29950. Generally, these modified silicone oils are liquids obtained by reacting a compound to be modified to polysiloxane.
[0124] In the present invention, epoxy-modified silicone oils of the general formula (IV)
[0125] (wherein l and m each independently represents a positive integer not more than 30), ether-modified silicone oils of the general formula (V)
[0126] (wherein l and m each independently represents a positive integer not more than 30 and x and y each independently represents a positive integer not more than 20), and ester-modified silicone oils of the general formula (VI)
[0127] (wherein l and m each independently represents a positive integer not more than 30) are particularly preferred. While the respective modified silicone oils are represented by the general formulas (IV), (V) and (VI) in terms of structural formulas for block copolymers, those represented by the structural formulas of random copolymers may also be used in the present invention.
[0128] The above modified silicone oils may be used singly or two or more of them may be used combinedly.
[0129] Said modified silicone oils preferably have a molecular weight of 800 to 5,000. When the molecular weight is less than 800, the extent of localization on the surface will be low. When it exceeds 5,000, the compatibility with the resin will become poor, so that the bleeding out will occur onto the film surface, causing the bond strength between sheet and glass to decrease. A more preferred range is 1,500 to 4,000.
[0130] The addition amount of said modified silicone oils is preferably 0.01 to 0.2 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount below 0.01 part by weight, the preventive effect on the blushing due to moisture absorption will be insufficient. At an addition amount exceeding 0.2 part by weight, the compatibility with the resin will be poor, hence bleeding will occur onto the film surface, with the result that the bond strength to glass will decrease. A more preferred amount is 0.03 to 0.1 part by weight.
[0131] The above-mentioned antioxidant includes but is not limited to such phenolic compounds as t-butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) (Sumilizer BHT (trademark), product of Sumitomo Chemical), and tetrakis[methylene-3-(3′,5′-di-t-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionato]methane (Irganox 1010, product of Ciba-Geigy), among others.
[0132] Said ultraviolet absorbers include but are not limited to benzotriazole type such as 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (Tinuvin P, product of Ciba-Geigy), 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-5′-di-t-butylphenyl)benzotriazole (Tinuvin 320, product of Ciba-Geigy), 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-t-butyl-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (Tinuvin 326, product of Ciba-Geigy) and 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-t-amyl-phenyl)benzotriazole (Tinuvin 328, product of Ciba-Geigy), hindered amines such as LA-57 (product of Adeka-Argus), etc.
[0133] As said light stabilizers, there may be mentioned hindered amines, for example Asahi Denka Kogyo's Adekastab LA-57 (trademark).
[0134] As said surfactants, there may be mentioned, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkylbenzenesulfonates, and the like.
[0135] The method of producing the interlayer film for laminated glass of the present invention is particular restricted, but for example, a required amount of the plasticizer, together with other additives as necessary, is incorporated into each of the resins mentioned above, the mixture is kneaded uniformly and then formed into sheets by means of the extrusion, calendering, pressing, casting, inflation or other methods and the resulting sheets are used as interlayer films.
[0136] In view of the minimum penetration resistance and weather resistance required of laminated glass and from the practical viewpoint, it is generally preferred that the total thickness of the interlayer film for laminated glass of the present invention be within the range of 0.3 to 1.6 mm, which is the thickness range of ordinary interlayer film for laminated glasses.
[0137] As the glass sheets to be used in the laminated glass, there may be mentioned not only transparent inorganic glass sheets but also transparent organic glass sheets, such as polycarbonate sheets and poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets.
[0138] The transparent inorganic glass sheets are not limited to any particular species but include various inorganic glass species such as float sheet glass, polished sheet glass, embossed sheet glass, net sheet glass, wire sheet glass, infrared absorption glass and colored sheet glass. These may be used singly or two or more different species may be used in combination. Laminates of a transparent inorganic glass sheet and a transparent organic glass sheet may also be used. The glass sheet thickness can be suitably selected according to the intended use, hence is not limited to any particular value.
[0139] The laminated glass of the present invention can be produced by employing any ordinary method of producing laminated glass. For example, the resin film formed by the above-mentioned method is sandwiched, as the interlayer, between two transparent glass sheets, the whole is placed in a rubber bag, preliminary bonding is effected at about 70 to 110° C. while suctioning under reduced pressure, then post-bonding is effected at about 120 to 150° C. under a pressure of about 10 to 15 kg/cm² using an autoclave or a press, whereby the objective laminated glass is obtained.
[0140] In a process for producing laminated glass, it is also possible to interpose the above-mentioned interlayer film prepared by sheet formation from the plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) resin between at least one pair of glass sheets, and hot-press bonding at 60 to 100° C. while simultaneously deaerating under reduced pressure. More concretely, the process is carried out by placing a laminate film consisting of a glass sheet/interlayer film/glass in a rubber bag, and effecting hot-press bonding at a temperature of about 60 to 100° C. under a pressure of about 1 to 10 kg/cm² for about 10 to 30 minutes in an autoclave, for instance, while deaerating under suction at a reduced pressure of about −500 to −700 mmHg, to thereby realize deaeration and bonding simultaneously.
[0141] In such production process, the bond strength between the interlayer film and glass can be adjusted so that said strength will fall within a desired adequate range by adjusting the temperature for hot-press bonding to the range of 60 to 100° C., as mentioned above, and suitably selecting various conditions, in particular the hot-press bonding pressure, hot-press bonding time and extent of pressure reduction for deaeration under suction within the respective ranges mentioned above.
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0142] The following examples illustrate the present invention in further detail but are by no means limitative of the scope of the invention. In the examples, “part(s)” means “part(s) by weight”.
EXAMPLE 1
[0143] (1) Preparation of a Resin
[0144] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0145] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water for 2 hours and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. This resin had a vinyl acetal content (degree of acetalization) of 65.0 mole % and a vinyl acetate content of 1.1 mole %.
[0146] (2) Production of an Interlayer Film
[0147] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the blend was thoroughly melt-kneaded with a mixing roll and press-molded with a pressing machine at 150° C. for 30 minutes to provide an interlayer film of 0.76 mm in thickness. The particle diameters of sodium and potassium salts in the interlayer film were determined by secondary ion imaging with a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS) (PHI EVANS; TFS-2000). As a result, the particle diameter of the sodium salt in the interlayer film was 1 μm and that of the potassium salt was less than 0.5 μm.
[0148] The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 6 ppm as measured by ICP emission spectrometry. ICP emission spectrometry is a quantitative method of analysis which comprises decomposing a sample with sulfuric acid and nitric acid under heating, making the decomposition product up to constant volume with ultrapure water, and performing a determination by the ICP-AES method using an ICP-AES (Jarrel-Ash Japan, ICAP-575).
[0149] (3) Production of a Laminated Glass
[0150] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between transparent float glass sheets (30 cm×30 cm×2.5 mm thick) and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and deaerated under a vacuum of 20 Torr for 20 minutes. The sample thus deaerated was directly transferred to an oven at 90° C. and pressed under vacuum at a constant temperature of 80° C. for 30 minutes.
[0151] The prebonded laminated glass was autoclaved using a pneumatic autoclave at a pressure of 12 kg/cm² and a temperature of 135° C. for 20 minutes to provide a transparent laminated glass. This laminated glass was subjected to an adhesion test (Pummel test) and a moist blushing resistance test.
[0152] Performance Evaluation
[0153] (1) Bonding power (Pummel) test
[0154] The laminated glass is left standing at −18° C.±0.6° C. for conditioning and then stricken with a hammer having a head weight of 0.45 kg to crush the glass to fragments with diameters not greater than 6 mm. The extent of exposure of the sheet after partial exfoliation of the glass is assessed against the graded limit samples shown in Table 1. This test is designed to find whether the bond strength between the glass and the interlayer film lies within a predetermined range. TABLE 1 Extent of exposure Pammer (%) value 100 0 90 1 85 2 60 3 40 4 20 5 10 6 5 7 Less than 2 8
[0155] (2) Moist blushing resistance test
[0156] The resin film is cut to 4×4 cm and immersed in deionized water at room temperature (23° C.) for 24 hours. The haze value was then measured with an integral nephrometer (Tokyo Denshoku). The results are shown in Table 2.
EXAMPLE 2
[0157] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 1.5 hours. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium content of 13 ppm, a sodium salt particle diameter of 3 μm, and a potassium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 μm.
EXAMPLE 3
[0158] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 2.5 hours. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium content of 3 ppm, a sodium salt particle diameter of 0.5 μm, and a potassium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 μm.
EXAMPLE 4
[0159] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 3.5 hours. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium content of 0.9 ppm, a sodium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 μm, and a potassium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 μm.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
[0160] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 1 hours. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium content of 17 ppm and a sodium salt particle diameter of 6 μm.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2
[0161] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 0.5 hours. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium content of 35 ppm and a sodium salt particle diameter of 13 μm.
[0162] The evaluation data generated in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are presented in Table 2. TABLE 2 Example Comp.Ex. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Interlayer film Number of 4 4 4 4 4 4 carbon in acetal Degree of 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 acetalization (mol %) Average degree 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 of polymeri- zation Vinylacetate 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 content (mol %) Plasticizer 40 40 40 40 40 40 content (weight parts) Na content 6 13 3 0.9 17 35 (ppm) Particle 1 3 0.5 0.5> 6 13 diameter of Na (μm) K content 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 — — (ppm) Particle 0.5> 0.5> 0.5> 0.5> — — diameter of K (μm) Bonding 8 8 8 8 8 8 strength of a laminated glass (Pammer value) Haze after 29 37 24 16 67 92 24 hours immersion (%) Total ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ X X evaluation
[0163] It is apparent that very satisfactory moisture resistance was obtained in Examples 1 to 4.
EXAMPLE 5
[0164] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0165] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0166] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water for 2 hours and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder.
[0167] This resin had a vinylacetal content (degree of acetalization) of 65.0 mole % and a vinyl acetate content of 1.1 mole %.
[0168] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0169] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the blend was thoroughly melt-kneaded with a mixing roll and press-molded with a pressing machine at 150° C. for 30 minutes to provide an interlayer film of 0.76 mm in thickness.
[0170] The elemental potassium content of this interlayer film was 23 ppm as measured by ICP emission spectrometry. The particle diameter of the sodium salt in the interlayer film was less than 0.5 μm and that of the potassium salt was less than 3 μm.
[0171] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0172] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between transparent float glass sheets (30 cm×30 cm×2.5 mm thick) and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and deaerated under a vacuum of 20 Torr for 20 minutes. The sample thus deaerated was directly transferred to an oven at 90° C. and pressed at a constant temperature of 80° C. for 30 minutes.
[0173] The prebonded laminated glass was autoclaved using a pneumatic autoclave at a pressure of 12 kg/cm² and a temperature of 135° C. for 20 minutes to provide a transparent laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 6
[0174] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 2.5 hours. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium content of 5 ppm, a potassium salt particle diameter of 1 μm, and a sodium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 μm.
EXAMPLE 7
[0175] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 3.5 hours. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium content of 0.7 ppm, a potassium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 μm, and a sodium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 μm.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3
[0176] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 1 hour. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium content of 104 ppm and a potassium salt particle diameter of 6 μm.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4
[0177] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the preparation of the resin, the washing process time following addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 0.5 hour. In this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium content of 220 ppm and a potassium salt particle diameter of 9 μm.
[0178] The laminated glasses obtained in Examples 5 to 8 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 were respectively subjected to a bonding power (Pummel) test and a moisture resistance test under the same conditions as described above. The results of evaluation are collectively presented in Table 3. TABLE 3 Example Comp. Ex. 5 6 7 3 4 Interlayer film Number of carbon in 4 4 4 4 4 acetal Degree of acetalization 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 (mol %) Avarage degree of 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 polymerization Vinylacetate content 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 (mol %) Plasticizer content 40 40 40 40 40 (weight parts) K content (ppm) 23 5 0.7 104 220 Particle diameter 3 1 0.5> 6 9 of K (μm) Na content (ppm) 0.7 0.6 0.6 — — Particle diameter 0.5> 0.5> 0.5> — — of Na (μm) Bonding strength of a 8 8 8 8 7 laminated glass (Pammer value) Haze after 24 hours of 24 20 14 60 92 immersion (%) Total evaluation ◯ ◯ ◯ X X
[0179] It will be apparent that very satisfactory moisture resistance was obtained in Examples 5 to 7.
EXAMPLE 8
[0180] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0181] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0182] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. This resin had a vinyl acetal content (degree of acetalization) of 65.0 mole %.
[0183] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0184] The above polybutyral resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 13 ppm. The particle diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was 3 μm.
[0185] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0186] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and effected hot-press bonding at a temperature of 60° C. and a pressure of 5 kg/cm² under suction degassing at a reduced pressure of −600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to provide a laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 9
[0187] Except that the hot-press bonding temperature for the fabrication of a laminated glass was altered to 80° C., the procedure of Example 8 was otherwise repeated to provide a laminated glass. The particle diameter of the sodium salt in the interlayer film was 3 μm.
EXAMPLE 10
[0188] Except that the hot-press bonding temperature for the fabrication of a laminated glass was altered to 100° C., the procedure of Example 8 was otherwise repeated to provide a laminated glass. The particle diameter of the sodium salt in the interlayer film was 3 μm.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5
[0189] Except that the hot-press bonding temperature for the fabrication of a laminated glass was altered to 80° C., the procedure of Example 8 was otherwise repeated to provide a laminated glass. The sodium content of the obtained interlayer film was 30 ppm and the particle diameter of the sodium salt thereof was 11 μm.
[0190] The glass laminates obtained in Examples 8 to 10 and Comparative Example 5 were respectively subjected to a bonding power (Pummel) test and a heat resistance test under the following conditions. A moisture resistance test was also performed using the same conditions as in Example 1.
[0191] Evaluation Methods
[0192] (1) Bonding power (Pummel) test
[0193] The laminated glass is cooled at −20° C. for 2 hours and, then, mounted on an automatic hammering machine. The whole surface of the laminated glass is uniformly strickened with the hammer head and the area of glass fragments adhering to the interlayer film is visually assessed against the graded limit samples shown in Table 1 to evaluate the bonding power (Pummel value). The graded limit sample is based on a 10-point scale giving 1 point for minimum adhesion and 10 points for maximum adhesion. The automatic hammering machine used is equipped with a hammer head having a curved bottom surface having a radius of curvature of 50 mm and an effective striking diameter of 5 mm and weighing 240 g and the impact force of the hammer head is adjustable with a spring screw.
[0194] (2) Heat resistance test
[0195] In conformity with JIS R3205 “Laminated Glass”, the sample laminated glass is left standing in an atmosphere at 130° C. for 2 hours and then taken out and the presence or absence of air cells is visually examined.
[0196] The results obtained in Examples 8 to 10 and Comparative Example 5 are collectively shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 Example Compar. Ex. 8 9 10 5 Na content (ppm) 13 13 13 30 Particle diameter of Na (μm) 3 3 3 11 Bonding strength of the laminated 1 5 8 5 glass (Pammer value) Haze after 24 hours of immersion 37 38 33 66 (%) Presence or absence of air form none none none none after Heat resistance test Total evaluation ◯ ◯ ◯ X
EXAMPLE 11
[0197] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0198] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0199] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde. The pH of the system at this stage was found to be pH 5.1. The system was then dehydrated with Centor dehydrating machine to provide a resin of 50% water content. This resin was dried in an atmosphere at 60° C. and −700 mmHg to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. The acetalization rate of this resin was 65.0 mole %.
[0200] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0201] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 0.7 ppm. The particle diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was less than 0.5 μm.
[0202] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0203] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and hot-pressed at a temperature of 60° C. and a pressure of 5 kg/cm² under suction degassing at a reduced pressure of −600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to provide a laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 12
[0204] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0205] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0206] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. Then, the reaction product was rinsed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water at 50° C. and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. The degree of acetalization of this resin was 65.0 mole %.
[0207] (2) Production of an interlayer film.
[0208] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 10 ppm. The particle diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was 3 μm.
[0209] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0210] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and hot-pressed at a temperature of 60° C. and a pressure of 5 kg/cm² under suction degassing at a reduced pressure of −600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to provide a laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 13
[0211] Except that post-neutralization washing was carried out with water at 60° C., the procedure of Example 12 was otherwise repeated to provide an interlayer film. The rate of acetalization of this interlayer film was 65.0 mole %. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 15 ppm as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer. The particle diameter of sodium salt in this interlayer film was 4 μm.
EXAMPLE 14
[0212] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0213] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0214] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous magnesium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder.
[0215] (2) Production of an interlayer film.
[0216] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 0.7 ppm. The particle diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was less than 0.5 μm.
[0217] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0218] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and hot-pressed at a temperature of 60° C. and a pressure of 5 kg/cm² under suction degassing at a reduced pressure of −600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to provide a laminated glass.
[0219] The glass laminates obtained above in Examples 11 to 14 were respectively subjected to the following heat resistance test. In addition, a moisture resistance test was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. However, the product of Example 14 was subjected to the moisture resistance test only.
[0220] Methods of Evaluation
[0221] (1) Heat resistance test
[0222] One gram of the resin was placed in an ordinary test tube and heated in an oil bath at 150° C. for 60 minutes to assess the possible degradation of the resin.
[0223] The data obtained in Examples 11 to 14 are collectively presented in Table 5. TABLE 5 Example 11 12 13 14 Na content (ppm) 0.7 10 15 0.7 Particle diameter of Na (μm) 0.5> 3 4 0.5> Heat resistance test O.K. O.K. O.K. — Haze after 24 hours of immersion 13 32 39 24 (%) Total evaluation ◯ ◯ ◯ —
EXAMPLE 15
[0224] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0225] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700, a saponification degree of 98.9 mole % and 0.1 weight % of sodium acetate, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0226] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder.
[0227] The acetalization degree of this resin was 65 mole %.
[0228] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0229] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 8 ppm as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer.
EXAMPLE 16
[0230] Except that 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700, a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and a sodium acetate content of 0.4 weight %, the procedure of Example 15 was otherwise repeated to provide an interlayer film. The degree of acetalization of this interlayer film was 65.0 mole %. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 13 ppm as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer.
EXAMPLE 17
[0231] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0232] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700, a saponification degree of 98.9 mole % and a sodium acetate content of 0.1 weight %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0233] The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with magnesium octanoate. The product was rinsed with an excess of water and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. The acetalization degree of this resin was 65 mole %.
[0234] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0235] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 2 ppm as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer.
EXAMPLE 18
[0236] Except that ethylene oxide was used as the neutralizer of the hydrochloric acid catalyst, the procedure of Example 17 was otherwise repeated to provide an interlayer film. The degree of acetalization of this interlayer film was 65 mole %. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 2 ppm as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer.
[0237] The interlayer films obtained in Examples 15-18 were respectively subjected to a heat resistance test as in Example 11 and a moisture resistance test as in Example 1. The results are presented in Table 6. TABLE 6 Example 15 16 17 18 Sodium acetate content in 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 poly(vinyl alcohol) (wt. %) Na content (ppm) 8 13 2 2 Particle diameter of Na (μm) 0.6 2 0.5> 0.5> Heat resistance test O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. Haze after 24 hours of immersion 19 35 11 10 (%) Total evaluation ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
EXAMPLE 19
[0238] (1) Preparation of a poly(vinyl acetal) resin
[0239] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to 12° C., 201 g of 35% weight hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product. The reaction mixture was then held at 45° C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water for 2 hours and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. This resin had an average butyralization degree of 64 mole % and a residual acetyl group content of 1 mole %.
[0240] (2) Production of an interlayer film for laminated glass
[0241] To 100 parts of the above poly(vinyl butyral) resin (average degree of polymerization: 1700, average butyralization degree: 64 mole %, residual acetyl group content: 1 mole %) were added 40 parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate and 0.08 part of magnesium octanoate as the bond strength control agent. The mixture was thoroughly melt-kneaded with a mixing roll and press-molded with a pressing machine at 150° C. for 30 minutes to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass having an average thickness of 0.76 mm.
[0242] This interlayer film for laminated glass had a sodium content of 10 ppm and a sodium salt particle diameter of 1 μm. The particle diameter of magnesium salt in the interlayer film was 0.9 μm as determined with a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS).
[0243] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0244] The above interlayer film for laminated glass was sandwiched between transparent float glass sheets (30 cm×30 cm×3 mm thick) and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and deaerated under a vacuum of 20 Torr for 20 minutes. The deaerated assembly was directly transferred to an oven and pressed under vacuum at 90° C. for 30 minutes.
[0245] The prebonded laminated glass thus obtained was further subjected to post-bonding in a preumatic autoclave at a temperature of 135° C. and a pressure of 12 kg/cm² for 20 minutes to provide a laminated glass.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19983 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright (c) 2020 Sergio Aquilini
// This code is licensed under MIT license (see LICENSE file for details)
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Silverback.Messaging.Broker.Behaviors
{
/// <summary>
/// The delegate that describes an error (or rollback) handler in the consumer pipeline.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="context">
/// The context that is passed along the consumer behaviors pipeline.
/// </param>
/// <param name="serviceProvider">
/// The <see cref="IServiceProvider" /> to be used to resolve the needed services in the current
/// pipeline.
/// </param>
/// <param name="exception">
/// The exception that has been thrown during the message processing.
/// </param>
public delegate Task ConsumerBehaviorErrorHandler(
ConsumerPipelineContext context,
IServiceProvider serviceProvider,
Exception exception);
}
|
US-201916406083-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Clock gating unit for a transponder
ABSTRACT
In accordance with a first aspect of the present disclosure, a transponder is provided, comprising: digital logic for processing one or more portions of a data frame; a status detection unit configured to detect a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission; a clock gating unit configured to apply clock gating to said digital logic in dependence on the status of said data frame reception or data frame transmission. In accordance with further aspects of the present disclosure, a corresponding method of operating a transponder is conceived, and a corresponding computer program is provided.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to European Patent Application No. 18173666.1, filed on May 22, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
OVERVIEW
The present disclosure relates to a transponder. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a method of operating a transponder, and to a corresponding computer program. A transponder, such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder, may receive commands from a reader and respond to those commands. However, the communication between the transponder and the reader may be susceptible to problems. For example, some commands may not be properly received or processed by the transponder. Similarly, some responses may not be properly received or processed by the reader.
SUMMARY
In accordance with a first aspect of the present disclosure, a transponder is provided, comprising: digital logic for processing one or more portions of a data frame; a status detection unit configured to detect a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission; a clock gating unit configured to apply clock gating to said digital logic in dependence on the status of said data frame reception or data frame transmission.
In an embodiment, detecting the status of data frame reception comprises detecting an end of a Miller pause, and the clock gating unit is configured to apply said clock gating after said Miller pause.
In an embodiment, detecting the status of data frame transmission comprises detecting that the digital logic is active during the transmission of a response, and the clock gating unit is configured to apply said clock gating while the digital logic is active.
In an embodiment, detecting that the digital logic is active comprises detecting that the digital logic is copying response data to a transmission buffer.
In an embodiment, applying the clock gating comprises disabling the digital logic during a first predefined number of clock cycles and enabling the digital logic during a second predefined number of clock cycles.
In an embodiment, the first predefined number is one and the second predefined number is one; the first predefined number is two and the second predefined number is two; or the first predefined number is three and the second predefined number is one.
In an embodiment, disabling the digital logic and enabling the digital logic are repeated.
In an embodiment, the clock gating unit is further configured to apply said disabling and enabling for a predefined maximum number of clock cycles.
In an embodiment, the first predefined number of clock cycles, the second predefined number of clock cycles, and/or the predefined maximum number of clock cycles are programmable parameters.
In an embodiment, the transponder further comprises a memory for storing said programmable parameters.
In an embodiment, said memory is a non-volatile memory.
In an embodiment, the transponder is a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder, in particular an RFID tag or an RFID card.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method of operating a transponder is conceived, the method comprising: detecting, by a status detection unit of said transponder, a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission; applying, by a clock gating unit of said transponder, clock gating to digital logic of said transponder in dependence on the status of said data frame reception or data frame transmission; processing, by said digital logic, one or more portions of a data frame.
In accordance with the third aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program is provided, comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing unit, carry out a method of the kind set forth.
In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a computer program of the kind set forth.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
FIG. 1A shows an example of an operation of a transponder;
FIG. 1B shows an example of a command frame reception of a transponder;
FIG. 2A shows an illustrative embodiment of a transponder;
FIG. 2B shows an illustrative embodiment of a method of operating a transponder;
FIG. 3 shows an illustrative embodiment of a clock gating subsystem of a transponder;
FIG. 4 shows an illustrative embodiment of the use of different programmable parameters;
FIG. 5 shows a simulation result with applied clock gating.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Nowadays, RFID transponders are widely used, in different areas of industry and commerce and for various purposes. RFID transponders may for example be embodied as so-called RFID tags or RFID cards. It is noted that, in the present disclosure, near field communication (NFC) transponders are regarded as a specific type of RFID transponders. Thus, the principles described herein may also be applied to NFC transponders. As mentioned above, a transponder, such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder, may receive commands from a reader and respond to those commands. However, the communication between the transponder and the reader may be susceptible to problems. For example, some commands may not be properly received or processed by the transponder. Similarly, some responses may not be properly received or processed by the reader.
FIG. 1A shows an example of an operation 100 of a transponder. During communication with a reader, once a command is received by the transponder, it should be decoded, processed and a response should be transmitted back to the reader. During command reception there is often a drop of the voltage due to active digital logic which captures or processes a received command. A voltage sensor based mechanism can be used to gate clocks of most of the active digital logic momentarily to reduce power consumption and resume on voltage recovery. This is useful to avoid resets due to low voltage, particularly at lower field strengths. This is referred to as a clock-stop concept. The clock-stop concept or clock-stop feature enables achieving a higher distance of operation of the transponder from the reader (i.e. a lower minimal field strength H_(min)). The waveform shown in FIG. 1 illustrates that a clock-stop is triggered (vsens_clkstop_a_o) each time that the voltage drops below 1.8V (vdda_int). Thus, the digital logic clocks should be gated using vsens_clkstop_a_o. It is noted that vdda_int denotes an internal signal that represents the operating voltage of the transponder.
FIG. 1B shows another example of an operation 102 of a transponder. According to the technical standard ISO/IEC14443-2, section “Communication signal interface Type A”, a reader communicates to a transponder a specific sequence of logical bits 0/1, which are amplitude modulated by the reader. This amplitude modulation of a created radio frequency (RF) field is referred to as a Miller pause in said technical standard ISO/IEC14443-2. During the Miller pause a transponder has low or no power. While receiving a command from a reader, to operate at lower field strength, most of the digital logic clock of an RFID transponder is gated during a demodulator Miller pause. However, the transponder's digital logic (CPU subsystem) remains ungated after the Miller pause, in order to store (i.e. process) one or more bytes of the received command frame in a transponder memory. Unfortunately, such an ungated CPU subsystem clock results in a higher digital power consumption, and the demodulator of the tag may detect such a drop of voltage as a Miller pause. This, in turn, may result in a wrong Miller decoding and not responding to the command. This may predominantly be visible for higher baud rates such as 212 kbps, 424 kbps and 848 kbps, due to a lower demodulator sensitivity to detect lower Miller pause depths (for example modulation depths of 40%).
FIG. 1B shows a simulation waveform with a command being received by the transponder (dmod_sync). After the Miller pause (dmod_sync) the digital processing starts and consumes power causing a voltage drop (vdda_int). A traditional voltage sensor based clock-stop (vsens_clkstop_a_o) is triggered after reaching a threshold voltage (1.8V). This clock-stop (vsens_clkstop_a_o) gates the digital processing until the voltage is recovered (vdda_int). A first problem is that the variation in voltage (vdda_int) between Miller pauses may be detected by the demodulator of the transponder as a wrong Miller pause. A second problem is that the starting voltage (vdda_int) at the start of the next Miller pause may drop due to the digital processing until the start of the next Miller pause; this may result in a higher minimum operating field strength (H_(min)) as it can trigger a low voltage reset (for example a 1.2V reset in the present example).
Similarly, another problem (not shown) may occur while a transponder transmits a response back to the reader. In particular, while transmitting said response, the transponder's digital logic copies response bytes to a transmit buffer of said transponder. Since this copying may involve an activity of the central processing unit (CPU), power drops may occur, which may become visible as noise to the reader during response detection. Generally speaking, any activity of the CPU may become visible as noise to the reader during response detection. Readers often employ a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the noise generated as a result of systematic processing by the CPU may be significantly visible. This, in turn, may result in errors in the response detection by the reader, depending on the reader's response detection sensitivity.
Now a transponder and a corresponding method of operating a transponder will be discussed, which may alleviate at least some of the aforementioned problems.
In accordance with the present disclosure, a transponder is provided, comprising digital logic for processing one or more portions of a data frame, a status detection unit configured to detect a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission, and a clock gating unit configured to apply clock gating to said digital logic in dependence on the status of said data frame reception or data frame transmission. By detecting the status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission, and applying clock gating to the digital logic in dependence on the detected status, the activity of the digital logic can effectively be controlled or tuned in dependence on the status of data frame reception or transmission. Thereby, voltage variations caused by the digital processing of a received data frame (e.g. a command frame) or a data frame that is being prepared for transmission or being transmitted (e.g. a response frame) can be avoided or at least significantly reduced. In this way, at least some of the above-mentioned errors can be avoided. It is noted that said portions of the data frame may be bytes of the data frame. However, other portions of the data frame may also be processed by the digital logic, and the presently disclosed status-dependent clock gating may be applied equally well to digital logic that processes other portions than bytes (e.g., portions comprising any number of bits).
FIG. 2A shows an illustrative embodiment of a transponder 200. The transponder 200 comprises digital logic 202, a status detection unit 204, and a clock gating unit 206. The digital logic 202 is configured to process one or more bytes of a data frame. Furthermore, the status detection unit 204 is configured to detect a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission. Finally, the clock gating unit 206 is configured to apply clock gating to the digital logic 202 in dependence on the status of the data frame reception or in dependence on the status of the data frame transmission. Clock gating refers to stalling the clock to the digital logic and/or to preventing the system clock signal from reaching the digital logic.
FIG. 2B shows an illustrative embodiment of a method 208 of operating a transponder. The method 208 comprises, at 210, that the status detection unit 204 detects a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission, at 212, that the clock gating unit 206 applies clock gating to the digital logic 202 in dependence on the detected status, and at 214, that the digital logic 202 processes one or more bytes of a data frame.
In an embodiment, detecting the status of data frame reception comprises detecting an end of a Miller pause, and the clock gating unit is configured to apply said clock gating after said Miller pause. By default, a transponder is set to reception status to receive one or more bytes of a data frame (a command from the reader), because it cannot transmit without a command from a reader. An analog demodulator detects Miller pauses and converts the Miller pauses to digital signals, which are used for detecting logic bits 0's and 1's. A transition of such a digital signal from high to low can be regarded as the end of a Miller pause. The same digital signal may be used to gate the digital logic, because the transponder has low power or no power during Miller pause. The clock gating unit is configured to apply clock gating after the Miller pause. The digital logic is generally active to copy the byte(s) from a receive buffer to internal memory or to execute any other operations. By applying the clock gating, the power consumed by the digital logic is effectively controlled. In this way, the likelihood of a significant variation in voltage after a Miller pause may be reduced, which in turn reduces the risk that such a voltage variation is detected as a wrong Miller pause by the demodulator. Furthermore, the likelihood of a significant voltage drop at the start of the next Miller pause may also be reduced, so that the minimum operating field strength does not increase to an unacceptable level.
In an embodiment, detecting the status of data frame transmission comprises detecting that the digital logic is active during the transmission of a response, wherein the clock gating unit is configured to apply said clock gating while the digital logic is active. Furthermore, in a practical and effective implementation, detecting that the digital logic is active comprises detecting that the digital logic is copying response data to a transmission buffer. A transponder performs, once a command is received, its specific operations and prepares response data for transmission by setting the transponder status to transmission. The response data may for example comprise response bytes. During transmission a CPU subsystem is generally active to copy response data byte(s), one after the other, from internal memory to the transmit buffer or to execute any other operations. The clock gating unit is configured to apply clock gating while the digital logic is active during the transmission of a response. In this way, the likelihood that power drops occur during response transmissions may be reduced, which in turn reduces the risk of errors in the response detection by the reader.
FIG. 3 shows an illustrative embodiment of a clock gating subsystem 300 of a transponder. The clock gating subsystem 300 comprises a clock gating unit 302, a non-volatile memory 310, and a synchronizer 312. The clock gating unit 302 comprises a clock_control generator 304, a multiplexer 306, and an active duration counter 308. As mentioned above, a transponder's demodulator may be sensitive to the drop or rise of the voltage between the Miller pauses of a command. A capacitor is often used as a secondary power source, in addition to the power harvested from the field, which may cause the drop or rise of the voltage. In accordance with the present disclosure, the drop or rise in the voltage may be regulated by gating the digital logic clocks with a predefined clock during reception. The clock control may be optimized so as to regulate the voltage between Miller pauses and to ensure a safe capture of the command by providing a sufficient number of active clocks to perform a copy operation or to perform other digital operations. The voltage regulator logic may be configured via the non-volatile memory 310. The use of the non-volatile memory 310 results in effective and practical implementation of the clock gating mechanism. In particular, the clock_control generator 304 may retrieve clock control configuration settings (i.e. parameters) from said non-volatile memory 310. The choice of a high regulation (3:1) or medium regulation (2:2 or 1:1) can also be configured using the non-volatile memory 310. In addition, the active duration of the clock control may also be a configuration setting or parameter stored in the non-volatile memory 310. The active duration may be defined as the number of clock cycles during which the configured gated clock control is active from the end of a Miller pause. After the active duration, the clock to the digital logic is gated until the next Miller pause. The synchronizer 312 is configured to synchronize an asynchronous demodulated signal with the digital logic clock domain. The clock_control generator 304 is configured to generate different clock control signals, in dependence on the configuration settings. The configuration settings or parameters may be as follows:
1:1→ The digital logic (CPU subsystem) is disabled during one cycle of a 13.56 MHz clock and enabled during the next one cycle. This is repeated.
2:2→ The digital logic (CPU subsystem) is disabled during two cycles of a 13.56 MHz clock and enabled during the next two cycles. This is repeated.
3:1→ The digital logic (CPU subsystem) is disabled during three cycles of a 13.56 MHz clock and enabled during the next one cycle. This is repeated.
These values further enable an effective and practical implementation of the clock gating mechanism. A 2-bit counter may be used to generate these signals. This module may be enabled during command reception (rx_enable). The active duration counter 308 may be a 5-bit counter, which is used to enable the clock_control generator 304 for a configured active duration cycle count (e.g. stored as parameter act_duration in the non-volatile memory 310). If the parameter act_duration is set to 0, then this is treated as a disablement of the active duration feature. The multiplexer 306 is configured to multiplex the three types of clock-gating signals based on the configuration settings.
FIG. 4 shows an illustrative embodiment of the use 400 of different programmable parameters. In particular, two examples are shown, in order to illustrate the use of the active duration feature. As mentioned above, the active duration may be a programmable parameter (act_duration) stored in the non-volatile memory 310. In a first case, the parameter act_duration has the value 00: this means that the feature to limit the number of active duration clocks after the Miller pause (dmod) has been disabled. In other words, it means that the configured clock gating is applied until the next Miller pause. In a second case, the parameter act_duration has the value 04: this means that the feature to limit the number of active duration clocks after the Miller pause (dmod) has been enabled and has been set to four. In other words, the configured clock gating is applied during four cycles after the end of Miller pause, and subsequently the clock is gated until the next Miller pause. Thus, in an embodiment, the clock gating unit 304 is further configured to apply a configured clock gating for a predefined maximum number of clock cycles. The configured clock gating comprises disabling the digital logic during a first predefined number of clock cycles and enabling the digital logic during a second predefined number of clock cycles. The first predefined number and the second predefined number may for example be 1 and 1, 2 and 2, respectively 3 and 1, as described above. In this way, the second problem shown in FIG. 1B may be avoided. In particular, in case the active duration is disabled, there might be active clocks until the next Miller pause, which might result in a voltage drop at the start of next Miller pause. Using the active duration, it is avoided that the active clocks encroach the next Miller pause. As a result, the voltage may be fully recovered before the next Miller pause.
FIG. 5 shows a simulation result 500 with applied clock gating. In particular, FIG. 5 shows a simulation waveform for a command that is being received by a transponder (dmod_sync). After the Miller pause (dmod_sync) the clock-control (E) starts and the digital processing is stalled for predefined intervals to regulate the power or voltage (vdda_int). The variation in voltage (vdda_int) between Miller pauses is well regulated (not dropping below 1.8V) and also the digital processing is completed ahead of the next Miller pause. It can also be observed that the starting voltage (vdda_int) at the start of the next Miller pause is at full strength as the digital processing is completed before the next Miller pause. This may result in a lower minimum operating field strength (H_(min)) as it may avoid triggering a low voltage reset.
The systems and methods described herein may at least partially be embodied by a computer program or a plurality of computer programs, which may exist in a variety of forms both active and inactive in a single computer system or across multiple computer systems. For example, they may exist as software program(s) comprised of program instructions in source code, object code, executable code or other formats for performing some of the steps. Any of the above may be embodied on a computer-readable medium, which may include storage devices and signals, in compressed or uncompressed form.
As used herein, the term “computer” refers to any electronic device comprising a processor, such as a general-purpose central processing unit (CPU), a specific-purpose processor or a microcontroller. A computer is capable of receiving data (an input), of performing a sequence of predetermined operations thereupon, and of producing thereby a result in the form of information or signals (an output). Depending on the context, the term “computer” will mean either a processor in particular or more generally a processor in association with an assemblage of interrelated elements contained within a single case or housing.
The term “processor” or “processing unit” refers to a data processing circuit that may be a microprocessor, a co-processor, a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a central processing unit, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic circuit, and/or any circuit that manipulates signals (analog or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in a memory. The term “memory” refers to a storage circuit or multiple storage circuits such as read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, Flash memory, cache memory, and/or any circuit that stores digital information.
As used herein, a “computer-readable medium” or “storage medium” may be any means that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport a computer program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium may include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a Blu-ray disc (BD), and a memory card.
It is noted that the embodiments above have been described with reference to different subject-matters. In particular, some embodiments may have been described with reference to method-type claims whereas other embodiments may have been described with reference to apparatus-type claims. However, a person skilled in the art will gather from the above that, unless otherwise indicated, in addition to any combination of features belonging to one type of subject-matter also any combination of features relating to different subject-matters, in particular a combination of features of the method-type claims and features of the apparatus-type claims, is considered to be disclosed with this document.
Furthermore, it is noted that the drawings are schematic. In different drawings, similar or identical elements are provided with the same reference signs. Furthermore, it is noted that in an effort to provide a concise description of the illustrative embodiments, implementation details which fall into the customary practice of the skilled person may not have been described. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made in order to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill.
Finally, it is noted that the skilled person will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference sign placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word “comprise(s)” or “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. The word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. Measures recited in the claims may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements and/or by means of a suitably programmed processor. In a device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS
- 100 operation of a transponder - 102 operation of a transponder - 200 transponder - 202 digital logic - 204 status detection unit - 206 clock gating unit - 208 method of operating a transponder - 210 status detection unit detects a status of a data frame receipt or data frame transmission - 212 clock gating unit applies clock gating to the digital logic in dependence on the detected status - 214 digital logic processes one or more data frames - 300 clock gating subsystem of transponder - 302 clock gating unit - 304 clock_control generator (counter) - 306 multiplexer - 308 active duration counter - 310 non-volatile memory - 312 synchronizer - 400 use of different programmable parameters - 500 simulation result with applied clock gating
The invention claimed is:
1. A transponder, comprising: digital logic for processing one or more portions of a data frame; a status detection unit configured to detect a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission; a clock gating unit configured to apply clock gating to said digital logic in dependence on the status of said data frame reception or data frame transmission; and an analog demodulator configured to detect a Miller pause and to convert said Miller pause to a digital signal, said Miller pause being a period in which a logical bit is amplitude modulated by a reader, wherein detecting the status of the data frame reception comprises detecting an end of said Miller pause by detecting a transition of said digital signal, and wherein the clock gating unit is configured to apply said clock gating after said Miller pause.
2. The transponder of claim 1, wherein detecting the status of data frame transmission comprises detecting that the digital logic is active during the transmission of a response, and wherein the clock gating unit is configured to apply said clock gating while the digital logic is active.
3. The transponder of claim 2, wherein detecting that the digital logic is active comprises detecting that the digital logic is copying response data to a transmission buffer.
4. The transponder of claim 1, wherein applying the clock gating comprises disabling the digital logic during a first predefined number of clock cycles and enabling the digital logic during a second predefined number of clock cycles.
5. The transponder of claim 4, wherein: the first predefined number is one and the second predefined number is one; the first predefined number is two and the second predefined number is two; or the first predefined number is three and the second predefined number is one.
6. The transponder of claim 4, wherein disabling the digital logic and enabling the digital logic are repeated.
7. The transponder of claim 4, wherein the clock gating unit is further configured to apply said disabling and enabling for a predefined maximum number of clock cycles.
8. The transponder of claim 4, wherein the first predefined number of clock cycles, the second predefined number of clock cycles, and/or the predefined maximum number of clock cycles are programmable parameters.
9. The transponder of claim 8, further comprising a memory for storing said programmable parameters.
10. The transponder of claim 9, wherein said memory is a non-volatile memory.
11. The transponder of claim 1, being a radio frequency identification, RFID, transponder, in particular an RFID tag or an RFID card.
12. A method of operating a transponder, the method comprising: detecting, by a status detection unit of said transponder, a status of a data frame reception or data frame transmission; applying, by a clock gating unit of said transponder, clock gating to digital logic of said transponder in dependence on the status of said data frame reception or data frame transmission; processing, by said digital logic, one or more portions of a data frame; and detecting a Miller pause and converting said Miller pause to a digital signal, said Miller pause being a period in which a logical bit is amplitude modulated by a reader, wherein detecting the status of the data frame reception comprises detecting an end of said Miller pause by detecting a transition of said digital signal, and wherein applying, by the clock gating unit of said transponder, said clock gating to said digital logic of said transponder comprises applying said clock gating after said Miller pause.
13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer readable instructions, which when executed by one or more processors, implements the method of claim
12..
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github_open_source_100_8_19984 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "pepch.h"
#include "Renderer3D.h"
#include "engine\Graphics\Cameras\Camera.h"
#include "engine\Graphics\Model.h"
#define MAX_LIGHTS 10
namespace PrettyEngine {
Renderer3D::Renderer3D(Camera * camera)
: m_Camera(camera)
{
Init();
}
Renderer3D::~Renderer3D()
{
delete m_Camera;
}
void Renderer3D::Submit(Renderable3D renderable)
{
SetProjection(renderable.shader);
m_Renderables.push_back(renderable);
}
void Renderer3D::Submit(Mesh * mesh, Matrix4* transform)
{
Renderable3D toRender;
toRender.mesh = mesh;
toRender.shader = mesh->GetMaterial()->GetShader();
toRender.transform = transform;
Submit(toRender);
}
void Renderer3D::Submit(Light * light)
{
m_Lights.push_back(light);
}
void Renderer3D::Flush()
{
for (uint i = 0; i < m_Renderables.size(); i++)
{
Renderable3D& renderable = m_Renderables[i];
Material* material = renderable.mesh->GetMaterial();
material->Bind();
if (renderable.shader->GetType() == Shader::Type::BLINPHONG) // The material reacts to light. Bind light uniforms
{
// TODO: Check that the number of lights matches with the number in the shader
renderable.shader->SetUniform3f("u_CameraPosition", m_Camera->GetPosition());
for (uint j = 0; j < m_Lights.size(); j++)
m_Lights[j]->SetUniforms(renderable.shader);
}
//Bind matrices
renderable.shader->SetUniformMat4("u_ViewMatrix", m_Camera->GetViewMatrix());
renderable.shader->SetUniformMat4("u_ModelMatrix", *renderable.transform);
//PE_CORE_TRACE("ModelMatrix: {0}", renderable.transform->ToString());
renderable.mesh->Render();
material->Unbind();
}
}
// Allow the change of the view from where the scene is rendered. Might need to reset the projection matrix when this method is called
void Renderer3D::SetCamera(Camera * camera)
{
m_Camera = camera;
}
void Renderer3D::Init() // I was thinking to set the camera and the projection matrix here, but i don't know the shader yet
{
}
void Renderer3D::SetProjection(Shader * shader)
{
shader->Bind();
shader->SetUniformMat4("u_ProjectionMatrix", m_Camera->GetProjectionMatrix());
shader->Unbind();
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_19985 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | '''
Created: 2020.06.24
@license: CC0 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0
@author: hm
'''
import base.BaseLogger
class MemoryLogger(base.BaseLogger.BaseLogger):
'''Implements a logger storing the logging messages in an internal array.
'''
def __init__(self, verboseLevel=0, verboseListMinLevel=99):
'''Constructor.
@param verboseLevel: > 0: the messages will be printed (to stdout)
@param verboseListMinLevel: messages with a higher level will be stored
'''
base.BaseLogger.BaseLogger.__init__(self, verboseLevel)
self._lines = []
self._listMinLevel = verboseListMinLevel
def clear(self):
'''Clears all messages and error messages.
'''
self._lines = []
self._firstErrors = []
self._errors = 0
def contains(self, string, errorsToo=False):
'''Tests whether the log contains a given string.
@param string: string to search
@param errorsToo: the errors will inspected too
@return: True: the log (or the errors) contains the string
'''
rc = False
for line in self._lines:
if not errorsToo and line.startswith('+++'):
continue
if line.find(string) >= 0:
rc = True
break
if not rc and errorsToo:
for line in self._firstErrors:
if line.find(string) >= 0:
rc = True
break
return rc
def derive(self, logger, messagesToo=False):
'''Transfers error to another logger.
'''
for item in self._firstErrors:
logger.error(item)
if messagesToo:
for item in self._lines:
logger.log(item, 4)
def getMessages(self):
'''Returns the internal messages as array.
@return: array of messages
'''
return self._lines
def log(self, message, minLevel=0):
'''Logs a message.
@param message: the message to log
@param minLevel: the logging is done only if _verboseLevel >= minLevel
@return: True: OK
'''
if self._verboseLevel >= minLevel:
print(message)
if self._listMinLevel >= minLevel:
self._lines.append(message)
return True
def matches(self, pattern, flags=0, errorsToo=False):
r'''Tests whether the log contains a given regular expression.
@param pattern: reg expression to search, e.g. r'\d+'
@param flags: flags of the method re.compile(), e.g. re.I (for ignore case)
@param errorsToo: the errors will inspected too
@return: True: the log contains the string
'''
rc = False
regExpr = base.StringUtils.regExprCompile(
pattern, 'memory logger pattern', None, flags == 0)
if regExpr is not None:
for line in self._lines:
if not errorsToo and line.startswith('+++'):
continue
if regExpr.search(line):
rc = True
break
if not rc and errorsToo:
for line in self._firstErrors:
if regExpr.search(line):
rc = True
break
return rc
if __name__ == '__main__':
pass
|
github_open_source_100_8_19986 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* @flow
*/
import type {Action} from './Actions';
import {Dispatcher} from 'flux';
const instance: Dispatcher<Action> = new Dispatcher();
export default instance;
|
hal-02557240-fnana-11-00103.txt_2 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | However, clear cytoarchitectural differences were identified with
respect to the size of SCN neurons, with populations of
dorsal parvicellular and ventral magnocellular neurons. This
organization is largely confirmed by the immunofluorescence
studies. In sheep, there is also no clear dorso-ventral subdivision
of the SCN, but neurons are smaller in the ventral than in the
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Dromedary Camel
FIGURE 8 | Double immunofluorescence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and TH and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
(AADC) in the rostral SCN (rSCN) of the camel. (A): montage of 12 images representing a merge of TH (red) and VIP (green) in the rSCN [levels of (D) of Figure 1].
(B): higher magnification of the field boxed in (A) showing large-sized TH neurons in the ventral part of rSCN. (C): merge of TH (green) and AADC (red)
immunofluorescence, showing sparse AADC neurons in the rSCN of the camel which do not coexpress TH. (D–F): double immunofluorescent labeling of TH (green)
and VIP (red). The coronal sections correspond to levels of (E) in Figure 1. (G,H,I) Are higher magnifications of fields boxed in (D,E,F), respectively. Note that at the
dorsal levels of rSCN in (D,G), the TH-ir neurons are small-sized and that the merge (F,I) shows that these neurons coexpress VIP. ox, optic chiasm; Mds, medial
dome shaped tissue of rSCN; SoR, supraoptic recess.
nucleus either lacks or contains only a few TH neurons. For
example, in the rat, a few TH neurons were reported to be
present only transiently in the developing brain (Battaglia et al.,
1995; Ugrumov, 2013). In the Syrian hamster, only sparse TH-ir
round-shaped cells were observed in the SCN, mostly outside the
nucleus and lining its borders (Vincent, 1988; Novak and Nunez,
1998; Strother et al., 1998).
Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme for the
biosynthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine and
norepinephrine) and catalyzes the transformation of the amino
acid L-tyrosine into L-DOPA (L-3, 4 Dihydroxyphenylalanine),
which is then converted to dopamine by AADC (also called
Dopa-decarboxylase). Within various animals, the AADC-ir
neurons in the SCN seem to be more abundant than the TH
neurons (Sheep: Tillet et al., 1994; rat: Jaeger et al., 1984; Inatomi,
1994; cat: Kitahama et al., 1988; house-shrew: Karasawa et al.,
1992).
Regarding the puzzle of the relatively high density of TH-ir
neurons we observed in the camel SCN, we have investigated
their possible dopaminergic phenotype by testing colocalization
with AADC. The double immunostaining showed that AADC-ir
neurons are very rare and sparse within the nucleus, largesized and never coexpress TH. This indicates that there are no
dorsal region of the SCN (Tessonneaud et al., 1994). Neurons
of the camel SCN are the smallest cells among those observed
within the hypothalamus and adjacent areas. Nevertheless, the
camel SCN contains neurons larger than those reported in sheep
and other species, especially in the ventral magnocellular part,
in which neurons are larger than 20 µm in diameter and can
reach up to 50 µm. The largest somal diameters in the SCN of
many species (including the domestic pig, domestic cat, mouse,
guinea pig, rat, hamster and five marsupial species) do not exceed
12.5 ± 3.1 µm (measured in the ventrolateral division of the cat
SCN), while in other species the diameter of SCN neurons ranges
between 7.0 and 10.7 µm (van den Pol, 1980; Cassone et al., 1988).
The neurochemical organization of the camel SCN is different
from that of the other species studied so far. In camel
SCN, two populations of TH neurons were identified, ventral
magnocellular or dorsal parvicellular. Their location, number,
size and immunoreactivity intensity, suggests that they could
have different roles. In the absence of a precise additional
phenotyping of these neurons, it is difficult to further speculate
on their role (s). To our knowledge, no similar findings were
reported in the SCN of other mammals. Very few TH-ir neurons
were observed to be homogeneously distributed in the SCN
of sheep (Tillet et al., 1994). Moreover, in most rodents, this
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FIGURE 9 | Illustration of two main populations of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the camel SCN. (A): TH immunofluorescence in the most
caudal levels of the rostral SCN (rSCN) and just prior the beginning of the main SCN (mSCN). Levels of coronal section correspond to panel (G) in Figure 1. Note at
(Continued)
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy | www.frontiersin.org
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Dromedary Camel
FIGURE 9 | Continued
this level, as in the rostral part of rSCN, two TH-ir neuronal populations: dorsal small-sized and ventrolateral large neurons. (B): TH immunofluorescence in the mSCN
[levels of (H) of Figure 1). The montage (of 16 images) shows TH- immunolabelling in the mSCN of the two sides. (C) Shows at higher magnification, the field boxed
in (B), with TH-ir neurons in the mSCN. (D) Shows at higher magnification the field boxed in (C) with TH-ir neurons and fibers in the right mSCN. Note also at these
levels the existence of two populations of TH-ir neurons: small-sized neurons (white arrowheads) which fill the mSCN except for the lateral and ventrolateral portions
of the nucleus, and large-sized neurons (yellow arrowheads) in the ventral part of the mSCN with medial and lateral clusters of neurons. Large-sized neurons show
intense immunofluorescence and are intermingled with a dense network of TH-ir fibers. (E): dorsal TH-ir small-sized neuronal population. (F,G): different types of the
ventral large-sized TH-ir neurons.
FIGURE 10 | Immunofluorescence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the caudal SCN (cSCN). (A): montage of 25 images showing merge of TH (green) and VIP (red) in
the caudal part of the tuberal region of camel hypothalamus and cSCN. The coronal section corresponds to the levels of panel (J) in Figure 1. (B): higher
magnification of the field boxed in (A). Note that in the cSCN the TH-ir perikarya are exclusively small-sized neurons, scattered and not very numerous. (C): merge of
TH (green) and AADC (red); showing rare, sparse AADC neurons in the cSCN of the camel and which do not coexpress TH. 3V, third ventricle; LH, lateral
hypothalamus; ot, optic tract.
be excluded. This could be of particular interest in species such as
the dromedary, that faces the problem of adaptation to the harsh
environment of the desert and which has to adapt its physiology
and circadian rhythms to this biotope.
The existence of vasopressinergic neurons in the camel SCN is
consistent with reports in other mammalian species (Vandesande
et al., 1975; Vandesande and Dierickx, 1975; Sofroniew and
Weindl, 1980; Card et al., 1981; Tillet et al., 1989; Kalsbeek
and Buijs, 1992; Kikusui et al., 1997; Abrahamson and Moore,
2001; Kalsbeek and Buijs, 2002). However, the distribution of
these neurons is different in the camel SCN compared to the
animals studied thus far. They occupy different locations on the
rostrocaudal extension of the nucleus and appear more caudally
in a dorsomedial position forming a population equivalent to the
“shell” described in rodents (Ibata et al., 1999; Moore et al., 2002;
Morin et al., 2006; Nascimento et al., 2010). The distribution
of AVP-ir neurons in the camel SCN, as well as their relatively
high number, seem to be a peculiarity of a species living in arid
and desert biotopes. In the jerboa (Jaculus orientalis), a semidesert rodent living in the same latitudes as the dromedary,
AVP neurons in the SCN are intensely immunostained, and are
located in the dorsomedial and ventromedial but also dorsal,
dorsolateral and ventral portions of the SCN (Lakhdar-Ghazal
et al., 1995a). Across all species studied to date, the AVP
neurons located in the dorsomedial SCN play a crucial role
in the development and distribution of circadian signals (for a
review, see Reghunandanan and Reghunandanan, 2006) and this
could also be the case for the camel SCN. Furthermore, studies
have shown that the amount of vasopressin release in the SCN
(Kalsbeek et al., 1995) and its mRNA levels (rat: Larsen et al.,
catecholaminergic, especially no dopaminergic, neurons in the
SCN of the camel. The lack of AADC expression within the TH-ir
neurons indicates the synthesis of L-DOPA, but not dopamine, in
these neurons. This raises several questions. L-DOPA itself has
a role in mediating the release of neurotrophic factors that are
important for the growth, survival and differentiation of neurons
(Lopez et al., 2008; Malenka et al., 2009; Zigmond et al., 2012;
Hiroshima et al., 2014). In the camel SCN, given the relatively
high number of TH-neurons, L-DOPA could be involved in the
survival and differentiation of neurons. A possible involvement
of TH neurons in mediating circadian activity is also suggested
by the colocalization of TH with VIP especially in rSCN neurons.
The presence of OT-ir neurons in the SCN has been reported
briefly by El May et al. (1987) when studying the hypothalamohypophyseal axis of the camel. However, their given localization
of the SCN and their description as a large extension from the
optic chiasm to the pituitary stalk attachment were not very
precise. In the present work, the camel SCN cartography is
performed at high spatial resolution and results confirmed clearly
that OT neurons are found within the mSCN and are either
scattered throughout the nucleus or grouped ventro-laterally.
The presence of OT-ir neurons within the SCN is unusual, and
represents a peculiarity of the nucleus in the camel. Sofroniew
and Weindl (1980) studied the neuropeptidergic content of the
SCN in 13 species belonging to 6 mammalian orders (marsupials,
rodents, lagomorphs, artiodactyls, carnivores and primates). In
all of these animals, the SCN lacks OT-ir neurons, as confirmed
in other studies (Sofroniew and Glasmann, 1981; Reuss et al.,
1989; Caba et al., 1996). For the camel, a possible role of OT
neurons in the modulation of the circadian clock activity cannot
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Dromedary Camel
FIGURE 11 | Immunofluorescence of met-enkephalin (Met-Enk), 5-HT and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the camel SCN. (A): montage of 70 images showing Met-Enk
immunolabelling in a low power view of the main SCN (mSCN). (B): higher power view of the field boxed in (A) showing Met-Enk-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and
perikarya (arrowheads) in the mSCN. (C): Image from another animal showing Met-Enk fibers and neurons (arrowheads) in the SCN. (D): lateral 5-HT-ir long fibers
descending ventromedially from the dorsal hypothalamic area toward the left mSCN. (E): 5-HT-ir fibers descending ventrally from the dorsal hypothalamic area and
lining the 3 V wall, toward the ventral right mSCN. (F): Plexus of thick 5-HT-ir fibers in the mSCN. (G): Montage of 16 images showing a low power view of the rSCN
and the hypothalamus labelled for NPY. Level corresponds to (D) in Figure 1. (H): Montage of 38 images corresponding to the level between panel (E) and (F) in
Figure 1 showing the rSCN and the hypothalamus labeled for NPY. (I): Montage of 12 images corresponding to the level of panel (I) in Figure 1 and showing NPY
labeling in the mSCN. (J): Montage of 4 images corresponding to level of panel (I) in Figure 1, showing NPY labeling in the mSCN. (K): Montage of 2 images
corresponding to level of (H) in Figure 1, note the dense NPY immunopositivity also at these levels.
1994, mice: Smith and Carter, 1996, Siberian hamster: Duncan
et al., 1995) show daily variations with a diurnal acrophase. This
rhythmicity is maintained under constant conditions (Yamase
et al., 1991; Cagampang et al., 1994), demonstrating its circadian
origin.
A relatively large number of VIP-ir neurons were found
in the camel SCN. In the present investigation, the highest
density of these neurons within the camel hypothalamus was
observed in the SCN. Similar observations have been made in
other mammalian species (Card et al., 1981; Stopa et al., 1984;
Cassone et al., 1988; Tessonneaud et al., 1994; Abrahamson
and Moore, 2001; Moore et al., 2002). It is well known that
the ventrolateral subdivision of the SCN receives direct retinal
afferents (Moore, 1973; Cassone et al., 1988; Ibata et al., 1989;
Abrahamson and Moore, 2001), contacting VIP neurons (Ibata
et al., 1989). Moreover, VIP expression (mRNA and peptide)
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy | www.frontiersin.org
in the SCN exhibits a nycthemeral rhythm depending on the
LD cycle (Albers et al., 1990; Ibata et al., 1993; Shinohara
et al., 1993; Yang et al., 1993; Larsen et al., 1994). In the camel
SCN, the most rostral VIP-ir neuronal population, forming a
cluster of cells in the ventral part of the mSCN, is similar
in its shape and location to the findings reported in other
species. Although no data on retinal projections is available
in the camel, due to its location this group of VIP neurons
could serve as the target of such projections also in the
camel.
In rodents, VIP neurons project to the dorsal AVP neurons
in the SCN (Jacomy et al., 1999) to regulate the activity of the
clock by light (Harmar et al., 2002). Our findings suggest that
VIP neurons in the camel SCN also project to the AVP neurons
located dorsally. We also observed a dense plexus of VIP-ir fibers
directed to the hypothalamic area above the SCN, which seem
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El Allali et al.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Dromedary Camel
Rusak, 1986; Pickard et al., 1987; Edelstein and Amir, 1999; Juhl
et al., 2007).
Our data for the camel SCN demonstrate that 5-HT
immunopositive fibers cross the hypothalamus, especially the
periventricular areas, toward the SCN. A high density of
5-HT fibers in the SCN has been reported for several species
(Ueda et al., 1983; Abrahamson and Moore, 2001). These
fibers constitute a third major set of afferents to the SCN
and are involved in the transmission of non-photic stimuli
to this nucleus. Serotonergic modulation of the SCN is well
characterized in the Syrian hamster (Azmitia and Segal, 1978;
Meyer-Bernstein and Morin, 1996; Hay-Schmidt et al., 2003;
Vrang et al., 2003). Moreover, in some species (rat and cat),
direct retinal projections to the raphe nuclei were identified.
Photic information could therefore also reach the SCN indirectly
through 5-HT fibers. The existence of a significant 5-HT
innervation in the camel SCN could be related to the particular
adaptation of this species to its biotope thus requiring pathways
combining non-photic and photic entrainment.
In most mammals, the relative importance of photic versus
non-photic entrainment of the circadian clock is not fully
understood. In addition to LD entrainment, several non-photic
factors can synchronize the circadian clock. These stimuli may
be behavioral, dietary or other environmental factors such
as environmental temperature, for which little information is
available to date. It appears that the unusual morphology of
the camel SCN (both in terms of its length and shape) and
the uncommon existence of TH and OT neurons, in addition
to the presence of a dense innervation of NPY, Met-Enk
and 5-HT fibers, reflect collectively the importance of this
nucleus in the circadian adaptation of the camel to its harsh
biotope. The synchronization of the circadian clock in this
species both by photic and non-photic cues deserves special
study. Under experimental conditions (El Allali et al., 2013),
we demonstrated that both entrainments occur in the camel:
synchronization by the LD cycle and by the daily cycle of
environmental temperature. Neuroanatomical interactions in the
camel brain between different pathways for photic and nonphotic entrainment are also very likely and warrant further
investigation.
to reach the PVN and the dorsomedial nucleus, as reported in
several other species (Kalsbeek et al., 1993; Saper et al., 2005).
The neurophysiological significance of such dorsal projections
could be related to the well-known modulatory role of VIP
on AVP neurons (Watanabe et al., 1998; Jacomy et al., 1999;
Maywood et al., 2006) and thus on clock activity. AVP neurons, in
turn, would distribute the modulated circadian message to other
structures in the brain.
In the jerboa, the SCN content of VIP shows seasonal
variations (Lakhdar-Ghazal et al., 1992) which seems to be related
to the photoperiod and the effect of sex hormones (Oukouchoud
et al., 2003). Such mechanisms remain to be investigated in the
camel. However, in view of data on the variation in the duration
of melatonin secretion in this species (El Allali et al., 2005,
2008) and the existence of seasonal breeding activity, it seems
reasonable to suppose that the photoperiod could modulate VIP
expression in the camel SCN.
The present results show that the NPY-ir fibers were the
densest in the camel SCN among the other neurochemically
identified fibers investigated in this study. The NPY fibers form
a dense plexus in different parts of the camel SCN, and especially
in the mSCN. Such a high density of NPY fibers coming from
the IGL has been previously described in the rodent SCN (Moore
et al., 1984; Ueda et al., 1986; Sabatino et al., 1987; Card
and Moore, 1989; Morin et al., 1992; Lakhdar-Ghazal et al.,
1995b; Jacob et al., 1999; Menet et al., 2001; Abrahamson and
Moore, 2001) and these fibers contact VIP neurons (Ibata et al.,
1988; François-Bellan and Bosler, 1992). This innervation is
reportedly involved in non-photic synchronization mechanisms
(Challet et al., 1996, 1997; Juhl et al., 2007). The neuroanatomical
pathways and the entrainment by the IGL are thus well
demonstrated in rodents, but remain to be fully understood in
the camel, sheep and most non-human primates. In non-human
primates, a complex of NPY neurons, the pregeniculate nucleus,
is equivalent to the IGL of rodents, but does not send efferents to
the SCN (Moore, 1989; Chevassus-au-Louis and Cooper, 1998).
Likewise, the SCN of the sheep harbors only sparse NPY-ir
fibers (Tillet et al., 1989). The present findings show a dense
plexus of NPY fibers in the camel SCN, but a combination of
immunohistochemistry and tract tracing is necessary to address
its origin from the IGL.
The camel has to adapt its physiology and to anticipate
changes in its harsh environment by integrating the most
important environmental cues, mainly the environmental
temperature and LD cycles. The density of NPY-ir fibers in the
camel SCN may reflect the integration of non-photic signals,
correlated with an important non-photic entrainment of the
circadian clock represented by the daily cycle of environmental
temperature (El Allali et al., 2013).
The present findings also demonstrate a dense plexus of
Met-Enk-ir fibers in the camel SCN. Met-Enk innervation of
the SCN has also been reported in others species, including:
mouse (Abrahamson and Moore, 2001), sheep (Tillet et al., 1989;
Tessonneaud et al., 1994) and Syrian hamster (Morin et al., 1992).
In this latter species, Met-Enk fibers originate from neurons
located in the IGL (Morin and Blanchard, 1995) and participate in
photic transmission and clock synchronization (Harrington and
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy | www.frontiersin.org
ETHICS STATEMENT
There were no animal sacrifices to carry out this study.
The work was conducted by using camels’s brains. Samples
were taken as animals were slaughtered to provide meat for
public consumption. The study was in conformation with the
Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute of Rabat and
Moroccan Ministry of Agriculture recommendations which are
in accordance with international ethical standards (Touitou et al.,
2006).
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
KEA, AC, PP, and NL-G conceived and designed the work;
KEA, MA, and MO performed brains sampling; KEA
16
November 2017 | Volume 11 | Article 103
El Allali et al.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Dromedary Camel
National Center of Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST:
URAC-49), Morocco.
performed immunohistochemical labeling experiments; KEA
and MP performed image acquisition and quantification of
immunofluorescence; KEA, EC, and PP prepared the manuscript;
MA, MP, MO, EC, ME, NL-G, AC, and PP revised and approved
the final review.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. Mourad El Allouchi, Mr.
Mohcine Hadaoui, Dr. Lahcen Boukbir, Dr. Hakim Chaaibi, Dr.
Belakhal, Dr J. Malik, Dr. Aziz Marhaban, Dr. Johann Egginger,
Dr. Caroline Parmentier, and Dr. Hélène Hardin-Pouzet for their
help. The authors are thankful to referees of this journal for their
constructive comments and would like also to thank Prof. Rachid
Boukhliq and Prof. Arshad Khan for having improved the English
language of the paper.
FUNDING
Funding was provided by PRAD Programs no. 05-10 & 03-07;
The Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute
Program: PRFI IAV; The Moroccan Program “PROFERD
Dromadaire”; BTC- Belgian Development Agency Program;
European Doctoral College Program “Rosa Parks Class” and the
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writingsofhenryd0000thor_o5i0_13 | English-PD | Public Domain | . . . I made quite an excursion up and down the river in the water, a fluvial . . . walk. It seemed the properest highway for this weather, now in water a foot or two deep, now suddenly descending through valleys up to my neck, but all alike agreeable. Sometimes the bottom looked as if covered with large, flat, sharp-edged rocks. I could break off cakes three or four inches thick, and a foot or two square. It was a conglomeration ... of sand and pebbles, as it were cemented with oxide of iron (?), quite red with it, iron colored to the depth of an inch on the upper-side, a hard kind of pan covering or forming the bottom in many places. . .. There are many interesting objects of study, as you walk up and down a clear river like this in the water, where you can see every inequality in the bottom, and every object on it. The breams’ nests are interesting and even handsome, and the shallow water in them over the sand is so warm to my hand that I think their ova will soon be hatched ; also, the numerous heaps of stones, made I know not certainly by what fish, many of them .rising above the surface. There are weeds on the bottom which remind you of the sea ; the radical leaves of the floating heart which I have never seen mentioned, very large, SUMMER. 367 five inches long and four wide, dull claret (and green when freshest), pellucid, with waved edges, in large tufts or dimples on the bottom, oftenest without the floating leaves, like lettuce, or some kelps, or carrageen moss (?). The bottom is also scored with furrows made by the clams moving about, sometimes a rod long, and always the clam lies at one end. So this fish can change its position, and get into deeper and cooler water. I was in doubt before whether the clam made these furrows ; for one, apparently fresh, that I examined, had a “ mud clam ’ at the end, but these, which were very numerous, had living clams. — There are but few fishes to be seen. They have, no doubt, retreated to the deepest water. Tn one somewhat muddier place close to the shore I came upon an old pout cruising with her young. She dashed away at my ap¬ proach, but the fry remained. They were of various sizes, from one third of an inch to one and a half inches, quite black and pout-shaped, except that the head was most developed in the smallest. They were constantly moving about in a somewhat circular or rather lenticular school, about fifteen or eighteen inches in di¬ ameter, and I estimated that there were at least one thousand of them. Presently the old pout came back and took the lead of her brood, which followed her, or rather gathered about her, like 368 SUMMER chickens about a hen; but this mother had so many children she did n’t know what to do. Her maternal yearnings must be on a great scale. When one half of the divided school found her out they came down upon her and completely invested her like a small cloud. She was soon joined by another smaller pout, appar¬ ently her mate, and all, both old and young, began to be very familiar with me. They came round my legs and felt them with their feelers, and the old pouts nibbled my toes, while the fry half concealed my feet. Probably if I had been standing on the bank, with my clothes on, they would have been more shy. Ever and anon the old pouts dashed aside to drive away a passing bream or perch. The larger one kept circling about her charge as if to keep them together within a certain compass. If any of her flock were lost or drowned she would hardly have missed them. I wondered if there was any calling of the roll at night ; whether she, like a faithful shepherdess, ever told her tale under some hawthorn in the river dales. Ever ready to do battle with the wolves that might break into her fold. The young pouts are pro¬ tected then for a season by the old. Some had evidently been hatched before the others. One of these large pouts had a large velvet black spot which included the right pectoral fin, — a SUMMER. 369 kind of disease which I have often observed on them. — 1 wonder if any Roman emperor ever indulged in such a luxury as this — of walking- up and down a river in torrid weather with only a hat to shade the head. What were the baths of Caracalla to this ? Now we traverse a long watery plain some two feet deep ; now we descend into a dark river valley, where the bottom is lost sight of and the water rises to our armpits ; now we go over a hard iron pan ; now we stoop and go under a low bough of the Salix nigra ; now we slump into soft mud, amid the pads of the Nymphcea odorata , at this hour shut. On this road there is no other traveler to turn out for. We finally return to the dry land and recline in the shade of an apple-tree on a bank overlook¬ ing the meadow. When I first came out of the water the short, wiry grass was burning hot to my feet, and my skin was soon parched and dry in the sun. — I still hear the bobolink. . .. The stones lying in the sun on this hillside, where the grass has been cut, are as hot to the hand as an egg just boiled, and very uncomfortable to hold ; so do they absorb the heat. Every hour do we expect a thunder-shower to cool the air, but none comes. We say they are gone down the river. ... St. John’s-wort is perhaps the prevailing flower now. Many fields are very yellow with 24 370 SUMMER. it. In one sucli I was surprised to see rutabaga turnips growing well and showing no effects of drouth, and still more surprised when the farmer * . . showed me, with his hoe, that the earth was quite fresh and moist there only an inch beneath the surface. This he thought was the result of keeping the earth loose by cultivation. July 10, 1853. . . . The bream poised over its sandy nest on waving fin — how aboriginal J So it was poised here and watched its ova before the new world was known to the old. Still 1 see the little cavities of their nests along th^ shore. July 10, 1854. . . . The singing birds at pres¬ ent are (villageous) robin, chip-bird, warbling vireo, swallows ; (rural) song-sparrow, seringo, flicker, king-bird, goldfinch, link of bobolink; cherry-bird ; (sylvan) red-eye, tanager, wood- thrush, chewink, veery, oven-bird, all even at mid-day, cat-bird (full strain), whippoorwill, crows. July 10, 1856. . . . 5 p. m. Up Assabet. As I was bathing under the swamp wliite-oaks at 6 p. m. heard a suppressed sound, often repeated, like perhaps the working of beer through a bung- hole, which I already suspected to be produced by owls. I was uncertain whether it was far or near. Proceeding a dozen rods up stream on the south side, toward where a cat-bird was inces- SUMMER. 371 santly mewing, I found myself suddenly witliin a rod of a gray screech-owl, sitting on an alder bough, with horns erect, turning its head from side to side, and up and down, and peering at me in that same ludicrously solemn and com¬ placent way that I had noticed in one in cap¬ tivity. Another, more red, also horned, repeated the same warning sound, an apparent call to its young, about the same distance off, in another direction, on an alder. When they took to flight, they made some noise with their wings. With their short tails and squat figures they looked very clumsy, all head and shoulders. Hearing a fluttering under the alders, 1 drew near and found a young owl, a third smaller than the red, all gray, without obvious horns, only four or five feet distant. It flitted along two rods, and I followed it. I saw at least two or more young. . . . These birds kept opening their eyes when I moved, as if to get a clearer sight of me. The young were very quick to notice any motion of the old, and so betrayed their return by looking in that direction when they returned, though I had not heard it. Though they permitted me to come near with so much noise, as if bereft of half their senses, they at once noticed the coming and going of the old birds, even when I did not. There were four or five owls in all. I have heard a some- 372 SUMMER. wlmt similar note further off, and louder, in the night. July 10, 1860. . . . This cloudy, cool after¬ noon I was exhilarated by the mass of cheerful, bright yellowish light reflected from the sedge, Carex Pennsylvanica growing densely on hill¬ sides laid hare within a year or two. It is of a distinct, cheerful, yellow color, even this over¬ cast day, as if it were reflecting a bright sun¬ light, though no sun is visible. It is surprising how much this will light up a hillside, or upland hollow or plateau, and when, in a clear day, you look toward the sun over it late in the afternoon, the scene is incredibly bright and elysian. INDEX, Abies balsamifera, 267 See Fir. Acorns, 78. See Oaks. Acquaintances, 32. See Friends, Friendship. Acton, 186. Adams, John, 102. Alder, 79, 113. See Alnus. Aletris, 249. Algas, 52. Alnus viridis, 297, 299. See Al¬ der. Amazon, exploration of the, 72. Amelanchier berries, 235. Amelanchier oligocarpa, 307. Andromeda, 134, 202. Andromeda Ponds, 56. Anemone, 52, 82, 258. Anemone virgin iana, 264. Animals, 2, 7, 238. See under names of species. M Annursnake,” 90. See Anurs- nack. Answers, 214. JVnts 92. Anursnack, 14, 29, 90, 93. Apargia, 144. Aphides, 133. Aphorisms, 238, 251, 265, 276, 320, 326, 327, 349, 355. See Life. Apple blossoms, 42. Apple trees, 89. Arbor- vitae, 35. Archangelica, 178. Arches, 255. Arctostaphylos alpina, 303. Ardea minor, 107. See Bittern. Arenaria Groenlandica, 20. See Sandwort Arethusa, 12, 44, 113, 159, 163, 187, 347. See Pogonia. Arethusa bulbosa, 163, 347. Arethusa Meadow, 12, 113. Arnica mollis, 297. Arrowheads, 13, 127. See Spear* heads. Artists, 214. Ash, black, 42. Ash, mountain, 18, 299. Ash, white, 59. Aspens, 57. Assabet, 14, 28, 53, 55, 58, 116,240. Assabet Bath, 105, 144. Assabet River, 37, 318. Aster miser, 267. Attacus. See Moths. Attacus cecropia, 15. Attacus luna, 257. Azalea nudiflora, 14, 16. Azalea, white (swamp pink), 134, 159, 219, 260. Back road, 37. Baker Farm, 155. Baker, Jacob, 49, 415. Ball’s Hill, 11. Balm of Gilead, 210. Bancroft, Edward, 339. Barberries, 90. Bare Hill, 7, 40. Barnes, Captain, 103. Bass, 58, 123. Bateman’s Pond, 89. Bathing, 110, 144, 318, 352, 359. Bats, 28, 59, 93. Baywings, 40, 66, 222. Bears, 239, 289, 298. Bear Hill, 112, 252. Beauty, 191, 199. Beeches, 250. Bees, 1, 64, 260. Berries, 2, 65. See under names of species. Bethlehem, 312. Bethlehem stars, 82, 143, 163. Bidens, 152. Bigelow, Jacob, 13, 122, 147, 317. Bind-weed, 230. Birches, 46, 54, 89, 108, 134, 207, 285, 299, 303. Birds, 2, 7, 10, 20, 66, 114, 125, 151, 374 INDEX. 158, 102, 108, 170, 229, 301, 308, 321-324, 370. Birds, nests of, 57, 226. Birds, songs of, 35, 90, 179, 301, 330, 341, 345. See under names of species. Bitterns, 59, 107, 155, 194, 237. Bittern Cliff, 126, 157. Black Birch Hill, 89. Blackberries, 90, 133, 160, 199. Blackbirds, 47, 66, 67, 83, 101, 131, 170. Black flies, 301, 302, 308. Bladderwort, 210. See Utricularia vulgaris. Blueberries, 27, 30, 50, 62, 65, 66, 89, 213, 236, 257, 264, 315, 356. Bluebirds, 51, 124, 153, 229, 356. Blue curls, 332. Blue-eyed grass, 51, 56, 109,141, 165, 193, 347. Blue flag, 109, 134, 193, 266. See Iris. Blue jays, 102, 189. Bluets, 294. Bobolinks, 8, 129, 150, 158, 189, 216, 230, 261, 282, 308. Bodies, 197. Boiling Spring, 148. Bonaparte. See Buonaparte. Bonhommc Richard, 102. Books, 169, 192. Boston Court House, 38. Boston Tea Party, 38. Boulders, 218. Boulder Field, 89. Boxboro, 186. Brakes, 15, 74, 131. See Ferns. Brasenia peltata, 274. Bream, 14, 28, 44, 104, 127, 134, 156, 202, 242, 274, 366, 370. Breathing, 119. Brewer, T. M., 19. Bridges, 352. Bubbles, 30. Buck-beans, 77, 123. Bull-frogs, 2, 28, 36, 54, 67, 69, 70, 84, 134, 135. 144, 148, 151-153, 160, 194, 233, 234, 262. See Frogs. Bulls, 186. Bunchberries (dwarf cornel), 43. Bunker Hill, 60. Buonaparte, C. Lucien, 28. Business, 262, 270, 337. Butter-and-eggs, 231. Buttercups, 41, 62, 83, 184. See Crowfoot, Ranunculus. Butternuts, 308. Button bushes, 115, 155. Button-wood, 128. Calla palustris, 283. Calla Swamp, 86, 87. Calopogon pulchellus, 347. Camping out, 18, 22, 110, 285, 289, 295. Camps, 18 , 320, Canada Snapdragon. See Snap¬ dragon. Cape, the, 348. Cape de Verde Islands, 61. Carex Pennsylvanica, 372. See Sedge. Carlisle, 88. Carlisle road, 46, 89. Carrion flowers, 123, 242. Carrot, 317. Castilleja, 14. See Painted cup. Catbirds, 41. Catbrier, 27. See Smilax. Catchflies, 5. Cats, 130. Cattle, 132, 146, 186, 209, 219, 271. Cedar Swamp, 89. Cerastium, 36. Change, 326. Character, 361. See Life. Chastity, 327, 342. Chavagnes, Captain, 102. Cherries, 80, 202, 299. Cherry birds, 12, 84, 160, 198, 329. Chestnuts, 257, 308, 317. Chewinks, 23, 24, 39, 163. Chickadees, 31. Chickens, 338. Chickweed, 36. See Trientalis. Children, 79. Chimaphila umbel lata, 127, 314. Chinquapins, 38, 55. Chiogenes tea, 299. Chip-birds, 9, 30, 153, 161, 170, 281. Cliocorua, 286, 287. Chokeberry, 37. Choke-cherries, 65. Cicada canicularis, 137. Cicada septendecim, 137. Cicadae, 137. See Locusts. Cichorium intybus, 355. Cinquefoils, 43, 62, 153, 157, 215. See Potentilla. Cistus, 163. Clam Shell, 48. Clams, 37, 316, 367. Clark, Brooks, 89. Clematis Brook, 144. Cliffs, 161, 168, 170, 176, 19S, 348. Clintonia, 36. Clintonia borealis, 13, 122. Clothes, 34. Clouds, 10, 74, 86, 104, 225, 299, 332, 358, 364 ; shadows of, 26, 39, 275. INDEX. 375 See Rain, Storms, Thundershow¬ ers. Clover, 39, 02, TO, 81, 114, 141, 149, 184, 259, 305. See Trifolium. Coats, 33, 34. Cock-crowing, 10, 102, 321. Cockerels, 10. Cocoons, 15. Collier, a, 289. Colors, 4, 101, 10S, 111, 219, 277 1 of rocks, IT, 25. Columbines, 52, 264. Companions, 75. See Friends. Conant’s meadow, 123. Conantum, 12, 51, 122, 129, 237, 321. Concord, 90, 102, 186, 212. Convallaria bifolia, 143. See Lilies. Convolvulus sepium, 230. Conway, 287, 312. Corn 1 2. Cornel, 43, 124, 243, 274. See Cor- nus, Dogwood. Comer Spring, 86. Cornus. See Cornel, Dogwood. Cornus alternifolia, 124. Cornus circinata, 124. Cornus paniculate, 124. Comus sericea, 124. Cornus stolonifera, 124. Corydalis glauca, 51. Cow-birds, 28, 115. Cowley, Abraham, 81. “ Crania Americana,” 357. Creepers, 104. Crickets, 1, 37, 66, 77, 86, 99, 100, 121, 127,144,161, 176, 184, 230, 261, 345. Criticism, 207. Crows, 47, 66, 67, 93. Crowfoot, 52, 143. See Buttercup, Ranunculus. Cuckoos, 7, 49, 131, 135, 189, 357. Cudworth, Ralph, 222. Dakin’s, 90. Dandelions, 35, 144. See Krigia, Leontodon. Darwin, Charles, 61. Daucus carota, 317. Day, 142. Decay, 101. Deep Cut, 118, 200. De Kay, J. E., 44. Depot Field Brook, 109. De Quincey, Thomas, 136. Devil, worshipers of the, 76. Devil's needles, 50, 55, 92, 135. Dew, 10, 22, 97, 128, 131. See Fog, Haze, Mist. Discourse, 215. Disease, 10 1. Dogs, 157, 176. Dogsbane, 1S5, 199. Dogwood, 124. See Cornel, Cornus. Dome Rock, 58. Dor-bugs, 1, 2, 176. Doubt, 349. Dracaena borealis, 122. See Clinto- nia borealis. Drainage, 79. Drift-wood, 4. Driving, 188, 284. Druids, 78, 79. Ducks, 41, 338. Dugan, - , 178, 179. Dugan Desert, 64, 91. Durand, Pierre Bernard, 303. Eagles, 67. Earth-songs, 40, 121. Easterbrook Place, 89. Echo, 232, 340. Effort, 266, 270. See Work. Eglantine, 173. See Sweetbrier. Egyptians, 355. Elders, 271, 336. Elevation, 76. Ellis River, 288, 295. Elms, 40, 52, 197. See Ulmus. Emerson, Gr., 308, 339. Empetrum, 303. Emys insculpta, 93, 105, 106, 116. See Tortoise. Emys picta, 105. See Tortoise. Endive, 355. Ephemeras, 54. See Insects. Epicurus, 222. Epilobium, 252. Epitaphs, 21. Equisetum, 273. Erigeron, 84, 157. See Fleabane. Erigeron annuura, 158. Erigeron bellidifolium, 39. Erigeron integrifolium, 144. Erigeron strigosum, 72, 84, 134, 144, 158. Ermine Weasel Woods, 89. Eupatorium, 54, 326. Evelyn, John, 78-80. Evening, 1, 148. See Night, Sunset, Twilight. Evergreens, 47, 106. See under names of species. “Exploration of the Amazon,” 72. Explosion, an, 3. Eyes, 361. Fair Haven, 30, 36, 83, 94, 101, 117, 359. Fair Haven Hill, 30, 42, 51, 74, 168, 211, 376 INDEX. Falls, 2. Falsehood, 349. Fame, 38, 276. Familiarity, 164. Fassett, - , 17. Fear, 362. Ferns, 15, 54, 58, 77, 83, 84, 93, 104, 113, 123, 126, 169, 1S7, 252. See Brakes, Osmunda regalis. Festuca tenella, 283. Finches, purple, 236, 317. Firs, 267, 295, 300, 303, 306. See under names of species. Fir-balsam, 267. Fire, 177, 295. Fire-flies, 66, 118, 148, 153, 210, 233. Fire-worship, 76. Fishes, 2, 60, 85, 106, 131, 134. See under names of species. Fish-hawks, 67. See Hawks. Fishing, 62, 110, 340. Flags. See Blue flag, Iris. Flag Hill, 184, 188. Fleabane, 144. See Erigeron. Fletcher, Giles, 246. Flies, 111. See Black flies. Flint’s Bridge, 87. Flint’s Pond, 27, 37, 103, 139, 1S8. Floating heart, 242, 274, 366. See Limnanthemum. Flowers, 100, 109, 123, 126, 149, 176, 242, 268, 331, 341. See under names of species. Flower Exhibition, 175. Fogs, 1, 2, 10, 11, 81, 167, 177, 291, 345. See Dew, Haze, Mist. Forgetfulness, 62. Forget-me-nots, 109. Forget-me-not Brook, 125. Fossil plants, 49. Foxes 191. Fragrance, 35, 42, 54, 83, 88, 97, 100, 122, 158, 160, 173, 205, 218, 219, 226, 252, 267, 326. See Odor, Scent. Franklin, 309. Friends, 32, 103, 143, 161, 251. See Friendship. Friendship, 75, 229. See Friends, Love, Visiting. Fringilla. See Finch. Fringilla hiemalis, 19, 24, 299. Fringilla passerina, 66. Frogs, 1, 42, 115, 148, 160, 234, 262. See Bull-frogs. Fruit, 2, 100, 168. See under names of species. Fungi, 46, 108, 134, 171, 173. Future, the, 61. Gaiety, 215. Galls, 2, 133. Gardens, 81. General Lincoln (ship), 103. Geraniums, 5, 184, 219. Glass, 327. Gnaphalium, 279. Gnaphalium uliginosum, 48. Gnats, 184. Golden-rods, 295. Goldfinches, 81, 150. Gold-thread, 220. Goodman’s Hill, 42. Goose Pond, 37, 202. Gosnold, Bartholomew, 339. Gossip, 341. Gourgas wood, 140. Gowing’s Swamp, 116, 283. Grain, 351. See names of species. Grape, 185. Grape-vines, 250. Grass, 48, 62, 70, 77, 101, 114, 131, 142, 178, 184, 194, 202, 232, 283, 326. See Blue-eyed grass. Gray, Asa, 100, 122, 147, 230. “Great-Ball,” the, 320. Great Fields, 90. Great Meadows, 150. Greeks, 355. Grossbeaks, 27, 125, 139, 307. Guinea fowl, 61. Gurnet, the, 138. Halo, a, 117. llardhack, 346. Harrington’s, 43, 90. Harris, T. IV., 137. 1 Harvest flies, 137. Hawks, 66, 67, 70, 82, 93, 113, 124, 147, 319. See Night-hawks. Ilawk-weed, 143, 186. See Hiera< cium. Haying, 88, 266. Haze, 135, 252, 260. See Dew, Fog, Mist. Heart-leaf, 220. Heart- leaf flowers, 339. Heat. See Hot weather. Hellebore, 84, 113, 293, 294. Hemlocks, 14, 32, 55, 62, 179. Hermit Lake, 295, 298. Herndon, William Lewis, 72. Heroism, 313. Herons, 107 Heywood Meadow, 190. Hickory, 142. Hieracium venosum, 5, 143. Set Hawk- weed. Hill, the, 167. Hills, 359. INDEX. 377 History, 350, 354. Ilog Pasture, 89. Hogepen-walke, 90. Hogs, 90. Horns, 4, 145, 340. Hornets, 169. Horses, 175. Hosnier, Abel, 106. Hospitality, 109. Hot weather, 47, 103, 144, 151, 211, 329, 358, 364. Hubbard's Bend, 13, 110. Hubbard’s Bridge, 318. Hubbard's Close, 38. Hubbard's Grove, 319. Hubbard's Meadow, 77, 87, 163. Hubbard's Swamp, 36, 122. Huckleberries, 30, 53, 62, 89, 166, 217, 257, 317. Huckleberry apple, 134, 166. Huckleberry birds, 91, 185. Humility, 335. Humming birds, 135. Hummocks, 318, 323. Husk-root, 249. Hylodes, 2, 21, 36, 50, 59, 160, 262, 353. Hypericum. See St. Jokn’s-wort, Sarothra. Hypoxys erecta (yellow Betlileliem star), 82, 143, 163. Idleness, 7. Indians, 90, 247, 355. Indigo birds, 86. Indigo weed, 218. Injuries, 355. Insects, 2, 5, 7, 54. See under names of species. Inspiration, 197. Iris, 66, 109. See Blue-flag. Iris, Boston, 193. Iris prismatica, 193. Iris versicolor, 109, 266. Island Meadow, 150. Islands, 318. Jackson, Dr., 286. Jays, 102, 189. Jefferson, 312. John’s-wort. See St. John’s-wort. Jokes, 103. Jones, Captain, 102. June days, 14. Juniper, 217. Juniper repens, 83. tf Kalendarium Horten se,” 81. Kalmia angustif olia, 143. See Lamb- kill. Kalniia glauca, 17. See Laurel. Kibbe Place, 89. Kidnapping, 85. See Slavery. King-birds, 14, 28, 47. 59, 67, 83. Kingfishers, 85, 114* Krigias, 58. See Dandelion. Labor, 262, 270. See Work. Laborers, 145. Lady’s slipper, 36, 43, 49. Lafayette, 305. Lambkill, 5, 53, 123, 127, 166. See Kalmia angustif olia. Landscape, 245, 269, 275, 280, 286. Language, 80. Larks, 84, 129, 162, 308. Laurel, 46, 88, 112, 115, 167, 216. See Kalmia glauca, Rhododendron. Laurel Glen, 124, 216. Laurel Pasture, ^89. Layard, A. U., 76. Leaves, 37, 75, 77, 104, 218. See un¬ der Trees. Lee place, 1. Lee’s Cliff, 52, 57, 126. Leeches, 135. Leontodon, 144. See Dandelion. Lichens, 25, 52. Lies, 231. „ Life 75, 98, 141, 160, 200, 207, 214, 265,313,321,333,301. See Aphor¬ isms, Living. Life-everlasting, 332. Light, 112, 244, 318. Lightning, 253. See Thunder-show- Lightning bugs, 160, 176. See Fire¬ flies. Lilies, 77, 81, 108, 134, 151, 158, lo9, 174, 195, 200, 240, 263, 272, 274, 278, 283, 324, 325, 327, 347, 357. See Convallaria. Lilies, red, 282, 347, 359. Lime Quarries, 89. Limnanthemum, 242. See Floating heart. Linaria vulgaris, 231. Lincoln, 79. Linnasa, 29, 50, 64, 184, 306. Linnsea borealis, 39, 77, 226. Linnaea Hills, 64. Linnaea Woods, 50. Lint, 4, 30, 56, 74. Living, 119, 192. See Life. Lobelias, 278. Locusts, 53, 64, 77, 88, 133,137, 144* 329. Loosestrife, 125, 170, 220. See LysL machia, Naumburgia. Loring’s Pond, 31. Love, 76, 251, 327. See Friendship. 378 INDEX. Lupine, 5, 35, 44, 100, 101, 111,199. Lupine Hill, 109. Lysimachia quadrifolia, 210. See Loosestrife, Naumburgia. manners, , ___ Maples, 35, 88, 101, 108, 134, 218, 318, 361. Marigold, 152. Marlboro’ road, 90, 91. Marston, John, 102. Martins, 170. “Martyrs in Heaven,” 246. Maruta cotula, 230. Mason’s Pasture, 45, 88. Massachusetts, 1-284, 309-372. Maxims. See Aphorisms. Mayweed, 230. Meadows, 244, 252, 365. See Pastures. Meadow-sweet, 160, 195, 245, 365. Mean, the golden, 349. Meanness, 262. Measures, 190. Medeola, 14, 43. Medfield, 36. Mel-dews, 79. Melilot, 365. See Clover. Melilotus leucantha, 365. Memory, 62, 98. Men, 259. Menagerie, a, 238. Merrimack, the, 284. Mildew, 79, 174. Miles, Martial, 127. Miles, Mrs., 128. Miles’ swamp, 123. Milk -weed, 277. Miller, a, 4. Minnows, 127, 257. Miraculous, the, 75. Mists, 7, 38, 133, 148, 154. See Dew, Fog, Haze. Mitch ella, 200. Mitchella repens, 216, 319. Mocking-birds, 137. Modesty, 109. IWaIpq Monadnock, 1G, 175, 247, 252. Moon, 98. Moonlight, 95, 97, 117, 118, 120, 129, 131, 133, 17G, 233, 239, 2S0, 333, 341, 353. See Night. Moose River, 304. Morning, 101, 341 , 345. See Sunrise. Morning-glory, 200, 230. Morton, S. G., 235. Mosquitoes, 39, 65. Moss, 48. Moths, 15, 51, 55. See Attacus. Mount Adams, 288. Mount Misery, 145. Mount Washington, 288, 239. Mountain ash. 18, 299. Mountains, 27, 311. See Chocorua, Wachusett. Mud-hens, 155. Mullein, 185, 261, 271, 350. Music, 79, 108, 132, 153, 170, 232, 233,258,266,314. See Earth songs, Sounds. Muskrats, 316. Musquash, a, 67. Myosotis laxa, 109. Names, 122. Nashawtuck, 10, 45, 81, 153, 170, 196. Nature, 43, 46, 47, 99, 107, 110, 132, 143, 198, 212, 267, 280. Naumburgia thyrsiflora, 87. See Loosestrife, Lysimachia. Naushon, 250. New Bedford, 227, 247, 249. New Hampshire, 17-27, 285-313. Night, 94-99, 142, 211, 234, 239, 340. See Evening, Moonlight, Sunset, Twilight. Night-hawk, 1, 6, 23, 24, 47, 63, 66, 95, 120, 133, 165, 203, 215. -See Hawks. Nightingales, 137. Night- warblers, 98, 189, 289. North River, 37, 196. Nuphar lutea, 274. See Lilies, Spai> terdock. Nut Meadow, 37, 178. Nuts, 213. Nuttall, Thomas, 6, 115, 307. Nymphma odorata, 158, 240. See Lilies. Oak Meadows, 89. Oaks, 2, 38, 39 , 52, 54, 55, 58, 74, 78, 100, 108, 114, 191, 217, 242, 250, 308, 318, 357. Ocean, 11. “ Ode to Dejection,’' 3. Odors, 198. See Fragrance, Scent. Old Lime Kiln, 89. Old Mortality, 21. Oldenlandia cterulea, 293. Orchis, 71, 84, 113, 147, 159, 187. Orchis Swamp, 81, 124. Osmunda regalis, 53, 150. See Ferns. Ossipee Lakes, 287. Ossipee Mountain, 286. Oven-birds, 63, 76, 100, 163, 308, 317, Owls, 28, 66, 216, 227, 301, 370. Oxen, 132, 209. Paddling, 149. INDEX. 379 Painted Cup, 29. See Castilleja. I Painted Cup Meadow, 15, 29, 93. Paralytics, 78. Parsnip, 337. Partridges, 78, 105, 112, 119, 191, 221, 256. Past, the, 60. Pastinaca sativa, 337. Pastures, 186, 217. See Meadows. Peabody, W. B. 0., 133. Peaches, 79. Peet-weets, 1, 210, 339. Persians, 355. Peterboro hills, 27. Pewees, 308, 336. Pickerel, 257, 336. Pickerel weed, 273. See Pontederia. Pigeon woodpeckers, 92. PiUsbury, 309. Pine Hill, 112. Pines, 30, 32, 35, 49, 70, 72, 80, 89, 118, 188, 203, 221, 232, 354. See Pines, pitch. Pines, pitch, 32, 42, 46, 49, 75, 142, 203. See Pines. Pinks, 4, 43 ; Swamp. See Azalea. Pinus resinosa, 32. Pinxter Spring, 170. Pipes, 273. Pipsissewa, 127. See Chimaphila. Plantain, 72, 112. Plymouth, 137. Plymouth Beach, 137, 138. Poetry, 223, 238. Poets, 2, 3, 185, 214. Pogonia (adder’s tongue arethusa), 125, 163, 198, 347. Poison, 338. Pollen, 42, 75, 203. Pollywogs, 142, 146, 226. Polygonum, 151. Polygonum viviparum, 303. Ponds, 120, 311. See Andromeda, Bateman's, Flint’s, Goose, Lor- ing’s, Walden, White’s ponds. Pond- weed, 152. See Potamogeton. Ponkawtasset, 89. Pontederia, 151, 258, 274, 318. See Pickerel weed. Pontederia cordata, 264. Pools, 53. Poplar Hill, 115. Potamogeton, 126. See Pond-weed Potamogeton hybridus, 244. Potamogeton natans, 152, 242. Potatoes, 1, 350. Potentilla. See Cinquefoil. Potentilla argentea, 43, 215. Potentilla arguta, 157. Potentilla sarmentosa, 216. Potentilla simplex, 215. Potentilla tridentata, 20. Potter's pasture, 95. Pouts, CO, G7, 139, 201, 214, 367. Powder mills, 3. Praise, 192. Primroses, evening, 332. Prometheus, 64. Prosperity, 229. Prunella, 83, 143, 230, 278. Purity, 327, 342. Pyrola, 170. See Wintergreen. Pyrola asarifolia, 143. See Winter- green. Quail, 62. Rabbits, 31. Rain, 39, 59, 62, 73, 80, 183, 304. See Clouds, Storms, Thunder¬ showers. Rainbows, 210, 229. Rana halecina, 69, 262. See Frog. Rana palustris, 69, 160. See Frog. Ranunculus, 77, 126, 140, 152, 153, 275. See Buttercup, Crowfoot. Ranunculus abortivus, 297. Ranunculus acris, 143. Ranunculus bulbosus, 41, 143. Raspberries, 277. Red Hill, 286. Redeyes, 39, 100, 104, 135, 163, 185, 336. Redstarts, 104. Redwings, 8, 115. Reflections, 140, 240. See Thought. Reformers, 163. “ Region,” 80. Religion, 3, 45 , 60, 354. See Wor¬ ship. Reserve, 165. Reverence, 76. Rhododendron, 175. See Laurel. Rhododendron lapponicuni, 303. Rhododendron maximum, 36. Ribwort, 72. Rice’s shore, 108. Righteousness, 255. Rivers, 1, 112, 145, 185, 211, 283, 329, 355, 366. See Assabet, Ellis, Moore, North, Saco, South riv¬ ers. Pfinrlq 00 Robins, 10, 24, 30, 88, 124, 131, 144, 145, 153, 170, 184, 281, 308. Robin, pnMen, 129, 214, 230, 258. Rocks, 218 ; colors of, 17, 25 ; in- scriptions on, 21. Rogers, 309. Romans, 355. 380 INDEX. Rosa. See Sweet-brier. Rosa Carolina, 8o4. Rosa lucida, 127, 159, 354. Rosa nitida, 72, 127, 158, 159, 854. Rosa rubiginosa, 159. Roses, 113, 114, 125, 133, 141, 149, 199, 202, 217, 218, 230, 241, 242, 271, 279. Rue, 64, 72, 178. See Thalictrum. Rue-anemone, 82, See Thalictrum. Rye, 77, 351, 365. Sabbath, the, 45. Saco, the, 288, 294. Sagittaria, 196. Sailing, 264. St. Jolm’s-wort, 170, 230, 309. See Sarothra. Salix herbacea, 303. Salix lucida, 32. Salix pliylicifolia, 294. Salix repens, 294. Salix Torreyana, 299. Salix uva ursi, 286, 303, 306* “ Sam,” 335. Samarae, 1S5. Sandwich, 286. Sandwort, 50. See Arenaria. Sarothra, 48. See St. John s-wort. Satire, 223. Saxifrage, 52. Scare-crows, 220. Scenery. See Landscape, Moun¬ tains, Nature, Ocean, Sea, Storms, White Mountains. Scents, 64, 66, 72, 104, 131, 178, 252, 280. See Fragrance, Odor. Science, 255. Sea, the, 11. Sea-serpent, 137. Seasons, 99. Sedge, 48, 108, 372. Seeing, 283. Senecio, 83, 84, 109, 279. Senter Harbor, 285. Seringo, 144. Shad-bush, 65. Shad flies, 85. Shadows, 14, 66, 99, 117, 243. See Clouds. Shakespeare, William, 80. Shattuck, Lemuel, 90. Shirley Village, 16. Side-saddle flower, 43, 51, 111, 113. Simons, Martha, 247. Sin, 25o. See Temptations, Vices. Skulls, 235. Skunks, 155, 196. Skunk-cabbages, 113. Slavery, 86, 174. Slippery elm, 52. Smellie, William, 202. Smilax herbacea, 123. See Carrion flower, Catbrier. Snakes, 1, 92, 133. Snapdragons, 5, 36, 101, 199. Snow, 291, 293, 301. Solitude, 26. Solomon’s-seal, 122, 143. Solon, 349. Song- sparrows. See Sparrows. Sorrel, 13, 35, 46, 101, 111, 116, 146. Sorrel Swamp, 86. Souuds, 59, 79, 96, 111, 362. See Music. South River, 37. Sparrows, 24, 66, 119, 131, 214, 287, 299, 363. Spatterdoeks, 263. Spear heads, 332. See Arrow heads Speedwell, 109. Sphynx, the, 63. Spiraea tomentosa, 346. Spirits, 98. Spring, 357. Springs, 86, 148, 191, 227, 329. Sproutlands, 168, 202. Spruces, 300, 303. Spruce Swamp, 87, 89. Squam Labe, 286. Squirrels, 160, 237. Squirrels, flying, 190. Stake-drivers, 28, 59, 130, 193. Steam-whistles, 111. Stock-doves, 78. Stonehenge, 78. Storms. See Clouds, Rain, Thun¬ dershowers. Stow, 186. Strata, 75. Strawberries, 42, 83, 168, 213. Succory, 355. Sudbury road, 95, 130. Sun, the, 169. Sun, steering by, 187. Sun worship, 76. Sunrise, 11, 154, 313, 321, 356. See Morning. Sunset, 47, 223, 246, 313, 332, 362. See Evening, Night, Twilight. Superstition, 45. Surveying, 93, 207. Swallows, 69, 67, 84, 93, 110, 129, 130. Swamps, 147. Swamp Bridge, 37. Sweetbrier (Rosa rubiginosa), 131, 155, 159, 173, 339. Sweet gale, 319. “ Sylva,” 79. INDEX. 881 Sympathy, 75. Tamworth, 2S7. Tanacetum vulgare, 337. See Tan¬ sy* Tauagers, 39, 87, 189. Tansy, 141, 317, 337. Telegraph, the, 110. Temperance, 61. Temptations, 2. See Sin, Vices, Vir¬ tues. Tephrosia, 199. * Terrible, La, 102. Thalictrum, 173. See Rue, Rue- Anemone. Thesium umbellatum, 143. Thistles, 359. Thoreau (a sailor), 102. Thought, 57, 109, 136, 215, 341, 345, 361. See Aphorisms. Thrashers, 100, 137, 162. Thrush Alley, 1S8. Thrushes, 23, 24, 112, 136, 140, 141, 163, 189, 209, 212, 213, 216, 284, 298, 308, 330. Thunder showers, 73, 189, 199, 210, 216, 217, 253. See Clouds, Rain, Storms. Toad-flax, 231. Toads, 50, 59, 84, 115, 131, 148, 151, 262, 270, 353, 354. See Tree-toads. Toads, winged, 6. Toadstools. See Fungi. Tortoises, 31, 53, 65, 91, 108, 154, 177, 179, 258, 262, 268. See Emys insculpta, Emys picta, Turtles. Tournefort, Joseph Litton de, 257. Town records, 36, 90. Townsend Light Infantry, 320. Transmigration, 239. Travelers, 277- Traveling, 33, 108, 284, 310. See Walking. Treadmills, 175. Trees, 2, 66, 78, 277, 312, 341. See Leaves, W'oods, under names of species. Tree-toads, 35, 119, 135, 262. See Toads. Trientalis, 82. Trientalis Americana, 143. Trifolium arvense, 271. See Clover. Trillium Woods, 149. Truth, 210. Tuckerman’s Ravine, 291, 310. Tupelo, 250. Turnips, 370. Turtles, 32, 65, 105, 106, 116, 146, 160, 178, 262. See Tortoise. Turritis stricta, 02. Twilight, 132. See Evening, Night, Sunset. Ulmus fulva, 52. See Elm. Umbilicaria, 25. Utricularia vulgaris, 84, 101, 210. Vaccimum Penusylvanicum, 315. See Blueberries. Values, 266. Veery, 131, 308. Veronica scutellata, 109. Vetch, 336. Vices, 174, 206. See Sin, Tempta¬ tions. Vicia cracca, 336. Viola blanda, 43. Viola lanceolata, 43. Viola palmata, 54. Viola pedata, 101, 199. Violets, 125. Violet Swamp, 86. Vireos, 104, 115. Virtues, 2, 43, 174, 175, 206. See Temptations. Visiting, 103. See Friendship. Vitis-Idma, 257. See Grape. Wachusett, 11, 96. Walden, 1, 29, 37, 60, 62, 66, 73, 90, 114, 117, 166, 168, 200, 257. Walden Pond, 36, 268. Walking, 187. See Traveling. Walnut-trees, 78. Wants, 73. Warblers, 40, 41, 104, 264. Ware, John. 201. “ Washing days,” 217. Water, 30, 117, 132, 146, 219, 240, 243 ; temperature of, 268, 282. Water-bugs, 59, 87, 120. Water-snakes, 1. Water target, 274. Webster, Abigail, 309. Webster, Daniel, 137. Webster, Ebenezer, 309. Weeds, 200, 231. Week, the, 261. Well Meadow, 70, 73, 81, 84, 147, 190. Wentworth, 289, 296. Wheeler, Francis 90. Whippoorwills, 1, 95, 118, 131-133, 176. White Cedar Swamp, 32. White Mountains, 283-313. White Pine Grove, 89. White’s Pond, 133, 220, 224, 332. White weed, 43, 56, 82, 141, 184. Wild cats, 290. INDEX. 382 Wilkinson, Sir John Gardiner, 357. Willows, 14, 88, 131, 153, 294, ol8, 360. See Salix. Willow herb, 252. Willow Swamp, 37. Wilson, Alexander, 20, 87, 307. Winds, 2G5. M'mged toad, 6. Winnepiseogee, 286. Winslow, General, 138. Wintergreen, 5, 127, 143, llO, 314. See Trientalis. Wisdom, 207, 215, 333. Witch-hazel, 308. Woods, 7, 14, 30. 95. See Trees. Woodchucks, 123, 127, 156, 202, 226. Woodcock, 142. Woodpeckers, 92, 145. Wood-thrushes, 23, 24. See Thrushes. Wool grass, 150. Wordsworth, William, 129, 355. — - - 9A9. 9.TO 227 Spp Effort. WrvrV 7 Worms, 7- Worship, 45, 60. See Religion. Wrecks, 3. Wyman meadow, 67. Yankees, 214. [Yarrow, 141. Yellow Birch Swamp, 89. Yellow-throats, Maryland, 28. Yezidis, 76. Yielding, 192. DATE DUE f fit tl ^ “ 1GC IL — atitrr’ J - 1 JUL : 7 19QA Ai k 2 • |m,D. |
sn85059538_1892-12-23_1_8_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | BiXET LOCAL NEWS. The room in the courthouse over the county clerk's office is to be retouched and furnished anew, and will be occupied after the first of January, by Mr. L. S. Grant Fitter, prosecuting attorney. The funeral of Mrs. J. B. Malone, who died at her home on Water street, on Tuesday night, will take place from the house tomorrow. The remains will be taken to Springfield, Preston county, this State, for interment. The largest hog in the county was raised by Mr. Geo. Snyder, near Join Spring, who sold it to Mr. George D. Lambert, of this city, the net weight of which was 87 pounds. Mr. Snyder also sold Mr. Lambert three others, which tipped the beam at 85 pounds. Mr. G. M. Hoke, executor of George W. Hoke, deceased, will sell at his residence on West King street, tomorrow at 2 o'clock, a large lot of household furniture. This will be an important sale, the furniture is all in good order, and will doubtless be sold very cheap. Prof. Gerhardt's "Old Reliable Boot Store"—twenty-five years of age—is still pursuing the "even tenor of its way." It does not blow its trumpet, nor enjoy the favor of newspaper puffs, but stands on Its own merits, and is thankful for the share of patronage with which its friends favor it. Hyde has the Sues: and cheapest stock of Christmas g»xi* in his line i ever br-. igfet to this city. The im mense room is stocked with everything known to the jewelry trade: watches, both gold and silver, in great number*; novelties without end. You get what you buy—uo misrepresentation. This store has been iu existence since 1S23. and has always commanded a first class trade. Polite and courteous clerks are in attendance and are always pleased to show goods. u i.r.xavn.i.r. aisisgs. Far&tr* Stiin* Wlwst is SeTtaty Oral*— Fas Hcji aid Bqsiliy Fit Ojesssuas Pieatifal. Hr. Henry Bear is visiting friends in this neighborhood. Hr. Ritenour caught four fine opos sums in box traps this week. Santa Ciaus, in shape of the pay car. paid us a visit Monday morning. Farmers in this section are selling their wheat. The price is 70c. per bushel. Hiss Emma Eversole has gone to Brunswick to live with Mr. Abraham Rockwell. Miss Otta Hobday, who visited Mrs. Barnes, has returned to her home in Morgan county. Mr. Samuel Riser, who has had a protracted sj>ell of sickness, is C 'w able to resume work. Mr. J. Jack, of Falling Waters, took ont several loads of fine turkeys in the past few days. Mrs. Ida Morrow and Miss Daisy Tabier were visiting Mrs. Susie F.ti in your cbv, last tsaturday. Mr. Win. French, who has been ill nil fall, is now ngii to work at bis b:>Mss—firing helper on North Mounts : Me>>rs. Frank Payne and William Ellis s ■ i Mr. J. Bargess. of Martir.s barg. las: week, over two thousand weight of pork. IEETQWX L2TTSS. Ini V jz.it isc W cxtt—Cknasu C«ls.-Tirsr— 1 r .~irj2 2f Wxc StiiZiSt. Btt. We wish The Word a merry Christmas and a bright and prosperous New Year. We regret to know that Dr. Taoum's H. Buck has been quite unweathered for several days, but glad that he is now better and to see him again. M. E. Church, near the corner of Fifth and Main Streets, has been in the city for several days, and we trust that the children will be there. How grand the Teasels have been by the time they are gone, we will never see what we will see. The Christmas tree will be a great success, and we hope that the children will be there. There will be a Christmas morning service at 6 o'clock in First Street Methodist Episcopal Church. All invited. The ladies and friends of the Hedges Tilt M. E. Church will hold a supper. In the hall at the place commencing Thursday, December 29, 1882, Thomas W. Keys, a satire of Jefferson county, W. Va., died recently in St. Joseph, Mo., aged eighty years. He was the first conductor on the Winchester and Potomac railroad, now a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. TO BE THE DEATH POLITY A determined effort will be made this winter in the State of New York. To have the legislature repeal the section of the penal code relative to the infliction of the death penalty and to have adopted in its stead a life-preservation section as the severest penalty to be inflicted for murder in the first degree. ROLOSQED THE DISTURBANCE. Yesterday was the shortest day of the year, and from this time the days will grow gradually longer. On several recent clear evenings the afterglow succeeding the setting of the sun was remarked for its beauty and strong golden color. It prolonged the daylight. Yesterday the sun set at 4:41. The afterglow was bright at 5:30, and its last tinges did not fade out of the west until 6 o’clock. NELEAS AS SBYLOCK. K. D. MacLean, as Sbylock, far exceeded the expectations of the audience. His portrayal of the hatred of the Jew for the Christian was excellent, especially in the last scene of the third act, where Shylock learns that Antonio's bond will be forfeited. Mr. MacLean is indeed a powerful actor. His delivery is strong and his acting is without fault. It would be difficult to find his superior, or even his equal as a Shylock. — New Orleans Times Item. At the New Opera House Friday night, Dec. 23. POTATOES AWAY AT C. The Real Price for Wheat at C. Greaser's Produce Store. The retail price of potatoes now is just double what it was. was a year ago. In the year 1891, the price of potatoes was still advancing. Potatoes that are now being retailed at from eighty to ninety cents a bushel, could have been bought twelve months ago for thirty to forty cents. The spring yield was plentiful, but the fall crop suffered greatly from the long drought. It is more than probable that potatoes will advance to one dollar a bushel. This high price was reached in the spring of 1892. West Virginia During the spring, the Berkley Republican has suspended publication since its party has fallen so dead in the sun. The next session of the West Virginia Legislature meets as Charleston on the 11th day of January next. A big bear on Four Mile, Lincoln county, cleaned out a whole pack of dogs that tackled it, and the entire country is alarmed. The old Fort Pendleton hotel, a pleasant summer resort on the mountains overlooking Gorman, on the W.Va.C.R.R., was destroyed by fire last week. Last Tuesday night, the owner of the hotel, owned by the Condon, Lane Bros. and Lumber company, living at its property, was estimated at $300,000. W.SEW W. L««—tifiv ’>- - -L-* bear> £-_.<w -r-*: isLaisct W^: ■ — — *, ni«-«ss*rs. ' r £ •: ^ i 4.L'i OILED'S. We desire to impress the public the fact that our Furniture and Carpet Departments are the Largest in the city, and that for Quality of Goods and Prices, we cannot be beaten. Furniture Department. Parlor Suits, Chamber Suits, Drawing Room Suits, Library Suits, Hall Furniture, Folding Beds, Fancy Cabinets, Fancy Tables, Fancy Tables, Fancy Rockers, Fancy Beds, Lounges, In fact everything in the Furniture Line. You have no doubt heard many comments regarding our large stock of Reed and Plush Rockers, suitable for Christmas presents, and of the low prices they will be sold for. But you can only realize the magnitude of stock after a Personal Inspection has been made. We especially request a visit at which time I shall be pleased to give you my Personal Attention. Carpet Department. Velvet Carpets, Body Brussels, Tapestry Brussels, Brussels Carpet, Linoleums, Oil Cloth, In fact, we can give you a Fine Selection of all kinds of Floor Covering. Yours for fine goods and lowest prices. John A. Wilens, 73 North Queen Street, Martinsburg, W. Va. Christmas Toy Just Received. Our Third Lot. 100 Beautiful 5oe. Dolls for 25c. 500 50c Toy Books for 25c. 200 52.0c Plush Albums for 95c. 100 510.00 Accordions for 52.9$. 500 Beautiful Floor Rugs only 49c. 200 53.0c Seal Muffs, $1.50. EUGENE HERRING Next Door to Geo F. Mann's Barber Shop. Delightful Holiday at All Times. HORNING MID-DAY. EVENING. Whenever you are thirsty. Saratoga Lighting Water Baths. Nature's ideal way. Evergreen as a natural gas. Opens with a warm bath. Safeguard Sc* 'gs % /■ pari.*, feci tie V ✓ / \ house! NORTH QUEEN STREET. Jos. fi XJttk, Proprietor. —Dealer in— FIXE WIXES, WHISKIES and BRANDIES. —BAR STOCKED WITH— FINE TOBACCO AND CIGARS.' Roistery Rye Whiskey. the Best Whiskey in the World. j OYSTERS DAILY. RIK-RON, For Ornamenting Wood. Willow and Wicker Cane, and Glass. 8- u. DObli & Co., HEADMASTERS FIS Hardware. Paints. Glass and Glass All KISS of WIRE FENCE, LEMEN STRAP. J-2Mas. WE LEAD. OTHERS FOLLOW! J. Wm. and C. A. Miller, GROCERIES TO J. H. Miller & Sons, -DEALERS IN Agricultural Implements OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 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US-201213469774-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | External tube, laser transmission path, and laser treatment tool
ABSTRACT
An object is to provide a laser treatment tool capable of guiding a plurality of fluids, a laser transmission path insertable into such a laser treatment tool, and an external tube for forming the laser transmission path. In an external tube 80 which forms a laser transmission path 70 together with a lengthy hollow waveguide path 90 for guiding treatment laser light 57 a and has an inner insertion space 81 for allowing insertion of the hollow waveguide path 90 , a plurality of sub passages 84 and cooling water passages 85 are provided outside the hollow waveguide path 90 , inserted into the insertion space 81 , along a longitudinal direction of the insertion space 81.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser treatment tool for, for example, performing a laser treatment, a laser transmission path insertable into the laser treatment tool, and an external tube for forming the laser transmission path.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, a treatment method using an endoscope is used as a treatment method capable of providing a treatment with little burden on a patient. According to such a treatment using an endoscope, an endoscope tube is inserted into the body from the oral cavity or the like, and imaging or a surgical operation is performed by use of a tip structure section of the endoscope tube.
Imaging is performed as follows. Illumination light is provided from the tip structure section, and the illumination light reflected by a body tissue is received by a lens provided in the tip structure section and transmitted from the endoscope tube to an endoscope main body device. The endoscope main body device puts the light into an image and displays the image on a display device. Alternatively, imaging is performed as follows. An image is shot by an imaging element such as a CCD sensor or the like provided in the tip structure section of the endoscope tube, and an image signal formed by the tip structure section is transmitted via the endoscope tube to the endoscope main body device. Then, an image is displayed on the display device.
A surgical operation is performed by a tip of appropriate forceps which are inserted from a forceps insertion opening called a “channel” and coming out from a forceps exit in the tip structure section. As the forceps, any of various tools including holding forceps, a knife and the like can be usable.
As a tool insertable from the forceps insertion opening and usable for a surgical operation, a tool using a laser transmission path for providing laser light for treatment (herein after, referred to as the “treatment laser light”) has been proposed (see Patent Document 1). The laser transmission path in Patent Document 1 is described as guiding gas such as carbon dioxide or the like, together with CO₂ laser light, through a hollow tube-like waveguide path (herein after, referred to as the “hollow waveguide path”).
The gas guided through the hollow waveguide path is described as acting as a cooling fluid for cooling the hollow waveguide path which has been heated by the laser light.
As a structure of a laser transmission device which uses a carbon dioxide laser and is usable for a processing device, a structure including a water passage in an outer part thereof for cooling the hollow waveguide path for transmitting carbon dioxide laser light has been proposed (see Patent Document 2).
In a cauterization operation performed by use of a laser for treatment, especially in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), it is required to eject assist gas or physiological saline solution in order to securely obtain a visual field by expanding an operation target space and by removing transpired substances or fumes, or to recover cooling water which has been used to cool the hollow waveguide path. However, there has not been a structure for realizing both of the ejection of the assist gas or the physiological saline solution and the recovery of the cooling water with one laser transmission path.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENT Patent Document
- Patent Document 1: PCT Japanese National-Phase Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2007-533374 - Patent Document 2: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 03-001104
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention
In light of the above-described problems, the present invention has an object of providing a laser treatment tool capable of guiding a plurality of fluids, a laser transmission path insertable into such a laser treatment tool, and an external tube for forming the laser transmission path.
Means for Solving the Invention
The present invention is directed to an external tube for forming a laser transmission path together with a lengthy hollow waveguide path for guiding laser light, the external tube having an inner insertion hole for allowing insertion of the hollow waveguide path, wherein the external tube includes a plurality of fluid passages located outside the hollow waveguide path, inserted into the insertion hole, along a longitudinal direction of the insertion hole.
The hollow waveguide path may be formed as follows. A tubular member is formed of a material having a highly smooth surface, for example, glass or the like. On an inner wall of the tubular member, a reflective film of silver or the like is formed. Then, on an inner surface of the reflective film, a dielectric thin film is formed of a material having a high transmission efficiency such as a cyclic olefin polymer, polyimide or the like.
A laser transmission path formed by use of such an external tube according to the present invention can guide a plurality of fluids.
This will be described in more detail. The plurality of fluid passages are provided outside the hollow waveguide path along the longitudinal direction of the insertion hole. Owing to this, appropriate fluids are guided through the plurality of passages, for example, a guide passage for cooling water, a water recovery passage for recovering the cooling water, a passage for assist gas, a passage for irrigation, and the like. Thus, a plurality of desired fluids can be guided.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the plurality fluid passages may be located between the hollow waveguide path inserted into the insertion hole and an inner surface of the insertion hole, at an equal interval with respect to the inner surface.
According to the present invention, the hollow waveguide path inserted into the insertion hole inside the external tube can be positioned at the center of the external tube with certainty, and a space enclosed by the plurality of fluid passages located at an equal interval and an outer circumferential surface of the hollow waveguide path can act as a passage.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the external tube may be inserted into a transmission path insertion hole of an endoscope external hose. The external tube may further include projections located at least at two positions as seen in a cross-section of the external tube and projecting outward in a radial direction such that in the state where the external tube is inserted into the transmission path insertion hole, tips of the projections are in contact with an inner surface of the transmission path insertion hole; and gap formation parts for forming gaps together with the inner surface of the transmission path insertion hole, the gaps being formed between adjacent projections of the at least two projections.
According to the present invention, an external tube included in a laser treatment tool which can inhale fumes in ESD or EMR can be provided.
This will be described in more detail. In a cauterization operation performed by use of a laser for treatment, especially in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), it is required to remove fumes in order to expand the operation target space and also to securely obtain a visual field.
For example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 62-148675 proposes a body cavity inner pressure adjusting device of a laser treatment device. According to this body cavity inner pressure adjusting device, an absorption tube is communicated to a gap between a protective pipe of a laser transmission fiber and a forceps channel and the gap is used as an absorption channel.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-341066 proposes a medical treatment tool usable with an endoscope. This medical treatment tool includes a flow path for a supplied fluid or an absorbed fluid, between an outer circumferential surface of an insertion section and an inner circumferential surface of a sheath.
As described above, a laser transmission path usable in a cauterization operation performed by use of a laser for treatment, especially in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), is required to have various functions of performing irrigation, ejecting assist gas, cooling the hollow waveguide path and the like. Therefore, such a laser transmission path has a complicated cross-sectional structure and has a larger diameter than the diameter of the laser transmission paths used in the past.
The laser transmission path has such a larger diameter, and thus cannot adopt the structure described in any of the above-identified patent documents to inhale fumes in ESD or EMR in the state where the laser transmission path is inserted into the transmission path insertion hole of an endoscope external hose.
However, according to the present invention, the external tube is used to form the laser transmission path, and the laser transmission path formed by use of the external tube is inserted into the transmission path insertion hole of the endoscope external hose included in the laser treatment tool. Owing to this, the fumes are inhaled by the gap formation parts. In a cauterization operation performed by use of laser light, especially in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), the operation target site can be expanded and also the visual field can be securely obtained. Therefore, reliable and safe surgical operations can be performed.
The laser transmission path formed by use of the external tube according to the present invention is inserted into the transmission path insertion hole of the endoscope external hose included in the laser treatment tool. Owing to this, the laser transmission path can be positioned at the center of the transmission path insertion hole.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the external tube may include a plurality of convexed and concaved parts located continuously in a circumferential direction of the external tube so as to have a gear-like cross-section; and the convexed and concaved parts may form the projections and the gap formation parts.
The convexed and concaved parts may be formed of a curved line, instead of being formed of apexes and sides.
According to the present invention, the laser transmission path formed by use of the external tube according to the present invention can be positioned at the center of the transmission path insertion hole with more certainty. In addition, the concaved gap formation parts formed along the circumferential direction of the external tube can absorb fumes.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the external tube may have a polygonal cross-section; and apexes of the polygonal cross-section may form the projections, and sides of the polygonal cross-section may form the gap formation parts.
The “polygonal cross-section” represents a concept encompassing, for example, a polygonal cross-section formed of apexes and sides such as a triangular or square cross-section, and also a generally polygonal cross-section formed of a curved line having an inflection point.
According to the present invention, the laser transmission path formed by use of the external tube according to the present invention can be positioned at the center of the transmission path insertion hole with more certainty. In addition, the concaved gap formation parts formed by the sides of the polygonal cross-section can absorb fumes.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the external tube may have an elliptical cross-section; and arcked parts at ends of a longer axis of the elliptical cross-section may form the projections, and arcked parts at ends of a shorter axis of the elliptical cross-section may form the gap formation parts.
According to the present invention, the laser transmission path formed by use of the external tube according to the present invention can be positioned at the center of the transmission path insertion hole. In addition, the concaved gap formation parts formed by the arcked parts at ends of the shorter axis of the elliptical cross-section can absorb fumes.
The present invention is also directed to a laser transmission path including the hollow waveguide path inserted into the insertion hole of the above-described external tube.
According to the present invention, the plurality of fluids can be guided to treat the operation target site with laser light with certainty.
This will be described in more detail. The hollow waveguide path is inserted into the insertion hole of the external tube. Owing to this, appropriate fluids are guided through the plurality of passages provided outside the hollow waveguide path along the longitudinal direction of the insertion hole, for example, a guide passage for cooling water, a water recovery passage for recovering cooling water, a passage for assist gas, a passage for irrigation, and the like. Thus, while a plurality of desired fluids are guided, the operation target site can be treated with the laser light with certainty.
In an embodiment of the present invention, one of the plurality of fluid passages may be a cooling water passage for supplying cooling water for cooling the hollow waveguide path such that the cooling water flows in a direction in which the laser light is directed.
The cooling water may be physiological saline solution, fresh water or the like.
According to the present invention, the hollow waveguide path which has been heated by the laser light can be cooled by the cooling water flowing in the fluid passage. Therefore, the laser transmission path for providing laser light for treating the operation target site with certainty can be improved in durability.
In an embodiment of the present invention, one of the plurality of fluid passages which is different from the cooling water passage may be a cooling water recovery passage for allowing the cooling water which has cooled the hollow waveguide path to flow in a direction opposite to the direction in which the laser light is directed, and thus recovering the cooling water.
According to the present invention, the cooling water can be recovered. Therefore, the cooling water can be circulated, and the hollow waveguide path which has been heated by the laser light can be cooled efficiently.
The cooling water can be circulated in the cooling water passage and the cooling water recovery passage without leaking to the operation target site.
In an embodiment of the present invention, one of the plurality of fluid passages which is different from the cooling water passage may be an irrigation passage for supplying irrigation water such that the irrigation water flows in the direction in which the laser light is directed and is released toward a diseased part.
The irrigation water released toward the operation target site (diseased part) may be physiological saline solution.
According to the present invention, while the hollow waveguide path which has been heated is cooled by the cooling water, irrigation water is released toward the operation target site (diseased part) in the body such as the wall of esophagus, the wall of stomach wall or the like. Owing to this, while the treatment space is expanded to, for example, securely obtain the visual field, the operation target site (diseased part) can be treated with the laser light with certainty.
In an embodiment of the present invention, one of the plurality of fluid passages which is different from the cooling water passage may be an assist gas passage for supplying assist gas such that the assist gas flows in the direction in which the laser light is directed and is released toward the diseased part.
The assist gas may be, for example, an appropriate gas such as carbon dioxide or the like which is more absorbable in the body than air.
According to the present invention, while the hollow waveguide path which has been heated is cooled by the cooling water, the assist gas is guided and is ejected toward the operation target site in the body such as the wall of esophagus, the wall of stomach or the like. Owing to this, while the treatment space is expanded and also the fumes are removed to, for example, securely obtain the visual field, the operation target site can be treated with the laser light with certainty.
In the case where the assist gas is, for example, an appropriate gas such as carbon dioxide or the like which is more absorbable in the body than air, the following advantage is provided. According to the present invention, the laser light is guided through the hollow waveguide path, and the assist gas is guided through the assist gas passage which is outside the hollow waveguide path and inside the external tube. Namely, the laser light and the assist gas are guided through separate guide paths. Therefore, an inconvenience which would occur in the case where the laser light and the assist gas are guided through the same guide path, namely, the inconvenience that the laser light is absorbed by the assist gas and as a result, the operation target site cannot be irradiated with laser light of a desired output, does not occur. Thus, reduction of the transmission efficiency of the laser light which would be caused by such an inconvenience can be prevented. The laser light and the assist gas are guided without the transmission efficiency of the laser light being reduced, and the assist gas is ejected toward the operation target site in the body such as the wall of esophagus, the wall of stomach or the like. Owing to this, while the treatment space is expanded and also the fumes are removed to, for example, securely obtain the visual field, the operation target site can be treated with the laser light with certainty.
In other words, the freedom degree of combination of the assist gas and the laser light is increased. As a result, the convenience is improved.
The present invention is also directed to a laser transmission path including the hollow waveguide path inserted into the insertion hole of the above-described external tube including the outer projections and the gap formation parts.
According to the present invention, the fumes are inhaled by the gap formation parts, and the operation target site can be treated with the laser light with certainty.
The present invention is also directed to a laser treatment tool including a laser generation source; a laser control section; and the above-described laser transmission path. The laser transmission path is inserted into a transmission path insertion hole of an endoscope external hose, and a tip of the laser transmission path is located in the vicinity of a tip opening of the endoscope external hose.
Owing to this, the tip of the laser transmission path for providing the laser light can be guided to the operation target site with certainty.
This will be described in more detail. Usually, the endoscope external hose includes a plurality of channels, and one of the channels includes an image fiber. The image fiber has a CCD camera at an end thereof on the side of a main body. Alternatively, the image fiber has a CCD camera at a tip of the channel on the side of a diseased part. Therefore, the operator can allow the tip of the endoscope external hose to reach the operation target site while checking an image shot by the CCD camera. Hence, the tip of the laser transmission path inserted into the endoscope external hose and located in the vicinity of the tip opening of the endoscope external hose can be guided to a position very close to the operation target site with certainty. Therefore, the assist gas or irrigation water can be ejected toward the operation target site in the body such as the wall of esophagus, the wall of stomach or the like. Thus, the treatment space is expanded and also the fumes are removed to, for example, securely obtain the visual field, and also the operation target site can be treated with laser light with more certainty while the hollow waveguide path which has been heated is cooled by the cooling water.
The present invention is also directed to a laser treatment tool including a laser generation source; a laser control section; and the above-described laser transmission path. The laser transmission path is inserted into a transmission path insertion hole of an endoscope external hose such that a tip of the laser transmission path is located in the vicinity of a tip opening of the endoscope external hose; and a fluid inhalation unit is connected to the gap formation parts, and the gap formation parts each form a fluid absorption passage.
Owing to this, the tip of the laser transmission path for providing the laser light can be guided to the operation target site with certainty.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the laser light may be carbon dioxide laser light.
According to the present invention, the plurality of fluids can be guided to treat the operation target site with certainty. This will be described in more detail. As the laser light, carbon dioxide laser light, which is highly absorbable into water, is used. Therefore, even if the laser light leaks, the laser light is absorbed by water and thus the operation target site can be treated safely.
In addition, the fumes can be inhaled by the gap formation parts to treat the operation target site safely. This will be described in more detail. Carbon dioxide laser light, which is highly absorbable into water and highly absorbable into a surface of a living body, is used as the laser light in a bright visual field. Therefore, the operation target site can be irradiated with a minimum necessary amount of laser light and thus treated safely.
Effect of the Invention
According to the present invention, a laser treatment tool capable of guiding a plurality of fluids, a laser transmission path insertable into such a laser treatment tool, and an external tube for forming the laser transmission path can be provided.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a laser treatment system including an endoscope device and a laser treatment device.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a structure of the endoscope device and the laser treatment device.
FIG. 3 provides isometric views illustrating a structure of an operation unit which can be operated by an operator (herein after, referred to simply as the “operation unit”).
FIG. 4 provides isometric views illustrating a structure of a laser transmission path.
FIG. 5 provides cross-sectional views of the laser transmission path.
FIG. 6 provides cross-sectional views each illustrating a laser transmission path in another embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a structural view schematically showing a structure of a laser treatment system 1 including an endoscope device 10 and a laser treatment device 50. FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a structure of the endoscope device 10 and the laser treatment device 50.
As shown in FIG. 1, the endoscope device 10 is included in a device main body 1 a and is connected to an operation unit 12 via a connection cable 11.
The operation unit 12 corresponding to a laser transmission tool mainly includes an operation section 13 and an endoscope tube 21.
The operation section 13 includes an eye contact section 15, an up-down angle knob 16, a left-right angle knob 17, operation buttons 18, a forceps insertion section 20, and the like.
The operation buttons 18 accept an operation input such as water supply, absorption, zooming, supply of assist gas described later, irrigation with diseased part treatment water, circulation of cooling water or the like.
The endoscope tube 21 corresponding to an endoscope external hose includes a flexible tube section 22, a curved tube section 23, and a tip structure section 30 provided in this order from a base part toward a tip thereof. The endoscope tube 21 has therein a forceps insertion path 19 corresponding to a transmission path insertion hole. The forceps insertion path 19 communicates from the forceps insertion opening 20 to a forceps exit 36 of the tip structure section 30, and acts as a treatment device insertion path, through which a treatment device such as forceps, a laser transmission path 70 or the like is insertable.
In FIG. 1, the endoscope tube 21 is shown as having a diameter increasing from the middle of the flexible tube section 22 toward a tip of the curved tube section 23. This is for easier understanding of the structure of the tip structure section 30, and in actuality, the endoscope tube 21 has a constant diameter suitable to allow a treatment device to be inserted into an organ in the body such as esophagus, stomach, the intestines or the like.
The flexible tube section 22 has a cylindrical shape which can be curved to an appropriate degree, and allows an appropriate treatment device, such as forceps or the like, inserted from the forceps insertion section 20 to reach the tip structure section 30. In this example, the laser transmission path 70 of the laser treatment device 50 is inserted and reaches the tip structure section 30 as the treatment device.
The curved tube section 23 is operable to be curved in an up-down direction by an operation on the up-down angle knob 16, and is operable to be curved in a left-right direction by an operation on the left-right angle knob 17.
This will be described in more detail. The curved tube section 23 is connected to the up-down angle knob 16 and the left-right angle knob 17 via a wire (not shown) inserted through the endoscope tube 21. Therefore, a rotation operation made on the up-down angle knob 16 or the left-right angle knob 17 is transmitted to the curved tube section 23 via the wire, and the curved tube section 23 is curved in the up-down direction or the left-right direction. Owing to this, the curved tube section 23 can be curved in an arbitrary direction at an arbitrary angle, and so the tip structure section 30 can be directed in an appropriate direction toward an operation target site.
The tip structure section 30 includes light guides 31 and 35, a lens 33, a nozzle 34, and the forceps exit 36.
The light guides 31 and 35 are illumination elements for providing light for illuminating a site to be imaged. Owing to this, a site in the body to which light does not reach is illuminated so that the operator can observe the site and performs a surgical operation on the site.
The lens 33 is a lens for collecting the light provided by, for example, the light guides 31 and 35 and reflected by the illuminated site in the body so as to obtain a shot image. By appropriately processing the collected information, a shot image is obtained and the operator can check the state of the site in the body. An imaging element for converting light into an electric signal may be provided in the vicinity of the tip structure section 30 and connected to the endoscope device 10 via a conductive wire, or may be provided inside the endoscope device 10 such that the light collected by the lens is transmitted by an image guide.
The nozzle 34 is an element for releasing, for example, a washing liquid for washing the lens 33 toward the lens 33.
The forceps exit 36 is an exit for a treatment device such as the laser transmission path 70 of the laser treatment device 50 or the like.
The laser transmission path 70 is formed to be longer than a length L1 of the forceps insertion path 19, which is the entire length of the endoscope tube 21. The laser transmission path 70 will be described in detail later.
As shown in FIG. 2, the laser treatment device 50 includes an operation section/display section 51, a power supply section 52, a signal processing section 53, a central control section 54 corresponding to a laser control section, a detection section 55, a guide light emitting section 56, a laser oscillation section 57 corresponding to a laser generation source, an assist gas ejection section 59, a cooling water supply section 60, a cooling water recovery section 61, and a diseased part treatment irrigation section 62.
The operation section/display section 51 accepts an operation input such as settings on laser output, change of an operation mode, or the like and transmits the input signal to the central control section 54. The operation section/display section 51 also receives a display signal on conditions of laser output, an operation state of the device or the like from the central control section 54 and displays appropriate information.
The power supply section 52 supplies operation electric power to the central control section 54 and other sections.
The signal processing section 53 processes the signal detected by the detection section 55 and transmits the signal to the central control section 54. In this example, the signal processing section 53 and the detection section 55 act together as an OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) device.
The detection section 55 receives reflected guide light 55 a (signal light), which is obtained by low coherence guide light 56 a emitted from the guide light emitting section 56 being reflected by the operation target site, and reference light transmitted from the guide light emitting section 56, and thus obtains interfering light. Both of the lights received by the detection section 55 are near infrared light having a wavelength of 800 nm to 1 μm or in the vicinity thereof.
The detection section 55 detects light intensity of a be at signal generated by coherence of the reflected guide light 55 a (signal light) and the reference light. The signal processing section 53 performs heterodyne detection of finding the intensity of the signal light reflected by a prescribed surface of the operation target site from the intensity of the light received from the detection section 55, and thus obtains optical coherence tomography information.
This is repeated while the operation target site to be detected is changed, and thus optical coherence tomography information of each of the operation target sites can be obtained. Owing to this, optical coherence tomography information including a tissue profile at a position having some depth from the surface is obtained. Namely, in addition to a tissue profile of a mucous membrane at the surface, a tissue profile of an area including a submucosal layer or a muscular layer is obtained. The optical coherence tomography information is information before the light is processed into an image. The signal processing section 53 transmits the optical coherence tomography information to the central control section 54.
The central control section 54 performs various control operations on various elements. The central control section 54 includes a laser output control section 54 a and a storage section 54 b.
The laser output control section 54 a controls an output value of laser light 57 a for treatment (herein after, referred to as the “treatment laser light 57 a”) which is output by the laser oscillation section 57, in accordance with the output set by the operation section/display section 51 or the operation mode.
The storage section 54 b stores appropriate data in addition to control data on output setting, operation mode setting and the like.
As described above, the detection section 55 receives the reflected guide light 55 a (signal light) and the reference light, and detects the light intensity of the be at signal generated from the interfering light.
The guide light emitting section 56 emits low coherence near infrared light having a wavelength of 800 nm to 1 μm or in the vicinity thereof. The guide light is provided for showing a position to be irradiated with the treatment laser light 57 a. The near infrared light is invisible but can be detected by the imaging element and put into an image. Therefore, the near infrared light is converted into an image signal by an imaging section 46 of the endoscope device 10 described later and displayed on an image display section 48. Thus, the position to be irradiated with the treatment laser light 57 a can be confirmed.
The laser oscillation section 57 oscillates the treatment laser light 57 a to be used for the surgical operation. In this example, as the treatment laser light 57 a, carbon dioxide laser light (herein after, referred to as the “CO₂ laser light”) having a wavelength of 10.6 μm is used. Operations such as setting of the radiation strength of the CO₂ laser light, start and stop of the radiation and the like are performed by manual operations by use of the operation section/display section 51 and by the control of the central control section 54. A part of, or the entirety of, manual operations may be replaced with stomping operations using a foot controller (not shown) provided so as to be communicable with, and controllable with respect to, the laser treatment device 50.
The guide light 56 a emitted by the guide light emitting section 56, the treatment laser light 57 a oscillated by the laser oscillation section 57, and the reflected guide light 55 a detected by the detection section 55 mentioned above are all transmitted by one hollow waveguide path 90. Accordingly, these types of light are all transmitted coaxially, and a site acting on the operation target and a site to be sensed match each other as the operation target site.
The assist gas ejection section 59 ejects carbon dioxide as assist gas 59 a. It is desirable that the ejection pressure of the assist gas 59 a, which passes through the laser transmission path 70 described later and is ejected toward the operation target site from a tip of the laser transmission path 70, is grasped by an appropriate pressure obtaining element.
The cooling water supply section 60 supplies cooling water 60 a for cooling the hollow waveguide path 90 which has been heated by the treatment laser light 57 a, and the cooling water recovery section 61 recovers the cooling water 60 a which has cooled the hollow waveguide path 90. The cooling water 60 a can be supplied by the cooling water supply section 60 and circulated after being recovered by the cooling water recovery section 61. The cooling water 60 a may be fresh water instead of physiological saline solution.
The diseased part treatment irrigation section 62 may supply physiological saline solution as diseased part treatment water 62 a in order to keep the diseased part bulged during the surgical operation.
The endoscope device 10 includes an operation section 41, a power source section 42, a central control section 43, a diseased part gas inhalation section 44 corresponding to a fluid inhalation unit, an illumination section 45, an imaging section 46, and the image display section 48.
The operation section 41 transmits an operation input made by the operation section 13 (see FIG. 1) to the central control section 43. Namely, the operation section 41 transmits a curving operation on the curved tube section 23 made by an operation on the up-down angle knob 16 or the left-right angle knob 17, a pressing operation made by the operation buttons 18, or the like. Alternatively, an operation section is provided in, for example, a control device main body (not shown) of the endoscope device, separately from the operation section 41 of the operation unit 12, and an operation on the illumination light amount, imaging and storage of a still image or the like is transmitted to the central control section 43.
The power supply section 42 supplies operation electric power to the central control section 43 and other sections.
The central control section 43 performs various control operations on various elements.
The diseased part gas inhalation section 44 inhales diseased part gas 44 a which is filling the diseased part via inhalation guide paths 19 b each corresponding to a fluid absorption passage which is formed between the laser transmission path 70 described later and the forceps insertion path 19 of the endoscope tube 21.
The illumination section 45 provides illumination light from the light guides 31 and 35 (see FIG. 1).
The imaging section 46 shoots an image transmitted from the lens 33 (see FIG. 1) and thus obtains an image necessary for the surgical operation. Images necessary for the surgical operation are obtained in real time continuously, so that the operator can performs the surgical operation smoothly.
The image display section 48 displays images based on the signal transmitted from the central control section 43. Such images include the shot image obtained by the imaging section 46. Accordingly, the operator can perform the surgical operation while checking the shot image displayed on the image display section 48 in real time. A pre-operation image may be stored, for example, in the central control section 43, on a communicable external storage device or the like as a still image, and may be retrieved and displayed after the surgical operation and compared with a post-operation image.
Now, the laser transmission path 70 will be described with reference to FIG. 3 through FIG. 5. FIG. 3 provides isometric views illustrating a structure of the operation unit 12. In more detail, FIG. 3( a) is an isometric view of the curved tube section 23, and FIG. 3( b) is an enlarged view of part “a” in FIG. 3( a).
FIG. 4 provides isometric views illustrating a structure of the laser transmission path 70. FIG. 4( a) is an isometric view of the laser transmission path 70 in which an external tube 80 and a tip ejection outlet member 71 are shown as being partially cut away, and FIG. 4( b) is an isometric view of the external tube 80. FIG. 4( c) is an isometric view of the tip ejection outlet member 71, and FIG. 4( d) is an isometric view of the hollow waveguide path 90. FIG. 4( e) is an isometric view of the tip ejection outlet member 71 in the state where the hollow waveguide path 90 is inserted thereinto.
In FIG. 4( b), a tip insertion part 80 a of the external tube 80 into which the tip ejection outlet member 71 is insertable is shown as being transparent. In FIG. 4( e), the tip ejection outlet member 71 is shown as being partially cut away, and the hollow waveguide path 90 is shown as being transparent.
FIG. 5 provides cross-sectional views illustrating the laser transmission path 70. FIG. 5( a) is a vertical cross-sectional view of FIG. 5( b) taken along line C-C, of the laser transmission path 70 inserted into the forceps insertion path 19 of the endoscope tube 21. FIG. 5( b) is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 5( a) taken along line A-A and seen in the direction of the arrows of line A-A. FIG. 5( c) is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 5( a) taken along line B-B and seen in the direction of the arrows of line B-B.
The laser transmission path 70 includes the external tube 80, the tip ejection outlet member 71, and the hollow waveguide path 90. As described above, the laser transmission path 70 is formed to be longer than the endoscope tube 21.
The external tube 80 is a hollow flexible resin tube having an insertion space 81 corresponding to an insertion hole therein. The external tube 80 has a diameter approximately equal to an inner diameter of the forceps insertion path 19 of the endoscope tube 21. The external tube 80 includes outer circumferential convexed parts 82 corresponding to projections and outer circumferential concaved parts 83 corresponding to concaved parts or gap formation parts. The outer circumferential concaved parts 83 are each provided between adjacent circumferential convexed parts 82 and are recessed with respect to the circumferential convexed parts 82. The circumferential convexed parts 82 and the outer circumferential concaved parts 83 are located side by side in a circumferential direction of the external tube 80, so that the external tube 80 is generally gear-like when seen in a front cross-sectional view as shown in FIG. 5( b) and FIG. 5( c). In the state where the external tube 80 is inserted into the endoscope tube 21, a gap between each of the outer concaved parts 83 and an inner circumferential surface 19 a of the forceps insertion path 19 acts as the inhalation guide path 19 b.
As described above, the inhalation guide paths 19 b are each communicated to the diseased part gas inhalation section 44 of the endoscope device 10. The above-mentioned diseased part gas 44 a is inhaled by the diseased part gas inhalation section 44 via the inhalation guide paths 19 b.
At a tip of the insertion space 81 of the external tube 80, the tip insertion part 80 a for allowing insertion of the tip ejection outlet member 71 described later is formed.
A part of the insertion space 81 of the external tube 80 other than the tip insertion part 80 a accommodates sub passages 84 (84 a, 84 b and 84 c) corresponding to fluid passages. As shown in the cross-section in FIG. 5( c), the sub passages 84 (84 a, 84 b and 84 c) are formed at three different positions along the circumferential direction of the external tube 80. The sub passages 84 (84 a, 84 b and 84 c) are formed on an inner circumferential surface of the external tube 80 and extend in a longitudinal direction thereof.
The sub passages 84 are sized such that inner tips thereof in the cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 5( c) define a circle which is larger by a certain degree than an outer diameter of the hollow waveguide path 90 inserted into the insertion space 81.
The tip ejection outlet member 71 is a generally cylindrical member which can be pressurized into the tip insertion section 80 a at a tip of the external tube 80. The tip ejection outlet member 71 includes a front cylindrical part 71 a on a front side (diseased part side) thereof in an axial direction, namely, in a longitudinal direction thereof, and a rear cylindrical part 71 b on a rear side thereof.
The tip ejection outlet member 71 has a central radiation hole 72 at a center thereof as seen in a front view. The central radiation hole 72 runs throughout the tip ejection outlet member 71 in the axial direction, namely, in the longitudinal direction thereof. Also as seen in the front view, the tip ejection outlet member 71 has an assist gas ejection hole 73, an irrigation hole 74, and a cooling water circulation path 75 at three positions which are radially outer to the central radiation hole 72. The three positions correspond to the positions of the sub passages 84.
The central radiation hole 72 includes a front radiation hole 72 a formed in the front cylindrical part 71 a and a rear radiation hole 72 b formed in the rear cylindrical part 71 b (see FIG. 4( e)). The front radiation hole 72 a has a diameter which is approximately equal to the outer diameter of the hollow waveguide path 90 and allows insertion of the hollow waveguide path 90. The rear radiation hole 72 b has a diameter which is larger by a certain degree than the outer diameter of the hollow waveguide path 90 and has a gap around the hollow waveguide path 90 inserted thereinto.
The assist gas ejection hole 73 and the irrigation hole 74 run throughout the tip ejection outlet member 71 in the axial direction, namely, in the longitudinal direction thereof.
By contrast, the cooling water circulation path 75 runs forward from the rear side of the tip ejection outlet member 71 and is bent to be communicated to the front side of the rear irradiation hole 72 b. Namely, the cooling water circulation path 75 is a through-hole running through the rear cylindrical part 71 b from the rear side of the tip ejection outlet member 71 to the front side of the rear irradiation part 72 b. Therefore, the assist gas ejection hole 73 is in communication with the assist gas sub passage 84 a corresponding to an assist gas passage, the irrigation hole 74 is in communication with the diseased part treatment water sub passage 84 b corresponding to an irrigation passage, and the cooing water circulation path 75 is in communication with the cooling water recovery sub passage 84 c.
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sn83030272_1899-01-21_1_6_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Hhil r TIIBSUNi SATUKDAy, ,JAIftUAKY 2'l,1899. '" , j am . m (i B ' ml H ' If v -j','J I: : li ijggu H- , ;jj SA1URDAY, JANUUtY 21, 1 80t. J : 'H ts---- f I ,1 ', M mibacrlptlotis by Slnll, Postpaid. M j ;' A11,T. per Month .. . .o .".o i TMII V, per lear Hi ill UUMlAY, per Vear S IMI ; t 111 JDAfl.Y AND RUNim, per Vrar ... OO W ! DAILY VN'I) SUNDAY, per Moulli. 1" Ilk ( IIS JPoslaga lu foreign countries . I - '. Hi I IJffi 'In sin. N Yoik city. I H rAiua-Kloaqiie So I J, mar Grand llilel, aul IE if i ffB tloaqosNo. 10, Boulevard del Oapncliies IF ' y ffw - IF ' ' rl IS l "r """'' " aror n r rninuimpli Jar Bit J Is MhUtatienuOkh rift' rr)cU I articles return' I. th'y If' " $ JnnlrfinHcal'U'nl l(mlor lAl ptiriwH it 19 ' f ma ' evv York. ' i i I '1 U jaj ! P taient duly, t lo perfoi med In Us inline rl I ' W I by tho Legislature. Let It not bo snld here- Iri Mf iu er that when tho coiinliywnscoufionteil Ik ' ' ill rlLU tho momentous political question to- 18 ffl Rl tJfty "PPO1"'1. N"w Yo,, fl',MMl "mm'K ,1U lit' $fj fanatics, tho ptov Initials, the sophists, oi 111 iM' the shufflers li I iJBi A' Fflr "l)nrt n" 'heynn M"lnu ''' 'ul1 il j 3 f! lornlnnto shoulder to shoulder in mtppoit f J si, fertile I'lflxIdentlnhlH policy for teiuilnut- 1 ' '3 i Inn; tho stnto of war with Spain. They ute ! flr for tho Tieaty of Paris, tho Ailnilnlslia- fl B I .ion's formuln of peace, nml bolnir sulded lu ' llsii nclr P111'011"1" ,jy l,,ttl" common sense, ni i r$SI they opposo tho pic-sumptuous attempt ot Sli'l jfl fcnlted SUtcs fioin laklnc full lltlo lo tho If Philippines. If To hnuipoi blindly thU counli.VB ell- on liKlit to dispone of tho Philippines HE Vould bo loiobit of what, foi nil any man I ' 'Bn2 toiny know, uilRht pioo a coinerslono of I ' I4kS its mllltnry and (ouiini-iclal Ktiength 1L a ' r Sat XnljiHt (ieprUn tho United Htates of ndan- l I P taRDS In the Intel national rare foi pi ospei- I l JC ty, tho Immeasurable Milun of which the II MiF tfu'tuio would mako plutn rM'ii tothofooli Wt Vwn this (piostlon the State of New Yolk J mv piiffhtto mIiIiio with the enlightenment of ''ffil Slfllno and California. lilPIt Let an appeal to Congtetts foi thoiatlll- Wffife' Ration of tho Treaty of Pm is come from " li'fflfP Albany, fiom oeiy Beat iu tho Capitol, ' ''IffiR1 without qualitleatlon, nnd without a illi- '''ffiP Cordantnolo of that shallow and preten- mk tlousstatesmnnshlplliat would weaken tlio jjra Country spowei to deal with tho futuio as II iifil "s '",,,ro wisdom dooms be-t. J itK And let N'on oik be heaid at onea' 1 1 ' !! "10 CompromUe! (!ffifi If In nuaiiffliiK the tieaty of peace the I - ifjffljfe Hon. Wilmam .McKiM.ti had jlelded to I I ilinii ""v nntl-opansion piojudlco of his own MUP nnil had admitted a pros ision blocking tho t 'ilfil Uu'ted States fiom gaining comploto and ! I ii'lS'P Bb'.oluta niitlioiily to iliipote of tho Philip- iflljlifc pines, which, In the evo of international Ijof If lnw, wo had conquered as wo had on- k iini!s quel ed Torto Kico, ho would lme deserved ' & illlE execiation and contempt as tho betrayer of i iMiE unreat tiust. i Inlf Thecountiy basto be lliankfiil fora Pres- IfltS Idrnt of n laigo inlitil, und of u faithful and jjjjR rational ideaof his tesponslbilllles ', tti Between tho aihoc.ites of tho treaty as iiiiib Bnnnged by the Administration, and thoso i 'jll R Vlio would recklessly load it with amend. ' lit!!? Jneiits, thoro can bo no coiupiomlse It 'ilr biust bo parsed as It stiinds. : IS IK , , JjJ The Crisis In Suinuu. At last, an American vessel is ordered to Apia, where months ago, it would have been well to submit one, in company with the British, and Singapore, the German railway. The Philadelphia, Admiral Kautz, flagship, is chosen for the purpose, is now at San Diego, but, with coaling and the sailing of her hull, can hardly reach Samoa under the next few weeks. Admiral Dewey has a strong fleet at Manila, and might, in an emergency, but in essence, or two to Apia, the British are expected to be ready to sail. The British are well known that the current distribution arose out of the disputchment of a King to succeed Admiral Macdonald, who died last August. Their glory, however, is not only to the armed conflicts between the United States and the United States, but also to the armed conflicts between the United States and the United States. Two of the forces of the United States claimants, will be found and maintained, but to the extent of the United States against the former, whose claim had been pronounced valid by Chief Justice W. C. Champlin, setting under the authority given him by the treaty of Heilin. There can be no doubt about the validity of the claim of the Chief Justice in this matter. I jj fj Beet Ion o of Artido III. of tlio ttlpaitito t 'ililsljr fcgi einent of Juno, 1881), " respeotlng tho I (liltiiisL establishment of n Supiemo Couit of I. 1! HIiIk Justlco for Samon and dellulng its juiis- t ilIiiflK dh tlon," is decisivo on tliat point: i11ImII& b' Afe n liimtloa tball hen after riie In i MilLit pima rrfcpectlnc tlio rightful rlectlonoi appoint. ' (ijjjiU I tnrut uf nklneorof all) othtr Llilrfi.lilmlni:autliar- I vTjjJi i itj- oirtli Ulamlr, or mspactlnir tlm llilltyof His - 5f8lli Jjowcra which Ilia Kloicur any clilef maj claim In tlm i !ilSI H ' lcrclae of hla otnix, miclt iiunallou ahall nut lead ti Ital li i va , but ahall lr praacnteil farilrtlilnti to Hit Chlaf Traill ! Juath e of Samoa, w ho ahall ilrclils it lu wrlllni: con ; H f formahlr to the proriilom of thla act anil to the JJj.It -j Uwa ami riiatoinanf Bamoa not In conflict tharanlth, iiirll 1 anil the iilznaton KiMcrnuientH will accept auit ahlila l9j ij j 1X auch ileclalon." !!lf, M '""' f',,mftl1 reptf sentatlvo at Apia, ae- llljlxl . I routing to tlio latest tidings, not only le- iF'till L fused to accppLtho Chief, lustit os iluiUlon ' ill!! lnfawii ofMAl,IGTOATM s, butencouiaged " j I jlj I i- HI vtiaka to icsist it, nnd iicionipniiled tho ' jl ! I f forces t hat iiiMided tho n pit ill. Tho nc- II ill I ft counts say that ho men btoko upon tho Hill I i dooih of tlio Couit llousu ami biouglit in ' II 1 tho Picsldeut of tho MunUlpat Council, ' , II i Tfho Is also ii (Jeiniau, and who tlieieupon it 111 I f declared to tho nowd In tlio squnio that lie I II HI j I would act as Chief .1 list U . 'Ihen, it ap- ' II 1 1 f par, tlio Ilritlsh and meilcan tepie. ' j li seutaties iuteifoied, and, aided by ma i lj. rinos, expelled their 0m iii.-iii colleague ami IU reopened tlio i out t , IIIIJ I s to tho cact meritsof tlioconlioveiBV i. IU j' oei tliolhiono it Is as yet dinicult at tills f lliUl p distance to del hie. It would seem, how- 1 j I r 1 cei, that tlio Chief Jiiblhes decision I LI - agiilust Mai vi was based on tlio gioiiud, jiAr not that ho had failed to receho tho voto of 1111 is tluwo entitled to ilioose, but that lie was - II M ' ineligible Tho (list lliouglit mlglit bo that t fl'J ' P1 t'is ',i,'"b",""'' arose out of Ills having I Wi , ' robelltd agnlnst tlio lawful monarch, tlio injj ' lat" King, Mamhoa Iai I'l'rA, his offciico 't 'jljjfj i leading to his lunlsliment, fiom whluli j i llHlff i '10 "flM '""K'11 biick.aftii tho Klug'd i lllllxiM dentil, ill nUeunuu ship Hut tho lacounts i tllilM' indii ate that tho dibipialilliatlon wus based j on tho langiingo of tlio tieaty, although tho jijjl' prtelhoionMinsaddiKoddoiiot yetappeai. The three treaty powers will doubtless exceedingly the exact bounds of the Chief Justice decision, since, as the Her tium treaty provides, it must be construed to the It is the treaty provided "and to the laws and customs not in conflict thereby," while Articles of the treaty declare that "the three powers recognize the Independence of the Samoan Government and the free light of the natives to elect their King or chief and choose their form of government according to their own laws and customs." But meanwhile, the German Consul's substitution of his own opinion for the Chief Justice decision on these points demands attention. The German Minister, like his predecessor, is an American, and he is the appointee of all three Heat powers. Fortunately, there is no reason yet to conclude that the Government of Berlin will not stand loyally by the treaty. "Monsieur and "Hud" Møller is quoted as saying. In that, as we cannot drive out the liquor sales, "the only thing to do is to make them better." "the only way is to put good saloons in competition with the bad ones." Well, who is to imitate good saloons and how are they to be started? More, how are they to be made "good." As it is, these are great and shape competition in the saloon business, and it is outputs difficult to fit up the places as comfortably and handsomely as possible. In no other department of trade is there so much expense laid out on inviting and inviting appointments. Many of these saloons are fitted up at very great cost, and they are kept as neat as a pallor. The Rev. Dr. Jameson would fill it hard to beat the liquor dealers in the attractive decoration of their hats. Saloon keeping is an old trade, and it may be assumed that those engaged in it know better what the public needs as good saloon men do. There is a good taste in the matter of liquor selling. (Gibson, the popular taste in the matter of liquor selling must be understood more accurately by those whose lives are spent in caring to it than by those whose lives are spent in caring to it. Beligious and philanthropic people who know nothing about it except in their language. Moreover, whether a soul is "bad" or "good," in the estimation of Dr. Evans, it is a place for the sale of drink, and it is the drink which does the damage. If men swallowed enough of it, they would get as tipsy in a saloon of Dr. Evans' health. Bolt as in one of the most now provided Some of the worst elements of alcoholic excess occur in wealthy private houses, places which are undoubtedly "good" in the house in which the term is used by Dr. Haines. If, however, Dr. Haines desires to demonstrate that we are wrong and that it is possible to establish saloons which are unobjectionable, the cost is clear for him to make the experiment. All he has to do is to pay the Haines law liquor tax of $800, and open his model shop. If he succeeds in muling it popular and profitable, how will he be able to provide a standard for the saloon business which will be followed generally by the trade, for the liquor dealers are expected to adapt themselves to the public taste, upon which they depend for the prosperity. If Dr. Haines's "good saloon" meets the popular fancy, every saloon keeper in town will hasten to get hints from it, with a view to making his own dining place "good" also. The Navy Personnel Bill. An act now comes before the Senate the bill for the reorganization of the navy personnel has the advantage of an overwhipping victory in the House, where it passed without even a division. The few amendments made. Come from the committee that had favorably reported the bill, notable among them being those establishing a titled list for petty officers and enlisted men, putting the machinist watch of officers on the footing of other warrant officers as to pay and promotion officers of fifteen years, abolishing the money, and creating a Judge Advocate's corps. On the other hand, Mr. Under the amendment to keep up the active grade of Commodore, now abolished by the bill, was rejected by about two to one, and his amendment to cut out the provision for retiring officers at the net higher grade by eight to one. Even the amendment increasing the Marine Corps to 6,000 men, with a brigade General instead of a Colonel at the head, and with five Colonels instead of one, the Lieutenant-Colonels instead of two, ten Major's instead of four, sixty Captains instead of twenty, and be on, was adopted by 127 to 100. This great increase of a body which was only one-third as long ago three years ago, may be opposed in the Senate, but it is not a vital feature of the bill, and in any case no special movement against it there has yet been developed. The statement of Capt. Cowan regarding the limits to be placed on the new status of the staff had suggested the possibility of a dispute over this general point at the last moment, but the House committee evaded it by an amendment providing that staff officers on whom positive rank is conferred "shall not be entitled, in time of their rank, to command in the line of other staff ships, neither shall this act be construed as changing the titles of officers in the staff corps of the navy." This will presumably fully satisfy the line. The bill lets its feat. In the midst of adding ninety-eight offices to the navy, increasing the number in the highest grades, selecting offices for let it cement in order to promote those who are left, and augmenting the pay of officers by various sums, ranging from $100 to $2,000 or $5,000 each, according to the grades. 'I ho main danger to tho bill now Is tho fait that only six weeks of tho session le miiln, with tho Pails tieaty, neatly nil of the tegular appiopilation bills ami other pusslug mattois to occupy tlio time of the Senate. Is Kiunce Coming to Her ciieH? '1 ho sense of tlio ridiculous seems to bo nw aliening again In Puiis, and may t t save li am o lu Hie later phasesof tho Dioyfus affair. Tlueo intent events Itnvo been ub biild enough to iciidei till co possible mis chief mukeis Innocuous foi n t line ut li'iisl 'I ho thealilcal leslgiiutioii of M QUrs nvv UK Ili.uinni'Aiiu. fiom the (ouit of Cussntlon, was sliowu iu his lellcis of expliiuutlon lo lie the tchiiltof llslcuiug to tittle t n 1 1 1 ii about mattein wlilth, even If 1 1 lie, weio poifeitlv liuuulcKn Ills Moiy of the nun mid vvutei piovlded foi Col 1'lCQl'Alir meiely uiiido Palis slung its shouldeis. A few dus caillet M Mahcm, IlAuuvr, Iu an Impasslouod halaiiguo to tho League of Pnliiots, dealt n deathblow toM. PAUiiDuioi?r,fci)K'H powot foi liaimby declaring that l'rauco had nlwitvs found u savior In time of need, It hud had Vi.kcin oirroiiix and Ciiaiii.i s MAitrni, and Joan of Aie, and now it hud l'u'i, l)i itotrr.tDK. Xotliing has been henid of M Dbiioin.tDr. hIiuc. At about tho same timo M ri.iim- 1kam IlniiM-rrii.HK of tlio cndemln Finn ,also and of tlio fet ue ifci Dcu c .Voiirfcs sue. ceeded ill getting Intou faicicnl mess and 4 Indrafeglnfflntolttho Orlcanlst party and tho cxtromo Clericals. M. UunvKTiiiiiiK is a living little man, who for many years filled hospitably the place of the city on the Revue. On being put in charge of the periodical, after the disaster in the Buell family, he felt it to be his mission to direct the world; he looked charge of the movement for the moral regeneration of France; he has more than once gone to Rome to advise the Pope on the proper conduct of Christianity His contribution to the Diocese of Paris was "a league of the French Fatherland," with the object of letting bygones be begun and working for the vital interests of the country, especially those entrusted to the hands of the army. The league's manifesto appeared, signed by many well-known men, members of the academy, priests, at times, witnesses and others. No sooner was it published than letters poured in from persons, who declared they had never signed it. M. DUNNIE explained that the list had been published prominently through the indiscretion of a newspaper, and went on to state the objects of the league's letters then appeal on, stating that the signatures would never have joined the league if they had understood its objects as M. DUNNIE did, and giving the It is our own views. More explanations from Mr. Hittner came, the omission of all reference to the respect due to the contests, seemed to be that the league took the side of the army, of the anti-Senators and the anti-Senators. This was signed by a smaller number of names. Un Inspection it turns out that the list consists almost entirely of Ulysses and of known opponents of the republic. It had already been noticed that the names that supplied from day to day in the Jubilee. Among those of persons known to be hostile to the republic, where they were known at all. Among these two lists people in Paris acknowledge the boldest attitude of the people, the enemies of the republic, the Communists, the Boers, the Boers, and now the Oleanist. The Government, having been scheming to taunt the army into over throwing the Government, with indifference plans for anything to take its place. The changes that the decision of the Court of Cassation will be accepted with respect have been much increased by the incidents of the last three weeks. The Cur's Peace Reports Delivered. We printed some days ago a despatch from St. Petersburg giving the substance of a claim addressed to the principal powers, in which Count Muavieff, the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, indicated the points on which the Cur deems it desirable. It is that the advocates of peace should at least live at an understanding. Let us consider these suggestions from the viewpoint of feasibility. "To many, it may be said that, of the ten proposals made, only one looks directly to the maintenance of peace; the other nine are calculated to mitigate the destructive effects of war or to prevent any further increase of the burden of taxation for war purposes. Of the recommendations intended to lessen the burdens of war, some are entirely practical. There is no reason, for example, why the declaration concerning the laws and customs of war, put forth at Brussels in 1874, should not be revised from a human point. It should be also possible to devise a method of applying the Geneva Convention to naval warfare. We presume, that civilized nations should be permitted to rest in definite limits the use of the most tenable of existing explosives, and to forbid the use of any explosives from balloons. The same thing may be said of an agreement to interdict the use of any new weapon of explosive of a powerful nature than that of those now manufactured, for this intention would not prevent any State from providing itself with weapons equal in power to those now possessed by any other State. As for the proposal to neutralize vessels, saving those wrecked in naval battles, this must, of course, signify that the unarmed vessels of belligerents and their cargoes, except contraband of war, shall be exempt from capture. Such exemption has been adopted by the United States for upward of forty years, and we should have acceded to the declaration put forth that Paris in 1874, had the broad principle just mentioned been substituted for the of war finally, it does not follow that, if they were accepted, the spectacle of general peace would be materially improved. There are those who contend that one of the chiefest efforts rests upon International conflicts in our day is the fear that an opponent, through the unexpected employment of new projectiles or explosives, may prove superior in death-dealing power. The more dreadful the instruments of war, the less willing are enlightened and humane peoples to resort to it. There are two other proposals, also tending to lead to the destructive effects of war, but these, for obvious reasons, are less likely to secure general acceptance. To forbid the employment of submarines torpedoes and similar contrivances is to provide a weak naval power of some of the most effective means of defending its base against superior naval force. Much the same thing may be said of the recommendation that the powers shall undertake, hereafter, not to tonsil net vessels within the limits. Those powers which at present possess few of novices of that description are hardly to be expected to enter into such an agreement, unless the powers that have been of the sort would cover it in not to use them. It is to pass to the two proposals which have for their purpose the interest of any further cost ease in the weight of taxation for military purposes and, if possible, the education of the existing burdens. Count Muhu suggests that the powers shall agree not to augment their military or naval forces and the corresponding budgets for a used period, and, secondly, shall endeavor to find means of educating hereafter the present forces and budgets. These words seem to require no explicit definition. Does Count Muhu Like mean that no ex. In the application of appropriations, the proposed amendment shall be hereafter made, or that even appropriations, already voted or decided, shall be abrogated, unless they have been actually expunged or pledged? His words cannot possibly have the latter significance, for, if they have, the British military would have to remain unprovided with imparted guns, and would, therefore, continue to be at a grave disadvantage as computed with the German conduct if, on the other hand, the appropriations made for military and naval purposes are not to be interfered with, we presume that even Great Britain might assert to the proposal, for immense sums have been by law assigned to the annual increase of the British Navy for many years to come. As for the recommendation that an attempt shall be made to cut down the existing standing armies, that will probably be found impractical from the difficulty of proposing an acceptable ratio. Russia, for instance, as we have been said, might, without fear of internal convulsions, reduce her standing army by one-half, whereas Italy, in view of her internal conditions, could not safely consent to a proposition. It is not, however, inconceivable that, if the different circumstances... In the midst of the difficult conditions, the different committees were taken into consideration, an amendment might be reached by which the burden of taxation for military purposes might be sensibly diminished. We have said that but one of the ten proposals looks directly to the maintenance of peace. We refer to the suggestion that the policy of mediation and arbitration shall be accepted in such cases as tend to the interests of the people. But the principle is already accepted, with howevor, the destructive question that each independent power is the sole judge of what cases lend themselves to arbitration. In London, Mr. Moffett means that the decision as to what concerns should be settled by mediation or arbitration is to be left to the permanent national congress. He will find it extremely difficult to secure the assent of the powers to his proposal. On the whole, on the conclusion is that the peace congress desired by the Congress may not prove entirely abortive, though its outcome is likely to mitigate the methods of warfare hitherto than abuse the maintenance of peace, in asserting that existing political relations shall not be even discussed by the Congress, the effect virtually promises that the situation quo shall not be disturbed. The continuation of the affluence quo, however, leaves open the burning questions of Alsace-Lorraine, of the lobillons of the Vatican to Italy and of the conflicting interests of the great powers in the Far East. Peary. Explorer Pears to look two steamers to Greenland last summer. Before the Windward, which was to carry him to the northwest coast, was ready to sail he went north on the steamer Hopo to collect the Eskimos and dogs he required and a large supply of walrus meat for the dogs. This work would probably require some weeks and he was anxious to complete it by the time the Windward was alive, so that he might avail himself of the first favorable opportunity to push on through the narrow channel of Smith Sound to his destination. From Smith Sound he had still before him a journey of 460 miles before reaching his proposed winter quarters in the neighborhood of Pentz Channel; and the way leads through Kane Basin and Kennedy and Bobeson channels, one of the Most unceritative statements of Arctic navigation, almost a mile away, and again so completely choked as to be impossible. It was about the middle of July when Peary stalled on this last stage of his voyage. All had gone well with him. He had only to traverse his natives, dogs, and dog food to the Windward; and when the Hope turned southward with gratifying news of the explorer's prospects thus far, the Windward started from Poulke Field for the entrance to Smith Sound, some forty miles away. It was his plan. It possible, to reach his winter quarters, land the cargo and bend the Windward back to New York. The Windward, however, has not returned, and there is now every reason to believe that she will not be seen in these waters before next summer or fall. Her failure to come back is not surprising, for a round trip through these narrow channels in a single season is exceptional. She could not accomplish it unless she had the unusual good fortune that attended the Greely party when it reached Lady Fiojiklin Bay and bent its ship home in the same season. Cupl. Bartlett of the Hope says, in a letter printed in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, that he thinks the winter season set in late in North Greenland, as he met stiff, young ice on his way south through Melville Bay and has since heard from returning Dundee whalers that they thought at one time they were caught in the ice for the winter. It is not at all unlikely that the windward was able to make a high northing, but could not clear the pack on her return before the channels were closed. At any rate, there is little doubt that Prof. Smith is much further north than Capt. Smith on the Fram, who was bound for the same destination, but did not reach South Greenland until after the American had entered Smith Sound. The presentation of the Senate's title relation to the treaty, which will be found in another column, over the signature of Mr. Tucker, shows that the attempt to amend the treaty with a declaration against holding the Philippines, instead of bringing serious statesmanship, is a hollow and misleading show. It is successful, its only effect would be to stimulate trouble in the Philippines and to place the United States in the adjustment of their international relations in the East. It is without wisdom and without excuse. What is in the mind of the Hon. Cushman K. Davis that he, the Senator in charge of the treaty, can talk about letting it wait for the Senate. Aragua Canal Hill, or any other bill? Has his nye for the political perspective grown diseased? The treaty should wait for nothing. The Government military map spells the name of our Island in the Antilles "Puerto Rico" Our Board of General Names, which is responsible for the geographical nomenclature in all the Government publications, may with propriety authorize the use of the common English apt-ilting in official publications relating to the Island. This spoiling has the authority of three centuries of good English usage. The Bulletin of the American Geographical Society undoubtedly expresses the view of the country when it says: "Puerto Rico, the true English name for the island of Puerto Rico. It holds its ground by the right as Spain, Baracoa, Britain, Italy, Italy, Vienna, and the islands of other names." The rules for spelling in the Board on Geographical Names conform for the most part with those of the Royal Geographical Society. But in not a few instances it has failed to adhere to the rule that spellings universally accepted in English usage shall stand. We, therefore, find in its lists such spellings as Puerto Rico, Kongo, and others. These spellings are not accepted by our public, and the only result is that our Government publications differ in geographic orthography from the use of the best writers of the English language. New Diario, From Hook to The who have filled the life yet It of Sim Charlotte rrrViun Strlaon iinlirllatliu-l) ilut hir with the furriuoal of Aiuoriiau vr uueu THE UQVOl SALOON QUESTION. A Liquor Dealer In Answer to Father Poylc. To the Editor of The Russell, Having read both Bishop Potter's address and the remarks of Father Doyle, I ask your favor to examine the views of a Manor dealer, who, after forty years' business in this city, may be supposed to know something regarding saloons by experience. My experience makes me differ from Father Doyle. In the first place, if the saloon is not the poor man's club, where does the poor man, as well as the man of moderate means, besides a good many others, have to go to the evenings? There are about 1,500 saloons in this city, of which each has about ten regular customers, taking the general average. The visitors have to take their refreshments will at least average twenty. That makes the total average attendance at the poor man's club about 180,000 each evening. The temperance clubs in this city will not average ten members nightly. Of course, if there is a general howl, they might have occasionally about twenty-five, yet there is a general howl about the liquor saloons. Father Doyle and the temperance disciples in general abuse the saloons and liquor men, and when referring to them put all on a par with low dives. Did it ever strike these people that the low dives are increasing rather than decreasing, owing mostly to this very abuse? Would it not be better to look the facts in the face, and thus get nearer to that mighty club of 100,000 members, and, above all things, have all the officers of that club composed of good men instead of bad men. The work of the temperance ranks so far has been to drive good men from the business. Now, with four permission, I will tell a story to the temperance advocates which will show the results of having good men behind the bar. A hard-working man comes home from his daily toil and goes into his house for a rest and supper. A row takes place between himself and his wife. It matters little who is at most. The upshot is, the man takes his hat and goes out, leaving his wife and family behind. Where does he go? Where is he in a condition to go to the Squirrel Inn or to that $50,000 settlement house of Father Doyle's should it be finished? No; he goes to the saloon. Now, whom does he find there? If there was a good man behind the bar, which would happen he would get the advice. Go home to your wife and family and find you are the stronger member of that family, and even if you are light, you will place yourself in the wrong. If you do not make up on the contrary, if there has been put behind that burden, it had been the agitation of the men who are constantly abusing the liquor traffic and the saloon, what will be the result? The most man will fill himself with drink and continue drinking until he has lost his work. Then, you temperance fanatics, look at the result of our preaching on that family, at the wounds you have inflicted on them, attending to the suffering until they are about to fall from want. The hotels rather do allude to as not 100 miles away are the result of the labors of the temperance people at Albany. In experience, a notorious Catholic, who is attending church to hear the Word of God, has been a frequent visitor many times. In hearing circumstances abusing their pulpits for the purpose of expressing their own private views in order to insult me as a liquor dealer, and I think it is about time that these clergymen should stop me in abuse of the liquor trade and continue themselves to preaching the Gospel in answer to Father Doyle's idea in regard to the quality of the poor man's whiskey. I will say that, as a rule, it is like the poor man's table, not as palatable as some, but better medically. Bouan Excursion. New York, Jan 20 The Saloon's Only Club Feature. To the Editor of The Sun: There is one feature of the average corner liquor saloon which may be said to make it a sort of "club" I refer to the so-called "Family Entrance" on the side street, at the rear of the saloon. It admits a particularly vicious lot of patrons to a room partitioned off, in which I here are chairs and tables. It is connected with the bar, and from there, through an aperture, drinks are supplied to its sodden or criminal occupants. It is not such a club as Bishop Potter describes, or "the poor man's club," but a place for the accommodation of depraved and degraded women and their vile and usually criminal associates and followers. Poor men. In the sense of Bishop Potter's words, there are never found in that room. Those go to the barroom, take their "poison" and depart the club room. It is. Perhaps, the most vicious and dangerous of the vile resorts in town, for it draws in loose of temperate women to aggravate its mental condition, and they are among the worst drunkards created or supplied by the saloon, and with them are the most degraded specimens of male criminality. As further, Love said, this turning of the usual saloon into such a dive for the purpose of attracting moral and physical feminine wrecks is a comparatively recent innovation, and it is the only "club" feature of the establishment. But it has degraded the saloon from its former condition instead of making it better adapted to satisfy the "active social instinct" of humanity. It is the most defiling social instinct in New York, is absolutely unnecessary, except as a member of vice, and is designed to the whole business of saloon keeping. New York, June 20. Long Traffic. The Philadelphia Orchestra. To the Union or The Sun, Sir, is it true that It has been charged by the orthodox New York, Jan. 18, 1878 Bless your heart, we suppose so, just as we suppose that nine of every ten prosperous Democratic politicians have fattened their bank accounts to some extent and in one way or another through the commercial consolidations commonly known as trusts. The great Chicago platform sleeps between national conventions in the extent of Christian Science. Ailment To the Editor of The Bus Sir, So far as I have observed no organized attempt to examine into the claims of the so-called Christian Scientists has ever been made by psychologists That two radically different methods of approaching disease illustrated by the medical practitioner and the mental healer, should generate mutual distrust is not difficult to understand. But that a mass of assertion in support of the position of the Christian Scientist should go on accumulating for a period of fifteen years, etc., for want of proper scientific inquiry, be neither affirmed nor denied. Is certainly a fact of the utmost significance In spite of the fact that this system, crude and involved in many vagaries, contains much that the educated physician of today lasts seriously, most is not lacking, unless human testimony has no weight, that mental healing has been of benefit to thousands who, in their own opinion, at least, were sick, and now call themselves well. Better evidence of their skill, physicians themselves do Not a word of the most needed, then. The immense fox fur collars which are so very fashionable last now have heads with glancing eyes and ferocious looking teeth that are so lifelike that they are positively startling. Yesterday afternoon, two young ladies, who wore wearing the newest ones of silver fox, worn standing in a jeweler's window on Chestnut Street, when one of them took off her collar and held it in her hand. Down the street came sauntering along a half-open with one eye open for trouble. He saw his natural anatomy within his grasp. He grasped it, gave it a terrific shaking, and before one could count three, was off down the street, unmindful of the shouts of policemen or various missiles, shied at him by men and boys, and the roar of the crowd, who saw her cherished collar whisked around the corner of Seventh Street by a dog that had so much fun for many a day. Maine's Recent Heated Term. The Softest Refined Teas at talk The Effect of the New and Cheap Cynicism and Resumption of Prof. Sumner. To The Editor of The Sun-Sun-Sun. Sumner of Yale has carried the active ranks of those who would "save" the country from its destiny; the pessimistic school of stagnation so bitterly championed by Prof. Charles Eliot Norton and his kind. East Monday night, before a large audience of Yale students, the professor, in a lecture entitled "The Recent Conquest of the United States by Spain," rehearsed the whole list of imaginary and blood-chilling terrors which made up the cause of the timorous and expansionist. He concluded up from their graves, duly catalogued and in order, each clad in its ghastliest cerements, the whole family of "imperialist" spectres. It was indeed a gruesome sight, and one not designed to inspire the educated young men, so soon to become the nation's directors, with any loss of respect for the merits of American civilization, any hope for their country's larger destiny or any noble faith in the powers of their manhood. Spanish colonial methods only are those which he was sure Americans must adopt rebellions, militarism, and continental wars with all the world were temptingly held forth by him as our future heritage and Spain's wretched condition as our inevitable destiny. In his view, it is hopeless to attempt to imitate England's colonial policy; she is already hated by the world. Not a word had the professor concerning our $10,000,000 of yearly labor. An expansive trade. The vital importance of our commercial advancement was forgotten by him, obliterated by a sublime and overweening love for the 'Jogals' trade by Europe, to our irreparable loss, received no thought from him. The larger interests of those mysterious world forces, greater than party, greater than that country, our race, determined to see the attention. The policy of the "Chinese Wall," which had formerly existed from Prof. Sumner all the powers of his logic and most biting ridicule when he started out to annihilate the doctrines of protection, was now rebuilt and vested with all the hoary sanctity of a noble and superior past, was held up to Yale worship as the only safeguard to keep us from the evils of newly awakened energies, of progress and of our destiny. Yet, of course, he had his fling at inconsistency. In a word, we were to be terrified by the conventional glories, frightened away from some hard problems, made ashamed of our country, of its army, or its war, of its "avowed," philanthropic intentions toward Tagnis and Cubans. We were sadly relieved of any gloominess respecting American manhood and any bright hopes for its future, for that, he said, is doomed to militarism, plutocracy, and oppression if we abandon old formulas under the influence of national pride, commercial enterprise, and foresight, and taken step to the legitimate position of our nation. But, despite the professor's pessimism, the car of progress will wobble on. There are greater forces than subtle argument or well-turned phrases, of fear or greed, the force of evolution, the force of the destiny of a race. But, sir, it seems a sad thing, one worth of earnest thought, that so many of the older lights of theoretical learning, secluded in academic hermitages, for whom is given the trust to direct the crucial process of building educated character in youths who will, or are long, direct the national existence, that these teachers should so often deem pessimism synonymous with prudence and the condemnation of all men's effort equivalent to sagacity: scathing deprecation of the national heart-beat, of generous sympathy and righteous vengeance as mere "national hysteria" and "jingoism" mistakes of statesmen inspired by nature. In my opinion, the student body of American Young Men are of too much worth to this nation for such efforts to still and starve their inborn spirit of bravo and hopeful patriotism by ridicule and by criticism to be left unrebuked for young men of Yale, reject and despise those calls on you to surrender the vigor of your manhood. A Yankee. New Haven, Jan 18 Proposed Unfortunity in Blue Laws. |
github_open_source_100_8_19987 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.ignite.internal.util;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
/**
* Implementation of {@link Base64Encoder} interface for Java 7 and earlier.
*
* @deprecated Use {@code jaba.util.Base64} instead.
*/
@Deprecated
public class LegacyBase64Encoder implements Base64Encoder {
/** {@inheritDoc} */
@Override public String encode(byte[] msg) {
try {
Class<?> encoderCls = Class.forName("sun.misc.BASE64Encoder");
Method mtd = encoderCls.getMethod("encode", byte[].class);
return (String)mtd.invoke(encoderCls.newInstance(), (Object)msg);
}
catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to encode message to BASE64", e);
}
}
}
|
1775753_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 비셰보섬(, )은 아드리아해에 위치한 크로아티아의 섬으로 면적은 5.8km2, 높이는 239m, 인구는 15명(2011년 기준)이다. 행정 구역상으로는 스플리트달마티아 주에 속하며 달마티아 중부에 위치한다.
섬은 석회암으로 구성되어 있으며 비스섬에서 남서쪽으로 5km 정도 떨어진 곳에 위치한다. 섬 중부에는 비옥한 평야 지대가 있고 섬 북부에는 소나무 숲이 있다. 섬의 나머지는 숲에 뒤덮인 지형, 밖으로 드러낸 바위 지형이 남아 있다. 섬 연안은 풍부한 어업 지역이다. 섬의 주요 산업은 포도주용 포도 재배, 어업이다.
1050년 스플리트에서 온 이반 그를리치(Ivan Grlić)가 베네딕도회 수도원을 설립하면서 사람이 살기 시작했지만 해적의 공격으로 인해 200년 뒤에 폐허로 남았다. 수도원 유적 인근에는 교황 실베스테르 1세 교회가 남아 있다.
크로아티아의 섬
아드리아해의 섬
스플리트달마티아주의 지형.
|
US-17178102-F_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Fuse
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a fuse of the present invention in which the broken line portion of the fuse in this and the following figures is for illustrative purposes only and forms no part of the claimed design;
FIG. 2 is a top view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a first side view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a bottom view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a second side view thereof;
FIG. 6 is a first end view thereof; and,
FIG. 7 is a second end view thereof.
The ornamental design for a fuse, as shown and described..
|
github_open_source_100_8_19988 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package typingsSlinky.bingmaps.Microsoft.Maps
import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
@js.native
trait IGeoJsonObject extends StObject {
/** Geometric coordinates of the object */
var coordinates: js.UndefOr[js.Array[(js.Array[(js.Array[js.Array[Double] | Double]) | Double]) | Double]] = js.native
/** Set of features (only applicable if the type is 'featurecollection') */
var features: js.UndefOr[js.Array[IGeoJsonObject]] = js.native
/** Set of geometries (only applicable if the type is 'geometrycollection') */
var geometries: js.UndefOr[js.Array[IGeoJsonObject]] = js.native
/** Geometry (only applicable if the type is 'feature') */
var geometry: js.UndefOr[IGeoJsonObject] = js.native
/** identifier of a feature (only applicable if the type is 'feature') */
var id: js.UndefOr[js.Any] = js.native
/** Additional properties of the object as a key,value pair */
var properties: js.UndefOr[js.Any] = js.native
/**
* Type of the object
* could be one of the following:
* Point
* LineString
* Polygon
* MultiPoint
* MultiLineString
* MultiPolygon
* GeometryCollection
* Feature
* FeatureCollection
*/
var `type`: String = js.native
}
object IGeoJsonObject {
@scala.inline
def apply(`type`: String): IGeoJsonObject = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal()
__obj.updateDynamic("type")(`type`.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
__obj.asInstanceOf[IGeoJsonObject]
}
@scala.inline
implicit class IGeoJsonObjectMutableBuilder[Self <: IGeoJsonObject] (val x: Self) extends AnyVal {
@scala.inline
def setCoordinates(value: js.Array[(js.Array[(js.Array[js.Array[Double] | Double]) | Double]) | Double]): Self = StObject.set(x, "coordinates", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setCoordinatesUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "coordinates", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setCoordinatesVarargs(value: ((js.Array[(js.Array[js.Array[Double] | Double]) | Double]) | Double)*): Self = StObject.set(x, "coordinates", js.Array(value :_*))
@scala.inline
def setFeatures(value: js.Array[IGeoJsonObject]): Self = StObject.set(x, "features", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setFeaturesUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "features", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setFeaturesVarargs(value: IGeoJsonObject*): Self = StObject.set(x, "features", js.Array(value :_*))
@scala.inline
def setGeometries(value: js.Array[IGeoJsonObject]): Self = StObject.set(x, "geometries", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setGeometriesUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "geometries", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setGeometriesVarargs(value: IGeoJsonObject*): Self = StObject.set(x, "geometries", js.Array(value :_*))
@scala.inline
def setGeometry(value: IGeoJsonObject): Self = StObject.set(x, "geometry", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setGeometryUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "geometry", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setId(value: js.Any): Self = StObject.set(x, "id", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setIdUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "id", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setProperties(value: js.Any): Self = StObject.set(x, "properties", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setPropertiesUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "properties", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setType(value: String): Self = StObject.set(x, "type", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19989 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include <AggregateFunctions/AggregateFunctionFactory.h>
#include <AggregateFunctions/AggregateFunctionTTest.h>
#include <AggregateFunctions/FactoryHelpers.h>
#include <AggregateFunctions/Moments.h>
namespace ErrorCodes
{
extern const int BAD_ARGUMENTS;
extern const int NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH;
}
namespace DB
{
struct Settings;
namespace
{
struct WelchTTestData : public TTestMoments<Float64>
{
static constexpr auto name = "welchTTest";
bool hasEnoughObservations() const
{
return nx > 1 && ny > 1;
}
Float64 getDegreesOfFreedom() const
{
Float64 mean_x = getMeanX();
Float64 mean_y = getMeanY();
Float64 sx2 = (x2 + nx * mean_x * mean_x - 2 * mean_x * x1) / (nx - 1);
Float64 sy2 = (y2 + ny * mean_y * mean_y - 2 * mean_y * y1) / (ny - 1);
Float64 numerator_sqrt = sx2 / nx + sy2 / ny;
Float64 numerator = numerator_sqrt * numerator_sqrt;
Float64 denominator_x = sx2 * sx2 / (nx * nx * (nx - 1));
Float64 denominator_y = sy2 * sy2 / (ny * ny * (ny - 1));
return numerator / (denominator_x + denominator_y);
}
std::tuple<Float64, Float64> getResult() const
{
Float64 mean_x = getMeanX();
Float64 mean_y = getMeanY();
/// t-statistic
Float64 se = getStandardError();
Float64 t_stat = (mean_x - mean_y) / se;
auto students_t_distribution = boost::math::students_t_distribution<Float64>(getDegreesOfFreedom());
Float64 pvalue = 0;
if (t_stat > 0)
pvalue = 2 * boost::math::cdf<Float64>(students_t_distribution, -t_stat);
else
pvalue = 2 * boost::math::cdf<Float64>(students_t_distribution, t_stat);
return {t_stat, pvalue};
}
};
AggregateFunctionPtr createAggregateFunctionWelchTTest(
const std::string & name, const DataTypes & argument_types, const Array & parameters, const Settings *)
{
assertBinary(name, argument_types);
if (parameters.size() > 1)
throw Exception("Aggregate function " + name + " requires zero or one parameter.", ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH);
if (!isNumber(argument_types[0]) || !isNumber(argument_types[1]))
throw Exception("Aggregate function " + name + " only supports numerical types", ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS);
return std::make_shared<AggregateFunctionTTest<WelchTTestData>>(argument_types, parameters);
}
}
void registerAggregateFunctionWelchTTest(AggregateFunctionFactory & factory)
{
factory.registerFunction("welchTTest", createAggregateFunctionWelchTTest);
}
}
|
6022079_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Ruxandra Donose (née à Bucarest le ) est une mezzo-soprano roumaine.
Biographie
Ruxandra Donose a étudié le chant et le piano à l'université nationale de musique de Bucarest.
Après avoir remporté en 1990 le second prix du concours ARD de Munich, elle obtient son premier engagement à l'étranger, à Bâle. En 1992, elle devient membre de l'opéra d'État de Vienne. À partir de ce moment, sa carrière internationale progresse rapidement en tant que chanteuse d'opéra (à Covent Garden, à l'Opéra Bastille, au Metropolitan Opera, au festival de Salzbourg, etc.), ainsi que comme interprète de lieder et d'oratorio.
Elle vit à Vienne avec son mari et ses deux enfants.
Liens externes
Site officiel
Page Columbia Artists Management, sur cami.com
Biographie de Ruxandra Donose, sur bach-cantatas.com
Interview de Cheryl North avec Ruxandra Donose, sur northworks.net
La Cenerentola de Rossini, enregistré en live avec Ruxandra Donose à Glyndebourne, en 2005, sur arkivmusic.com
Naissance en septembre 1964
Naissance à Bucarest
Chanteuse roumaine d'opéra
Mezzo-soprano roumaine
Lauréat du concours international de musique de l'ARD.
|
bpt6k76267510_5 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Quelrle allatt être la conduite de Karl Dragoch après "une pareille constatation ? Il n'avait pas encore pris de décision, quand un bruit de pas sur la berge lui fit rejeter vivement le portefeuille au fond du coffre dont il rabattit le couvercle. Le nouvel ar" rivant ne pouvait être Ilia Brusch parti depuis dix minutes à peine. -jMonsieur Dragoch ! appela une voix au dehors. — Friedrick Ulhmann 1 murmura Karl Dragoch qui parvint péniblement à se mettre defoo-ut et sortit en chancelant de la cabine. — Exeusez-moi de vous avoir appelé, dit Friedrick Ulhmann, dès qu'il aperçut son chef.J'ai vu votre -compagnon s'éloigner tout à.1'heure et je vous savais seul. Ou'y a-t-il ? demanda Karl Dragor-h. — Du nouveau, monsieur. Un crime a été commis cette nuit. Cettp nuit. ! s'écria Karl Dragoch en pensant aussitôt à l'absence d'Ilia Brusch au cours de la nuit précédente. — Une villa a été pillée à proximité d'ici. Le gardien a été frappé. Mort ? Non, mais grièvement blessé. — C'est bon. dit Karl Dragoch en imposant de .là main silence à son suJborlfionné.. Il réfléchissait profondément. Que convenait-il de faire ? Agir, certes, et pour -cela la force ne lui manquerait pas. La nouvelle qu'il venait d'apprendre était le meilleur des re*mèdes. Il ne lui restait plus de traces de J'accident dont il venait d'être victime. Il l'avait plus besoin maintenant de chercher un appui sur la cloison de la cabi,-nt. -Soùs Ie coup de fouet des nerfs, le sang revènait à flots à son visage. Oui, il fallait agir. mais comment ? Devait-M attendre le retour d'Ilia Brusch. ou plutôt de Ladko, puisque tel était le véritable nom de son compagnon de route, t>:t Hii mettre à l'improviste a main c;ur 'V-pan'e au nom de h loi 9 Cela parnissait 'e p,'u* sa'?e, puisque désormais il ne pouvait subsister aucun doute sur la culpabilité du soidisant pêcheur. Le eoin avec lequel H dissimulait sa véritable personnalité, le mystère dont Il sVntourail, ce nom qui était tesit'n ! et, en même temps, celui par lequel la rujaneur -publique désignait te chef des bandits, wn absence de lA huit dernière concordant avec la découverte d'un nouveau crime, tout disait à Xatl Dragoch qu'llia Brusch était bien le bandit recherché. Mai@ ce bandit lui avait sauvé la vie !.„ Voilà qui comp-liquait étrangement la situa tion 1 OuâSte apparence qu'un voleur, jMtîs qu'uh volèur, un assassin. 6e nit. jeté à l'eau pour J'en retirer ? Et, quand bien même cette chose invraisemblable seràii Vraie était-il possible, à qui venait d'être arraché à la mort, de rfcr.ofmaftrè ainsi le dévouement de 'son sauveur ? Quel risque, d'ailleurs, à surseoir à une arrestation ? Maintenant que le faux Iliâ Brusch était démasqué, que sa personnalité "était connue, il lui serait impossible d'échapper aux forces dé police disséminées le long du fleuve, et, dans le cas où l'enquête aboutirait en effet au soi-disant pêcheur, on disposerait alors d'un plus nombreux personnel, et l'arrestation serait opérée plus sûrement pour avoir été différée. Karl Dragorh, pendant cinq minutes, rétourna sous toutes ses fareB le cas de consdence qui s'imposait à lui. Partir sans avoir revu Ilia Brus h ?. Ou bien rester, placer Friedrick Ulhmann en embuscade dans la cabine, et. quand le nêcheur anna Naîtrait, sauter silr lui satis crier gare, quitte à s'expliquer après ?. Non, décidément. Rénondre par cette trahison à un tel acte de aévouement, cela lui soulevai le"œur. Mieux valait, au risque de laisser à un coupable une chance de salut, POmmencer l'enquête en oubliant provisoirement ce qu'il croyait savoir. Si cette enquêta le ramenait linalemeiM à Ilia Brusch, si soa devoir l'obligeait alors à traiter son srtuveur en ennemi, ce serait du mointfacb à fate qu'il lu* combattrait, et après lui avoir donné le tempe de se mettre en -défense. Acceptant du geste toutes les conséquen ces de sa décision. Karl Drajro h. s«?n j*>rti pris, rentra ^r.n-s la l'ab'¡rJ'" :-:':î' -not .-ta dé| osé en i, ji av^r?!?. UJ.s de 'a aé?es?:!-ë ou il était de , «à pnârtt Son h Ole de l'àUendre_au mblfti périy dant vingt-quatre heures. Puis il se disposa à suivrei Les Relations commerciales entre la France et l'Italie AIX-LEs-BAINS, 7 octobre. (Par dépêche de notre correspondant particulier.) — Sur l'invitation d'un groupe de parlementaires italiens, une délégation des représentants chl'Ain, de la Savoie et de la H^ute-Savoie s'est rendue en Italie pour etudier les moyens efficaces d'étendre les relations commerciales entre la France et l'Italie, soit par l'amélioration des voies ferrées existantes, soit par l'ouverture d'une voie nouvelle de communication directe, indépendante de tout territoire étranger. M. Fernand David, l'éminent député de la Haute-Savoie, secrétaire pour la France du comité d'initiative interpaiMementaire, et M. François Farinet, député d'Aoste, secrétaire pour l'Italie, vont adresser aux sénateurs et députés la lettre suivante : Cher collègue, Latente amicale franco-italienne a paru, dès son origine, pour tous les esprits soucieux de l'avenir économique des deux pays, devoir faire naître entre eux, à brève échéance, des relations commerciales nouvelles. La suspension des négociations entamées par la Conférence de Berne au sujet des voies de communication entre la France et l'Italie a servi à démontrer une fois de plus à quel point il est nécessaire que l'Italie et la France discutent, sans aucun intermédiaire, une question où leurs intérêts solidaires sont seuls en cause, et que son importance au point de vue de leur situation mondiale rend de jour en jour plus urgente. Invités par nos collègues des régions frontières italiennes à leur rendre visite pour nous entendre avec eux au sujet d'une action immédiate interparlementaire, nous venons de parcourir ensemble, depuis les villes de Ghivasco et Ivrée jusqu'à Courmayellr, au pied du mont Blanc, et jusqu'au col du Petit-saint-Bernard, la vallée d Aoste, magnifique voie d'accès naturelle sur le versant des Alpes. Partout, les représentants des Parlements «rais et de l'idée franco-italienne ont reçu de la >part des municipalités et des populatiori* un ueil enthousiaste, dont la chaleur demeure, d;i'ns nos cœurs, le signe d'une nécessité primordiale et le présage heureux d'une réalité p.jchaine. V Le comité, constitué fi: l'issue de cette réunion, ■a. pour but de créer, en dehors de toute considération politique et régionale, un groupement interparlementaire dont les deux fractions resteront constamment en rapports étroits, et dont l'action concomitante sur les deux gouvernera-nts tendra, dès les premiers jours de la rentra des Chambres, à provoquer, par un accord diplomatique. la nomination d'une commission technique internationale. J..:i mission de cette commission technique sera *lY?ndier, dans le plus bref délai, les moyens pratiques d'étendre les relations commerciales d'actes franco-italiennes, soit par l'amélioration des voies de communication déjà existantes, soit par la création d'une voie nouvelle n'empruntant aucun territoire étranger. Gomme vous le voyez, cher collègue, notre &programme écarte nettement toute considératJon de préférence locale, il est fondé sur la nécessité pressante, pour les deux nations amies. — devant les résultats réalisés par d'autres peuples et devant leurs efforts inlassables. — de créer, entre la France et l'Italie, des moyens d'échanges plus efficaces que ceux dont elles disposent actuellement. Nous ne voulons pas que notre pays reste en -. pétard ; nous estimons que son union avec l'Italie doit devenir de plusen plus intime, et que cette union sera, si nous agissons à temps, la eource de forces nouvelles pour l'industrie et le comme rpe des deux nations et pour.le maintien du rang élevé qu'elles doivent occuper dmu le monde. , Nous espérons, cher collègue, pouvoir compter sur votre collaboration a notre programme et nous vous présentons nos meilleures salutations. ViCES DU SANG et Maladies de Peau Les eczémas, dartres, boutons, varices, ulcéras variqueux, rhumatismes, syphilis et toutes les maladies vénériennes sont rapidement et radicalement guéris par la Tréfléïne. Ce traitement, essentiellement végétal, est préparé au l aboratoire Roger-Lavigne, à Bruay (Pas-de('.aJais'. Une brochure explicative du traitement par la Tréfléïne et un échantillon d'onction végétale sont envoyés gratuitement sur demanda, Incompensés à l'Exposition Franco-Britannique: Médaille d'Or. Hors concours. Membre du Jury. Calais 1908. Maison de vente à Paris, Phar. acie Laroche, 64, rue Ddmrémont. ON RECLAME. Les habitante du boulevard de la Chapelle protestent, parce que, depuis une dizaine de .jours, leur sommeil est troublé par le bruit mfernal que font les ouvriers occupés à réparer les fermes métalliques du viaduc du Mé• ropolitain..Ils demandent que le travail soit faat. comme précédemment, le matin ou l'après-midi. LES MAUVAISES RENCONTRES vf. Dupuis, conseiller municipal à Gonesse. suivait, hier soir, la route de la Gare. lorsque six individus lui barrèrent le chemin et le rouèrent de coups. Les Coupables, six gars de batterie d'origine belge, ont pu être découverts et .ont été arrêtés par les gendarmes à Tremblay. M. Dupuis a été fortement contusionné. M. Henri Richaud, âgé de quarante-huit ign-. fabricant de caisses, 18, rue Geoffrov-FAn?'t.'u, rencontrait, hier Soir, dans la rue Simon* ie-Fi-anc, un individu u'il ne connaissait que sous le sobriquet de « le Bossu », et qui venait «quelquefois, pour divers clients, chercher des ';.L!i-i;,es dans son atelier. Ils avaient engagé la conversation, quand un nommé Léon 'BruneI. fiit.., Bertino », que M. Richaud connaissait de vue, les aborda et leur offrit le café dans un bar voisin. AprèS quelques hésitations, M. Richaud ac cepta. Mal lui en prit, car lorsque vint le moment de payer, Brunel refusa, tandis que « le Bossu » prenait la fuite. M. Richaud se résina à payer ; mais comme il reprochait à Brunei sa mauvaise foi, celui-ci, une fois dans la rue, déserte à ce moment, se jeta sur lui, le renversa à terre d'un formidable coup de poing, lui arracha sa mointre et fouilla ses poches. Des agents accoururent aux cris du malheureux dévalisé et parvinrent à s'emparer du voleur. -. Il a été envoyé au Dépôt. Drame de la Jalousie LILLE, 8 octobre. (PfJr dépêche de notre correspondant particulier.) r— Un drame conjugal 11 violemment bouleversé la commune de Hautmont: un mari a tiré quatre coups de revolver sur sa femme, dont il est séparé depuis trois mois. Après avoir envoyé de nombreuses lettres de supplications et de menaces, Joseph Bonnet, vingt-sept ans, homme de peine à Trith-Saint-Léger, se rendit chez ses beaux-parents, où s'était réfugiée son épouse, Dina Collier, âgée de trente-deux ans. Il y trouva sa femme et sa belle-mère. Sans mot dire, il sortit son revolver, et déchargea quatre fois son arme. Il remit ensuite froidement celle-ci dans sa poche et s'en alla. Sa femme est grièvement atteinte. Joseph Bonnet s'est constitué prisonnier cet après-midi. Il a été écroué. UN SATYRE SENLIS, 8 octobre. (De notre correspondant particulier.) — On vient d'arrêter et d'écrouer à la prison de Neufchâtel, sous l'inculpation de viol, le nommé Louis Debant, âgé de trente et un ans. Celui-ci qui, en septembre dernier, était domestique chez M. Ernest Luquet, herbager à Brémontier-Merval, est en effet accusé d'avoir, le '11 de ce mois, violé une pauvre d'esprit, Irma Decaqueray, âgée de vingt ans, qui cueillait, dans la plaine, de l'herbe pour ses lapins. Comme la sœur de celle-ci, âgée de vingthuit ans, voulait la défendre, Debant Saurait frappée avec violence. Redoutant à jusw titre les suites de cet attentat, Debant avait quitté la ferme où il était employé et @ s'était dirigé vers Beauvais, où les gendarmes l'ont arrêté en vertu d'un mandat décerné par le juge d'instruction. Debant a subi un premier interrogatoire au cours duauel il a nié avec persistance ; mais les témoignages recueillis ne laissent aucun doute sur sa culpabilité. CHRONIQUE DU FEU Un violent incendie a éclaté, hier soir, vers six heures, 4, passage de l'Atlas, dans les ateliers de MM.%iDh!er et Bœrcart, fabricants de machines à confetti. Les ouvriers avaient curitté l'usine depuis quelques minutes. lorsque le gardien aperçut des gerbes de flammes qui jaillissaient du bâtiment principal. Il donna l'alarme. Les pompiers de la place de Bitche et des casernes Parmentier et Sévigné arrivèrent rapidement sur les lieux, mais ne se rendirent maîtres du feu qu'après deux heures d'efforts. Les dégâts sont très importants. Ils seront évalués exactement lorsque M. Dhier, actuellement en Angleterre, qui a été prévenu télégraphiquement, sera de retour à Paris. M. Cuvilier, commissaire de police du quatier du Combat, procède à une enquête afln d'établir les causes de cet incendie. s* Une lampe à essence fit explosion, à sept heures du soir, dans le logement de M. Urbain, 219, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine. Un commencement d'incendie se déclara et la petite Urbain, sept ans, effrayée par les flammes, sé jeta par la fenêtre, et se fractura le crâne sur le carrelage de la cour. On l'a admise mourante à l'hôpital Saint-Antoine. VILLACABRAS ta Meilleure aes Baux Purgatioes. Les lèvesFourriers L'Ecole de préparation des élèves-fourriers, dont le siège social se trouve 148, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis, organise une grande conférence pour demain, samedi 10 octobre, à huit heures et demie du soir, à la mairie du dixième arrondissement, sous la présidence d'honneur de M. Charles Humbert, sénateur de la Meuse. Le capitaine Fracque, du 22e régiment d'artillerie, traitera de la préparation militaire en général. Il expliquera ensuite le but si intéressant-poursuivi par l'Ecole de préparation des élèves-fourriers, puis fera connaître les avantages réservés à ses élèves (ciavalerie et troupes à pied) et les services rendus par cette importante Société. Tous les jeunes gens des classes 1908, 1909 et 1910, susceptibles d'être appelés sous les drapeaux, sont spécialement convoqués à cette réunion, à' la suite de laquelle sera close'la listé'des adhésions. Lj Etiquette jaune i'-v" » 1 Ecusson rouge La Meilleure EAU PURGATIVE naturelle. BULLETIN DU TRAVAIL REUNIONS DU VENDREDI 9 OCTOBRE Bourse du Travail, 3, rue du Chdteau-d'Eau Matin Salle des Commissions. — Cinquième étage allumeurs de gaz. Après-midi : Salle des Commissions. Troisième étage : opticiens. Soir : Grandie Salle. — Fumistes. Salle Bondy. — Casquettiers. Salle des Conférences. — Peintres (chômage). Salles des Commissions. — Premier étage : do reurs sur bois ; deuxième étage : employés du gaz ; troisième étage : coupeurs en cols et cravates ; quatrième étage : passementiers. Salle Mégret, 44, rue de Vanves fl4e) Réunion des ouvriers menuisiers demain samedi, à 8 h. 1/2 du soir. — Ordre du jour : Election partielle du conseil ; application du prix de série et réduction des heures de travail. Les, bouchers. — Le conseil d'administration de la boucherie rappelle à ses adhérents inscrits sur les listes électorales politiques que jusqu'au 19 octobre, de 10 h. du matin à 4 h du soir, ils peuvent vérifier dans Les mairies s'ils sont inscrits sur la liste pour les élections prudhomales. CHRONIQUE MARITIME POSTAGE Courriers à mettre à la poste demain samedi 10 octobre, pour les départs qui auront lieu le 11 (pouS Marseille, mettre les lettres le matin) : De Marseille, par Eugène-Pereire (C.G.T.), pour Alger. De Marseille, par Armand-Béhic (M.M.), pour Port-Saïd, Aden. Colombo, Singapore, Saïgon, Hong-Kong, Shanghaï, Kobé et Yokohama. De Boulogne, par Lucte-Woermann (W.L.), pour Monrovia, Côte-d'Or, Lomé, Lagos et Cameroon. De Boulogne, par Patricia (H.A.L.), pour EtatsUnis et Canada. De Cherbourg, par K.-Kurfurst (N.D.L.), pour Etats-Unis et Canada ( De La Pallice, par Oropesa (P.S.N.C.), pour SaintVincent (C.V.), Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio-de-Janeiro, Santos, Monéevideo, Buenos-Ayres, R sario, SandyPoint, Coronel, Talcahuano, Valparaiso et le Pacifique. De Lisbonne (départ 12), par Cordillière (M.M.), pour Dakar, Rid-de-Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo et Bueno Ayres. Santos, Montevideo et De Gênes (départ 12), par Citta-di-Torino (L.V.), pour San ta-Cruz-de-Ténériffe, Trinidad, Puerto-Cabello, la Guayra, Curaçao, Savanilla, Port-Limon, Colon Saint-Domingue, Ponce, la Barbade, Grenada. AntiLes. Saint-Vincent, Tobago, Dominique, Saint-Kitts. les Bermudes, Montserrat, Carapano, Cumana, Guanta, Paramaribo, Ciudad-Bolivar, Demerara, Maraciabo, les Cayes, Jacpel et Port-auPrince. De Trieste (départ 13). par Bregenz (L.A.), pour Corfou, Patras, le Pirée, Dardanelles, Congtanti» nople. Varna, Constanza. Sulina, Gaiatz et Braïla. — R. L. RENSEIGNEMENTS COMMERCIAUX du "8 octobre 1908 Blés et farines. — Marché soutenu avec quelques acheteurs, sur les incidents d'Orient. On termine à : Cour.. 23 a. ; proch., 23 25 a. ; nov.-déc., 23 35 a.; 4 prem., 23 60 v. ; 4 mars, 23 95 v. Avoines. — Légèrement mieux tenues qu'hier, mais affaires toujours de plus en plus calmes. En dernière heure, on cote : Cour., 18 a. ; proch.,» 18 06 a. ; nov.-déc., 18 10 a.; 4 prem.. 18 20 ; 4 mars, 18 30 a. Huiles. Calme en lin, soutenu en colza. On cote : Lin : cour., 52; nov., 51 50; nov.-déc., 51 37 ; 4 prem., 50 75. Colza : cour., 70 87; nov., 70 75; nov.-déc., 71; 4 prem., 68 75. Alcools. — Fermes, en syrr"'la.thie avec les sucres et =ur des rachats du découvert. On cote en dernière heure : Cour.. 34 50 a. ; nov., 35 a. ; nov.-déc., 35 25 a. ; 4 prem., 36 12 ; 4 de mai, 37 87. Sucres. — Tendance très ferme. Après la hausse de 0 tr. 50 d'hier, motivée par les avis de M. Licht disaftt que les arrachages étaient jusqu'à présent de forts mécomptes au sujet du poids, on a monté aujourd'hui encore de 0,25 plqfn sur les achats pour l'Autriche et l'Allemagne. Il est évident que la baisse que nous avons eue ces temps derniers escomptait une récolte parfaite. Or, s'il fallait déchanter, le résultat ne serait pas douteux. La forte poussée d'aujourd'hui prouve à quel point on est sensible à la moindre note discordante et combien le marché semble disposé à une reprise des cours. On cvl* en dernière heure : Cour. 28 a. ; proch., 28 125 a. ; nov.-déc., 28 25 a.; 4 prem., 28 875 a. ;4 mars, 29 25 à 29 375. MARCHE DE LÀ VILLETTE ESPÈOEB AmeVenPrix du kilo 1 Prix iHWi&r&ruFu* » nés dus 1" | > extrêmes buls -1.514 1.4 1-A .4 1 4211 101 J 04 « t *0 Vaches 73fl|1 74 1 42 Il 10 i 1 04 1 80 Taureaux 152 14SI1 4<'> t 23<. 98i. 93 152 Vaches 152 1.3 4 2 io i qô l i 890 à 215~102 Veaux 1.371 1.3 ïii 30 3 10) 1 00 1 80 2 10 Moutons 13.846!13.119t2 40|2 2012 1 90 253 Porcs. 4.690 4.6'0'1 10 1 6011 50il 44 1 M L& Havre. 8 octobre 1908. 1 Cotons Laines Cafés très ordinaires Buénos-Ayres Santos Louisiane (50 kilos), suint (iOO kilos) Oes 50 kilOS) Louisiane (50 kilos) suint (100 kilos) (les 50 kilos) Ouverture 1 Clôture Ouvert. ! Clôture Ouvert. ) ClOture Octobre:. 57 37 ..,57 133 50.134 fiO; 41-. 41 Novembre. 56 85 56 50 134 134 50 40 40 Décembre. 5b 57 5637 134 3Q 134 50 39 25 39 25 Janvier. Se SO 56 12 135 .;jl35 39 31.. Février..-. 56 -5 |;5 87 138 3ÛJ38 50 ,38 50 38 50 Mars. 5ti 25 53 87 139 ;. fl33, 38 25 38 25 AvriL. 5ti 25 z5 87 J39 ..139 38 23 38 23 MaL. 56 12' |55 75 139 55 139 50 L 37,75 37 75 Juin. 50 53 62 139 50 13.1 50 37 75 31 75 Juillet. 55 87 55 ôi 138 50 139 50' 37 75 37 75 Août. 55 15 55 50 139 bOj 139 50 37 75 37 75 Septembre 55 37 Si 65 139 50? 13;» 50 37 75 37 75 SUCRES RAFFINES. — Les 100 kll. disponibles en pains, 59 50 a 60; en cartons de 5 kil., 62 à 62 50; en caisses de 10 kil.. 63 50 à 64 ; en cesses de 50 à 60 kil., 62 50 à 63 • SUCRES DE BETTERAVE HAMBOURG, 8 octobre. — Soutenus. Allemands 880. courant, 19 40 v. ; 19 35 a. — Décembre, 19 50 v. ; 19 45 a. — 3 premiers. 19 85 v. ; 19 85 a. Mai, 20 20 v. ; 30 20 a. MAGDEBOURG, 8 octobre. -< Fermes — Allemands §8». Courant, 19 40 v. ; 19 35 a. — Décembre 19 55 v. ; 19 45 a. — 3 premiers, 19 90 v. ; 19 80 a. Mai. 20 20 V. ; 20 15 a. CLOTURE DES METAUX LONDRES. — Antimoine. — Tendance calme. 32 à 33. Zinc. — Tendance lourde. 19 12/6. — Spécial, 20 10/. Etain. — Tendance ferme. Comptant, 134 7/6. — Terme, 135 17/6. Cuivre. — Tendance lourde. Comptant, 59 8/9. — Terme, 60 SJ. Plomb. — Tendance soutenue. Anglais, 13 17/6. — Espagnol, 13 10/. MIDDLESBOROUG. — Faible. Achat comptant 49/9. — 1 mois, 421/9: Ventes'comptant, '49/10 1/2. — 1 mois, 49/10 1/2. Or en barres. — 77/10 7/8. Piastres. — Nominal. ÏHÉMRES & CONCERTS LA REPETITION D'AUJOURD'HUI. — A l'Odéon, à 1 h. précise, répétition générale de Parmi les Pierres, pièce en quatre actes de Sudermann, traduction de MM. Maurice Rémon et N. Valentin. LA PREMIERE DE CE SOIR. — A la Renaissance, à 8 h. très précises, première représentation de l'Emigré, comédie en quatre actes de M. Paul Bourget. Distribution : Marquis de Clavier de Grand champ, MM. L. Guitry ; Jaubourg, A. Dubosc ; Vigouroux, V. Boucher ; Landri de Clavier, Capellani ; Chaffin, Mosnier ; Duc de Charlus, Dieudonoé ; Despois, Arvel ; Beaucousin, Berthier ; Pierre Ohaffin, Larmandie ; Ferussac, Collen ; Michelot, Dauvillier ; Manchaussée, Angély ; Travers, Jouvenay ; Sicard, J. Faure ; Joseph, Berthault ; Baudoin, Renez ; Valentine Ollier, Mmes Gabrielle Dorziat ; Duchesse de Charlus, Juliette Darcourt ; Madame de Sicard, Marthe Ryter ; Françoise de Charlus, Huguette Amey. CE SOIR : Folies-Bergère (tél. 527-46) : l'Homme à l'échelle, les Krems, Lantheray, Cornalla et Eddie, Bros, chelle, Miller, Bol 1er ; Sports, Wilburg Wright ? ? — Olympia (tél. : 591-81) : L Aéro-Femmes (sensation 1), éléphants mélom., les belles Floridos, le Singe cycliste, la Revue en Bateau, etc. — Moulin-Rouge : la Revue du Moulin (!' j Sahary-Djeli. Fred Wright, Miss Sablan, Morton, Darlès. Volbert. A. Guerra, Elynett. Pascal). Apollo (272-21). Nouveau programme : Paulette Darty; le divert. Gitanella ; The 7 Madcaps,*The 4 Rio Brothers ; leà Pauwels, etc. — Parisiana (156-70), 8 h. îs : Paris-Revue, 2 actes et 17 tabl. Lina Ruby, Frey, Dutard, Saidreau, Mme Perret. Gaby Montai. — Scala : Chanteclairette, opér. à gr. spectacle, de Lafargue et Robiquet. Claudius, Girier, Max Morel, dé Lilo, C Charley, G. Lange. — Cigale. — A 10 h., grande tournoi de boxe de combat. Championnat de France et de Paris. Partie concert et attractions. — Eldorado : le P'tit Frère à Coquenard (Dranem, Bzc;,, Montel, Joanyd, Duplaix, Saunières, Liovent, Vitographe, Froissait). — Little-Palace : Sa Malle ; Petits Meublés ; Yvanowska ; le Crime d'à-côté (Maguera) ; Fête de Nuit. (Barra). — Casino de Paris : L'Amoir, brûle, op. à gr. spect. Daniel Riche, H. Gondy, S. Rivière, Regnard, C. Avril. Les 5 Briator, Maxin et D'Elb. Européen (5, rue Biot) : la revue Allume ! Allume ! et Amours d'Avocat ; 1. cél. Patti ; J. Debary. Barsac ; le tén. Tamagnino ; Gabel, etc. — Au Nouveau-Cirque Exercices équestres et nautiques, attractions diverses, ballet. — Ba-Ta-Clan : As-tu vu mon nu? Blondinette d'Alaza, Ménotti, Antony, Pépée, Claire B.. OPERA. — Ce soir, Thaïs, pour les représentations de Mlle Mary Garden et de M. Renaud, qui vont bientôt prendre fin, Mlle Garden chantera encore Roméo et Juliette, lundi prochain, et Hamlet, mercredi, avec M. Renaud, oui fera ses adieux dans Rigoletto, le vendredi 23 octobre. M. Marcoux a continué ses débuts dans le rôle du Landgrave de Tannhxuser ; il y a obtenu un vil succès. — La répétition et la première du Crépuscule des Dieux restent fixées au mardi 13 et u vendredi 16 octobre. L'œuvre sera donnée sans coupures à la répétition générale et aux trois premières représentations, qui commenceront à six heures, avec un entr'acte d'une heure wprès le premier acte et d'une demi-heure après le second. Les portes de la salle seront rigoureusement fermées pendant la durée des actes, qui commenceront et se termineront aux heures suivantes : Prologue et 1er acte, de 6 heures à 7 h. 55 ; 2e acte, de 8 h. 50 à 10 heures ; 3* ac-' te, de 10 h. 30 à 11 h. 50. , COMEDIE-FRANÇAISE. — Ce soir vendredi, à 8 h. %, réception du service de seconde du pon Roi Dagobert, comédie en quatre actes, en vers, de M. André Rivière. OPERA-COMIQUE. — La reprise de la Tosca est remise à demain samedi. Ce soir, Madame Butterfly. » Lundi prochain, à 8 h. %, en représentation populaire à prix réduits (avec location), le Barbier de Séville (Mlle Mathieu-Lutz, MM. Francell, Allard, Vigneau, Azéma), ! ODEON. — Ce soir, irrévocablement dernière représentation du Cœur et la Dot.. Demain, première de Parmi les Pierres ; dimanche, première mâtinée. ; < ( ATHENEE. — Ce soir, 1251 représentation du Chant du Cygne, dont le succès, en dépit des chaleurs actuelles, se comporte toujours admirablement. Rappelons que la délicieuse comédie de MM. Georges Duval et Xavier Roux a conservé sa très brillante distribution, comprenant Mme* DUiluc, Rosny, Prince, Maud Gauthier, de Sivry, Barat, Darthigny, Brizac, Valbert, Donati ; MM. Cooper, Lefaur, Benedict, Bosc, Terof, Warpoat, etc. TIIEATRE ANTOINE. — En raison de la chaleur, il n'y aura pas de matinée dimanche. Le soir, à 8 h. %, l'Auberge Rouge et Répudiée. PORTE-SAINT-MARTIN.,..,. Dimanche, en matinée à 1 h. %, Cyrano de Bergerac ; le soir, le .d et le Malade Imaginaire. , BOUFFES-PARISIENS. — Des éclats de rire, une salle bruyante de gaieté ! C'est Mme Augustine Leriche qui entre en scène. Ah ! Mme Bluff, cette Mme Bluff si comique, si imprévue, si fantaisiste, si divertissante surtout,, qui Obtient, en ce moment, le plus gros et le plus justifié des succès, cette ngure inénarrable de drôlerie 'a vérita-blement. trouvé en Mme Leriohe son interprète rêvée. Et c'est plaisir de voir triompher cette excellente artiste, d'un talent si personnel et si puissant. CHATELET. — Les Concerts Colonne devant commencer le 18 octobre, la dernière matinée du dimanche du Tour du Monde en 80 jours sera donnée le 11 octobre, mais les matinées du jeudi ne seront pas interrompues. THÉÂTRE DES ARTS. — Quelques chassés-crolsés d'interprétation ajoutaient,. hier encore, à l'intérêt passionné qui entraîne le public au Grand Soir. M. Yon Felegen essayait, en l'absence de Roger Karl, le rôle de Wassili, et Gavarry celui de l'étudiant. De longues ovations leur ont été faites, ainsi qu'à Mmes Vera Sergine, Barbieri et Caumont. Et la note rose charmeuse avant ce drame, c'est Pauline Chase. MONTMARTRE, — A partir de ce soir, la Policière prend possessionde l'affiche du coquet théâtre de la place Dancourt, aujourd'hui en pleine vogue. Le drame si captivant de X. de Montépin et J. Dornay aura pour interprètes : Mmes Rosa Meurvrlle, Marty, et MM. PersonDumaine, Laforêt, Blondeau, Landrée-Bressange, Beïssac, Pricka, etc. MONCEY. — Ce soir, le Chemineau, avec Mme Renée Parny, que tout récemment encore on acclamait, au théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt, dans l'œuvre célèbre de Jean Richepin* L'interprétation de l'éminente artiste, secondée par une troupe de tout premier ordre, réserve aux habitues du théâtre Moncey une série de représentations sensationnelles pour lesquelles il sera prudent de retenir ses places. BOITE A FURSY. — Dans ses huit premières représentations la Boîte a encaissé exactement 14,787 francs. Malgré l'absence du téléphone, on retient, chaque jour, ses places par petits bleus, et les feuilles de location sont ouvertes jusqu'au 22 octobre courant. LITTLE-PALACE. — Hâtez-vous ? Les trois dernières du Crime d'à Côté et de Fête de nuit ! ! THÉÂTRE MONDAIN. — Amour-Libre, de M. A. Fromentin, est un gros succès. La nouvelle troupe, supérieure aux précédentes, a été très applaudie. Le Christ humanitaire a été un triomphe pour l'auteur-acteur Maurice Lecœur. Voi,là l'écho de la première d'hier soir. Annonçons que M. Marcel Nancey met en répétitions Sang d'Israël, pièce en trois actes, de MM. Ch. Maillard et M. de Monticello, qu'il avait reçue l'a dernier. FOLIES-BERGÈRE. — Les deux lignes téléphoniques sont rétablies définitivement. Le numéro de la location est : 527-46, celui de l'administration : 591-42. CIGALE. Après une partie intéressante de concert et attractions, le premier des émotionnants combats de boxe a obtenu, hier, un énos*me succès. Ces séances athlétiques qui, pendant douze soirées seulement, mettront aux prises les champions les plus réputés de toutes classes. Marcel et Kid Williams, Meunier, Bœhm, Aumoy, entre autres, vont certainement attirer à la Cigale tous ceux que passionne ce sport où le sang-froid et l'adresse le disputent au courage. • • SCALA. Nous afons reçu la lettre suivante de la princesse Robert de Broglie : « Monsieur le Directeur. » Je viens, a mon tour, vous demander l'hospitalité de votre journal. J'accepte de grand cœur la généreuse proposition de M. Le Coin te. qui me met à même de gagner ma vie par mon talent de cantatrice. Je vais donc signer avec le directeur de la Scala sous le nom de Maritza. Croyez, monsieur le Directeur, à tous mes remerciements et à mes sentiments très distingués. MARITZA, princesse R. de BROGLIE. » NOCTAMBULES. — Ce soir, à 11 h., première de On en grèvera!. revue de Maurice Mérall et Augustin Martini, interprétée par Mlle Jeanne Diena, les auteurs, et Numa eelval. A 9 h. 1/4, les bons chansonniers : M. Lesray, V. Hfspa, G. Montoya, V. Tourtal, M. Mérall et A. Martini. dans leurs œuvres. COMÉDIE-MONDAINE. Ce soir, À 8 h. 1 2, l'Affaire Mathieu, le vaudeville si amusant de Tristan Bernard, pour la remisa de M. J. Poncr-f et création de : la Revue Mondaine, expériences de double R'vue, de A. de Maupray. interprétée par l'exquise divette Yette Yriel erle comique Portai, du Châtelet, engagés spécialement. Dimanche, matinée à 2 h. 1/2. LA PÉPINIÈRE. — Maître les répétitions de la revue Ah! c' qu'on s'tord, de L. Bouvet et Ch. Darantieu, qui doit passer vendredi prochain, rien n'a été négligé pour le programme de cette semaine, qui comprendra doux attractions : Fred Sato et ses cinq chiens ; les deux Mohamed Labas, jongleurs, sauteurs arabes. Concert avec Junka, Urban, Livert" S. Valéry. J. Anceny. On terminera par Un Cousin dans les Cuirassiers (pièce militaire). COMÉDIE DE L'EPOQUE. — Ce soir, première représentation (à ce théâtre) de la Préférée, trois actes, de M. Lucien Descaves. Cette pièce, intéressante au plus haut noiht, sera fort bien intér.prétée au boulevard Beaumarchais. Rappelons qu'à ce gentil théâtre le fauteuil d'orchestre est à 1 fr. 50, et les loges à 2 fr. On peut louer ses places.tous les jours* da 1 h. à 7 h. ETOILE-PALACE. —~XJNS~q'B.'it #®FR.is,|i(péï»ir.' Jenny LMian a remporté un succès colossal avec sa création Dans les Flots de la Mer. Emile Loyal, dans un acte de dressage intitulé « Un voyage en Suisse », 30 chiens en scène, 4 décors avec changement à vue ; Lydia et Sidney dans une comédie des plus excentriques, viennent corser le magnifique programme du gai musichall de l'avenue wagram. w Demain samedi, à-4 heures, salle des Agriculteurs de France, rue d'Athènes, grand gala littéraire au profit de .la Société des Arts du Théâtre avec le concours de Mmes SegondWeber, Sandrini, Nina Ratti, Bertile Leblanc, Lillian Greuze, .Marie Kalf, Jeanne Clado. Duffau ; MM. Fursy, Gabriel Frère, Thiéry, Rocher, Je mime Farina, etc. La causerie sera faite par M. Rouzier-Dbrcières. La location est ouverte. 4% Aux Arènes de Béziers. C'est à M. André Gailhard, le jeune et brillant premier grand prix de Rome de cette année, que M. Castelbon de Beauxhostes a demande la partition de la tragédie lyrique qui sera représentée, l'été prochain, aux Arènes de Béziers. La Fille du Soleil, tel est le titre de cette tragédie ; le poëme est de M. Maurice Magre. Comme les années précédentes, les auteurs disposeront des grandes masses chorales, orchestrales et chorégraphiques, et des interprètes les plus remarquables des théâtres de Paris. Aujourd'hui vendredi, de 2 h. à 5 heures, dans le hall principal du Grand Palais, quatrième gala musical du Salon du Mobilier. On y applaudira, dans un programme unique ment composé de chcfs-d'c&uvM du la musique moderne, Mlle Jeanne Brola, de l'Opéra de Nev-'?ork et de l'Opéra de Nice ; Mme Louise Sauvai ; le ténor Mercier, du Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux, et le bel orchestre symphonique du Salon. Le festival sera dirigé par M. Fernand Ropiquet. v* M. Fendall Pegram, le grand artiste dont les leçons de chant sont si recherchées, s'est réinstallé 76, avenue Malakoff, dans son bel appartement. Inutile d'ajouter que ses excellentes leçons si profitables réunissent déjà un grand nombre d'inscriptions ; s'adresser à M. Fendall Pegram pour choisir les heures. H De Biarritz : Au cours des représentations très suivies de la troupe de l'Opéra-Comique, Mme Marguerite Carré et M. Francell ont remporté le plus vif et le plus légitime succès dans la Vie de Bohême et dans Fortunio. Ce succès a été partagé, d'ailleurs, par MM. Jean Perrier, Allard, etc. - CMSPÏN. EAU DE MÉLISSE DES CARMES BOYER /e dans un verre d'eau sucrée, contre: itou rtllsssmBnts N, Maux do Cœur vlertig.08 MalaisBS. Kéfiez-vous DES Imitations. Exigez /'EAU des CARMES et h Signature : SOYER CLOTURE DES B3JRSES ÉTRANGÈRES LONDRES Piêcôd. Hier Précd. Hièt •Konsoiwes. 85 1/16 8413/16; Rosse 4 I 83 3/4 83 Français 3 9j. 93 .îTurc 88 1/4 88. Argentin 1886. 103 1/2 103 l/2i BairqivO'tom. j 17 1/2. 17 1/3 Brésil 4 70 79 Anaconda. 9 9 Anaconda. :66 7/8. 66 5/8. Egypte 3 Vt 97 3/4 97 3/4 Hio 66 7/8. 66 5/8. ExiêrisureEsp. 93 1/2 93 De Bcers t;î 1/4. 12 3/4. Italien 5 j!03 102 3/4 T!iar>is ! 5 3/8. 5 5/s. portugais.61 1/2 61 1/2 Chaudes Paris 23 26.. 123 27.. Japonais I 83 1/2 83 lise. h-haiiiiue 1 3/4..Il 7/8.2 Valeurs sud-africaines ArîiTcîo I 1. T.v^ury., j H/3..I 10/4 Çcœeî (New). ) j j j Vi!!.•>»:>M.h 13 li/i6!3 1/2 Cfcwu Reef. jo 7/8.. I 8 3/4.1 U'.i'T j i3 $/lti.i3 3/?C*' Fenvira. lj 14 1/2'' V.V.il»>ter. , iC/t Î4 lo/3. Transvaal C.I. 2 1/2.. i2 !3/>6! Char'Ted Geduld 2 5/8.. |2 7/ i t»lias1, iiaiui. i4 1/4..:4 Japwmfont.. 4 7/;6. 4 i/8. <Vrx il la/32 1 3/8. t'r Diamond. 8 7M. -8 1/2.. Goldifelds C. 14 3/4.. 4 1/2.. *' (',nldflelds C.. ~a lis.. l 2t~i,te Lamasler f-6/tO ! 6/3. Gold Trust.. |3 178.. 2 i:vie May Consol.. j 1 9/liî. ! 1 1/2.. GeldetihulsD 4 7/S.. 4 7/8.. Moilderfont.. lio 1/16i9 13/16 R Id Mines 6 13/16i6 1/2.. nalldfollt.Est 1 13/1G i 1 3/4.. j Rouinson D 4 3/8 4 3/16. RoWnsoD Gold 9 7/8.1 9 1/2. Rose Déeo. 4 3/8 14 3/16. V BERLIN Allemand 3 83 90 83 3<; Oresdn' Bank. 146 60 i44 M -392 50, 92 30 Disconto Com. 177 50 173 20 P.^>sien 3 83 90 83 20 Deutsche Back. 238 10 233 40 -392-40 92 40 Berl'!] Band. 163 10 Italien s Bochumer. 220 217 20 Turc 89 30 89 23 Laura. 204 10 199 20 Ch Autrichien 147 30 146 « Barpener 201 70 198 7S Ch. Lombards. 23 22 so Hibernia Lots Turcs 130 137 73 Change sr Paris 81 20 81 2S FRANCFORT Créq.âôb.Autr. 499 197 501 Banque Ottoa. 140 137 80 Disconto com.. f77201 173 sb DouanesOttom. Autrich. act.. 147 20 147 Lots Turcs 139 60 138 60 Lombards. 22 80 22 90 Italien 5 103 80 103 30 Portugais 3 60 40 60 40 Coupon florin. 83 sa Hongr. 4 or 92 40 92 50 Pièces de 2d fr. 16 23 16 23 Turc 4 .I Change8rPairs 81 12 8i u .:,. ., BBTÎXrLLES Belge 3 94 90. 94 90. Lots TttMS. <66 163 ItalIen 4 100 1/S Lots Congo-. 85 1/4 84 fil Extérieure 4% 93 3/4 IUOTluto 168f 1681 Brésil 4 <9 i/8. Saragosse act. 100 397 1/3 Turc 88 1/4. S8 1/4. B/itropol. Taris 493 1/2 40 î Banque Ottom. 670 Change sr Paris 100 30. Hi;" VIENNE AUtrlcbien or. 114 90 114 90 tœnderbatj*. 436 50 431 30 96 95 75 h A u hi ;~@ 411 Il 431 50 couron. 96 93 75 Ch. Autrichiens 689 50 682 Hongrois or. 109 73 109 8(1 Lombards 122 70 122 TO — couron. 91 73 91 60 Ch. Ottomans. 178 40 178 20 B* Anst.-Hong.. 1748 1747 Tabacs Ottom.. 384 377 Créd1 Mobilier. 636 20 628 20 Alpines 664 633 20 Crëd1 F" Autr. 1064 1060 Change s'Paris 9340 95 43 AMSTERDAM ROME 2y, Pays-IL 76 1/8 73 Benteital.5 103 77 * 10363 Extér. 4 °-;; 711/4 t 70 70 70 70 Turc,unifié. 8b 1/2 Banq.Kationnle 1252 1250 Portugais,3% 62 1/4 Ch. Béridion.. I 035 663 Ch sur Paris 48 Ch. Mêditerr.. 398 382 50 Ch. sur Berlin. 58 40. Cimges-ftms loi 08 100 oa GENES ANVERS Malien, 5% 103 75. 103 72. Extérieur i% 90 6(F| 90.. MérMonaux.. 033 663. Turc, unifié. 86 60 86 50 Ch. S. Paris,vue Il, 100 07. Portugais,E%. 51 59 50 Ch s.Beriin.vue 123 20. 123 17. Ch. su-Paris.. 100 37 100 37 Méditerranée.. 398 398 50. Ch. sur Berlin. I 123 55 123 51 MADRID r LISBONNE DetHintérieure 83 40 » 83 40. (Agio serrer.. 17 1/2 17 1/2 Ch-SUr Londres 28 28 04. ; Ch. sur Paris.. 636 636 Ch. sur Paris.. 11 601 11 70. Ch. sur Londres 4a 06.. 45 1/16 BARCELONE 1 SAINT-PETERSBOURG 83 51 76 1/2 76 1/4 Bord-Espagne. 7730. 77 5 Russe 1905 963/4 96 3/4 Saraaosse. 93 73. 93 50. Ch. sur Londres 93 12. 93 20, Change s. Paris il 60.1 12 10. Ch. sur Paris., 37 88. 1 37 91. Intérieur 4% 83 10, 975 71r)o 0-. :1 C5 h. sur Paris 37 88. 37 91 : LUCULLunSm. oa IvLu'lM1E MOUILLETTES LUÛUELLUS ^CAISIRI T LI JOURNEE SPORTIVE COURSES (Maisons-Laffitte) VENDREDI 9 OCTOBRE (doux heures) PBIX DE TRAPPES A réclamer 3,000 francs. — 1,200 mètres. J;"'li!;O. 2 Ultérieur .54 h hipad. JS Cajoleur.54 M f'^r. 2 Jesa 53 .Fvtld,. 2 Atbis 52 HeWsldner.. 2 Neuville OJ H. dr ^exflû. 2 Perechil 51 (te ! 'inné.. 3 Birnd'Amoura! M. ^: trd. 2 Kiug's Pride.ol A. C-u-ier. 2 Le Balafré.;>1 Jnb2 0r<hiRhin..51 VV. 1 ,.tmaD. 2 Fontanka .50 M. b¡i'1U. 2 Papinett»!.. i.30 «,'can '•Urn. 2 Aigrelette.50 A'jx. Merle.. 2 Toison d'Or..50 L. C; 2 King Boy.49 V. Cb..,ron.. 2 Lebiian 49 Oam. Blanc.. 2 Le Hola .49 Sydney'"PIaU. 2 Frisquette.47 W. Duke. i>Philippa 41 E. Veil-Piçard 2 Mirabella .il M. Epbrussi. 2 Tille .47 .PRIX DE GARGENVILLE 1 îï,000 francs. — 2,000 mètres. B. Veifflcwd 4 Ad Gloriam.60 L. de Bire. 4 Tinto .S8 Jean Jonberk 4 Ali Mine 57 'r.-p..Tborne. 4 Wagonnette.57 D'Arenberg.. 3 Quatrain.58 E. Le Sfaire.. 3 Faraud 56 Edm.Blanc. 3 Boghari.54 Bartholomew. 3Clairefontai..5l Simon Castel-. 3 Venise 51 A. Moore. 3 NeptuneIII..50 A. Salomon.. 3 Saint Estipbe30 R.Bally 3 Diadoqse .30 JI..Procureur 3 Gaspard .50 Ch. Brossette. 3 Bartavelle.48 PRIX DE LA VALLÉE * A réclamer 3,000 francs. — 2,400 mètres. 1. Lienx. 4 Harpiste .58 i. Trarieux.. 3 Margarite ,.5j F.Carter. 4 Indiano 5.ï G. Ulmann.. 3 Schuyler :i'( F. Charron.. 5 Augsbourg L. Paget. 5 Bonafous 32 Cl. Procureur 3 Gaspard .52 T,-P. Tborne. 4 M.Albert.5t G. Aubry.,.. '6 MadrigallI..51 Noël Got. 3 Alfange 50 M. Immé. 4 Guinguette..49 J. Count 4 Diane U 49 F.deBoissiea. 3 Skade 47 F. Grumetz.. 3 TbeOrchid..47 Maigbiloman. 3 My Baby.46 J. HeDnessy.. 3 Zest 46 C. Gelez. 3 Igor 46 H. R|g;ind. 3 Jo .46 H. Deliray. 3 Macaque 46 A. Anmont.. 3 Jess.46 Pr. de Delliela 3 La Catabre..44 PPJX DE SELNE-ET-OISE 20,000 traces — 1,400 mètres M; Ephrussi.. 4 Bon 62 T.-P.Thorne. 3 Magellan.61 Edm. Blanc.. 3 AgUa 61 M. Lphrassi. 3 Rovno 61 R. Haniel. 3 Pr. Margaret.59 F. deBoissien 2 Sunrise 50 G. Braquessac 2 Dotteur 50 WiDuke. 2 Negofol 50 W. Duke. 2 Prestissimo 1130 A. Fould. 2 Hertré. 50 B. Goargand. Roquelaure. M J.Hennessy..2 Hag toHag..50H. Debray. 2"Elite 48 -. PRIX PLAISANTERIE Handicap 5,000 francs — 2,100 mètres Jean Janbert. 4 Ail Mine.53 J.He.nnmy.. 3 Philomène..51 , iMason Carnes 4 Revandbe .50 J. Lienx. 4 Marguerite .50 G.deFontarce 4 Druidesse.49 H. Debray. 3 Clique'. 49 R. Levylier.. 4 Furia 49 J. Tissot. 3 Quitksand.46 1. Wysocbi.. 4 iûllyPeach..45 De Bromond. 3 Prose. 43 PRIX CODOMAN 5,000 franrs: i,300 mètres De Rothschild 2 Knmnmoto ..57 X. laili Beau Mome..55 Jean Stern. 2 SautI'érilleux5.-5 H. Riga 11 d. 2 Boom de Av.53 M. Caillaull.. 2 Akbar 53 De Crament. 2 Doma. tl1 RESULTATS DE COMPIEGNE P®1, Il CHEVAUX 5 fr. 5 fr. CHEVAUX .pes., 5 p, il CHEVAUX IPes. 1 PeI. 5 fr. 5 fr. 5 rr. :> Cr. Marotte.G -36 50 63 50 ÏÏRelne d'Or II G 18 ) 15 » P 19 501 18 SOllReine (l'OrlI P S 50 5 50 Képler P 20 » 13 J)'IFQunwane..P 5 50 5 50 Paro P 52 50 20 » 50 Karita G 263 > 200 50 .Slradan G il to 12 — P 58 50 50 » Siradan..,. P 5 50 6 50 Ohkra P 20 » la p Massa.^i.p 6 > 6 DV. Rouen. P 15 30 12 » Eymet G 18 » 12 » Ma Grand.G 22 » 31 50 Eymet.:. P 8 » 7 t Ma Grand.G 8 50 10 » Arthic, P 7 50 9 » Junon P 12 50 18 » Salarnine.P 10 1 11 d B. Pompier. P 10 » 9 50 Nos favoris sont Indiqués en italiques Prix de Chotsy. — A réclamer. — 2,000 fr. — 900 mètres. — 1 Marotte, à M. E. Vell-Plcard (J. Horan) ; 2 Képler (G. Bartholomew) ; 3 Paro (Ch. Childs). Non placés : BeUovacque (Ch. Bartholomew), Tocsin (Byrne), Ferrières (G. Stern), Okhilo (J. Davis), Caprifolium* (J. Chilfls), Julia (Ch. Hobbs), Roi de Cœur (Ranach), Armissan (Chariot), Corbigny (G. Clout), Chartres (BeUhouse), Lerne (Curry). Une demi-longueur, trois quarts de longueur. Prix d'Apprentis. — 1,500 fr. — 2,000 mètres. — 1 Siradan, à M. W. Flatman (Curry) ; 2 Massa (Ber-thelot) ; 3 Lerdena (Thibault). Non placés : Thalie (Sharpe), Lucullus (H. Carratt), Iphigénie (L.-R. Robert), Zèle (Matbey). Deux longueurs, une deiçi-longueur. Prix de Clairoix. — A réclamer. — 2,000 fr. — 1,600 mètres. r 1 Eymet, au baron de Nexon (J. Davis) ; 2 Arthic (G. Bartholomew) ; 3 Salamine (Spears). Non placés : Sans Gêne (M. F. Charron), Pointe! (Curry), Faux Fuyant (Berthelot). La Chananénenne (Thibault), Callirhoe (j.. Childs), Feuille de Thym JCh. Bartholomew), Idlebury (Ch. Hobbs), Le Golde (J. Jennings), Pllotin (Ch. Childs), Lucien il (G. Sarro). Trois quarts de longueur, une demi-longueur. Prix de l'Oise. — 8.000 rr. — 2,400 mètres. 1 Reine d'Or II, à M. Champion CJ. Davis; ; 2 Faunillane (G. Bartholomew) ; 3 El Blar (J. Jennings). Non place : Trianon (G. Sarro). » Trois longueurs, quatre longueurs. Prix de la Croix-Stint-Oueii. — 3,000 fr. — 900 mètres. — l Karita, à M. W. Flatman (Curry) ; a Qhlsia (HtelliiQU$e) ; a Vieux Rouen (J. BQraDÎ..;> - Non placés : Kaïdafa (Ch. Childs), Bmnette (J. Jennings), Frère Jacques (G. Clout), Kondjé Gurl (MUton Henry). Ficelle (Spears), Sublima (J. Davis), Melbourne (F. Hardy), Gland d'Or (J. Chtlds), Raoul de Nangis (Ch. Hobbs), Rajah (G. Stern), Gos (G. Bartholomew). Une encolure, une tête. Prix Jeanne d'Arc. — Handicap. — 4,000 fr. — 1,600 mètres. — 1 Ma Grand, à M. P. Jahn (Ch. Hobbs) ; 2 Junon (Ryan) ; 3 Beau Pompier (Berteaux). Non placés : Léopard (Mllton Henry), Mad Cat (Sadler), Champfleuri (Sharpe), La Zecca (G. Clout), Vûrutza (Thibault), Open Ditch (G. Sarro), Triviale (A.-C. Taylor), Ma Fille (J. Kellett). Une demi-longueur, deux longueurs. AUTOMOBILISME Le règlement de 1909. — On annonce que le comité de l'Automobile Club de France a adopté hier le projet de réglementation des épreuves de vitesse qui lui a été soumis par la commission sportive. Pour les grosses voitures, les constructeurs auront à travailler sur les données suivantes : Alésage : 140 millimètres. Poids du véhicule : 900 kilos. Pour les voiturèttes les alésages seront'. Monocylindre : 100 millimètres. 2 cylindres : 80 millimètres. 4 cylindres : 65 millimètres. Rappelons que pour le Grand Prix de 1908, les ilésages étaient les suivants : Monocylindre : 100 millimètres. 2 cylindres : 78 millimètres. 4 cylindres : 62 millimètres. Comme on le voit, los deux cylindres et les quatres cylindres ont été légèrement avantagés. Les Petits Poids lourds. — Le Marché de l'Automobile a vu, hier matin, partir les véhicules participant au concours de Petits Poids lourds pour parcourir l'itinéraire habituel de Neuilly (porte Maillot), MaisonsLaIntte, Marly, VersaiMes, Montretout, Neuilly. Les Petits Poids lourds ont marché comme mercredi, au benzol, mais cette fois la consommation de carburant était contrôlée pour la cinquième et dernière fois du concours Aujourd'hui, dernière épreuve du concours, se disputera une course de 300 mètres, en palier, départ arrêté, sur la route d'Achères. L'HUILE OMNΠ9a9de DIEPPE Société des HUILES de NANTERFE (Seinel Châssis 1908 Panhard et Renault livrables de suite chez Outhenin-Chailandre (G. de Knyff, dir.), 4, rue de Chartres, Neuilly. , HUILE -VITESSE Dans toJI les garages. tlLlLSi VllLdoCi Biuons plombés. * NAVIGATION AUTOMOBILE La coupe Branqer, — Hier après-midi se sont disputées, sur le lac inférieur du bots de Boulogne, les épreuves de la coupe Branger, réservée aux petits canots automobiles modèles. La réunion, favo Courses à Maisons-Laffitte. — Pronostics de la Presse. ïnnRNAn-K Prix Prix Prix 1 Prix de Prix J Prix JOURNAUX 1 de Trappes de Garcjenville de la Vallée Scinc-et-Otsc Plaisanterie Codoman Le Journal. Phili^a Ad Gloriam Indiano Agha AU Mine Kumamoto Fontanka. AU Mine Schuyler Negofol Prose Dorna 4 Leg Sports. Cajoleur Ad Gloxiam Schuyler Agha Prose Kumamoto Les Sports. Neuville Wagonnette Indiano Ec.Ephrussi Philomène Beau Môme Le Fioaro Cajoleur AdGloriam Diane II Agha AU Mine Kumamoto Neuville AU Mine Harpiste Hertré Prose Beau Môme Le Gaulois. Or du Rhin Boprhari Diane II Negofol Prose Kumamoto Le Gaulois. Cajoleur Ad Gloriam Margarite Agha AU Mine Beau Môme Petit Journal Le Balafré Wagonnette Margarite Agha Prose Numanioto Petit Jonrnal. Or du Rhin St Estèphe My Baby Pr. Margaret Philomène Akbar Petit Parisien Or du Rhin Bogharl schuyler Agha Prose Kumamoto Fontanka AU Mine Diane II » HagtoHag Philomène Beau Mûmat _e Matin Cajoleur Boghari Schuyler Aghaj Prose Kumamoto Or du Rhin Ad Glorl^m La Calabre Bon Philomène Beau Môme Eclair Philip-a Wagonnette indiano Agha prose Kumamoto ,. Fontanka Quatrain Harpiste Bon Quicksand Akbar Echo de Paris Cajoleur Boghari l, Schuyler Agha Prose Kumamoto ■ Philippa , Wagonnette Diane II Ec. Duke AU Mine Beau Môme I ur Ad Gloriam Schuyler Agha Clique Dorna Intransiaeant I CPai,u'<l^iPPa Ali Min-a [Madrigal li Ec. Duke Ail Mina 'Eumamoto risée par le beau temps, a été donnée devant une nombreuse assistance,/ En voici les résultats : Canots à moteur électrique, de 0 m. 60.1 Eclair, à M. Mercier, en 2 m. 25 s. Série de 1 m. 50. — 1 Desveaux, en 3 m. 42 s.; 2 Fend-l'Eau I, à M. Gavault, en 4 m. 58 s. Canots à moteurs à exploitons, de 1 m. 50. — 1 Girard-VU", à M. Girard, en 12 5.; 2 Burdigala. |
github_open_source_100_8_19990 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.krake.trip
import android.content.Context
import android.graphics.Color
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.widget.TextView
import com.krake.core.extension.contrastTextColor
import com.krake.core.extension.isInSameDay
import com.krake.core.media.loader.MediaLoader
import com.krake.core.media.widget.LoadableImageView
import java.text.DateFormat
import java.util.*
/**
* Created by joel on 26/04/17.
*/
fun TransitStep.setLineNameAndColorToTextView(nameTextView: TextView) {
nameTextView.text = this.line.shortName
val color = this.line.color
if (color != null) {
nameTextView.setBackgroundColor(color)
nameTextView.setTextColor(color.contrastTextColor())
} else {
nameTextView.setBackgroundColor(Color.TRANSPARENT)
nameTextView.setTextColor(Color.BLACK)
}
}
fun Route.setLineTransitSteps(context: Context, holder: TransitHeaderHolder, timeFormat: DateFormat) {
val inflater = context.getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE) as LayoutInflater
val steps = this.steps.filterIsInstance(TransitStep::class.java)
holder.stepContainer.removeAllViews()
steps.forEachIndexed { index, complexStep ->
val transitView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.route_transit_header_transit_resume_logo, holder.stepContainer, false)
val imageView: LoadableImageView = transitView.findViewById(R.id.tripDirectionImageView)
val nameTextView: TextView = transitView.findViewById(R.id.tripStartTransitNameTextView)
nameTextView.text = complexStep.line.shortName
complexStep.setLineNameAndColorToTextView(nameTextView)
complexStep.setVehicleOrLineImage(context, imageView)
if (index != 0)
inflater.inflate(R.layout.route_transit_header_transit_resume_separator, holder.stepContainer)
holder.stepContainer.addView(transitView)
}
steps.firstOrNull()?.let {
if (it.startTime.isInSameDay(Date()))
holder.startTimeTextView.text = timeFormat.format(it.startTime)
else
holder.startTimeTextView.text = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.SHORT, DateFormat.SHORT).format(it.startTime)
}
steps.lastOrNull()?.let {
holder.endTimeTextView.text = timeFormat.format(it.endTime)
}
}
fun TransitStep.setVehicleOrLineImage(context: Context, imageView: LoadableImageView) {
if (this.line.lineIcon != null) {
MediaLoader.with(context, imageView)
.mediaPart(this.line.lineIcon)
.load()
} else {
imageView.setImageResource(this.vehicle.drawableResource())
}
} |
sn84022472_1915-08-05_1_12_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Taken from the Files of The Evening Farmer ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. Don't Know Whether Or Not To Salute Women in Uniforms AT THE KERGEPORT BOOKSTORE. May be had the Military Laws of this state in pamphlets; May be had the Military Laws of War; Boyt's Cavalry Exercise; Howe's Sorrow and Exercise; Steuben's Sword Exercise. Also the Memoirs of Mrs. Ramsey; Latest edition of Mrs. Newbury; British Catheism; History of Massachusetts by E. Lord; Godfrey's Histories; Hartford Collection of Hymns; The Tyer's Companion, by Benjamin, a new edition, enlarged and improved. To subscribers, the estate of the New England Tract Society, keeps constantly on hand tracts of all kinds now extant, furnish them by the large or small quantity at the prices established. Edged by the society, the shoot at Avon Park Saturday afternoon. John Williams broke his right arm. It is not easy to explain how it happened, as Williams only remembers hearing a bone crack and feeling a sudden sting of pain after he had delivered the ball. The fracture was reduced at the Bridgeport hospital. A BOMB FOR "TEDDY." New York, Aug. 5. Police Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt was probably saved from a sudden death by the discovery this morning by Miss Daisy, James, clerk in the general post office, of a box addressed to him. and supposed to contain a small dynamite bomb. The package was and Belgian officers in particular, the 26th inst. in Stratford; a child of Charles J. Bowen, Esq., and a child of Mr. Nathan Rers; on the 26th, James Sherman, aged 70, with the dysentery. Notice is hereby given. That William H. Shaving taken his store in the corner-house, the business will in future be conducted at the same store as usual. The firm of W. & R. Shavey offers for sale at their store in Black Rock, June 9, 1815. Fifty years ago, the old Shelton house, corners Main, lands Beaver streets, sold first to Tarbox & Marsh, has been purchased by Bunnell, keeper of the Poor House, and is being torn to pieces. Pieces and torsions carried off. At the Tweedy house, north, on the same lot, sold to Miss Nancy Casey, is improved to a new west side or sewer street, west of Daviie. That portion of Beaver Street is finally being put into very good shape. The rocks have been blasted down to the established grade in front of Mr. Peck's and the work on road and walk all completed at that point. Beaver street will be in tolerable good condition both for pedestrians and carriages. This work should have been done 20 years ago. THE COXCEET. VAfe' tne- concert Saturday evening, Sir. Geary will sing the following songs: "Sweet Love, Good Night," "I'm Not Myself at All," "Viva, in America," and will also take part in several dances and concerted pieces with London, Aug. 5. Should a woman be saluted in military fashion when she wears a kabki uniform with shoulder straps is a question that is causing the soldiers; some worry. A large proportion of men do salute, most of them, in the belief that the rank, even if in the hospital service, is entitled to such honor. But it now devolves that there are no regulations covering the case, and the salute is largely a matter of gallantry. The women's Volunteer Reserve and the Women's Reserve Ambulance, "whose members wear kabki, say this color was chosen not from a desire to imitate the army but because it defies dirt. The women neither expect nor want the salute. However, they find that the uniform, shoulder straps and discipline add to their efficiency." The nurses in France wear kabki, and they are said by courtesy to find among the mail matter. The package was about 6 inches long, 3 inches wide and 1 1-2 inches deep. She pulled the cover off when the cracking and snapping of a match was heard. Smoke came out of it and the superintendent of the department found a shot gun-c cartridge. From, the cartridge ran a fuse. Qn the cover was sand paper. Three matches! were arranged so that when the" top of the box was pulled out the matches would scratch against- tne sand paper and ignite. .The fuse was placed so that the bticning matches would, fire it.' s v SHOE BUTTON IN CHUiD'S NOSE Freddie Wright, aged 2 'years, pson of Mr. Harry Wright of 402 Central avenue, has been showing symptoms of illness lately . and on Saturday was taken to Dr. Cowell for treatment. On examination it was discovered that a shoe button was the couse of the trouble. . In some manner it had en tered the child's nostril and worked its way up as far as the bridge of the nose where it lodged. It was a diffi cult task o remove the -button, but the operation "was successfully accom plished and the child relieved of dan ger. .. were -quick to offer them this tribute. Many German Books Published , L On World War GUEST OF PETER W. 'WREN. Mr. T. J. O'Connor, who is at the head of the Ancient Order of Hiber nians in. North America, and his fam ily have been for the last few days the guest (Of Mr. P. W. Wren at the latters residence on State street. Mr. O'Connor states that the order in his jurisdiction now has a membership of over 125,000. There are 2,000 divisions. The order is strongest in the East, Pennsylvania alone having a membership of 15,000 and Connecticut 5,000. Mr. O'Connor left this afternoon for Portland, Me., where he is to attend a gathering of dignitaries of the order and from there he will go to Pittsburgh and Philadelphia to attend conventions there. His wife has relatives residing in this city. Berlin, Aug. 5. The third volume of the War Catalog of the German Publishers' association has just appeared. It shows that the number of books and pamphlets published upon the war is steadily increasing. Volume One contained 1,416 titles of war books. Volume Two 14717 while this last volume mentions 1,631 new publications treating exclusively of war. Altogether, that makes a library of 4,518 volumes about the war up to May this year. Curiously enough, the department of "Art and Belles Lettres" comes first with 1,166 books. Apparently every artist and every novelist has hastened to record his impressions of this conflict. Politics and commerce follow a close second, with 1,016 books, almost every professor of either history be economics writing the "true" and scientific grounds for the outbreak of the war from both a political and economic point of view. Religious and ethical dissertations upon the war which were so frequent during the first few weeks. eks have lost their interest for the result. Nevertheless, the reader of a serious turn of mind can find 887 religious books and pamphlets which preach their own lessons about the great war. The law of war has been honored with 337 contributions, while 799 books contain the personal memory of dead or living participants in the great events of the first 300 days of fighting. Program to Escape Heat Defeats Its Purpose. Madrid, Aug. 5 -The first bullfight ever held at night, which was held here on July 3, proved such a success that it is believed the custom will be generally adopted throughout Spain, especially during the warmest portion of the summer. The novelty of the first night bullfight attracted such a crowd that the immense stadium was filled to suffocation for there was not a breath of air stirring, and this largely defeated the purpose of the new idea, which was to escape the intense heat of the day. The spectacle, however, was a complete success save for the lack of that gleaming brightness and dead shade which the Castillian sun alone can produce. Hundreds of lights made the arena so brilliant that there appeared to be no added risk to the bullfighters themselves from any unfamiliar shadow. The Spanish, the papers are amusing themselves and the people with all sorts of droll conceptions of what may become of some of the historic terms and customs for so many centuries bound up with Spain's national sport. It is suggested that in place of calling the "bleachers of the ring, the sun seats," these cheaper places be termed "moon seats." Instead, too, of the custom throwing at the feet of the skillful toreador hats, y canes, cushions and handkerchiefs, as tokens of the approval of. The crowd, it is hinted, is hinted that, at the night bullfights, pocket electric lamps and the incandescent globes that light the terraced rows of the stadium seats, may come to be employed for this purpose to the discomfort of the banderillos; and to read. Would Show Progress? Made By Korea Since Japan Annexed State Seoul, Korea, Aug. 5. To commemorate the fifth anniversary of the annexation of Korea to Japan, the government-general is arranging an industrial exhibition to show the progress of his daughter and Master Eliard. The two progress-Korea has made a concert will be an excellent one and Mr. Geary's singing will be a great attraction for many of our citizens. MORE BUILDINGS. A fine stock of five dwellings in Courtland Street, just out of State, in the rear of Uneburs block, is to be immediately constructed. Judging from the present now in the hands of Messrs. Naaribert & Bunnell, our well-known city architects, the block, when completed, will be the handsomest in the dry. The buildings will each be 110 feet in length, 40 feet in height, and of four stories. The roofs are to be finished in the French style of architecture, an entirely new order of building in our city. In the center of the block there will be an ornamental projection of the ceiling, carried up, which will materially add to the effect and beauty of the design; Mr. Waller's house on Main Street, is to be completely overhauled and altered. Mr. Waller having purchased the land in the rear of his house. Es dence, intends, to put two fronts, on Brooks' and Main streets, with the additions of truly windows, French roof, and will present a very handsome appearance. Messrs. Lambert & Buntoon are the architects TWENTY YEARS AGO. ACCTOR TO A WHEELMAN. A. V. Ward of the Bridgeport Wheel club, met with a severe accident while on his way home from Woodmont to visit the Owamax College club. After the dinner, the party started for Savin Rock but Stewart did not accompany them. He then started on the homeward trip alone. While on their homeward trip, his brother wheelmen found him laying on the roadway in Milford center. He was unconscious and bleeding profusely. His wheel was lying beside him, broken. An examination showed that his nose was broken and his shoulder badly bruised and there was a long cut on the side of his face. LOCAL NEWS ITEMS. A sight blooming cereus at the residence of Fred Holste, 1057 Main street, attracted much attention Saturday night. There were seven blossom. Carry Bags of Earth To Protect Selves From Shrapnel Hurts Rome, Aug. 5 -The Italian infantrymen protect themselves against shrapnel while advancing on trenches by crawling on all fours with bags of earth on their backs. These afford sufficient protection against ordinary shrapnel bullets and shell fragments. On halting, the men construct temporary parapets with their bags. It was by this method that the Italians carried five miles of Austrian trenches, since, coming under the control of Japan. The exhibition will open September 1 and continue until the end of November. The site chosen is the grounds of the so-called North palace, the entrance to which is guarded by two big stone lions, so often admired by American visitors. Special buildings are being erected. The chief structure will be the agricultural hall dedicated to illustrate the great strides made in Korea in agriculture. Among the particular exhibits will be those showing the establishment of modern farms, seed stations, and sericulture training stations, the production of rice and silk, and the cultivation and development of waste lands. Specimens of live stock cattle, horses, pigs, and fowl will constitute a distinct feature. Government protection of the peasant proprietors will be described by appropriate exhibits. The industrial building will show the development in weaving, paper-making, cotton-ginning, mat-making, and tanning, the tobacco industry, and the mining undertakings. In the fine arts hall will be displayed old Korean porcelain as well as the products of the modern school, represented both by governmental and private manufacture. Other halls will be concerned with forestry and educational. cation; As this will be the first exhibition ever held in Korea on a large scale, great interest is manifested everywhere and big crowds are expected from all parts of Korea and from Japan. A garden in European style will be laid out and two pagodas of five and seven stories each are being erected. In the amusement section, the Korean band of ex-Emperor Y's household will play throughout the period of the exhibition. Prince Kan-in, cousin of the emperor, is expected from Tokyo. Petrograd Holds Golden Board of $850,000,000 American Doctors Aid the Serbians Yellow Stockings Mosquito Bane Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 5 A Georgia mosquito, for some mysterious reason which remains hidden in his heart or sting will not bother any person who happens to be attracted in any shade of yellow. As a result, Palm Beach suits and lemon, orange or champagne colored evening gowns are being worn throughout the state in a campaign of mosquito snubbing. A young woman socially prominent in Atlanta is responsible for the curbing of the festive Georgia mosquito. She was one of a large party recently which was attacked by a vast school, or university, of mosquitoes, and it was noticed that she of all the maddened guests remained quiet at ease during the convention. She wore yellow. Stockines of silk, and when, late in the evening, another young woman arrived with similarly colored hosiery, it was noticed that she top seemed to escape the attacks of the buzzing assassins. Then in discussion started. A physician who was present and who knew of the effects of colors upon certain insects decided to conduct some experiments, and as a result of these he announced that some mosquitoes, certainly those of Georgia, simply dread yellow as a background for their brilliantly executed attacks. Those who have heard of the discovery, including all of the guests at the heartrending reception which started the campaign, have given orders for others that mean something in the life of the sword bearing Georgia's pest. It is assumed that yellow armor will be used in New Jersey. SHORE HADDOCK. Sliced White Halibut . 4c per b 15c per lb Japan Has 700,000 r Persons Who Stammer Lack of Barbers ' ; . Felt In Berlin Berlin, Aug. 5 More than one- quarter of the barbers and wig mak ers of Berh live been called into the army, with the result .that, no less than 104 barber shops in the capital have had to close. : ' ; - , For a time women" whoso barber- Ifusbands went to the war last , year, attempted to keep the shops running with, the employes ,who were left, but as these have, gone: one by one the women have had to close the doors and .suffer" accordingly the loss, of their income. Only older, men . who were ineligible for service have been untouched by the war but even they have had to work from early morning until late at .night. to make up for a lack of employes. v . --'' " - rne recent quarterly meeting or tne master barbers of. Berlin was the first in the history of the organization at which "no new member was taken in, and never has there been so small . a number of Apprentices, recorded only three eligible to advancement. Enters London Den To Gain Recruits "London, Aug. 5 A. S. Ward of Boston, secretary of the American Sanitary Commission, in Serbia, has returned from that country with the news that the work of the American doctors and sanitary experts is proving successful, beyond all expectations. Mr. Ward said: "The work of the American doctors and sanitary engineers in Serbia is directed towards prevention rather than cure of the various epidemics, and they are rapidly cleaning up the towns in order to prevent a further outbreak. The old cisterns are being gradually destroyed and artesian wells substituted. "Dr. Richard P. Strong, who is in charge of the American sanitary corps in Serbia, is trying to stamp out every particle of infectious disease before the cold weather begins. "The work of disinfecting the Serbian soldiers and their clothing by the American doctors in an undertaking, which is proving eminently successful in ridding the country of the vermin which carry typhus. It was impossible to transport the troops for any one station so it was necessary to improve a traveling disinfecting plant. The train is sidetracked at any large camp and dressing tents erected." From these, the men jump into the bath car where the hose is turned on them. When dried, the bathers are boiled with petroleum, which kills the vermin. When the bathers, clothes are removed, they are placed in the sterilizing car to be thoroughly steam and dried. As many as a thousand men and their clothing are cleaned in one day by the sanitary train. In some places, men are found to be suffering from scurvy and separate treatment and medicine are given them. The plant of the Taryan Naval Stores Co., at Brunswick, Ga., was sold by court order to the Empire Investment Co., for $110,000. Tokyo, Aug. 5. There are more than 700,000 stammerers in Japan according to Shuji Izawa, a member of the House of Peers and organizer of an educational institution for the correction of stammering. He has been making a close study of this subject in the United States and at the request of the Japanese authorities proposes to make a lecture tour in Japan, particularly in the northern provinces where pronunciation is especially defective. Blacken Sleeping Policeman's Face Long Beach, L.I., Aug. 5. Joseph Curley, one of the Long Beach police men, has resigned. He says he has a chance to become a policeman in a neighboring village, and after... What happened a few nights ago - he could no longer be happy as a member of the Long Beach force. Curley was brought before the village board upon charges. Chief of Police Hewlett and Michael Mangin, engineer of a local hotel, testified that Curley, while supposed to be on duty, had entered the engine room to take a nap. Hotel employees blackened his face with burnt cork while he slept and Hewlett said he took Curley's badge from his coat. A MASONIC NOTES. A stated communication of St. John's Lodge, No. 3, will be held at Masonic Temple, Wednesday evening, August 11th at 7:30 o'clock. Business of importance. FLORAL TAILOR SHOP. A fire in the tailor shop of Joseph S. Feinstein at 892 Iranistan avenue shortly after 10 o'clock last evening was extinguished by the use of chemicals before any damage was done. Independent steel companies in Philadelphia announced an increase of $1 a ton on all finished steel products. Joseph Kernan, aged 15 years, employed by Butcher William B. McNamara, at 213 Main street, cut a gash on the back of his left hand with a cleaver this forenoon. The wound was sewed together at the Emergency. Petrograd, Aug. 5. The largest board of gold in the world is that held in the vaults of the Russian state bank, amounting now to about $100,000, yet a visitor may travel from one end of the Russian Empire to the other and not see enough gold. "To buy a pair of shoes." Paper currency is used universally. The check system, as it prevails in the United States and England, is practically unknown in Russia, although the larger cities have many fine banks, the ordinary provincial business man distrusts banks, and there are hundreds of thousands of prosperous Russians who have never had a banking account in their lives. Their working capital is represented by paper currency of big denomination which they carry in a leather bag suspended by a thong around their neck. In Russia, the visitor may meet Wallace Porter, John Ellsworth, and shaggy men whose dress and appearance suggest the artisan class, who have gone to Norwich, England, and have since been assisting in the recruiting campaign in England, won two recruits here by entering a lion's den. Fuller was speaking at an open-air meeting in a vacant lot adjoining a small menagerie, when two young men in the outskirts of the audience jestingly remarked to him: "We'll join if you are brave enough to enter that lion's cage unarmed." "I'll take you at your word," returned Fuller without a moment's hesitation. "Lions have no terror for anyone who has been in the front trenches in Flanders." He strode over to the menagerie, obtained the permission of the proprietor, and entered the cage, where there were two lions. Amid tremendous excitement in the crowd, he calmly stroked the lions for a moment or two and then walked out of the cage and resumed his place on the recruiting platform. In Established in 1895 at 629 Water Street, we have no branch market. One year ago today, the German invasion of Belgium began. At a meeting of the local branch of the National association of Letter Carriers at the post office yesterday afternoon, Edward Fagan was elected a delegate to attend the National convention to be held at Philadelphia for four days commencing Sept. 2, and John T. Mooney was elected as alternate to join Byrne Bros.' Eight Bells company. In show parlance, the young men are known as the Melrose Brothers. They are all Bridgeporters. While trying to cure a high-quality product, carrying with them constantly from five to ten thousand dollars in currency. CELERY PLANTS. 15c Per dozen JOHN RECK & SON TAKE CARE OF WATCH YOUR Your Tva U'li in a,'delicate niece of machinery which should be regularly cleaned and oiled. This work should be entrusted only to a competent watchmaker. Our repair department can be safely trusted with the finest watch whether it needs to be merely cleaned or if it requires repairs of any sort. We can assure you the very best that can be done in this line and that our charge for it will be entirely satisfactory. WE ALSO DO ALL KIND OF JEAVEJtY.RKP AIRING. Medium soit shell crabs -35c doz PriniE soil shell crabs 65c doz Fresh Salmon Steak 20c per lb. Boiling Pieces 18c; Whole Fish 18c Market Cod -6c per lb. Bonita Mackerel - .. 12c per lb. Block Island Swordfish .. 22c per lb. Medium Round Clams - IOC per qt. Large Shore Haddock .......... 5c per lb. Weak Fish (small) .......... 5c per lb. Butterfish.. 10c per lb. Large Mackerel ...... 20c and 25c Opened, Long Clams ..-. -25c per qt. Little Necks 10c per qt. Prime Soft Crabs, Live Lobsters, Large Baking Clams, Eastern Salmon. Canned Clams 3 for 25c Canned Sardines Imported........ 3 for 25c Canned Tuna Fish........ 3 for 25 C Sugar Cured Hams 16c per lb. Sugar Cured Bacon 17c per lb. BRIDGEPORT STATE & BANK STS. E. MAIN ST. DON'T LET THINGS SPOIL A REFRIGERATOR CLEAN-UP We have 33 different styles of Refrigerators in Stock and in order to clean out our surplus stock, we have revised the prices. You can now buy a real good Refrigerator at an extra Special Price. GEORGE GLARK CO. COOLEST HOME GROWERS 1057-1074 BROAD ST. OPEN POST OFFICE THE PEOPLE'S DAIRY 130 State Street) JEESH PRODUCE THE CHURCHES Tel. GEO. A. ROBERTSON CARDS FOR ALL THE NEAR-FOLKS. CARDS FOR FOLKS AFAK. CARDS TO SEND TO DEAR FOLKS NO MATTER WHERE THE TRUST AEE Step inside 11 Arcade to get them. Isn't very far. "This Is what to ask for: "A DAVIS 'QUALITY CARD" NEWS STORE P O S T Arfade O F F F I C E Only a Short Distance from Main Stares t MATINEE AND SUNDAY EXCURSIONS Steamer PARK. CITY to Port Jefferson, N. Y., every week day and Sunday, "v Leaves Bridgeport 1:30 p.m." Three hours' all and one hour and thirty minutes on long Island. Fare, round trip, 60c Children under 12 years of Age, 25c. QUAUT! Lumber Cleans KOKOIIf; BecallS, It saves the workmen, Is5 , - or nana wonv. Enables To do larger day's work. There are a lot of NEW WRINKLES in house fcEilSSia these days, bringing the cost of house erection down to rock bottom. - It You are thinking of buying would like to show you these things...-i. ' '...'TSJWET' PHONE US! THE Frank Miller lumber Co. JOHN F. 610 FAIRFIELD AVENUE Furniture Dealer, Upholsterer and Cabinet Maker; Super iior Fabrics for Furniture and Drapes. Tel. 74 M. X -1UEC&LE1 ,, The Reliable Jeweler. 48 FAIRFIELD AVENUE '. Near Middle Street. 'CALLY EQUIPPED AUTOMOBILE AND COACH PAINTING Now is the time to set your Limousine and Electric Coupe in condition for fall and Winter. We also Harland's English Tarnish, which we guarantee to stand up in all kinds of weather. Estimates cheerfully furnished upon request. 706 Howard Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. Phone 3157-3 HO B. BafW V Lal'i v.- Thirteenth and Filbert Sts. PHILADELPHIA. 200 BEAUTIFUL OUTSIDE ROOMS With Bath a flowing ice water $2.50 and up. Manager Pooiilar Cafe. GriiS and Restaurant Bl'l,n,l'U);im!ll!'ll!ll!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M!M! |
ee7911c5aed127b145110880951f3bdf_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | <p>FG-VF </p>
<p>COUR D'APPEL DE BASSE-TERRE </p>
<p>CHAMBRE SOCIALE <br clear="none"/>ARRET No 110 DU VINGT QUATRE MARS DEUX MILLE QUATORZE </p>
<p>AFFAIRE No : 13/ 00667 </p>
<p>Décision déférée à la Cour : jugement du Conseil de Prud'hommes de POINTE A PITRE du 24 septembre 2009- Section Commerce. </p>
<p>APPELANTE </p>
<p>SARL COSMEGUA, <br clear="none"/>5, Impasse Jacquart-<br clear="none"/>Rue de la Chapelle-ZI de Jarry <br clear="none"/>97122 BAIE MAHAULT <br clear="none"/>Représentée par Maître Brigitte WINTER-DURENNEL de la <br clear="none"/>SCP WINTER-DURENNEL & PREVOT (Toque 83) substituée par Maître Philippe LOUIS, avocat au barreau de la GUADELOUPE </p>
<p>INTIMÉE </p>
<p>Madame Maud X... <br clear="none"/> ... ... <br clear="none"/>
<br clear="none"/>97122 Baie-Mahault <br clear="none"/>Représentée par Maître Frederic FANFANT de la SELARL EXCELEGIS (Toque 82), avocat au barreau de la GUADELOUPE </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>COMPOSITION DE LA COUR : </p>
<p>L'affaire a été débattue le 3 février 2014, en audience publique, devant la Cour composée de : </p>
<p>M. Bernard ROUSSEAU, président de chambre, président, <br clear="none"/>Mme Marie-Josée BOLNET, conseiller, <br clear="none"/>Mme Françoise GAUDIN, conseiller, <br clear="none"/>qui en ont délibéré. </p>
<p>Les parties ont été avisées à l'issue des débats de ce que l'arrêt sera prononcé par sa mise à disposition au greffe de la cour le 24 mars 2014 </p>
<p>GREFFIER Lors des débats : Mme Valérie FRANCILLETTE, greffier. </p>
<p>ARRET : </p>
<p>Contradictoire, prononcé publiquement par mise à disposition de l'arrêt au greffe de la cour, les parties en ayant été préalablement avisées conformément à l'article 450 al 2 du CPC. <br clear="none"/>Signé par M. Bernard ROUSSEAU, président de chambre, président, et par Mme Valérie FRANCILLETTE, greffier, à laquelle la décision a été remise par le magistrat signataire. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Faits et procédure : </p>
<p>Mme Maud Y... a été engagée par la SARL COSMEGUA le 6 mai 1993 par contrat à durée indéterminée en qualité d'assistante au directeur commercial. <br clear="none"/>Elle a été promue au poste de chef de département à compter du 1er janvier 2000, moyennant un salaire brut fixe de 8. 000 francs assorti d'un intéressement et d'une participation sur le chiffre d'affaires réalisé de <br clear="none"/>0, 50 % sur les marques représentées, avec le statut cadre, niveau VIII ¿ échelon 2 de la convention collective du commerce de gros. </p>
<p>Après convocation à entretien préalable fixé au 4 juillet 2005, Mme Y... Maud a été licenciée pour faute grave par courrier recommandé du 9 juillet 2005. </p>
<p>Contestant le bien-fondé de son licenciement, Mme Y... a saisi le 12 octobre 2005 le conseil de prud'hommes de Pointe à Pitre en paiement d'indemnités de rupture et dommages et intérêts pour licenciement sans cause réelle et sérieux et abusif. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Par jugement du 24 septembre 2009, la juridiction prud'homale a dit et jugé le licenciement de Mme Maud Y... dépourvu de cause réelle et sérieuse et l'a qualifié d'abusif, condamné la SARL COSMEGUA à payer à Mme Y... les sommes suivantes : </p>
<p>1. 48. 114 ¿ à titre de dommages et intérêts pour licenciement dépourvu de cause réelle et sérieuse, <br clear="none"/>2. 21. 000 ¿ au titre de l'indemnité spéciale des dispositions de l'article L. 1235-2 du code du travail, <br clear="none"/>3. 12. 028 ¿ au titre de l'indemnité de préavis, <br clear="none"/>4. 15. 000 ¿ au titre du préjudice moral pour circonstances abusives, <br clear="none"/>5. 1. 000 ¿ au titre de l'article 700 du code de procédure civile, rejetant le surplus des demandes des parties. </p>
<p>Par déclaration du 16 octobre 2009, la SARL COSMEGA saisissait la cour d'appel de Basse-Terre, laquelle, par arrêt du 3 octobre 2011, infirmait le jugement qui lui était déféré, sauf en ce qu'il a condamné la société COSMEGUA au paiement de la somme de 12. 028 ¿ au titre de l'indemnité de préavis et a dit que le licenciement de Mme Y... Maud avait une cause réelle et sérieuse, déboutant la salariée de ses demandes et disant n'y avoir lieu à application des dispositions de l'article 700 du code de procédure civile. </p>
<p>Cet arrêt du 3 octobre 2011 était cassé et annulé, sauf en ce qu'il a débouté la salariée de ses demandes de dommages et intérêts au titre des circonstances vexatoires de la rupture, par arrêt du 17 janvier 2013 de la Cour de Cassation, aux motifs suivants : </p>
<p>« Qu'en statuant ainsi, alors que l'employeur s'étant placé sur le terrain disciplinaire en prononçant le licenciement pour faute grave, la cour d'appel, qui ne pouvait requalifier le licenciement en licenciement pour insuffisance professionnelle sans caractériser une faute imputable à la salariée, n'a pas donné de base légale à sa décision » </p>
<p>Par déclaration du 13 mai 2013, la SARL COSMEGUA saisissait la cour d'appel de Basse-Terre, désignée comme cour de renvoi par l'arrêt de cassation. </p>
<p>**** </p>
<p>Par conclusions notifiées à la partie adverse le 14 octobre 2013, à laquelle il a été fait référence lors de l'audience des débats, la société COSMEGUA sollicite l'infirmation du jugement entrepris et demande à la cour de dire et juger que le licenciement disciplinaire de Mme Y... est fondé sur une faute simple lui donnant une cause réelle et sérieuse, de débouter Mme Y... de ses demandes et de la condamner au paiement de la somme de 4. 000 ¿ sur le fondement de l'article 700 du code de procédure civile ainsi qu'aux entiers dépens ; </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Par conclusions notifiées à la partie adverse le 13 janvier 2014, à laquelle il a été fait référence lors de l'audience des débats, Mme Y... sollicite la confirmation du jugement rendu par le conseil des prud'hommes du 24 septembre 2009 en toutes ses dispositions et la condamnation de l'employeur au paiement d'une somme de 3. 000 ¿ au titre de l'article 700 du code de procédure civile. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Motifs de la décision : </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>sur le bien-fondé du licenciement : </p>
<p>Attendu que la faute grave visée par les articles L 1234-1 et L 1234-5 du code du travail résulte d'un fait ou d'un ensemble de faits imputable au salarié qui constitue une violation des obligations résultant de son contrat de travail ou des relations de travail d'une importance telle qu'elle rend impossible le maintien du salarié dans l'entreprise </p>
<p>Attendu qu'en outre, aucune sanction n'est plus justifiée si les poursuites disciplinaires ne sont pas engagées dans un délai de 2 mois à compter du jour où l'employeur a eu une connaissance exacte de la réalité, de la nature et de l'importance des faits fautifs du salarié en vertu de l'article L 1332-4 du code du travail. </p>
<p>Attendu que la lettre de licenciement en date du 9 juillet 2005 énonce comme motif du licenciement : </p>
<p>« A la suite de notre entretien du 4 juillet 2005, nous sommes contraints de vous licencier pour faute grave. </p>
<p>Depuis déjà un certain temps nous vous avons fait part du disfonctionnement au sein de votre équipe commerciale et des répercussions négatives que cela entraînaient tant au sein de l'entreprise, que chez nos Clients et chez nos Fournisseurs. </p>
<p>Nous nous sommes rencontré sur ce sujet en mars 2004 avec M Z.... Nous nous sommes revu en décembre 2004, avec toute votre équipe de façon à redéfinir les rôles et les attentes de chacun. <br clear="none"/>Lors de la venue du responsable de zone de L'Oréal en mars 2005. nous nous sommes à nouveau réunis et celui-ci vous a fait part de son mécontentement. </p>
<p>Chaque fois nous vous avons demandé de réagir afin de rétablir rapidement la situation. </p>
<p>Force est de constater qu'à ce jour vous n'avez pris aucune mesure en vue de renverser la tendance. Pire, nous constatons aujourd'hui une dégradation de vos rapports avec votre force de vente qui vous reproche votre manque de communication, de concertation et d'animation, malgré de nombreuses demandes de leur part, qui se traduit ipso facto par une exclusion de l'équipe. <br clear="none"/>Cette attitude a pour conséquence une dégradation de l'esprit d'entreprise, de notre dynamique de vente et de notre capacité à satisfaire nos clients. </p>
<p>La dégradation de votre relation avec votre équipe a également des répercutions graves avec nos Clients qui ne comprennent pas vos discours divergents et encore moins vos altercations avec nos commerciaux, en leur présence. <br clear="none"/>Là encore, cette attitude a pour conséquence une dégradation de l'image de notre Société et des Marques dont elle a la charge ; ceci est inacceptable. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Enfin, nos Fournisseurs et tout particulièrement L'Oréal se plaignent de votre travail, notamment dans le domaine du merchandising car aucune réimplantation correcte n'a été réalisée depuis votre retour. </p>
<p>Vous comprendrez facilement que l'insatisfaction manifestée de notre Fournisseur principal (représentant 90 % de notre Chiffre d'affaires) nous inquiète. Sur ce point, nous n'acceptons pas de continuer à prendre le risque, de quelque manière que ce soit et de perdre l'un de nos Fournisseurs ; notre société ne s'en remettrait pas. </p>
<p>Aussi nous considérons que ses faits constituent une faute grave mettant enjeu l'avenir de notre Entreprise et des 26 emplois qu'elle comporte.. » </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Que le licenciement prononcé pour faute grave est de nature disciplinaire alors que l'insuffisance professionnelle, sauf mauvaise volonté délibérée du salarié, ne constitue pas une faute. </p>
<p>Qu'en l'espèce, l'employeur reproche à Mme Y... des échecs, des erreurs ou dysfonctionnements qui relèvent de l'inaptitude de la salariée à exécuter son travail de façon satisfaisante aux yeux de l'employeur et qui se rattachent à l'insuffisance professionnelle ou incompétence de cette dernière, sans pour autant revêtir un caractère fautif. <br clear="none"/>Qu'en outre, l'employeur n'établit pas que le grief de dégradation des relations avec son équipe de vente et avec les fournisseurs dont le principal, L'OREAL, est imputable à Mme Y..., alors que cette dernière s'est plaint, par lettre du 25 avril 2005 adressée au directeur de la société COSMEGUA, d'une mise à l'écart, d'un retrait de ses attributions et responsabilités depuis son retour de congé de maternité en décembre 2004, d'une rétention d'informations à son encontre et surtout d'être victime d'agressions verbales de la part des commerciaux, lettre à laquelle l'employeur n'a pas répondu, sauf par la convocation à entretien préalable au licenciement. </p>
<p>Que les attestations (A..., B..., C...) émanent de commerciaux travaillant avec Mme Y... et se plaignant de faits tous antérieurs à ladite lettre du 25 avril 2005. </p>
<p>Que Mme Y... a exercé ses fonctions pendant plus de dix ans sans remarque ni avertissement quelconque et a perçu en mars 2005 une prime exceptionnelle de 1. 757, 88 ¿, pour objectifs atteints sur les produits L'OREAL. </p>
<p>Que dès lors, l'employeur n'établit pas d'erreurs commises par la salariée relevant d'une mauvaise volonté délibérée de sa part et les griefs invoqués ne sauraient revêtir un caractère fautif, à fortiori caractériser une faute grave de Mme Y.... </p>
<p>Qu'en l'absence de faute à la charge de la salariée, le licenciement de Mme Y... prononcé sur un terrain disciplinaire n'a pas de cause réelle et sérieuse. </p>
<p>Que le jugement déféré sera confirmé en ce qu'il a dit et jugé dénué de cause réelle et sérieuse le licenciement de Mme Y.... <br clear="none"/>Que sur l'indemnité de préavis due à Mme Y..., le jugement a parfaitement tenu compte des données de l'espèce, observation étant d'ailleurs faite que la société appelante ne formule dans ses conclusions aucune critique à ce titre. </p>
<p>Que la somme ainsi allouée de 12. 028 ¿ au titre du préavis sera confirmée. </p>
<p>
<br clear="none"/>Sur l'indemnisation de la rupture du contrat de travail </p>
<p>Attendu que Mme Y... |
github_open_source_100_8_19991 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package edu.nps.moves.dis;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import edu.nps.moves.jaxb.dis.*;
/**
* Section 5.3.10.2 Query a minefield for information about individual mines. Requires manual clean up to get the padding right. UNFINISHED
*
* Copyright (c) 2007, MOVES Institute, Naval Postgraduate School. All rights reserved.
* This work is licensed under the BSD open source license, available at https://www.movesinstitute.org/licenses/bsd.html
*
* @author DMcG
*/
public class MinefieldQueryPdu extends MinefieldFamilyPdu implements Serializable
{
/** Minefield ID */
protected EntityID minefieldID = new EntityID();
/** EID of entity making the request */
protected EntityID requestingEntityID = new EntityID();
/** request ID */
protected short requestID;
/** Number of perimeter points for the minefield */
protected short numberOfPerimeterPoints;
/** Padding */
protected short pad2;
/** Number of sensor types */
protected short numberOfSensorTypes;
/** data filter, 32 boolean fields */
protected long dataFilter;
/** Entity type of mine being requested */
protected EntityType requestedMineType = new EntityType();
/** perimeter points of request */
protected List requestedPerimeterPoints = new ArrayList();
/** Sensor types, each 16 bits long */
protected List sensorTypes = new ArrayList();
/** Constructor */
public MinefieldQueryPdu()
{
setPduType( (short)38 );
}
/**
* Constructor--takes a parallel jaxb object and returns an open-dis object
* 1.4_sed_bait_start */
public MinefieldQueryPdu(edu.nps.moves.jaxb.dis.MinefieldQueryPdu x)
{
super(x); // Call superclass constructor
edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityID foo_0;
if(x.getMinefieldID() == null)
foo_0 = new edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityID();
else
foo_0 = new edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityID(x.getMinefieldID() );
this.setMinefieldID(foo_0);
edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityID foo_1;
if(x.getRequestingEntityID() == null)
foo_1 = new edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityID();
else
foo_1 = new edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityID(x.getRequestingEntityID() );
this.setRequestingEntityID(foo_1);
this.requestID = x.getRequestID();
this.numberOfPerimeterPoints = x.getNumberOfPerimeterPoints();
this.pad2 = x.getPad2();
this.numberOfSensorTypes = x.getNumberOfSensorTypes();
this.dataFilter = x.getDataFilter();
edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityType foo_7;
if(x.getRequestedMineType() == null)
foo_7 = new edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityType();
else
foo_7 = new edu.nps.moves.dis.EntityType(x.getRequestedMineType() );
this.setRequestedMineType(foo_7);
this.requestedPerimeterPoints = new ArrayList();
for(int idx = 0; idx < x.getRequestedPerimeterPoints().size(); idx++)
{
this.requestedPerimeterPoints.add( new edu.nps.moves.dis.Point((edu.nps.moves.jaxb.dis.Point) x.getRequestedPerimeterPoints().get(idx)));
}
this.sensorTypes = new ArrayList();
for(int idx = 0; idx < x.getSensorTypes().size(); idx++)
{
this.sensorTypes.add( new edu.nps.moves.dis.TwoByteChunk((edu.nps.moves.jaxb.dis.TwoByteChunk) x.getSensorTypes().get(idx)));
}
}
/* 1.4_sed_bait_end */
/**
* returns a jaxb object intialized from this object, given an empty jaxb object
* 1.4_sed_bait_start **/
public edu.nps.moves.jaxb.dis.MinefieldQueryPdu initializeJaxbObject(edu.nps.moves.jaxb.dis.MinefieldQueryPdu x)
{
super.initializeJaxbObject(x); // Call superclass initializer
ObjectFactory factory = new ObjectFactory();
x.setMinefieldID( this.getMinefieldID().initializeJaxbObject(factory.createEntityID()) );
x.setRequestingEntityID( this.getRequestingEntityID().initializeJaxbObject(factory.createEntityID()) );
x.setRequestID( this.getRequestID() );
x.setNumberOfPerimeterPoints( this.getNumberOfPerimeterPoints() );
x.setPad2( this.getPad2() );
x.setNumberOfSensorTypes( this.getNumberOfSensorTypes() );
x.setDataFilter( this.getDataFilter() );
x.setRequestedMineType( this.getRequestedMineType().initializeJaxbObject(factory.createEntityType()) );
List requestedPerimeterPoints_1 = x.getRequestedPerimeterPoints();
for(int idx = 0; idx < requestedPerimeterPoints.size(); idx++)
{
Point a = (edu.nps.moves.dis.Point)requestedPerimeterPoints.get(idx);
requestedPerimeterPoints_1.add(a.initializeJaxbObject(factory.createPoint()));
}
List sensorTypes_1 = x.getSensorTypes();
for(int idx = 0; idx < sensorTypes.size(); idx++)
{
TwoByteChunk a = (edu.nps.moves.dis.TwoByteChunk)sensorTypes.get(idx);
sensorTypes_1.add(a.initializeJaxbObject(factory.createTwoByteChunk()));
}
return x;
}
/* 1.4_sed_bait_end */
public int getMarshalledSize()
{
int marshalSize = 0;
marshalSize = super.getMarshalledSize();
marshalSize = marshalSize + minefieldID.getMarshalledSize(); // minefieldID
marshalSize = marshalSize + requestingEntityID.getMarshalledSize(); // requestingEntityID
marshalSize = marshalSize + 1; // requestID
marshalSize = marshalSize + 1; // numberOfPerimeterPoints
marshalSize = marshalSize + 1; // pad2
marshalSize = marshalSize + 1; // numberOfSensorTypes
marshalSize = marshalSize + 4; // dataFilter
marshalSize = marshalSize + requestedMineType.getMarshalledSize(); // requestedMineType
for(int idx=0; idx < requestedPerimeterPoints.size(); idx++)
{
Point listElement = (Point)requestedPerimeterPoints.get(idx);
marshalSize = marshalSize + listElement.getMarshalledSize();
}
for(int idx=0; idx < sensorTypes.size(); idx++)
{
TwoByteChunk listElement = (TwoByteChunk)sensorTypes.get(idx);
marshalSize = marshalSize + listElement.getMarshalledSize();
}
return marshalSize;
}
public void setMinefieldID(EntityID pMinefieldID)
{ minefieldID = pMinefieldID;
}
public EntityID getMinefieldID()
{ return minefieldID; }
public void setRequestingEntityID(EntityID pRequestingEntityID)
{ requestingEntityID = pRequestingEntityID;
}
public EntityID getRequestingEntityID()
{ return requestingEntityID; }
public void setRequestID(short pRequestID)
{ requestID = pRequestID;
}
public short getRequestID()
{ return requestID;
}
public short getNumberOfPerimeterPoints()
{ return (short)requestedPerimeterPoints.size();
}
/** Note that setting this value will ot change the marshalled value. The list whose length this describes is used for that purpose.
* The getnumberOfPerimeterPoints method will also be based on the actual list length rather than this value.
* The method is simply here for java bean completeness.
*/
public void setNumberOfPerimeterPoints(short pNumberOfPerimeterPoints)
{ numberOfPerimeterPoints = pNumberOfPerimeterPoints;
}
public void setPad2(short pPad2)
{ pad2 = pPad2;
}
public short getPad2()
{ return pad2;
}
public short getNumberOfSensorTypes()
{ return (short)sensorTypes.size();
}
/** Note that setting this value will ot change the marshalled value. The list whose length this describes is used for that purpose.
* The getnumberOfSensorTypes method will also be based on the actual list length rather than this value.
* The method is simply here for java bean completeness.
*/
public void setNumberOfSensorTypes(short pNumberOfSensorTypes)
{ numberOfSensorTypes = pNumberOfSensorTypes;
}
public void setDataFilter(long pDataFilter)
{ dataFilter = pDataFilter;
}
public long getDataFilter()
{ return dataFilter;
}
public void setRequestedMineType(EntityType pRequestedMineType)
{ requestedMineType = pRequestedMineType;
}
public EntityType getRequestedMineType()
{ return requestedMineType; }
public void setRequestedPerimeterPoints(List pRequestedPerimeterPoints)
{ requestedPerimeterPoints = pRequestedPerimeterPoints;
}
public List getRequestedPerimeterPoints()
{ return requestedPerimeterPoints; }
public void setSensorTypes(List pSensorTypes)
{ sensorTypes = pSensorTypes;
}
public List getSensorTypes()
{ return sensorTypes; }
public void marshal(DataOutputStream dos)
{
super.marshal(dos);
try
{
minefieldID.marshal(dos);
requestingEntityID.marshal(dos);
dos.writeByte( (byte)requestID);
dos.writeByte( (byte)requestedPerimeterPoints.size());
dos.writeByte( (byte)pad2);
dos.writeByte( (byte)sensorTypes.size());
dos.writeInt( (int)dataFilter);
requestedMineType.marshal(dos);
for(int idx = 0; idx < requestedPerimeterPoints.size(); idx++)
{
Point aPoint = (Point)requestedPerimeterPoints.get(idx);
aPoint.marshal(dos);
} // end of list marshalling
for(int idx = 0; idx < sensorTypes.size(); idx++)
{
TwoByteChunk aTwoByteChunk = (TwoByteChunk)sensorTypes.get(idx);
aTwoByteChunk.marshal(dos);
} // end of list marshalling
} // end try
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);}
} // end of marshal method
public void unmarshal(DataInputStream dis)
{
super.unmarshal(dis);
try
{
minefieldID.unmarshal(dis);
requestingEntityID.unmarshal(dis);
requestID = dis.readByte();
numberOfPerimeterPoints = dis.readByte();
pad2 = dis.readByte();
numberOfSensorTypes = dis.readByte();
dataFilter = dis.readInt();
requestedMineType.unmarshal(dis);
for(int idx = 0; idx < numberOfPerimeterPoints; idx++)
{
Point anX = new Point();
anX.unmarshal(dis);
requestedPerimeterPoints.add(anX);
};
for(int idx = 0; idx < numberOfSensorTypes; idx++)
{
TwoByteChunk anX = new TwoByteChunk();
anX.unmarshal(dis);
sensorTypes.add(anX);
};
} // end try
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
} // end of unmarshal method
/**
* The equals method doesn't always work--mostly on on classes that consist only of primitives. Be careful.
*/
public boolean equals(MinefieldQueryPdu rhs)
{
boolean ivarsEqual = true;
if(rhs.getClass() != this.getClass())
return false;
if( ! (minefieldID.equals( rhs.minefieldID) )) ivarsEqual = false;
if( ! (requestingEntityID.equals( rhs.requestingEntityID) )) ivarsEqual = false;
if( ! (requestID == rhs.requestID)) ivarsEqual = false;
if( ! (numberOfPerimeterPoints == rhs.numberOfPerimeterPoints)) ivarsEqual = false;
if( ! (pad2 == rhs.pad2)) ivarsEqual = false;
if( ! (numberOfSensorTypes == rhs.numberOfSensorTypes)) ivarsEqual = false;
if( ! (dataFilter == rhs.dataFilter)) ivarsEqual = false;
if( ! (requestedMineType.equals( rhs.requestedMineType) )) ivarsEqual = false;
for(int idx = 0; idx < requestedPerimeterPoints.size(); idx++)
{
Point x = (Point)requestedPerimeterPoints.get(idx);
if( ! ( requestedPerimeterPoints.get(idx).equals(rhs.requestedPerimeterPoints.get(idx)))) ivarsEqual = false;
}
for(int idx = 0; idx < sensorTypes.size(); idx++)
{
TwoByteChunk x = (TwoByteChunk)sensorTypes.get(idx);
if( ! ( sensorTypes.get(idx).equals(rhs.sensorTypes.get(idx)))) ivarsEqual = false;
}
return ivarsEqual;
}
} // end of class
|
github_open_source_100_8_19992 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
#ifndef JLANG_ASM_IDENTINFO_H
#define JLANG_ASM_IDENTINFO_H
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1020)
#pragma once
#endif
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string>
#include <utility> // For std::swap()
#include "jlang/basic/stddef.h"
#include "jlang/asm/Token.h"
#include "jlang/asm/Keyword.h"
#include "jlang/stream/StreamMarker.h"
namespace jlang {
namespace jasm {
///////////////////////////////////////////////////
// class IdentInfo
///////////////////////////////////////////////////
class IdentInfo {
protected:
std::string name_;
Token::Type token_;
intptr_t start_;
intptr_t length_;
public:
IdentInfo() : token_(Token::Unknown), start_(0), length_(0) {
}
IdentInfo(const std::string & name, intptr_t start)
: name_(name), token_(Token::Unknown), start_(0), length_(name.size()) {
}
IdentInfo(const IdentInfo & src) {
this->copy(src);
}
IdentInfo(IdentInfo && src) {
this->swap(src);
}
~IdentInfo() {
}
IdentInfo & operator = (const IdentInfo & rhs) {
this->copy(rhs);
return *this;
}
IdentInfo & operator = (IdentInfo && rhs) {
this->swap(rhs);
return *this;
}
std::string & name() { return this->name_; }
const std::string & name() const { return this->name_; }
void setName(const std::string & name) {
this->name_ = name;
}
Token::Type token() const { return this->token_; }
void setToken(Token::Type type) {
this->token_ = type;
}
void setToken(Token token) {
this->token_ = token.type();
}
intptr_t start() const { return this->start_; }
intptr_t length() const { return this->length_; }
void setStart(intptr_t start) {
this->start_ = start;
}
void setLength(intptr_t length) {
this->length_ = length;
}
void setPosition(intptr_t start, intptr_t length) {
this->start_ = start;
this->length_ = length;
}
void copy(const IdentInfo & src) {
this->name_ = src.name_;
this->start_ = src.start_;
this->length_ = src.length_;
}
void swap(IdentInfo & src) {
this->name_.swap(src.name_);
std::swap(this->start_, src.start_);
std::swap(this->length_, src.length_);
}
bool isKeywordExists() const {
KeywordMapping & keyMapping = Global::getKeywordMapping();
assert(keyMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = keyMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != keyMapping.end())) {
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
Keyword & getKeyword() {
KeywordMapping & keyMapping = Global::getKeywordMapping();
assert(keyMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = keyMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != keyMapping.end())) {
Keyword & keyword = iter->second;
return keyword;
}
else {
return Keyword::NotFoundKeyword;
}
}
const Keyword & getKeyword() const {
KeywordMapping & keyMapping = Global::getKeywordMapping();
assert(keyMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = keyMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != keyMapping.end())) {
const Keyword & keyword = iter->second;
return keyword;
}
else {
return Keyword::NotFoundKeyword;
}
}
Keyword * getKeywordPtr() const {
KeywordMapping & keyMapping = Global::getKeywordMapping();
assert(keyMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = keyMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != keyMapping.end())) {
Keyword * keyword = &(iter->second);
return keyword;
}
else {
return nullptr;
}
}
bool isSectionExists() const {
KeywordMapping & sectionMapping = Global::getSectionMapping();
assert(sectionMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = sectionMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != sectionMapping.end())) {
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
Keyword & getSection() {
KeywordMapping & keyMapping = Global::getSectionMapping();
assert(keyMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = keyMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != keyMapping.end())) {
Keyword & keyword = iter->second;
return keyword;
}
else {
return Keyword::NotFoundKeyword;
}
}
const Keyword & getSection() const {
KeywordMapping & keyMapping = Global::getSectionMapping();
assert(keyMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = keyMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != keyMapping.end())) {
const Keyword & keyword = iter->second;
return keyword;
}
else {
return Keyword::NotFoundKeyword;
}
}
Keyword * getSectionPtr() const {
KeywordMapping & sectionMapping = Global::getSectionMapping();
assert(sectionMapping.inited());
KeywordMapping::iterator iter = sectionMapping.find(this->name_);
if (likely(iter != sectionMapping.end())) {
Keyword * keyword = &(iter->second);
return keyword;
}
else {
return nullptr;
}
}
void makeIdent(const StreamMarker & marker) {
if (likely(marker.is_marked())) {
intptr_t length = StringUtils::sub_str(this->name_, marker.start_ptr(), marker.end_ptr());
}
else {
this->name_.clear();
}
this->setPosition(marker.start(), marker.length());
}
void appendIdent(const StreamMarker & marker) {
if (likely(marker.is_marked())) {
intptr_t length = StringUtils::append(this->name_, marker.start_ptr(), marker.end_ptr());
}
else {
this->name_.clear();
}
this->setPosition(marker.start(), marker.length());
}
bool merge(const IdentInfo & src) {
if (likely(src.start() >= (this->start() + this->length()))) {
this->name_ += " ";
this->name_ += src.name();
this->length_ = (src.start() - this->start()) + src.length();
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
};
} // namespace jasm
} // namespace jlang
#endif // JLANG_ASM_IDENTINFO_H
|
github_open_source_100_8_19993 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Primitives;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.Internal.Collections;
namespace System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting
{
public class AggregateExportProvider : ExportProvider, IDisposable
{
private readonly ReadOnlyCollection<ExportProvider> _readOnlyProviders;
private readonly ExportProvider[] _providers;
private volatile int _isDisposed;
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providers">The prioritized list of export providers.</param>
/// <exception cref="ArgumentException">
/// <paramref name="providers"/> contains an element that is <see langword="null"/>.
/// </exception>
/// <remarks>
/// <para>
/// The <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> will consult the providers in the order they have been specified when
/// executing <see cref="ExportProvider.GetExports(ImportDefinition,AtomicComposition)"/>.
/// </para>
/// <para>
/// The <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> does not take ownership of the specified providers.
/// That is, it will not try to dispose of any of them when it gets disposed.
/// </para>
/// </remarks>
public AggregateExportProvider(params ExportProvider[]? providers)
{
// NOTE : we optimize for the array case here, because the collection of providers is typically tiny
// Arrays are much more compact to store and much faster to create and enumerate
ExportProvider[]? copiedProviders = null;
if (providers != null)
{
copiedProviders = new ExportProvider[providers.Length];
for (int i = 0; i < providers.Length; i++)
{
ExportProvider provider = providers[i];
if (provider == null)
{
throw ExceptionBuilder.CreateContainsNullElement(nameof(providers));
}
copiedProviders[i] = provider;
provider.ExportsChanged += OnExportChangedInternal;
provider.ExportsChanging += OnExportChangingInternal;
}
}
else
{
copiedProviders = Array.Empty<ExportProvider>();
}
_providers = copiedProviders;
_readOnlyProviders = Array.AsReadOnly(_providers);
}
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providers">The prioritized list of export providers. The providers are consulted in order in which they are supplied.</param>
/// <remarks>
/// <para>
/// The <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> will consult the providers in the order they have been specified when
/// executing <see cref="ExportProvider.GetExports(ImportDefinition,AtomicComposition)"/>.
/// </para>
/// <para>
/// The <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> does not take ownership of the specified providers.
/// That is, it will not try to dispose of any of them when it gets disposed.
/// </para>
/// </remarks>
public AggregateExportProvider(IEnumerable<ExportProvider>? providers)
: this(providers?.AsArray())
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Performs application-defined tasks associated with freeing, releasing, or resetting unmanaged resources.
/// </summary>
public void Dispose()
{
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
/// <summary>
/// Releases unmanaged and - optionally - managed resources
/// </summary>
/// <param name="disposing"><c>true</c> to release both managed and unmanaged resources; <c>false</c> to release only unmanaged resources.</param>
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _isDisposed, 1, 0) == 0)
{
foreach (ExportProvider provider in _providers)
{
provider.ExportsChanged -= OnExportChangedInternal;
provider.ExportsChanging -= OnExportChangingInternal;
}
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the export providers which the aggregate export provider aggregates.
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// A <see cref="ReadOnlyCollection{T}"/> of <see cref="ExportProvider"/> objects
/// which the <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> aggregates.
/// </value>
/// <exception cref="ObjectDisposedException">
/// The <see cref="AggregateExportProvider"/> has been disposed of.
/// </exception>
public ReadOnlyCollection<ExportProvider> Providers
{
get
{
ThrowIfDisposed();
Debug.Assert(_readOnlyProviders != null);
return _readOnlyProviders;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns all exports that match the conditions of the specified import.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="definition">The <see cref="ImportDefinition"/> that defines the conditions of the
/// <see cref="Export"/> to get.</param>
/// <param name="atomicComposition">The transactional container for the composition.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
/// <result>
/// An <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/> of <see cref="Export"/> objects that match
/// the conditions defined by <see cref="ImportDefinition"/>, if found; otherwise, an
/// empty <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/>.
/// </result>
/// <remarks>
/// <note type="inheritinfo">
/// The implementers should not treat the cardinality-related mismatches as errors, and are not
/// expected to throw exceptions in those cases.
/// For instance, if the import requests exactly one export and the provider has no matching exports or more than one,
/// it should return an empty <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/> of <see cref="Export"/>.
/// </note>
/// </remarks>
protected override IEnumerable<Export> GetExportsCore(ImportDefinition definition, AtomicComposition? atomicComposition)
{
ThrowIfDisposed();
if (definition.Cardinality == ImportCardinality.ZeroOrMore)
{
var exports = new List<Export>();
foreach (var provider in _providers)
{
foreach (var export in provider.GetExports(definition, atomicComposition))
{
exports.Add(export);
}
}
return exports;
}
else
{
IEnumerable<Export>? allExports = null;
// if asked for "one or less", the prioriry is at play - the first provider that agrees to return the value
// which best complies with the request, wins.
foreach (ExportProvider provider in _providers)
{
bool cardinalityCheckResult = provider.TryGetExports(definition, atomicComposition, out IEnumerable<Export>? exports);
Debug.Assert(exports != null);
bool anyExports = exports.Any();
if (cardinalityCheckResult && anyExports)
{
// NOTE : if the provider returned nothing, we need to proceed, even if it indicated that the
// cardinality is correct - when asked for "one or less", the provider might - correctly -
// return an empty sequence, but we shouldn't be satisfied with that as providers down the list
// might have a value we are interested in.
return exports;
}
else
{
// This is a sneaky thing that we do - if in the end no provider returns the exports with the right cardinality
// we simply return the aggregation of all exports they have returned. This way the end result is still not what we want
// but no information is lost.
if (anyExports)
{
allExports = (allExports != null) ? allExports.Concat(exports) : exports;
}
}
}
return allExports!;
}
}
private void OnExportChangedInternal(object? sender, ExportsChangeEventArgs e)
{
OnExportsChanged(e);
}
private void OnExportChangingInternal(object? sender, ExportsChangeEventArgs e)
{
OnExportsChanging(e);
}
[DebuggerStepThrough]
private void ThrowIfDisposed()
{
if (_isDisposed == 1)
{
throw ExceptionBuilder.CreateObjectDisposed(this);
}
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19994 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | var pluginManager = require('../pluginManager.js'),
db = pluginManager.dbConnection("countly");
console.log("Installing alerts plugin");
console.log("Adding alerts patch");
db.collection('alerts').update({"period": "every 10 seconds"},
{$set: {"period": "every 59 mins starting on the 59 min"} },
{upsert: false, multi: true},
function() {
console.log("Alerts plugin installation finished");
db.close();
}); |
github_open_source_100_8_19995 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | """
A Styles is a collection of PropertySets that can be applied to a particular RTF element.
At present there are only two, Text and Paragraph but ListStyles will be added soon too.
"""
from .PropertySets import *
class TextStyle:
def __init__(self, textProps, name=None, shading_props=None):
self.textProps = textProps
self.name = name
self.SetShadingPropertySet(shading_props)
def Copy(self):
return deepcopy(self)
def SetShadingPropertySet(self, value):
assert value is None or isinstance(value, ShadingPropertySet)
self.ShadingPropertySet = value or ShadingPropertySet()
return self
class ParagraphStyle:
def __init__(self, name, text_style, paragraph_props=None, frame_props=None, shading_props=None):
# A style must have Font and a Font Size but the Text property set doesn't
# make these mandatory so that they can be used for overrides so at this point
# we need to make sure that that we have these values set
if not text_style.textProps.font:
raise Exception('Paragraph Styles must have a Font specified.')
if not text_style.textProps.size:
raise Exception('Paragraph Styles must have a Font Size specified.')
self.name = name
self.SetTextStyle(text_style)
self.SetParagraphPropertySet(paragraph_props)
self.SetFramePropertySet(frame_props)
self.SetShadingPropertySet(shading_props)
self.SetBasedOn(None)
self.SetNext(None)
def Copy(self):
return deepcopy(self)
def SetTextStyle(self, value):
assert isinstance(value, TextStyle)
self.TextStyle = value
return self
def SetParagraphPropertySet(self, value):
assert value is None or isinstance(value, ParagraphPropertySet)
self.ParagraphPropertySet = value or ParagraphPropertySet()
return self
def SetFramePropertySet(self, value):
assert value is None or isinstance(value, FramePropertySet)
self.FramePropertySet = value or FramePropertySet()
return self
def SetShadingPropertySet(self, value):
"""Set the background shading for the paragraph."""
assert value is None or isinstance(value, ShadingPropertySet)
self.ShadingPropertySet = value or ShadingPropertySet()
return self
def SetBasedOn(self, value):
"""Set the Paragraph Style that this one is based on."""
assert not value or isinstance(value, ParagraphStyle)
self.BasedOn = value
return self
def SetNext(self, value):
"""Set the Paragraph Style that should follow this one."""
assert not value or isinstance(value, ParagraphStyle)
self.Next = value
return self
|
cu31924013980267_23 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | 1,197 25 1,644 5,"288" i,"68i" 1,192 332 16,538 2,447 1,636 3,704 $9,236 6,666 2,390 670 2,090 1,083 $1,628 2,832 914 1,224 409 434 641 60 352 3,963 2,328 584 1,010 534 2,200 507 226 271 25 564 966" 573" 264 332 6,870 612 1,362 1,683 "$i,"668" $1,500 692 $7,736 4,371 2,390 66 2,090 1,083 $1,628 1,521 842' 46 409 434 281 - $202 $5 72 Akron, Ohio Brockton, Mass Saginaw, Mich Lincoln, Nebr i Lancaster, Pa Covington, Ky Spokane, Wash Birmingham, Ala 16,262 1,551 822 5,499 3,269 1,699 '"""i,'853' 926 "'"i6,"252" 1,661 822 3,721 2,449 1,699 """"i,"863" 926 "'""i,"463" 2,080 444 912 99 1,227 . 307 885 271 ( South Bend, Ind Binghamton, N. Y Augusta, Ga 1,778 50O 1 198' i Bayonne, N. J Mobile, Ala Johnstown, Pa '"'"659" McKeesport, Pa Dubuque, Iowa tiutte, Mont Springaeld, Ohio Sioux City, Iowa Bay City, Mich """i,"686" ■■■■4,"322" "'"i,"i68" 928 966" "'""i,"686" """"3," 236" "'""iiios" 928- U 966" 392' 189 """$187" ::::::::: ... Davenport, Iowa Montgomery, Ala East St. Louis, 111 Little Rock, Ark 10,668 1,835 273 2,121 3,600 24 6,397 1,835 273 1,521 5,431 432 293 583 67i" :::::.: 1 Payments in error subsequently corrected by refund receipts. 3 Given in Table 7 as net or corporate interest payments paid or payable from general revenues and from special assessments GENERAL TABLES. 191 ASSOCIATED TEMPORARY PAYMENTS,' 1905; COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, 1902 TO 1905— Continued, and the number assigned to each, see page 94.] GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1905— Continued. CLASSIFIED BY DEPARTMENTS, OFFICES, AND ACCOUNTS— continued. VII.— Recreation— Continued. VIII.— In- terest.2 IX.— Miscellaneous. Parks, gardens. 3tG.— Continued. Baths, bathing beaches, etc. Celebrations, enter- tainments, and miscellaneous. Total. Salaries and wages. Damage settle- ments and Cur- rent judg- merts. All other. 400 934 1,360 320 4,281 672 $124,197 76, 467 85,106 62,636 105,514 63,120 62,736 122, 145 69,296 60,921 69,593 111,582 158,246 107,544 78,019 55,997 164,222 49,601 24,490 81,882 120,644 95,961 124,280 30,224 146,346 12,846 24, 535 71, 160 197,961 192,637 137,303 37,437 133,506 99,790 130,743 23,902 40,933 $7,549 4,585 8,900 11,988 17,937 18,999 6,861 13, 549 3,266 876 9,149 826 19,614 4,233 11,878 9,181 9,212 28,516 610 1,327 5,625 2,732 2,870. 8,593 7,570 4,735 10,052 7,683 6,546 12,309 ' 9,976 5,699 2,803 2,429 46,330 1,974 961 $7,549 3,968 8,900 9,454 8,652 14,642 3,467 «,966 51 $41 $14 $390 900 $19 336 $627 52 63 1,015 8,587 59 1,768 2,634 9,285 4,257 3,394 6,683 3,015 54 t318 $118 607 771 1,232 451 109 $133 65 1,320 416 486 679 $100 56 $675 57 238 675 5,801 58 390 2,849 $341 2,982 260 59 876 361 60 1,061 419 3 10 8,788 826 16,154 i^ 5,013 1,535 62 4,460 4,233 11,444 6,526 8,026 28,199 384 861 63 1,233 .228 64 480 216 1,161 846 120 617 1,635 434 2,655 1,186 316 226 466 5,625 2,237 65 173 66 « 67 5 43 15 408 116 200 981 68 45 69 70 1,870 2,102 675 647 71 1,300 342 495 2,870 5,196' 291 4,235 3,471 6,822 5,321 1,462 8,426 5,699 2,045 1,643 3,633 1,506 72 , 73 778 864 346 500 772 3,398 7,279 74 75 i 600 76 ! .\ r 6,581 861 1,226 10,757 1,550 77 .: 1 1 78. 1 79 158 493 1,749 ' j 90 80 1 600 113 81 1 1 1 ■ 82 351 1 1,432 363 1,013 ; 789 1,917 758 786 42,797 468 961 83 84 1 990 374 85 1 ! 86 1 87 1 1 j GROUP ] v.— CITI ES HAVING A PO PUL\TION OF 30, DOO TO 50,00 IN 1905. $33,993 74,970 54,443 56,727 57,014 64.525 22,308 13,639 34,070 156,882 170,039 123,265 34,721' 26,971 14,053 91,341 171,665 17,149 44,002 46,929 37,471 24,702 21,323 86,794 46,997 27, 107 19,526 85,982 77,037 $5,804 10,465 2,982 27, 103 12,556 2,097 10,531 5,338 24,677 15,474 3,463 17,180 9,621 4,290 1,949 12,846 2,994 5,446 5,662 6,540 15,573 225 2,266 27,576 15,077 601 11,199 1,394 6,802 $3,356 8,888 608 893 25 1,705 7,684 678 22,698 14,697 2,554 12,204 7,230 250 424 $2,448 1,567 2,474 3 22,819 11,991 392 2,847 4,660 1,979 777 899 4,976 2,391 4,040 1,525 12,846 1,563 3,741 4,912 2,823 14,158 88 8574 iies $1, 675 $1,029 $547 $325 89 90 $594 487 86 $17 499 $3,391 640 91 92 93 1 260 60 352 2,500 248 40O 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 310 ■ 85 350 101 973 102 200 103 1,431 1,605 104 100 750 105 26 550 106 2,717 1,415 225 1,250 27,093 8,372 300 4.661 375 2,319 107 108 lOS 1,016 483 6,301 301 6,538 1,019 4,483 110 181 75 332 111 404 112 113 415 114 180 1,069 115 I 1 116 192 STATISTICS OF CITIES. Table 5.— PAYMENTS FOR GENERAL EXPENSES AND SPECIAL SERVICE EXPENSES, WITH [For a list ol the cities in each state arranged alphalJOtioallj GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 30,000 IN 1905— Continued. CITY. CLASSIFIED BY DEPARTMENTS, OFFICES, AND ACCOUNTS— Continued. VII.— Recreation. Aggregate. Parks, gardens, etc. City num- ber. General admin- istration. General park expenses. Parkways and bridges. „ , , . 1 Zoological col- Park police, lections. Total. Salaries and waees. All other. Salaries and wages. All other. Salaries and wages. Ali other. Salaries and wages. All other. Salaries and wages. All other. Salaries and wages. All other. Miscel- laneous. Service trans- fers. 17,473 2,686 26,837 17,330 2,620 3,060 12,538 6,609 19, 141 333 2,617 11,162 25,819 6,765 7,757 $6,467 330 22,304 8,993 2,030 1,997 8,837 6,977 14,340 $1,006 2,356 4,533 8,205 590 1,063 3,080 632 4,801 333 1,018 5,592 17,374 4,976 3,532 $5,867 330 14,332 6,066 1,282 1,997 6,497 3,922 4,029 $699 316 3,674 7,075 130 593 2,300 429 1.307 $600 119 Y^S^^i-a $240 494 $1,800 120 121 ""ii32' $2,337 5,635 122 748 $320 123 124 621 1,150 1,000 76 $322 460 106 87 125 100 127 Atlantic City, N. J Chester Pa. 128 1,599 4,899 8,445 1,789 4,225 940 1,040 8,341 1,789 4,226 902 4,035 15,786 342 2,967 659 419 $41 129 671 130 131 132 Elmira N Y 133 134 Jacksonville, Fla South Omaha, Nebr Rockford 111 18,251 703 5,673 7,706^ 75 1,028 3,203 3,515 566 li569 3,068 7,443 2,688 5,077 2,241 14,990 4,002 24,923 1,756 2,314 14,856 485 4,831 3,489 75 720 716 1,866 181 293 180 5,437 1,937 4,681 1,349 8,784 1,672 15,146 1,183 1,735 3,395 218 842 4,217 1,200 is, 656 485 702 2,113 ' 3,396 218 60 136 137 1 4.12B 782 138 Chattanooga, Tenn i 2,098 i 656 $720 1,291 139 1 75 140 308 1,598 1,649 385 1,276 401 2,006 751 396 892 , 6,987 2,330 9,659 573 579 720 598 1,866 264' 130 4,597 308 1,833 Fitchburg, Mass 889 1 142 1,649 48 776 2,487 20(16 143 Auburn N Y 126 140 144 Racine, Wis 1 29 Woonsocket, R.I Joliet 111 2,487 ■"■'219' 11 1 146 840 600 1,800 107 1,600 1 147 Kalamazoo, Mich Wichita. Kans 1,337 686 1 148 1,080 20 149 46 .520 1 175 150 7,184 3,680 151 Oshlcosh, Wis 1,672 1 1,809 26 152 Pueblo, Colo 118 10,699 9,401 1,019 673 1, 156 287 153 New Britain, Conn ' 154 i Comparative summary for I48 cities, grouped Grand total: 3 1905 1904 1903 1902 « Group I: 1906 1904 1903 1902« Group II: 1905 1904 1903 1902« Group III: 1906 1904 1903 1902« Group IV: ^ 1905 1904 1903 1902«-'..; « 620, 666 336,313 310,610 223, 135 « 206, 008 1,365,326 823,367 880,293 '1,969,037 235,082 219,331 264,050 '278,069 206, 467 221,788 155,035 ' 202, 924 80,694 72,614 43,992 '72,206 (<) (') 0) (') (.<) m (') t^ (<) (') 458,696 394,269 380,383 (') 74, 837 63, 692 52,675 (') 26,743 18,389 18, 393 (') 8,396 7,829 4,551 (') $4, 636 9,808 11,019 (') 3,789 9,436 10,767 (') 243 18 C) 562 336 184 (') 41 37 60 (') (') (') (') C) ' Payments in error subsequently corrected by refund receipts. 2 Given in Table 7 as net or corporate interest payments paid or payable from general revenues and from special assessments • Not including Bay City, Mich.; Macon, Ga.; Kalamazoo, Mich.; Wichita, Kans.; Pueblo, Colo.; or New Britain, Conn. < Expenses forparkways and bridges, zoological collections, playgrounds, and trep,« in streets included under " miscellaneous" expenses for parks gardens etc GENERAL TABLES. 193 ASSOCIATED TEMPORARY PAYMENTS,' 1905; COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, 1902 TO 1905— Continued, and the uun^jer assigned to eaoli, see page 94,] GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1905— Continued. CLASSIFIED BY DEPARTMENTS, OFFICES, AND ACCOUNTS— Continued. VII. —Recreation — Continued. VIII.— In- terest.2 IX.— Miscellaneous. Parlts, gardens, etc. — Continued. Baths, bathing beaches, etc. Celebrations, enter- tainments, and miscellaneous. Total. Salaries and wages. Damage settle- ments and cur- rent judg- ments. All other. Playgrounds. 77,951 22,590 47,484 37,983 56,374 157,155 31,737 42,856 73,161 18,961 41, 176 51, 444 22,540 51,273 8,430 70,572 43,351 43,970 10,749 25,340 63,501 23, 160 20,608 55,966 42,284 1,531 19,844 91,517 27,873 10,018 $1,401 74 4,327 11,124 3,944 2,196 1,531 2,934 55 3,533 13,347 5,912 3,073 34,042 3,399 66,910 32,081 100 9,218 950 7,413 1,113 1,221 4,744 4,260 702 7,365 92,954 3,211 5,083 1,837 4,804 9,376 4,115 10,574 9,454 6,871 $262 $1,139 74 4,293 4,746 1,283 1,676 1,183 2,018 118 119 $365 427 34 6,378 2,661 120 $100 $15 $3,821 380 140 $440 121 122 $270 394 200 825 $520 123 $1,868 348 916 55 124 605 116 125 ioo 10,144 1,656 $67 1,7.38 333 75 1,279 1,588 126 3,533 2,454 883 1,766 26, 377 2,529 228 2,132 127 10,893 5,029 1.307 5,165 870 66,682 24,683 100 5,311 950 6,846 409 128 613 471 2,827 478 129 $104 130 4,634 1 : " 2,500 131 20 545 132 i 133 5,266 134 1 135 3,907 136 137 499 329 567 704 1,221 4,417 1,025 75 7,095 2,801 3,091 2,708 .1,787 4,119 9,331 4,115 9,067 2,323 3,846 138 i 139 140 118 664 327 3,235 627 120 90,153 120 2,375 50 685 45 141 142 55 1 197 500 275 143 1 150 144 50 115 145 146 65 147 1,801 396 148 443- 38 259 633 2,526 495 258 149 150 151 4,547 164 118 ... . ^ 1,507 7,131 3,025 152 153 i :: 579 212 80 154 1 ! according to population in 1905: 1902 to 1905. (<) w C) w w (<) (') (') (<) (<) 8 (<1 (') (<) (<) (') (') (') {') w w i$l .084,627 <1,845,484 n,364,091 (') 0) (') 0) (') (<) 0) (') (') 0) (') w C) [:] (') (') < $692, 356 1769,656 * 618, 745 (') '844,402 1,705,471 <1,202,802 (') U51,315 < 92,257 * 86, 228 (') 160,905 < 37,396 1 49, 450 (') 128,005 1 10, 360 1 25, 611 (') 1523,649 1 683, 346 1 560,142 (') 1101,377 144,880 132,076 (') 148,202 1 31,088 114,642 (') 1 19, 128 110,342 111,885 (') $401,919 305,649 264,057 243,107 363,787 261,928 229,415 212, 458 25, 557 24,986 16,238 17,403 20,294 16,612 16,926 12,916 2,281 2,123 1,478 330 $208, 192 148, 658 126,296 83, 643 171,628 108, 544 96,675 51,028 20, 644 21,924 14,519 17,473 14,636 15, 571 13,058 13,327 1,284 2,519 1,044 1,815 $36,843 34,840 70, 320 30,776 35,221 31,706 61,744 27,966 297 1,603 1,620 2,405 1,258 1,489 5,779 359 67 43 1,177 46 247,004 269,435 193,549 193,521 84,747 ■ 88,271 56,599 45,408 55,650 51 , 353 53, 6''5 61, 178 20,595 49,039 16,969 16, 327 20,850,174 19,375,949 16,914,120 16, 503, 589 5,308,016 5,042,731 5,074,411 5,085,166 4,9''7,293 4,8''8,088 4, 64'', 062 4,523,015 3,091,599 2,774,333 2,098,245 2,178,816 n,817,416 = 1,670,922 '2,902,021 610,668,332 '387,385 6 432,860 5 446, 570 6 799, 433 s 229, 764 s 488,956 6 680, 102 61,050,302 5 236, 743 6 352,813 5 621,641 6 693, 130 14—07 13 -' Exnenses (or salaries and wages included under " all other" miscellaneous expenses. « Service transfers not included in the classification by departments, offices, and accounts. ' All expenses lor parks, gardens, etc., included under "general park expenses. 194 STATISTICS OF CITIES. City num- ber. Table 6.— PAYMENTS FOR INVESTMENT EXPENSES AND- FOR INDUSTRIAL EXPENSES, [For a list of the cities in eacli state arranged aipbiabeticaUy Orand total Group I Group II Group III Group IV PAYMENTS FOE INVESTMENT EXPENSES. Total pay- ments lor in- vestment expenses. $591,362 526,836 47, 123 8,289 9,104 For sala- ries and wages. $169,308 126,905 33,906 5,169 3,338 For ail otlier objects. > $422, 044 « 399. 931 13:217 3,130 •5,766 PAYMENTS FOB INDUSTKIAL EXPENSES. Total pay- ments for industrial expenses. $41,976,022 26,940,503 8,401,486 5,000;731 3,633,302 Classified by payee. Payments to public. Total. $41,898,112 Classified by char- acter. Corporate. \^^T $41,817,085 Classified by object. Salaries and wages. $13, 149, 538 Interest.' $17,796,826 12, 112, 454 2,811,392 1.693,245 1,179,735 MisceiianjB- ous objects. $10,951,748 Payments to depart- ments, offi- ces, in- dustries, and funds (service transfers). $77,910 52,261 6.155 13; 825 5,669 GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300.000 OR OVER IN 1906. 1 NewYork, N. Y $3,385 12,265 484,099 3,261 4,026 $1,211 1,800 106,769 $2,174 10,466 '377.340 3,261 s 1,376 $12,829,542 2,210,780 2,893,474 1,287,865 2,939,656 1,014,808 642,879 721,564 $12,827,064 2,182,766 2,893,474 1,287,794 2,932,684 1,010,537 637,054 719,766 $12,826,639 2,182,766 2,892,423 1,287,794 2,916,520 1,010,486 637,064 719,756 $426 $2,836,590 1,204,266 933,794 059,603 702,602 366,164 285,021 268,602 $7,754,683 166,350 879,643 237,066 1,715,407 452,992 175,060 154.675 $2,235,791 812,160 1,080,037 391, 125 514,675 191,381 176,973 296,479 $2,478 28,014 2 Cliicago, III 3 Philadelphia, Pa 1,061 4 St. Louis, Mo 71 6,972 4,271 5,825 1,808 5 Boston, Mass 2,650 16, 164 51 6 Baltimore, Md 7 Cleveland, Oliio. 6,722 4,257 1,465 8 Buffalo, N. Y » San Francisco, Cal 600 600 9,769 200 48 461 2,600 600 10 Pittsburg, Pa. 600 7,228 660,650 900,930 489,905 211,915 21,004 225.531 550,650 899,236 489,905 211,543 21,004 224,775 550,650 898,836 489,905 211,543 21,004 224,775 185,752 405,564 202,604 142,800 14,780 161,088 239,395 244,937 73,435 17,619 1,192 125,503 248,735 213,866 61,124 5,032 , 63,687 1,694 11 Cincinnati, Ohio 2,541 200 48 461 400 12 Detroit, Mich 13 372 14 New Orleans, La IS Washington, D. C 2,500 • 756 GROUP II.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1906. Newark, N.J Minneapolis, Minn. Jersey City, N. J... Louisville, Ky Indianapolis, Ind .. Providence, R. I. . - St. Paul, Minn Rochester, N. Y... Kansas City, Mo. .. Toledo, Ohio Denver, Colo Allegheny, Pa Columbus, Ohio.. Worcester, Mass. Los Angeles, Cal. Memphis, Tenn Omaha, Nebr New Haven, Conn. Syracuse, N. Y Scranton, Pa St. Joseph, Mo . .. Paterson, N.J... Fall River, Mass. Portland, Oreg. . , Atlanta. Ga Seattle, Wash Dayton, Ohio Albany, N.Y Grand Rapids, Mich. Cambridge, Mass Lowell, Mass Hartford, Conn. Reading, Pa Richmond, Va.. Nashville, Tenn. $2,946 1,883 30, 165 265 173 1,253 "i,"366 46 325 4,621 527 40 2,709 260 $2,400 1,883 26,600 326 2,200 $646 4,566 97 173 1,253 "i'366 2,421 428 627 40 $752, 445 240,960 971, 763 343,059 24,924 323, 457 185, 939 441,046 449,019 172,867 29,093 410, 149 249, 732 253, 077 241,920 302,394 1,446 . 628 • 254,907 764 4,643 906 164,951 398, 340 193, 168 $750, 487 240,960 971, 763 343,069 24,924 322,993 185, 894 440, 713 449,019 172,044 410, 149 249,732 250,667 241,920 302,394 1,446 628 254,907 764 4,543 906 154,'951 398,340 193, 168 $760,427 240,848 971,753 343,041 24,924 322, 993 185, 889 440, 713 448, 668 171,944 29,080 410, 149 249,416 250, 557 241,920 302, 394 1,446 628 254,907 764 4,543 906 154,951 398, 340 193, 168 $60 112 18 351 100 317 $208,750 89, 913 116, 527 110, 329 11,079 57,589 59,439 120,993 184, 174 78,681 14,336 184, 524 86,719 63, 493 111,642 77,709 1,300 600 70,071 1,380 840 46,202 66,038 51,964 $440,899 77,000 292,565 101,814 772 205,375 109,245 247, 194 166,894 67, 430 6,770 99,098 111,657 159,054 93,712 123, 600 140,388 3,000 86,718 229,985 48,322 $100,838 74,047 562, 661 130,916 13,073 60,029 17,210 72, 526 97,9.51 26,033 7,974 126,527. 61,356 28,010 36,666 101, 185 146 28 44,448 764 163 66 21,971 102,317 GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 60,000 TO 100,000 IN 1906. $1,880 300 600 $1,480 300 600 $400 '"'46' $284,696 103,020 184,690 130,347' 255,257 175,416 140,609 70,988 319,392 155,365 $284,596 103,020 184, 690 129, 440 253,860 174,001 140,609 70,979 318,747 165,365 284,596 102,968 184,686 129,440 $62 4 : 263,860 ■ i 114,502 140,609 59,499 70,979 3' 8, 726 155,365 2^- $1,! 464 45 13 2,520 $99,828 $134,660 35,033 53,605 48,959 134,421 54,197 27,040 16,575 74,171 73,520 $50,208 26,287 46,968 37,378 61,522 37,677 18,301 22,463 117,886 51,815 41,700 84,117 43,103 67,917 82,127 96,268 $907 1,397 1,415 31,941 126,690 30,030 9 645 J Payments in error made by industries and subsequently corrected by refund receipts. 3 Connected with penal institutions, except in the case of St. Louis. » Given in Table 7 as net or corporate interest payments paid or payable from industrial income. Not included in expenses of specified industries on opposite page. ^ Exclusive of expenses for interest. 6 Includes service transfers to the amount of $162,792, reported in footnotes for certain cities. The payments to public "for all other objects" therefore gate $259,2^. GENERAL TABLES. 195 WITH ASSOCIATED TEMPORARY PAYMENTS,' 1905; COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, 1902 TO 1905. and the nuifiber assigned to each, see page 94 .] PAYMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL EXPENSES— Continued. Classified bj' industries. waterworks. ; B^'eetrtciight Gas works. Markets and public scales. Docks, wharves, and landings. Cemeteries and crematories. Institutional industries. s All other indus- tries. City num- ber. Salaries and wages. ,,, ; Salaries °*^--' wISes wages. All other.< Salaries and wages. All other.' Salaries and wages. AU other.' Salaries and wages. All other.' Salaries and wages. All other.* Salaries and wages. All other.' Salaries and wages. All other.' $10,311,206 $8,484,496 $372,585 $443,614 $172,218 $328,234 $237,409 $139,279 $616,782 $660,725 $490,732 $145,304 $26,391 $293,975 $1,024,215 $534,032 . 6,535,524 1,699,449 1,328,330 847,903 4,804,240 1,609,978 1,157,871 912,406 223,698 239,723 116,251 52,798 42,963 26,397 71,627 46,136 12,410 9,106 469,252 29,700 12,239 4,591 636,982 12,297 8,820 2,626 100,722 85,465 199,663 104,882 21,981 26,131 67,196 30,997 24,166 288,612 900,627 46,840 49,986 26,763 395,754 82,264 38,427 17,587 36 182,046 146,162 62,712 86,175 49,622 164,269 88,605 83,713 1,235 5,463 • GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR OVER IN 1905. $1,741,783 1,050,187 919,257 607,977 442,668 313,347 241,484 250,946 $1,355,964 659,263 1,061,471 316,083 364,217 122,471 140,146 288,489 V $9,450 1,336 $10,671 2,100 376 7,284 7,747 16,620 10,157 4,186 $392,097 $562,977 $74,193 3,189 $693,260 $244,464 3,958 17,660 15,600 87,467 4,396 1 $i52,743 $i7i,6S4 2 5,170 8,700 9,662 8,264 12,973 13,248 2,867 31,784 10,530 19,999 6,500 8,202 174,539 7,829 3 1 « $2,940 6,386 8 32,230 48,034 4 $69,558 $14,192 5 36,734 62,166 e 30,564 7,675 114 24,820 7 4,409 5,499 i 9 168,526 388,583 112,802 141,788 123,249 228,488 39,275 61,488 14,822 13,616 4,016 1,012 8,292 4,800 2,238 4,264 476 8 4,694- 807 2,406 3,365 16 1,294 1 1( • 16,383 11 70,955 1 68,069 14,831 106,046 12 U 600 5,888 338 1^ 156,288 63,636 1 Vi GROUP 11. -CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1905. $195,213 89,094 114,127 96,249 2,220 52,515 56,428 85,415 179,974 66,769 $92,658 73,980 558,147 129,417 3,421 64,791 16,897 66,539 96,962 22,924 $13,442 819 $8,275 67 $95 $1,682 . $281 16 17 2,400 13,560 1,470 1,433 3,044 18 $1,520 $66 19 6,404 8,211 $2,455 1,441 20 5,074 5,702 21 3,011 2,924 4,200 2,071 1,920 5,283 4,500 368 899 999 907 1,469 11,304 10,087 182 22 29,620 7,475 3,034 7,945 23 24 $36 10,741 2,989 25 12,416 6,518 26 176,926 82,219 47,964 111,642 74,709 115,016 41,269 26,499 36,566 96,436 3,315 207 27 28 15,529 3,849 29 30 1,200- 1,300 2,786 146 1,800 1,963 31 32 600 28 33 67,299 ""U,2S1. 2,304 2i7 468 764 34 36 1,380 840 163 66 36 37 31,724 29,423 42,639 i9,728 34,432 90,076 250 7,680 "'eieii' ■" "28;935" ""62i27i' 39 1,200 8,225 2,807 4C GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1905. $83,064 38,522 82,215 27,754 52,082 73,871 91,654. 31,941 31,728 28,710 $36,114 26,235 46,253 32,142 50,762 37,427 16,633 22,472 15,158 51,059 $14,424 $9,993 $2,340 ! $3,352 $749 4 $3,178 1,902 $52 715 4. 4 --• 2,860 800 17 =i= 15,835 7,456 3,614, 2,157 1,648 1,668 4, M 4 41 ■■$79," 737' $99,525 7,183 840 i,9i6 724 ::::;:::;:i::::::::: 8,042 480 1,932 32 4 SI « Including service transfers in certain cities. I Includes $162,316tor service transfers, fi For bakery connected with industrial school. 9 Includes $454 for service transfers. 196 STATISTICS OF CITIES. Table 6.— PAYMENTS FOR INVESTMENT EXPENSES AND FOR INDUSTRIAL EXPENSES, [For a list of the cities in eaoli state arranged alphabetically GEOUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1905— Continued. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 CITY. PAYMENTS FOE INVESTMENT EXPENSES. PAYMENTS FOE INDUSTRIAL EXPENSES. Total pay- ments lor in- vestment expenses. For sala- ries and wages. For all other objects. $83 Total pay- ments for industrial expenses. Classified by payee. City num- ber. Payments to public. 1 Payments t to depart- ments, offi- ces, in- dustries, and funds ; (service ! transfers). i Total. Classified by char- acter. Ciaasifled by object. Corporate. Tempo- rary.! ' Salaries and wages. T + „+ .. ' Misceilane- Interest.- |o„s objects. 51 Trenion, N.J. $383 $300 $86,383 92, 639 139,207 1,410 190,885 160,878 12,802 158,986 107,596 3,699 109,335 116, 842 562 97,923 183,429 10,321 265,474 128 82,910 102,782 155,366 15,295 247 60,781 127.309 82,673 1,792 73,340 126, 457 11,765 3,947 96,629 50, 751 116, 437 256,234 10,318 67,519 $86,383 92,639 139,207 1,410 190,763 100,878 12,802 158,186 107,464 3,699 108,350 116,842 562 97,923 183,429 10,321' 265, 441 128 79,359 102,782 155,366 15,295 247 60,781 124, 230 82,673 1,792 73,340 126, 457 11,765 3,947 96,629 50,751 115, 687 256,234 10,318 67, 519 $86,383 92,639 139,207 1,410 190,763 160,878 12,802 158, 114 107,464 3,699 108,344 116,842 562 $32,348 39,203 48,284 1,200 I 73,939 70,918 10,738 59,337 33, 350 $28,722 $25,313 16,125 37,311 51,590 1 39.333 52 Wilmington, Del 53 Camden^ N. J . .. 54 100 833 342 100 ' 210 .M..5.33 55 Lynn, Mass.. 833 342 77,291 $122 56 Troy, N. Y 64,325 1 25.6.S5 57 Des Moines, Iowa 2,064 24. 429 58 New Bedford, Mass. 25 25 $72 74,420 800 132 69 Springfield, Mass 29,275 i 44! 839 60 Oakland, Cal 1,794 48,685 21,117 360 34,260 15,549 3,303 1,905 27.6.'55 61 6 32,010 985 62 SomerviLle, Mass 60,641 : .35.084 63 Kansas City, Kans 219 219 202 17,983 166,980 7,018 108,578 66 15,603 25,775 41,679 1,004 247 13,535 20,571 40,922 154 26,627 1 32,284 2,193 64 97,903 183,429 10,321 265 441 - .. 20 45,680 900 65 Hoboken, N.J 66 Peoria, lU 26 26 67 Duluth, Minn.... 123,222 33 68 Utica,N.y 501 501 'l28 - - --" '62 69 Manchester, N. H 79,359 102, 782 30,116 53,007 45,687 14,291 33,640 24,000 68,000 3,551 70 E vansviile, Ind 243 80 26 218 80 71 Yonkers,N. Y 155,273 15,295 247 60,781 124,230 82, 673 1,792 73,302 126, 457 11, 705 3,947 96, 629 60,751 114,412 256,234 10,318 ■67,519 93 72 San Antonio, Tex 73 Elizabeth, N. J i,666 200 i,666 200 74 Waterbuiy, Conn 13,285 91,682 21,751 1,638 10,363 43,935 4,122 3,307 23,990 22,781 38, 147 89,804 7,629 39,288 33,961 11,977 20,000 75 Salt Lake City, Utah 3,079' 7fi Erie, Pa 46 46 77 Wilkesbarre, Pa 78 Schenectady, N. Y 38 36,350 50,238 5,450 79 Norfolk, Va 80 Houston, Tex 81 Charleston, S. C 198 198 82 Harrisburg, Pa ■ 34,271 38,368 27,970 71,964 62,430 2,689 18,731 83 Portland, Me 84 Dallas, Tex 1 ■ 1 1,275 5,576 104,000 750 85 Tacoma, Wash 1 i 1 86 Terre Haute, Ind Youngstown, Ohio 25 718 25 89 87 629 9,500 ■ 1 GROUP IV.^CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1'905. Fort Wayne, Ind. Holyoke, Mass Akron, Ohio Brockton, Mass... Saginaw, Micli Lincoln, Nebr. .. Lancaster, Pa ,. Covington, Ky., Altoona, Pa Spokane, Wash. $85. 1 $338 ■| Birmingham, Ala Pawtucket, R. I, South Bend, Ind Binghamton, N. Y Augusta, Ga Bayonue, N. Mobile, Ala Johnstown, Pa McKeesport, Pa Dubuque, Iowa Butte, Mont Soringfield, Ohio Wheeling, W.Va. Sioux City, Iowa Bay City, Mich 359, 308 302, 390 3,775 94,939 69,782 47,638 50,233 122, 128 36,722 107, 667 5.239 117,098 44, 471 59, 416 111,854 128, 505 69, 720 664 71,908 41:442 61,574 216, 161 32,634 86, 474 302,079 3,775 93, 747 68,985 47,638 50.233 122, 128 36,722 107,067 5,239 117,698 44, 471 59, 416 111,854 128, 505 67,715 664 71.908 41,442 61, 574 216, 161 32,634 86, 474 $59, 308 302, 079 3,775 93, 744 68,860 47,638 50,233 121,903 36, 722 107, 634 5,239 117, 698 44,275 59, 416 111,854 128, 505 07,706 664 71,908 41, 442 61,674 216, 161 32, 634 86, 474 $3 125 225 33 $23, 513 92, 120 1,206 26, 148 21,222 18, 574 19, 132 27,005 10, 436 34, 476 1,911 32,316 14,276 35, 439 26,950 16, 372 24,827 664 32,045 12,816 $772 43, 370 1,672 55, 360 20, 128 8,734 15,915 73,118 19, 660 54,812 3,000 56, 616 8,540 4,088 69,017 9,350 23,642 17,293 84,095 14, 998 25,952 5,100 20,295 28,995 4,907 3,720 25, 280 $35,023 166, 589 897 12,239 27, 635 20, 330 15, 186 22,005 6,626 18, 379 328 •28,766 21,655 19,889 15,887 102, 783 19,246 34, 763 8,331 15,286 127, 159 13,916 35,242 $311 1,192 797 2,005 ' Payments in error made by industries and subsequently corrected by refund receipts ! Given in Table 7 as net or corporate interest payments paid or payable from industrial income. Not included in expenses of specified industries on opposite GENERAL TABLES. 197 WITH ASSOCIATED TEMPORARY PAYMENTS,' 1905; COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, 1902 TO 1905— Continued, and the number assigned to each, see page 94.] GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1905— Continued. PAYMENTS FOK INDUSTRIAL EXPENSES— continued. Classified by industries. Waterworks. ■Electric light works. Gas works. Markets and public scales. Docks, wharves, and landings. Cemeteries and crematories. Institutional industries.4 All other indus- tries. City num- ber. Salaries and wages. All other.3 Salaries and wages. All other.s Salaries and wages. All other.2 Salaries and wages. All other.i' Salaries and wages. ' - All other.3 Salaries and wages. All other.3 Salaries and wages. All other.s Salaries and wages. All other.' $32,348 38,303 45,720 $25,313 37,079 39,333 / $600 $400 $232 52 $2,564 53 1 1 1,200 210 54 52,881 68,818 30,093 25,384 21,068 600 9,677 24,461 $9,562 8 1,772 8,471 55 1,600 1,061 187 292 156 56 33,942 33,350 15,894 44,971 934 864 58 ! 1 1.794 1,905 38,008 21, 117 25,691 35,084 10,679 2,949 61 82 360 5,547 2,560 202 848 633 83 22,611 12,989 14,701 166,347 3,402 1,551 2,700 1,085 84 -■ '''-''j 65 997 900 373 247 25 $1,236 $5,463 $1,071 $1,157 23,973 25,843 $8,768 $82,521 67 82 10,653 8,077 66 10,374 2,001 19,049 41,862 44,443 8,744 23,349 41,414 5i4 1,906 720 4,320 38 60 105 891 89 69 1,382 524 365 160 71 3,383 45 6,588 68 7^ 158 73 13,285 42,411 21,668 13,635 12,289 39,937 74 7.ii 12,093 4,819 37, 178 546 85 439 76 1,638 164 77 10,363 32,059 26,605 28,754 ■" 22 78 2,361 4,122 3,307 1,250 ■ 2,193 609 9,525 2,280 79 80 ' 31 81 82 83 23,990 38,368 21,281 7,488 1,500 3,648 20 482 34, 499 ft3_ 677 9,037 84 40,616 22,493 $48,288 $39, 829 900 308 85 7,629 2,689 ' 86 38,688 18,718 600 13 87 GKOUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1906. $22,493 32,355 $34,998 11,766 $1,020 $25 88 $26,323 $55,976 $33,442 $99,158 89 1,206 897 ■ 90 21,781 17,489 18,111 18,832 23,852 10, 436 34,476 12,891 36,233 20,287 15,033 20,664 8,826 18, 379 $4, 387 3,331 $540 2,199 91 402 463 300 1,551 92 43 153 174 93 94 $176 $1,627 $1,167 96 97 1,911 3,063 1,667 125 7,778 328 1,815 49 98 29,283 12,619 35,314 7,060 16,372 16,148 26,951 21,386 19,889 5,884 102,783 17,105 99 220 100 101 720 $1,484 1,211 -11,392 7,308 102 103 1,993 .604 1,401 2,753 438 2,860 2,307 1,083 104 105 32,046 12,057 34,763 8,097 • 106 759 234 107 108 14,204 30,368 14,458 16,398 14,384 77,442 13,148 18,593 2,264 2,058 540 902 2,134 571 70 826 807 109 60,271 48,994 691 .197 392 197 20 110 111 10,402 16,559 i62 112 3 Exclusive ol expenses for interest, * Connected with penal institutions, except in the case of St. Louis. 198 STATISTICS OF CITIES. Table 6.— PAYMENTS FOR INVESTMENT EXPENSES AND FOR INDUSTRIAL EXPENSES, [For a list of the cities in each state arranged alphabetically GROUP IV .-CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1905-Continued. CITY. PAYMENTS FOE INVESTMENT EXPENSES. PAYMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL EXPENSES. Total pay- ments for In- vestment expenses. For sala- ries and wages. ForaU other objects. Total pay- ments for industrial expenses. Classified by payee. City num- ber. Payments to public. Payments to depart- ments, offi- ces, in- dustries, and funds (service transfers). Total. Classified by char- acter. Classified by object. Corporate. Tempo- rary.! Salaries and wages. Interest.2 Miscellane- ous objects. 113 Allentown, Pa 1 546,198 616 81,034 480 3,326 1,336 160 70,863 106,526 39,941 $45,198 616 81,034 480 3,326 1,336 150 70,863 106,372 39,941 $46, 198 616 81,034 480 3,326 1,336 160 70,863 106,372 39,941 $11,353 469 21,796 480 3,128 1,132 150 46,698 34,929 17,998 111,435 $22, 410 167 22,845 114 115 Montgomery, Ala 38,393 116 East St. Louis, 111 117 Little Rool£, Ark 198 204 118 Qulncy, 111 119 York, Pa 120 Springfield, 111 24,166 16,072 13,780 121 Maiden, Mass S300 646 $260 160 S50 496 56,371 8,163 $164 ■ 122 Canton, Ohio 123 Passaic, N. J 124 Haverhill, Mass 100 21 123 1,300 100 59,797 41,512 • 49,047 127,287 306 59,736 129,903 59,633 41,512 49,047 127,287 306 59,677 129,903 59,633 41,512 49,047 127,287 306 69,632 129,903 11,214 10,883 25,362 21,268 50 7,221 10,836 39,440 20,295 8,662 62,249 8,979 10,334 16,033 43,770 256 11,990 10,386 164 125 21 23 126 Salem, Mass 100 1,300 127 Atlantic City, N.J 128 Chester, Pa 129 Chelsea, Mass -. 126 5 126 $45 40,466 108,681 59 130 Newton, Mass 131 Superior, Wis 132 Elmlra, N.Y, 37 37 10,076 3,024 2,062 151,614 10,075 3,024 2,062 151,614 10,076 3,024 2,062 151,614 7,388 1,440 2,687 84 312 72,957 133 Knoxville, Tenn 1,500 1,750 26,375 134 Newcastle,Pa 135 Jacksonville, Fla 52,282 136 South Omaha, Nebr 137 EocMord, lU 39,077 910 16,743 61, 159 72,693 7,641 59,766 6,416 63,778 38,496 21,087 1,499 120,418 54,954 2,235 62,779 53,390 35,186 39,077 910 16,743 61,169 72,239 7,541 59,635 5,416 53,778 38,496 21,087 1,499 120,259 54,954 2,235 62,779 53,147 36, 186 39,077 910 16,743 61,159 72,239 7,541 59, 635 6,389 63,778 38,496 21,087 1,499 - 120,041 64,964 2,235 62,779 63,146 36,186 17,107 360 6,868 19,775 32,746 5,018 25,035 5,239 8,341 16,927 13,208 1,440 40,879 33,417 1,312 23,311 15,860 14,738 3,037 18,933 650 7,678 30,684 15,148 1,523 20,040 177 7,157 19,657 7,879 59 34,000 15,777 923 19,695 13,027 10,988 138 Chattanooga, Tenn 338 200 138 139 Joplin, Mo 2,197 10,800 24,346 1,000 14,560 140 141 388 982 388 482 454 142 Macon, Ga 500 143 Aubum,N.Y 131 144 Racine, Wis 27 145 38,280 2,912 146 Joliet.Ill 147 Kalama.zno, Mich . . .' . .. 148 Wichita, Kans 149 Taunton, Mass 135 135 218 46,380 6,760 169 150 151 Oshkosh, Wis 162 Pueblo, Colo ' 19,873 24,260 9,460 163 New Britain, Conn 1 243' 164 La Crosse, Wis Comparative summary for 1^8 cities, grouped Grand total: ^ 1905 1904 1903 1902 Group I: 1M5 1904 1903 1902 Group II: 1905 1904 1903 1902 Group III: 1905 1904. L 1903 1902 Group IV :s IMS 1904 1903 1902 '$590,370 '411,487 '439,812 '143,301 '526,836 '353,294 '376,649 '91,727 i '47,123 41,016 48,822 40, 113 '8,289 9,354 7,124 5,616 '8,122 7,824 7,217 5,945 $168,808 120,700 82,180 79, 372 126,905 110,691 74,326 41,984 33,906 4,375 2,168 30,718 5,159 4,766 3,026 2,825 2,838 868 2,662 3,845 '$421,662 290,787 357,632 63,929 242, 302, 49, '13, 36, 46, 4,i ■*,! 2,< '5,: 6,! 4, J 2,: $41,743,252 41,8.33,086 37,910,353 9 33,882,922 26,940,603 27,802,336 23,993,311 '21,531,022 6,401,486 5,972,664 5,966,942 » 5, 179, 631 5,000,731 4,713,037 4,282,542 '4,135,729 3, 400, 532 3,345,069 3, 667, 658 '3,036,540 $41,605,585 41,736,494 37,745,271 33,838,492 26,888,242 27,725,068 23,854,043 921,515,164 6,395,331 5,967,251 5,961,149 95,172,303 4,986,906 4,703,174 4,274,233 •4,116,199 3,395,106 3,340,001 3,655,846 "3,034,836 $41,684,559 (») 26,870,161 m (') 6,394,368 4,925,815 m • m m 3,394,225 (') $81,026 (») (') 18,091 « ■ {») («) 963 m (») 61,091 m $13,064,749 12,916,665 12, 411, 744 11,271,773 $17, 726, 413 15,748,120 14,366,081 13,924,805 $10,874,423 13,070,719 10,967,446 8,641,914 8,369,230 8,473,168 8,472,877 7,896,150 1,814,252 1,834,075 1,499,713 1,435,039 1,786,632 1,564,834 1,498,611 1,119,614 1,095,636 1,044,588 940, 543 821,970 12,112,464 10,247,230 8,834,411 8,696,798 2,811,392 2, 629, 300 2,490,903 2,510,689 1,693,245 1,683,019 1,427,430 1,454,606 1,109,322 1,188,571 1,613,337 1,363,712 6, 406, 568 9,004,680 6,546,765 5,024,206 1,769,687 1,503,876 1,970,633 1,226,575 1,508,029 1, 455, 321 1,348,192 1,541,979 1,190,149 1,106,842 1,101,966 849, 164 $77,667 97,692 165,082 9 44,430 52,261 77,268 139,268 9 15,868 6,155 6,403 5,793 «7,328 13,825 9,863 8,309 919,530 5,426 5,058 11,712 •1,704 ' Payments in error made by industries and subsequently corrected by refund receipts ' Given in Table 7 as net or corporate interest payments paid or payable from industrial income. Not included in expenses of specified industries on oooo- "Exclusive of expenses for interest. < Connected with penal institutions, except in the case of St. Louis. GENERAL TABLES. 199 WITH ASSOCIATED TEMPORARY PAYMENTS,' 1905; COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, 1902 TO 1905— Continued, and the number assigned to eacli, see page 94.] GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1905.— Continued. PAYMENTS FOB Wdustrial EXPENSES^ontinued. Ciassifled by industries. Waterworks. Electric light worlts. Gas works. Markets and public scales. Docks, wharves, and landings. Cemeteries and crematories. Institutional Industries."* Ail other indus- tries. City num- ber. Salaries and wages. AU other.2 Salaries and wages. All other.3 Salaries and wages. AU other.3 Salaries and wages. All other.s Salaries and wages. All other.3 Salaries and wages. All other.3 Salaries and wages. All other.a Salaries and wages. All other.a $11,353 $22,033 $377 113 $3.'i2 $157 $107 3,651 114 16,620 21,764 $1,525 480 $126 $955 115 116 3,128 420 198 117 712 150 1,688 204 118 ii: 34,739 24,563 14,855 20,010 12,326 9,327 10,271 10,376 4,165 2,900 120 121 1,100 929 $2,043 3,524 122 123 10,975 10,403 19,982 21,268 8,828 10,270 12,526 43,770 121 64 239 194 124 480 300 125 5,070 2,607 126 1% 50 256 128 7,221 10,310 12,049 10,361 129 620 25 130 131 7,388 2,687 132 - 1,440 84 133 312 134 19,514 14,630 $32,348 $58,327 420 135 136 17,107 18,933 137 360 1,174 1,480 5,504 3,938 1,156 5,239 71 677 53 1,983 1,251 507 177 479 138 5,694 18,295 27,242 7,001 30,531 13,619 139 140 141 1,080 272 142 16,807 18,797 7,072 867 143 144 8,'34i' 15,927 8,353 7,157 19,657 6,619 145 146 610 269 1,440 , 59 4,245 1,001 147 148 149 160 20,873 18,263 12,934 8,750 ' } 40 587' 2,969 336 2,114 2,122 . 124 154 1 1 1 according to population in 1905: 1902 to 1905. $10,249,215 9,631,786 9,182,556 8,401,988 6,535,524 6,147,788 6,137,639 5,695,535 1,599,449 1,599,221 1,297,328 1,258,281 1,328,330 1,158,973 1,091,229 833,378 785,912 725,804 656,360 614,794 $8,428,096 9,725,661 8,266,145 8, 448, 578 4,804,240 6,395,696 4,486,326 3,390,794 1,609,978 1,355,046 1,866,135 1,150,068 1,157,871 1,155,953 1,079,527 1,214,895 856,007 818,966 834, 157 692,821 $362, 183 362,076 425,093 281,081 235,720 283,453 236,252 6,344 9,118 62,712 27,716 56,594 2,800 75,773 82,296 75,928 42,029 $427,055 402,751 407,687 395,249 239, 723 262,287 262, 311 241, 720 $172,218 187,488 156,246 120, 586 $328,234 292,266 245,009 157,823 4,488 I 6,769 49,622 36,969 34,026 83,924 137,710 99,007 104,581 69,605 88,605 98,286 81,068 75,899 83,713 89,202 75, 178 44,687 111 183 182,046 145,657 124,263 115,336 146, 152 146, 498 120, 563 42,487 $234,279 266,045 230,345 259, 424 $138, 579 126,987 119,820 94, 770 115,251 142,787 126,761 167,803 52,798 50,826 49,883 45,234 42,963' 40,122 34,858 26,326 23,267 22,310 19,843 20,061 $615,782 1,373,207 1,270,058 1,247,362 71,627 63,646 51,716 46, 136 39,795 46,071 26, 108 12, 410 14, 603 15,208 16,084 8,406 8,944 6,826 4,884 $660,725 1,695,469 1,077,700 1,024,600 469,252 1,326,621 1,233,985 1,221,861 29,700 27,879 20,966 11,453 12,239 11,525 11,263 9,664 4,691 7,182 3,844 4,374 $482,053 487,069 461,162 436, 664 636,982 1,675,636 1,060,348 1,002,443 12,297 7,462 4,654 4,328 8,820 7,241 13,047 14,707 2,626 6,127 9,661 3,122 $142,833 155,894 146,932 134, 648 100,722 93,006 79,366 85,772 85,465 102,039 102,985 99,140 199,663 195,934 187,964 167, 572 96,203 95,191 90,848 84,180 21,981 19, 829 24,834 14,667 25, 131 37, 316 39,109 40,041 67, 195 73,486 53,604 68,066 28,526 25,263 29,385 21,874 $25,391 23,237 105,660 4,320 $293,975 312,680 414, 492 103,277 24,156 20,607 98,009 4,320 1,235 2,630 6,651 1,000 $1,023,628 605,747 580,624 620,358 288, 512 311,028 405,620 103,277 5,463 1,652 8,872 900,627 506,730 514,665 483,607 46,840 47,766 19, 433 20,931 49,985 29,648 28,984 3,975 26,176 22,603 17,542 11,845 395,754 353,827 404,869 221,611 82,264 65,061 13,405 7,030 38,427 29,620 27,954 39,967 16,148 8,095 8,516 14, 361 5 Includes $23 for a service transfer. „■ ,,. •Not including Bay City. Mich.; Macon, Ga.; Kalamazoo, Mien., 'Including service transfers in certain cltie:,. 'Not reported se aratrly. . .„ ^. ,, - /, ...:„, 'Service transfers not included in the classification by industries. Wichita, Kans.; Pueblo, Colo.; or New Britain, Conn. 200 STATISTICS OF CITIES. Table 7.— PAYMENTS FOR INTEREST ON DEBT OBLIGATIONS: 1905. [i'or a list of the cities in each state arranged alphahetioally and the number assigned to each, see page 94.] City num- ber. Grand total Group I Group H Group III Group IV Total gross payments for interest. $62,104,984 40,693,308 9,375,220 7, 153, 765 4,882,693 CLASSIFIED BY PAYEE. Payments to public. Total. $52,673,687 33,137,012 8,219,938 6,722,686 4,594,051 Net or corporate.^ Total. $52,310,839 32,962,628 8,119,408 6,670,638 4,568,266 Paid or payable from- General revenues.^ Special assess- ments. s Industrial income.* $31,342,524 $3,171,489 $17,796,826 19,313,615 4,691,721 4,625,267 2,911,921 1, 536, 659 716,295 462,026 466, 609 12,112,454 2,811,392 1,693,245 1,179,735 Tempo- rary (accrued inter- est) fi $362,848 174,384 100, 630 52, 148 35,786 Payments to funds and divi- sions of the gov- ernment of the city (interest transfers).' $9,431,297 7,656,294 1,155,282 431,079 288, 642 CLASSIFIED BY DIVISION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY PAYING. City gov- ernment. $59,010,579 39, 316, 385 8,867,103 8,880,778 4, 348, 315 School districts. $1, 449, 461 230,677 433,718 459,921 325,145 Other divisions of the govern- ment of the city. $1,644,944 1,146,244 274, 399 13,068 211,233 GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR OVER IN 1905. New York, N.y.. Chicago, III Philadelphia, Pa.. St. Louis, Mo Boston, Mass Baltimore, Md Cleveland, Ohio... Buflalo, N. Y San Francisco, Cal Pittsburg, Pa Cincinnati, Ohio... Detroit, Mich Milwaukee, Wis . .. New Orleans, La.. Washington, D. C. $21,601,846 2,732,706 2, 344, 561 809,924 4,992,179 1,603,200 1,057,339 755,927 165, 474 1,061,612 1,630,098 330,869 345,918 903, 121 478,933 '$18,590,609 2,711,031 2,036,230 809,924 » 3, 893, 689 1,097,694 940,806 716,432 155,474 795,933 1,396,063 281,810 346, 618 889,836 478,083 $18,671,241 2,839,298 2,015,874 809,924 3,887,510 1,097,894 926, 398 710,677 163,584 788,076 1, 390, 584 280, 659 336, 424 880,726 478,083 $7,887,649 2,067,917 1, 136, 231 572, 868 2,172,103 644, 702 750,338 488,091 153,584 498, 455 1,089,074 177,307 317,790 879,633 478,083 $929,009 406,029 87,911 48,225 66,663 29,817 15 $7, 754, 683 166, 350 879, 643 237,086 1, 715, 407 462,992 175,060 164,675 239,395 244,937 73, 436 17,819 1,192 S19, 368 71,735 20,356 15,408 4,755 1,890 4,499 1,251 10,094 9,U1 $6,011,037 21,674 308,331 405, 506 116, 533 40,496 256, 679 235,035 .48,859 400 13,286 850 '$21,801,646 1,621,356 2,343,370 809,924 8 4,992,179 1,503,200 958,440 756,927 166,474 935,067 1,828,808 283,234 346,918 903, 121 478,933 $26,239 1,492. $1,085,110 1,191 12,608 47,435 GROUP II.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1905. Newark, N.J Minneapolis, Minn Jersey City, N. J.. Louisville, Ky Indianapolis, Ind. Providence, R. I.. St. Paul, Minn Rochester, N. Y.. Kansas City, Mo.. Toledo, Ohio Denver, Colo Allegheny, Pa Columbus, Ohio..- Worcester, Mass.. Los Angeles, Cal.. Memphis,"Tenn. .. Omaha, Nebr New Haven, Conn Syracuse, N. Y. .. Scranton, Pa St. Joseph, Mo Paterson, N. J Fall Elver, Mass.t Portland, Oreg... Atlanta, Ga i $1,036,026 358, 376 910, 796 426,804 151,878 878,429 438,723 441,055 418,337 366, 466 336,632 342,782 473, 738 406, 400 228,658 400,868 325,120 137,291 309,356 96,483 81,342 199,122 266,292 393,334 151, 145 $783,286 304, 631 776,768 424, 164 150,568 500,746 420,814 435,805 403,775 320,043 336,632 306,762 288, 120 241, 873 228,656 317,058 134,249 308,903 82,564 81,079 193, 122 237,743 393, 334 151, 145 $774,341 304, 631 766, 760 422,904 160,558 498,844 419,878 436,806 399,662 309,333 329,236 298,248 271,725 ,238,824 221,734 396,427 316, 523 132,724 307,935 77,845 81,079 189,128 234, 446 392,884 161, 145 $332,242 227,631 447, 541 321,090 149,786 291,269 310,633 84,600 113,030 203,917 133,774 194,770 97, 186 79,770 128,022 272,927 278,287 132,724 114,378 73, 310 78,079 184,381 147,728 111,843 102,823 $1,200 25, 644 104,011 119,738 37,986 188, 691 4,380 62,902 38,236 63,169 4,535 24,747 51,056 $440, 899 77,000 292-, 666 101,814 772 206, 375 109,246 247, 194 168,894 87,430 6,770 99,098 lli;867 159,054 93, 712 123,600 140,388 3,000 88,718 229,985 48,322 $8,945 11,018 1,260 4,102 4,113 10,710 7,397 8,614 16,395 2,849 1,881 535 1,525 968 4,719 3,994 3,297 450 $252,740 53,745 134,027 2,640 1,320 177, 683 17,909 5,260 14,682 48,423 38,000 185,618 164,727 2,350 8,082 3,042 453 13,919 263 8,000 28, 549 $1,036,026 358, 376 910,796 324,990 104, 398 678, 429 438,723 441,065 332,010 340,864 308,265 269, 494 440, 338 406, 400 228, 858 283,849 287,212 136,808 309, 366 43,473 61,258 199, 122 266,292 339,771 151,146 $47,480 86, 327 25,602 28, 387 73,268 33,400 16,309 37,908 483 45,410 30,086 $101,814 120,500 7,600 44,486 1 Net or corporate interest payments are the gross interest payments to public less the accrued interest payments included therein ' Included in Table 5 as general expenses for interest. « Included in Table 5 as special service expenses for interest. * Included in Table 6 as industrial expenses for interest. s Accrued interest received from the public at the time of issue of bonds by the city government or other division of the government of the citv and naid at the first Interest payment thereafter. j > *• « Payments to sinking, investment, and public trust funds by divisions of the government of the city, or to such divisions by such funds as interest on citv secu- rities held or purchased by such funds. ' ' ' Exclusive of $21,167 included in Table 9 as an outlay for "sewers," and $72,376 included in the same table as an outlay for " all other" under ' 'hi^hwava " » Exclusive of $66,404 included in Table 9 as an outlay for "all other" industries. ui6iivya.jr=. City num- ber. GENERAL TABLES. 201 Table 7. -PAYMENTS FOR INTEREST ON DEBT OBLIGATIONS: 1905-Contmued. [For a list of the cities in each state arranged alphabetically and the number assigned to each, see page 94.] GROUP III.-CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1905. Total payments Jor interest. Seattle, Wash Dayton, Ohio Albany, N.Y Grand Eapids, Mich. Cambridge, Mass Lowell, Mass Hartford, Coim Heading, Pa Richmond, Va Nashville, Term Trenton, N.J Wilmington, Del.. Camden, N. J Bridgeport, Conn. Lynn, Mass Troy, N.Y Des Moines, Iowa. .. New Bedford, Mass. Springfield, Mass Oakland, Cal Lawrence, Mass. Somerville, Mass. .. Kansas City, Kans. Savaimah, Ga Hoboken, N. J Peoria, 111 Duluth, Minn Utica, N. Y Manchester, N. H. Evansville, Ind... Yonkers, N. Y San Antonio, Tex Elizabeth, N. J Waterbury, Conn Salt Lake City, Utah. Erie, Pa Wilkesbarre, Pa Schenectady, N.Y. Norfolk, Va Houston, Tex... Charleston, S. C. Harrisburg, Pa.. Portland, Me DaUas, Tex Tacoma, Wash Terre Haute, Ind. .. Youngstown, Ohio. |
github_open_source_100_8_19996 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
namespace GameObjectMovement
{
public class Movement :MonoBehaviour
{
public GameObject[] sphereList;
float speed = 3;
float speedRigid = 150;
float speedMulti = 2;
Rigidbody rb1, rb2, rb3;
void Awake()
{
rb1 = sphereList[0].GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
rb2 = sphereList[1].GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
rb3 = sphereList[2].GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
}
// Update is called once per frame
void Update()
{
/*
Rigidbody SetVelocity - physics - .velocity =
Rigidbody MovePosition - .MovePosition(
Rigidbody AddForce - physics - .AddForce(
Transform Translate - .transform.Translate(
Transform SetPosition - used most - .transform.position +=
*/
// Rigidbody SetVelocity - sphereList[0]
rb1.velocity = sphereList[0].transform.forward * (speedRigid*speedMulti) * Time.deltaTime; // set in Awake, doesn't need update, cannot be kinematic
// Rigidbody MovePosition - sphereList[1]
Vector3 newPos = sphereList[1].transform.position + (sphereList[1].transform.forward * (speed*speedMulti) * Time.deltaTime);
rb2.MovePosition(newPos);
// Rigidbody AddForce - sphereList[2]
rb3.AddForce(sphereList[3].transform.forward * (speedRigid/speedMulti) * Time.deltaTime); // * forceMult ... = 5, cannot be kinematic
// Transform Translate - sphereList[3]
sphereList[3].transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * speed * Time.deltaTime); //, Space.World
// Transform SetPosition - sphereList[4], used most
sphereList[4].transform.position += sphereList[4].transform.forward * speed * Time.deltaTime;
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19997 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React from 'react';
import { Router, Route, browserHistory } from 'react-router';
import Site from './ui/Site';
React.render((
<Router history={browserHistory}>
<Route path="/*" component={Site} />
</Router>
), document.getElementById('root'));
|
github_open_source_100_8_19998 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* Copyright information and license terms for this software can be
* found in the file LICENSE.TXT included with the distribution.
*/
package org.epics.util.array;
/**
* An ordered collection of numeric (primitive) elements. This class allows to implement
* a single binding for a list of primitive values of six different
* binding. If the original type is required, instanceof can be used to
* differentiate between {@link ListDouble}, {@link ListFloat}, {@link ListLong},
* {@link ListInteger}, {@link ListShort} and {@link ListByte}.
*
*/
public interface ListNumber extends CollectionNumber {
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list casted to a double.
*
* @param index position of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
double getDouble(int index);
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list casted to a float.
*
* @param index position of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
float getFloat(int index);
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list casted to a long.
*
* @param index position of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
long getLong(int index);
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list casted to an int.
*
* @param index position of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
int getInt(int index);
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list casted to a short.
*
* @param index position of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
short getShort(int index);
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list casted to a byte.
*
* @param index position of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
byte getByte(int index);
/**
* Changes the element at the specified position, casting to the internal
* representation.
*
* @param index position of the element to change
* @param value the new value
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
void setDouble(int index, double value);
/**
* Changes the element at the specified position, casting to the internal
* representation.
*
* @param index position of the element to change
* @param value the new value
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
void setFloat(int index, float value);
/**
* Changes the element at the specified position, casting to the internal
* representation.
*
* @param index position of the element to change
* @param value the new value
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
void setLong(int index, long value);
/**
* Changes the element at the specified position, casting to the internal
* representation.
*
* @param index position of the element to change
* @param value the new value
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
void setInt(int index, int value);
/**
* Changes the element at the specified position, casting to the internal
* representation.
*
* @param index position of the element to change
* @param value the new value
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
void setShort(int index, short value);
/**
* Changes the element at the specified position, casting to the internal
* representation.
*
* @param index position of the element to change
* @param value the new value
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>)
*/
void setByte(int index, byte value);
/**
* Changes the elements starting at the specified position, taking them
* based on the internal representation.
*
* @param index position of the first element to change
* @param list the new values
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
* (<code>index < 0 || index >= size()</code>) or if this
* list is too short to hold the data.
*/
void setAll(int index, ListNumber list);
/**
* Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified
* <var>fromIndex</var>, inclusive, and <var>toIndex</var>, exclusive.
*
* @param fromIndex low endpoint (inclusive) of the subList
* @param toIndex high endpoint (exclusive) of the subList
* @return a view of the specified range within this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException for an illegal endpoint index value
* (<code>fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size ||
* fromIndex > toIndex</code>)
*/
ListNumber subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex);
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19999 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright 2017 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include <vector>
#import "ios/chrome/browser/ui/payments/contact_info_selection_mediator.h"
#include "base/logging.h"
#include "components/autofill/core/browser/autofill_profile.h"
#include "components/payments/core/payments_profile_comparator.h"
#include "components/strings/grit/components_strings.h"
#include "ios/chrome/browser/payments/payment_request.h"
#import "ios/chrome/browser/payments/payment_request_util.h"
#import "ios/chrome/browser/ui/colors/MDCPalette+CrAdditions.h"
#import "ios/chrome/browser/ui/payments/cells/autofill_profile_item.h"
#import "ios/chrome/browser/ui/payments/cells/payments_text_item.h"
#include "ios/chrome/browser/ui/uikit_ui_util.h"
#include "ui/base/l10n/l10n_util.h"
#if !defined(__has_feature) || !__has_feature(objc_arc)
#error "This file requires ARC support."
#endif
namespace {
using ::payment_request_util::GetNameLabelFromAutofillProfile;
using ::payment_request_util::GetEmailLabelFromAutofillProfile;
using ::payment_request_util::GetPhoneNumberLabelFromAutofillProfile;
} // namespace
@interface ContactInfoSelectionMediator ()
// The PaymentRequest object owning an instance of payments::WebPaymentRequest
// as provided by the page invoking the Payment Request API. This is a weak
// pointer and should outlive this class.
@property(nonatomic, assign) payments::PaymentRequest* paymentRequest;
// The selectable items to display in the collection.
@property(nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray<AutofillProfileItem*>* items;
@end
@implementation ContactInfoSelectionMediator
@synthesize state = _state;
@synthesize selectedItemIndex = _selectedItemIndex;
@synthesize paymentRequest = _paymentRequest;
@synthesize items = _items;
- (instancetype)initWithPaymentRequest:
(payments::PaymentRequest*)paymentRequest {
self = [super init];
if (self) {
_paymentRequest = paymentRequest;
_selectedItemIndex = NSUIntegerMax;
[self loadItems];
}
return self;
}
#pragma mark - PaymentRequestSelectorViewControllerDataSource
- (BOOL)allowsEditMode {
return YES;
}
- (NSString*)title {
return l10n_util::GetNSString(IDS_PAYMENT_REQUEST_CONTACT_INFO_SECTION_NAME);
}
- (CollectionViewItem*)headerItem {
return nil;
}
- (NSArray<CollectionViewItem*>*)selectableItems {
return self.items;
}
- (CollectionViewItem*)addButtonItem {
PaymentsTextItem* addButtonItem = [[PaymentsTextItem alloc] init];
addButtonItem.text =
l10n_util::GetNSString(IDS_PAYMENTS_ADD_CONTACT_DETAILS_LABEL);
addButtonItem.trailingImage = TintImage([UIImage imageNamed:@"ic_add"],
[[MDCPalette greyPalette] tint400]);
addButtonItem.cellType = PaymentsTextCellTypeCallToAction;
return addButtonItem;
}
#pragma mark - Public methods
- (void)loadItems {
const std::vector<autofill::AutofillProfile*>& contactProfiles =
_paymentRequest->contact_profiles();
_items = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:contactProfiles.size()];
DCHECK(self.paymentRequest->request_payer_name() ||
self.paymentRequest->request_payer_email() ||
self.paymentRequest->request_payer_phone());
for (size_t index = 0; index < contactProfiles.size(); ++index) {
autofill::AutofillProfile* contactProfile = contactProfiles[index];
DCHECK(contactProfile);
AutofillProfileItem* item = [[AutofillProfileItem alloc] init];
if (self.paymentRequest->request_payer_name())
item.name = GetNameLabelFromAutofillProfile(*contactProfile);
if (self.paymentRequest->request_payer_email())
item.email = GetEmailLabelFromAutofillProfile(*contactProfile);
if (self.paymentRequest->request_payer_phone()) {
item.phoneNumber =
GetPhoneNumberLabelFromAutofillProfile(*contactProfile);
}
item.notification =
payment_request_util::GetContactNotificationLabelFromAutofillProfile(
*_paymentRequest, *contactProfile);
item.complete =
_paymentRequest->profile_comparator()->IsContactInfoComplete(
contactProfile);
if (_paymentRequest->selected_contact_profile() == contactProfile)
_selectedItemIndex = index;
[_items addObject:item];
}
}
@end
|
github_open_source_100_8_20000 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | namespace Flux.SDK.DataTableAPI
{
/// <summary>Represents information about the cell</summary>
public class CellInfo
{
/// <summary> Id of the cell.</summary>
public string CellId { get; set; }
/// <summary> Metadata of the cell</summary>
/// <remarks> Only if METADATA capability is supported.</remarks>
public CellMetadata Metadata { get; set; }
/// <summary> Metadata of the client</summary>
/// <remarks> Only if CLIENT_METADATA capability is supported.</remarks>
public ClientMetadata ClientMetadata { get; set; }
/// <summary>Determines whether the specified CellInfo is equal to the current System.Object.</summary>
/// <param name="obj">The object to compare with the current object.</param>
/// <returns>True if the specified object is equal to the current object; otherwise, false.</returns>
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
if (obj is CellInfo)
return Equals((CellInfo)obj);
return false;
}
/// <summary>Determines whether the specified CellInfo is equal to the current CellInfo.</summary>
/// <param name="cellInfo">The CellInfo to compare with the current object.</param>
/// <returns>True if the specified object is equal to the current object; otherwise, false.</returns>
public bool Equals(CellInfo cellInfo)
{
return CellId == cellInfo.CellId;
}
/// <summary>Serves as a hash function for the CellInfo type.</summary>
/// <returns>A hash code for the current CellInfo.</returns>
public override int GetHashCode()
{
if (CellId != null)
return CellId.GetHashCode();
return base.GetHashCode();
}
/// <summary>Determines whether two specified CellInfo instances are equal.</summary>
/// <param name="a">The first CellInfo instance.</param>
/// <param name="b">The second CellInfo instance.</param>
/// <returns>True if the specified CellInfo instances are equal; otherwise, false.</returns>
public static bool operator ==(CellInfo a, CellInfo b)
{
// If both are null, or both are same instance, return true.
if (ReferenceEquals(a, b))
{
return true;
}
// If one is null, but not both, return false.
if (((object)a == null) || ((object)b == null))
{
return false;
}
return a.Equals(b);
}
/// <summary>Determines whether two specified CellInfo instances are not equal.</summary>
/// <param name="a">The first CellInfo instance.</param>
/// <param name="b">The second CellInfo instance.</param>
/// <returns>True if the specified CellInfo instances are not equal; otherwise, false.</returns>
public static bool operator !=(CellInfo a, CellInfo b)
{
return !(a == b);
}
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20001 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "ui/rightcolumn/downloadlink.h"
#include <QFileDialog>
#include <QStandardPaths>
namespace Ui {
DownloadLink::DownloadLink(const QString& urlp, const QString& filename, Api::Requester *request, QWidget *parent)
: QLabel(filename, parent)
{
QFont font;
font.setPixelSize(16);
font.setFamily("whitney");
setFont(font);
url = QString(urlp);
requester = request;
this->setCursor(Qt::PointingHandCursor);
this->setStyleSheet("color: #00AFF4;");
}
void DownloadLink::mouseReleaseEvent(QMouseEvent *)
{
QString downloadsFolder = QStandardPaths::writableLocation(QStandardPaths::DownloadLocation) + "/";
if (downloadsFolder.isEmpty()) {
QDir dir("download/");
if (!dir.exists()) dir.mkpath(".");
downloadsFolder = "download/";
}
downloadsFolder = QFileDialog::getExistingDirectory(this, "Download", downloadsFolder) + "/";
if (downloadsFolder != "/")
requester->getFile(url, downloadsFolder + url.right(url.size() - url.lastIndexOf('/')));
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20002 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace Pushover;
use Pushover\Api\Authentication\AuthenticationInterface;
use Pushover\Api\Client\ClientInterface;
use Pushover\Api\Client\CurlClient;
use Pushover\Api\Exception\InvalidResponseException;
use Pushover\Api\Exception;
use Pushover\Api\Message\AbstractMessage;
use Pushover\Api\Response\ReceiptResponse;
use Pushover\Api\Response\Response;
use Pushover\Api\Response\ResponseInterface;
class Api
{
CONST API_ENDPOINT = 'https://api.pushover.net';
CONST API_VERSION = 1;
CONST REQUEST_POST = 'POST';
CONST REQUEST_GET = 'GET';
/** @var AuthenticationInterface */
private $authentication;
/** @var ClientInterface */
private $client;
/** @var array */
private $responseSet = array();
/** @var array */
private $responseErrors = array();
/** @var bool */
private $isError = false;
/**
* Constructor
*
* @param AuthenticationInterface $authentication
* @param ClientInterface $client
*/
public function __construct(AuthenticationInterface $authentication, ClientInterface $client = null)
{
// set client
if( $client === null )
{
$client = new CurlClient();
}
// set auth
$this->setAuthentication($authentication);
// set client
$this->setClient($client);
}
/**
* Get Receipt Status
*
* @param $receiptToken
* @return bool|mixed
*/
public function getReceiptStatus($receiptToken)
{
$this->callApi($this::REQUEST_GET, '/receipts/' . $receiptToken, null, new ReceiptResponse());
return $this->isError() ? false : $this->getResponse();
}
/**
* Send Bulk Push Messages
*
* @param $messages
* @return array|bool
*/
public function bulkPush($messages)
{
if( !is_array($messages) || count($messages) <= 0)
return false;
// send data
$this->callApi($this::REQUEST_POST, '/messages', $messages, new Response());
// return results
return $this->isError() ? false : $this->getResponseSet();
}
/**
* Send Push Message
*
* @param AbstractMessage $message
* @return bool|Response
*/
public function push(AbstractMessage $message)
{
$this->callApi($this::REQUEST_POST, '/messages', array($message), new Response());
return $this->isError() ? false : $this->getResponse();
}
/**
* Client Call to API
*
* @param string $method
* @param $resource
* @param array $data
* @param ResponseInterface $responseHydrator
* @return bool
*/
private function callApi($method = self::REQUEST_POST, $resource, $data = array(), ResponseInterface $responseHydrator = null)
{
if( !is_array($data) )
$data = array($data);
// flush old response and errors
$this->setResponseErrors(array());
$this->setResponseSet(array());
// get client
$client = $this->getClient();
$client->onClientConnect();
// send request
foreach($data as $dataSend)
{
$responseData = $client->sendRequest(
$method,
$dataSend ? $dataSend->getArrayCopy() : array(),
sprintf('%s/%s%s.json', self::API_ENDPOINT, self::API_VERSION, $resource),
$this->getAuthentication()
);
$this->handleResponse($responseData, $client->getResponseStatusCode(), clone $responseHydrator);
}
// client close
$client->onClientClose();
return true;
}
/**
* Handle Response
*
* @param $response
* @param $responseStatusCode
* @param ResponseInterface $responseHydrator
* @return ResponseInterface
* @throws Api\Exception\InvalidResponseException
*/
private function handleResponse($response, $responseStatusCode, ResponseInterface $responseHydrator)
{
// decode response
$json = json_decode($response, true);
if( $json )
{
/** @var ResponseInterface $response */
$response = $responseHydrator->exchangeArray($json);
$response->setStatusCode($responseStatusCode);
// is error
if( $responseStatusCode !== 200 )
{
$this->addResponseError($response);
} else {
$this->addResponse($response);
}
return true;
}
throw new InvalidResponseException('API responses in an invalid/not know format');
}
/**
* @param $responseErrors
* @return $this
*/
private function setResponseErrors($responseErrors)
{
$this->responseErrors = $responseErrors;
return $this;
}
/**
* @param $error
*/
private function addResponseError($error)
{
$this->isError = true;
$this->responseErrors[] = $error;
}
/**
* @return array
*/
public function getErrors()
{
return $this->responseErrors;
}
/**
* @return boolean
*/
public function isError()
{
return $this->isError;
}
/**
* @param ResponseInterface $response
* @return $this
*/
private function addResponse(ResponseInterface $response)
{
$this->responseSet[] = $response;
return $this;
}
/**
* @return array
*/
public function getResponseSet()
{
return $this->responseSet;
}
/**
* Get Single Response
*
* @return ResponseInterface
*/
public function getResponse()
{
return current($this->getResponseSet());
}
/**
* @param $responseSet
* @return $this
*/
public function setResponseSet($responseSet)
{
$this->responseSet = $responseSet;
return $this;
}
/**
* @param \Pushover\Api\Authentication\AuthenticationInterface $authentication
*/
public function setAuthentication(AuthenticationInterface $authentication)
{
$this->authentication = $authentication;
}
/**
* @return \Pushover\Api\Authentication\AuthenticationInterface
*/
public function getAuthentication()
{
return $this->authentication;
}
/**
* @param \Pushover\Api\Client\ClientInterface $client
*/
public function setClient(ClientInterface $client)
{
$this->client = $client;
}
/**
* @return \Pushover\Api\Client\ClientInterface
*/
public function getClient()
{
return $this->client;
}
} |
387090_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 五明（）或譯五明學、五明處（），源于古印度婆羅門傳統，後被佛教所用，指五門學科。
概论
《瑜伽師地論》卷38說，五明是「一切菩薩正所應求」，是研究佛學方法的五種分類：
声明（梵語：śabda-vidyā；）：語言、語言學、文字學、訓詁學、文學等，即語言表達及書寫、著述能力。
因明（梵語：hetu-vidyā；）：邏輯學、論辯術，已證內明的菩薩，可以藉此辯駁外道的異論，令未相信佛法的人相信，令已相信的人信仰更加堅定。
内明（梵語：adhyātma-vidyā；）：佛學教理學、哲學，為五明之首；對佛教而言，即經、律、論三藏。對已證實相的菩薩，內明既利自己修行，又可幫助他人開悟。對婆羅門而言，則是指研習四吠陀論。
医方明（梵語：cikitsā-vidyā；）：醫學、藥學乃至咒術（陀羅尼）等，可助強身健體，並醫治別人的色身病苦，拯救眾生。
工巧明（梵語：śilpa-karma-sthāna-vidyā；）：藝術、科技、工藝、農業等，即日常生活中所需要的技藝。
宗派
五明學隨佛教傳入藏地，在藏傳佛教教學中常用，且影響并融入了藏地本地宗教苯教。藏地精通五明的學者，可以享有班智達的稱號。
注釋
佛教名數5.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20003 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React from 'react'
import { Accordion } from '../common/Accordion'
import { Container, Content } from '../common/Container'
import './BeginnersGuide.css'
export const BeginnersGuide: React.FC<React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>> = (props) => (
<div className="eth-beginners-guide">
<Container>
<Content>
<h2>Beginner's Guide</h2>
<Accordion
title={
<h3>
What do I need to <b>play</b>?
</h3>
}
>
<p>A PC or Mac running Chrome or Firefox</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Can I play on a mobile device?</p>
<p>For the moment we don’t support mobile devices. But please stay tuned!</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Can I log in from multiple computers?</p>
<p>
<<<<<<< HEAD
Yes, you can run Bearland from multiple computers as long as
you have your digital wallet installed on each machine.
=======
Yes, you can run Decentraland from multiple computers as long as you have your digital wallet installed
on each machine.
>>>>>>> 7f19988295bc26bb94346a9a4f9c5a27e5ee74a4
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Can I use a different browser?</p>
<p>
While it may be technically possible to use another browser, we recommend Chrome or Firefox to ensure
optimal performance.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</Accordion>
<Accordion
title={
<h3>
What is a <b>Wallet</b> and why do I need one?
</h3>
}
>
<p>
<<<<<<< HEAD
If you want to fully enjoy the Bearland experience, we recommend
you get yourself a digital wallet. Digital wallets work as your
personal account, keeping all your digital assets (such as names,
collectibles, LANDs) and in-world progress safe.
</p>
<p>
If you choose to experience Bearland Explorer without a wallet,
the information will be only be stored locally: you will be able to
walk around, customize your Avatar and chat with others in-world,
but you won’t have the chance to receive daily rewards, participate
in events or log in with a different device using the same Guest ID
and Avatar.
</p>
<p>
If this is the first time you’re hearing about digital wallets, we
recommend reading{" "}
<a
href="https://docs.bears.finance/examples/get-a-wallet/"
target="_blank"
rel="noreferrer"
>
=======
If you want to fully enjoy the Decentraland experience, we recommend you get yourself a digital wallet.
Digital wallets work as your personal account, keeping all your digital assets (such as names, collectibles,
LANDs) and in-world progress safe.
</p>
<p>
If you choose to experience Decentraland Explorer without a wallet, the information will only be stored
locally: you will be able to walk around, customize your Avatar and chat with others in-world, but you won’t
have the chance to receive daily rewards, participate in events or log in with a different device using the
same Guest ID and Avatar.
</p>
<p>
If this is the first time you’re hearing about digital wallets, we recommend reading{' '}
<a href="https://docs.decentraland.org/examples/get-a-wallet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">
>>>>>>> 7f19988295bc26bb94346a9a4f9c5a27e5ee74a4
Get a Wallet – Beginners Guide
</a>
.
</p>
</Accordion>
<Accordion
title={
<h3>
What is <b>USD</b>?
</h3>
}
>
<p>
<<<<<<< HEAD
USD is Bearland’s fungible, ERC20 cryptocurrency token. USD is
burned, or spent, in exchange for LAND parcels. For a current
summary of critical stats like total and circulating supply, please
visit our USD Token Information transparency dashboard. See the{" "}
<a
href="https://docs.bears.finance/decentraland/glossary/"
target="_blank"
rel="noreferrer"
>
=======
MANA is Decentraland’s fungible, ERC20 cryptocurrency token. MANA is burned, or spent, in exchange for LAND
parcels. For a current summary of critical stats like total and circulating supply, please visit our MANA
Token Information transparency dashboard. See the{' '}
<a href="https://docs.decentraland.org/decentraland/glossary/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">
>>>>>>> 7f19988295bc26bb94346a9a4f9c5a27e5ee74a4
Glossary
</a>
for more information.
</p>
</Accordion>
<Accordion
title={
<h3>
What is <b>LAND</b>?
</h3>
}
>
<p>
LAND is a non-fungible digital asset maintained in an Ethereum smart contract. LAND is divided into parcels
that are referenced using unique x,y cartesian coordinates. Each LAND token includes a record of its
coordinates, its owner, and a reference to a content description file or parcel manifest that describes and
encodes the content the owner wishes to serve on his or her land.
</p>
</Accordion>
<Accordion
title={
<h3>
What is the <b>Marketplace</b>?
</h3>
}
>
<p>The Marketplace is the go-to place to trade and manage all your Decentraland on-chain assets.</p>
<p>
<<<<<<< HEAD
The Marketplace is the go-to place to trade and manage all your
Bearland on-chain assets.
</p>
<p>
Access the Marketplace at{" "}
<a
href="https://market.bears.finance"
target="_blank"
rel="noreferrer"
>
market.bears.finance
=======
Access the Marketplace at{' '}
<a href="https://market.decentraland.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">
market.decentraland.org
>>>>>>> 7f19988295bc26bb94346a9a4f9c5a27e5ee74a4
</a>
.
</p>
<p>The Marketplace allows you to:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<<<<<<< HEAD
Sell parcels and Estates of LAND, wearables and unique names.
Set your own price in USD and an expiration date for the offer.
=======
Sell parcels and Estates of LAND, wearables and unique names. Set your own price in MANA and an
expiration date for the offer.
>>>>>>> 7f19988295bc26bb94346a9a4f9c5a27e5ee74a4
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Buy parcels and Estates, wearables and unique names that are for sale.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Transfer your parcels and Estates to another user.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Explore the world through a map to see who owns what, what wearables exist and what names are claimed.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</Accordion>
</Content>
</Container>
</div>
)
|
github_open_source_100_8_20004 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Npgsql;
namespace SoftSpace_web.Script
{
class DbConfig
{
static NpgsqlConnection conn;
public static void SetStringConnection(string unSaveStringConnection)
{
conn = new NpgsqlConnection(unSaveStringConnection);
}
public static void OpenConnection()
{
conn.Open();
}
public void UseSqlCommand(string _sqlCommand,List<List<string>> Mas = null)
{
List<string> row = new List<string>();
NpgsqlCommand command = new NpgsqlCommand(_sqlCommand, conn);
NpgsqlDataReader dr = command.ExecuteReader();
while(dr.Read())
{
int count = dr.FieldCount;
row = new List<string>();
for(int i =0 ; i< count ;i++)
{
row.Add(dr[i].ToString());
}
Mas.Add(row);
}
dr.Close();
}
static void CloseConnection()
{
conn.Close();
}
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20005 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | 'use strict';
angular.module('issueTrackingSystem.controllers.register', [
'issueTrackingSystem.services.auth'
])
.config(['$routeProvider', function($routeProvider){
$routeProvider.when('/', {
templateUrl: 'app/templates/loginRegister.html',
controller: 'RegisterController'
})
}])
.controller('RegisterController', [
'$scope',
'$location',
'AuthServices',
function RegisterController($scope, $location, AuthServices) {
$scope.register = function (user) {
AuthServices.Register(user)
.then(function (user) {
sessionStorage['CurrentUser'] = success.userName;
sessionStorage['AccessToken'] = success.access_token;
sessionStorage['TokenType'] = success.token_type;
$location.path('/dashboard/1');
notify('You registerd in successfully.');
}, function (error) {
notify(error.data.error_description);
});
}
}]
); |
1268760_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | サミット（Summit ）はかつてクライスラー社がイーグルブランドで販売していた小型乗用車である。
概要
AMC時代から製造を継続していたメダリオンの後継車として登場。製造は日本にある三菱自動車の水島製作所とイリノイ州のダイアモンド・スター・モーターズ（DSM）で行われ、ジープ・イーグル販売部門にてキャプティバインポートモデルとして売られた。サミットは、北米市場においてジープ系ディーラーに訪れる顧客のニーズにこたえるべく設定された乗用車ラインナップのうちの1つであった。ポピュラー・メカニクス誌によればクライスラー名義へのバッジエンジニアリングへと至った経緯として、「アメリカの顧客は米国品を優先的に買いたいと望んでいる。しかし、日本のメーカーは、よりアメリカ人が必要とする自動車のタイプおよび優れた価格を提示しているためそちらのモデルを購入する。」というリサーチを得ていたため、当時グループ企業であった三菱製自動車を自社名義で販売を決めたことによるものであった。
ボディタイプは4種類あり、4ドアセダン・2ドアクーペ・3ドアハッチバックは三菱・ミラージュのOEMで、5ドアワゴンは三菱・RVRのOEMであった。
初代（1989年-1992年）
サミットは3代目ミラージュのバッジエンジニアリングモデルで、メダリオンの代替としてメダリオンの販売が終了した1989年より4ドアセダンが販売開始された。グレード展開はDL、LXの2種が設定された。翌1990年には最廉価グレードベースグレードと、最上級グレードのESが追加された。1991年にはマイナーチェンジを実施し、グリルのデザインを変更するとともに3ドアハッチバックが追加設定された。
ベースモデルの内装はファブリックシートに簡素な内張りでパワーステアリングも非装備であった。上級グレードのLX以降はパワーステアリングは標準搭載された。
エンジンは標準モデルでは81馬力を発生する1.5L直4エンジンが設定され、最上級グレードのESにのみ123馬力を発生する1.6LDOHC直4エンジンが搭載された。これに組み合わされるトランスミッションは5速MTが標準で、3速ATはオプションだった。ESのみ4速ATも選択可能であった。
製造は3ドアハッチバックが三菱自動車倉敷工場で、4ドアセダンはDSMで行われた。その他のクライスラー内のキャプティバインポートモデルとして、ダッジ・コルト（プリムス・コルト）がラインナップされていた。
2代目（1993年-1996年）
サミットは1993年モデルイヤーとしてフルモデルチェンジを実施する。ボディタイプは先代に設定された3ドアハッチバックはカタログ落ちし、従来の4ドアセダンに加え新たに2ドアクーペと5ドアワゴンが設定された。ワゴンは1991年から1992年モデルイヤーとして販売開始されている。セダンおよびクーペは4代目ミラージュ、ワゴンは初代RVR（三菱が現地で販売していたエキスポLRV）のバッジエンジニアリングとなっている。但し、ワゴンのスライドドア位置は日本仕様とは逆の左側となっている。なお、カナダ向けに販売されたサミットはアメリカ向けのラインナップとは異なっており、ベースにはミラージュセダンではなくランサーセダン（北米市場におけるミラージュ・セダン）が設定され、5ドアワゴンはサミットではなくイーグル・ビスタワゴンとして提供された。
グレード展開はDL、ESの2種が、ワゴンはDL、LX、AWDの3種が設定された。なお、1994年にはESは新たにESiへと名称を変えている。
サミットセダン、クーペはホイールベースが2インチ延長され、95馬力を発生する1.5L 直4エンジンおよびミラージュに新たに採用された113馬力を発生する1.8L 直4エンジンを搭載した。1.8LエンジンはセダンのESでは標準で、ほかはオプションとされた。ABSは標準モデルでは装備されておらず、ESの4ドアのオプションとして利用可能であった。すべてのサミットには、電動フロント・ショルダーベルト（俗に言うおせっかいシートベルト）が装備されていた。
サミットワゴンは、ほぼ同じ外観でプリムス・コルトビスタとしても販売された。内装レイアウトはRVRに準じるもので、取り外し可能なリアベンチシート、分割シートバックに加え、貨物スペース拡張のためにリアシートを前方に折りたたむことが出来た。 113馬力、1.8Lの直4エンジンが標準であったが、116馬力、2.4Lのオプションエンジンも設定され、それぞれのエンジンに5速MTまたはオプションの4速ATのどちらかを選択することが出来た。パワーステアリングはすべてのモデルに標準装備された。 駆動方式はAWDバージョンのみ四輪駆動で、ベース（DL）とLXモデルは前輪駆動であった。ABSはオプションで、エアバッグは設定されていなかった。
1995年、ベースとなったミラージュは5代目へとフルモデルチェンジしたが、サミットは1996年に生産終了するまで従来型のまま販売を継続していた。
参考文献
1994 Eagle Summit Brochure
関連項目
三菱・ランサー
三菱・RVR
イーグル・ビスタ
イーグル・サミットワゴン
さみつと
セダン
ハッチバック
クーペ.
|
US-202218084909-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | The application server 26 functions to provide data processing logic for requests received from the call router 22. The application server 26 is preferably connected to the call router 22 via a network 24, more preferably via the Internet. The application server 26 is preferably a third party server operated outside of the system, but the system may alternatively include the application server 26. The URI 23 is preferably associated with an application server 26 or an application on an application server 26. The application server 26 preferably communicates with the call router 22 using an application layer protocol, more preferably using the HTTP protocol, or more secure HTTPS protocol. The application server 26 preferably receives HTTP requests from and sends HTTP responses to the call router 22. The application server 26 preferably runs on a standard stack of programming languages, hosting providers, operating systems and databases to handle HTTP requests, as if the caller were a website visitor in a web browser. The application server 26 also preferably verifies the digital signatures of the call data received in the requests using the secret key to compute a cryptographic hash from the received information and the hash received. If the computed hash and the received hash do not match, or no hash is received with the request, then the application server 26 preferably determines the request is fraudulent, and the request is preferably discarded. If the computed hash and received hash match, the application server 26 preferably determines that the request is authentic and proceeds further with the processing of the request. The application server may alternatively choose to ignore the hash if security is not important. The application server preferably uses call state data communicated by the call router request to determine the next call router instructions, without requiring call state stored on the application server. The application server may alternatively use call state data sent by the call router, such as the caller ID of the caller or the unique ID of the call, to reference additional or external state data, such as rows in a database or session data stored on the application server. The application server 26 preferably responds to HTTP requests received from the call router 22 by generating telephony instructions 27 for the call router 22. The application server preferably replies to the call router in XML, however, any suitable machine-readable message format may be used, including HTML, key/value pair text, delimited text or binary encoding. The XML preferably includes the telephony instructions 27 for the call router 22 such as connecting to another number, playing a recorded greeting, reading text, and/or requesting DTMF digit entry from the caller. The telephony instruction 27 may alternatively be related to SMS messaging, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) messaging, email, or any suitable messaging task. The telephony instruction 27 may additionally be used to send an outgoing SMS message, arrange a phone call from a specific phone number, arranging for a callback, setting up a conference call (connecting multiple numbers), sending an email, interfacing with a calendar or scheduling system, purchasing goods, or services, or any other suitable instruction. The XML instructions are preferably a set of commands to be executed in order, one at a time (i.e., sequentially). An example XML response is shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. In single telephony session (e.g. one initiated by a PSTN-device or an SMS device) a response from an application server can initiate an outgoing telephony call and/or a SMS message. That is, a single XML response preferably provides the ability to interact with both the SMS network and the voice telephony network (PSTN, SIP/VoIP, etc) sequentially or simultaneously. In addition, audio or video files sent to the call router 22 can be converted to text by an automatic speech-to-text engine, human or other technique, and sent back in text form as an SMS message or an attachment to an MMS. In one variation, an application running on a server may be a simple static XML page and static sound files, deployed on basic web servers where no development or scripting environment is available. This variation preferably uses URI Templates (a current IETF proposal for HTML5), which essentially includes URLs with placeholders for variable data, like this: http://www.twilio.com/audio/{Digit}.mp3 where the call router 22 would substitute the digits pressed for the {Digit} placeholder in the URI Template, GET the file at the resulting URI, and play the static sound file in response. This allows an entire application to be authored offline in a What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) html editor. 3. Example Applications
Call router applications are preferably web applications, implementing the most common phone system features with full APIs for administration. Each Call Router Application object has a unique URI. A call may be transferred to that object instance by specifying its URI as a call destination. The call router applications preferably include: the AutoAttendant application (in FIG. 7 ), the Follow Me application (in FIG. 8 ), the Conference application (in FIG. 9 ), the AutoConference application (in FIGS. 9-11 ), the Device application, the Person application, the VoicemailBox application, the Group application, and the Queuing application (in FIG. 12 ).
The AutoAttendant application, as exemplified in FIG. 7 , plays a recorded greeting, and waits for the caller to press one or more digits on the keypad. Based on the input, the AutoAttendant preferably directs the call to another AutoAttendant, one or more of phones of a person, a voicemail box or any other valid calling destination.
The Follow Me application, as exemplified in FIG. 8 , enables a person to be reached at multiple devices, such as a work number, a cellular phone number, a landline, and/or a VOIP device. The Follow Me Application preferably calls these devices in order or simultaneously in an attempt to reach the person.
The Stay With Me application enables a person to transfer an in-progress call between multiple phone devices, such as a cellular phone and a home phone. For example, a user may wish to transfer a call from a more expensive cellular call to a less expensive landline phone, or may wish to transfer a call to a landline phone if a cellular phone battery is running low.
The Conference application, as exemplified in FIG. 9 , preferably allows three or more callers to participate in a call simultaneously, while providing mechanisms to control who can join and speak during the call. The Conference application may alternatively or additionally incorporate SMS messaging control. The Conference application upon receipt of an SMS message including multiple phone numbers, may initiate a conference call to one or more parties, using the single SMS.
The AutoConference application preferably allows a conference administrator to initiate a conference call with two or more parties by performing one action, such as selecting a button on a web site, selecting a button on a phone device, dialing a phone number, or scheduling the call prior to its initiation. Examples of the AutoConference application implemented using the preferred method of the invention are shown in FIG. 9 (viewed from the PSTN-device side), FIG. 10 (viewed from the application server side), and FIG. 11 (initiated by an application server using the call router API).
The Device application represents a telephone used within the phone system, and may be a hard phone (hardware) or soft phone (software), a VOIP phone or a traditional PSTN phone. The Device application handles configuration details and device status (Do Not Disturb, Busy, etc.).
The Person application represents a human-being user of a telephone system. The Person may have one or more extensions, devices, and/or voicemail boxes, and may have a preferred order in which to ring their phones or voicemail. A person may have a username and password with which to login and update these settings.
The VoicemailBox application preferably plays a greeting, and allows the caller to record a message. Once complete, the recorded message may be stored for later listening, emailed as an audio link or attachment, or both. A list of current messages for a VoicemailBox may be retrieved by dialing in, via API, via RSS feed, and/or any other suitable method or device. In one variation, the audio recording may be automatically transcribed, transforming speech to text. The text is preferably included in the email or text message along with the audio link, attachment, and/or retrievable later by any suitable means of the API.
The Group application preferably represents a logical grouping of other Call Router Application objects, including other Groups. The Group preferably defines the behavior of calls directed to the group, including queuing, hunting for the first available party, and simultaneously ringing multiple parties.
The Queuing application preferably, upon receipt of a phone call or an SMS message, enters the message sender to a telephony call queue and the message sender is called back via the PSTN, SIP/VoIP network or other telephony network, as exemplified in FIG. 12 . The call may be placed either at the message’ originating number or another pre-specified number, either when a human/operator/service is available (customer service applications) at a pre-scheduled time, such as a wake-up call, anniversary reminder, birthday reminder.
The call router applications may additionally or alternatively include:
- - a Busy Signal Buster service that, upon receipt of an SMS message or phone call transmitting a number to be called that is currently busy, and calls the SMS message sender back at the message’ originating number or another pre-specified number when the number is no longer busy; - a SMS Reader/TTY application that, upon receipt of an SMS, translates the text into audio, using a text-to-speech engine to a caller or the members of an audio conference (e.g., to tell them you will join the call in a few minutes), or for the hearing impaired to use instead of TTY services; - a Translation application that, upon receipt of an SMS message containing a phrase in a language, translates the language of the SMS message into another language (either manually by a human or automatically by a program) and sends a response message via SMS or email; and - a Programming application that, upon receipt of an SMS message containing programming code, could compile the code and execute the code, update a website, update a programming project, return data from a database, return a generated computer graphics object as an MMS message, or any other suitable program compilation or computation.
The call router applications may additionally or alternatively include a Status/Notification application that allows users to get or send the status of an object, task, or process by sending an SMS message and receiving a call back via the PSTN, SIP/VoIP network or other telephony network. The service may be used by an operator sending an SMS message with the name of a particular server and then get a call back on her mobile phone and hear the status of that server read aloud. The service may also be used for notification, i.e. to call other parties. For example, a store manager may want to let employees know what time a store is opening the next day. The manager could send an SMS message that would then call each employee and tell him or her over the phone the time when the store was opening the next day, and or what time they needed to arrive at work.
The call router applications may, however, include any collection and/or permutation or these or other suitable prebuilt telephony functions and features.
Applications of the preferred method may include simple PBX functionality, such as auto-attendant voice menus, employee extensions, and voicemail features. The application may also include other, unconventional, applications such as an Interactive Hold application, a Conference Calling application, an Independent Music Hold Channel, a Voting/Fundraising application, a Sales Application, a Blog by phone service and a Call Annotation application.
The Interactive Hold application preferably includes interactive activities, such as a playing a quiz game to be played while on hold (with or without the ability to be played against other callers), listening to news headlines or podcasts of the choice of the listener, and using a phone keypad as a synthesizer to create music in realtime. The Conference Calling application may, as an example, include selecting particular (or random) users from a phone book and instantly substantiating a conference call to the group, with the ability to save the group for future calling. The Independent Music Hold Channel preferably allows independent artists to upload, classify, and grant permission for their works to be played while a caller is on hold. The Voting/Fundraising application preferably connects willing callers (calling to encourage voting or to raise funds for a cause), to potential voters and/or donors respectively, preferably including an interface for the caller to display information about the voter/donor and to make notes about the voter's response to the call. The Sales Application preferably allows sales organizations to quickly integrate inbound and outbound calls with customer relationship management (CRM) applications, or read order details from a shopping cart application. Finally, the Call Annotation application allows call participants to append meta-data, such as reference URIs used in the phone conversation, to a specific call and a timestamp within the call. Participants on the call with a suitable user agent could view the annotations during the call, and people listening to a later replay of the call audio could also receive such annotations at the same timestamp during the playback. The Call Annotation may be used, for example, to facilitate conference call note taking, employee training, sales team collaboration, and/or customer support collaboration.
Applications may alternatively include hold or park functionality, where a caller is placed in a waiting state until an external event resumes the call, such as another party becoming available. One variation of this application is the call queue, where callers wait for an available attendant to answer a call. Applications of the preferred method may alternatively include other conventional or unconventional PBX functionality.
As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention defined in the following claims. It is possible, and indeed hoped, that additional applications will be designed and built upon this technology platform (the preferred method and/or system of the invention) that would not otherwise be possible using conventional telephony platforms.
We claim:
1. A method comprising: sending, from a device, using a uniform resource locator (URL), a request to an application, the request comprising parameters including an addressable destination of a telephony session; receiving, at the device and from the application, a response to the request, the response including at least one telephony instruction; and executing, based on the at least one telephony instruction, a telephony action for the telephony session.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise state information of the telephony session.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise an indication of dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) digits received in the telephony session.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise second phone number information of the telephony session.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise a unique identifier of the telephony session.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise a status of the telephony session.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise a representation of a sound recording.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise a result of a second telephony action.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters further comprise geographic data regarding a participant in the telephony session.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: associating the URL with an endpoint.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: initiating the telephony session with the endpoint.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the telephony session is a voice session.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the telephony session is a short messaging service (SMS) session.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the telephony session is a multimedia messaging service (MMS) session.
15. A call router system configured to perform operations comprising: sending, using a uniform resource locator (URL), a request to an application, the request comprising parameters including an addressable destination of a telephony session; receiving, from the application, a response to the request, the response including at least one telephony instruction; and executing, based on the at least one telephony instruction, a telephony action for the telephony session.
16. The call router system of claim 15, wherein the parameters further comprise state information of the telephony session.
17. The call router system of claim 15, wherein the parameters further comprise an indication of dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) digits received in the telephony session.
18. The call router system of claim 15, wherein the parameters further comprise second phone number information of the telephony session.
19. The call router system of claim 15, wherein the parameters further comprise a unique identifier of the telephony session.
20. The call router system of claim 15, wherein the parameters further comprise a status of the telephony session..
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github_open_source_100_8_20006 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "../include/axis.h"
#include <iostream>
Axis::Axis()
:DrawableObject()
{}
bool
Axis::build(QOpenGLShaderProgram* program)
{
size_t nb_vertices = 6;
GLfloat* positions = new GLfloat[nb_vertices*3] {
-1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
+1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
0.0f, +1.0f, 0.0f,
0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,
0.0f, 0.0f, +1.0f
};
GLfloat* colors = new GLfloat[nb_vertices*3] {
1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f
};
GLuint* indices = new GLuint[nb_vertices] {
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
};
set_vertices_geometry(program->attributeLocation("position"), positions, indices);
set_vertices_colors(program->attributeLocation("color"), colors);
return initialize(nb_vertices, nb_vertices, 3);
}
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6445641_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Ganesh Suntharalingam (nascido em março de 1967) FRCA FFICM é um anestesista britânico, presidente da Intensive Care Society e ex-chefe médico da North West London Critical Care Network. Em 2006, ele liderou o tratamento bem-sucedido de seis voluntários que ficaram gravemente enfermos após receberem um novo medicamento numa unidade de testes privada dentro do Hospital Northwick Park, onde ele trabalhava. O editor do New England Journal of Medicine declarou mais tarde que “todos os seis voluntários sobreviveram em parte por causa dos extraordinários cuidados intensivos prestados durante os estágios críticos da sua doença”.
Nascidos em 1967
Pessoas vivas
Britânicos.
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github_open_source_100_8_20007 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* All or portions of this file Copyright (c) Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates or
* its licensors.
*
* For complete copyright and license terms please see the LICENSE at the root of this
* distribution (the "License"). All use of this software is governed by the License,
* or, if provided, by the license below or the license accompanying this file. Do not
* remove or modify any license notices. This file is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
*/
#ifndef CRYINCLUDE_EDITOR_CUSTOMIZE_KEYBOARD_PAGE_H
#define CRYINCLUDE_EDITOR_CUSTOMIZE_KEYBOARD_PAGE_H
#pragma once
#include <CommandBars/XTPCustomizeKeyboardPage.h>
//===========================================================================
// Summary:
// CustomizeKeyboardPage is a CPropertyPage derived class.
// It represents the Keyboard page of the Customize dialog.
//===========================================================================
class CustomizeKeyboardPage
: public CXTPCustomizeKeyboardPage
{
public:
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Summary:
// Constructs a CustomizeKeyboardPage object
// Parameters:
// pSheet - Points to a CXTPCustomizeSheet object that this page
// belongs to.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
CustomizeKeyboardPage(CXTPCustomizeSheet* pSheet);
virtual ~CustomizeKeyboardPage();
protected:
DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
//{{AFX_VIRTUAL(CustomizeKeyboardPage)
//}}AFX_VIRTUAL
//{{AFX_MSG(CustomizeKeyboardPage)
afx_msg void OnAssign();
//}}AFX_MSG
};
#endif //CRYINCLUDE_EDITOR_CUSTOMIZE_KEYBOARD_PAGE_H |
github_open_source_100_8_20008 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'active_support/inflector'
require File.expand_path('../../lib/prometheus', __FILE__)
APP_NAME = 'Prometheus'
CONFIG_PATH = "#{ENV['HOME']}/.prometheus/config"
TEMPLATES_PATH = File.expand_path('../../templates', __FILE__)
PROMPT='Prometheus'
# Load all modules
Dir[File.expand_path(
File.join('..', '..', 'lib', 'prometheus', 'plugins', '**', '*_commands.rb'), __FILE__
)].each { |m| require m }
module PrometheusApp
include Prometheus
class Commands < Prometheus::Commands
namespace :core
full_name 'Prometheus Shell'
readme File.read(File.expand_path('../../README.md', __FILE__))
register App, 'app', 'app <command>', 'Prometheus application generator'
register Prometheus::Plugin, 'plugin', 'plugin <command>', 'Manage plugins for the current application'
end
end
PrometheusApp::Commands.start
|
677853_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Tolman, J.
— This appeal is from a judgment entered upon a verdict returned hy a jury in favor of the respondent and against the appellant in the sum of $1,- 000, as damages for the wrongful death of the respondent's minor child.
On March 21, 1917, one Con Buchet, then a deputy sheriff of King county, whose duty it was to repair, care for and drive the automobiles belonging to King county and furnished by it for the use of the sheriff, was asked by another deputy, then about to go to the county jail for a prisoner, to get into the automobile used by him as such deputy and ascertain what, if anything, was the matter with it. The two deputies, instead of taking the direct route from the sheriff's office to the county jail, proceeded in another direction for the purpose of testing the automobile, going up Jackson street, in the city of Seattle, some distance beyond Twelfth avenue, and while returning, in the vicinity of Twelfth avenue, the accident complained of occurred.
At the close of the respondent's case, the appellant moved for a nonsuit, upon the ground that the person driving the automobile at the time of the accident was a deputy sheriff in the employ of the appellant, and that the appellant was not, as a matter of law, liable for the act of such deputy. The court denied the motion, the appellant elected to stand thereon and refused to offer evidence in defense, and the jury returned its verdict. Whereupon the appellant moved for judgment non obstante and for a new trial, both of which motions were denied, and a judgment was entered on the verdict. Upon all of which rulings error is assigned.
It is admitted by both parties that Con Buchet, the then driver of the car, was a duly appointed, qualified, and acting deputy sheriff of King county at the time of the accident. And in addition to the usual duties of a deputy sheriff, he was required to repair, care for, and drive the automobiles belonging to King county which were furnished by it to the sheriff for his use. The head deputy says it was his duty to care for the automobiles. And he himself testifies that he had charge of the three automobiles used by the sheriff's office.
The appellant contends that the driver, Buchet, being in fact a deputy sheriff at the time of the accident, the county is not liable for his act because of Bern. Code, § 3987, which defines the general duties of a sheriff and, immediately following such definition, says: "The county is not responsible for the acts of the sheriff. " Which statute, it is contended, has superseded or repealed by implication the general statute, Bern. Code, § 951, which provides :
"An action may be maintained against a county, or other of the public corporations mentioned or described in the preceding section, either upon a contract made by such county or other public corporation in its corporate character, and within the scope of its authority, or for an injury to the rights of the plaintiff arising from some act or omission of such county or other public corporation."
It is true that the special statute was enacted long after the general statute; but it does not purport to cover the subject-matter of the senior statute, contains no words of express repeal, and if it repeals it at all, it must be by implication.
Bepeals by implication are not favored by this court.In Leavenworth v. Billings, 26 Wash. 1, 66 Pac. 107, cited with approval in Mathews v. Wagner, 49 Wash. 54, 94 Pac. 759, we said:
"Bepeals by implication are not favored. A statute will not be construed as repealing prior acts, in the absence of express words to that effect, unless there is an irreconcilable repugnancy between them, or unless the new law is evidently intended to supersede all prior acts on the matter in hand, and to comprise in itself the sole and complete system of legislation on that subject."
Again, in Mesher v. Osborne, 75 Wash. 439, 134 Pac. 1092, 48 L. R. A. (N. S.) 917, quoted with approval in Brunner v. Little, 97 Wash. 319, 166 Pac. 1166, this court said:
"Repeals by implication are not favored and will only be indulged where the implication is a necessary one, that is, where without an implied repeal of the earlier act there would exist an inharmony in the body of the law irreconcilable on any conceivable theory reasonably compatible with the purpose of the later act."
This may be taken to be the settled law of this state. Reading, then, the two statutes together, we find that the senior statute gives a right of action to a person injured by some act or omission of the county, while the junior statute provides simply and solely that the county shall not be liable for the acts of the sheriff while engaged in his official duties as therein defined. We find no such irreconcilable repugnancy between the two acts as to lead to the belief that the junior act superseded, or was intended to supersede, the senior act, and therefore hold that the senior act has not been repealed.
Nor was the deputy Buchet, at the time of the accident complained of, engaged in the performance of any official act necessary to be performed by a sheriff or his deputy. And the appellant cannot in this case shelter itself under § 3987, supra. The deputy sheriff was, in fact, engaged at the time of the accident in testing or repairing the automobile belonging to King county, a work which could have been done by any person having the requisite skill, and his commission as deputy sheriff cast no shield or cloak over him. His acts were the acts of an ordinary mechanic, such as King county might have hired at the nearest garage for such a duty. And the county can claim no immunity because its mechanic in this instance was commissioned as a deputy sheriff.
Finding no error, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
Main, C. J., Mitchell, Fullerton, and Parker, JJ., concur..
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nationalmedical00unkngoog_8 | English-PD | Public Domain | 121 '^Digitalis possesses great utility ia scarlet fever ; it lowers the temperature^ and maintains the action of the kidneys. ^^ Belladonna has real curative power in erysipelas, and without doubt has power to arrest lacteal secretion. *' Opium is the most important agent we possess in the treatment of various inflammations. ^* Aconite is of the highest value in the eruptive fevers, especially in scarlatina. In idiopathic erysipelas we have no better remedy ; and in cerebral and spinal meningitis, prior to effusion, aconite is as serviceable as in other inflammations. ^ ^ Acu-puncture is so decided in its relief of pain that some physi- cians contend that the anodyne effects of hypodermic injections of morphia are due to the water and not to the opiate. The injection of water, to be efficacious, must be near to the seat of pain. '^An ingenious use of bicarbonate of sodium to produce emesis applicable in .narcotic poisoning; Sufficient soda is swallowed and immediately after a suitable proportion of tartaric acid^ is taken. Brisk effervescence ensues, thoroughly emptying the stomach. ^^ Arsenic may cure epithelioma; is useful in schirrus and pallia- tive uterine cases. '* Eucalyptus, though an unequalled remedy in catarrh of the bladder, is a very inferior antiperiodic. '^Hydrastin stands next to quinia as an antiperiodic ; is useful in all the conditions in which quinia is used, and is an excellent injec- tion for gonorrhoea. Urethral Hemorrhage. — Dr. Swasey^ of New Britain, reported a case of profuse urethral hsBmorrhage, over fourteen ounces of blood being lost, which was checked by the internal administration of ergot and the use of a sound of large calibre. — Boston Med, and Surg. Jour, Gravitation in Arm Presentations. — A. Gr. Hobbs, M. D., of Ind., writes: I was called in haste to see Mrs. H , a muscular woman, in her second labor. Upon arriving at her bed I found she had been having regular and severe pains for several hours, but they had entirely ceased shortly before my arrival. After sitting about fifteen minutes, she still having no recurrence of pains, I made an examination and found the right hand in the vagina. Had I then followed the precept of our text books I would have proceeded to 122 place my patient under chloroform, at least to the extent of analgesia, and then introduced my hand into the uterus and brought down the left foot — in short I would have performed podalic version. But I determined to try an experiment, one that would at least not do any injury, if it did not accomplish my purpose. I directed her husband to stand at her feet and raise her limbs and buttox straight up, as in the reduction of hernia. I then had the advantage of gravitation, and by pushing back the arm with the fingers of my right hand in the vagina, and by external manipulations with my left, in less than five minutes the arm was pulled back into the uterus and the head substituted in its place in the superior straight. After a short time natural pains returned, and she was delivered of a healthy boy within an hour after I entered the room. I attribute the success of this method to the want of tonic con- traction of the uterine walls, as the sequel proved, since she had considerable post-partem hemorrhage, which was soon checked by ergot and nux. vom., together with firm external pressure. My ob- ject in presenting this case is to remind obstetricians that other and less dangerous methods than " turning" will sometimes succeed. I do not claim that this method will always prove so successful ; we should not expect it to do so when the walls of the uterus are firmly contracted, a condition of the uterus that we sometimes find when the pains have ceased and labor has been at a stand-still for hours. If we do not succeed by this method we have done no harm, and we can then resort to the dernier, '^ turning,"— Southern Med. Bee, Death in a Kiss. — The recent untimely death of the Princess Alice has brought into prominence certain facts in connection with diph- theria, of which she died, which would probably have been unheeded had the victim been less distinguished. It appears that the Princess was a martyr to a mother's love. Disraeli, (Beaconsfield,) with inimi- table pathos, described to the British Parliament the manner of the royal mother's infection, and while touching the hearts of his hearers with the story, he drew attention to a very important fact in connec- tion with contagiousness of the disease. The first member of the family who contracted the disease was the Princess Victoria, aged sixteen. She was taken with it on November 6th, between which date and the 14th six other members of the family were infected. The Grand Duchess (Princess Alice) and her daughter, Princess Elizabeth, alone of all the family, escaped the first attack of the dis- ease on the household. As each member was attacked, scrupulous 123 care was taken to avoid contact with the other memhers of the fam- ily. As long as these precautions were observed the disease was confined to those originally infected — not another member of the household, sixty in number, being attacked. In the case of the Prin- cess Mary, aged four, the result was fatal, and it was in her grief that the Princess Alice disobeyed the injunctions of the physicians, embraced her dying child, and contracted the disease wbich took her off. The lesson of this pathetic event is too obvious to be misunder- stood, although it is daily disregarded. Physicians cannot too rig- idly insist on the suspension of the habit of kissing during the preva- lence of diphtheria. It cannot be doubted that many of the sore throats which are seen during such prevalence, although not dis- tinctly diphtheritic, are, nevertheless, of that nature, and are capa- ble of being the foci of infection through kissing. — Mivh, Med, News, Arsenical Poisoning — dialyzbd iron. — Dr. Crenshaw, of Rich- mond, Va., reports in So. Clinic two cases of arsenical poisoning, in which, having emptied the stomach of the bread containing the poison, followed the emesis with teaspoonful-doses of dialyzed iron in about a wine-glass full of water every half hour. Both patients recovered. The rapidity of recovery in these cases speaks volumes in favor of dialyzed iron in the treatment of arsenical poisoning. The quantity of arsenic incorporated with the bread which these children had baked and eaten was one teaspoonful, and though it is true that much of the bread was vomited undigested, yet from the quantity of the yellowish liquid vomited along with the bread, and the severity of the symptoms, a considerable quantity of the arsenic must have come in contact with the mucous membrane of the stomach. ^^I was induced to use the dialyzed iron because of the facility with which it could be procured — not more than five minutes elaps- ing between the writing of the prescription and the administration of the first dose. In the treatment of such cases time is everything, and that lost in preparing the ordinary antidote might have cost the life of one or both these patients. That dialyzed iron, in addition to its other virtues, is an antidote for arsenical poisoning I have no doubt." Nasal Polypus — hypodkrmics. — Dr. J. A. Henning, Jay county, Ind., writes: Last June a young lady, aged sixteen years, applied to me for treatment, She informed me that a tumor h*(i h«en growing 124 in her right nostril for nearly one year, and was getting larger and nearly closing the nostril, so much that she could scarcely breath through it at times. Upon close examination I found a tumor or polypus the size of a large hazelnut half an inch up the right nostril, sprung from the pituitary membrane, through an aggravated follicle. It was about the color and consistence of a moUusk, and exuded, when slightly squeezed, a limpid serosity. But commonly it had a glistening appearance. The patient informed me that it would apparently get better and worse, but mostly on account of taking frequent cold; otherwise the patient was well. Treatment — I first concluded I would cut it out, but, after reflec- ting, I pursued the following course ; I mixed carbolic acid, one part ; glycerine, four parts ; and injected twenty drops at bottom of tumor with hypodermic syringe — this is all I did. In one month every vestige of the polypus was gone, and the patient pronounced herself cured, and is still well at this writing, now about five months. — Med, Brief. Local Treatment of Eczema. — Dr. Piffard, Professor of Dermatol- ogy in the New York University, in a recent article on this subject, advises the hypodermic injection of aseniate of sodium into patches of infiltrated eczema. He uses solutions of one-fifth, one-half, and one per cent. For a single patch of moderate size a single injection of five to ten minims of the one per cent, or one-half per cent, solution is made. If the patch is larger, or if there are several of them, the weaker solutions are employed, and two or more punctures made in the larger patches or distributed among the smaller ones. The in- jections are to be repeated at intervals of two or three days. He has seen no undue reaction from them. Another method employed by him to reduce infiltration is the application of some of our native ^'acro-narcotics" to the affected parts. Among these hydrastis and its derivative occupy in his opinion the first rank, and next in use- fulness the iris versicolor. Of the latter he makes a tincture from the root, and rubs this up with simple ointment until the alcohol has evaporated. By these means he believes the absorptive function of the capillaries is stimulated. — Boston Med, and Sur, Jour, New Method of Disinfection. — The Scientific American states that M. Boschau has devised a method of disinfection based on the con- tinuous and economical production of ozone by means of manganese dioxide, which is of timely interest. Ordinary light brown wrap- 125 ping paper is thinly covered witK size, and on the latter the pul- verized dioxide is sifted, so that it forms an adherent layer. It is merely necessary to hang the sheets thus prepared in the apartment to be disinfected or aerated; M. Boschau states that he lined a trunk with paper thus prepared, and placed therein some old cheese and strong radishes, which he left in the receptacle for a fortnight. At the end of that period the materials were removed and the lid of the trunk quickly shut. Fifteen minutes afterward, on opening the trunk, not the slightest odor was perceptible, the ozone given off by the dioxide having completely disinfected the carbonic and butyric acids produced. The inventor proposes to manufacture wall-paper, prepared in an analogous manner for use in schools, hospitals, etc. Treatment of Syphilis. — K. V. Mosengeil finds the duration of syphilis much less with out-of-door treatment than in hospital, and this he ascribes to the much greater metamorphosis of tissue that takes place from better diet, more drink, and more exercise. He treats his patients by rubbing in fifteen grains of ung. hyd. per diem, and subsequently iodide of potassium ointment; keeps the patient from twenty minutes to one hour in a warm bath, making him at the same time drink hot tea. If the patient have an appetite, he is allowed to eat steaks, eggs, sausages, and to take some wine and beer. He is now wrapped up and made to sweat for several hours, when a cold douche is applied and friction practised. The patient is then allowed to pursue his avocation ; is shampooed and permitted to dine. Iodide of mercury is then prescribed in small quantities for a few days, and if any glandular enlargements occur they are removed by friction. He finds that relapses rarely occur. — London Practitioner, Ovariotomy Superseded. — A proposal has been brought before the Paris Academy of Sciences by M. Tripier to establish a fistula be- tween the cavity of an ovarian sac and the exterior. He has tried it in one case with success. The interior of the sac can in this way be washed out or treated with iodine injections or cauterized. He has used injections of iodized water daily. The galvanio-caustic is used to establish the fistula. This operation is less formidable than ovariotomy, and can be easily carried out, but, of course, is not devoid of danger ; but it may be applicable in cases where gastrotomy is refused or inapplicable. With regard to injections they should not be too strong. We may point out that death from poisoning by iodine has been recorded where the drug was injected. This 126 operation may be compared with electrolysis for ovarian dropsy. —The Doctor. HiEMOPTTSis NOT ALWAYS SERIOUS. — Not a long time ago it was a prevalent doctrine that bleeding from the lungs was only a sure pre- cursor of death, which sooner or later took place. Gradually such a notion has been giving way before a more enlightened experience. If it is the consequence of tubercular abscess, then, indeed, it may be regarded very justly as a bad sign ; but if independent of a serious constitutional disease of the lungs, it is comparatively trivial. Dr. Sokalowski, in the Berlin Klin^ Wochenadirift, relates his observa- tions of eight cases of hsBmoptysis produced by mechanical causes in persons of good health and strength, all of whom except one readily recovered from its effects. The symptom which continued longest was cough. If the haamoptysis was brought about by occupation or habit, it is recommended by Dr. 8. that it be abandoned. Avoid the cause, and all will be well. Diet and Longevity. — A thoughtful person in Medina, 0., has practised with increasingly beneficial results the following interest- ing and economical experiment in dieting : For breakfast, fine graham gems with butter; no inconvenience followed — cost, three cents. Dinner, one-fourth pound rice, one ounce each of sugar and butter; a good meal — cost, five cents. Supper, one-fourth pound of corn- meal, one-half pint milk — cost, three cents. Water q. s. Total day's cost, eleven cents. For a change, he suggests one gill of beans, which, by the quart, cost less than half a cent. He claims to work hard, eats nothing between meals, is renewing his youthfulness, and only dreads the lonesomeness to be experienced by living to a very great age. — Sanitary Jour,, Toronto. Obstinate Epistaxis — ligation op the thighs. — M. Blondeu re- ports the case of a gouty subject who had an attack of epistaxis, in which nearly two quarts of blood were lost, and which ceased only on the occurrence of syncope. Eight days later a second attack oc- curred. Injections of cold water containing perchloride of iron were first tried in vain, and a ligature was then applied tightly to the middle of the thigh. The hemorrhage ceased almost immediately, but reappeared on the following day shortly after the ligature had been removed. The ligature was again applied with equal success, but its renioval was again followed by recurrence of the epistaxis. 127 The treatment was, however, persevered in, and finally, after several days, the hemorrhage ceased completely. — Gaz. dea Hop. Diphtheria. — Dr. W. W. Carpenter, Cal., writes: — Seldom does the cure of a case of diphtheria require more than the following, to wit: K. Acid sulphurous, 5 drachms; sol. pot. chlor. sat., ad. 8 ounces. M. Sig. dessertspoonful every hour or two. I mean ac. sulphurosii, not sulphuric, as the types made me say in my article on cholera. In ray experience there seldom exists ulceration in diphtheria ; nothing but the thick yellow or black exudative mem- brane. When ulceration exists under the membrane I add to the above prescription iron and glycerine, as follows : B. Ac. sulphufosii, 4 drachms ; tinct. ferri mur., 3 drachms ; glycerine, 1 ounce : sol. pot. chlor. sat., 4 ounces. M. Sig. dessertspoonful every hour or two. — Med, Brief, Asthma — ^iodide of potassium spray. — Dr. Evard, of Orsennes, has obtained very satisfactory results, in a severe case of asthma, from the use of a spray of iodide of potassium. The patient, a man thirty years of age, had sufiered for eight months from daily attacks of asthma, and had also been subject to chronic bronchitis for five years. At the time the treatment was begun he had three or four attacks a day, and was reduced to a pitiable condition. After assiduous use of the spray for eight' days the asthmatic attacks had almost entirely ceased. Eighteen months have elapsed since then, but the patient continues to use the spray, and the attacks have not recurred. The strength of the solution used was one to twenty. The periods of in- halation were short, but frequently repeated. — Bos, Jour, of Ohem, Whooping Cough — Dipthbria — pioratb of ammonia. — Dr. Dellen- baugh thinks he can most safely affirm that, if properly adminis- tered, the picrate of ammonia is a specific for the cure of whooping cough. He gives to babies from one-sixteenth to one-twelfth grain; and to children, from one-twelfth to one-eightgrain every three hours, In one case of diptheria he has also used picrate of ammonia as a gargle (gr. viij to oj) and by atomization. The solution of picrate produced a yellowish staining of the parts in such a way that he was inclined to believe a destruction of the micrococci ensued, and a speedy cure of the disease was the result. It; of course, will be ad- visable to detach thick exudations so that the picrate of ammonia solution can come in direct contact. — Virginia Med, Monthly, 128 New Treatment op Tapeworm. — From the results of numerous ex- periments, M. Bouchut had ascertained that not only ascarides, but fragments of tsBuia, when placed in a weak alcoholic solution con- taining one thirty-fifth of amylaceous pcpsine, are digested by the fluid in the course of twelve hours. We thus obtain an artificial di- gestion of the animal matter exactly similar to that which ensues when meat is treated by the same process. On submitting the con- clusion drawn from his experiments to the test of practice at the Enfans Malades, M. Bouchut found that the solution of pepsine was eminently successful. If his experience be confirmed a valuable ad- dition will be made to adult as well as infantile therapeutics. In conclusion, we may observe that animal food is, almost certainly, the channel through which the parasite is conveyed; and hence that official inspection of suspected dealers in meat would form a useful adjunct to the practice of the physician. — Louisville Med, News. Soluble Medicated Intra-Utbrine Pencils or Bougies. — By the use of these pencils, for the treatment of chronic diseases of the womb, it is confidently believed that the physician will be greatly assisted in the treatment of this difficult and annoying class of diseases . Their action is very simple. Being made of gelatine and glycerine, they readily melt at the temperature of the body, while at the same time they are sufficiently firm and elastic to be easily introduced into the uterus with the ordinary uterine forceps. Being medicated as they dissolve, the medicine is slowly and thoroughly brought into contact with the diseased membrane, and thus exerts a most beneficial influence on the parts from its thorough and long-continued action. These pencils are in the shape of a short bougie, about the diameter of a goose quill, and are prepared medicated as follows: Sulphate zinc, 1, 2, 4, and 6 grs. each ; iodoform, 2, 3, and 5 grs. each ; carbolic acid, 1, 2, and 4 grs. each; sulphate zinc, 2 grs.; carbolic acid, 1 gr. ; ergotin, 5 and 8 grs. — Southern Clinic, Tannin as a Medical Agent. — There is no astringent in the materia medica so useful and so extensive in its application to the treatment of various diseased conditions as tannin. We annex a few formulas which will be found convenient and efficient for the purposes named in menorrhagia R. Tannin, grs. xx; opium, grs. iv; ipecac, grs. v. M. Divide in powders — 10. Take one every two or three hours. The same is useful in the hemorrhage of abortion and other forms of hemorrhage. Night Sweats. R. Tannin, grs. ij; opium,gr. i. M. Onepill to be taken at bed-time. Another excellent I2d remedy for night sweats, uterine hemorrhage, or colliquative diarrhoea: R. Tannin, grs. xx; pulv. oppi, grs. v; pulv ergot, grs. XV ; loaf sugar, grs. xxx. Triturate and divide into ten powders. Give one every two to fourhours. — Southern Med, Record, Wounds — tinct. benzoin. — The most simple application for sealing up wounds is the old-fashioned tincture of benzoin, and it is the most successful. By it nearly all fresh wounds heal rapidly, while they do not do so under watery and fatty dressings. Tincture of benzoin has a remarkable property of uniting tissues and combining with blood. It is antiseptic, and, assisted by cotton-wool pads of lint and firm bandaging, will arrest hemorrhage from all vessels less in size than the radial artery. Non-recent wounds which suppurate it is not desirable to heal by adhesion. The most important item in the treatment of these is ventilation with as pure air as possible. None but the most evil results follow the application of waterproof ma- terials, such as oiled silk and gutta percha tissue over the dressings. Such wounds invariably stink and slough ; the wound is made un- duly hot, products of decomposition are retained, the surface has a grayish gruinous aspect, and loses substance daily. A simple piece of lint or muslin covered by cerate, or dripped in lotions of Condy's fluid, (1 to 40,) or tincture of myrrh and water, (1 to 20,) spirit and water or weak carbolic acid lotion, (1 to 60,) with just a layer of bandage to retain the dressing in its place, is all that is necessary, save a daily syringing and washing with warm Condy's fluid and water. — Mr, Philip Cowen^ Braith Ret,, No, TT. Strychnia Nocturnal Enuresis. — Dr. Kelp, according to the Medical Times and Gazette, has obtained success in obstinate cases of this troublesome afiection by the hypodermic injection of the nitrate of strychnia. He inserts in the vicinity of the rectum a single very small dose, sufficing to arrest the malady for a time. When it returns, the injection is to be repeated. His last case was a woman, aged eighteen, previously in excellent health, who had sufiered from enuresis during several months consecutive to scarlatina. The first injection procured her a respite for several nights, after which the treatment was repeated, and the cure became complete. — 3Ied, and Surg, Rep, Malarial Fevers — alkaloids of cinchonia with morphia. — Dr. Lewis, of Menoir, Tenn., noticed that patients who received morphia with quinia, recovered with greater rapidity than those who did not 130 take the opiate, and that a ten-graia dose of quinia combined with a third of a grain of morphia would break up an intermittent attack with far greater certainty than would twenty grains of quinia alone. By a combination of the cinchonia alkaloids with opium a much better effect is obtained, a paroxysm being aborted with much more certainty, and a much earlier and more complete cure insured. Only half the amount of quinia or cinchonia is required. — Med, Times, Phila, Hoarseness — borax and nitrate op potassium. — These two salts have been employed with advantage in cases of hoarseness and apho- nia occurring suddenly from the action of cold. The remedy is recommended to singers and orators whose voices suddenly becomes lost, but which by these means can be recovered almost instantly. A little piece of borax, the size of a pea, is to be slowly dissolved in the mouth ten minutes before singing or speaking ; the remedy pro- vokes an abundant secretion of saliva, which moistens the mouth and throat. This local action of the borax should be aided by an equal dose of nitrate of potassium, taken in warm solution before going to bed. — La France Medicale. Transfusion of Milk. — Dr. Brown-Sequard stated, at a meeting of the Societe Biologic, that he had used normal blood, blood without its fibrine, and milk for transfusion, and found the results to be the same, except that more milk was required than blood. In an experi- ment ninety-five grammes of blood were drawn from a dog, and were replaced by the same amount of milk. In about forty-five min- utes no trace of milk globules could be found in the blood, and the dog has continued in excellent health ever since the operation, (five months ago.) Dr. Brown-Sequard thought the liquid should be at a temperature of 10° to 12° 0. — Sosp. Gazette, Syphilitic Ulceration — sirop-gibert. — B. Red iodide of mercury, grs; xvss; iodide of potassium 3j 5v ; distilled water, f. gj f. 3vj. M. Dissolve and filter, then add simple syrup until the whole measures fifty fluid ounces. The dose of this is a tablespoonful containg one seventh of a grain of the red oidide of mercury, and seven and three- quarters grains of the iodide of potassium, which may be given three times a day. This preparation, says Dr. F. F. Maury, Philadelphia Hospital, has never known to salivate a patient, and is the best form of administering mercury in chronic syphilitic taint. — Med, and Surg, Rep, 131 ' Cahbolic Acid in Typhoid Fever.— ^Dr. Tempesti sums up in the following conclusions : 1. Carbolic acid may bs a remedy of much value in cases of typhoid fever in which death is threatened, (the putrid state of old writers,) and is worthy of being subjected to clinical research. 2. The dose must be sufficiently high, (half a drachm or a drachm daily in ordinary drink or in abundance of water.) Small doses, perhaps in consequence of the nervous stupor which prevails in typhoid fever, are of little or no therapeutic efficacy. — London Med. Record. Croup — atropia. — The sulphate of atropia in a one-per-cent. solu- tion has been used with success in the treatment of a case of croup, which threatened a fatal termination. Dr. De Pontenes of Antibes, reports in U Union Medicale^ that in the third day of the attack, death seemed inevitable, medication having failed of benefit, the epigas- trium was retracted, the face and neck swollen and purple. Three drops of the solution was injected on the left side of the neck, on a level with the pneumogastric ; there was improvement in a few moments. In four hours the dose was repeated. Amelioration was decided and in a few days recovery was complete. Bright's Disease — jaborandi. — Dr. John Bryson has used jabor- andi with much success in the treatment of urasmia, and in chronic and acute parenchymatous nephritis. He commences with doses of X. m. of the fluid extract, which is increased as the drug commences to lose its effects. It is given on the hypothesis that it promotes the excretion of urea through the skin, but as it is by no means certain •that the so-called uraemic phenomena observed in renal disease are due to the presence of urea in the blood it is possible that the theory upon which jaborandi is given may be false. — Courier of Medicine, Typhoid Fever — salicylic acid. — Dr. Upshur, of Kichmond, first used salicylic acid in a case of typhoid fever, occurring in a colored boy aged eighteen years. The temperature ranged from 102^ F. to 103 5° ; the headache was most excruciating,^and unaffected by full doses of quinia or any other remedy, the patient being more or less comatose. Salicylic acid (grs. x) in a saturated solution of phosphate of soda was given every two hours for two days, and continued for a week at lengthening intervals, till given only three times a day. The result was a most marked relief of the cephalalgia and reduction of temperature one and a half or two degrees. 132 Hypodermic Injection op Morphia. — Dr. H. Gibbons sums up, ih tbe Pacific Med. and Surg. Journal, his views of the proper use of the hypodermic injection of morphia, as follows: 1. Avoid it in congestion and inflammatory conditions of the brain. 2. Avoid it in pulmonary congestion, and where dyspnea is not the result of spasm. 3. Avoid it in acute inflammatory affections of the heart and pericardium. 4. Avoid it in high febrile excitement. 5. Avoid puncturing a vein. 6. Avoid a deep puncture, unless there is a special purpose to be accomplished by depositing the narcotic deep in the tissues. 7. Introduce the liquid slowly and not by sudden projection. 8. Kequire the patient to lie down ond remain quiet after the operation. I may add, it is the remedy, par excellence, for the paroxysm of spasmodic asthma from whatever cause. Vaginismus and Irritable Urethra. — Dr. Bedford Brown mentions cases of vaginismus occurring in his practice, which he has relieved in a short time by the application of pure concentrated carbolic acid over the entire surface of the ostium, the vagina, and the os uteri, in this way obtaining the permanent sedative action of this agent on these surfaces, thereby effectually destroying this state of hyper- aesthesia in a number of cases of vaginismus and irritable urethra. — Med. and Surg. Brief. Congestive Chills — belladonna hypodermics. — Dr. T. W. Kankin gives the history of cases of ^'congestive chills'! in which the heart's* action was stimulated and reaction was established by the hypoder- mic injection of tr. belladonna, in three cases, and fl. ext. bel- ladonna in one case. The doctor's plan was to inject ten drops of the tincture, repeating at short intervals, (every fifteen minutes,) until the pulse became distinguishable. The patients were uncon- scious, and unable to swallow. — Ohio Med. Recorder. Earache — chloroform vapor. — At a recent meeting of the Medi- cal Society of the District of Columbia Dr. James E. Morgan stated, during a discussion on otitis, that he had often promptly relieved the distressing earache of children by filling the bowl of a common new clay-pipe with cotton wool, upon which he dropped a few drops of chloroform, and inserting the stem carefully into the external 133 canal, and adjusting his lips over the howl, hlew through the pipe — forcing the chloroform vapor upon the tympanum. ■ Dr. J. Ford Thompson had also accomplished the same relief upon similar principles. Ergot in Diabetes Insipidus. — Prof. Da Costa, in a recent clinical lecture on the diabetes insipidus, (Hospital Gazette) ^ prescribed ergot in half drachm doses of the fluid extract and three times a day. He was led to do this from the favorable result following the use of this drug in two previous cases. In these cases there was at once apparent decrease in the quantity of urine passed daily. The remedy was in- creased to two drachm doses, and the urine fell from ten pints to six pints, and finally to three. Purgative Milk. — In his book, ^' Le Lait, la Creme, et le Beurre," M. Husson calls attention to Planche's formula for purgative milk, a cathartic which has the advantage of being easy to take and cer- tain in action : B. KesinaB scammonise, grs. vj; sacch. alb.,5iiss; triturate and add gradually. Lactis puri, 3 vi; aq. laurocerasi, m xlv. M. Sig. A single dose for an adult. — N. T. Med, and Surg. Brief. Prevention of Sea-sickness. — On this a correspondent writes to the Medical Times and Gazette that this disagreeable complaint could be quickly relieved, and indeed prevented, by simply buckling firmly round the waist a gentleman's common elastic belt, so as to make some pressure on the epigastrium or pit of stomach; or, if in want of the belt, a small shawl, or even a strong silk handker- chief, folded up flat to about three or four inches wide, would answer the purpose. — Sanitary Jour., Canada. Whooping Cough. — M. Dervieux gives the following formula: Extract of aconite, .05 grammes, f grain nearly; cherry-laurel water 4.00 grammes, 1 drachm nearly; syrup of ipecac, 3.00 grammes, f drachm nearly; mucilage, 200.00 grammes, 6^ ounces nearly. This is given as soon as the characteristic cough presents itself in doses of a teaspoonful every hour to young infants ; two teaspoonfiils to those more than three years of age. — Canada Lancet. Gleet. — Of late months I have undergone a change of opinion in the matter of the treatment of gleet, I now think that there is nothing in the world so good as the introduction of nickel-plated conical bougies and the simple overstretching of the inflamed parts. 134 Before proceeding to use an instrument of this sort, however, it is necessary in all cases to measure the normal calihre of the rest of the urethra, so that you may be guided in the selection of a bougie of the proper size. — Prof. Groaa^ in Medical Record, Propylabhnb in Chorba. — Dr. Purkhauser recommends propyla- mine as a prompt and eflfective remedy for chorea. He claims that it eflTects a cure in three or four days ; relapses are cured in one or two days. He gives it in doses of from 15 to 20 grains per diem ; this quantity is dissolved in four ounces of water and one ounce of syrup, anda Hpoonfulis administered every hour. — Le Mouv, Medicale, Lactopbptinb in Constipation. — Dr. J. Howard, Wis., writes: I have had many cases of constipation among infants, who aside from the constipation seemed perfectly healthy. I have advised enemas and laxative doses of manna, etc., to be used until the difficulty righted itself. Lately I have used lactopeptine with good results. I give it in breast milk in doses of five grains to a child from four to six months old. Given twice daily, for a short time, it soon helps the digestive organs to do their work properly and the constipation ceases. — Med. Brief. Sickness op Pregnancy. — Dr. F. E. Image, in the Practitioner, sus- tains Sir J. Y. Simpson, who introduced oxalate of cerium, and pre- scribed it in ten grain doses, and charges failures of this drug to arrest nausea of pregnancy to too small doses. He advises the first dose before the patient rises in the morning, and repeats every three or four hours during the day and evening. If there is uterine irri- tation, he combines the oxalate of cerium with bromide of potash — ten grains of the former to thirty of the latter at similar intervals. FuRUNCTJLAR ERUPTIONS. B. — ^Extract of fresh arnica flowers, 10 gm. ; honey, 20 gm. ; powd. althaea root, q. s. Mix the extract and honey, and add enough powd. althaea root to produce a tough but still adhesive paste. This is spread upon waxed linen or other fabric and applied two or three times ; it prevents suppuration. — Z?r. Plunat. Pruritus VuLvis. — Dr. E. B. Stevens, in the Obstetric Gazette for October, recommends the application of sulphurous acid, full strength, in cases of pruritus vulvae. 135 Hemorrhage following Abortion. — Dr. Boiters, of Berlin, dilates the cervical canal, injects a 3 per cent, solution of carbolic acid, and then goes over the whole of the inner surface of the womb thoroughly with Simon's spoon, after which the carbolic lotion is again injected. This method is claimed to be not only inoccuous, but especially val- uable in cases in which the uterus and surrounding tissues are in a condition of inflammation, and in which the uterus is bound down by adhesions. — Canadian Jour. Med, Sc, New Test-paper. — M. Lacour, an army pharmacien^ prepares this by adding to rhubarb double its weight of liquid ammonia, which produces a magnificent red-purple. After a quarter of an hour the liquid is separated by filtering, and strips of filter-paper dipped in it are then dried. Under the influence of acids the paper becomes a lemon-yellow, and with alkalies it regains its former color. It is a very sensitive test. — Bev. de Med, Mil, Chlorymal. — Dr. G. B. Sanford recommends, in the N. Y. Medical Becord, the following combination as safer and, more satisfactory than chloroform uncombined: R. Squibb' s chloroform, 1 pound; nitrate of amyl, 2 drachms. It is advised that the nitrite of amyl be dimin- ished in long and tedious operations, and if it be found necessary, to vary the proportions, the point aimed at being to use just sufficient to counteract the paralytic eflFect of the chloroform. Dyspepsia — chloroform. — Dr. S. E. Wills writes: In that form of Dyspepsia attended with rapid fermentation of food and evolution of gas soon after a meal no remedy gives such relief as chloroform — 15 to 20 drops in a little sweetened water. It expels the gases from the stomach in a few minutes, arrests fermentation promptly and without any unpleasant eflFects. — Med, Brief. Inveterate Epilepsy — ergot and bromide sodium. — Prof. Banduy, Mo. Med. Col., gives a case in the Cin. Lancet and Clinic of epilepsy, which had persisted for sixteen years, cured by giving, three times daily, twenty grains of bromide of sodium with half a drachm of Squibb's fl. ext. ergot. The patient continued the medicine faith- fully for a year and a half, and nearly four years have elapsed with- out the recurrence of a fit. Paracentesis Pericardii. — Several successful cases of paracentesis of the pericardium have been reported in Europe and America, so that the operation has come to be regarded as a perfectly legitimate 136 and favorable one ia certain cases. A small aspirator needle is generally used^ and no difficulty has been experienced in the opera- tion. The needle is introduced in the fifth intercostal space, nearly in the position of the normal apex-beat. Lichen Urticatus. — Milk of sulphur, 2 oz. ; hyposulphite of soda, 1 oz. ; dilute sulphuric acid, ^ oz. ; gelatine or patent- size, 2 lbs., to be well mixed with a pint of warm water and added to a tepid bath, in which the patient should remain an hour twice weekly. — Can, Jour. Med. 8c. Thumb-sucking and Irregular Teeth. — Dr. Chandler states that there is no cause so productive of malformation of the bones of tlie mouth and irregularity of the teeth as the habit of thumb-sucking during infancy, the different positions of the thumb giving rise to different kinds of deformity. — Can. Jour. Med. 8c. Delirium Tremens. — Chloral hydrate still continues to be used with great success in the treatment of delirium tremens. Dr. Far- rar in the Brit. Med. Journal for January, 18T8, speaks in the strong- est terms of its beneficial effect after the failure of the opium treat- ment. OBITUAET. Dr. John C. Kiley died February 22, 18T9, aged 51 years, at 140'7 New York Avenue. At a special meeting of the Medical Society, D. C, February 24, the president. Dr. D. K. Hagner, pronounced an impressive exordium, followed by* Drs. King, Johnston, Busey, Ashford, and Antisell. Dr. Kiley was educated at Georgetown College, graduated in 1851, and succeeded his father in the chair of materia medica in the National Medical College, and was also dean of the college. He was a member of the Medical Association, the Medical Society of the District, and the American Medical Associa- tion. He was the only surviving member of the committee to revise the American Medical Pharmacopoeia, was a commissioner of phar- macy for the District of Columbia, and consulting physician at the Providence Hospital, the Central Free Dispensary, and the Eye and Ear Infirmary. 1 r ^!»~^3-^- fr Tl jti^tK^i > ■• WALTER S. WELLS, M. D VOL. I. MARCH, 1879. No. 4. CONTRI BUTIONS. Modern Changes in Midwifery A. F. A. King, M. D. Carcinoma Beneath the Tongue J. Ford Thomp9on, M. D. A Remarkable Homicide (Contents: Epilepsy; Headache; Asthma; Scirrhus Cancer - - - - 160 Pruritus Valvae; Amenorrhcea; Pyrexia of Phthisis 161 Bruises ; Enucleation of the Uterus ; Goitre ; Aneurism of the Aorta , - - 162 SELECTIONS.— Continued. Page. 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-_6wvVm_EbY_1 | Youtube-Commons-Whisper | CC-By | All right, so where does division fit into the order of operations? Well, again, the fundamental rule of order of operations, all operations go from left to right unless there's a grouping symbol or we have an operation with higher precedence. Again, addition and subtraction have equal precedence, neither is done before the other. The default left to right then applies. Division has a higher precedence, so it gets done before addition and subtraction. Division and multiplication also have the same precedence. So if I have a division and I have a multiplication, I don't have higher precedence, and if I don't have a grouping symbol, my default left to right procedure is going to be what holds. So, for example, let's try and place parentheses to make this statement that involves division, multiplication, addition, and subtraction. We want to make that true. And again, identify the type of expression. The last thing we do is going to be the type of expression that we have. So again, maybe there are no parentheses, so let's evaluate that. So let's see I have division, I have multiplication. So if there are no parentheses, I do those things first and from left to right, so the division is first, that's six, then my multiplication, one times four, that's four. I have addition and subtraction. I'm going to do those left to right, so I do four plus six first, then I subtract, I get six, which is not what I want. So the statement isn't true, so I need to throw in some parentheses. And I'll try out various combinations. So maybe the four plus 12 is in parentheses, so parentheses take highest priority, stuff inside parentheses gets done first. I have division and multiplication. They're equi-precedents, so I'm going to take care of those left to right and still not true. So where else can I place parentheses? Well, maybe I'll throw them around the two minus one. So again, parentheses do this first, and so parentheses two minus one is one, and here I have multiplication and division. They have equal precedents, so I'm going to work these from left to right. I do divide by one, then times four. Divide by one, times four. Finally, I add, and still not what I want. |
gentlemanscitize00wats_1_15 | English-PD | Public Domain | (Fulbourn, near Cambridge.) Cambridge Univcrfity* ijijfcRight Hon. Henry Goulbo.j.r., 1 coufin of Vifcount Chetwy;<;, (Up. Berkcley-ft.) 6 William Yates Peel, efq. brcrh<r of the Members for Tamfworrh and Huntingdon, and brother-ir> , law of the Earl of Mountcaflu I, (Dcvonfhire- place.) 4 Cambridge Borough. #?Most Hon. James (Graham) M. of Graham (Alheniarlc-ft.) 3 Frederick William Trench, esq. u Colon-.-! in the army,(Boltrn-'t^4 Camelford, Cornwall. Mark Milbank, efq. son-in-law < f the M. of Cleveland, (Sr. Junu*'«; fq. — Thorpe Hall, Yorkftirt- 4 Sheldon Cradock, Efq. (St. Jam'f s Place, — Hartforth, York.; 4 Canterbury. Hon. Richard Watfon, yc brother of Lord Sonde?. 1 Hon. George Augustus (Cowper) Vifcount For Jwich,(MoteH< uff, Kent— Maddox ft.) x Houfe of Commons. Cardiff, Glamorganfhire. Lord Patrick Jas Herbert Crichton Stuart, only brother of the Mar- quis of Bute. (Cardiff Caftle, in this county — Whitehall place.) 4 Cardiganfhire. [2] William Edward Powell, efq. euftos rotulorum of the county, (Pieca- dilly — Nanteos, in this county. }$ Cardigan. Pryfe Pryfe, efq. brother in-law of Visct. Ashbrook, (Limmer's Ho- tel— GotheranHoufeinthisCo.)4 Carlifle, Cumberland* William James, efq. (Charles ft. Berkeley-fq.) jPhilip Henry Howard, efq .(Corby Caftle,Cumberland — Brook-ft,)i Caermarthenihire. [2] SirJas.Williams,Bt.(Grofvenor|fq.) Caermarthen. John Jones, tfq. (Eury-fl. — Yftrad- Lb'dge7"near-this borough.) 3 Caernarvonfhire. [2.] Charles Wynne Griffith Wynne, efq. (Cefnainwich, in this co. Port- man fq.) 1 Caernarvon. Hon. Sir Charles Paget, knt. a Rear Admiral of the Red — (Bur- lington ft.) 2 Caftle- Rifing, Norfolk. Lord Henry Hugh Cholmondeley, only brother of the M. of Chol- mondeley. (Whitehall place.) 3 Hon. FulkGreville Howard, brother of Vifcount Templeton, and bro- ther-in-law of theMarq.of Briftol F.R.S. and S A. (Grofvenor-fq. — Leven's park, near Milthrop, Westmorland. 6 Chefhire. [4.1 George Wilbraham, esq. (Delamore House in this county. — Upper Seymour St.) 2 Kt. Hon. Richard (Grofvenor) Earl Grofvenor, brother of the Earl, of Wilton, and son in law of the late Lord Stafford. (Grofvenor sq.) 4 Chester. 2 Lord Robert Grofvenor, third son of the Marquis of Westminster, (Upper Grofvenor street.) 2 Foster Cunliffe Offley, esq. (Maldelsey— Staffordshire.) Chichester, Sussex Right Hon. Lord Arthur Lennox, youngest brother of the Duke of Richmond, (Up. Pottland-place) John Abel Smith, esq. son of the member for Bucks, (Dale Park in this county — Belgrave sq.) 2 Chippenham, Wilts. Joseph Neeld, esq. (Grettleton House, Wilts; — Grofvenor-sq.) 2 Henry Joseph Boldero, esq. (Weymouth, Dorchester — St. James's & Rt. Hon. Sir George Henry Rofe, knight (Old Palace Yard, — Cuffnelle, near Lindhurst, Hants.) 9 George Pitt Rofe, esq. son of the other Member, a captain in the 15th Hussars. (Old Palace Yard.) 9 Cirencefter, Gloucestershire. Rt. Hon. Henry George (Bathurst) Lord Apfley, D.C.L. — (Arlington St.) 16 Jos. Cripps, esq. a banker of this borough, (St. James's St.) 4 Clitheroe, Lancashire. Hon. Robert Curzon, eldest son of Baronefs Zouche, ( Upper Brook Street— Hagley, Staffordshire.) Hon. Peregrine Francis Cust, brother of Earl Brownlow, and of the Member for Loftwithiel, and uncle-in-law of the Duke of Buccleuch. (Hill Street, 4 Cockermouth, Cumberland. John Henry Lowther, esq. nephew of the Earl of London, (Swillington, Yorkshire — Grofven. fq.) Sir James Scarlett , knt. a king's counsel, (New St. Spring Gardens.) 4 Colchester, Essex. Dan. Whittle Harvey, esq. (Coggeshall, Essex, — Fenchurch Buildings.) 1 Corner Castle, Dorsetshire. Geo. Bankes, esq. (Old Palace, Yd-)2 Philip John Miles, esq. (Hamilton Place — Leighcourt, Somerset.) 2 Cornwall. [42.] Edward Wm. Wynn Pendarvis, esq. (Eaton-place — Pendarvis, in this County.) 2 Sir Charles Lemon, Bart. (Carclew in this County — Sackville fl.) 1 House of Commons. Coventry, Warwickshire Edward Ellice, esq. brother-in-law to Earl Grey and joint Secretary of the Treasury (Wykc House, Middlesex — Richmond Terrace) 3 Henry Lytton Bulwer, esq. (Albany, (i E.) 1 Cricklade, Wiltshire. Robert Gordon, esq. a merchant in London, (St. James's Place — Le West on, Sherborne, Dorchester.) 5 Thomas Calley, esq. (Salthorpe house, Wilts — Arabella row, Pimlico.) Cumberland. [6.] Sir James Robt. George Graham, Bart. (Admiralty) — Netherby in this county. 3 William Blamire, esq. (Thaekwood in this county — Duke-st. St. James's.) Dartmouth, Devonshire. John Bastard, esq. a captain in the royal navy. (New-st. Spring Gardens — Sharpham, near Tottenham, Art. Howehold, of the St. John's, St. John's in this county, a.d. Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, baronet, nephew of Lord Grenville, and son-in-law of the Earl of Powis, Custos rotulorum of the counties of Merioneth and Denbigh, (St. James's Square. — Wynn'say, near Wrexham.) Denbigh. Robert Middleton Biddulph, esq., (Chirk Castle, in this county. — Chapel Street, Grofvenor-square.) Derbyshire. Hon. George John Vernon, only son of Lord Vernon, (Wilton Crescent.) Right Hon. Wm. Cavendish, Lord Cavendish, grandson of the Earl of Burlington, (Belgrave-square.) Derby. Henry Fred. Compton Cavendish, esq., brother of the Earl of Burlington, and first cousin of the D. of Devon, a lieutenant in the army, and a Major in the army. The Life Guards, (Burlington Street) Edward Strutt, esq. (Cork-street) Doves, Wiltshire. John Pearce, esq. (Craig's Court) Chilton Lodge, Berks. Geo. Watson Taylor, esq. (Grafton Street) Devonshire. [a6") Right Hon. Hugh (Fortescue) Visc. Ebrington, brother of the member for Hindon, and fog-in-law of Earl Harrowby, (Castle-hill, Devon; — Grofvenor-square.) 4 Right Hon. Lord John Russell, third son of the Duke of Bedford, (Pay Office, (Whitehall.) 4 Dorchester. [20] Edward Berkeley Portman, eq. son-in-law of the Earl of Haverwood (Upper Brook-st. — Bryanstone-house, near Blandford.) 3 Right Hon. Anthony Ashley (Cooper) Lord Ashley (New Norfolk-st.) 1 Dorchester, Dorchester. Robert Williams, esq. a banker in London. (Grosvenor-square— Littlebrady near this borough.) 8 Hon. Ant. Henry Ashley Cooper, brother of the member for the co (Grofvenor-square) Dover, Kent. Right Hon. Chas. Poulett Thompkins, (Somerset place.) a Robert Henry Stanhope, esq. a captain in the navy, (Chefter-st.) Downton, Wiltshire. Thomas Creevy, esq. q. (Bury-ft.) 2 Hon. Philip Pleydell Bouverie, brother of the Earl of Radnor, a banker in London, (Haymarket) Droitwich, Worceftershire. John Hodgetts Hodgetts Foley, esq. (Queen Ann-street. — Priestwood. house, Stafford.) 3 Sir Thos. Winnington, bt. (Sandford Court in this Co. — Dover-st.) Dunwich, Suffolk. Frederick Barne, esq. (Sotterly and Dunwich. Suffolk — Grovenor-fr.) 1 Hon. George Charles (Pratt) E. of Brecknock, (Arlington-st.) a Durham, County of. [4.] Wm. Russell, esq. (Conna-light Tower.) — Brancepath Castle in this Co. — King-street. Sir Hedworth William Foster, bart. (Whitburn in this Co. — King-street.) Durham, City of William Richard Carter Chaytor, House of Commons. Esq. (Witton Castle, Durham —) St. Germains, Cornwall. Southampton-st.) Charles Ross, esq. (Portland-place.) John Arthur Trevor, eldest son of Winthrop Mackworth, Esq., Viscount Dungannon, (Whittle-j a barrister at law, (Brick Courtbury House, Northamptonshire) I — Bolton-st.) Easter Looe, Cornwall. Henry Thos, Hope, Esq.; (Duchess-street,) % Thomas Arthur K< Esq. a Glamorganshire. [2] Christopher Rice Manse'l Talbot, Esq. (Margam, in this County — Fenton's riotel.) I Gloucestershire, [8.J Lieut, in the Grenadier Guards, Sir Berkeley William Guise, bar. (Mount-Pr.) I Effex. [8.] Charles Callisweftern, esq. (South- L— Felix-hall, Kelvedor, EffiexOro Bon, Wm. Pole Tylney Longwell- ley, elder son of Lord Maryborough. (Dover-st.) 2 Evefham, Worceftershire. Sir Chas. Cockerell, baronet-in-law of Lord Northwick, (Scinn-court, Gloucester— Hyde-park Terrace.) 3 T. Thomas Hudson, esq. (Regent Crescent.) Exeter. Lewis Williamson, Buck, esq. (Audley- St.) 2 James Wentworth Buller, esq. (King St.) — St. James's. 1 Eye, Suffolk.. Sir Edward-Xerrifon, baronet-in-law of this borough, a major general. (Great Stanhope-street — Oakley Park, Suffolk.) 5 Wm. Burge, esq. Agent for the Island of Jamaica, (New-square, Lincoln-Vinn.) Flintshire. Edward Moyston Lloyd Moyston, esq. (Lower Seymour-St.) Henry Glynne, efq. (Berkeley-fq.) Fowey, Cornwall. Rt. Hon. Jas. Thomas (Brudenell) Lord Brudenell, (Brooksby-Hall, Leicestershire, Hereford-ft.) 8 John Cheesment Severn, efq. abar- rifter at law, (Penny bent Hall, Radnorshire — University Club.) 3 Gatton, Surrey. Hon. John (Saville) Viscount Pol- lington (Dover-ft.) Hon. John Ashley, fourth son of the E of Shaftesbury, (Grofvnor-fq.) (Pall Mall— Rendcomb Park, Cirencester; Higham-court, in this Co.) 6 Hon. Henry: Geo. Francis Moreton, eldest son of Lord Ducie, (South Audley-ft) Gloucester. Maurice Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley, efq. brother in law of the Duke of Richmond, a capt. in the navy. (Spring Gardens.) Edward Webb, esq. D.C.L. (Stoke Bishop, Bristol and Adwell, Tets- worth.) 5 Grantham. Lincolnshire. Glynne Earle Welby, Efq. (Port-land-place.) James Hughes, efq. (Mount-st.) Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Right Hon. James Akx. (St. Clair Erkin) Lord Loughborough. (St. James's-fq.) Hon. Henry Fitzroy, next brother of Lord Southampton (Grafton-st.) Grinstead East, Sussex. Right Hon. William (Pitt Amherst) Visct. Holmfdale, (Grofvenor-st.) 2 Frederick Rd. West, esq. (Ruthin Castle, Denbighshire—Up. Brook-st.) 1 Guilford, Surrey. James Mangles, efq. (Woodbridge in this co. — College-st.) Hon. Charles Francis Norton, a lieut. in the 5th Foot (Worcester in this county — Princes-court.) Hallestone, Cornwall. Rt. Hon. Lord James Nugent Boyle Bernardo Townfhend, uncle to Marquis Townfhend, a captain in the Navy. Sackville Lane Fox, esq. (Gwydir House, Whitehall.) House of Commons. Hampshire. Sir James Macdonald, baronet-in-law of the Earl of Albemarle and nephew of the Marquis of Stafford, (Eastsheen, Surrey, Wilton Crescent.) Charles Shaw Lefevre, esq. a banker in London. (Heckfield in this county— Whitehall-place.) Harwich, Essex. Sir John Charles Herries, (Albemarle-st. — and Montreal, Kent.) Hampshire. Sir John Robert Dawson, brother-in-law of the Earl of London, (Stafford-place — and Montrose-park Lincoln.) Hampshire, Surrey. Sir John Becket, Bart, born-in-law of the Earl of London, (Stafford-place — Somerset-park Lincoln.) William Holmes, Esq. (Grafton-st.) 3 Hastings, Sussex. Frederick North, esq. (Univerfity Club-house.) John Ashley Warre, esq. (Belgrave-square.) Haverford-west, Pembrokeshire. Sir Rd. Bulkeley Philipps Philipps, bar. (Portland-place Picton Castle, in this County.) 2 Hedon, Yorkshire. Sir Thomas Aston Clifford Constable, Bart. (Fixal, Stafford — Cumberland-place) 1 Robt. Farrand, esq. (Park-street, Westminster.) 1 Herefordshire. [8] Sir Robt. Price, bt. (Stratton-street; — Foxley, Hereford.) 4 Kedwin Hofkins, esq. (Stricktenning, Hereford — Regent-street.) Hereford, City of Rt. Hon. John (Somers Cocks) Vise. Easter, son-in-law of the earl of Hardwicke. (St. James's-square — Regent-street, Westminster.) 5 Edw. Bolton Clive, esq. (Grafton-st.— Whitfield, in this County.) % Hertfordshire. [6 Sir John Saunders Sebright, baronet. Brother-in-law of the Earl of Harewood. (Jermyn-ft. — Beachwood, Herts.) Nicolson Calvert, esq. brother of the member for Southwark, and brother-in-law of the Earl of Ranbury, (Jermyn-ft. — Hunsdon house, Herts.) Hertford. Thomas Slingsby Duncembe, esq. (Queen-street, Mayfair.) John Currie, esq. (Hill-ft.) Heytesbury, Wilts. Edward Henry A'Court, esq. (Hill-ft.) Sir George Thomas Staunton, Earl. (Leigh-par kHants — Devonfliire- ft.) 1 Higham-Ferrers, Northamptonshire Hon. John Brabazon Ponfonby, eldest son of Viscount Duncan- non. 1 Hindon, Wilts. John Weyland efq. (Woodrising- hall, Norfolk— Parliament-st.) 1 Edward John Stanley, efq. (Grovenor- st.) Honiton, Devonshire. &Rt. Hon. Sir Geo. Warrender, Bart, brother in-law of the Earl of Falmouth, (Lochend, East Lothian, — Albemarle-street.) 5 Henry Baines Lott, tfq. (Tracey House, Devon.) Horsham, Sussex. Nicholas William Ridley Colborn, eldest brother of the member for Newcastle. (Hill-st.— West Hurling, Norfolk.) 4 Rt. Hon. Henry Charles (Howard) earl of Surrey. (St. James's) 1 Huntingdonshire. (4.) Rt. Hon. George (Montague) Vill- count Mandeville, a commander in the royal navy. (Union Club House.) 2 John Bonfoy Rooper, esq. ( Co. - For the Huntingdon. Jonathan Peel, esq. b. other of the members for Tamworth & Cambridge University, and son in law of the Earl of Carlisle, a lieur. col. in the army. (George-fl. Hanover-fq.) 1 Fred. Pollock, esq. (Guildford-ft) House of Commons. Houghton, Kent. Stewart Marjoribanks, esq. (Albany, (A.) 3 John Loch, esq. (Up.Bedford-pl.) 2 Ipwich, Suffolk. James Morrison, esq. (Balham-hill, Surrey, Font-hill, Wilts, and Up. Harley-st.) 1 Kigby Watson, esq. (Park-st. West minister.) 1 Ivelchester, Somerset. Stephen Lufhington, D.C.L. judge of the Con'l. Court, and Chancellor of the Diocese of London and Rochefter. (Great George's-ft.) 3 Hon. Edward Robert Petre, uncle of Lord Petre, (Stapleton Park York— Grofvenor-st.) 1 St. I James Hulfe, esq. (Hastings-on-the-Hill.) Edward Earle Lytton Bulwer, esq. (Hemstead.) Kent, (ro.) Thomas LawHodges, esq. (Hemstead.) King's Lynn, Norfolk. Rt. Hon. Lord George Frederick Cavendish, second son of the Duke of Portland, a major in the army, (Welbeck, Notts— and Orange-farm, Norfolk; Cavendish-square.) Rt. Hon. Lord Wm. Pitt Lennox, fourth brother of the Duke of Richmond. (Regent-st.) Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire. Geo. Schonswar, esq. (Warwick St.,) Wm. Battie Wrightson, esq. (Coulson's Hotel.) Knarefborough, Yorkshire. Rt. Hon. Sir James Mackintosh, knight D.C.L. (Gt. Cumberland St.— Clapham-common, Surrey.) Rt. Hon. Henry Manners, (Cavenagh) Cornwall. James Brogden, esq. (Clapham, Surrey.) Sir John Malcolm, knt. a major gen. in the army (Abingdon ft.) Leicestershire. (4.) Charles March Philips, efq. (Garrenen Park in this County. — Albany (3 A.) Thomas Paget, efq. (Humberston in this county — Cecil-ft.j Leicester. William Evans, esq. (Aileftree, Derby byshire — Gloucester-place.) Wynn Ellis, esq. (Cadogan-place.) Leominster, Herefordshire. William Bertram Evans, efq. (Hertford-ft.) Thomas Brayen, jun. efq. (Leominster— R ed-cross-st. Bor©') Lewes, Sussex. Thomas Read Kemp, efq. (Dale-park, Sussex. — King-street, St. James's.) Sir Charles Richard Blunt, Bart. (Heathfield Park, Suffolk.) Lichfield, Staffordshire. Sir George Anson, uncle of Vise. Anson, K.T. S. a Lieut. Gen. and Col. of the 4th D. G. (Bulftrode-st. — Rushal-hall, Staffordshire.) Sir Edward Dolman Scott, Bart. (Great Barr Hall, Stafford— Suffolk, Suffolk.) Lincolnshire. (12.) Sir William Amcotts Ingilby, hart. (Albemarle-street — Kettkthorpe in this County.) 5 Hon. Charles Anderson Worfley Pelham, eldest son of Lord Yarborough. (Brocklefby in this County — Arlington-st.) 1 Lincoln. The member for Windford. (Upper Charles De Laet Waldo Sibthorp, Grosvenor-et. — Knowsley Park, efq. (Canwick, Lincoln.) 2 in this County. 5 | (Albemarle-ft.— Nannau, in this Benjamin Heywood, efq. a banker county.) 10 House of Commons. 43 Geo. Fiefchi Hencage, efq. (VVimpole-AO Liskeard, Cornwall. Rt. Hon. Edward Granville [Eliot Lord Eliot, (Dover-street.) 3 x Sir William Henry Pringle, ne phew in law of the earl of St. Germains, a Lieut. Gen. and Col. of the 6th Regt. (Stratford-place.) 5 Liverpool, Lancashire. William Kwart, esq. (Eton-place.) 4 London. William Thompson, esq. an Alderman of this city, President of Christ's Hospital. (Whitehall-pl. — Perrydarran, Glamorgan.) 2 Robert Waithman, esq. An Alderman and Merchant of this city. (Woburn place — Riegate Hill, Surrey.) 3 Matthew Wood, esq. an Alderman and Merchant of this city, (Great George-st. — Little Strawberry-hill, Middlesex.) 5 Wm. Venables, esq. an Alderman and Merchant of this city. (Queenenhithe.) Lostwithiel, Cornwall. Hon. Edward Cust, Brother of Earl Brownlow, and of the member for Clitherow, a Lieut.-Col, in the army. (New street, Spring gardens.) 4 Rt. Hon. Ernest Augustus (Edgecombe) Viscount Valletort, (Sackville st.) 4 Ludgershall, Wiltshire. Sir Sanford Graham, Bart. (Kirk. st. York, — Portland place.) 1 Edward Thos. Foley, esq. (Charles st. Berkeley st.) 2 Ludlow, Shropshire. Lymington, Hants. Geo. Burrard, esq. (Charles st. Berkeley st.) 2 William Alexander Mackinnon, esq. (Hyde Park place.) Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. Hon. Henry Sutton Fane, second son of the Earl of Westmorland, a major of the 34th Foot, (Gronville-square.) John Thos. Fane, esq. a Lt. Col., in the army, (Burton St. David, Somerset-shire.) Maidstone, Kent. Abraham Wildey Robarts, esq. (hill-street.) Charles James Barnett, esq. Maiden, Essex. Thomas Barrett Lennare, eldest son of Sir T. E. Lennare, Bart. (Upper Brook-street) 3 Quintin Dick, eldest son of Sir Chas. Forbes, Bart. (Fitzroy-square, — Edington, Aberdeen-shire.) 5 John Forbes, eldest son of Charles Christopher Pepys, Esq., barrister at law, (Lincoln's Inn.) Marlborough, Wilts. Thomas Henry Sutton Bucknall, eldest son of the Member for Oxford University. (Grofverior Street) % William John Bankes, eldest son of the Member for Corn Exchange, (Old Palace Yard.) 2 Marlow Great, Bucks. Owen Williams, eldest son of the Member for Corse Castle, (Old Palace Yard.) 3 St. Mawes, Cornwall Rt. Hon. Edward (Herbert) Vise. Geo. Grenville Wandesfort Pigott, Clive, son-in-law of the Duke of Essex (Doddershall PajkBixks — Montrose. (Brook-st. — Powis- Travellers' Club.) 2 castle, Montgomeryshire. (Powis- Travellers' Club.) 2 Hon. Robert Henry Clive, brother of the other member, and brother in law of the earl of Plymouth. Sir Edward Burtenham Sugden, knight a kind's counsel, Old-square, Lincoln's Inn. Merionethshire. (1.) Middlesex. (Up. Grofvenor-st.) 4 Sir Robert William Vaughan, knight. House of Commons. St. Michael, or Midfhall. Cornwall. Hon. Wm. Samuel Best, eldest son of Lord Wynford. (Hanover sq.) Hon. Lloyd Kenyon, eldest son of Lord Kenyon. (Gredington, Flintshire — Portman-square) 1 Middlesex. (8.) George Byng, esq. (St. James's-sq. — Wrotham Park, Middlesex. Joseph Hume, esq. (Bryanstone-square.) Midhurst, Sussex. George Robert Smith, Esq. (Cumberland-place) Martin Tucker Smith, esq. (Cumberland-place) Milborne-port, Somersetshire. George Stephens Byng, esq. (Eaton square.) Philip Cecil Crompton, esq. (Solicitor General for Ireland, and a bender of the Hon. Society of the King's Inn, Dublin. (Merrion-square.) Minehead, Somersetshire. John Fownes Luttrell, esq. (Limmer's Hotel — Dunster Castle, Somersetshire.) 14 Right Hon. George Augustus Frederick (Villiers) Viscount Villiers (Middleton Park, Oxford Berkeley-q.) Monmouthshire. (3) Right Hon. Lord Granville Chas. H. Somerset, second son of the Duke of Beaufort, and son-in-law of Lord Carrington (Whitehall.) 4 William Addams Williams, esq. (Llangibby Castle in this county, — Green-st.) Monmouthshire. (2) Right Hon. Charles Watkin Williams Wynn, D.C.L. & F.S.A. nephew to lord Grenville, and brother of the member for Denbighshire, (Grafton-st, — Pontresgoe, in this co.) 9 Montgomery. Henry Clive, esq. (Pall Mall.) 5 Morpeth, Northumberland. William Ord, esq. (Berkeley-q. — Whitfield Hall, Northumberland.) 5 Hon. William Howard, fourth son of the E. of Carlisle (Wilton). Newark-upon Trent, Nottingham. Thos. Wilde, esq., a king's sergeant, (King's Bench Walk.) William Farnworth Handley, esq., (Cif ord-ft.) Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire. Wm. Henry Miller, esq., (Craigen-tenny, Mid. Lothian, and Britwell-house, Bucks — Brompton-row.) Edmund Peel, esq., brother of the members for Tamworth and Cambridge University, (Bonnell House, Stafford— Swan Hotel.) Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumb. Sir Matthew White Ridley, baronet, a banker of this town, brother of the member for Horfham. (Carleton Gardens — Heaton-hall, and Blagdon-house, Northumberland.) John Hodgson, esq., (Parliament-st.) Newport, Cornwall. Right Hon. Sir Henry Hardinge, brother in law of the M. of Londonderry, a Maj. Gen. in the army, (Ketton, Durham — Whitehall place.) Rt. Hon. James Walter (Grimston) Viscount Grimston. (Grofvenor-fq.) Newport, Isle of Wight. William Mount, esq. an alderman of this borough (Wafing-place, Berks — King-st. St. James's.) James Joseph Hope Vere, esq. brother in law of the Marquis of Tweeddale, (Blackwood, Lancashire — Craigie, Linlithgowshire — Univerfity Club.) Newton, Lancashire. Thomas Legh, esq. D.CL. (Cumberland-st. — Lyme Park, Cheshire.) and Heydock-lodge, Lancash,)j Thomas Houldsworth, efq. (Man- chefter. — SalopianCoffee-hou6e.)4 Newtown, Ifle of Wight. Hudfon Gurney, efq. F.S.A. (St. James's-fquaie ; — Norwich.) 5 Sir Wm. Horne, knt. Sol. Gen. to the king. (Old sq.'LincoIn'sInn) 1 Norfolk. (1 a.) Thomas William Coke, efq. grand- father of Vifc. Anfon/fon-in-law of the E. of Albemarle— (Cocoa Hou/e of Commons. to Tree— Holkham-hall.in this co.)i3 Sir William John Henry Browne Folkes, Bart. (Hillingdon, in this County.— Cavendiihsq.) I Northallerton, Yorkfliire. Hon. William Sebright Lafcelles, third fon of the Earl of Hare wood, and fon in law of the Earl Spencer Henry Kdderhee, efo.(Jud of Carlifle, (Harewood-houfe, bourn Hall,Woodbridge,burTolk Haddingtoufturc.— Grecn-ft.) Sir Richard Rawlinfon Vyvyan, bart. (Tielorwatrcn, Cornwall. — Gt. Geoigr-ft.) 1 Orford, Suffolk, Sir Henry Frederick Cooke, -j a Col. in the army ( Mount-fit.) York — Wilton Crefcent.) a xSir John Poe Beresford, bart elder brother of Vifcount Beres- ford, a vice-admiral of the white, CBedule, York.) 5 Northamptonfhire. (9.) Upper Grosvenor-strcct.) 1 Oxfordshire. (9.) George Granville Harcourt, tiq, e'ldeft fon of the archbifhop of York, and Ion in law of the Ea:i of Lucan, (Grosvenor-fq.) 7 fcRight Hon. JohnC. Vise. Althorp, (Downing-ftreet — Wiseton, Notts.) 5 Rt. Hon.Chas.Wm. [Wentworth- Fitzwilliam] Vifct. Milton, bro- ther in law of Lord Dundas, Oxford University. ThomasGrimftonBucknall Eftco'ar ; efq. M.A. father of the Mem- ber forMarlborough.(New-parl£ Wilts— Suffolk-ft.) 6 (Milton honfe in this Co.-MorJSir Robert Harry Ihglis, bt a Bar- timer houfe, Grofvenor pi.) 6 Northampton. Sir George Robinfon, bart. (South ftreet, — Cranford, in this Co.)3 ftcr at law,LL.D. (Manch*.-:.. 1 buildings,— Milton Bryant, Bed ford.) 2 Oxford City. Robt. Vernon Smith, esq. (Saville James Houghton Langston, esq.) Verdurcr of Wychwood Fore, in this county, Northumberland. (8.) Thomas Wentworth Beaumont, esq. (Hexham Abbey, in this Co. — Sir James's-place.) Rt. Hon. Henry Grey, Viscount Howick, (Howick in this Co.— Colonial Office.) Norwich, Norfolk. Richard Hanbury Gurney, esq. (Northrepps, in this County — Limmer's Hotel.) Rt. Hon. Robert Grant, brother of the member for Invernessshire, a barrister-at-law, (Gt. George's estate,) Nottingham, (8.) John Saville Lumley, esq. (George Street, Hanover-square.) Nottingham. Sir Thomas Denman, knt. Attorney General to the King, (Rufsel-square.) Sir Ronald Crawford Ferguson, Lt. Gen. and Col. of the 79th Foot, (Muir-town, Fife — Bolt on row.) 7 Oakhampton, Devonshire. John Thomas Hope, esq. (Luffres) Piccadilly. (C.) Sir John Owen, baronet vice admiral of Plymouth, and Governor of Milford Haven. (Orielton, and Lanston, Pembrokeshire.) 1 Pembrokeshire. (C.) Sir John Owen, baronet vice admiral of Plymouth, and Governor of Milford Haven. (Orielton, and Lanston, Pembrokeshire.) 1 Pembrokeshire. (C.) James William Frefhfield, esq. (C. ) Weston, in this county. — Ne-Bank Buildings.) 1 Charles Stewart, esq. (C. ) Sir Robert Heron, baronet vice admiral of Plymouth, and Governor of Milford Haven. (Orielton, and Lincolnton, Pembrokeshire.) 1 John Nich. Fazakly, esq. (St. John's, Devon — Up Brookfield, Hants, William George Hykon Jolliff Bart (Merstham, Surrey — A street, Adelphi.) Houfe of Commons. Hylton Joliffe, esq. (Mertsham, Surrey — Pall Mall.) Plymouth, Devonshire. Sir Thos. Byam Martin, an admiral of the blue, and major-general of the marines. (Whitehall.) Sir Thos. Byam Martin, an admiral of the blue, and major-general of the marines. Gibbs Crawford Antrobus, esq. (Grofvenor-fquare — Eaton-hall, Chelhire.) 2 Sir Compton Domville, bart. cuftos rotolorum of the co. of Dublin, (Santry Houfe, Dublin — Lower Berkeley-ft.) 4 Pontefract, Yorkshire. Right Hon. John (Saville) Earl of Mcxborough in Ireland, (Met- ley Hill, York— Dover-ft.) J Hon. Henry Valentine Stafford Jerningham, eldeft son of Lord Stafford. (George ft. Hanoverfq)i Poole, Dorsetshire. Benjamin Lester Lester, esq. mayor of the borough(Pall Mall,eaft.)6 x Right. Hon. Sirjohn Byng, a lieut. gen. and col. of the 29th regt. (Portman-fq.) Portsmouth, Hants. J n. Bonham Carter, efq. (Duke-ft. WeftminAer.) 3 Fras. Thornhill Baring, efq.(Spring Gardens.) 7, Preston, Lancashire. John Wood, esq. (New-it. Spring Gardens.) 2 Henry Hunt, efq. (Stamford-ft.) 1 Queenborough, Kent. John Capel, efq; (Ruffel-fq.) % x Sir Colquhoun Grant, K.G. H. a lieut. gen. and col. of the Ijth dragoons, (Portman-fq.) Radnor, County of. (2.) *JSfRight Hon. Thomas Frankland Lewis. (Henrietta-ft. — Harpt»n court, in this county.) 5 Radnor, New. Richard Price, esq. (Knighton, Radnorshire,— Suffolk-ft.) 9 Reading, Berkfhire. Charles Fyfhe Palmer, efq. brother in law of the Duke of Gordon.! (Cocoa-tree ; — Langley- houfe, Berks.) 4 Charles Ruffel, efq. (Charles-ft. St. James's.) I Retford East, Notts. Granville Harcourt Vernon, efq. (Grofvenor-fq.) I Rt. Hon. Charles Evelyn, (Pierre- pont) Viscount Newark. (Port- man-sq ) 1 Richmond, Yorkfhire, x Hon Sir Robert Lawrence Dun- das, brother of Lord Dundas, a major gen. in the army. (Arling- ton-ft.) a Hon. John Charles Dundas, third son of Viscount Melville, (Her t- fort ft.) 1 Ripon, Yorklhire. Lewis Hayes Petit, efq. a Barrifler at Law. (New-fq. Lincoln'tInn)2 George Spence, efq. a barrifter at law, (Stone-buildings.) % Rochefter, ICent. Ralph Bernal, esq. chairman of the committees, a Barrifter at Law, (Park Crefcent.) 4 John Mills, esq. (Hill-ft.) Romney, New, Kent. William Miles, esq. son of the member for Corfe Castle, Beech-thorpe-hall, Nottingham — Hamilton-pl. Sir Edward Cholmely Dering, baronet. (Surrenden, Dering, Kent — Cavendish-fq.) Rutlandshire. [2] Sir Gerard Noel Noel, baronet. (Chandos-st. — Exton Park, and Catmore-Lodgings in this county.) Sir Gilbert Heathcote, baronet in law of the Countess of Dyfart. (Langham place; — Nottingham Park, Rutland.) Rye, Sussex. De Lacy Evans, esq. a lieutenant colonel in the army. (Waterloo-place.) Thomas Pern berton, esq. a barrister at law. (Terrace, Spring Gardens.) Ryegate, Surrey. Joseph Yorke, esq. (Forthampton court, Gloucester — Chesterfield St.) Charles Philip York, esq. a captain in the navy. (Park Crescent.) House of Commons. Sir Rowland Hill, the nephew of Lord Hill, (Limmer's Hotel— Hawke-stone in this county.) John Crefsett Pelham, esq. (Warner's Hotel— Cound-Hall, in this county; and the Cattle, Shrewsbury.) Saltafh, Cornwall. Frederick Villiers, esq. a barrister at law. (Paper Buildings.) Bethel Walrond, esq. son in law of the Earl of Rofslyn, (Clifford-st.) Sandwich, Kent. Joseph Marryatt, esq. a merchant and banker in London. (Richmond Terrace, Wimbledon-house, Surrey.) Sir Edward Thomas Troubridge, Bart, a captain in the navy. (Colonade Hotel.) Sarum, New, Wilts. Wadham Wyndham, esq. (Jordan's Hotel— The College, Salisbury.) Hon. Duncombe Pleydenell Bouverie, next brother to the Earl of Radnor, a captain in the royal navy. (Curzon-st.) Sarum, Old, Wilts. James Alexander, Esq. cousin of the Earl of Caledon. (Carleton Terrace — Somerville, Kent.) 6 Josias Du Pre Alexander, esq. (Grosvenor-square) 3 Scarborough, Yorkshire. Rt. Hon. Chas. Manners Sutton, Speaker of this lion, house, nephew of Lord Manners, registrar of the faculty office. (New Palace Yard) 7 Hon. Edm. Phipps, brother of the Earl of Mulgrave, a Gen. and Colonel Comman dant of the 60th Regt. (Mount-st.) 10 Seaford, Sussex. John Fitzgerald, esq. (Portland-pl, —Seaford Lodge in this co.) a William Lyon, (Grofvenor-ffc.) Shaftsbury, Dorsetshire. Edward Penryn, esq. (New-street, Spring Gardens.) 1 Wm. Leader Maberly, esq. son of the member for Abingdon, licur. col. of the 76th regt. (Shirley house, Surrey — Cumberlandpl.) 3 Shrewsbury, New, Sussex. Sir Charles Merrick Burrell, baronet. brother of the Member for Suffolk. (Richmond-terr. — Knep-castle, Suffolk.) 7 Henry Howard, esq. (St. James's-st. — Aldingbourn, Suffolk.) 2 Shrewsbury. Richard Jenkins, esq. (Up Harley-st.) 1 Robert Aglionby Slaney, esq. (Tavistock-square.) 2 Somersetshire. (18.) Edward Ayfford Sandford, esq. (Nynehead, in this county,— St. James's-ft.) William Gore Langton, efq. (Newton, St. Loe in this county, — Grofvenor-fq.) Southampton, Hants. Arthur Atherly, efq. (Arundel, Suffolk — Parade, St. James's Park) John Story Penleaze, efq. (Boston in this Co. — Bolton St.) Southwark, Surrey. Charles Calvert, esq. brother to the member for Hertfordshire, Cleveland-fq. — Whittam-Park, Middle-sex.) William Brougham, efq. (Grofvenor-pl.— Teddesley-park, near Penkridge, and Hatherton, in this county.) Edward Jn. Littleton, efq. (Grofvenor-pl.— Teddesley-park, near Penkridge, and Hatherton, in this county.) John Wrottefley, Bart, brother-in-law of the E. of Tankerville, George-street, Hanover-square. Wrottefley-hall, in Thomas Cecil, next brother to the Marquis of Exeter, a major in the 10th division, (Piccadilly.) 4 Charles Tennyson, esq. Clerk of the Ordnance. (Cainby Hall, Lincoln — Park-st. Westminster.) Steyning, Sussex. Geo. Richard Philips, esq. son-in-law of Lord Waterpark, (Plillston.) 4 Edward Blount, esq. (Bryanston-square.) 1 Stockbridge, Hampshire. John Barham, esq. (Queen Anne-shire) 1 Rt. Hon. Sir Stratford Canning, Suffolk. Sir John Walford, bart. (Warfield-park, Berks; — Berkley-sq.) Digby Cayley Wrangham, esq. (Wilton Crescent.) Suffolk. (16) Sir Henry Edward Bunbury, Bart., a Lieut. Gen. in the army, Burton Magna in this county — Bart's Hotel.) Charles Tyrrell, esq. (Polftead, in this county. — Kirkham's Hotel.) Surrey. (14.) William Joseph Dennison, esq. brother in law of Marquis Conyngham, (Pall Mall, — Denbies, near Dorking, Surrey.) Sussex. (20.) Herbert Barrett Curteis, esq. (Peasmarth, in this county — Westminster. Sir John Henry Barrett Curteis, esq. (Peasmarth, in this county — Westminster. Right Hon. Lord Charles Vert Ferrafs-Townshend Only brother of Marquis Townfhend. (Park Crescent — Rainham-hall, Norfolk — Cavendish Square.) Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, Bart. D.C.L. brother of the numbers for Cambridge University, Newcastle Stafford and Huntingdon (Drayton-park, Stafford or d flji r e, — W h i t e h a 1 1. ) 6 Tavistock, Devonshire. Juhn Heywood Hawkins, 'tfq. (Suffolk-ft.). Francis Ruffell, nephew to the Duke of Bedford, a lieutenant colonel in the army, and a captain in the cold-stream guards. Taunton, Somerset Henry Labouchcre, esq. (Hamilton place.) Edward Thomas Bainbridge, esq. (Park-place.) Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire. John Edm. Dowdeswell, esq. (Poole court, Tewkesbury— Park-place.) John Martin, esq. a banker in London (Lombard-street— Overbury house, Worcestershire.) Thetford, Norfolk. Right Hon. Lord James Fitzroy. youngest son of the Duke of Grafton. (Clarges-st.) Alex. Baring, esq. (the Grange, Hants — Piccadilly.) Thirsk, Yorkshire. Sir Robert Greenhill Russell, Bart. (Thirsk, in this Co. — Cavendish.) Sir Robert Greenhill Russell, Bart. A barrister at law. (Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, — Chequei's, Bucks.) 7 Tiverton, Devonshire. Hon. Granville Dudley Ryder, second lord of the Earl of Harrowby, and son-in-law to the Duke of Beaufort, (Wellbrook, Herts-— Grofessor-fq.) 1 Spencer Perceval, esq. (York St.) 1 Totness, Devonshire. Rt. Hon. Thomas Peregrine Courtenay, (Duke-street — Clay, Hill, Beckenham, Kent.) 1 Chas. Barry Baldwin, esq. (Unliament St.) 1 Tregony, Cornwall. James Mackillop, esq. (Montagu Square.) 1 Charles George James Arbuthnot, esq. a lieutenant colonel of the 90th regiment (Carleton Gardens.) 1 Truro, Cornwall. Rt. Hon. John (Scott) Viscount Enecombe, grandson of the Earl of Eldon and son-in-law of Lord Feverham. (Piccadilly.) 1 Nathaniel William Peach, esq. (Saville-Providence — Kittelsey. Norfolk) 2 Wallingford, Berkshire. Robert Knight, Esq. (Grofver Street;-Quare;-Barrett, Warwick, ) 2 House of Common. Thomas Charles Leigh, Esq. (Dorchester Frederick Stephen Norwood, Esq., vcr-ftf) (Arlington Street.) Wareham Dorchester. West London, Cornwall. Charles Wood, Esq. (Hickleton, Sir Charles Hulf, bar. a verdurer of York — Manchester Buildings.) The New Fort in (New Brunswick Hales Caskraf, Esq. (Kempston Street — Bicamore, Harr.s, Stone Hall) St. James's Street (St. James's Street.) Sir Anthony Buller, bar. (Warwickshire. (6) I Devon.) Francis Lawley, Esq. (Grofver Street;-Westminster Hall, in this co.) Sir Francis Burdett, bar. (St. Tammany Hall, in this co.) Sir Francis Burdett, bar. (Al) Veston, Foremark, Derbyshire — Hall in this county — Fall Mall, I Ramsbury, Wilts; and Wimbledon, East, don, Surrey. Warwick, Sir John Cam Hobhouse, seart. J. din Tomes, esq. a banker in Warwick. New Palace-Yard. Edward Bolton King, esq. (Umber of Wales in this county — Grolveuor-Wells, Somersetshire. John Edwards Vaughan, esq. (Recent ft.) 1 John Lee Lee Lee efq. (Carleton Terrace.) 1 Wendover, Bucks. Samuel Smith, esq. a banker in (Charles-u-reer. -Whitton Park. Frewcdale Berkeley-squai Middlesex.) 5 Westmorland. (1.) Hon. Henry Cecil Lowther, second son of the earl of Lonsdale, a brother-in-law to the Earl of Harborough, a Lieutenant Colonel in the Army (Bruton-street.) 6 Alexander Nowell, esq. (Wimpole-st.) London, brother of Lord Carrington, Weymouth and Melcombe Regl. nngton and uncle of the other member, (Berkeley-square; — Woodhall Park, near Ware, Herts.) 5 Abel Smith esq. nephew of Lord Carrington, and brother-in-law Dorsetshire. Masterton Ure, esq. a writer to his Majesty's Signet in Scotland. (Brookfield Street.) 5 Thomas Lowell Buxton, esq. (Devonlhire-street.) 4 of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of The Earl of Leven, (Wood-John Gordon, efq.), (Old Cavendish-Park, Herts, — Mount-street.) 5 Whitchurch, Hampstead. Sir Samuel Scott, Bart. (Sunbridge-park, Herts, — Mount-street.) 5 Hon. Horatio G. Powys, Townshend, uncle of Viscount Sydney, (Frognell, Kent — Chatfield Street, Beikeley-street.) 4 Wigan, Lancashire. Ralph Hall Park, Herts — Portland Place.) Wenlock, Shropshire. Paul Beilby Thompson, esq., (Berkley-square; — Essex, York) 1 Hon. George Cecil Weld, Furti ster, next brother of Lord Foster. A Lieut, in the Horse Guards. (Willey, Salop.) 2 Weobley, Herefordshire. Right Hon. Lord Henry Frederick Thy one, seconded by the Marquis of Bath, Esq. (See of Bath, a Captain in the royal bull in this county — Albemarle navy. (Warren's Hotel.) Right Hon. Lord Edward Thyne, John Hudson, Esq., John Hudson, Esq., and Sir Ralph Franco Lopes, Esq., of the Hall in this county. Westbury, Wiltshire. Ralph Franco Lopes, Esq., of the Hall in this county. Hall in this county — Stafford Hotel.) Wilton, Wiltshire. John Hungerford, Esq., of the Curzon-st — Compton, House. In this county. House of Commons. James Dawkins, Esq., of the Derby-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamarle-st. — Pyt-house, in this county. Sir John Dugdale Astley, Esq., of the Alhamar Bart, (Langham-pl. — E verleigh House and Bereham in this Co. — and Nelson, Leicester.) 3 Winchester, Hampshire. Paulet St. John Mildmay, esq. May or of this city. 4 James Btiller East, esq. (Stratford place.) Winchelsea, Sussex John Williams, esq. Attorney General to the Queen — Governor-general. James Brougham, esq. brother to the Lord Chancellor. (Brougham Hall, Westminster — Wyndham Club-house.) Windsor, Berkshire. John Ramsbottom, esq. a banker in London. (Albany [1 F.] — Clewer-lodge, Berks.) 6 Rt. Hon. Edward Geoffrey Smith, Stanley, grandson of the Earl of Derby, and son in law of Lord Schelmerl'dale, chief secretary for Ireland, (Whitehall-yard) 3 Woodstock, New, Oxfordshire Right Hon. Lord Charles Spencer Churchill, second son of the Earl of Marlborough. 1 Rt. Hon. William David (Murray Vicet. Stormont (Jersey) Wootton-Basset, Wiltshire. Right Hon. Philip Henry (Stanhope) Vifcount Mahon, (Chevening Kent; — Albemarle-street. Right Hon. Henry John George (Herbert) Vifcount Porchefler a Lt. Col in the army (Fenton's Hotel — Elmley-castle, Worcefter- shire.) 4 George Richard Robinson, esq. (John-street. Adelphi.) 2 Chipping-Wycombe, Buckingham- shire. Sir Thomas Baring, brother of the member for Callington, a merchant in London. (Devon-shire-pl.-Stratton-park, Hants) 7 Hon. Robert John Smith, only son of Lord Carrington, and brother in law of Lord Forrester, (Wycombe Abbey, Berks — Belgrav-street.) Yarmouth, Great, Norfolk. Hon. George Anson, next brother of Viscount Anson, a Lt. Cef. in the army, (Curzon-street, — Shucborough, Stafford.) 4 Charles Edmund Rumbold, esq. (Grofvenor-st, — Watton, Herts) 4 Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. Sir Henry Willoughby, hart. (Baldou House, Oxford — Coik-st.) Charles Compton Cavendish, esq. (Caftle Howard in this county — Grofvenor-place.) 1 Yorkshire. (12.) Rt. Hon. George William Frederick (Howard) Viscount Morpeth, (Caftle Howard in this county — Grofvenor-place.) 1 Sir John Vanden. Bempde Juhnstor, Bart. (Hackney, in this county, — Grofvenor-lt.) John Charles Ramsey, son of George Strickland, Esq. (Holdtuly square.) Worcestershire. (9.) Hon. Frederick Spencer, fourth son of Earl Spencer, a capt. in the navy. (St. James's place.) In this county. — L.uK-f: reet, it. James's.) York. Samuel Adlam Bayutun, esq. (J - nior United Service Club. 1 Hen. Thomas Henry Foley, uncle of Thomas Dundas, (Bruton-il.) Worcester. Thomas Henry Davies, son of Lord Dundas (Carlton, this county; Admiralty.) House of Commons. SCOTLAND. (45.) Aberdeen. Hon. William Gordon, brother of the Earl of Aberdeen, a capt. in the royal navy. Innies, in this county. — Saville-row. Aberdeen, Inverbervie, Montrose Aberdeen, Inverbervie, Montrose Aberdeen, and Brechin Horatio Ross, efq. (Rossie, Aber Jeenshire— Bridge-st.; Argyleshiro. /alter Fred.C ampbell,efq. nephew of the Duke of Argyle, and fon in-law of the Earl of Wemyfs P..yne's Hotel, Jermyn-ftrect — Wood-hall, Lanarkshirc,& Iflay houfe, Argylefliire.) 3 Ayrshire. William Blair, efq. (Blair in th county — Downing- ftreeti) 2 Ayr, Irvine* Rothsay, Campbell town and Inverary. Thonm Francis Kennedy, efq ( Jermyn-st. — Dunurc, Ayrfh.) 5 Banfshire. lahn Morrilon, efq. (New Burling- ton-ft.— Auchintoul in thu co.)2 Berwickfhire. Hoji.Anth.Maitland,t fecond fon of the Earl of .Lauderdale, and bi o ther of the Member for Appleby a captain the royal navy. (Bury* if.) 3 Bute, and Caithnesfliires GeoTgt Sinclair, efq. (Ulbtler Caithnefs — St. James' s-st.) Clacmannan and Kinrofsfhires. L furies <Ydam, efq. a rear admiral u! :he white. (Barnes, Kinrofs- ihire~Gt. Ruirel-ft.) Grail, Kilrenny, Eafl and Weft Anflrufhcr, and Pittenweem. Andrew Johnfton, efq. (Rennyhill, Fife— Manehtfter-fq.) Dumbartonfhire. Rt. lion. Lord Montague William Graham, youngeft fon of the Dake of Montrofe,(Grofvcnor fquare) '1 Dumfriesfhirc. John James Hope Johnfton, efq (Warren'; Hot?!.} I Dumfries, Sanquhar, Anr.anLoch- maben, and Kircudbright. William Robert Keith Douglas, efq. brother of the Marquis oi C)ueeii>bury, ( Eaton-fquare.) 5 Dyfart, Kircaldy, Kinghorn, and Bruntifland. Robert Fergufon, esq. brother ol the member for Nottingham. (Raith, Fife — Portman-fq.) Edinburghfhire. Sir George Clerk, bt. (Pcnnycuick in this county — Pall Mall.) 6 Edinburgh. Robert Adam Dundas, efq. fo.i in law of the4E. of Elgin. (Eaton-lq.) Elginfhire. Hon. FrancisWilliamGrant, brother of the Earl of Seafield, (Charlti- ftreet, St. James's — Cullen-houfe, Invernefsfhire.) 5 Elgin, Cu lien, Banff, Inverary and Kintore. Sir William Gordon Cummins, L'. ( Altyre, Elginfhire— -St. Geor^t's Hotel, Albemarle-rt.) Fifefhire. James Lindfay, efq. coufm of :J.c Earl of Belcarris, a Lieut. Qol. in the army, (Belcarris in tki* county — Lower Berkeley-l't.) Forfarfhire. rlon. Donald Ogilvie, next bro-her of the Earl of Airly. (Clova i:i this county. Forfar, Perth, Dundee, Cupr. and St. Andrews, Francis Jeffrey, clq. (Jermyn-ih) Fortrofe, Invernefs, Nairn, and Forres. Charles Lennox Cumming Bruce, esq. (Kinnaird, Strifburgh — Pall Mall.) Glasgow, Renfrew, Ruth, Rien, and Dumbarton, Joseph Dixon, esq. an advocate at the Scotch bar — Parliament. Haddingtonshire. James Balfour, esq. (Whittingham in this county — Balgme, Fife — Governor-fq.) House of Commons. Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick, Lauder & Jedburgh. Sir Adolphus John Dalrymple, bar. a lieut eol. in the army, (Park-fi — High-mark, Wigtonshire.) Inverkeithing, Dumfermline, Queensferry, Culoss and Sterling. James Johnston, esq. (Straiton. Perthshire. — Charles-street, St. James's.) Invernefsire. Hon. Charles Grant Brother of the member for Norwich (Gt. George-ft. — Waternish, in this co.) 5 Kincardinefhire. Hon. Hugh Arbuthnot, next brother of Viscount Arbuthnot, a Coll in the army, (Dorfet-street — Hatton, in this county.) a Kirkcudbright Stetartry. Robert Cutlar Ferguson, esq. (Gt. Cumberland-ft. — Orroland, in this county.) Dumfriefhire. Kirkwall, Wick, Dornoch, Darnall and Tain. James Loch, esq. a Barrister at law, (Bloomfbury-square.) % Lanarkshire. Hon. Charles Douglas, next brother of Lord Douglas, and nephew of the Duke of Montrose. (Berkeley-fq.) 1 Linlithgowshire. Hon. Sir Alexander Hope, uncle of the Earl of Hopetoun, a Gen. and Col. of the 47th Regiment of Horse Guards — Farnham, Surrey.) 9 Nairn and Cromartyfhires. Duncan Davidson, esq. For in law of Lord Macdonald. (Tulloch, Cromarty — Green-st. ) Orkneyshire and Shetlandshire. George Trail, Jun. esq. (Hobbleton.) Peebleshire. Sir John Hay, baronet. Perthshire. Right Hon. Sir George Murray, a Lt. Gen. and Col. of the 42d Regt. K.G.H., K.T.S., K.L., K.A.N., K.R.E., K.M.J., (Belgrave square;— Bleadon, in this co.) 3 Renfrewshire. Sir Michael Shaw Stewart, baronet. (Blackhall in this co — Carlton Terrace.) % Rofshire. James Alexander Stewart Mac- kenzie, efq. (Seaforth in this county. — Bennett-fh) i Roxburghfhire. Henry Francis Scott, jun. efq-. (Harden in this county, — Johc- ftreet, Berkeley-fquare.) 3 Selkirkihire. Alex. Pringle, efq. (Whythank, in this county, — Poet's corner.) I Selkirk, Peebles, Linlithgow and Lanark. William Downie Gillon, efq(Wal)- houfe, Lanarkfhire — St. Alban's Placed Stirlingfhire Wm. Ramfay Ramfay, efq. (Barn- ton, Edinburghfhire — Cobonrg Hotel.) SutherlaHdshire. Roderick M'Leod, jun. efq. (Cad- bol in this Co. — St. James's 6q ) . Wigtonshire. Sir AndrewAgnew,Bart.(Lochnaw cattle, [in this county.) J Wigton, Stranraer, New Galloway and Whithorn. Edward Stewart, efq. (York pi,) IRELAND, 100. Sec Watfon's Almanack- Alphabetical Lift of the Houfe of Commons ALPHABETICAL LIST of the HOUSE of COMMONS, With the Places for which the Members were chofcn. Achefon, Visct. Armagh A'Court, E. H. Heytefbury Adam, Chas. Kinrofsfhire Adeline, H. J. Cambridgelhire Agnew, Sir A. Wigtonfhire Alexander, James, Old Sarum Alexander, Jofias, Old Sarum Althorp, Fife. Northamptonshire Anfon, Sir George, Lichfield Anion, Hon. George, Yarmouth Antrobust Gibbs C. Plympton Aplley, Lord, Cirenceffcer Arbuthnot, Chas. G. J. Tregony Arbuthnot, Hon. H. Kincardinefh. Archdall, Mervyn, Fermanagh Alfley, Lord, Dorchester Alfley, Hon. J. Gatton Alfley, Hon. J. Gatton Alfley, Sir J. D. Bart. Wiltfhire Atherly, Arthur, Southampton Atkins, John, Arundel Attwood, Matthias, Boroughbridge Baillic, John E. Briftol Baldwin, Chas. B. Totnes, Baldwin, Chas. B. Totnes, Baldwin, James, Haddingtonshire Bankes, Geo. Corfe, Cattle Bankes, Wm. J. Marlborough Barbarru, John, Stockbridge Baring, Alexander, Thetford Baring, Fras. T. Portsmouth Baring, Sir Tho. St. Wycombe Baring, Fred. Dunwich Barnett, Chas. J. Maidstone Ballard, John, Dartmouth Batefon, Sir R. Londonderry Bayntun, Sam. A. York city Beaumont, T.W. Northumberland Beckett, Rt. Hon. Sir J. Haslenacre Belfast, Earl of, Antrim Belgrav, Viscount, Chefhire Bellew, Sir Pat Louth Benet, John, Wiltfhire Bentinck, Lord Geo. King's Lynn Beresford, J. P. Northallerton Beresford, Marcus, Berwick Berkeley, M. F. F. Gloucester Berkeley, R. M. Denbigh Blackney, Walter, Carlow Blair, William, Ayrshire Blake, Sir F. Bart. Berwick Blaine, William, Cumberland Blaney, Hon. C. D. Mouaghan Blount, Edw. Steyning Blount, Sir C. R. Lewes Bodkin, J. J. Galway Boldero, Henry G. Chippenham Bouverie, Hon. P. Dowuton Bouverie, Hon. D. P. New Sarum Boyle, Hon. John, Cork Boyle, Vifa. Cork Brabazon, Lord, Dublin Bradshaw, Rob. Haldane, Brackley Bradshaw, Jas. Brackley Brayen, Thomas, Leominster Brecknock, Karl, Dunwich Brifcoe, John J. Surrey Brogden, James Laukston Brougham, James, Winchester Brougham, Wm. South wax Browne, Dom. G. Mayo Brownlow, Chas. Armagh Bruce, L. C. Fortross, &c. Brudenell, Lord, Fowey Brydges, Sir John W.H. Armagh Buck, Lewis W. Exeter Bulkeley, Str R. B. W. Boaumarrs Buller, Sir Anthony, West Loc. Buller, J. W. Exeter Bulwer, H. L. Coventry Bulwer, K. E. L. St. Ives Bunbury, Sir H. E. Bt. Suffolk Burdett, Sir F. Bart. Wettminttei Burge, W. Lye Burke, Sir J. Bt. Gaiway Burton, H. Beverly Burrard, G. Lymington. Burrell, Sir C. M. Bt. Shoreham. Buxton, John Jacob, Bedwyn Buxton, Thos. Foweil, Weymouth Byng, George, Middlefex Byng, George, Middlefex Byng, G. S. Milborr.eport Byng, Rr Hon. Sir S. Stokes, Flat. Down Cavendish, C. C. Yarmouth Cavendish, Lord, Derbyshire Cavendish, Hen. Fred. C. Derby Cecil, Lord Thomas, Stamford Ohandos, Marq. Bucks Chapman, M. L. Westmeath Chayter, W. R. C. Durham Oichester, & A. Belfast Chichester, John, Barnstable Cholmondeley, Z. C. H. Castlerising Churchill, Lord C. S. Woodstock Clements, John M. Leitrim Clerk, Sir A. W. Bandbridge Clinton, C. J. F. Aldborough Clive, E. B. Hereford Clive, Viscount, Ludlow Clive, Henry, Montgomery Clive, Hon. Robt. Henry, Ludlow Cockburn, Sir Arthur, Plymouth Coke, Tho. Wm. Norfolk Colborne, N. W. R. Horfham Cole, Hon. A. H. Enniskillen Cole, Viscount Fermanagh Conolly, E. M. Donegal Constable, Sir T. A.C. Hedon Cooke, Sir H. F. Orford Cooper, Edw. Joshua, Sligo Cooper, Hon. A. C. Dorchester Coote, Sir C. H. Bt. Queen's Co. Coote, Eyre, Clonmel Cepeland, W. T. Colerain Carry, Hon. H. T. L. Tyrone Courtney, Rt. Hon. T. P. Tompkins Cradock, S. Camelford Crampton, P. C. Milborne Creevy, Thomas, Downtou Cripps, Joseph, Cirenceiter Croker, Rt. Hon. W. Aldeburgh dimming, Sir W. G. Elgin, &c. Currie, John, Hertford Curzon, Hon. Robert Clithgow Cuft, Hon. Edward Loflithgow Cuft, Hon. P. F. Clithgow Dalrymple, Sir Adolph J. Haddington, &c. Davies, Tho. Hen. Wercheller Davidson, D. Cromartyshire Dawkins, James, Wilton Dawson, Rt. Hon. G. R. Harwich Dennison, Wm. J. Surrey Dennison, J. E. Nottinghamshire Denman, Sir T. Nottingham Deering, Sir E. C. Romney Dick, Quintin, Maldon Dixon, Joseph, Clafgow, &c. Domville, Sir C. Plympton Earle Douglas, Wm. R. K. Dumfries, &c. Douglas, Hon. C. Lanarkshire Douglas, Mar quit, Aldeburgh Dowdefwell, Edm. Tewkesbury Doyle, Sir J. M. Carlow Drake, Thomas T. Agmondeham Drake, W. T. Agmondeham Dugdale, W. S. Bramber Duncannon, Fifiount, Kilkenny Duncombe, T. S. Hertford Dundas, Hon. John C. Richmond Dundas, R. A. Edinburgh Dundas, Charles, Berk. 4th. Dundas, Hon. Thos. York Dundas, Hon. Sir R.L. Richmond East, James, B. Winchester Eastnor, Visct, Hereford Ebrington, Viscount, Devor. &hn c Eliot, Lord, Lilkeard Ellice, Edw. Coventry Ellis, Wynn, Leicefler Encombe, Visct. Truro Eftcourt, T. G. B. Oxford Univ. Eftcourt, T.H.S.B. Marlborough Ettwall, Ralph, Andover Evans, Wm. Leicefter Evans, De Lacy, Rye Evans, Wm. Leicefter Evans, Wm. Liverpool, Fane, Hon. H. S. Lyme Regis Fane, John Tho. Lyme Regis Farrand, Robt. Hedon Fazaker, J. N. Peterborough, Fellowes, H. A. W. Andover Fergusson, R. C. Kircudbright Fergusson, Sir R. C. Nottingham Fergusson, Sir R. C. Nottingham Fergusson, Sir R. H. Limerick Itzroy, C. A. Bury St. Edmond Fitzroy, Lord James, The.tford Fitzroy, Hon. Henry, Gurnfby Foley, E.T. Ludgershall Foley, J. H. H. Droitwich Foley, Hon. T. H. Worcelter, Folkes, Sir W. J. H. B. Norfolk, Forbes, John, Malmesbury, Forbes, Sir Charles Tart, Malmesbury, Forbes, Viscount Longford, Fordwich, Lord, Canterbury, Forester, Hon. G.C. W. Wenlock, Foster, James Bridgerton, Lord, Canterbury, Forester, Hon. G.C. W. Wenlock, Foster, James Bridgerton, Francis, J. W. Penryn, Gilbert, Davies, Bodmyn, Gilborne, W.D. Selkirk, Gilborne, Thomas, Stafford, Glynne, Hen. Flint, Godson, Rd. St. Albans, Gordon, John, Weymouth, Gordon, John, Aberdell, Gordon, John, Aberdell, Gordon, James E. Dundalk, Goulburn, Rt. Hon. Wm. Aberdell, Gordon, James E. Dundalk, Goulburn, Graham, Ld. M. W. Dundalk, Graham, S. S. Ludgerfhall Grant, Sir Colq. Queenfborough Grant, Hon. Chas. Invernefslin Grant, Hon. Chas. Invernefslin Grant, Hon. Fran. Wm. Elginfhirt Grant, Hon. Robt. Norwich Grattan, James, Wicklow Grattan, Henry, Meath Green, Thomas, Lancaller Grimston, I'ifc. Newport Grosvenor, Lord R. Chefter Guise, Sir B. W. Bt. Gloucester Gurney, Hu lion, Newton, Hants Gurney, R. H. Norwich Handley, W. F. Newell Harcourt, O. G. Oxfordshire Hardinge, R. H. Norwich Hardinge, J. H. Tavistock Hayes, Sir John, St. Peterborough Hayes, Sir K. S. Donegal Heathcote, Sir Gill. Rutland Heathcote, G. I. Boston Henceuge, Geo. F. Lincoln Heibert, Hon. C. H. Callington Heron, Sir R. Hart. Peterborough Heron, Rt. Hon. J. C. Harwich Heywood, Hen. Luncafthire Hill, Lord Arthur, Down Hill, Lord, O. A. Carrigus Hill, Sir Row. R. Shropshire Hobhouse, Sir J. Bt. Westminister Hodgson, Thomas L. Kent Hodgson, J. Newcastle upon J. Hadgson, Fred. Barnstable Hodgson, A. H. Dartmouth Holmes, Wm. Haslemere Hope, Hon. Sir Alex. Lincoln, A.M., Hope, Henry T. East Lecoc Hope, John T. Oakhampton Home, Sir Win. Newtown Hort, S.V. Jof. W. Kildare Hollinsworth, Thos. Newtown Howard, Hon. F. G. Ca. Howard, Hon. F. G. Ca. Howard, Hen. Shoreham Howard, Ralph, Wicklow Howard, P. H. Carleton Howard, Hon. W. Morp. Howick, Vifct. Northumberland Hudson, Thos. Eve Hughes, James, Grammar Hughes, W. H. Oxford Hulfe, Sir Q.lt. West Lecoc Hulfe, James, St. Ives Hume, Joseph, Middle Hunt, Henry, Preston Hutchinson, J. H. Tipper James, William, Carlisle Jeffrey, Francis, Forfar, U. Jenkins, Richard, Shrew Jephson, C. D. O. Mallow Jermyn, Edrlt Bury St. Ecu uuc Jermingham, lion. H. Postmaster Ingeflrie, Vise. Dublin City Ingleby, Sir W. A. /..'. Lin* «dn»f, Inglisfr£* R.H.U. Oxford 17i,i». Johnston, And. Craili jyi Johnston, Jas. Invcrkeahirg tfJu. Johnston, Sir W. O. H, PercftfeW Alphabetical List of the House of Commons. Loliffe, Hylton, Petersfield Jones, John, Caermarthen Jones, T. Londonderry- Irving, John, Bramber Kemmis, T. A. East Loe, Kemp, Thos. R. Lewes Kennedy, Thos. Francis, Ayr, &c. Kenyon, Hon. L. St. Michael, Kenison, Sir Edward, bt. Eye Kerfley, J. H. Wigan Kilderbee, Spencer H. Orford Killeen, Lord, Meath King, Edw. B. Warwick King, Hon. Robert, Cork Knight, Hen. G. Malton Knight, James L. Bishop's Castle Knight, Robert. Wallingford Knox, Hon. J. J. Dungannon Knox, Hon. J. H. Newry Labouchere, H. Taunton, Lamb, Hon. Geo. Dungarvan Lambert, Hen. Wexford Lambert, James S. Galway Lattgston, James H. Oxford Langton, W. G. Somerville Langton, W. G. Somerville Lees, John L. Wells, Lefevre, C. S. Hapfhire Lefroy, Anth. Longford Lefroy, Thos. Dublin Univ. Legh, Thos. Newton Leigh, T. C. Wallingford Lemon, Sir C. Cornwall Lennox, Thomas B. Maldon Lennox, Sir J. Geo. Suffex Lennox, Lord A. Chichester Lennox, Lord W. P. King's Lynn Letter, Benj. Lester, Poole Lewis, A. Hon. Y. F. Radnorfli. Lijidfay, James, Fife Littleton, Edw John, Staffordfhirt Loch, James, Kirkwall, &c. |
github_open_source_100_8_20009 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | pragma solidity ^0.4.18; // solhint-disable-line
contract FootieToken {
/*** EVENTS ***/
/// @dev The Birth event is fired whenever a new team comes into existence.
event Birth(uint256 teamId, string name, address owner);
/// @dev Transfer event as defined in current draft of ERC721.
/// ownership is assigned, including births.
event Transfer(address from, address to, uint256 teamId);
/// @dev The TeamSold event is fired, as you might expect, whenever a team is sold.
event TeamSold(uint256 index, uint256 oldPrice, uint256 newPrice, address prevOwner, address newOwne, string name);
/*** CONSTANTS ***/
/// @notice Name and symbol of the non fungible token, as defined in ERC721.
string public constant NAME = "CryptoFootie"; // solhint-disable-line
string public constant SYMBOL = "FootieToken"; // solhint-disable-line
uint256 private startingPrice = 0.002 ether;
uint256 private constant TEAM_CREATION_LIMIT = 1000;
uint256 private princeIncreasePercentage = 24;
/*** STORAGE ***/
/// @dev A mapping from team IDs to the address that owns them. All teams have
/// some valid owner address.
mapping (uint256 => address) private teamIndexToOwner;
// @dev A mapping from the owner address to count of teams that address owns.
// Used internally inside balanceOf() to resolve ownership count.
mapping (address => uint256) private ownershipTeamCount;
/// @dev A mapping from teamIDs to an address that has been approved to call
/// transferFrom(). Each tram can only have one approved address for transfer
/// at any time. A zero value means no approval is outstanding.
mapping (uint256 => address) private teamIndexToApproved;
// @dev A mapping from teamIDs to the price of the token.
mapping (uint256 => uint256) private teamIndexToPrice;
// @dev A mapping from teamIDs to the price of the token.
mapping (uint256 => uint256) private teamIndexToGoals;
// The address of the account that can execute actions within each roles.
address public creatorAddress;
// Keeps track of how many teams have been created
uint256 public teamsCreatedCount;
/*** DATATYPES ***/
struct Team {
string name;
}
Team[] private teams;
/*** ACCESS MODIFIERS ***/
/// @dev Access modifier for Creator-only functionality
modifier onlyCreator() {
require(msg.sender == creatorAddress);
_;
}
/*** CONSTRUCTOR ***/
function FootieToken() public {
creatorAddress = msg.sender;
}
function _createTeam(string _name, uint256 _price) public onlyCreator {
require(teamsCreatedCount < TEAM_CREATION_LIMIT);
// set initial price
if (_price <= 0) {
_price = startingPrice;
}
// increase the number of teams created so far
teamsCreatedCount++;
Team memory _team = Team({
name: _name
});
uint256 newteamId = teams.push(_team) - 1;
// It's probably never going to happen, 4 billion tokens are A LOT, but
// let's just be 100% sure we never let this happen.
require(newteamId == uint256(uint32(newteamId)));
// send event to DAPP or anyone interested
Birth(newteamId, _name, creatorAddress);
teamIndexToPrice[newteamId] = _price;
// This will assign ownership, and also emit the Transfer event as
// per ERC721 draft
_transfer(creatorAddress, creatorAddress, newteamId);
}
/// @notice Returns all the relevant information about a specific team.
/// @param _index The index (teamId) of the team of interest.
function getTeam(uint256 _index) public view returns (string teamName, uint256 sellingPrice, address owner, uint256 goals) {
Team storage team = teams[_index];
teamName = team.name;
sellingPrice = teamIndexToPrice[_index];
owner = teamIndexToOwner[_index];
goals = teamIndexToGoals[_index];
}
/// For querying balance of a particular account
/// @param _owner The address for balance query
/// @dev Required for ERC-721 compliance.
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 balance) {
return ownershipTeamCount[_owner];
}
/// For querying owner of token
/// @param _index The teamID for owner inquiry
/// @dev Required for ERC-721 compliance.
function ownerOf(uint256 _index) public view returns (address owner) {
owner = teamIndexToOwner[_index];
require(owner != address(0));
}
// Allows someone to send ether and buy a team
function buyTeam(uint256 _index) public payable {
address oldOwner = teamIndexToOwner[_index];
address newOwner = msg.sender;
uint256 sellingPrice = teamIndexToPrice[_index];
// Making sure token owner is not sending to self
require(oldOwner != newOwner);
// Safety check to prevent against an unexpected 0x0 default.
require(_addressNotNull(newOwner));
// Making sure sent amount is greater than or equal to the sellingPrice
require(msg.value >= sellingPrice);
// 96% goes to old owner
uint256 payment = uint256(SafeMath.div(SafeMath.mul(sellingPrice, 96), 100));
// 4% goes to the contract creator address
uint256 fee = uint256(SafeMath.div(SafeMath.mul(sellingPrice, 4), 100));
// any excess (the new owner payed more than needed) will be refunded to the new owner
uint256 purchaseExcess = SafeMath.sub(msg.value, sellingPrice);
// Update price
teamIndexToPrice[_index] = sellingPrice + SafeMath.div(SafeMath.mul(sellingPrice, princeIncreasePercentage), 100);
//Update transaction count
teamIndexToGoals[_index] = teamIndexToGoals[_index] + 1;
// send the money to the previous owner
oldOwner.transfer(payment);
// pay fee
creatorAddress.transfer(fee);
// store the transfer
_transfer(oldOwner, newOwner, _index);
TeamSold(_index, sellingPrice, teamIndexToPrice[_index], oldOwner, newOwner, teams[_index].name);
msg.sender.transfer(purchaseExcess);
}
/*** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS ***/
/// Safety check on _to address to prevent against an unexpected 0x0 default.
function _addressNotNull(address _to) private pure returns (bool) {
return _to != address(0);
}
/// @dev Assigns ownership of a specific Person to an address.
function _transfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _index) private {
// Since the number of persons is capped to 2^32 we can't overflow this
ownershipTeamCount[_to]++;
//transfer ownership
teamIndexToOwner[_index] = _to;
// Emit the transfer event.
Transfer(_from, _to, _index);
}
}
library SafeMath {
/**
* @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
*/
function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
if (a == 0) {
return 0;
}
uint256 c = a * b;
assert(c / a == b);
return c;
}
/**
* @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
*/
function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
// assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
uint256 c = a / b;
// assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
return c;
}
/**
* @dev Substracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
*/
function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
assert(b <= a);
return a - b;
}
/**
* @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
*/
function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
uint256 c = a + b;
assert(c >= a);
return c;
}
} |
6265791_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | ORDER
PER CURIAM:
AND NOW, this 7th day of July, 1998, The Report and Recommendations of The Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania dated June 8, 1998, are approved and IT IS ORDERED that MORTON DANIEL PERSKIE, who has been on inactive status, has never been suspended or disbarred, and has demonstrated that he has the moral qualifications, competency and learning in law required for admission to practice in the Commonwealth, shall be and is, hereby reinstated to active status as a member of the Bar of this Commonwealth. The expenses incurred by the Board in the investigation and processing of the Petition for Reinstatement shall be paid by the Petitioner.
|
6220994_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Vespaciano Félix de Oliveira, mais conhecido como Aquiles ou O Matador, é um ex-lutador brasileiro.
Carreira
Vespaciano iniciou sua carreira no boxe, treinando na academia de Benjamin Ruta, porém logo mudou-se para o Telecatch, ao conhecer Cangaceiro, um ex-lutador e ex-treinador. Inicialmente, por ser um lutador "sujo", seu apelido era "O Terrível". Durante uma luta, nos anos 1960, Aquiles matou seu adversário. A partir daí, seu apelido modificou-se para o que permaneceu durante toda sua carreira como lutador: "O Matador".
Aquiles atuou dos anos 1960 até 1980. As emissoras que televisionaram suas lutas durante o tempo foram a Tupi, Excelsior, Bandeirantes, Globo, Record e Gazeta.
Aposentado das lutas, Vespaciano ainda foi professor de educação física e integrou a Comissão de esportes da Prefeitura de Tabatinga, São Paulo. Atualmente, é cantor evangélico.
Lutadores do Brasil
Lutadores de luta livre esportiva do Brasil
Cantores de música gospel
Nascidos na década de 1930.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20010 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright (c) Brian Reichle. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
using CausalityDbg.Configuration;
namespace CausalityDbg.DataStore
{
public sealed class ExceptionDataItem : DataItem
{
public ExceptionDataItem(ConfigCategory category, TraceData stackTrace, string exceptionType)
: base(category, stackTrace)
{
ExceptionType = exceptionType;
}
public string ExceptionType { get; }
public string ExceptionMessage { get; set; }
}
}
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6838391_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Zengjia (kinesiska: 曾家) är en köpinghuvudort i Kina. Den ligger i provinsen Sichuan, i den sydvästra delen av landet, omkring 290 kilometer nordost om provinshuvudstaden Chengdu. Antalet invånare är . Befolkningen består av kvinnor och män. Barn under 15 år utgör %, vuxna 15-64 år %, och äldre över 65 år %.
Runt Zengjia är det ganska tätbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Pingxi, km norr om Zengjia. I omgivningarna runt Zengjia växer i huvudsak blandskog.
Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är juli, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är december, med mm nederbörd.
Källor
Orter i Sichuan
WP:Projekt Kina.
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github_open_source_100_8_20011 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | db.posts.aggregate([
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tamieiontnkainsd00brud_80 | Greek-PD | Public Domain | ὸ ἐμοὶ γὰρ τὸ ζὴν Χριστός 21. τὸ ἀποϑανεῖν κέρδος . τὸ ζῆν ἐν σαρκὶ . εἰς τὸ ἀναλῦσαι ὯΝ 2, 18. 8,10. Ὁ, 211. 4,10. 1Τ1}6.2, 9. 2,11. 2,16. ΟΕ ἄντ. ΤΆΑΡΕ δι. (1,.) τό. ἃ]. τοῦ. 8, .): 8,10. 8,13. 4, 6. 4, 9. ἼΤΠ6.1, ὅ. . τὸ ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ, οὐ μόνον ἐν τῷ παρεῖναί με πρὸς ᾧ. εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς. εἰς εἰς τὸ εἰδέναι ὑμᾶς , . ’ « - πρὸς τὸ δυνασϑαι ὑμὰς ι ι - διὰ τὸ ἔχειν μὲ ἐν τῇ ΒῚ ι ͵ῳ ς -" εἰς τὸ δοκιμάζειν ὑμᾶς . Αγ Σ Ὁ} ͵ } ΩΝ τὸ δὲ ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ τὸ εἰς αὖ. πιστεύειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ὑπὲρ αὐ. πάσχει τὸ εἶναι ἶσα Θεῷ τὸ ϑέλειν κ. τὸ ἐνεργεῖν Ἐτοῦ γνῶναι αὐτόν Ἐξἐνέργειαν τοῦ δύνασϑαι αὖ. τὸ ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ φροτεῖν | πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἐπιβαρῆσαι εἰς τὸ περιπατεῖν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὸ ἀναπληρῶσαι εἰς τὸ στηρίξαι ὑμᾶς Ττῷ μηδένα σαίνεσϑαι Βα ἵνα μηδὲν ἀοιένεοϑιαι. ἔπεμψα εἰς τὸ γνῶναι εἰς τὸ ἰδεῖν ὑμῶν τό εἰς τὸ στηρίξαι ὑμῶν τάς τὸ μὴ ὑπερβαίνειν εἰς τὸ ἀγαπᾷν ἀλλήλους εἰς τὸ καταξιωϑῆναι ὑμᾶς 2Τ|"ε. 2, 2. Ηε"}». 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(1. 56}ν.) δα. ἡμέρας. 21, 8. ὄντος ἐκ τῶν ἕπτὰ 5, 10. ἢ ἀπὸ τοῦ γῦν ἀνϑρ. ἔσῃ 4,10. ὃ ἔσωϑεν ἀνακαινοῦται Ποπι. ὅ, 15. " τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι 1,1. ἐν Ἰ τῇ ἑξῆς ἐπορδύξτο ὅ, 16. ἢ ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν οὐδένα 5, 11. ἢ τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι Τ᾿ Θοπϑί. τῷ ἑξῆς. 10,10. ἢ εἰς τὰ ὑπερέχεινα ὑμῶν ὅ, 11. ἢ ἐβασίλευσε διὰ τοῦ ἑνός 8, 1. ἢ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ καϑεξῆς 11, 28. ἢ χωρὶς τῶν παρεχτός 5, 19. ἢ διὰ τῆς ὑπαποῆς τοῦ ἑνός 8, 22. ἢ εἰς τὸ πέραν τῆς λίμνης 18, 2, ἢ ἐὰν ἔλϑω εἰς τὸ πάλιν 16οι.4, 6. ἔ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἑνὸς φυσιοῦσϑε 9, 62. ἢ βλέπων εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω 641]. 5,14. ,,»ἀγαπήσ. τὸν πλησίον σου" 8, 10. ,,οῦ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν“ 10, 21. ,,τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σε- Ερ]ι. 2, 11. τοῖς μακρὰν κ. τοῖς ἐγγύς 18, 18. τὰ τρία ταῦτα αὐτόν τ ᾧ 4, 2ὅ. μετὰ τοῦ πλησίον αὑτοῦ 15, ὅ. δἶτα τοῖς δώδεκα 10, 35. 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Ἣ ἐστράφη εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω 22,13. ῳ ἐγὼ τὸ «4 καὶ τὸ 6, 34. ἥ γὰρ αὔριον μεριμνήσει ϑοῖ,. ὃ, 24. τῶν καϑεξῆς ὅσοι ἐλάλησαν ἴ ᾿ 8, 18. ἢ ἀπελϑεῖν εἰς τὸ πέραν 4, 3. εἰς τὴ» αὔριον 6. Ρυδεροβί(ι οι θα. 8, 28. ἢ ἐλϑόντι αὖ. εἰς τὸ πέραν 4, ὅ. ἐγένετο δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν αὔριον ΟΥ. τὸ καϑ'᾽ ἡμέραν (8. κατά") 1 55. τ, ἂν μέχρι τῆς σήμερον 10, 9. τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον ὁδοιπορ. Ἐ Τό, τά 534. ργδεροϑβίί. 14, 2). ἢ προάγειν αὖ. εἰς τὸ πέραν 10, 28. τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον ἀναστάς Μαί. 5, 15. πᾶσι τοῖς ἐν τ. οἰκίᾳ 10, ὅ. " ἐλϑόντες .. εἰς τὸ πέραν 10, 24. τῇ ἐπαύριον εἰσῆλϑον 12, 8. ἐπείνασε “. οἱ μετ' αὐτοῦ 19,19. »ἀγαπήσ. τὸν πλησίον σου“ 14,21. τῇ ἐπαύριον ἐξῆλϑε Ἢ 12, 4. οὐδὲ τοῖς μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ 22, 39. »ἀγαπήσ. τὸν πλησίον σου“ 15, 28. Ἐπλὴν τῶν ἐπαγαγκες τουτῶν 14, 38. οἵ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ 28,25. ἢ καϑιαρίζετε τὸ ἔξωϑεν 18, 6. "ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν εἰς τὰ ἔϑνη 20, 9. οἵ περὲ τ. ἑνδεκάτην ὥραν 28, 26. " τοῦ ἐντὸς τοῦ ποτηρίου 19, 10. περὶ τῆς σήμερον 28, 20. πᾶσι τοῖς ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ 238,26. ἢ γένηται καὶ τὸ ἐκτὸς αὐτῶν 20, 1. ἐξιέναι τῇ ἐπαύριον , 24,10. οἱ ἐν τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ φευγέτ. 24,21. " ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς κ. ἕως τοῦ γῦν 21, 1. τῇ δὲ ἑξῆς εἰς τὴν “Ῥόδον 24, 11. ὃ ἐπὶ τοῦ δώματος μὴ κατ. 20, 18. ὑπάγετε... πρὸς τὸν δεῖνα 21, 8. τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον ἐξελϑόντες 24,11. Ἷ τὰ ἐμ τῆς οἰκίας 20, 11. λέγει ἵ τοῖς ἐκεῖ" Καὶ (ΒὈ) 22, 30. τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον βουλόμενος ΤᾺ. Μ. Β6. (6) τι. 156. (ΑΟΕῈΕ δ].) αὐτοῖς" Ἐκεῖ καὶ, 28, 82. τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον ἐάσαντες 24, 18. ὃ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ μὴ ἐπιστρ. 21, 8. ἕως τῆς σήμερον 26, 6. τῇ ἐπαύριον καϑίσας 25, 84, ἐρεῖ δ β. τοῖς ἐ: δεξιῶν 21, 61. τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον ἥτις 26,11. τῇ ἑξῆς καϑίσας ἐπὶ Α 25, 41. ἐρεῖ καὶ τοῖς ἐξ εὐωνύμων 28, 15. μέχρι τῆς σήμερον 25, 28. τῇ οὖν ἐπαύριον ἐλϑόντος 26, 51. εἷς τῶν μετὰ Ἰησοῦ Ματ. 4,11. ἐχδίνοις δὲ τοῖς ἔξω 27, 18. τῇ ἑξῆς ἐκβολὴν ἐποιοῦντο γγὰς, 1, 80. Σίμων καὶ οἵ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ 4, 35. ἢ διέλϑωμεν εἰς τὸ πέραν. [Βοπι. 1, 18. Ἐ ἐκωλύϑην ἀχρι τοῦ δεῦρο 2, 2. ἐτὰ πρὸς τὴν ϑύραν 5, 1. ἔ εἰς τὸ πέραν τ. ϑαλάσσης 8, 22. ἢ συνωδίνει ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν 2, 25. αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ μετ αὐτοῦ τ 2.1}. Ἰδιαπεράσαντος. εἰς τὸ πέραν 48, 9. »ἀγαπήσ. τὸν πλησίον σου“ 8, 8. Τ οἵ περὶ Τύρον χαὶ Σ. 6, 45. ἔ προάγειν δἰς τὸ πέραν 18,10. ἢ ἀγάπη τῷ πλησίον Τ ΒΟῚΙ, οἱ. οὗ. ἴ.. 'π0], 8, 13. ἢ ἀπῆλϑεν εἰς τὸ πέραν 15, 2. τῷ πλησίον ἀρεσκέτω. 8, 21. ἀκούσαντες ἴ οἵ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ 10, 1. "" διὰ τοῦ πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδ. [1 Οογ.ὅ, 12. τοὺς ἔξω κρίνειν " Ὀ“περὶ αὐτοῦ οἱ γραμματεῖς 11,12. τῇ ἐπαύριον ἐξελϑόντων 5, 12. τοὺς ἔσω ὑμεῖς κρίνετδ. καὶ οὗ λουπο. ὃ 12,31. ,ἀγαπήσ. τὸν πλησίον σου“ 5, 18. τοὺς δὲ ἔξω ὃ Θ. κρινεῖ 4,10. ἠρώτησαν αὖ. οἵ περὶ αὐτόν ο χ ͵ μι Ἡρδβηε διεμαρτύρω τὰ περὶ ἐμοῦ 2 - Ἐτὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ Ἀγ’ ᾿ ῃ ὙΦ᾽ λέγειν τὰ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὃ ναὸ τὰ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ ἀπολογ. 00]. {- -“᾿’ ι ", Ϊ, Ἐπᾶσι τοῖς κατὰ τὸν γόμον Ἵ ἔβα τὴ ἢ τὰ περὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ . ἢ διαγνώσομαι τὰ καϑ' ὑμᾶς Ἐπτὰ κατὰ τὸν Παῦλον τοῖς ἐν Δαμασκῷ πρῶτον Ἐν δὲ τοῖς περὶ τ. τόπον Ἐτὰ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν Ἢ ἀκούσαντες τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν ἘΤ τὰ περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ Τ ΑΗ ἃιὶ. (1,.} οἱι. τά. Ἐτὰ περὶ τοῦ Κυρίου Ἐρύὕτω τὸ κατ᾽ ἐμέ τοῖς ἐν “Ῥώμῃ εὐαγγελίσ. εἰς τὴν βῦρο φύσιν τοῖς δὲ ἐξ ἐριϑείας φῶς ἌΣ ἐν σκότει τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ λαλεῖ τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ιησοῦ τοῖς οὐκ ἐκ περιτομῆς μόγον εἰ, γὰρ οἱ ἐκ νόμου τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Πησοῦ οἱ ἐξ ὧν ὃ Χ. τὸ κατὰ σάρκα πᾶντες οἵ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ Ἔν οἵ κατὰ : φύσιν ὃ δὲ καϑ' εἷς ἀλλήλων ΤΑΒΌΕῸΟ (,. τό. " ᾿ «ς - Ἐ εἰ δυνατὸν, τὸ ἐξ ὑμῶν Ε1 ι { ᾿Ὶ ͵ τὰ προς τον Θεὸν ᾿ Ω Ὁ Ύ3 , τοὺς ἐκ τῶν «ἀριστοβούλου Ἷ Η͂ τοὺς ἔκ τῶν Ιγαρχίσσου ι ", 3 »"Ὗ , τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς πάντας , ΗΠ 23.» Ἐχαίρω οὖν ἵ τὸ ἐφ᾿ ὑμῖν ΤΑΙ. (1,.) οπι. τό. ο Μαν. 4,15. εἰσὶν οἵ παρὰ τὴν ὅδόν Δοῖ. 28, 11. 8, 40. καὶ τοὺς μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ 28, 15. ΤῊ δά. ὄντας. 5. 530. 18, 14. οἵ ἐν τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ φευγέτ. 24,10. 48, 15. ὃ δὲ ἐτιὶ τοῦ δώματος 24,14. Πὰς. 2, 89. ἢ τὰ κατὰ τὸν γόμον 24, 22. 2, 49. " τὰ κατὰ τὸν νόμον 24, 22 δ, 9. πᾶντας τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ 25, 14. 6, 4. καὶ τοῖς μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ 20, 20. 8, 12. οἵ δὲ παρὰ τὴν ὅδον 28, 1. 8, 18. οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας 28, 10. 8,15. ἢ τὸ δὲ ἐν τῇ καλῇ γῇ 28, 15. 8, 45. ὃ Πέτρος κ. οἵ σὺν αὐτῷ 28, 28. 9,32. ὃ Π. καὶ οἵ σὺν αὐτῷ 9, 62. τοῖς εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου 28, 81. {το ἐτοου τς Τὴ παρ αὐτῶν πα, 1, 15. 414, 28. Ττὰ πρὸς ἀπαρτισμὸν Ἀ. 1, 15. Μ. Βε. Κη. Τ. Η. 1. 26. Τ τ. ὅ.ῃ. (Β01.) εἰς ἀπαρτ. Ι,. Ἢ Ἂ (ΛΕΘΗΜῈΒ ἃ].) [τὰ] εἰς ἀπ. ἈοἾ ἈΠΟ ὑπο τνν Δ ΤῸ; 2, 19. 14, 32. “τὰ προς εἰρήνην 11, 24. ἐκ τῆς ὑπ᾽ οὐρανόν τ εθο το ἐθύετο ρα 8,26. 11, 24. εἰς τὴν υτ᾽ οὐρανὸν 41, 31. ὃ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ ἩΠΡΕ αὐ ἀξ ρα μος, 4, 14. 19, 4). “τὰ προς εἰρήνην σου ΤΡΝΝ 21, 21. οἱ ἐν τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ τες ταν Ὑ ἀν κε Ὁ, τ 9, ὅ. 21, 21. οὐ ἕν μέσῳ αὑτῆς νειν ἡ πον, ως ἃ 21, 21, οἱ ἔν ταῖς χωραις Ε ἢ τς τ ΠΕΡ ΉΜΝΝ, "» 41. 24. 22, 81. ἘΤ τὰ περὶ ἐμοῦ τέλος ἔχει ὦ ΤΒΌΙ, τό. 12, ὅ. Τ 22, 49. ἰδόντες δὲ οἵ περὶ αὐτόν 24,19. ἢ τὰ περὶ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ ᾿Ναξζ. 12,18. 24, 24. τινὲς τῶν σὺν ἡμῖν 16, 11. 24, 21. ἔ τὰ περὶ αὑτοῦ 10,10. 24, 38. τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς 10,11. 24, 85. ἢ ἐξηγοῦντο τὰ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ οὐ ὑὸς 501.. ὅ, 28. πάντες οἵ ἐν τ. μνημείοις 10,19. 11,19. πρὸς ἵ τὰς περὶ! Μάρϑαν ΤῸ οπι. ΒΟΙΧ (1,.) τήν. 1 σον. 9. 20. Αοί. 1, 8. " τὰ περὶ τῆς βασιλείας 9,20. 2, ὅ. τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐραγόν 48,10. 2, 39. πᾶσι τοῖς εἰς μακράν 4, 24. ἔ πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς 2 σου. 5, 10. 5,11. πάντες οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ 10, 1. 5, 21. ὃ ἀρχ. καὶ οἵ σὺν αὐτῷ 64]. 2,12. 6, 9. τινὲς τῶν ἐκ τῆς συναγωγῆς 8: τς 6, 9. τῶν ἀπὸ Κιλικίας 8, 9 8, 12. ἘἾ τὰ περὶ τῆς βασιλείας τς ἕν ΤΑΒΠΗΕ ([,.) οπι. τά, 4, 29 41, 2. οὗ ἐκ περιτομῆς λέγοντες Ερῖ. 1,10 12, 1. τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1,10 18,13. οἱ περὶ τὸν Παῦλον τρ ξ 14,15. ἔ πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς 6, 21 18, ὅ. τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς αἱρέσεως ΟΣ. 16, 32. πᾶσι τοῖς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ΡἈΠ:. 1,12 11,11. εὐγεν. τῶν ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ ἘΠ 21 41, 24. ἔπαντα τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ 4,29 18, 2ὅ. " τὰ περὶ τοῦ Κυρίου 2, 19 19, 8. "τὰ περὶ τῆς βασιλείας 2, 20 21, 21. τοὺς κατὰ τὰ ἔϑνη πάντας 2; 28 »"“Ἦ [᾿ τ Ἢ ς τοῖς ὑπὸ νόμον ὡς " ς , τοὺς ὑπὸ νόμον κερδήσω , Ψ , ’ὕ τὸ ἐκ μέρους καταργηϑή- σεται ΕῚ ΑΙ . - Τ τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος ΒΡ Ω ϑανο, - τὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον βλέπετε . - τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς οἵ ἐκ πίστεως οὑτοί εἰσιν εἰ ᾿ 2 ω .«. 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Οὐ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας ἘΝ Ὁ »-»" 2 »-» Ἐχὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς , - - Ἐχὰ ἐπὶ τῆς "γῆς Ἐ εἴτε τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Ἔ εἴτε τὰ ἐν τ. οὐρανοῖς τῶν ἐν “Δαοδικείᾳ ᾿ ἀρ Ων: Ἐτὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ι 3 Η͂ , Ἐτὰ χατ᾿ ἐμὲ πάντα ΠΑ τῇ ῊΣ Ἐ γνῷ τὰ περὶ ὑμῶν τῶν ἐν “Δαοδικείᾳ Δ ΨῈ ; τῶν ἐν ]εραπολει . ᾿ τὴν ἐκ “αοδικείας ᾿ Εἰς δ πεν ΦῈ πᾶντες οὐ ἕν τῇ “σίᾳ {- “- οἵ ἐκ περιτομῆς « ἘΜ ᾽ Π ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ΒῚ - ἵ, οὗ μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ πάντες Ἂς ", ΙῚ , ΄, τὰ προς τὸν Θεὸν Ἂς . “ , , τὰ πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν - .ο»᾿ δ »" ἢ τῶν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς . 02 2 - . Τὸν ἀπ οὐρανῶν Θὰ Ὁ 95 ᾿ . Οὗ ἅποὸ τῆς [παλίας ὑπ »Ὕ 2 - πασι τοῖς ἕν Χριστῷ ἜΕΞΕ Ἐν κἰ .9 τὰ προς ζωὴν καὶ ευν. ΄ ", 3 2 2 - ἐγνώκατξ τὸν ἀπ ἀρχῆς ᾿ “Ἢ μηδὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ κ᾿ « ω "ἢ πω Ὁ ΒΊ παν το ἕν τῷ πρσμῷ, νος Ὁ μείζων. ἐστὶν ὃ ἐν ὑμῖν ἢ 0 ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ 3- 2 ᾿ ΓΑ ΟΣ Ξ). ἘΣ τ. οὐρανὸν Ἀ. τὰ ἕν αὐτῷ ἜΡΟΝ Ἶ "Ἐ Ἐτὴν γῆν κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἊΝ Ἅ ᾿ ΕΝ "»»» την ϑαλασσανκ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ 1. δίηρα!β βοπίθπἊι!β. Μαί. 19, 18. Μαι. 9, 28. 32 3 τὸ που φονεύσεις, οὐ μοιγ. “ ἷ ; : Ττὸ εἰ δύνασαι πιστεῦσαι ΤΌΚἊ διἱ. οπι. τό. 1.ὰς. 1,62. 9, 46. 19, 48. 22, 2. 22, 4. 22, 28. 22, 24. 22. 81. τὸ τί ἂν ϑέλοι καλεῖσϑαι τὸ τίς ἂν εἴη μείζων εὕρισκον τὸ τί ποιήσωσιν ἐζήτουν .. τὸ πῶς αὐτὸν παραδῷ συζητεῖν .. τὸ τίς ἄρα εἴη τὸ τίς αὐτῶν δοκεῖ εἶναι Ττὸ ,.,καὶ μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλο- γίσϑη“ πα, ὐπδβς τὸ πῶς ἀνέλωσιν Τ1,. ὅτι. Δοεοί, 4, 21. 22, 80. ἤοπι. 8, 26. 18. 9. 18, 9. τ 86 Θ41. ὅ, 14. Ερ]ι. 4, 9. 17]16.4, 1. Ηεν». 12, 21. τὸ πῶς κολάσωνται αὐτούς τὸ τί κατηγορεῖται παρά τὸ γὰρ τί προσευξώμεϑα τὸ γὰρ »οὐ μοιχεύσεις. ἵ ἐν τῷ ,Ψἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλ."" οἵη. ἐν τῷ. πληρ. ἐν τῷ" ,,.4γαπήσεις “ τὸ δὲ, ,ἀνεέβης, τί ἐστιν τὸ πῶς δεῖ ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν τὸ δὲ, ,.ἔτι ἅπαξ: δθ8 ο ο ο ΝΙ. Αγοϊσυαϊυβ ργδοροβῖίιβ πὸ πὶ- αὐ θ8. ἱμπξοτϊοοϊΒ νοοῦν δοου- δίϊι5 ἀεοεξιηϊθπτἊιθα 8. Ὑὐδὰ “- -: ΄ Μαί. 1, 8. τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ οφϑ'. δοκὸν 4), 8). ἵ ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 56}. Τ στ. ἐν τούτῳ τῷ αἰῶνυ. 15, 1. οἵ ἀπὸ Ἵερ. γαμματεῖς 4,19. αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιϑυμίαι 5, 26. τὰ παρ᾿ αὐτῆς πᾶντα ΕῚ , ΄ 2 , 6, 36. εἰς τους κύκλῳ ἀγρους 1, τὸ. τῶν ἀπ᾽ αἰῶνος προφητῶν ὃ, 4). τὴν ἐν τῷ ὁφϑ-.. σου δοκόν Ρ ΕῚ , ἤ ΄ ΄ 9, 12. εἰς τὰς κυκλῳ χῶμας 9, 81. ἐν τῇ ἑξῆς ἡμέρᾳ 10, 10. ὃ ἐν ἐλαχίστῳ ἄδικος 16, 15. τὸ ἐν ἀνϑρώποις ὑψηλόν ᾽ λὰ , ΄ 19, 80. εἰς τὴν κατεγαντι χωμὴν 9,18. ἄγουσιν .. τόν ποτ τυφλόν 5, 16. πλῆϑος τῶν πέριξ πόλεων Ἐω ΕἸ 8, 14. οἱ ἐν Ἵεροσ. ἀπόστολοι 10, 45. οἵ ἐκ περιτομῆς πιστοὶ 18, 42. εἰς τὸ μεταξὺ σάββατον 15, 28. τοῖς κατὰ τ. ᾿Αντιόχειαν .. ἀδελφοῖς ἘΠΕ ἡ Ξ᾿ - τῶν ἐν «Δύστροις... ἀδελρῶν δ τῷ - 3 - οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Θεσσ. Ἰουδαῖοι τῶν χαϑ' ὑμᾶς ποιητῶν τοὺς περὶ᾿ ταἀτοιαῦτα ἐργάτας οἵἱ σὺν αὑτῷ τεχνῖται ἐν τῇ σήμερον ἡμέρᾳ τοὺς κατὰ τὰ ἔϑνη πάντας 32 32 ΓῸ οἵ ἀπὸ τ. ᾿Ασίας Ιουδαῖοι τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς νυνὶ ἀπολογ. τὴν ἀπὸ σοῦ ἐπαγγελίαν τὰς κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ αἰτίας τῶν κατὰ Ιουδαίους ἐθῶν 5. , 32: ἐφ εἰς τας ξξω πόλεις 2 τοὺς κατὰ τ. ᾿Ασίαν τόπους ΠΡ Ὁ ΤΠ ΄ ᾿ διὰ τῆς ἐν ἀλλήλοις πίστεως Μδτ. μὰς. 4 0]ι. λοί. 16, 2. 11,13. 11, 28. 19, 25. 19, 38. 20, 26. 21,21. 21, 21. 2), 1. 43, 21. 25, 21. 25, 8. 26, 11. ΠΣ. Βοιη. 1. 12. 1, 26. παρὰ φύσιν ἵ Τ Ὀλα" αὐά. χφῆουν. ΣΠ: ἥ ἐκ φύσεως ἀχροβυστία τὸν διὰ γράμματος ον παρα- βάτην ἐν τῷ φανερῷ Ιουδαῖος ἐν τῷ φανερῷ .. περιτομή ὃ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ιουδαῖος ΞΘ. . ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ 4,1}. Ἷ τῆς ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ πίστεως ΤΟοηϑί. (56}..) τῆς π. τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀ. " , , 2 ΕἸ 1, 2). κατὰ τὸν ἔσω ἀνϑρωπον 8, 18. παϑήματα τοῦ νῦν καιροῦ οἷ ΄, 9,11. ἢ κατ ἐκλογὴν πρόϑεσις .Ἅ ") ΄, 9, 26. ,καλέσω τὸν ουὅ λαὸν μου“ 11, 5. ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ 11, 8. οἵως τῆς σή, ἡμέρας“ γ, δ. γέως τῆς σημέρον ἡμέρας . τῶν κατὰ φύσιν κλάδων γῇ παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ δια ϑήκπης ᾿ ΘΙ ῸΣΝ »» . τήν καὶ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐχκλησ. ι ι Ὁ 5] , ᾿ Τιί. τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν εἰς τη» πο. 106, 14. 10, 15. 1 σον. 4, 11. 6, 19. 46,19. ὅσον. 1, 11. 4,16. τ,.10. Βυυΐς, 8, τ: 8, 14, ΟἾΟΝ 11, ὅδ. 12), 11. 1,., Ὡ, 4,11. 4, 25. 4, 26. 1, 15. 8,16. 2, 80. ὃ, 14. 4,21. ἼΠΕ10: ἢ: 2, 14. 3: 2). 4, 12. 4, 1. ΘΙ]. θρ}. ΡῚΝ]. ῦο]. Τ πὰ. 4, Ὁ Ὁ: 6, 19. 1, 3. 1, δ. 4, 9. 4 ΤΊ. 2,12. 8,15. ΘΆΠΠ6πι. 2. Ηδφυτ. 2, 2. 9, 15. 10, 82. 11, 1. Μψ“4ο. 8,11. τοί. 1,11. 4,11. 1.11. 1,14. " ι 2 »Ὕ ΡῚ ἦϊ τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς ἀδελφούς κι ι 3 "-᾿’7 ΄ τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς πᾶντας 3᾽ - ΕΙΣ ἄχρι τῆς ἄρτι ὥρας ἴα ν᾿ ἘΣ ὦ εἴν του ἕν ὑμῖν αγίου {ν. - ΒΝτ ἔστ Ε τῇ κατ οἶκον αὖ. ἐκκλησίᾳ κ᾿. 35 «ες ω- ΄ τ τὸ εἰς ἡμᾶς χάρισμα ς 5» « - 3Ξ᾽ ὁ ἕξω ἡμῶν ἀνϑρωπος δὴ . ΑΥ̓ ΄ ἢ 7. κατὰ Θεὸν λυπὴ « . ’ ᾿ ἢ κατὰ βάϑους πτωχεία αν ον» "π΄ Ἰὼ » ψεί ΞΝ τῇ ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμῖν ἀγαπῃ ἐν τῷ γὺν καιρῷ «ς - ὃ ἐξ ὑμῶν ζῆλος Ὡ 6 " 3 , τῶν ὑπερλίαν ἀποστόλων - « 9, τῶν ὑπερλίαν ἀποστόλων οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ πάντες ἀδελφοί Πιᾶας ᾿ ἈΠ ἢ ΕἸ δὶ ΄ τοὺς πρὸ ἐμοὺ ἀποστολους Αροο. 2, 1. τῇ νῦν Ἱερουσαλήμ ἡ δὲ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλήμ τὴν καϑ' ὑμὰς πίστιν εἰς τὸν ἔσω ἄνϑρωπον τῆς πρός μὲ λειτουργίας τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θ. οἵ σὺν ἐμοὶ ἀδελφοί τοῖς ἐν ἹΚολοσσοῖς ἁγίοις τῆς εἰς “Χριστὸν πίστεως τὸ χκαϑ' ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς κατὰ σάρκα κυρίοις ὁ ἐξ ὑμῶν δοῦλος Χτοῦ τοὺς ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ ἀδελφούς ἘΠ χατ οἶκον αὖ. ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ ἐν σοὶ χαρίσματος . τὰς ὄντως χήρας ἡ δὲ ὄντως χήρα . ἵνα ταῖς ὄντως χήραις τῇ κατ᾽ εὐσέβειαν διδασκαλίᾳ ἐπιλάβωνται τῆς ὄντως ζωῆς ᾿ Ἀ - Π τὴν περὶ σοῦ μνείαν τῆς ἐν σοὶ ἀνυπ. πίστεως ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα τοῦ κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν πι- στοῦ λόγου ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι οἵ μετ ἐμοῦ πάντες τῇ κατ᾽ οἶκόν σου ἐκκλησίᾳ ὃ δὲ ἀγγέλων λαληϑ εἰς λόγος τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ πρώτῃ διαϑήκῃ παραβάσεων τὰς πρότερον ἡμέρας τῆς κατὰ πίστιν δικαιοσύνης ἢ δὲ ἄνωϑεν σοφία τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πνεῦμα τὰ εἰς Χριστὸν παϑήματα τὰς μετὰ ταῦτα δόξας ταῖς πρότερον ἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ὑμῶν ἐπυϑυμίαις τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστρ. οὐχ ὃ ἕξωϑεν. . χόσμος . περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος ᾿ 3 ᾽ ταν, αὐ λδ 9. ΄ τὴν ἀγ. ἐν τῳ ἀναστροφὴν τ Ξ , . τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πγνευμασι τ. ἐπίλοιπον ἐ ἐν σαρκὶ β. χρόν. τὴν εἰς ἑαυτοὺς ἀγάπην τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει τὸ ἐν ὑμῖν ποιμγνίον τοῦ Θ. -" Ψ τῇ ἕν κόσμῳ ὑ. ἀδελφότητι τῆς ἐν κόσμῳ ἐν ἐπιϑυμίᾳ φϑορὰς - , ε« ς ’΄ τῶν πάλαι αὐ. ἁμαρτημάτων τῆς τῶν ἀϑέσμων ἐν ἀσελ- γείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς τὴν ἐν ἡμέρῳ τρυφήν δὲ ὧν ὃ τότε κόσμος . οἵ δὲ νῦν οὐρανοί . τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα « Ν 32 ,. ’ὔ 1. αἵ περὶ αὑτὰς πόλεις Ἐς τ ᾿ Β ᾿ τῆς ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἐκκλησίας δον δ , " ᾿ τῆς ἐν Σμύρνῃ ἐκκλησίας {4 2 ΤΙ " τῆς ἐν ΠΈργ. ἐκκλησίας τῆς ἐν Θυατ. ἐκκλησίας τ - , - ῃ τῆς ἐν Σάρδεσιν ἐκκλησίας τῆς ἐν Φιλαδ. ἐκκλησίας τῆς ἐν «Δαοδικ. ἐκκλησίας τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς πᾶντα 3 5. ὧν οἵ μετ αὐτοῦ κλητοὶ 2 32 - ΄ ὃ μετ αὐτοῦ ψευδοπροφήτης 1ὈΡεῖ. 4, 2. 4, 8. 4,12. ἢ: ἢ δ, 9 2Ρεΐ. 1, 4. 49,20. ΝΙ]. Ατίϊουὰβ (ἀπίοοοδεοπέίϊιθι 5 ποιιΐηῖθι5) ργδοροβιίαβ νοοῖ ΘΧΡΙΙοδπέιθπ 8: 1. Λάϊιεοίιν!β εἴ ρΡατγίϊοιρ 8. Ὁ Ἰηΐογᾶσπι βυθϊοοίαπι οἵ ργδϑᾶϊοαί, ἀἱϊ- ΨΘΓΒΟ οᾶϑὰ ρΡΟΠιΗΐαΓ. Μαί. 1,16. 1, 25. 3,11. 4,18. 4, 16. 4,18. 5,19. 5, 29. 6, 4. 6,11. 6, 14. 6, 18. 6, 20. 6, 82. 1,18. 1,14. 8, 12. Ἰησοῦς ὃ λεγόμενος Χο. τ. υἱὸν αὖ. τὸν πρωτότοκον ὃ υἱός μου ὃ ἀγαπητός Καπι. τὴν παραϑαλασσίαν » ὃ λαὸς ὃ καϑήμενος “ Σίμωνα τὸν λεγόμενον 17. ἐντολῶν τούτ. τ. ἐλαχίστων ὀφϑαλμός σου ὃ δεξιός πατήρ σου ὃ βλέπων ἄρτον ἤἥ. τὸν ἐπιούσιον πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὃ οὐράνιος πατήρ σου ὃ βλέπων πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὃ οὐράνιος πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὃ οὐράνιος δδὸς ἢ ἀπάγουσα εἰς δδὸς ἡ ἀπάγουσα εἰς τὸ σχότος τὸ ἐξώτερον Σίμων ὃ λεγόμενος Π. “Μεββαῖος ὃ ἐπικληϑεὶς Θ. ᾿Ιούδας .. ὃ καὶ παραδούς τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἀπολωλότα τὸ πνεῦμα .. τὸ λαλοῦν ᾿Ἡλίας ὃ μέλλων ἔρχεσϑαι 41, 21. αἷ δυνάμεις αἵ γενόμεναι 11, 28. Καπερν. Τ ἡ. . ὑψωϑθεῖσα Τ σομβί. ἧ.. ὑψώϑης. 11, 28. αἷ δυνάμεις αἵ γενόμεναι 1), 82, τοῦ πγεύματος τ. ὕγίου τϑο Θο Θο ο δο ἢ δο δοὴ » --- δ9 10, 6. 10, 20. 11,14. ο ο ο 8099 Μαί. 12, 4. 18, 8. 138,14. 13, 28. 18, 89. 15, 18. 1δ, 24. 10, 21. 10, 10. 18, 18. 418, 35. 21, 9. 22, 18. 597 28: τ. γενεᾷ ταύτῃ τῇ πονηρᾷ - " , ἐπὶ τ. γῆν τὴν καλὴν ς , ς « ᾿ ἢ προφητεία “Π. ἡ λέγουσα - ,’ ἐπὶ τ. γῆν τὴν καλήν εἰ ιυ ὌΠ ᾿ ὁ δὲ ἐχϑρὸς ὁ σπείρας ς " ς 2 ΄ ὃ πατήρ μου ὃ οὐράνιος ι ΄ ι 2 ’ τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἀπολωλότα τῶν ψιχίων τῶν πιπτόντων , Ὡ- ““ωπν-" υἷος τοῦ Θ. τοῦ ζῶντος ΄ ὃ υἱός μου ὃ ἀγαπητός ΄ ΄ .«μικθ. τουτῶν τ. πιστξυοντῶλ εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ αἰώνιον τοῖς ἐν.τοῖς μὴ πεπλανημένοις ὃ πατήρ μου ὃ ἐπουράνιος οἵ δὲ ὄχλοι οἵ προάγοντες τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτδρον “Σαδδουκαῖοι ἵ οἱ λέγοντες ΤΑΙ. (1..) οπι. οὗ. 28, 16. 28,11. 23,19. 28, 24. ς κν 5.6 ῃ οδηγοὶ τυφλοὶ οἱ λέγοντες ὃ ναὸς ὃ ἁγιαάζὼν τὸν χ. ’ ", ς 4 ϑυσιαστήριον τὸ ἁγιάζον δδηγοὶτυφλοὶ οἵ διυλίζοντες ΤΒ (1,.) οἵη. οὗ. 28,.87: 34, 15. 25, 80. 35, 40. 25, 41. 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Ὁ: Ὁ θβε 6, 14. ε , Ὁ Ἔ] ᾿ Ιερουσαλὴμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τὸ βδέλυγμα .. τὸ ῥηϑέν , Δ } ’ εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον 32 - - τ. ἀδελφῶν μου τῶν ἐλαχίστων ι »" . ΄ τὸ πυρτὸ αἰώνιον τὸ ἡτοιμα- σμένον τῷ διαβ. 3 Ξ : τιαρχιερέως τοῦ λεγομένου Κ. ἐντ.οἰκίᾳ Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῖ' Ξ - ΄ εἷς τῶν δ. ὃ λεγόμενος ΕῚ ’ ς , 32 ι, Ἰούδας ὃ παραδιδοὺς αὐτόν , τ 2 τὸ αἷμα μου .. τὸ περὶ πολ- - ’ λῶν ἐχχυνόμενον . - ῳ -" κατὰ τοῦ ΘΟ. τοὺ ζῶντος 3 ΄ ς ., ΄ Ἰούδας ὃ παραδιδοὺς αὐτόν Ν « , λῃσταὶ οἱ συσταυρωϑέντες Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον « ᾽ὔ ς 2 ΄ ὃ υἱός μου ὃ ἀγαπητός τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἀκάϑαρτον »Ἥ 4 2 τοῖς πνεύμασι τ. ἀκαϑάρτοις 4, ΄ 2 , τὸ πλήρωμα αὖ. τὸ καινόν ς δῷ νυν ὅησσει ὃ οἶνος ὃ νέος 2 , ΓΙ ᾽ν» αἀνϑρῶώπῳ τῷ ἕξηρ. ἔχοντι ᾿᾽ τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ἀκάϑαρτα οἵ γραμματεῖς οἵ .. ἴ βάντες 5} ᾽ - . ᾿ εἰς τήν γῆν τὴν καλὴν ᾿ ’ τὸν λόγον τὸν ἐσπαρμένον Ἀατα- . ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν τὴν καλήν Ἐς ΕΝ υἱὲ του Θ. τοῦ υψίστου , - " 2 ΄ . τὸ πγνευμὰ τὸ ἀκάϑαρτον , ΄ , 2 . τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ἀκάϑαρτα Π Π , ΄ τὸν δαιμονιζ. .. τὸν ἐσχηκότα ς ες Ὁ - ἢ σοφία ἡ δοϑεῖσα αὐτῷ ’ - 2 τ. πνευμάτων τῶν ἀκαϑάρτ. 3 ΄ ες φ ἘΞ Ἰωάννῆς ὁ ἷ βαπτίζων ΤῊ" ἃ!. βαπτιστής. 1,3. οὗ διαλογισμοὶ οἱ κακοί 8, 38. 8, 38. ὌΝ 9, 25. 9, 25. 9. 42. 9, 43. 9, 45. 40, 30. 10, 46. 12, 38. 1), 48. 18,11. 14, 3. 14,4. 14, 58. 15,20. 15, 28. 15, 34. 15, 39. 15, 40. 15, 41. 16, 6. 1, 19. 1,26. 2. τῆς 2, 15. 2,11. 2, 21. 2,26. δυῶν. δ. 5» 4, 22. 6, 6. 6, 8. 6, 15. 1, 82. τ, 839. 1,41. 8) “2. 8, πὶ 8, 28. 8, 29. 9, 32. 9, 35. 9, 42. 10, 11. 10, 18. 10, 15. 10, 28. 11, 8. 11, 21. 11,44. τ. γενεῖ ταύτῃ τῇ μοιχαλίδι [μις. 18, 4. μετὰ τῶν ἀγγέλων τὶ ἁγίων ὃ υἱός μου ὃ ἀγαπητός τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἀκαϑάρτῳ τὸ πινεῦμα τὸ ἀλαλον τ. μικρῶν τῶν πιστϑυόντων εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἄσβεστον εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἄσβεστον ἐν τ. αἰῶνι τῷ ἐρχομένῳ ΞΒαρτίμαιος ὃ τυφλός τῶν γραμμ. τῶν ϑελόντων ἣ χήρα αὕτη ἢ πτωχή τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῦ τὸ αἷμα .. τὸ περὶ πολλῶν ἐχχυνόμενον γαὸν τοῦτον τὸν χειροποίητ. τὰ ἱμάτια, τὰ ἴδια ἣ 7ραφὴ ἢ λέγουσα τῇ ὥρᾳ τῇ ἐννάτῃ ὃ κεντυρίων ὃ παρεστηχώς Ἔν τοῦ μικροῦ ἀλλαιπολλαὶ αἵ συναναβᾶσαι ᾿Ιησοῦν .. τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον Γαβριὴλ ὃ παρεστηκώς ἐν δὲ τῷ μηνὶ τῷ ἕχτῳ τ. υἱὸν αὖ. τὸν πρωτότοκον τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονός τ. ῥήματος τοῦ λαληϑέντος τὸ ὄνομα .. τὸ κληϑέν τοῦ Πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ὃ υἱἷός μου ὃ ἀγαπητός τ. λόγοις... τοῖς ἐκπορευομέν. ἢ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ἡ δεξιά τῷ ἀνϑρώπῳ τῷ ἕ. ἔχοντι Σίμωνα τὸν καλούμενον ζηλ. παιδίοις τοῖς .. καϑημένοις ὃ Φαρισαῖος ὁ καλέσας αἵ ἁμαρτίαι αὐ. αἵ πολλαὶ Μαρία ἢ καλουμένη Μαγδὸ. εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀγαϑήν υἱὲ τοῦ Θ. τοῦ ὑψίστου τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἀκαϑάρτῳ δύο ἄνδρας τοὺς συνεστῶτας ὃ υἱός μου ὃ ἀγαπητός τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἀκαϑάρτῳ τ. κονιορτὸν τὸν κολληϑέντα αἵ δυνάμεις αἵ γενόμεναι Καπερναοὺμ ἢ... ὑψωϑεῖσα οἵ ὀφϑαλμοὶ οἵ βλέποντες τ. ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον ἢ κοιλία ἢ βαστάσασα Ἷ τὰ μνημεῖα τὰ ἀδηλα ΤῸ μνημ. ἄδ. 11, 44. 69 Ἶ 6 “» οὗ ανϑο. Ἷ οἱ περιστατοῦντες ΤΑΌΚ αἱ. (1,.) οπι. οἵ. 11, 50. 11, 51. 12, 41. τ ᾿ ΄ αἷμα .. τὸ ἐκχυνόμεγον Ζαχαρίου τοῦ ἀπολομένου ὃ δοῦλος ὃ γνοὺς τὸ 9. 13, 11. 13, 34. 14, 24. 15, 6. 15, 2). 15, 28. 18, 25. 15, 21. 15, 80. 15, 80. 16,21. 11, 24. ΤΩ Τρ 18, 80. 18, 83. 19, 21. 19,29. 20, 18. 0. 20, 46. 2,3. 5, 31. 22, 1. ον, (8. 2), 19. 22, 20. 22, ὅ0. ὩΣ, 68. 28, 88. 28, 49. 1, 9. 1,18. 1, 29. 1, 41. 1, 4). 1: 2; ὃ: 8,18. 8,16. 8, 29. 8,29. 4, 9. 4,14. ε΄ ὦ 5, 12. 5, 28. 5, 30. 5,30. 5, 35. 5, 48. 6, 13. 0,14. 0, 22. ἂν 21: θυ δῆς 6, 32. 6, 38. 6,41. ΡῚ ’ -» ἀνθρώπους τοὺς κατοιχοῦντ. 5; ’ »Ὕ γ τ. ἐνδόξοις τοῖς γινομένοις «ε γ Ἵερουσ. ἢ ἀποκτείνουσα τ. ἀνδρῶν ἐκ. τῶν κεκλημένων , Τ ’,ὔ λὶ 32 ᾿ τὸ πρόβατόν μου τὸ ἀπολωλ. 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https://openalex.org/W3148990598_1 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | SOCIEDAD Chilena de Educación Matemática
REVISTA Chilena de Educación Matemática
ISSN 2452-5448
ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN
https://doi.org/10.46219/rechiem.v13i1.36
Evidencias de conocimiento
entre Matemáticas y Física sobre
velocidad media
Evidence of knowledge between Mathematics
and Physics about average speed
María del Valle Bermejo-Luna
[email protected]
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
Gloria Sánchez-Matamoros García
[email protected]
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
Resumen
Resultados de investigaciones previas han puesto de manifiesto la complejidad de la transferencia de
conocimiento entre Matemáticas y Física. El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar las manifestaciones de
transferencia o evidencia de conocimiento entre ambas áreas en estudiantes de Bachillerato (16-18 años) cuando
resuelven problemas sobre la velocidad media. El enfoque metodológico es cualitativo. Nuestro instrumento
de recogida de datos consiste de dos tareas sobre velocidad media en distintos registros de representación,
que realizaron un total de 119 estudiantes españoles. Los resultados han permitido identificar cuatro grupos de
estudiantes en relación con la evidencia de conocimiento de la tasa de variación media y la velocidad media,
puesta de manifiesto en la resolución de las tareas. Un primer grupo de estudiantes que no usa la velocidad
media ni la tasa de variación media, un segundo grupo que usa la tasa de variación media, un tercer grupo
que evidencia conocimiento de ambas áreas a partir de determinados datos y un cuarto grupo que manifiesta
la transferencia de conocimiento entre ambas áreas a partir de cualquier tipo de datos. Estos resultados nos
han permitido caracterizar una posible progresión en la transferencia de conocimiento entre ambas áreas en la
resolución de tareas sobre velocidad media.
Palabras clave:
Transferencia de conocimiento; Matemáticas; Física;
velocidad media; Bachillerato.
Abstract
Results of previous investigations have shown that the transfer of knowledge between Mathematics and Physics
can be very complex. The aim of this article is to characterize the manifestation of knowledge transfer between
both areas in high school students (16-18 years old) when they solve problems about average speed. The
methodological approach selected is qualitative. As a data-collection instrument we used a two-task questionnaire
about average speed given in different representation registers. This questionnaire was completed by a total of
119 Spanish students. The resolution of the tasks by the students allowed us to characterize four different groups
of students in relation to the evidence of the transfer of knowledge between Mathematics and Physics around
the concept of average speed. A first group of students who do not use the average speed or the average rate of
variation, a second group who use the average rate of variation, a third group who manifest knowledge transfer
between both areas based on certain data and a fourth group that manifest the transfer of knowledge between
both areas from any type of data. These results have allowed us to characterize a possible progression in the
transfer of knowledge between both areas for the concept of average speed.
Keywords:
Transfer of knowledge; Mathematics; Physics; Average
Speed; High School students.
Recibido: 8 de julio de 2020 , Aceptado: 25 de enero de 2021
5
Revista Chilena de Educación Matemática, Enero-Abril 2021, Volumen 13, N°1, 5-16
Evidencias de conocimiento entre Matemáticas y Física sobre velocidad media
1. Introducción
Las leyes físicas son el mejor modelo matemático del
que disponemos para describir el comportamiento
de nuestro entorno, desde la interacción gravitatoria,
las leyes de la termodinámica, etc. Todas estas leyes
han sido elaboradas como una aplicación de las
Matemáticas para resolver problemas de la vida real
(Verschaffel et al., 2002). Parece indudable, entonces,
que la Física se ha beneficiado de los avances de las
Matemáticas, apoyándose en esta para su propio
desarrollo.
Sin embargo, si analizamos la relación entre la Física
y las Matemáticas, observamos que el beneficio se da
en ambos sentidos. Problemas concretos de Física,
como pueden ser aquellos de Cinemática (rama de la
Física que estudia el movimiento, sin tener en cuenta
las causas que lo produce), han sido cruciales en el
desarrollo histórico de las Matemáticas. Sin ir más
lejos, el concepto de Derivada estudiado por Newton
tuvo su origen en el análisis de la variación de un
movimiento (Azcárate, 1990).
Deteniendo la mirada en el sistema educativo español
observamos que esta relación aparece truncada. La
Física comienza a estudiarse en el segundo curso de
la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (13-14 años), y
es entonces cuando aparecen por primera vez en el
currículo los conceptos de Cinemática tales como:
velocidad media, instantánea y aceleración (Ministerio
de Educación, Ciencia y Deporte [MECD], 2015). No
obstante, en Matemáticas el concepto de Derivada no
se introduce hasta entrado en Primero de Bachillerato
(etapa no obligatoria, 16-17 años). Esto supone, tal y
como señalan Valera et al. (1983), que la relación de
los conceptos de velocidad y aceleración con los de
espacio y tiempo sea de muy difícil asimilación por
parte de los estudiantes, pese a que su origen se
remonte al inicio del estudio del Cálculo, ocasionando
que estos estudiantes tengan problemas a la hora de
enfrentar enunciados de Mecánica (Azcárate, 1984).
En este sentido, los resultados de diversas
investigaciones (McDermott et al., 1987; Planinic et al.,
2012) con estudiantes de Educación de Secundaria
(15-16 años) concluyen que estos no se dan cuenta
de que están trabajando con un mismo elemento
matemático cuando resuelven tareas en diferentes
contextos, es decir, cuando resuelven tareas de
Matemáticas o Física (Planinic et al., 2012). Así,
estudiantes que son capaces de resolver una tarea
matemática, fallan en la tarea análoga en el contexto
físico. Una de las principales fuentes de dificultad de
dichos estudiantes, según estos autores, se encuentra
en la relación que deben establecer entre los gráficos
de contextos físicos, y del mundo real. Sin embargo,
investigaciones (Marrongelle, 2001, 2004) centradas
en el uso de la Física para resolver problemas de
Cálculo a través de un curso integrado de Física
y Matemáticas, concluyen que los estudiantes
entienden mejor las representaciones gráficas cuando
las relacionan con distintos fenómenos físicos, es
6
decir, cuando las contextualizan. En relación con la
tasa de variación media, según estas investigaciones,
los estudiantes de Física se basan en conceptos físicos
para construir conceptualizaciones significativas de la
tasa de variación media. Sin embargo, no sucede lo
mismo para conceptos como la Derivada o Integral.
En esta misma línea, investigaciones realizadas con
estudiantes universitarios centradas en el estudio de
las respuestas a tareas de aplicación de conceptos
matemáticos y del análisis matemático a la Física
(Beichner, 1994; Christensen y Thompson, 2012;
Quinn, 2013; Thompson et al., 2010) exponen que
los estudiantes universitarios cometen errores a la
hora de resolver problemas de Cinemática cuando
las tareas requieren el cálculo de áreas bajo curvas
y pendientes, dificultades que podrían tener su
origen en los procesos matemáticos de integración
y derivación (Beichner, 1994). Estas investigaciones
concluyen que el problema de la transferencia
de conocimiento proviene de que los estudiantes
carecen de los conceptos previos de Matemáticas
necesarios para resolver las tareas desafiantes que
se les proponen (Christensen y Thompson, 2012;
Thompson et al., 2010). En este sentido, algunas de
estas investigaciones concluyen que los estudiantes
muestran una menor confianza en realizar una
transferencia de conocimiento entre las Matemáticas
y la Física y Química cuando trabajan con el concepto
matemático de pendiente (Quinn, 2013).
Es decir, la transferencia solo puede producirse cuando
se ha construido un esquema coherente y robusto en
el dominio inicial del aprendizaje (Rebello et al., 2017).
Por otra parte, los resultados de la investigación de
Woolnough (2000) muestran que, incluso aquellos
estudiantes que normalmente obtienen buenos
resultados en ambas disciplinas, fallan al establecer
relaciones entre estas, atribuyéndolo a las creencias
que tienen los estudiantes con respecto a cada una
de las áreas; uno de los estudiantes llega a afirmar
que “áreas diferentes hacen las cosas diferentes”
(Woolnough, 2000, p. 264).
Como consecuencia de los resultados de todas estas
investigaciones, podemos afirmar que el conocimiento
matemático no es garantía de éxito en la resolución
de tareas físicas, “la componente de interpretación
de cantidades matemáticas en el contexto físico
(por ejemplo, reconocer la pendiente de un gráfico
velocidad-tiempo como la aceleración) falta a veces”
(Planinic et al., 2012, p. 1140).
Redish y Kuo (2015) van más allá, concluyendo incluso
que, pese a que la falta de éxito con las Matemáticas
en los contextos físicos tradicionalmente se atribuye a
la falta de habilidades para transferir el conocimiento
matemático a las clases de Física, su origen también
puede deberse a que “aprender Matemáticas en
la clase de Matemáticas y Matemáticas en la clase
de Física debe tratarse como si se aprendieran dos
lenguajes relacionados pero distintos” (Redish y Kuo,
2015, p. 587).
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María del Valle Bermejo-Luna, Gloria Sánchez Matamoros García
Desde la perspectiva de esta problemática se
plantea una investigación que pretende caracterizar
el desarrollo del esquema de Derivada aplicada
a problemas de la Cinemática en estudiantes de
Bachillerato (16-18 años). En el transcurso de la
misma, se observó distintas manifestaciones en la
transferencia de conocimiento que se originaban
entre la Física y las Matemáticas en torno a distintos
conceptos de la Cinemática. En particular, en este
trabajo nos centramos en las asociadas al concepto
de tasa de variación media (a partir de ahora, T.V.M.) y
velocidad media.
2. Marco teórico
Definimos la T.V.M. en registro algebraico-numérico
como el cociente de la variación de una función
en un intervalo [a,b] entre la variación b-a (1). En
el contexto de la Física, definimos la velocidad
media vectorialmente como la razón del vector
desplazamiento con el intervalo temporal en el que
transcurre dicho desplazamiento (Young y Freedman,
2009).
Los modelos tradicionales se centran en aspectos
cognitivos (Bassok, 1990; Brown y Kane, 1988; Reed,
1993; Singley y Anderson, 1989). Según Singley
y Anderson (1989), el estudiante construye una
representación mental abstracta o esquema a través de
experiencias en situaciones de aprendizaje y despliega
los esquemas en la situación de transferencia. Sin
embargo, la mayoría de los estudiantes no puede
reconocer similitudes entre el contexto de aprendizaje
y el contexto de transferencia y, por lo tanto, no puede
resolver con éxito los problemas en el último contexto,
a pesar de que pueda hacerlo en el contexto de
aprendizaje original. Los investigadores han explicado
a menudo la falta de dicha transferencia en términos
de la incapacidad de los estudiantes para construir
un esquema coherente en el dominio de aprendizaje
(Reed, 1993).
(1)
En el registro de representación gráfico la T.V.M. es la
pendiente de la recta secante a la curva en los puntos
(a, f(a)) y (a+h, f(a+h)). De igual forma, la velocidad
media se corresponderá con la pendiente de la recta
secante entre dos puntos de la gráfica posicióntiempo.
Por tanto, en términos de transferencia de
conocimiento, se puede considerar que la velocidad
media es la T.V.M. aplicada al caso particular de que
la variable independiente sea el tiempo y la variable
dependiente sea la posición del móvil respecto al
tiempo. Para el caso particular de esta investigación,
trabajaremos con tareas donde el movimiento se
produzca en una sola dimensión de forma rectilínea.
En estas condiciones, no es necesario el tratamiento
vectorial de la velocidad, y la velocidad media podrá
definirse como se expresa en (2).
(2)
Además, consideraremos que, al tratarse en todas
las tareas de movimientos rectilíneos, el signo de
la velocidad media nos proporcionará el sentido
de la velocidad con respecto a nuestro sistema de
referencia.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar las
manifestaciones de la transferencia de conocimiento
entre las Matemáticas y la Física en los estudiantes de
Bachillerato (16-18 años) cuando resuelven problemas
sobre la velocidad media.
7
La transferencia de conocimiento a menudo se define
como la aplicación de lo que uno ha aprendido en
una situación a otra situación diferente (Rebello et
al., 2017; Reed, 1993; Singley y Anderson, 1989). Una
de las concepciones del término transferencia en
Educación Matemática descrita por Evans (1999) la
considera como la aplicación de la materia académica
de Matemáticas fuera de su dominio, en particular en
este trabajo la consideramos aplicada a la Cinemática
en la Física.
Algunas de estas investigaciones (Bransford y
Schwartz, 1999; Greeno et al., 1993; Lobato, 1996)
han comenzado a considerar la transferencia como
las habilidades de los estudiantes para aprender a
resolver problemas en el nuevo dominio (Bransford
y Schwartz, 1999). Además, estas investigaciones
se han centrado en la activación de conocimientos
(DiSessa, 1993) o recursos cognitivos (Hammer, 2000)
en el nuevo dominio y en la construcción dinámica
de similitudes entre el aprendizaje y el contexto de
transferencia (Lobato, 2003).
En este sentido, los modelos contemporáneos de
transferencia han ido más allá de centrarse únicamente
en los aspectos cognitivos de la transferencia, han
incluido otros factores mediadores que afectan la
transferencia. Una característica común de todas
estas perspectivas es que consideran la transferencia
como un proceso dinámico activo, y conciben la
transferencia como la construcción personal de
similitudes entre actividades donde los estudiantes
ven las situaciones como similares (Greeno et al.,
1993).
Así, desde la perspectiva de Rebello et al. (2005), hay
dos tipos de asociaciones que un estudiante puede
hacer en un escenario de resolución de problemas. El
primer tipo de asociación implica asignar información
leída de un problema a un elemento de conocimiento
previo del estudiante. Un ejemplo es leer un valor
numérico del enunciado del problema y asignarlo
a una cantidad física particular. Por ejemplo, si un
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Evidencias de conocimiento entre Matemáticas y Física sobre velocidad media
problema indica que un automóvil se está moviendo
a 20 metros/segundo, el alumno reconoce que los 20
metros/segundo es la “velocidad” del automóvil, más
específicamente que “v = 20m/s”, y puede conectarse
a una fórmula ya aprendida o a la derivada de una
función, siendo estas parte del esquema interno
del alumno para resolver el problema. Este tipo de
asociaciones, entre la nueva información obtenida
del problema y los elementos de la estructura
de conocimiento del estudiante, generalmente
están firmemente establecidas por el estudiante y
las articula fácilmente. Y también, se produce un
segundo tipo de asociación entre un elemento de
conocimiento leído del problema y un elemento de la
estructura de conocimiento del alumno, que a su vez
se basa en su conocimiento previo. Esta asociación
suele ser más abstracta y tenue y, a menudo, el
alumno puede no ser capaz de articularla claramente.
Por ejemplo, un estudiante al que se le muestra
una animación de un automóvil en movimiento, sin
siquiera saber que la velocidad tiene algo que ver con
el problema, comienza a pensar en la velocidad del
automóvil como una característica importante del
problema. Este alumno está haciendo una asociación
implícita entre dos ideas: movimiento (que se muestra
en la animación del problema) y velocidad (cuyo
conocimiento se considera necesario para describir el
movimiento).
Estos dos tipos de asociaciones se pueden considerar
vinculadas a dos tipos diferentes de procesos de
transferencia. En el primer tipo de transferencia,
la transferencia “horizontal”, el estudiante lee
información proporcionada explícitamente de un
escenario problemático y activa su estructura de
conocimiento. Esta conexión o asignación entre
la información proporcionada y la estructura de
conocimiento del estudiante determinará si este puede
resolver el problema. Si dicha conexión o asignación
no ocurre naturalmente, es decir, si la representación
externa del problema no coincide con la estructura
de conocimiento del estudiante o la representación
interna del problema, este no puede resolver el
problema. El enunciado del problema proporciona
explícitamente toda la información requerida.
En el segundo tipo de transferencia, la transferencia
“vertical”, un estudiante reconoce las características
de la situación y activa intuitivamente elementos de
su conocimiento previo. En este tipo de transferencia,
el estudiante generalmente no tiene una estructura
de conocimiento preconcebida que se alinee con
la información del problema. Más bien, construye
un modelo mental in situ a través de sucesivas
construcciones y deconstrucciones de asociaciones
entre elementos de conocimiento. Por ejemplo,
en lugar de que le digan la velocidad inicial y la
aceleración del vehículo, al estudiante se le muestra
un video o una animación de un vehículo y se le pide
que descubra qué distancia pudo haber recorrido el
vehículo después de salir del borde del video. En ningún
momento se le habla al estudiante de la velocidad o
aceleración inicial, ni siquiera de que estas variables
8
sean relevantes para la situación. En este caso el
estudiante, fijándose en el plano inclinado, primero
debe reconocer que el vehículo estaba acelerando
e incluso puede enfrentar el supuesto de que esta
aceleración puede no ser uniforme. El estudiante
no puede activar una estructura de conocimiento
preconcebido claramente identificable o una
representación interna que se adecue perfectamente
con la situación.
Hay que destacar que un proceso dado puede tener
componentes de transferencia “horizontal” y “vertical”,
y que estos dos procesos no son mutuamente
excluyentes. En este trabajo nos centraremos en el
proceso de transferencia “horizontal” en relación
con la T.V.M. y la velocidad media. Consideraremos
que hablamos de transferencia “horizontal” pues
presentaremos a los estudiantes situaciones
problemáticas con toda la información necesaria
para su resolución, esperando que estos activen
sus estructuras de conocimiento, tanto aquellas
estructuras del dominio de la Física como de las
Matemáticas, puesto que ambas son necesarias para
resolver la situación. La transferencia de conocimiento
se considerará efectuada de forma completa y correcta
cuando el estudiante pueda realizar dicha conexión
entre la situación problemática y las estructuras en
ambos dominios. En este contexto, nuestra pregunta
de investigación es la siguiente:
¿Qué transferencia o evidencia de conocimiento entre
las Matemáticas y la Física se ponen de manifiesto en
los estudiantes de Bachillerato (16-18 años) cuando
resuelven problemas sobre la velocidad media?
3. Metodología
3.1 Participantes y contexto
Los participantes en la investigación fueron 119
estudiantes de la materia de Matemáticas II de Segundo
de Bachillerato (17-18 años). Estos estudiantes han
sido seleccionados de cuatro centros de Educación
Secundaria de la provincia de Sevilla (España). Dichos
centros se eligieron por la disponibilidad y facilidad
que ofrecieron a la hora de poder realizar este estudio.
Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, el concepto
de velocidad media se introduce en segundo curso
de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (13-14 años),
mientras que es en cuarto curso de la Educación
Secundaria Obligatoria (15-16 años) cuando el
estudiante aprende el concepto de T.V.M. (MECD,
2015) en la asignatura de Matemáticas orientada
a las enseñanzas académicas. Y es en Primero de
Bachillerato cuando el concepto de T.V.M. se estudia
en Matemáticas y el de velocidad media en Física.
Sin embargo, estos contenidos se trabajan en dichas
asignaturas –Matemáticas y Física y Química de
Primero de Bachillerato– en diferentes momentos
del curso (incluso en diferentes trimestres). Por este
motivo, se ha considerado que los participantes en
nuestra investigación sean estudiantes de un curso
Revista Chilena de Educación Matemática, Enero-Abril 2021, Volumen 13, N°1, 5-16
María del Valle Bermejo-Luna, Gloria Sánchez Matamoros García
superior, antes de haber impartido estas materias en
Segundo curso (17-18 años).
dos magnitudes covariantes (posición-tiempo) para
calcular la velocidad media.
3.2 Instrumento de recogida de datos
La segunda tarea, adaptada de investigaciones
previas (Azcárate, 1990; Marrongelle, 2004; SánchezMatamoros, 2004), está dada en registro gráfico, y en
ella se espera que el estudiante calcule la velocidad
media directamente desde la gráfica como la
pendiente de la recta secante entre dos puntos de la
gráfica, es decir, el estudiante debe relacionar las dos
magnitudes covariantes (posición-tiempo) mediante
un segmento de línea (debe conectar dos puntos en
una curva definida por la gráfica de posición-tiempo
para obtener una cuerda, segmento de una línea
secante a la curva, que pasa por esos dos puntos),
y calcular su pendiente. También puede extraer los
datos numéricos a partir de la representación gráfica
(en cuyo caso realizará la traslación del registro de
representación gráfico al algebraico-numérico) y
calcular la velocidad como T.V.M. de la posición con
respecto al tiempo. En ambos casos, obtendrá el valor
de la velocidad media para cada uno de los intervalos
del enunciado. Al igual que en la tarea 1, la gráfica
presentada de la posición frente al tiempo muestra
que el movimiento que se describe no se corresponde
ni al movimiento rectilíneo uniforme ni al movimiento
rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado, estudiados en
la instrucción previa. Además, en esta tarea deben
indicar si hay algún intervalo donde la velocidad media
sea nula, esto sucederá cuando el incremento de la
posición sea nulo o la pendiente de la recta secante
sea cero.
El instrumento de recogida de datos seleccionado
para este artículo son dos tareas (véase la Figura
1) que forman parte de un cuestionario diseñado
para una investigación más extensa. La selección
de tareas del cuestionario se ha realizado conforme
a tareas utilizadas en investigaciones previas de
la Cinemática y del concepto de Derivada, en el
ámbito de investigación de Didáctica de las Ciencias
Experimentales y Matemáticas, respectivamente.
Además, se han adaptado las mismas para la etapa
educativa pertinente.
Figura 1. Tareas propuestas a los estudiantes de Bachillerato.
Fuente: Elaboración
propia.
Figura 1. Tareas propuestas
a los estudiantes
de Bachillerato.
La primera tarea dada en registro
numérico,
como tablapropia.
de valores de posición-tiempo, no se
Fuente:
Elaboración
corresponde ni al movimiento rectilíneo uniforme ni al movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente
acelerado, es decir, no se corresponde con ningún tipo de movimiento estudiado en la
instrucción previa por los participantes en esta investigación. Esta tarea se asemeja a la
utilizada por Azcárate (1990), no obstante, en su investigación no pregunta acerca de la
velocidad media (T.V.M.). Además, en la resolución de esta tarea se espera que el estudiante
La primera
dada
enderegistro
numérico,
como tabla
proceda
a calculartarea
la velocidad
media
los intervalos
temporales proporcionados.
Para
resolverla,
pueden aplicar
la fórmula de la T.V.M. desde
datoscorresponde
numéricos. Para ello, ni
los
de valores
de posición-tiempo,
nolos se
estudiantes deben conectar dos puntos diferentes pero cercanos en un registro algebraicoal movimiento
rectilíneo
uniforme
numérico,
es decir, usar dos
puntos consecutivos
de una ni
tablaalquemovimiento
relaciona las dos
magnitudes
covariantes
(posición-tiempo) para acelerado,
calcular la velocidades
media.
rectilíneo
uniformemente
decir, no se
La segunda tarea, adaptada de investigaciones previas (Azcárate, 1990; Marrongelle, 2004;
corresponde con ningún tipo de movimiento estudiado
Sánchez-Matamoros, 2004), está dada en registro gráfico, y en ella se espera que el estudiante
en la instrucción previa por los participantes en esta7
investigación. Esta tarea se asemeja a la utilizada por
Azcárate (1990), no obstante, en su investigación
no pregunta acerca de la velocidad media (T.V.M.).
Además, en la resolución de esta tarea se espera
que el estudiante proceda a calcular la velocidad
media de los intervalos temporales proporcionados.
Para resolverla, pueden aplicar la fórmula de la T.V.M.
desde los datos numéricos. Para ello, los estudiantes
deben conectar dos puntos diferentes pero cercanos
en un registro algebraico-numérico, es decir, usar dos
puntos consecutivos de una tabla que relaciona las
9
La transferencia o evidencia de conocimiento entre
las Matemáticas y la Física puede observarse en la
resolución de estas tareas en la medida en que los
estudiantes identifican las dos magnitudes covariantes
e interpretan el significado físico de lo que les piden,
es decir, de la velocidad media. Además de entender
su significado físico, los estudiantes deben mostrar
que son capaces de trabajar con las tres magnitudes
(posición, tiempo y velocidad), haciendo uso de
las unidades de medida correspondientes a estas
magnitudes. Así mismo, el hecho de que los datos
presentados en estas tareas no se corresponden a
ninguno de los tipos de movimientos estudiados en su
instrucción previa, hace que el estudiante no pueda
recurrir a ninguna de las fórmulas aprendidas.
Por tanto, en la resolución de ambas tareas se
evidenciará una transferencia de conocimiento
“horizontal” por parte del estudiante cuando asocie la
velocidad media pedida (contexto físico) con la T.V.M.
(contexto matemático) en cada intervalo en la tarea 1,
o con la pendiente de la línea secante en la tarea 2. El
estudiante leerá la tabla de valores proporcionada en el
enunciado (posición-tiempo) en la tarea 1, o los puntos
de la gráfica en la tarea 2, y activará su estructura de
conocimiento para resolver el problema, dando como
resultado del mismo el valor numérico de la velocidad
media expresada en “m/s” como unidad de magnitud
en cada uno de los intervalos temporales de los
enunciados de dichas tareas. Además, el hecho de que
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Evidencias de conocimiento entre Matemáticas y Física sobre velocidad media
el estudiante sea capaz de responder que la velocidad
media será nula (al responder el apartado B de la tarea
2) cuando el incremento de la posición sea nulo, o la
pendiente de la recta secante sea cero, también será
indicativo de dicha transferencia de conocimiento
o evidencia de conocimiento entre Matemáticas y
Física, ya que tanto en un caso como en el otro deben
usar conocimiento que proviene de las Matemáticas,
para considerar que para que la velocidad media sea
nula, el numerador del cociente incremental debe ser
cero o la recta secante paralela al eje del tiempo. Esto
le permitirá concluir, en ambos casos, que la posición
del móvil en el instante de tiempo inicial y final de
intervalo temporal considerado debe ser la misma.
se evidencia conocimiento de Física, y finalmente
aquellos estudiantes en los que se evidencia el
uso de la T.V.M. para encontrar la velocidad media
y se evidencia además conocimiento de ambas,
diferenciando en este último caso dos grupos, los
que evidencian conocimiento de Matemáticas y Física
en determinadas situaciones y los que evidencian
siempre conocimiento de ambas, poniendo de
manifiesto la transferencia de conocimiento entre la
T.V.M. y la velocidad media (ver Tabla 1). Pasamos a
describir cada uno de estos grupos.
Tabla 1
Número de estudiantes asignados a cada grupo
3.3 Análisis
El enfoque metodológico seleccionado para esta
investigación es el cualitativo descriptivo. Esta
elección se debe a las preguntas de investigación
planteadas, y por ende al elemento de recogida de
datos utilizado: un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas
(Hernández Sampieri et al., 2006). Tal y como se ha
visto en el apartado anterior, el cuestionario constará
de tareas donde los estudiantes deberán mostrar el
proceso de resolución de las mismas y la justificación
a dicho proceso.
Para analizar los datos se tomó primero una pequeña
muestra a partir de la cual se codificaron las respuestas
de los estudiantes a las dos tareas en función a las
evidencias, y se crearon varias categorías. Una vez
llegado a un acuerdo, se añadieron nuevos datos con
el objetivo de revisar el sistema de categorías creado
inicialmente y constatar su validez (Strauss y Corbin,
1994). Este proceso de análisis se realizó en dos fases.
En la primera fase se analizaba si en la respuesta del
estudiante a la tarea se ponía de manifiesto el uso de
la T.V.M. o de la velocidad media. En la segunda fase
analizamos si los estudiantes de Bachillerato ponían
de manifiesto transferencia de conocimiento entre las
Matemáticas y la Física o evidenciaban conocimiento
de una de ellas o de ambas en la resolución de las tareas.
Como resultado de este análisis obtuvimos distintos
grupos de estudiantes basados en la manera en la que
estos ponían de manifiesto evidencia de conocimiento
entre Matemáticas y Física. Así consideramos, por un
lado, a los estudiantes que, haciendo un uso correcto
de la T.V.M., no evidenciaban conocimiento de Física
y, por otro, los que haciendo un uso correcto de la
T.V.M. además ponían de manifiesto en su resolución
diferentes características de conocimiento de ambas.
Los resultados de estas fases del análisis están
descritos en la siguiente sección.
4. Resultados
Esta sección de resultados la hemos estructurado en
cuatro apartados. En primer lugar hemos considerado
aquellos estudiantes en los que no se evidencia el
uso de la T.V.M., en segundo lugar los estudiantes
en los que se evidencia el uso de la T.V.M. pero no
10
Grupo
Número de
estudiantes
No uso de la velocidad media ni de la
T.V.M.
46
Uso de la T.V.M.
8
Uso de velocidad media y T.V.M. a
partir de datos de posición y tiempo
55
Uso de velocidad media y T.V.M. a
partir de cualquier tipo de datos
10
Total
119
Fuente: Elaboración propia.
4.1 No uso de la velocidad media ni de la tasa de
variación media
En este grupo encontramos 46 estudiantes que no
utilizan de forma correcta la velocidad media ni la T.V.M.
para resolver las tareas. La mayoría de los estudiantes
de este grupo hacen uso del cociente entre posición
y tiempo (sin calcular incrementos), un ejemplo de
ello lo tenemos en el estudiante E38, como muestra la
Figura 2. En la tarea 1, para calcular la velocidad media
en el intervalo [0, 10] este estudiante coge el valor de
la posición del móvil (33 m) en el instante de tiempo
correspondiente (10 segundos) para responder que
la velocidad en ese intervalo es 3,3 m/s, actuando de
igual forma en los restantes intervalos temporales.
Estos estudiantes identifican parcialmente las
magnitudes consideradas en el contexto físico.
No distinguen entre posición y distancia recorrida,
de ahí que realicen el cociente de la primera de
ella entre el tiempo sin atender a incremento. El
estudiante mencionado usa una fórmula memorizada
en la instrucción previa pero no la recuerda de forma
correcta. Ello hace que no pueda asociar el elemento
físico de la velocidad media al elemento matemático
de la T.V.M. Es decir, recuerda que debe hacer el
cociente de la magnitud que tiene unidades de
longitud entre la que tiene unidades temporales, pero
sin prestar atención a las características de los datos
que le da el problema. Observamos que no se produce
Revista Chilena de Educación Matemática, Enero-Abril 2021, Volumen 13, N°1, 5-16
María del Valle Bermejo-Luna, Gloria Sánchez Matamoros García
transferencia de conocimiento entre el contexto físico
dado y los conocimientos de Matemáticas que tiene el
estudiante, debido a que este no interpreta de forma
correcta el contexto físico.
Además, se evidencia en el estudiante dificultad en
relación con el conocimiento de las Matemáticas,
pues al realizar el cociente de la posición inicial (cero
metros) entre el tiempo inicial (0 segundos), obtiene
el cociente 0/0. Este cociente en Matemáticas se
considera una indeterminación, mientras que, en
el contexto físico presupone de forma errónea que
al estar en la posición 0 metros a los 0 segundos se
supone una velocidad 0 m/s, cuando no es así. Es
decir, comenzar a medir el tiempo (t=0 segundos)
justo cuando pasa por la posición de referencia (0
metros) no tiene por qué indicar que el movimiento
tenga velocidad inicial nula. Esto puede considerarse
una evidencia de que E38 no asocia el conocimiento
de las Matemáticas a la Física, o que en ocasiones
las dificultades relacionadas con conocimiento
proveniente de las Matemáticas (en nuestro caso,
T.V.M. o 0/0) impiden que se produzca la transferencia
de conocimiento.
Figura 3. Respuesta de la tarea 1 del estudiante E90.
Fuente: Datos recogidos.
4.3 Uso de la velocidad media y de la tasa de variación
media a partir de datos de posición y tiempo
Figura 2. Respuesta de la tarea 1 del estudiante E38.
Fuente: Datos recogidos.
4.2 Uso de la tasa de variación media
De los 119 estudiantes, 8 utilizan correctamente la
fórmula de la T.V.M., pero se evidencia como algo
aprendido de la instrucción previa. No ponen de
manifiesto evidencia de conocimiento entre la Física
y las Matemáticas. Un ejemplo de ello lo tenemos en
el estudiante E90 (véase la Figura 3). Este estudiante
hace uso correcto de la T.V.M. en los distintos intervalos
temporales, pero no indica, en ninguno de ellos, la
unidad de medida de las magnitudes consideradas.
Además, indica en la justificación de la respuesta que
es una fórmula que recuerda de la instrucción previa.
En este grupo observamos que el estudiante usa un
elemento matemático que ha estudiado previamente,
la T.V.M. Sin embargo, a la hora de dar respuesta a la
tarea, olvida que la tarea está dada en un contexto
físico y responde directamente desde las Matemáticas.
11
En este grupo encontramos 55 estudiantes que
utilizan la T.V.M. para calcular la velocidad media de
forma correcta, aunque no son capaces de explicar en
qué condiciones la velocidad media será nula. Estos
estudiantes ponen de manifiesto en la resolución
de ambas tareas evidencias de conocimiento entre
Matemáticas y Física, al haber asociado la velocidad
media pedida con la T.V.M. en cada intervalo en
ambas tareas (lo que podría considerarse evidencia
de transferencia de conocimiento horizontal), es
decir, estos estudiantes han leído la tabla de valores
proporcionada en el enunciado (posición-tiempo) en
la tarea 1, o los puntos de la gráfica en la tarea 2, y han
activado su estructura de conocimiento para resolver
el problema, dando como resultado de las mismas
el valor numérico de la velocidad media expresada
en “m/s” como unidad de magnitud en cada uno
de los intervalos temporales de los enunciados de
dichas tareas. Es decir, desde un contexto físico,
estos estudiantes leen la tarea, utilizan el elemento
matemático asociado y luego son capaces también de
dar la respuesta nuevamente en dicho contexto físico.
Además, en algunos de ellos se evidencia también
la traslación del registro numérico de los datos al
registro gráfico de forma correcta, sin embargo, no
son capaces de responder el apartado B de la tarea
2 donde se les pregunta en qué circunstancias la
velocidad media es cero, evidenciándose que a partir
de la posición y el tiempo dados sí son capaces de
evidenciar conocimiento de ambas materias tanto
cuando la tarea es dada en registro numérico como
en registro gráfico, pero no sucede lo mismo cuando
Revista Chilena de Educación Matemática, Enero-Abril 2021, Volumen 13, N°1, 5-16
Evidencias de conocimiento entre Matemáticas y Física sobre velocidad media
a partir de un valor dado de la velocidad media
deben deducir qué sucede con la posición del móvil
respecto al tiempo (no hay evidencia de transferencia
de conocimiento horizontal), un ejemplo sería el
estudiante E5 (véase Figura 4).
Tarea 1
Tarea 2
Figura 4. Respuestas de las tareas 1 y 2 del estudiante E5.
Fuente: Datos recogidos.
Figura 4. Respuestas de las tareas 1 y 2 del estudiante E5.
Entre estos estudiantes, hay Fuente:
un grupo Datos
(15 de recogidos.
estos 55 estudiantes) que, además de las
velocidades medias en cada intervalo, calculan la media o promedio de todas las velocidades
medias obtenidas en los distintos intervalos temporales. Un ejemplo de ello lo tenemos en la
respuesta del estudiante E68 a la tarea 1 (Figura 5), que además escribe en la justificación de
la respuesta: “la velocidad media es la suma de las velocidades de los intervalos partida por
el número de estos”. Esto no se les pedía en el enunciado de la tarea, por lo que puede
considerarse
una dificultad
añadida en relación
a la grupo
transferencia(15
de conocimiento
Entre estos
estudiantes,
hay un
de estosentre
55
Matemáticas y Física, puesto que estos estudiantes parecen estar aplicando la media aritmética
estudiantes)
que,cuando
además
medias
aprendida en Matemáticas
realizan de
este las
últimovelocidades
cálculo del promedio
de las
velocidades. Esto se puede considerar una evidencia de que este grupo de estudiantes no
en
cada intervalo, calculan la media o promedio
conoce las condiciones bajo las que el contenido matemático que han usado (la media
aritmética)
no es aplicable
en Física.
de
todas
las velocidades
medias obtenidas en los
de manifiesto en su respuesta la transferencia de
conocimiento entre la Física y las Matemáticas, es decir,
se evidencia conocimiento en todas las situaciones
planteadas (lo que podría considerarse evidencia
de transferencia de conocimiento horizontal). Estos
estudiantes utilizan correctamente la T.V.M. para hallar
la velocidad media tanto a partir del registro numérico
como del registro gráfico, y utilizan en todo momento
las unidades de medida correspondientes a las
magnitudes consideradas en la situación planteada
4.4. Usodar
de launa
velocidad
media y decorrecta.
la tasa de variación
media: transferencia
de
para
respuesta
Un ejemplo
de esto
conocimiento
lo
encontramos
en
el
estudiante
E100,
este
estudiante
Finalmente, en este grupo encontramos a 10 estudiantes que utilizan la T.V.M. para dar
en
la tarea
1, sobre
dada
en registro
numérico,
responde
de
respuesta
a las tareas
la velocidad
media, y además
ponen de manifiesto
en su respuesta
la transferencia de conocimiento entre la Física y las Matemáticas, es decir, se evidencia
forma
correcta
a partir
conocimiento
en todas las justificando
situaciones planteadassu
(lo resolución
que podría considerarse
evidenciade
de
de conocimiento
Estos estudiantes
utilizan
correctamente la T.V.M.
latransferencia
expresión
de lahorizontal).
velocidad
media
(incremento
de
para hallar la velocidad media tanto a partir del registro numérico como del registro gráfico, y
lautilizan
posición
dividido
por deelmedida
incremento
en todo momento
las unidades
correspondientesdel
a las tiempo)
magnitudes
consideradas en la situación
planteada paraen
dar una
respuesta
correcta.
Un ejemplo
de esto lo
expresando
el
resultado
m/s
(véase
Figura
6).
encontramos en el estudiante E100, este estudiante en la tarea 1, dada en registro numérico,
responde de forma correcta justificando su resolución a partir de la expresión de la velocidad
media (incremento de la posición dividido por el incremento del tiempo) expresando el
resultado en m/s (véase Figura 5).
distintos
intervalos temporales.
Un
Tarea
1
Tarea
2 ejemplo de ello lo
tenemos en la respuesta del estudiante E68 a la tarea
1 (Figura 5), que además escribe en la justificación
de la respuesta: “la velocidad media es la suma de las
velocidades de los intervalos partida por el número de
estos”. Esto no se les pedía en el enunciado de la tarea,
por lo que puede considerarse una dificultad añadida
en relación a la transferencia de conocimiento entre
Figura 4. Respuestas de las tareas 1 y 2 del estudiante E5.
MatemáticasFigura
y Física,
que
estos
5. Respuestapuesto
de la tarea 1 del
estudiante
E68. estudiantes
Fuente: Datos recogidos.
Fuente: la
Datos
recogidos.aritmética aprendida
parecen estar aplicando
media
en Matemáticas cuando realizan este último cálculo
Entre estos estudiantes, hay un grupo (15 de estos 55 estudiantes) que, además de las
12
velocidades
medias en cadade
intervalo,
la media o promedio
de todasse
las velocidades
del promedio
lascalculan
velocidades.
Esto
puede
medias obtenidas en los distintos intervalos temporales. Un ejemplo de ello lo tenemos en la
considerar
una
de
que escribe
esteen lagrupo
respuesta
del estudiante
E68 a evidencia
la tarea 1 (Figura 5),
que además
justificaciónde
de
la
respuesta: “la velocidad
es la suma
de las
velocidades de los intervalos
partida
por
estudiantes
no media
conoce
las
condiciones
bajo las
que
el número de estos”. Esto no se les pedía en el enunciado de la tarea, por lo que puede
el contenido
matemático
que
han usado
(la media
considerarse
una dificultad
añadida en relación
a la transferencia
de conocimiento
entre
Matemáticas
y Física,
puesto
que
estos estudiantes
parecen
estar aplicando la media aritmética
aritmética)
no
es
aplicable
en
Física.
aprendida en Matemáticas cuando realizan este último cálculo del promedio de las
velocidades. Esto se puede considerar una evidencia de que este grupo de estudiantes no
conoce las condiciones bajo las que el contenido matemático que han usado (la media
aritmética) no es aplicable en Física.
Figura 5. Respuesta de la tarea 1 del estudiante E68.
Fuente: Datos recogidos.
Figura 5. Respuesta de la tarea 1 del estudiante E68.
Fuente: Datos recogidos.
12
4.4 Uso de la velocidad media y de la tasa de variación
media: transferencia de conocimiento
Finalmente, en este grupo encontramos a 10
estudiantes que utilizan la T.V.M. para dar respuesta a
las tareas sobre la velocidad media, y además ponen
12
Figura 6. Respuesta de la tarea 1 del estudiante E100.
Fuente: Datos recogidos.
Figura 6. Respuesta de la tarea 1 del estudiante E100.
Fuente:
Datos
recogidos.
Además, en la tarea 2 (véase Figura
6), dada
en registro
gráfico, vuelve a poner de manifiesto
el uso correcto de la T.V.M. aplicado a la velocidad media. Por tanto, en la resolución de
ambas tareas se evidencia por parte del estudiante E100 conocimiento de Matemáticas y
Física, lo que podría estar poniendo de manifiesto una transferencia de conocimiento
horizontal. El estudiante
E100 ha 2
asociado
la velocidad
media
con la
T.V.M.
en cada
Además,
en la tarea
(véase
Figura
6),pedida
dada
en
registro
intervalo en ambas tareas, es decir, ha leído la tabla de valores proporcionada en el enunciado
(posición-tiempo)
en la tarea
1, o los puntos
de la gráfica en la el
tareauso
2, y ha
activado su
gráfico,
vuelve
a poner
de manifiesto
correcto
estructura de conocimiento para resolver el problema, dando como resultado de las mismas el
de
T.V.M.de aplicado
a laexpresada
velocidad
media.
tanto,
en
valorla
numérico
la velocidad media
en “m/s” como
unidad Por
de magnitud
en cada
de los intervalos temporales
de los enunciados
tareas.
launoresolución
de ambas
tareasde dichas
se evidencia
por parte
Así mismo,
responde correctamente
apartado B de la tarea 2. Esde
decir,Matemáticas
indica correctamente
del
estudiante
E100 al conocimiento
que la velocidad media se anula en el intervalo [6, 15], justificando que “para que la
media
nula podría
el móvil debe
estar enponiendo
la misma posición
varios periodos
yvelocidad
Física,
loseaque
estar
deenmanifiesto
[refiriéndose a los instantes de tiempo] en este caso como en el séptimo y decimoquinto
una
de se conocimiento
horizontal.
El
segundostransferencia
el móvil está a siete metros,
anula la velocidad media en
ese periodo” [énfasis
añadido] (véase laE100
Figura 7).
respuesta de la
E100
es una evidencia
de conocimiento
de
estudiante
haEsta
asociado
velocidad
media
pedida
Matemáticas y Física (podría ser una manifestación de transferencia de conocimiento
con
la entre
T.V.M.
cada
enpara
ambas
tareas,
es
horizontal
ambas en
materias),
ya queintervalo
ha considerado que
que la velocidad
media sea
nula, la posición del móvil en el instante de tiempo inicial y final del intervalo temporal que
decir,
ha leído la tabla de valores proporcionada en el
13
enunciado (posición-tiempo) en la tarea 1, o los puntos
de la gráfica en la tarea 2, y ha activado su estructura
de conocimiento para resolver el problema, dando
como resultado de las mismas el valor numérico de la
velocidad media expresada en “m/s” como unidad de
magnitud en cada uno de los intervalos temporales de
los enunciados de dichas tareas.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20012 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | activate_this = '{{ fpcentral_virtualenv }}/bin/activate_this.py'
with open(activate_this) as file_:
exec(file_.read(), dict(__file__=activate_this))
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, '{{ fpcentral_rootdir }}/fpcentral')
import os
os.chdir('{{ fpcentral_rootdir }}/fpcentral')
from run import app as application
# we include the fpcentral commit as a comment, to make sure the
# fpcentral.wsgi file is modified when the commit is updated, causing
# the process to be restarted:
# {{ fpcentral_git_commit }}
|
2018/32018R0678/32018R0678_FI.txt_1 | Eurlex | CC-By | L_2018114FI.01001301.xml
4.5.2018
FI
Euroopan unionin virallinen lehti
L 114/13
KOMISSION ASETUS (EU) 2018/678,
annettu 3 päivänä toukokuuta 2018,
Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 liitteen I muuttamisesta ja oikaisemisesta tiettyjen aromiaineiden osalta
(ETA:n kannalta merkityksellinen teksti)
EUROOPAN KOMISSIO, joka
ottaa huomioon Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen,
ottaa huomioon elintarvikkeissa käytettävistä aromeista ja tietyistä ainesosista, joilla on aromaattisia ominaisuuksia, sekä neuvoston asetuksen (ETY) N:o 1601/91, asetusten (EY) N:o 2232/96 ja (EY) N:o 110/2008 sekä direktiivin 2000/13/EY muuttamisesta 16 päivänä joulukuuta 2008 annetun Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 (1) ja erityisesti sen 11 artiklan 3 kohdan,
ottaa huomioon elintarvikelisäaineiden, elintarvike-entsyymien ja elintarvikearomien yhtenäisestä hyväksymismenettelystä 16 päivänä joulukuuta 2008 annetun Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EY) N:o 1331/2008 (2) ja erityisesti sen 7 artiklan 5 kohdan,
sekä katsoo seuraavaa:
(1)
Asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 liitteessä I vahvistetaan unionissa elintarvikkeissa käytettäväksi hyväksyttyjen aromien ja raaka-aineiden luettelo ja niiden käyttöä koskevat edellytykset.
(2)
Komission täytäntöönpanoasetuksella (EU) N:o 872/2012 (3) vahvistetaan aromiaineiden luettelo ja sisällytetään kyseinen luettelo asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 liitteessä I olevaan A osaan.
(3)
Unionin luettelon A osa sisältää sekä arvioituja aromiaineita, joihin ei ole liitetty alaviitteitä, että arvioitavina olevia aromiaineita, joiden kohdalla luettelossa on jokin alaviitteistä 1–4.
(4)
Euroopan elintarviketurvallisuusviranomainen, jäljempänä ’elintarviketurvallisuusviranomainen’, on saattanut päätökseen unionin luetteloon seuraavilla FL-numeroilla sisällytettyjen aineiden arvioinnin: 09.931, 13.058, 15.004, 15.057, 15.079, 15.109, 15.113, 16.090 ja 16.111. Nämä aineet sisällytettiin luetteloon arvioitavina olevina aromiaineina vuonna 2012. Elintarviketurvallisuusviranomainen on nyt arvioinut kyseiset aineet seuraavissa aromien ryhmäarvioinneissa: arviointi FGE.72rev1 (4) (aine, jonka FL-nro on 09.931), arviointi FGE.21rev4 (5) (aineet, joiden FL-nrot ovat 15.057 ja 15.079), arviointi FGE.76rev1 (6) (aineet, joiden FL-nrot ovat 15.004, 15.109 ja 15.113), arvioinnit FGE.94 (7) ja FGE.94rev.2 (8) (aine, jonka FL-nro on 16.090), arvioinnit FGE.94rev.1 (9) ja FGE94rev.2 (10) (aine, jonka FL-nro on 16.111) ja arviointi FGE.67rev2 (11) (aine, jonka FL-nro on 13.058). Elintarviketurvallisuusviranomainen totesi, että kyseiset aromiaineet eivät ravinnon kautta toteutuvilla arvioiduilla saantimäärillä aiheuta huolta turvallisuuden kannalta.
(5)
Tämän perusteella kyseiset aromiaineet olisi lueteltava arvioituina aineina, ja niiden kohdalta olisi poistettava unionin luettelosta alaviitemaininnat 1–4.
(6)
Lisäksi unionin luettelossa on havaittu kaksi virhettä, joista toinen koskee FL-numerolla 12.054 yksilöidyn aineen nimeä ja toinen FL-numerolla 17.038 yksilöidyn aineen tunnistenumeroita. Nämä virheet olisi oikaistava.
(7)
Asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 liitteessä I olevaa A osaa olisi muutettava ja oikaistava vastaavasti.
(8)
Tässä asetuksessa säädetyt toimenpiteet ovat pysyvän kasvi-, eläin-, elintarvike- ja rehukomitean lausunnon mukaiset,
ON HYVÄKSYNYT TÄMÄN ASETUKSEN:
1 artikla
Muutetaan asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 liitteessä I oleva A osa tämän asetuksen liitteen mukaisesti.
2 artikla
Tämä asetus tulee voimaan kahdentenakymmenentenä päivänä sen jälkeen, kun se on julkaistu Euroopan unionin virallisessa lehdessä.
Tämä asetus on kaikilta osiltaan velvoittava, ja sitä sovelletaan sellaisenaan kaikissa jäsenvaltioissa.
Tehty Brysselissä 3 päivänä toukokuuta 2018.
Komission puolesta
Puheenjohtaja
Jean-Claude JUNCKER
(1) EUVL L 354, 31.12.2008, s. 34.
(2) EUVL L 354, 31.12.2008, s. 1.
(3) Komission täytäntöönpanoasetus (EU) N:o 872/2012, annettu 1 päivänä lokakuuta 2012, Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksessa (EY) N:o 2232/96 säädetyn aromiaineiden luettelon hyväksymisestä, sen sisällyttämisestä Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 liitteeseen I sekä komission asetuksen (EY) N:o 1565/2000 ja komission päätöksen 1999/217/EY kumoamisesta (EUVL L 267, 2.10.2012, s. 1).
(4) EFSA Journal 2013;11(10):3392.
(5) EFSA Journal 2013;11(11):3451.
(6) EFSA Journal 2013;11(11):3455.
(7) EFSA Journal 2010; 8(5):1338.
(8) EFSA Journal 2014; 12(4):3622.
(9) EFSA Journal 2012; 10(6):2747.
(10) EFSA Journal 2014; 12(4):3622.
(11) EFSA Journal 2015; 13(5):4115.
LIITE
Muutetaan asetuksen (EY) N:o 1334/2008 liitteessä I olevan A osan 2 jakso seuraavasti:
1)
Korvataan FL-nroa 09.931 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”09.931
2,6-Dimetyyli-2,5,7-oktatrien-1-oliasetaatti
999999-91-4
1226
EFSA”
2)
Korvataan FL-nroa 12.054 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”12.054
2-Etyylitiofenoli
4500-58-7
529
11666
JECFA”
3)
Korvataan FL-nroa 13.058 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”13.058
3-(5-Metyyli-2-furyyli)butanaali
31704-80-0
1500
10355
EFSA”
4)
Korvataan FL-nroa 15.004 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”15.004
5-Metyyli-2-tiofeenikarbaldehydi
13679-70-4
1050
2203
EFSA”
5)
Korvataan FL-nroa 15.057 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”15.057
4,6-Dimetyyli-2-(1-metyylietyyli)dihydro-1,3,5-ditiatsiini
104691-40-9
Vähintään 44 % isopropyyli-4,6-dimetyyliä ja 27 % 4-isopropyyli-2,6-dimetyyliä; toissijaiset ainesosat: vähintään 24 % 2,4,6-trimetyylidihydro-1,3,5-ditiatsiinia, 6-metyyli-2,4-di-isopropyyli-1,3,5-ditiatsiinia, 4-metyyli-2,6-di-isopropyyli-1,3,5-ditiatsiinia, 2,4,6-tri-isopropyylidihydro-1,3,5-ditiatsiinia
EFSA”
6)
Korvataan FL-nroa 15.079 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”15.079
2-Isobutyylidihydro-4,6-dimetyyli-1,3,5-ditiatsiini
101517-87-7
Vähintään 64 % 2-isobutyyli-4,6-dimetyyliä ja 18 % 4-isobutyyli-2,6-dimetyyliä; toissijaiset ainesosat: vähintään 13 % 2,4,6-trimetyyli-1,3,5-ditiatsiinia, 2,4-di-isobutyyli-6-metyyli-1,3,5-ditiatsiinia, 2,6-dimetyyli-4-butyylidihydro-1,3,5-ditiatsiinia, substituoitu 1,3,5-tiadiatsiinia
EFSA”
7)
Korvataan FL-nroa 15.109 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”15.109
2,4,6-Trimetyylidihydro-1,3,5(4H)-ditiatsiini
638-17-5
1049
11649
EFSA”
8)
Korvataan FL-nroa 15.113 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”15.113
5,6-Dihydro-2,4,6-tris(2-metyylipropyyli)4H-1,3,5-ditiatsiini
74595-94-1
1048
EFSA”
9)
Korvataan FL-nroa 16.090 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”16.090
3-(3,4-Dimetoksifenyyli)-N-[2-(3,4-dimetoksifenyyli)-etyyli]-akrylamidi
69444-90-2
1777
EFSA”
10)
Korvataan FL-nroa 16.111 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”16.111
Glysiini, N-[[(1R,2S,5R)-5-metyyli-2-(1-metyylietyyli)sykloheksyyli]karbonyyli]-, etyyliesteri
68489-14-5
1776
EFSA”
11)
Korvataan FL-nroa 17.038 koskeva kohta seuraavasti:
”17.038
Gammaglutamyylivalyyliglysiini
38837-70-6
2123
5-okso-L-prolyyli-L-valyyli-glysiini (PCA-Val-Gly) ja L-alfa-glutamyyli-L-valyyli-glysiini alle 0,7 %, L-gamma-glutamyyli-L-valyyli-L-valyyli-glysiini alle 2,0 %, tolueenia ei havaittavia määriä (osoitusraja 10 mg/kg)
Aromiaineena käyttöä koskevat rajoitukset:
Ryhmässä 1 enintään 50 mg/kg.
Ryhmissä 2 ja 5 enintään 60 mg/kg.
Ryhmässä 6.3, aamiaismurot – enintään 160 mg/kg.
Ryhmässä 7.2 enintään 60 mg/kg.
Ryhmässä 8 enintään 45 mg/kg.
Ryhmässä 12 enintään 160 mg/kg.
Ryhmässä 14.1 enintään 15 mg/kg.
Ryhmässä 15 – enintään 160 mg/kg.
EFSA”.
|
3865424_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Affirmed by unpublished PER CURIAM opinion.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Larone Frederick Elijah appeals the district court's order denying his motion for reduction of sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) (2006). We have reviewed the record and find no reversible error. Accordingly, we affirm for the reasons stated by the district court. United States v. Elijah, No. 7:07-cr-00010-D-1 (E.D.N.C. filed May 22 & entered May 27, 2009). We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED..
|
US-201816216662-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | Referring to FIG. 9, the structure in FIG. 9 is the same as that in FIG. 7.
Referring to FIG. 10, an end of the infrared heating tube 100 is connected with the electric connector 110, the second socket 300 is provided with the first electrically conductive structure 310, and the electric connector 110 is provided with the second electrically conductive structure 111. After the electric connector 110 is inserted into the second socket 300, the first electrically conductive structure 310 and the second electrically conductive structure 111 come into contact with each other and the second socket 300 and the infrared heating tube 100 are powered on. The shell 900 comprises a baffle 400, wherein a gap is formed between the baffle 400 and the electric connector 110 adjacent thereto. The second socket 300 comprises an electrically conductive core 350 and a jacket 340, wherein the jacket 340 is slidably sleeved on the outer side of the electrically conductive core 350. Between the jacket 340 and the electrically conductive core 350 are a limiting groove and a limiting protrusion, the limiting protrusion is located in the limiting groove, so that the limiting protrusion can slide in the length direction of the limiting groove, and the limiting protrusion is configured to prevent the jacket 340 from being separated from the electrically conductive core 350. The outer wall of the jacket 340 is provided with a stop structure 341, the baffle 400 is provided thereon with an engagement hole 401 corresponding to the jacket 340, the engagement hole 401 is aligned with the electric connector 110 so that the stop structure 341 is rotationally engaged in the gap after passing through the engagement hole 401. The stop structure 341 comprises two protrusions protruding outwards in the circumferential direction of the jacket 340, with the two protrusions protruding in opposite directions. Referring to FIG. 12, the engagement hole 401 comprises notches 410 corresponding to the two protrusions, the two protrusions can extend into the engagement hole 401 along the two notches 410, and then are rotated by a certain angle, then the jacket 340 can prevent slipping out of the components. The electrically conductive core 350 comprises an insulating base 320, and the first electrically conductive structure 310 is fixed at the bottom of the insulating base 320 such that the first electrically conductive structure 310 comes into contact with the second electrically conductive structure 111 after the electric connector 110 is inserted into the insulating base 320. Referring to FIG. 11, the infrared heating device shown in FIG. 11 comprises an outer frame 700 and the above-described infrared heating mechanism. The infrared heating mechanism is positioned inside the outer frame 700, and the outer frame 700 is configured to prevent a user from accidentally touching the infrared heating mechanism. Moreover, the heat dissipation fan 600 is also mounted on the outer frame 700 to blow air to the back of the infrared heating mechanism so that cold air enters the infrared heating mechanism from the back thereof, and hot air heated by the infrared heating tubes 100 is blown out from the front of the infrared heating mechanism.
Referring to FIG. 12, the protrusions on the jacket 340 shown in FIG. 12 extend into the engagement hole 401 through the notches 410 of the engagement hole 401. By rotating the jacket 340, it is possible to fix the jacket 340 in the engagement hole 401.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only specific implementation modes of the present disclosure and are used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present disclosure, rather than limit the same, and the scope of protection of the present disclosure is not limited thereto; although the present disclosure has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by a person of ordinary skills in the art that within the technical scope in the present discourse, a person skilled in the art could still modify the technical solutions described in the embodiments, readily conceive variations thereof, or make equivalent substitution to some of the technical features therein; and the modifications, variations or substitutions would not cause the substance of the corresponding technical solutions to depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure, thus shall all be covered by the scope of protection of the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present disclosure shall be determined by the scope of protection of the appended claims.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
In summary, the present disclosure provides an infrared heating mechanism and device, having a simple structure and capable of improving heat utilization rate while effectively improving the service life of the infrared heating tubes.
1. An infrared heating mechanism, comprising infrared heating tubes, wherein a plurality of reflection plates are disposed at intervals in a length direction of the infrared heating tubes, and the plurality of reflection plates are each provided with mounting holes corresponding to the infrared heating tubes, so that the reflection plates are sleeved on side walls of the infrared heating tubes.
2. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 1, wherein a plane where the reflection plates lie is perpendicular to a length direction of the infrared heating tubes, and the plurality of reflection plates are uniformly arranged.
3. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 1, wherein a reflection protrusion is provided on a plate surface of each of the reflection plates, and the reflection protrusion is configured to increase a reflection area of each of the reflection plates; and/or a reflection groove is provided on a plate surface of each of the reflection plates, and the reflection groove is configured to increase the reflection area of each of the reflection plates.
4. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the reflection protrusion is a semicircular protrusion; and/or the reflection groove is a semicircular groove.
5. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 1, wherein both front surface and back surface of each of the reflection plates are provided with a reflection protrusion and a reflection groove.
6. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 5, wherein the reflection groove on the front surface of the reflection plate is recessed towards the back surface of the reflection plate from the front surface of the reflection plate, to form the reflection protrusion on the back surface of the reflection plate; and the reflection groove on the back surface of the reflection plate is recessed towards the front surface of the reflection plate from the back surface of the reflection plate, to form the reflection protrusion on the front surface of the reflection plate.
7. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the infrared heating mechanism further comprises a heat dissipation fan and an air outlet of the heat dissipation fan faces the infrared heating tubes.
8. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 2, wherein connection portions bent towards the back surface of each of the reflection plates are provided at edges of two opposite ends of each of the reflection plates, the connection portions are perpendicular to a reflection surface of each of the reflection plates, an insertion slot is provided at transition between each of the connection portions and the reflection surface of each of the reflection plates, the insertion slots are located on the connection portions respectively, an outer end of each of the connection portions is provided with an insertion plate corresponding to the respective insertion slot, and when a plurality of reflection plates are stacked, the insertion plates on an upper reflection plate can be inserted into the respective insertion slots of a lower reflection plate.
9. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 8, wherein each connection portion is provided with a stop wing protruding relative to the respective connection portion, the stop wings are perpendicular to the connection portions respectively, number of the stop wings located on each connection portion is two, with the stop wings positioned between the insertion plate and the insertion slot of the each connection portion, and when the insertion plates on the upper reflection plate are inserted into the insertion slots of the lower reflection plate, the stop wings can be pressed against the front surface of the lower reflection plate.
10. An infrared heating mechanism, comprising socket assemblies and electric heating tubes independent of each other, wherein an electric connector is provided on each of the electric heating tubes, a first electrically conductive structure and a second electrically conductive structure are provided on each of the socket assemblies and each of the electric connectors respectively, so that after each of the electric connectors is inserted into the respective socket assembly, the first electrically conductive structures and the second electrically conductive structures come into contact with each other and the socket assemblies and the electric heating tubes are powered on.
11. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 10, wherein each of the electric heating tubes comprises two electric connectors located at the two ends of the electric heating tube respectively, and the second electrically conductive structure is located on each of the electric connectors; each of the socket assemblies comprises a first socket and a second socket, and the first socket and the second socket are connected with the respective two electric connectors, respectively, by means of plugging-in.
12. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 11, wherein the infrared heating mechanism further comprises shells, each of the first sockets is fixed on the respective shell, and each of the second sockets is movably connected with the respective shell.
13. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 12, wherein each of the shell comprises a baffle, and a gap is formed between the baffle and the electric connector adjacent to the baffle; each of the second sockets comprises an electrically conductive core and a jacket, the jacket is slidably sleeved on an outer side of the electrically conductive core, a limiting groove and a limiting protrusion are provided between the jacket and the electrically conductive core, the limiting protrusion is located in the limiting groove, so that the limiting protrusion can slide in a length direction of the limiting groove, and the limiting protrusion is configured to prevent the jacket from being separated from the electrically conductive core; and an outer wall of the jacket is provided thereon with a stop structure, the baffle is provided with an engagement hole corresponding to the jacket, and the engagement hole is aligned with the electric connector so that the stop structure is rotationally engaged in the gap after passing through the engagement hole.
14. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 13, wherein the stop structure comprises two protrusions protruding outwards in a circumferential direction of the jacket, with the two protrusions protruding in opposite directions.
15. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 13, wherein the electrically conductive core comprises an insulating base, and each of the first electrically conductive structures is fixed at a bottom of the respective insulating base such that the first electrically conductive structure comes into contact with the respective second electrically conductive structure after the respective electric connector is inserted into the insulating base.
16. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 13, wherein a spring is disposed between each of the electrically conductive cores and each of the jackets.
17. The infrared heating mechanism according to claim 10, wherein a plurality of reflection plates are disposed at intervals in a length direction of the electric heating tubes, and the plurality of reflection plates are each provided with a mounting hole corresponding to the electric heating tube so that the reflection plates are sleeved on side wall of the electric heating tube; a plane where the reflection plates lie is perpendicular to the length direction of the electric heating tubes, and the plurality of reflection plates are uniformly arranged; and a reflection protrusion and/or a reflection groove are/is provided on a plate surface of each of the reflection plates, and the reflection protrusion and the reflection groove are configured to increase a reflection area of each of the reflection plates.
18. An infrared heating device, comprising the infrared heating mechanism according to claim
1. 19. The infrared heating device according to claim 18, wherein a plane where the reflection plates lie is perpendicular to a length direction of the infrared heating tubes, and the plurality of reflection plates are uniformly arranged.
20. The infrared heating device according to claim 18, wherein a reflection protrusion is provided on a plate surface of each of the reflection plates, and the reflection protrusion is configured to increase a reflection area of each of the reflection plates; and/or a reflection groove is provided on a plate surface of each of the reflection plates, and the reflection groove is configured to increase the reflection area of each of the reflection plates..
|
github_open_source_100_8_20013 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import AsyncLock from 'async-lock'
// import * as Bluebird from 'bluebird'
// Promise = Bluebird.Promise as any
const AYSNC_LOCK_KEY = 'DATABASE_MODULE'
// const lock = new AsyncLock({ Promise: Bluebird.Promise })
const lock = new AsyncLock()
/**
* here we use module to implement singleton
*/
class Database {
state: string | undefined
}
let db: Database
const getInstance: () => Promise<Database> = async () => {
if (!db) {
await lock.acquire(AYSNC_LOCK_KEY, () => {
if (!db) {
db = new Database()
}
})
}
return db
}
export { getInstance }
|
github_open_source_100_8_20014 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | namespace ForecastCrystalBall.Application.Common.Interfaces
{
public interface IDateTime
{
}
}
|
2017/Legislative acts_71/Legislative acts_GA.pdf_3 | Eurlex | CC-By | 4. Le linn dó foláireamh a eisiúint, féadfaidh an t -údarás inniúil a iarraidh ar údaráis inniúla
eile agus ar na hoifigí idirchaidrimh aonair ábhartha s na Ballstáit eile agus ar an
gCoimisiún, nó féadfaidh an Coimisiún a iarraidh ar na húdaráis inniúla eile nó ar na hoifigí idirchaidrimh aonair ábhartha , bunaithe ar fhaisnéis atá ar fáil nó a bhfuil rochtain fhurasta uirthi ag na húdaráis inniúla eile nó ag an gCoim isiún, faoi seach, a fhíorú an
bhfuil sáruithe comhchosúla drochamhrasta á ndéanamh i gcríocha na mBallstát eile sin nó an ndearnadh aon bhearta forfheidhmiúcháin cheana i gcoinne sáruithe den sórt sin sna
Ballstáit sin. Tabharfaidh údaráis inn iúla na mBallstát eile agus an Coimisiún freagra gan
mhoill ar an iarraidh.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 61
GA
Airteagal 27
Foláirimh sheachtracha
1. Déanfaidh gach Ballstát, mura rud nach mbeadh bonn cirt dá mhalairt, ceart a thabhairt do
chomhlachtaí ainmnithe, Lárionaid Eorpacha do Tho mhaltóirí, eagraíochtaí agus
comhlachais tomhaltóirí, agus, i gcás inarb iomchuí, comhlachais trádálaithe, a bhfuil an saineolas is gá acu an chumhacht foláireamh a eisiúint d'údaráis inniúla na mBallstát ábhartha agus don Choimisiún faoi sháruithe drocham hrasta a chumhdaítear leis an
Rialachán seo agus chun faisnéis atá ar fáil dóibh a sholáthar mar a leagtar síos in Airteagal
26(3) ('foláireamh seachtrach'). Tabharfaidh gach Ballstáit fógra don Choimisiún faoi liosta
na n- eintiteas sin agus faoi aon athru ithe a dhéantar air gan mhoill.
2. Déanfaidh an Coimisiún, tar éis dó dul i gcomhairle leis na Ballstáit, an chumhacht a
thabhairt do chomhlachais a ionadaíonn leasanna tomhaltóirí agus, i gcás inarb iomchuí, leasanna trádálaithe, ar leibhéal an Aontais an chumhacht chun foláireamh seachtrach a
eisiúint.
3. Ní bheidh de cheangal ar na húdaráis inniúla nós imeachta a thionscnamh ná aon ghníomhaíocht eile a dhéanamh mar fhreagairt ar fholáireamh seachtrach. Na heintitis a eisíonn foláirimh sheachtracha, áiri theoidh siad go bhfuil an fhaisnéis a chuirtear ar fáil
ceart, cothrom le dáta agus cruinn agus déanfaidh siad an fhaisnéis ar tugadh fógra fúithi a cheartú gan mhoill nó í a aistarraingt de réir mar is iomchuí.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 62
GA
Airteagal 28
Faisnéis ábhartha eile a mhalartú chun sáruithe a bhrath
A mhéid atá sé sin riachtanach chun cuspóir an Rialacháin seo a ghnóthú, déanfaidh údaráis inniúla,
tríd an mbunachar sonraí leictreonach dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 35, fógra a thabhairt don
Choimisiún agus d'údaráis inniúla na mBallstát lena mbaineann gan mhoill maidir le haon bheart
atá déanta acu chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar shárú a chumhdaítear leis an Rialachán seo laistigh dá ndlínse má tá drochamhras orthu go bhféa dfadh an sárú sin difear a dhéanamh do leasanna
tomhaltóirí i mBallstáit eile.
Airteagal 29
Scuab- imscrúduithe
1. Féadfaidh na húdaráis inniúla a chinneadh scuab -imscrúduithe a dhéanamh chun a
sheiceáil go bhfuil dlíthe an Aontais lena gcosnaítear leasann a tomhaltóirí á gcomhlíonadh
nó chun sáruithe ar dhlíthe an Aontais lena gcosnaítear leasanna tomhaltóirí a bhrath. Murar chomhaontaigh na húdaráis inniúla lena mbaineann a mhalairt, is é an Coimisiún a chomhordóidh na scuab -imscrúduithe.
2. Agus scuab -imscrúduithe ar siúl acu, féadfaidh na húdaráis inniúla lena mbaineann úsáid
éifeachtach a bhaint as na cumhachtaí imscrúdúcháin a leagtar amach in Airteagal 9(3) agus as aon chumhachtaí eile a thugtar dóibh faoin dlí náisiúnta.
3. Féadfaidh na húdaráis inniúla cuireadh a thabhairt do chomhlachtaí ainmnithe, d'oifigigh de chuid an Choimisiúin agus do dhaoine tionlacain eile a tá údaraithe ag an Coimisiún ,
páirt a ghlacadh i scuab -imscrúduithe.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 63
GA
Airteagal 30
Gníomhaíochtaí eile a chomhordú a rannchuidíonn le himscrúdú agus le forfheidhmiú
1. A mhéid atá sé sin riachtanach chun cuspóir an Rialacháin seo a ghnóthú, cuirfidh na
Ballstáit a chéile agus an Coimisiún ar an eolas faoina ngníomhaíochtaí sna réimsí seo a leanas:
(a) an oiliúint a chuirtear ar na hoifigig h acu a bhfuil baint acu le cur i bhfeidhm an
Rialacháin seo;
(b) sonraí maidir le gearáin tomhaltóirí a bhailiú, a rangú agus a mhalartú;
(c) gréasáin d'oifigigh inniúla a fhorbairt atá sonrach ó thaobh earnála de;
(d) uirlisí faisnéise agus cumarsáide a fhorbairt; agus
(e) i gcás inarb infheidhme, caighdeán, modhanna agus treoirlínte a bhaineann le cur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo a fhorbairt.
2. A mhéid atá sé sin riachtanach chun cuspóir an Rialacháin seo a ghnóthú, féadfaidh na
Ballstáit gníomhaíochtaí sna réimsí dá tagraítear i mír 1 a chomhordú agus a eagrú go comhpháirteach.
Airteagal 31
Oifigigh a mhalartú idir údaráis inniúla
1. Féadfaidh na húdar áis inniúla a bheith rannpháirteach i scéimeanna malartaithe oifigeach
as Ballstáit eile chun comhar a fheabhsú. Déanfaidh na húdaráis inniúla na bearta atá riachtanach chun go mbeidh oifigigh as Ballstáit eile in ann ról éifeachtach a imirt i ngníomhaíochtaí an údaráis inniúil. Chuige sin, údarófar na hoifigigh sin chun na cúraimí a thabharfaidh an t -údarás inniúil sa tír óstach dóibh i gcomhréir le dlíthe a Bhallstáit, a
dhéanamh.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 64
GA
2. Le linn an mhalartaithe, caithfear le dliteanas sibhialta agus coiriúil an oifigigh ar an dóigh
chéanna le dliteanas sibhialta agus coiriúil oifigigh an údaráis óstaigh. Comhlíonfaidh na
hoifigigh as Ballstáit eile caighdeáin ghairmiúla agus na rialacha inmheánacha iomchuí de chuid an údaráis inniúil maidir le hiompar. Áirith eoidh na rialacha iompair sin, go háirithe,
cosaint daoine aonair maidir le sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil, cothroime nós imeachta agus urramú ceart na rialacha maidir le rúndacht agus sicréideacht ghairmiúil agus tráchtála a leagtar síos in Airteagal 33.
Airteagal 32
Comhar idirnáisiúnta
1. A mhéid atá sé sin riachtanach chun cuspóir an Rialacháin seo a ghnóthú, comhoibreoidh an tAontas le tríú tíortha agus leis na heagraíochtaí inniúla idirnáisiúnta sna réimsí a chumhdaítear leis an Rialachán seo chun leasanna tomhaltóirí a chosaint. Féadfaidh an
tAontas agus na tríú tíortha lena mbaineann na socruithe le haghaidh comhair, lena n-áirítear socruithe cúnaimh fhrithpháirtigh, faisnéis faoi rún a mhalartú agus cláir le
haghaidh malartú ball foirne a thabhairt i gcrích.
2. Na comhaontuithe a thabharfar i gcrích idir an tAontas agus tríú tíortha maidir le comhar
agus cúnamh frithpháirteach chun leasanna tomhaltóirí a fheabhsú agus a chosaint, urramóidh siad na rialacha ábhartha ar chosaint sonraí is infheidhme mai dir le haistriú
sonraí pearsanta chuig tríú tíortha.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 65
GA
3. Nuair a gheobhaidh údarás inniúil faisnéis ó údarás tríú tír a bhfuil an fhéidearthacht ann
go bhfuil sí ábhartha d'údaráis inniúla na mBallstát eile, cuirfidh sé na húdaráis inniúla sin ar an eolas faoin bhfaisnéis a mhéid is ceadmhach déanamh amhlaidh faoi aon
chomhaontuithe cúnaimh dhéthaobhaigh leis an tríú tír sin agus a mhéid atá an fhaisnéis sin i gcomhréir le dlí an Aontais maidir le daoine aonair a chosaint i dtaca le sonraí pearsanta a phró iseáil.
4. An fhaisnéis a chuirtear in iúl leis an Rialachán seo, féadfaidh údarás inniúil údarás tríú tír a chur ar an eolas fúithi freisin faoi chomhaontú cúnaimh dhéthaobhaigh leis an tríú tír sin, ar choinníoll go bhfuarthas formheas ón údarás inniúil a chéadchuir an fhaisnéis in iúl agus
ar an gcoinníoll go bhfuil sí i gcomhréir le dlí an Aontais maidir le daoine aonair a chosaint i dtaca le sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 66
GA
CAIBIDIL VI
SOCRUITHE COMHCHOITEANNA
Airteagal 33
Faisnéis a úsáid agus sicréid eacht ghairmiúil agus tráchtála
1. Ní bhainfear úsáid as faisnéis a bhailigh na húdaráis inniúla agus an Coimisiún, nó faoinar
cuireadh ar an eolas iad le linn an Rialachán seo a chur i bhfeidhm , ach chun a áirithiú go
gcomhlíonfar dlíthe an Aontais lena gcosnaítear leasanna tomhaltóirí.
2. Déileálfar leis an bhfaisnéis dá dtagraítear i mír 1 mar eolas atá faoi rún agus ní úsáidfear
ná ní nochtfar í ach i gcomhréir le leasanna tráchtála duine nádúrtha nó duine
dhlítheanaigh, lena n- áirítear, rúin trá dála agus maoin intleachtúil.
3. Mar sin féin, féadfaidh na húdaráis inniúla, tar éis dóibh dul i gcomhairle leis an údarás inniúil a sholáthair an fhaisnéis, cibé faisnéis a nochtadh atá riachtanach:
(a) chun sáruithe a chumhdaítear leis an Rialachán seo a chruthú; nó
(b) chun a chur faoi deara go scoirfí de sháruithe a chumhdaítear leis an Rialachán seo nó go dtoirmeascfaí iad.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 67
GA
Airteagal 34
Fianaise agus torthaí imscrúdaithe a úsáid
Féadfaidh údaráis inniúla aon fhaisnéis, aon doiciméid, aon torthaí, a on ráitis, aon fhíorchóipeanna
deimhnithe nó aon eolas a cuireadh in iúl a úsáid mar fhianaise, ar an mbonn céanna le doiciméid
chomhchosúla a fuarthas ina mBallstát féin , beag beann ar a meán stórála.
Airteagal 35
Córas leictreonach
1. Déanfaidh an Coimi siún bunachar sonraí leictreonach a bhunú agus a choimeád ar bun le
haghaidh gach cumarsáide idir údaráis inniúla, oifigí idirchaidrimh aonair agus an
Coimisiún faoin Rialachán seo. An fhaisnéis ar fad a sheoltar trí bhíthin an bhunachair
sonraí leictreonaigh, stórálfar agus próiseálfar sa bhunachar sonraí leictreonach sin í. Tabharfar rochtain dhíreach ar an mbunachar sonraí sin do na húdaráis inniúla, do na hoifigí idirchaidrimh aonair agus don Choimisiún.
2. An fhaisnéis a thugann eintitis atá i dteideal foláireamh seachtrach a thabhairt de bhun Airteagal 27(1) nó (2), stórálfar agus próiseálfar sa bhunachar sonraí leictreonach í. Ní bheidh rochtain ag na heintitis sin ar an mbunachar sonraí sin, áfach.
3. I gcás ina suíonn an t -údarás inniúil, comhlacht ainmnithe nó eintiteas a eisíonn foláireamh
seachtrach de bhun Airteagal 27(1) nó (2) go ndearna sé foláireamh maidir le sárú a eisiúint faoi shárú de bhun Airteagal 26 nó Airteagal 27 a léiríodh ina dhiaidh sin a bheith gan bhunús, déanfaidh sé an foláire amh sin a tharraingt siar. Déanfaidh an Coimisiún an
fhaisnéis ábhartha a bhaint den bhunachar sonraí gan mhoill, agus cuirfidh sé na páirtithe ar an eolas faoi na cúiseanna atá leis an mbaint sin.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 68
GA
Na sonraí stóráilte a bhaineann le sárú , stórálfar sa bhunachar sonraí leictreonach iad ar
feadh tréimhse nach faide ná mar atá riachtanach chun na gcríoch ar chucu a bailíodh agus
a próiseáladh iad ach ní faide ná cúig bliana a stórálfar iad tar éis an dáta:
(a) a gcuireann údarás faighte iarra ta fógra chuig an gCoimisiún de bhun Airteagal 12(2)
ina gcuirtear in iúl go bhfuil deireadh tagtha le sárú laistigh den Aontas;
(b) a dtugann an comhordaitheoir fógra maidir le clabhsúr a chur ar an ngníomhaíocht
chomhordaithe de bhun Airteagal 22(1); nó
(c) a gcuirtear an fhaisnéis isteach sa bhunachar sonraí i ngach cás eile.
4. Déanfaidh an Coimisiún gníomhartha cur chun feidhme a ghlacadh lena leagtar síos na
socruithe praiticiúla agus na socruithe oibríochtúla maidir le feidhmiú an bhunachair
leictreo naí. Déanfar na gníomhartha cur chun feidhme sin a ghlacadh i gcomhréir leis an
nós imeachta scrúdúcháin dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 38(2).
Airteagal 36
Aisíocaíocht costas a tharscaoileadh
1. Déanfaidh na Ballstáit gach éileamh ar aisíocaíocht a tharscaoi leadh maidir le costais a
tabhaíodh mar chuid de chur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo.
2. D'ainneoin mhír 1, maidir le hiarrataí ar bhearta forfheidhmiúcháin faoi Airteagal 12, beidh Ballstát an údaráis is iarratasóir faoi dhliteanas ag Ballstát an údaráis fa ighte iarrata i leith
aon chostais agus aon chaillteanais a tabhaíodh de dheasca bearta a rinneadh a dhíbhe agus ar chinn cúirt iad a bheith gan bhunús a mhéid a bhaineann sé le substaint an tsáraithe i gceist.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 69
GA
Airteagal 37
Tosaíochtaí forfheidhmiúcháin
1. Faoin ... [ dhá bhliain tar éis dháta theacht i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo] agus gach dhá
bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, déanfaidh na Ballstáit faisnéis faoina dtosaíochtaí
forfheidhmiúcháin chun an Rialachán seo a chur feidhme a mhalartú lena chéile agus leis an gCoimisiún.
Aireofar ar an bhfaisnéis sin:
(a) faisnéis maidir le claontaí margaidh a bhféadfadh sé go ndéanfaidís difear a
dhéanamh do leasanna tomhaltóirí sa Bhallstát lena mbaineann agus sna Ballstáit eile;
(b) forléargas ar ghníomhaíochtaí a cuirea dh i gcrích faoin Rialachán seo, sa dá bhliain
roimhe sin, agus bearta imscrúdúcháin agus forfheidhmiúcháin a bhaineann le sáruithe forleathana go háirithe;
(c) staidreamh a mhalartaítear trí bhíthin foláireamh dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 26;
(d) na réim sí tosaíochta sealadacha don chéad dá bhliain eile le haghaidh fhorfheidhmiú
dhlíthe an Aontais lena gcosnaítear leasanna tomhaltóirí sa Bhallstát lena mbaineann; agus
(e) na réimsí tosaíochta don chéad dá bhliain eile arna dtogrú le haghaidh fhorfheidhmiú dhlíthe an Aontais lena gcosnaítear leasanna tomhaltóirí ar leibhéal an Aontais.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 70
GA
2. Gan dochar d'Airteagal 33, déanfaidh an Coimisiún, gach dhá bhliain, forléargas a
thabhairt ar an bhfaisnéis dá dtagraítear i bpointe (a), pointe (b) agus pointe (c) de m hír 1
agus cuirfidh sé an forleárgas sin ar fáil don phobal. Cuirfidh an Coimisiún Parlaimint na
hEorpa ar an eolas faoi sin.
3. I gcásanna a bhaineann le hathrú mór ar na dálaí nó ar dhálaí margaidh le linn an dá bhliain tar éis thíolacadh a dtosaíochtaí forfheidhmiúcháin deiridh, déanfaidh na Ballstáit a dtosaíochtaí forfheidhmiúcháin a nuashonrú agus cuirfidh siad na Ballstáit agus an Coimisiún ar an eolas dá réir.
4. Déanfaidh an Coimisiún achoimre ar thosaíochtaí forfheidhmiúcháin arna dtíolacadh ag na
Ballstáit faoi mhír 1 den Airteagal seo, agus gach bliain, cuirfidh sé tuarascáil faoi bhráid an Choiste dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 38 (1) chun ord tosaíochta gníomhaíochtaí faoin
Rialachán seo a éascú. Déanfaidh an Coimisiún agus na Ballstáit dea- chleachtais agus
tagarmharcáil a mhalartú, go háirithe d'fhonn na gníomhaíochtaí fothaithe acmhainne a fhorbairt.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 71
GA
CAIBIDL VII
FORÁLACHA CRÍOCHNAITHEACHA
Airteagal 38
Coiste
1. Tabharfaidh coiste cúnamh don Choimisiún. Is coiste de réir bhrí Rialachán (AE)
Uimh. 182/2011 a bheidh sa choiste sin.
2. I gcás ina ndéantar tagairt don mhír seo, beidh feidhm ag Airteagal 5 de Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 182/2011.
Airteagal 39
Fógraí a thabhairt
Cuirfidh na Ballstáit téacs aon fhorálacha den dlí náisiúnta maidir le hábhai r a chumhdaítear leis an
Rialachán seo a ghlac tar in iúl don Choimisiún gan mhoill , chomh maith le téacs aon
chomhaontaithe a dhéanfaidh siad, seachas comhaontuithe ina ndeileáiltear le cásanna aonair a
thugann siad i gcrích.
Airteagal 40
Tuairisciú
1. Faoin... [cúig bliana tar éis dháta theacht i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo], cuirfidh an Coimisiún tuarascáil faoi bhráid Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus faoi bhráid na Comhairle maidir le cur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 72
GA
2. Sa tuarascáil sin, beidh meastóireac ht ar chur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo, lena n -áirítear
measúnú ar éifeachtacht fhorfheidhmiú dhlíthe an Aontais lena gcosnaítear leasanna
tomhaltóirí faoin Rialachán seo, go háirithe maidir le cumhachtaí na n -údarás inniúil a
leagtar amach in Airteagal 9 , maille le scrúdú ar an gcaoi a gcomhlíonann trádálaithe dlíthe
an Aontais lena gcosnaítear leasanna tomhaltóirí agus an fhorbairt a tháinig air sin i margaí tomhaltóra ríthábhachtacha a bhfuil baint acu le trádáil trasteorann, go háirithe.
3. Beidh togra reachtach ag gabháil leis an tuarascáil sin, i gcás ina bhfuil sé sin riachtanach.
Airteagal 41
Aisghairm
Aisghairtear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2006/2004 le héifeacht ón ... [24 mí tar éis dháta theacht i
bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo].
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 73
GA
Airteagal 42
Teacht i bhfeidhm agus cur i bhfeidhm
Tiocfaidh an Rialachán seo i bhfeidhm an fichiú lá tar éis lá a fhoilsithe in Iris Oifigiúil an
Aontais Eorpaigh.
Beidh feidhm aige ón ... [24 mí tar éis dháta theacht i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo].
Beidh an Rialachán seo ina cheangal go huile agus go hiomlán agus beidh sé infheidhme go díreach
i ngach Ballstát.
Arna dhéanamh in Strasbourg,,
Thar ceann Pharlaimint na hEorpa Thar ceann na Comhairle
An tUachtarán An tUachtarán
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 1
IARSCRÍBHINN GA
IARSCRÍBHINN
Treora cha agus Rialacháin dá dtagraítear i bpointe (1) d'Airteagal 3
1. Treoir 93/13/CEE ón gComhairle an 5 Aibreán 1993 maidir le téarmaí éagóracha i
gconarthaí tomhaltóra (IO L 95, 21.4.1993, lch. 29).
2. Treoir 98/6/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 16 Feabhra 1998 maidir le
cosaint tomhaltóirí ó thaobh praghsanna táirgí a thairgtear do thomhaltóirí a chur in iúl (IO L 80, 18.3.1998, lch. 27).
3. Treoir 1999/44/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 25 Bealtaine 1999 maidir le gnéithe áirithe de dhíolachán earraí tomhaltóra agus na ráthaíochtaí gaolmhara (IO L 171, 7.7.1999, lch. 12).
4. Treoir 2000/31/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 8 Meitheamh 2000 maidir le gnéithe áirithe dlí de sheirbhísí na sochaí faisnéis e, an trádáil leictreonach, go
háirithe, sa Mhargadh Inmheánach (an Treoir maidir le trádáil leictreonach) (IO L 178, 17.7.2000 lch. 1).
5. Treoir 2001/83/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 6 Samhain 2001 maidir leis an gcód Comhphobail a bha ineann le táirgí íocshláinte lena n -úsáid ag an duine
(IO L 311, 28.11.2001, lch. 67): Airteagail 86 go 100.
6. Treoir 2002/58/EC ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 12 Iúil 2002 maidir le sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil agus maidir le cosaint prío bháideachais san earnáil
cumarsáide leictreonaí (an Treoir maidir le príobháideachas agus cumarsáid leictreonach) (IO L 201, 31.7.2002, lch. 37): Airteagal 13.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 2
IARSCRÍBHINN GA
7. Treoir 2002/65/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 23 Meán Fómhair
2002 maidir le cianmhargú seirbhísí airgeadais tomhaltóirí agus lena leasaítear Treoir
90/619/CEE ón gComhairle agus Treoir 97/7/CE agus Treoir 98/27/CE (IO L 271, 9.10.2002, lch. 16).
8. Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 261/2004 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 11 Feabhra 2004 lena mbunaítear comhrialacha maidir le cúiteamh agus cúnamh do
phaisinéirí i gcás nach gceadófar dóibh bordáil agus i gcás ina gcuirfear eitiltí ar ceal nó i gcás ina gcuirfear moill fhada orthu, agus lena n -aisghairtear Rialachán (CEE) Uimh.
295/91 (IO L 46, 17.2.2004, lch. 1).
9. Treoir 2005/29/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 11 Bealtaine 2005 maidir le cleachtais tráchtála éagothroma idir gnólachtaí agus tomhaltóirí sa mhargadh inmheánach agus lena leasaítear Treoir 84/450/CE E ón gComhairle, Treoir 97/7/CE,
Treoir 98/27/CE agus Treoir 2002/65/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle agus Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2006/2004 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle ('An Treoir maidir le cleachtais tráchtála éagothroma') (IO L 149, 11.6.2005, lch. 22).
10. Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1107/2006 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 5 Iúil 2006 maidir leis na cearta atá ag daoine faoi mhíchumas agus daoine faoi mhíchumas luaineachta agus iad ag taisteal d'aer (IO L 204, 26.07.2006, lch. 1).
11. Treoir 2006/114/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 12 Nollaig 2006 maidir le fógraíocht mhíthreorach agus chomparáideach (IO L 376, 27.12.2006, lch. 21): Airteagal 1, pointe (c ) d'Airteagal 2 agus Airteagal 4 go hAirteagal 8.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 3
IARSCRÍBHINN GA
12. Treoir 2006/123/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 12 Nollaig 2006
maidir le seirbhísí sa mhargadh inmheánach (IO L 376, 27.12. 2006, lch. 36): Airteagal 20.
13. Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1371/2007 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 23 Deireadh Fómhair 2007 maidir le cearta agus oibleagáidí paisinéirí iarnróid (IO L 315, 3.12. 2007, lch. 14).
14. Treoir 2008/48/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 23 Aibreán 2008 maidir le comhaontuithe creidmheasa le haghaidh tomhaltói rí agus lena n -aisghairtear
Treoir 87/102/CEE ón gComhairle (IO L 133, 22.5.2008, lch. 66).
15. Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1008/2008 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 24 Meán Fómhair 2008 maidir le rialacha comhchoiteanna le haghaidh oibriú aersheirbhísí
sa Chomhphobal (IO L 293, 31.10.2008, lch. 3): Airteagal 22, Airteagal 23 agus Airteagal 24.
16. Treoir 2008/122/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 14 Eanáir 2009 maidir le tomhaltóirí a chosaint i ndáil le gnéithe áirithe de chonarthaí amroinnte, de
chonarthaí um tháirgí saoire fadtéarmacha, de chonarthaí athdhíola agus de chonarthaí malairte (IO L 33, 3.2.2009, lch. 10).
17. Treoir 2010/13/AE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 10 Márta 2010 maidir le comhordú forálacha áirith e atá leagtha síos leis an dlí, le Rialachán nó le gníomhaíocht
riaracháin sna Ballstáit i dtaobh seirbhísí meán closamhairc a sholáthar (Treoir Sheirbhísí na Meán Closamhairc) (IO L 95, 15.4.2010, lch. 1): Airteagal 9, Airteagal 10, Airteagal 11 agus Airt eagal 19 go hAirteagal 26.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 4
IARSCRÍBHINN GA
18. Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1177/2010 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an
24 Samhain 2010 maidir le cearta paisinéirí agus iad ag taisteal ar muir agus ar uiscebhealaí intíre agus lena leasaítear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2006 /2004 (IO L 334,
17.12.2010, lch. 1).
19. Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 181/2011 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 16 Feabhra 2011 maidir le cearta paisinéirí in iompar de bhus agus de chóiste agus lena leasaítear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2006/2004 (IO L 55, 28.2.2011, lch. 1).
20. Treoir 2011/83/AE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 maidir le cearta tomhaltóirí, lena leasaítear Treoir 93/13/CEE
ón gComhairle agus Treoir 1999/44/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairl e agus
lena n -aisghairtear Treoir 85/577/CEE ón gComhairle agus Treoir 97/7/CE ó
Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle (IO L 304, 22.11.2011, lch. 64).
21. Treoir 2013/11/AE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 21 Bealtaine 2013 maidir le réite ach malartach díospóide le haghaidh díospóidí tomhaltais agus lena
leasaítear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2006/2004 agus Treoir 2009/22/CE (Treoir maidir le ADR le haghaidh tomhaltóirí) (IO L 165, 18.06.2013, lch. 63): Airteagal 13.
22. Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 534/2013 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 21 Bealtaine 2013 maidir le réiteach díospóide ar -líne le haghaidh díospóidí tomhaltais
agus lena leasaítear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2006/2004 agus Treoir 2009/22/CE (Rialachán maidir le ODR le haghaidh tomhal tóirí) (IO L 165, 18.6.2013, lch. 1): Airteagal 14.
PE-CONS 41/1/17 REV 1 5
IARSCRÍBHINN GA
23. Treoir 2014/17/AE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 4 Feabhra 2014 maidir
le comhaontuithe creidmheasa le haghaidh tomhaltóirí a bhaineann le maoin chónaithe dhochorraithe agus lena leasaítear Treoir 2008/48/CE agus Treoir 2013/36/AE agus Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1093/2010 (IO L 60, 28.2.2014, lch. 34): Airteagail 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, Caibidil 10 agus Iarscríbhinn I agus Iarscríbhinn II.
24. Treoir 2014/92/AE ó Pharlaimi nt na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 23 Iúil 2014 maidir le
hinchomparáideacht táillí a bhaineann le cuntais íocaíochta, le malartú cuntas íocaíochta agus le rochtain ar chuntais íocaíochta a bhfuil gnéithe bunúsacha acu (IO L 257, 28.8.2014, lch. 214): Airt eagal 3 go hAirteagal 18 agus Airteagal 20(2).
25. Treoir (AE) 2015/2302 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 25 Samhain 2015 maidir le taisteal láneagraithe agus socruithe taistil gaolmhara, lena leasaítear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2006/2004 agus Tre oir 2011/83/AE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón
gComhairle agus lena n -aisghairtear Treoir 90/314/CEE ón gComhairle (IO L 326,
11.12.2015, lch. 1).
26. Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 2017/1128 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 14 Meitheamh 2017 maidir le hinaistritheacht trasteorann seirbhísí ábhair ar líne sa
mhargadh inmheánach (IO L 168, 30.6.2017, lch. 1).
|
github_open_source_100_8_20015 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | @{
ViewBag.Title = "Layout Sample";
}
<h2>LayoutSample</h2>
<p>
This content is merged with the layout page
</p>
|
github_open_source_100_8_20016 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package edu.eci.arsw.preparcial.services;
import com.mashape.unirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
import edu.eci.arsw.preparcial.model.Airport;
import java.util.List;
public interface AirportFinderServices {
List<Airport> getAirportsByName(String name) throws UnirestException;
}
|
2020/Proposition d’acte_264/Proposition d’acte_HR.pdf_1 | Eurlex | CC-By | 9679/20 COR 1 /as
JAI.1 HR
Vijeće
Europske unije
Bruxelles
,
16.
srpnja
2020.
(OR.
en
)
9679
/
20
COR 1
JAI 598
ASIM 47
MIGR 69
FRONT 194
ENFOPOL 179
CT 55
CADREFIN 160
CODEC 641
COMIX 315
VISA 79
SIRIS 56
Međuinstitucijski predmet:
2020/0140(COD)
PRIJEDLOG
O
d:
Glavna tajnica Europske komisije,
potpisao g. Jordi AYET PUIGARNAU, direktor
Datum primitka:
13.
srpnja
2020.
Za:
g. Jeppe TRANHOLM
-
MIKKELSEN, glavni tajnik Vijeća Europske unije
Br. dok. Kom.:
COM(2020) 309 final
Predmet:
Prijedlog UREDBE EUROPSKOG PARLAMENTA I VIJEĆA o izmjeni
Uredbe (EU) br.
514/2014 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća u pogledu
postupka opoziva
U dokumentu ST 9679/20 INIT pokrate bi trebale glasiti kako slijedi:
JAI 598
ASIM 47
MIGR 69
FRONT 194
ENFOPOL 179
CT 55
CADREFIN 160
CODEC 641
COMIX 315
VISA 79
SIRIS 56.
|
US-72720403-A_42 | USPTO | Public Domain | [8581] 19.6 Calculation of Timer Values
[8582] Set and calculate timer initialisation values based on Flash datasheet values, clock period and clock range. # Note: Flash data sheetgives minimum timings # Delays greater than 1 clock cycle clock_per =100 # ns Flash_Tnvs = 7500 # ns Flash_Tnvh = 7500 # ns Flash_Tnvh1 = 150# us Flash_Tpgs = 15 # us Flash_Tpgh = 100 # ns Flash_Tprog = 30 # usFlash_Tads = 100 # ns Flash_Tadh = 30 # us # Byte write timeoutFlash_Trcv = 1500 # ns Flash_Thv = 6 # ms # Not currently usedFlash_Terase = 30 # ms Flash_Tme = 300 # ms # Derive maximum counts (−1since state machine is synchronous) FLASH_NVS = Flash_Tnvs/clock_per − 1FLASH_NVH = Flash_Tnvh/clock_per − 1 FLASH_NVH1 =Flash_Tnvh1*1000/clock_per − 1 FLASH_PGS = Flash_Tpgs*1000/clock per − 1FLASH_PGH = Flash_Tpgh/clock_per − 1 FLASH_PROG =Flash_Tprog*1000/clock_per − 1 FLASH_ADS = Flash_Tads/clock_per − 1FLASH_ADH = Flash_Tadh*1000/clock_per − 1 FLASH_ADH_AND_WRITE_PGH =FLASH_ADH + FLASH_PGH + 1 # note is +1 FLASH_RCV = Flash_Trcv/clock_per− 1 FLASH_HV = Flash_Thv*1000000/clock_per − 1 FLASH_ERASE =Flash_Terase*1000000/clock_per − 1 FLASH_ME =Flash_Tme*1000000/clock_per − 1 count_size = 24 # Number of bits intimer counter (newCount) determined by Tme
[8583] 19.7 Defaults
[8584] Defaults to use when no action is specified. FlashTransPendingSet= 0 FlashTransPendingReset = 0 TMRSet = 0 TMRRst = 0 STLESet = 0 STLERst= 0 TestTimeEn = 0 IFREN = FlashXadr₇ XE = 0 YE = 0 SE = 0 OE = 0 PROG =0 NVSTR = 0 ERASE = 0 MAS1 = 0 MAURstOutL = 1 If (accessCount ≠ 0)newCount =accessCount − 1 # decrement unless instructed otherwise ElsenewCount = 0 EndIf
[8585] 19.8 Reset
[8586] Initialise state and counter registers. # asynchronous reset(active low) state
idle accessCount
1 countZ
0 XadrReg
0 FlashTransPending
0 TestTime
0 TMR
1 STLEFlag
0
[8587] 19.9 State Machine
[8588] The state machine generates sequences of timed waveforms tocontrol the operation of the Flash memory. idle FlashTransPendingReset =1 If (somethingToDo) # Flash starting conditions If (MRUTestWE)nextState = TM0 Else Switch (MRUModeint) Case doWrite: nextState =writeNVS newCount = FLASH_NVS Case doRead: YE = 1 SE = 1 OE = 1 XE = 1nextState = idle Case doErasePage: nextState = pageErase newCount =FLASH_NVS Case doEraseDevice: nextState = massErase newCount = FLASH_NVSEndSwitch EndIf EndIf
[8589] 19.9.1 Flash Page Erase
[8590] The following pseducocode illustrates the Flash page erasesequence. pageErase ERASE = 1 XE = 1 If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) newCount = FLASH_ERASE nextState =pageEraseERASE EndIf Else newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState = Help1EndIf pageEraseERASE ERASE = 1 NVSTR = 1 XE = 1 If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) newCount = FLASH_NVH nextState = pageEraseNVHEndIf Else newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState = Help1 EndIf pageEraseNVHNVSTR = 1 XE = 1 If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) newCount = FLASH_RCV nextState = RCVPM EndIfElse newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState = Help1 EndIf RCVPM If (countZ)nextState = idle # exit EndIf
[8591] 19.9.2 Flash Mass Erase
[8592] The following pseducocode illustrates the Flash mass erasesequence. massErase MAS1 = 1 ERASE = 1 XE = 1 If (countZ) If (
TestTime₂₀) newCount = FLASH_ME Else newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ | 0000EndIf nextState = massEraseME EndIf massEraseME MAS1 = 1 ERASE = 1 NVSTR= 1 XE = 1 If (countZ) newCount = FLASH_NVH1 nextState = massEraseNVH1EndIf massEraseNVH1 MAS1 = 1 NVSTR = 1 XE = 1 If (countZ) newCount =FLASH_RCV nextState = RCVPM EndIf
[8593] 19.9.3 Flash Byte Write
[8594] The following pseducocode illustrates the Flash byte writesequence. writeNVS PROG = 1 XE = 1 If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) If (
STLEFlag) newCount = FLASH_PGS nextState = writePGS Else newCount =TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ | 0000 nextState = STLE0 EndIf EndIf Else newCount =TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState = Help1 EndIf writePGS PROG = 1 NVSTR = 1 XE = 1If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) newCount = FLASH_ADS nextState = writeADS EndIfElse newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState = Help1 EndIf writeADS # Add Tadsto Tpgs PROG = 1 NVSTR = 1 XE = 1 FlashTransPendingReset = 1 If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) If (
TestTime₂₀) newCount = FLASH_PROG Else newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ | 0000EndIf nextState = writePROG EndIf Else newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState= Help1 EndIf writePROG PROG = 1 NVSTR = 1 YE = 1 XE = 1 If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) newCount = FLASH_ADH_AND_WRITE_PGH nextState =writeADH EndIf Else newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState = Help2 EndIfwriteADH PROG = 1 NVSTR = 1 XE = 1 FlashTransPendingSet = somethingToDoIf (
PwrFailing) If (
FlashNewTrans) If (countZ) -- Gracefull exit after timeout newCount =FLASH_NVH nextState = writeNVH EndIf Else # -- Do something as there isa new transaction If ((MRUModeint = doWrite)
(
XadrCh)) newCount = FLASH_ADS -- Write another byte nextState = writeADSElse newCount = FLASH_NVH -- Exit as new trans is not Flash writenextState = writeNVH EndIf EndIf Else newCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState= Help1 EndIf writeNVH NVSTR = 1 XE = 1 FlashTransPendingSet =somethingToDo If (
PwrFailing) If (countZ) newCount = FLASH_RCV nextState = RCV EndIf ElsenewCount = TestTime¹⁹⁻⁰ nextState = Help1 EndIf RCV # wait til we'reallowed to do another transaction FlashTransPendingSet = somethingToDoIf (countZ) nextState = idle EndIf
[8595] 19.9.4 Test Mode Sequence
[8596] The following pseducocode illustrates the test mode sequence. [8603] Circuits need to operate over the temperature range −40° C. to+125° C.
[8604] The unit provides power on reset, protection of the Flash memoryagainst erroneous writes during power down (in conjunction with the MAU)and the system clock SysClk.
[8605] 20.1 Voltage Budget
[8606] The table below shows the key thresholds for V_(DD) which definethe requirements for power on reset and normal operation. TABLE 388V_(DD) limits VDD parameter Description Voltage VDDFTmax Flash testmaximum 3.6¹³ VDDFTtyp Flash test typical 3.3 VDDFTmin Flash testminimum 3.0 VDDmax Normal operation maximum (typ + 10%) 2.75¹⁴ VDDtypNormal operation typical 2.5 VDDmin Normal operation minimum (typ − 5%)2.375 VDDPORmax Power on reset maximum 2.0¹⁵
[8607] 20.2 Voltage Reference
[8608] This circuit generates a stable voltage that is approximatelyindependent of PVT (process, voltage, temperature) and will typically beimplemented as a bandgap. Usually, a startup circuit is required toavoid the stable V_(bg)=0 condition. The design should aim to minimisethe additional voltage above V_(bg) required for the circuit to operate.An additional output, BGOn, will be provided and asserted when thebandgap has started and indicates to other blocks that the outputvoltage is stable and may be used. TABLE 389 Bandgap target performanceParameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Vbg¹⁶ typical 1.2 1.23 1.26 V IDDtypical 50 μA Vstart worst case 1.6 V lout 10 nA Vtemp +0.1 mV/oC
[8609] 20.3 Power Detection Unit
[8610] Only under voltage detection will be described and is required toprovide two outputs:
[8611] underL controls the power on reset; and
[8612] PwrFailing indicates possible failure of the power supply.
[8613] Both signals are derived by comparing scaled versions of V_(DD)against the reference voltage V_(bg).
[8614] 20.3.1 V_(DD) Monotonicity
[8615] The rising and falling edges of V_(DD) (from the external powersupply) shall be monotonic in order to guarantee correct operation ofpower on reset and power failing detection. Random noise may be presentbut should have a peak to peak amplitude of less than the hysteresis ofthe comparators used for detection in the PDU.
[8616] 20.3.2 Under Voltage Detection Unit
[8617] The underL signal generates the global reset to the logic whichshould be de-asserted when the supply voltage is high enough for thelogic and analogue circuits to operate. Since the logic reset isasynchronous, it is not necessary to ensure the clock is active beforereleasing the reset or to include any delay.
[8618] The QA chip logic will start immediately the power on reset isreleased so this should only be done when the conditions of supplyvoltage and clock frequency are within limits for the correct operationof the logic.
[8619] The power on reset signal shall not be triggered by narrow spikes(<100 ns) on the power supply. Some immunity should be provided to powersupply glitches although since the QA chip may be under attack, anyreset delay should be kept short. The unit should not be triggered bylogic dynamic current spikes resulting in short voltage spikes due tobond wire and package inductance. On the rising edge of V_(DD), themaximum threshold for de-asserting the signal shall be whenV_(DD)>V_(DDmin). On the falling edge of V_(DD), the minimum thresholdfor asserting the signal shall be V_(DD)<V_(DDPORmax).
[8620] The reset signal must be held low long enough (T_(pwmin)) toensure all flip-flops are reset. The standard cell data sheet [7] givesa figure of 0.73 ns for the minimum width of the reset pulse for allflip-flop types.
[8621] 2 bits of trimming (trim₁₋₀) will be provided to take up all ofthe error in the bandgap voltage. This will only affect the assertion ofthe reset during power down since the power on default setting must beused during power up.
[8622] Although the reference voltage cannot be directly measured, it iscompared against V_(DD) in the PDU. The state of the power on resetsignal can be inferred by trying to communicate through the serial buswith the chIP. By polling the chip and slowly increasing V_(DD), a pointwill be reached where the power on reset is released allowing the serialbus to operate; this voltage should be recorded. As V_(DD) is lowered,it will cross the threshold which asserts the reset signal. The power ondefault is set to the lowest voltage that can be trimmed (which givesthe maximum hysterisis). This voltage should be recorded (or it may besufficient to estimate it from the reset release voltage recordedabove). V_(DD) is then increased above the reset release threshold andthe PDU trim adjusted to the setting the closest to V_(DDPORmax). V_(DD)should then be lowered and the threshold at which the reset isre-asserted confirmed. TABLE 390 Power on reset target performanceParameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Vthrup T = 27o C. 2.0 2.375 VVthrdn T = 27o C. 2.0 2.1 V Vhystmin 16 mV IDD 5 μA Tspike 100 ns Vminr0.5 V Tpwmin 1 ns
[8623] Power on Reset Behaviour
[8624] The signal PwrFailing will be used to protect the Flash memory byturning off the charge pump during a write or page erase if the supplyvoltage drops below a certain threshold. The charge pump is expected totake about 5 us to discharge. The PwrFailing signal shall be protectedagainst narrow spikes (<100 ns) on the power supply.
[8625] The nominal threshold for asserting the signal needs to be in therange V_(PORmax)<V_(DDPFtyp)<V_(DDmin) so is chosen to be asserted whenV_(DD)<V_(DDPFtyp)=V_(DDPORmax)+200 mV. This infers a V_(DD) slew ratelimitation which must be <200 mV/5 us to ensure enough time to detectthat power is failing before the supply drops too low and the reset isactivated. This requirement must be met in the application by provisionof adequate supply decoupling or other means to control the rate ofdescent of V_(DD). TABLE 391 Power failing detection target performanceParameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Vthr T = 27o C. 2.1 2.2 2.3 V¹⁷Vhyst 16 mV IDD 5 μA Tspike 100 ns Vminr 0.5 V
[8626] 2 bits of trimming (trim₁₋₀) will be provided to take up all ofthe error in the bandgap voltage.
[8627] 20.4 Ring Oscillator
[8628] SysClk is required to be in the range 7-14 MHz throughout thelifetime of the circuit provided V_(DD) is maintained within the rangeV_(DDMIN)<V_(DD)<V_(DDMAX). The 2:1 range is derived from theprogramming time requirements of the TSMC Flash memory. If this range isexceeded, the useful lifetime of the Flash may be reduced.
[8629] The first version of the QA chip, without physical protection,does not require the addition of random jitter to the clock. However, itis recommended that the ring oscillator be designed in such a way as toallow for the addition of jitter later on with minimal modification. Inthis way, the un-trimmed centre frequency would not be expected tochange.
[8630] The initial frequency error must be reduced to remain within therange 10 MHz/1.41 to 10 MHz×1.41 allowing for variation in:
[8631] voltage
[8632] temperature
[8633] ageing
[8634] added jitter
[8635] errors in frequency measurement and setting accuracy
[8636] The range budget must be partitioned between these variables.
[8637]FIG. 411._Ring oscillator block diagram
[8638] The above arrangement allows the oscillator centre frequency tobe trimmed since the bias current of the ring oscillator is controlledby the DAC. SysClk is derived by dividing the oscillator frequency by 5which makes the oscillator smaller and allows the duty cycle of theclock to be better controlled.
[8639] 20.4.1 DAC (Programmable Current Source)
[8640] Using V_(bg), this block sources a current that can be programmedby the Trim signal. 6 of the available 8 trim bits will be used(trim₇₋₂) giving a clock adjustment resolution of about 250 kHz. Therange of current should be such that the ring oscillator frequency canbe adjusted over a 4 to 1 range. TABLE 392 Programmable current sourcetarget performance Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Iout Trim7 − 2= 0 5 μA Trim7 − 2 = 32 12.5 Trim7 − 2 = 63 20 Vrefin 1.23 V Rout Trim7− 2 = 63 2.5 MΩ
[8641] 20.4.2 Ring Oscillator Circuit TABLE 393 Ring oscillator targetperformance Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Fosc¹⁸ 7 10 14 MHzIDD 10 μA KI 1 MHz/μA KVDD +200 KHz/V KT +30 KHz/o C. Vstart 1.5 V
[8642] 20.4.3 Div5
[8643] The ring oscillator will be prescaled by 5 to obtain the nominal10 MHz clock. An asynchronous design may be used to save power. Severaldivided clock duty cycles are obtainable, eg 4:1, 3:2 etc. To easetiming requirements for the standard cell logic block, the followingclock will be generated; most flip-flops will operate on the rising edgeof the clock allowing negative edge clocking to meet memory timing.TABLE 394 Div5 target performance Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max UnitsFmax Vdd = 1.5 V 100 MHz IDD 10 μA
[8644] 20.5 Power on Reset
[8645] This block combines the overL (omitted from the current version),underL and MAURstOutL signals to provide the global reset. MAURstOutL isdelayed by one clock cycle to ensure a reset generated when this signalis asserted has at least this duration since the reset deasserts thesignal itself. It should be noted that the register, with active lowreset RN, is the only one in the QA chip not connected to RstL.
[8646] [4] TSMC, Oct. 1, 2000, SFC0008_(—)08B9_HE, 8K×8 Embedded FlashMemory Specification, Rev 0.1.
[8647] [5] TSMC (design service division), Sep. 10, 2001, 0.25 umEmbedded Flash Test Mode User Guide, V0.3.
[8648] [6] TSMC (EmbFlash product marketing), Oct. 19, 2001, 0.25 umApplication Note, V2.2.
[8649] [7] Artisan Components, January 1999, Process Perfect LibraryDatabook 2.5-Volt Standard Cells, Rev1.0.
[8650] Other Applcations for Protocols and QA Chips
[8651] 1 Introduction
[8652] In its preferred form, the QA chip [1] is a programmable 32 bitmicroprocessor with security features (8,000 gates, 3 k bits of RAM and8 kbytes of flash memory for program and non-volatile data storage). Itis manufactured in a 0.25 um CMOS process.
[8653] Physically, the chip is mounted in a 5 pin SOT23 plastic packageand communicates with external circuitry via a two pin serial bus.
[8654] The QA chip was designed to for authenticating consumable usageand performance upgrades in printers and associated hardware.
[8655] Because of its core functionality and programmability the QA chipcan also be used in applications that differ significantly from itsoriginal one. This document seeks to identify some of those areas.
[8656] 3 Applications Overview
[8657] Applications include:
[8658] Regular EEPROM
[8659] Secure EEPROM
[8660] General purpose MPU with security features
[8661] Security coprocessor for microprocessor system
[8662] Security coprocessor for PC (with optional USB connection)
[8663] Resource dispenser—secure, web based transfer of a variablequantity from “source” to “sink”
[8664] IDtag
[8665] Security pass inside offices
[8666] Set top box security
[8667] Car key
[8668] Car Petrol
[8669] Car manufacturer “genuine parts” detection, where the carrequires genuine (or authorised) parts to function.
[8670] Aeroplane control on motor-control servos to allow secureexternal control on an aircraft in a hijack situation.
[8671] Security device for controlling access to and copying of audio,video, and data (eg, preventing unauthorized downloading of music to adevice).
[8672] 4 Exemplary Application Descriptions
[8673] 4.1 Car Petrol
[8674] Using mechanisms and protocols similar to those described inrelation to ink refills, refilling of petrol can be controlled. Anexample of a commercial relationship this allows is selling a car at adiscounted rate, but requiring that the car be refilled at designatedservice stations. Similarly, prevention of unauthorized servicing can beachieved.
[8675] 4.2 Car Keys
[8676] 4.2.1 Basic Advantages Over Physical Keys
[8677] Keys and locks can be easily programmed & configured for use
[8678] Can only be duplicated/reprogrammed by an authorised individual
[8679] The same key can be used for physical entry/exit and remote(radio-based) entry/exit
[8680] Inbuilt security features
[8681] 4.2.2 Single Key for Multiple Vehicles
[8682] Useful when a family has more than one car.
[8683] Can be programmed so any keys fits any car.
[8684] Fewer number of duplicate keys.
[8685] Misplacing a key for a particular car—any key for any other carcan be used as oppose to duplicate of the same key.
[8686] 4.2.3 Multiple Keys for a Single Vehicle
[8687] 4.2.3.1 Same Company Car Being Driven by Multiple Drivers
[8688] Mileage can be logged per driver e.g. for accounting purposes.
[8689] Key permissions can be different per driver (e.g. boot/trunkaccess may be disabled)
[8690] 4.2.3.2 Same Family Car Being Driven by Children and Parents
[8691] Time/date restrictions can be applied to (e.g. children's) keys
[8692] Speeds above a specified limit (and duration of that speed) canbe logged for auditing purposes (may be less dangerous than actuallyenforcing a speed limit)
[8693] 4.2.4 No Problem if Key Lost
[8694] Can easily:
[8695] make a new key the same as lost one (existing copies of key willstill function)
[8696] reprogram the locks on car (and reprogram all non-lost keys tomatch) so the lost key will no longer function
[8697] 4.2.5 No Problem if Key Left in Car
[8698] Easy to create a one-time-use open-door-only key via roadsideassistance based on secret password information, driver's license etc(prevents having to break into the car)
[8699] 4.2.6 Car Rentals
[8700] Key can have an expiration date (e.g. some period past the rentalend-date)
[8701] 4.2.7 Single Physical Key for All Locks in Car
[8702] A single physical key can open all locks (door, immobiliser,boot/trunk, glovebox etc.).
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1. A printer controller configured to generate dot data for supply to aprinthead that includes at least first and second longitudinallyextending printhead chips that are positioned adjacent each other eitherside of a join region such that a printing width of the printhead iswider than the length of either printhead chip, the printer controllerbeing configured such that, in the event that the printhead chips towhich dot data is being supplied are of sufficiently unequal relativelength, the dot data is supplied more frequently, or at a higher rate,to the longer of the two printhead chips.
2. A printer controlleraccording to claim 1, configured to supply the dot data to the printheadmodules such that none of the printhead modules is full and ready forprinting substantially earlier than any of the other printhead modules.3. A printer controller according to claim 1, wherein the dot data issupplied to the printhead from a memory under the control of theprinthead controller.
4. A printer controller according to claim 1,including a hardware module for undertaking the task of bandwidthmanagement.
5. A printer controller according to claim 4, wherein thehardware module is also configured to compensate for different lengthprintheads.
6. A printer controller according to claim 1, configured tomanipulate the supply of dot data to each of the printhead modules suchthat memory bandwidth usage is substantially constant during a printheadloading cycle..
|
https://openalex.org/W4287185807_3 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Plácido: Si. Él... digamos ha puesto en todas las escuelas de alta montaña, porque él ha
ganado la licitación.
63
Lili: Digamos, ha sido la dos veinte, porque la primera era de doce nomas y después ha
pasado a dos veinte (NdE: Habla del voltaje de los equipos). Ha sido las escuelas y los
CAP.
Juan: ¿Que seria los CAP?
Plácido: Los dispensarios.
Liliana: Y ahora él, cada seis meses salen las boletas, tiene que hacer repartir las boletas.
Y cuando hay reclamo, ya nos mandan la impresa.
Juan: ¿Y ahí también usted trae a todo este personal?
Plácido: Si.
Juan: ¿Y ellos también vienen en mula?
Plácido: También, en mula o caballo, como puedan
venir.
Juan: Y antes Placido, ¿A qué se dedicaba usted?
¿Antes de hacer eso?
Plácido: Bueno, primero a la zafra. Meta laburar en la
zafra nomas. Y ya hace veinte y cinco años que no voy
yo a la zafra.
Juan: ¿Trabajaba con Rudi (NdE: Rudecindo) allá?
Plácido: Y si, a veces sí. Una vez le he ido hablar para que trabajemos los dos y en un
ratito me he hachado el tobillo.
Juan: ¿Quién, él?
64
Plácido: No, yo. Y he tenido que ir ahí a un dispensario ahí cerca, menos mal que estaba
fresco ese día, toda esa semana estaba fresco, y no he perdido ningún día, digamos, de no
ir. Así que…siempre hemos trabajado juntos en la zafra.
Juan: ¿Y con respecto a esto, usted me contaba la otra vez que empezó a hacer un poco
el camino o este tránsito con cargas a partir de su hermano, puede ser?
Lili: De Rubén.
Plácido: Si.
Lili: Rubén lo recomienda a él, porque trabajaba en la escuela. Como se había comenzado
a poner los equipos en las escuelas.
Placido: Él me recomienda a mi… y buscaban unas gentes ahí para que lleven y traigan.
Y bueno, después me han dado confianza a mí, así que he empezado a trabajar, ya me iba
a traer las cosas de ahí a Siambón a veces, alguna mercadería que necesitaban ellos,
herramientas.
Juan: ¿Y al Siambón cada cuánto va Placido?
Plácido: Y bueno, cuando me necesitan ellos voy, cuando no ya no voy casi; es muy rara
vez, sino no bajo.
Juan: Claro… o cuando le pedimos nosotros que venimos.
Plácido: Si, cuando vienen ustedes sí. También cuando piden ustedes que bajemos,
bajamos. Sí, y siempre con adelantos, ha visto que… por ejemplo hace tres días, así como
para poder juntar los animales, sino es muy escaso en este tiempo. Que para allá, que acá
y así sucesivamente.
Juan: Claro, necesita un par de días antes como para reunir la tropa.
Placido: Si, póngale una semana. Bueno tal día empiezo ya a buscar los animales y ya al
otro día bajo.
65
Juan: Estos animales, ¿usted también me contaba que se fue haciendo de a poco de los
animales, no? ¿Cómo fue más o menos esa adquisición?
Plácido: Si. Y bueno, yo hacía trabajos así artesano, digamos, lazos, y los cambiaba así.
Los trueques. Y lo mismo también hacia cabretes, esa otra trenza chica, ya también lo
vendía, también se vende, todo se vende. Si a mí me encargan muchas cosas pero que
pasa, no me da el tiempo para hacer, ¿ha visto usted? Que solo, que ya tiene otra cosa…ya
cuando queda uno solo ya no he podido. Cuando uno tiene alguno, que sean chicos, dos
o tres, bueno te va, vos a traer un animal, aquel otro, y ahí ya tenes tiempo. Si estás solo,
tenés que ir para allá, volver a ir… Yo hoy nomás iba y volvía, iba y volvía, así que recién
nomás me he podido desocupar un poquito.
Juan: ¿Y aparte de lazos, qué más hacía para cambiar?
Placido: Bozal, cabretes, rienda…todo eso. Toda trenza chica, digamos.
Juan: ¿Y eso lo hacía usted manualmente con materiales de usted o compraba?
Plácido: Si, si, con cuero de vaca de aquí.
Juan: ¿Y ahora Isma (NdE: hijo de Plácido), está haciendo como lo mismo, no?
Plácido: Sí ahora él está.
Juan: Ahí usted me contaba un poco la otra vez Lili que fue un poco un pedido de parte
tuya que Isma viniera a estar con ustedes, ¿no?
Lili: Si, porque nosotros no queremos estar solos. Porque a veces nos falta, uno se
enferma, o lo necesitan para algo, él se va a trabajar y no hay quien quede en la casa. Ese
es el problema que uno tiene, y con los animales que uno tiene hay que cuidar, si uno no
cuida no tiene. Así es. Si, él ha estado trabajando, él ha salido de la escuela a los diez y
ocho años y se ha ido a trabajar en la construcción, en las obras. Y bueno ha estado en
Tafí y el año pasado se ha venido, porque yo le he dicho que quiero que se venga porque
quería irse con Pedro a trabajar, el otro chico. Y bueno, tiene que aprender para el día de
mañana. Porque nunca van a ser solo tampoco y tiene que formar su familia y ya tiene
que saber cómo van a hacer un hogar. Asique es por eso que yo lo tengo aquí. Y ya
aprendió algo, si por lo menos si tiene los animales, lo buscan para que haga flete y se va.
66
Juan: ¿Que se vuelve a Tafi o que va hacer el viaje dice usted?
Placido: Que va a hacer el viaje, como usted dice, y vuelve.
Juan: ¿Y los otros chicos están todos en Tafi?
Lili: Pedro con Marcela. Y Marcela ya tiene, ya está con pareja, ya tiene dos chicos con
el marido, y la otrita que le he criado yo, Ester (NdE: Una de las nietas de Plácido y Lili),
esa se ha ido ahora. Con el tema de la escuela, que ve que aquí no hay profesores; no
vienen, de haber hay, pero no vienen.
Juan: Es la que me contaba la otra vez, que estaba un poco muy encariñada con la
tecnología.
Lili: Si. Eso es un poco lo que, a ellos, digamos, los lleva mal. Porque en vez de aprender
otra cosa, por ejemplo, a tejer o a hacer algún otro trabajito que ella ya puede, y no, no lo
hacen, porqué, porque están con el teléfono. Ni comen tranquilos que están con el
teléfono. Así que no sé cómo la irá a sacar de Tafí, porque en Tafí es diferente la
enseñanza. Porque me contó ella misma que hay materias que aquí ni las conocía. Así que
han tenido que buscar una profesora para que le vaya ayudando. Así que eso está allá en
Tafí ahora. Espero que siga, porque le va a ser duro.
Rudecindo: Y cuando son duros para estudiar, ya empiezan a cambiar, toman la deserción
de la escuela, ¿Qué no?
Lili: Si, claro. Ella dice que va a seguir, porque la están ayudando las chicas, digamos,
que están bien, que han aprendido, la están ayudando. Claro, si aquí venía una profesora,
la directora que es Susana y una maestra de matemáticas que se llama Patricia. Y de ahí
de educación física ha venido tres veces nada más, y de ahí ha venido una que ha venido
los lunes que se llama Cecilia, esa ha venido dos veces y no ha vuelto más. Y de ahí hay
un montón de profesoras que están, digamos que está el pedido hecho, pero no vienen.
Juan: ¿Son como materias que quedan vacantes?
Liliana: Exactamente, esas son las materias que no sabe la chica.
67
Juan: Y Plácido, usted ahí me contaba lo de las mulas, los caballos, y ¿qué instrumentos
utiliza cuando arma las cargas?
Plácido: Y bueno, las monturas de carga, chasnero le llaman. Como quichua, ¿qué no?
Así nos han enseñado así… le decían chasnero.
Rudecindo: Nos enseñaron así, nos decían “prepara la chasna” … era preparar la montura
de carga.
Juan: Y las cargas... ¿en qué las pone?
Plácido: Y bueno en algunas chisguas que le llaman, en bolsas como pueda, así vienen
más bien, no se desarman. Para traer una fruta, traer verdura así, la metes ahí… en una
caja no se machucan, nada.
Juan: ¿Esa que es ovalada con la red?
Plácido: Es tejida con cuero, esa es chigua.
Juan: ¿Y aparte de eso, utiliza algún otro elemento más?
Plácido: No… después el lazillo y la sobrecarga.
Lili: Esas son para ajustar la chigua.
Juan: ¿Claro para que quede fija?
Placido: Si, para que no se mueva.
Juan: ¿O sea que en este trabajo usted utiliza mucho el camino?
Plácido: Si, si… mucho…el camino para andar a caballo, camino angosto.
68
Juan: ¿Y en ese sentido, ustedes tienen algún sentimiento particular con el camino, alguna
idea sobre el camino?
Plácido: Y yo por lo menos ninguno, porque ya ¿para qué? Ya han hecho nota para que
venga la máquina, pero no sé cuándo será que va a venir. Es un drama ese también.
Juan: ¿Y los caminos estos cada tanto los arreglan, no?
Plácido: Si.
Juan: ¿Y ustedes notan diferencias entre cuando no está arreglado y cuando lo está?
Plácido: Si, por ejemplo, el monte se cría yuyos y ya cuando uno va ya se enoja que
cuando está macheteada y todo limpio y arreglado ya no.
Juan: ¿Y sienten que es diferente la relación que los puede unir el afuera de Anfama?
Plácido: Claro, sí. Viene gente de que… por ahí viene gente de turistas digamos, que van
cruzando a caballo para Tafí, vienen de ahí de la ciudad, cruzan por Raco, parte de la
Hoyada y cruzan, a caballo. Pero ¿Qué es lo que pasa?, que por ahí vienen las motos y lo
destruyen al camino, lo hacen pedazos.
Juan: ¿Y con respecto a esta reconstrucción que por ahí se hace del camino, nos contaba
un poco el otro día, que no están mucho de acuerdo?
Placido: Bueno, algunos si, algunos no están de acuerdo y otros sí, digamos. Hay
balanceado. Algunos quieren y otros no quieren. Por una parte, es lindo, para que hacer
que las baterías para acá, para mí por ahí ya medio es muy pesado.
Juan: Si, nos contaba por ahí Pastor que también ¿es medio peligroso traer?
Plácido: No… las baterías hacen pedazos las cosas. Es peligroso. Tiene que tener
anteojos, guantes, botines con punta de acero.
Juan: Y ahí usted me contaba Placido que esto de la crecida del monte por ahí es una
dificultad que se presenta en el camino, aparte de eso ¿hay alguna otra dificultad?
69
Placido: Si, cuando se pone resbaloso, empantano, se corta porque se hacen los volcanes.
Juan: ¿Cómo sería eso?
Plácido: Los volcanes es cuando se corre la tierra, se corta el camino. Y bueno eso lo
arreglamos nosotros nomás, porque… así como decía uno de la moto “yo sé que a usted
les pagan”. Pero a nosotros nos pagan un mes, no trabajamos ese mes y no nos pagan.
Rudecindo: Por más que paguen ellos no tienen que venir a destruir. Porque si pagan para
que uno, digamos, los lugareños de aquí podamos andar bien, no para que vengan a hacer
sus aventuras. Ese es el tema que ellos no entienden.
Placido: Por ejemplo, yo les digo a ellos que le voy a dar tres mil pesos en el mes y que
se la banquen todo el año. Si unas zapatillas salen dos mil, dos mil quinientos y ya no le
queda ni para las medias. Eso es lo que le he dicho yo un día a uno de esos, que le doy
tres mil pesos, yo se que ustedes están ganando más plata, todos los meses y yo cada año
por un mes, y bueno le digo está bien que si ustedes ganan…y ellos dicen que ayudan a
la escuela y no, a la escuela no. ¿Qué ayuda se ve en la escuela de ellos?
Lili: Ninguna… como yo le he dicho a uno ese día a esos que estaban allá, que habían
perdido la patada de la moto. Y ahí andaban… pero más antes ha sido, en mayo, cuando
veníamos que estaba horrible el camino, no sabe cómo han llegado entonces. Se han
vuelto entonces, porque dicen que Don Enrique (NdE: Enrique Rasgido reside en
Anfama, pero no forma parte de la comunidad indígena, brinda alojamiento y servicios
destinado mayormente a turismo de motociclistas y cabalgatas) es el que les dice que sí,
que pueden pasar.
Juan: Claro, y ellos vienen los fines de semana y nada más, y son una pasada, y ustedes
viven acá.
Lili: Claro, eso es lo que le digo, yo lo hago arreglar, porque yo voy a pedirle al intendente
cuando voy a cobrar, la directora nos da dos días nomás al mes, y yo tengo que pegarme
una albeada e irme hasta que hora ahí para que nos atienda el intendente, y no nos atendió
en la muni, hemos tenido que irlo a buscar en el complejo, ahí lo hemos conseguido.
Primero he ido y me han dicho que lleve los obreros, parece que no me creía. Y después
bueno yo he buscado cuatro obreros y no los conseguíamos, y ahí en el complejo, hemos
conseguido, pero él es bueno… él ha dicho “sí, bueno vayan a trabajar nomas”. Pero ellos
se van a trabajar, le pagan un mes, pero ellos están días enteros, trabajando, y se van y se
quedan allá en La Ciénega (NdE: La Ciénega es el valle intermedio que separa a Anfama
70
de Tafí del Valle hacia el oeste). Porque ellos trabajan desde aquí hasta allá en La
Ciénega…toda esa caminata.
Juan: ¿Y para ahí en La Ciénega?
Liliana: Si, hay una casa que le dan permiso ahí.
Juan: ¿Usted Plácido, cuando hace los viajes a Tafí, los hace en un día, ida y vuelta, o se
queda allá?
Plácido: No, me quedo allá. No, es lejísimo.
Juan: ¿Y en el camino hace alguna parada o hace todo de un tirón?
Plácido: No, me voy directamente a Tafí. Si por ahí, a veces cuando voy con ella, mas en
el verano cuando está caliente, se nos quedamos a almorzar en el camino digamos. Pero
eso es rara vez, a veces está ya por llover porque para ahí truena muy fiero. Y hay que
irse temprano de aquí, cuatro, cinco de la mañana ya hay que, cosa de que eso diez de la
mañana ya está para allá, llegar a Tafí.
Juan: ¿Y allá se queda, tiene casa?
Plácido: Si, tenemos una casita allá. Y dos días o al otro día decidimos volver.
Juan: ¿Y usted Placido, trabaja en la reconstrucción del camino? ¿Usted con alguien más?
Plácido: Si, con Ismael, con dos sobrinos más, con Ángel (NdE: hijo de Pastor). Si, en
varias partes he trabajado, en muchas partes he trabajado.
Juan: ¿Porque ese es el camino que habían hecho para venir de San Javier, puede ser?
Plácido: No, de Siambón.
Lili: ¿El de vehículos? Ese viene del Siambón, sale por acá, por el Saucal, ¿qué no?
71
Juan: ¿Y hasta ahí llega nomas?
Plácido: Si, hasta aquí llega ese camino, hasta la Toma (NdE: La toma es una represa
sobre el río Anfama desde la que se provee agua a varias localidades al oriente de Anfama)
digamos. Ese es el que lo están por arreglar de vuelta, el que quiere venir la máquina, no
sé si va a venir o no.
Juan. ¿Y eso cada cuánto lo hacen?
Plácido: No se… dos meses, ¿qué no? Depende. Es que pasa a veces vienen y trabajan
todos los días, a veces una semana no vienen las máquinas.
Juan: ¿Y eso quién lo contrata?
Placido: Vialidad.
Juan: ¿Vialidad de la provincia?
Plácido: Si, la provincia.
Juan: ¿Y eso es lo que dicen que es un trabajo de un mes?
Plácido: No… ese que hago yo es la macheteada noma de la mula del camino que vamos
a caballo, de aquí, de Anfama a La Ciénaga.
Juan: ¿Y este otro es el que hace vialidad con las máquinas? No lo hacen de la comunidad
de acá, ¿traen las máquinas de afuera?
Plácido: Si, así es.
Juan: Y al momento de viajar, ¿usted tiene alguna práctica especial de ver el clima,
esperar ciertos días del mes, o no?
72
Plácido: Si, si esta fiero no se vamos. Si vemos que está así, lindo, ya se vamos.
Juan: ¿Qué sería lindo?
Plácido: Si está lindo el tiempo, si está lloviendo no. Y si está lindo, digamos soleado así,
si se vamos. Si está lloviendo o nevando no.
Juan: ¿Eso no importa el día del mes ni del año?
Plácido: No.
Juan: ¿Y usted Lili trabaja en la escuela?
Lili: Si, ya hace del 2007 que he empezado a trabajar.
Juan: ¿Más o menos qué tareas desarrolla usted ahí?
Lili: En la cocina, cocinera.
Juan: ¿Cocina para el personal y los chicos?
Lili: No para los chicos. Y si no están los chicos no toco nada, porque la comida es para
los chicos.
Juan: ¿Y ese es el trabajo durante todo el año lectivo?
Lili: Si, ya hace diez años. Ese es mi trabajo. Trabajo de ocho a una de la tarde.
Juan: Y después viene y está el trabajo de la casa.
Lili: Está el trabajo de la casa.
73
Juan: ¿Y ahí qué tareas realiza en el hogar?
Lili: Y bueno, a veces…mi trabajo era antes de empezar a trabajar era artesanías, todas
artesanías. Con eso he criado los hijos yo. Él también ha empezado con artesanías y desde
se iba a hacer changas por ahí. El telar era el que nos daba de comer.
Juan: ¿Usted hacía artesanías en el telar?
Lili: Si.
Juan: ¿Y qué tipo de artesanías?
Lili. Yo hago ponchos, frazadas, peleros, alforjas, tapices.
Juan: ¿Todavía los hace?
Lili Y si, cuando tengo tiempo. Ahora me estaban pidiendo de la escuela que enseñe, pero
vamos a ver, no viene la directora de secundario así que no sé nada. Porque eso quería
que enseñe para que no pierda, digamos, lo tradicional de acá.
Juan: ¿Y cuándo trabaja o trabajaba con esas artesanías del telar, las lanas y todo eso lo
fabricaban ustedes o lo obtenían?
Lili: No, todo lo fabricaba yo. Yo compraba, me iba en tiempo de esquila a La Ciénaga y
de ahí conseguía lana, porque la señora que vivía ahí ya ha fallecido, yo a ella… él me ha
llevado una vez, porque él esquilaba las ovejas y a mí me ha llevado de cocinera y ya de
ahí ganaba la lana. Y de ahí traía la lana y la hilaba así con huso nomás. Y de ahí uno lo
lavaba, si quería teñirlo para los peleros, frezadas, uno lo teñía, o si quería hacerlo natural
así.
Juan: ¿Y con qué lo teñía?
Liliana: Y bueno, había tinta… tinta que traían de Santa Maria. La madre de él sabía irse
a Santa Maria en agosto y ella me la traía a la tinta.
Juan: ¿Algunos colores en particular?
74
Lili: Digamos, el rojo, el rosa y verde, naranja, todos esos colores.
Juan: ¿Y lo hacía con diseño?
Lili: Si. Diseños así de flores o guarda, las frazadas. Y los ponchos van con la guarda
nomás.
Juan: ¿Y usted cómo aprendió?
Lili: Y yo he aprendido en la señora esta, Fermina Cruz, la madre de don Alberto Cruz.
Ella me enseño. Cuando yo me he casado, él se iba a la zafra y ella venía a la casa de él
y ahí me ha enseñado.
Juan: ¿O sea que ella también era tejedora?
Lili: Artesana, sí.
Plácido: Lo que pasa, que ella no podía mucho porque tenía la mano quebrada, se había
fracturado la mano.
Juan: ¿Y eso, lo que producía lo vendía usted?
Lili: Si, vendía… y a veces también hacia trueque, lo cambiaba por animales. Y de ahí
uno tiene los animales que ahora usa para trabajar.
Juan: ¿Y qué animales tienen?
Plácido: Yeguas, mulas… de ahí han nacido las mulas. También los burros, también he
traído los burros para que hagan la cruza. He traído varios burros yo, y algunos han
servido y otros se me han perdido.
Juan: ¿Y qué otros animales? ¿animales menores?
75
Lili: Ovejas, cabras también tenemos. Vacas.
Plácido: Esas han sido de nosotros nomas, digamos.
Lili: De los padres de él.
Plácido: De herencia de mis padres. Y no nos hemos desecho porque si hubiéramos sido
otros, capaz que no tenemos nada. Lo comíamos.
Juan: ¿Y por lo que veo el manejo de animales no es en corrales por mucho tiempo, no?
Plácido: No, están en el campo. Pero llevándolas todos los días para las casas. Porque
tenía una vez unas que eran ariscas, no querían estar en la casa ahí, se iban. Y una vez
también se me ha dado por carnearlas asi y después he comprado otra. Porque no se las
podía asustar a esas.
Juan: ¿Y la mayoría de los animales los tiene para ustedes? ¿Para la comida?
Plácido: Sí y para los viajes nuestros.
Juan: ¿Y también obtienen lana?
Lili: Si pero no sirve la lana de acá, porque es muy sucia y el abrojo ese (NdE: Anfama a
diferencia de sectores más altos y secos como La Ciénega tiene una vegetación boscosa
tupida en la que hay numerosas especies que producen cadillos).
Plácido: Tienen mucho pega-pega que le dicen.
Juan: ¿Y qué alimentación obtienen de los animales?
Lili: La carne.
Juan: Bueno y para ir redondeando esta idea sobre todo con el camino, porque la idea un
poco de la entrevista con ustedes era por esta relación que tiene con el camino por estas
76
cargas que llevan y traen, por ahí algunas preguntas que a nosotros nos surgen es ¿qué
cosas buenas le ven al camino y qué cosas malas?
Plácido: Y si, lo que pasa es que algunos dicen que va a venir gente, robar los animales.
En el Siambón nomás ahí carnean y meten en la camioneta y se lo llevan. Y eso aquí
también puede subir eso, uno no sabe. Pero es lindo que venga el camino así por todo
esto, para que nos ayuden a traer las baterías, por lo menos una camioneta viene hasta
aquí, la deja y ya…hasta aquí llegan las camionetas.
Juan: Bueno creo que es bastante información. Muchísimas gracias por la posibilidad de
la entrevista, de la charla.
Lili: Bueno, muchas gracias entonces.
Segunda Parte
Plácido: Estos son los peleros.
Juan: ¿Los de abajo?
Plácido: Este es el sobrepelo que le llamamos. Y bueno estos estribos son de palo, tiene
una capa de acero, guardabarros, cuchillo para el monte….
Juan: ¿Todo eso de cuero lo hace usted?
Plácido: Si.
Juan: ¿Y esto también lo usan para la carga?
Plácido: Sí también. Y todo esto también lo hago yo.
Juan: ¿Y esto de qué es?
77
Plácido: Este de cuero de oveja. Todo esto es cuero de oveja. Este agarro un gancho y se
soba todo… esta todo sobado, ¿ve?... Pero esto no lo se, hay un hombre que hace, hay
que ser bien prolijo para hacerlo.
Juan: ¿Es de acá?
Plácido: No. Y Shosho (NdE: Adolfo “Shosho” Chocobar es primo de Plácido y hermano
de Rudecindo) también sabía, pero ahora no lo hace. Y bueno esto también los hago, este
se llama bozal, este se llama cabezada, esto hace René (NdE: otro comunero de Anfama),
el freno. Esto hago yo, todo hago yo.
Juan: Y hacer uno de estos objetos, ¿cuánto tiempo le lleva más o menos?
Plácido: Y... un día, estando el cuero bien preparado. Hay que lavarlo con jabón, tiene
que estar bien en orden para poder sobar. En un día uno lo hace. Pero este es más trabajoso
ya.
Juan: ¿Y este es de otro material?
Plácido: No todo es cuero de oveja.
Juan: ¿Y porque este es más largo?
Plácido: Y porque hay ovejas que son chilenas, digamos. Y este también, suela
Juan: ¿Esto lo tejió Lili?
Plácido: Si, ella tejió todo esto, el resto. Este va abajo para que no se ensucie esto.
Juan: ¿Y esta es una mula?
Plácido: Si, una mula. Y hace rato le he puesto las herraduras
Juan: ¿Y se las cambia seguido?
78
Plácido: Y... cada dos meses.
Juan: ¿Y cuántas mulas tiene más o menos?
Plácido: Y tengo como diez mulas más o menos.
Juan: Y cuando las usa, ¿las usa todas juntas?
Plácido: No, no…no usamos todas juntas, porque para usarlas todas juntas, por ejemplo,
me hablan a mí para traer diez cargas que no se pueden con dos personas, es mucho
trabajo, hay que hacer mucha fuerza y se nos lastima. Porque están cargadas y mientras
cargas otra, está esa ahí parada… y se carga cinco mulas y ya se va uno tranquilo. Y
después en dos días te voy a venir a traer las otras, y así. No todas juntas.
Juan: Claro, las deja descansar un tiempo.
Plácido: Si. Porque además cuando está mal esto también se lastima la mula.
Juan: ¿Y a las mulas le pone nombre?
Plácido: No, a algunas sí… esta nomas.
Juan: ¿Y algún nombre que se acuerde?
Plácido: Si tenemos una que le hemos cortado la oreja y le decimos “la mocha”, “la saina”
… si si tiene nombre algunas mulas. Algunas que tienen color tostado así, a esas le
decimos “las tostadas”.
Juan: Bueno, excelente Placido, ha sido un placer.
Placido: Bueno, suerte…y bueno ya nos estamos viendo.
79
Publicaciones
Los trabajos académicos que se realizaron en función de estas investigaciones
arqueológicas
y
entrevistas
fueron
los
siguientes
(disponibles
en:
https://www.aacademica.org/eascc):
Franco, F. y Moyano, G. (2017). Pervivencias originarias en el valle de Anfama
(Tucumán, siglos XVI- XX). Cuadernos de Historia. Serie economía y sociedad, 18, 3365.
Este trabajo intenta recuperar la deriva histórica de las poblaciones en el valle de Anfama
desde el proceso de conquista hispánico hasta la actualidad. Desde una perspectiva de
larga duración se establecen distintos momentos históricos en los cuales las p osibilidades
y medios de subsistencia variaron.
Molar, R. y J. Salazar (2018) Vegetable Storage Practices and the Reproduction of
Household Autonomy in Early Village Contexts from Northwest Argentina. Journal of
Anthropology and Archaeology. 6,1: 15-29.
Este trabajo presenta evidencias arqueológicas de almacenamiento y propone algunas vías
interpretativas, especialmente a la luz de los registros de los comuneros de Anfama.
Moyano, G. (2017). El uso de fotogrametría digital como registro complementario en
arqueología. Alcances de la técnica y casos de aplicación. Comechingonia, 21 (2), 333351.
En él se ejemplifican distintas posibilidades de aprovechamiento del uso de fotogrametría
digital. Uno de los casos utilizados es el uso de ortofotografías en el sitio Mortero
Quebrado.
Salazar, J. y Molar, R. (2017). Estudio comparativo de dos sitios aldeanos del Primer
milenio D.C. en Tucumán, Argentina. Comechingonia, 21 (1), 123-148.
En este trabajo se realiza una investigación comparativa entre los entornos construidos de
La Bolsa 1 (valle de Tafí) con los de Mortero Quebrado (Anfama), caracterizando
similitudes y particularidades observadas en cada caso.
80
Vázquez Fiorani, A. y J. Salazar (2018) Nuevos datos sobre ocupaciones tardías en la
vertiente oriental de las Cumbres Calchaquíes: el sitio Casa Rudi 1 (Anfama, prov. de
Tucumán). Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología. 43,2: 287-296.
Este trabajo da a conocer los primeros avances de los análisis arqueológicos realizados
en el sitio Casa Rudi, relacionando este hallazgo con otras ocupaciones tardías de la
región.
81
Bibliografía citada
Acuto, F.
2007. Fragmentación vs. integración comunal: Repensando el Período Tardío del Noroeste
Argentino. Estudios Atacameños 34: 71-95.
Aschero, C.
1975. Ensayo para una clasificación morfológica de artefactos líticos aplicada a estudios
tipológicos comparativos. Buenos Aires. Informe presentado al CONICET.
1983. Ensayo para una clasificación morfológica de artefactos líticos, Apéndice A y B. Cátedra
de Ergología y Tecnología de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de
Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires.
Berberián, E. y E. Arguello
1988. La alfarería del valle de Tafí (Pcia. de Tucumán-Rep. Argentina). En E. Berberián (Dir.):
Sistemas de asentamiento prehispánicos en el valle de Tafí (pp. 69-110). Córdoba,
Comechingonia.
Berberián, E. y A. Nielsen
1988. Sistemas de asentamiento prehispánicos en la etapa formativa del valle de Tafí (Pcia. de
Tucumán-República Argentina). En E. Berberián (Dir.): Sistemas de asentamiento prehispánicos
en el valle de Tafí (pp. 21-51). Córdoba, Comechingonia.
Bronk Ramsey, C. (2017). Methods for summarizing radiocarbon datasets. Radiocarbon 59 (6):
1809-1833.
Cremonte, B.
1996. Investigaciones arqueológicas en la Quebrada de La Cienaga (Dpto. Tafí, Tucumán).
(Tesis doctoral inédita), La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Corvalán, M.
2008. Periferia y marginalidad en la construcción arqueológica: las sociedades prehispánicas
tardías de las estribaciones orientales de las Cumbres Calchaquíes (noroeste de Argentina).
Maguaré 22: 365-395.
Escola, P.
2000. Tecnología lítica y sociedades agro-pastoriles tempranas. (Tesis doctoral inédita). Buenos
Aires, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
2007. Obsidianas en contexto: tráfico de bienes, lazos sociales y algo más. En V. Williams, B.
Ventura, A. Callegari y H. Yacobaccio (Eds.): Sociedades precolombinas surandinas.
Temporalidad, interacción y dinámica cultural del NOA en el ámbito de los Andes Centro- Sur
(pp. 73- 87). Buenos Aires, Buschi.
González, A.
1960. Nuevas fechas de la cronología arqueológica argentina obtenidas por el método de
radiocarbón (IV). Resumen y perspectivas. Revista del Instituto de Antropología 5: 303-331.
Greco, C.
2014. La cronología del valle de Yocavil. Escalas, datos y resultados. Arqueología 20: 11-37.
82
Harris, E.
1991. Principios de estratigrafía arqueológica. Barcelona, Crítica.
Heredia, O.
1974. Investigaciones arqueológicas en el sector meridional de las selvas occidentales. Revista
del Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba 5: 73-132.
Hogg, A., T. Heaton, Q. Hua, J. Palmer, C. Turney, J. Southon, A. Bayliss, P. Blackwell, G.
Boswijk, C. Bronk Ramsey, F. Petchey, P. Reimer, R. Reimer, y L. Wacker
2020. SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–55,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 62 (4):
759-778.
Korstanje, M. A. y M. Del P. Babot
2007. Microfossils characterization from south Andean economic plants. En Madella, M. y Zurro,
D. (Eds.): Plants, people and places. Recents studies in phytolith analysis (Pp. 41-72). Oxford,
Oxbow books.
López Campeny, S., A. Martel, J. Martínez y A. Romano
2005. Informe de resultados de la prospección arqueológica en la reserva privada las Queñoas.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28737.28009
Maldonado, M., S. Cano, y M. Sampietro
2017. Cronología y procesos de formación en niveles de ocupación prehispánicos de selvas
occidentales meridionales (Horco Molle, Tucumán). Revista del Museo de Antropología 10 (2):
47-62.
Murra, J.
1975. Formaciones económicas y políticas del mundo Andino. Lima, IEP.
Oliszewski, N.
2017. Las aldeas “Patrón Tafí” del sur de Cumbres Calchaquíes y norte del sistema del Aconquija.
Comechingonia 21(1): 205-232.
Sampietro, M. y M. Vattuone
2005. Reconstruction of activity areas at a formative household in Northwest Argentina.
Geoarchaeology 20 (4): 337-354.
Scattolin, M. C.
2007. Santa María antes del año mil. Fechas y materiales para una historia cultural. En V.
Williams, B. Ventura, M. Callegari y H. Yacobaccio (Eds.): Sociedades Precolombinas
Surandinas. Temporalidad, Interacción y Dinámica Cultural del NOA en el Ámbito de los Andes
Centro-Sur (pp. 203-220). Buenos Aires, Buschi..
Scattolin M. C. y M. Lazzari
1997. Tramando redes: obsidianas al oeste del Aconquija. Estudios Atacameños 14: 189-209.
Tartusi, M. y Núñez Regueiro, V.
2003. Procesos de interacción entre poblaciones de los valles intermontanos del NOA y las del
piedemonte. Anales. Nueva Época 6: 43-62.
83
Yacobaccio, H., P. Escola, M. Lazzari y F. Pereyra
2002. Long distance obsidian traffic in Northwestern Argentina. En Geochemical Evidence for
Long-Distance Exchange, editado por M. Glascock, pp. 167-203. Bergin and Garvey, Westport.
Yacobaccio, H., P. Escola, F. Pereyra, M. Lazzari y M. Glascock
2004. Quest for ancient routes: obsidian sourcing research in Northwestern Argentina. Journal of
Archaeological Science 31 (2): 193-204.
84
85.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20017 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.UI;
using Steamworks;
public class GPSeedLeaderBoardCTRL : MonoBehaviour
{
[SerializeField]
Text LeaderTitleText;
string LeaderTitleStr;
TimeText LeaderTitleTime;
[SerializeField]
Text LeaderTitleNameText;
string LeaderTitleNameStr;
TimeText LeaderTitleNameTime;
[SerializeField]
Text LeaderTitleScoreText;
string LeaderTitleScoreStr;
TimeText LeaderTitleScoreTime;
[Header("Language Key")]
[SerializeField]
string KeyLeaderTitleText = "";
[SerializeField]
string KeyLeaderName = "";
[SerializeField]
string KeyLeaderScore = "";
public struct TimeText
{
const string randomText = "ЙФЯЦЫЧУВСКАМЕПИНРТГОЬШЛБЩДЮЗЖQAZWSXEDCRFVTGBYHNUJMIKOLP";
const string randonNum = "0123456789IV-+";
float timeStart;
float speedSymbol;
bool isNumeric;
public void SetStartTime(float timestartFunc, float speed, bool numeric)
{
timeStart = timestartFunc + Time.unscaledTime;
speedSymbol = speed;
isNumeric = numeric;
}
public string calc(string textFunc)
{
string text = "";
if (timeStart < Time.unscaledTime && textFunc != null)
{
string nameNow = "";
foreach (char s in textFunc)
{
if (nameNow.Length < (Time.unscaledTime - timeStart) / speedSymbol)
{
nameNow += s;
}
}
if (!isNumeric)
nameNow += randomText[UnityEngine.Random.Range(0, randomText.Length)];
else nameNow += randonNum[UnityEngine.Random.Range(0, randonNum.Length)];
if (nameNow.Length > textFunc.Length)
{
nameNow = textFunc;
}
text = nameNow;
}
else
{
text = "";
}
return text;
}
}
// Start is called before the first frame update
void Start()
{
iniTitleLanguage();
}
// Update is called once per frame
void Update()
{
iniTitleLanguage();
testTitleText();
CalcLiaderList();
}
bool iniOk = false;
void iniTitleLanguage()
{
if (Setings.main && Setings.main.LangugeText != null && !iniOk)
{
LeaderTitleStr = Setings.main.LangugeText.get_text_from_key(KeyLeaderTitleText);
LeaderTitleNameStr = Setings.main.LangugeText.get_text_from_key(KeyLeaderName);
LeaderTitleScoreStr = Setings.main.LangugeText.get_text_from_key(KeyLeaderScore);
if (LeaderTitleStr != "")
iniOk = true;
}
}
void testTitleText()
{
LeaderTitleText.text = LeaderTitleTime.calc(LeaderTitleStr);
LeaderTitleNameText.text = LeaderTitleNameTime.calc(LeaderTitleNameStr);
LeaderTitleScoreText.text = LeaderTitleScoreTime.calc(LeaderTitleScoreStr);
}
float LeaderStartView = 0;
List<LeaderInfo> ListLeaders = new List<LeaderInfo>();
[SerializeField]
GameObject LeaderInfoPrefab;
[SerializeField]
Transform content;
string keyLeaderboardOld = "";
void CalcLiaderList()
{
if (GlobalLeaderBoardCTRL.main.ThisSeedMap != null) {
if (keyLeaderboardOld != GlobalLeaderBoardCTRL.main.ThisSeedMap.Key) {
ClearLiaderList();
keyLeaderboardOld = GlobalLeaderBoardCTRL.main.ThisSeedMap.Key;
}
//Если таблица получена и лидеров добавлено меньше чем их в таблице
if (GlobalLeaderBoardCTRL.main.ThisSeedMap.ListUsers.Count > ListLeaders.Count && ListLeaders.Count / 0.1f < Time.unscaledTime - LeaderStartView)
{
LeaderboardEntry_t LeaderData = GlobalLeaderBoardCTRL.main.ThisSeedMap.ListUsers[ListLeaders.Count].data;
if (LeaderData.m_steamIDUser.m_SteamID != 0)
{
GameObject LeaderInfoObj = Instantiate(LeaderInfoPrefab, content);
if (!LeaderInfoObj) return;
RectTransform rectTransform = LeaderInfoObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
rectTransform.pivot = new Vector2(0, ListLeaders.Count + 1);
LeaderInfo leaderInfo = LeaderInfoObj.GetComponent<LeaderInfo>();
leaderInfo.setSteamID(LeaderData, LeaderData.m_nScore);
ListLeaders.Add(leaderInfo);
RectTransform RectContent = content.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
RectContent.sizeDelta = new Vector2(RectContent.sizeDelta.x, rectTransform.sizeDelta.y * ListLeaders.Count);
}
}
}
}
void ClearLiaderList()
{
if (ListLeaders != null)
{
foreach (LeaderInfo leaderInfo in ListLeaders)
{
if (leaderInfo && leaderInfo.gameObject)
{
Destroy(leaderInfo.gameObject);
}
}
ListLeaders.Clear();
}
}
public void restart()
{
LeaderTitleTime.SetStartTime(1, 0.1f, false);
LeaderTitleNameTime.SetStartTime(1.25f, 0.1f, false);
LeaderTitleScoreTime.SetStartTime(1.5f, 0.1f, false);
ClearLiaderList();
Debug.Log("Restart LeadersTab");
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20018 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | "use strict";
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
value: true
});
exports.androidCompass = void 0;
var androidCompass = {
"viewBox": "0 0 512 512",
"children": [{
"name": "path",
"attribs": {
"d": "M256,231.358c-13.442,0-24.643,11.2-24.643,24.642s11.2,24.643,24.643,24.643s24.643-11.2,24.643-24.643\r\n\tS269.442,231.358,256,231.358z M256,32C132.8,32,32,132.8,32,256s100.8,224,224,224s224-100.8,224-224S379.2,32,256,32z\r\n\t M305.284,305.284L121.6,390.4l85.116-183.679L390.4,121.6L305.284,305.284z"
},
"children": []
}]
};
exports.androidCompass = androidCompass; |
github_open_source_100_8_20019 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using Microsoft.Practices.Unity;
namespace LightRail.ServiceBus.Unity
{
public class UnityServiceLocator : IServiceLocator
{
public UnityServiceLocator()
{
this.container = new UnityContainer();
}
public UnityServiceLocator(IUnityContainer container)
{
this.container = container;
}
private readonly IUnityContainer container;
public void RegisterSingleton<T>(T instance)
where T : class
{
this.container.RegisterInstance<T>(instance, new ExternallyControlledLifetimeManager());
}
public T Resolve<T>()
{
return this.container.Resolve<T>();
}
public object Resolve(Type type)
{
return this.container.Resolve(type);
}
public IServiceLocator CreateNestedContainer()
{
return new UnityServiceLocator(container.CreateChildContainer());
}
public void Dispose()
{
container.Dispose();
}
}
}
|
US-98506007-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | The function of the latches 21′ of the second panel 2 with respect to the horizontal frame parts 8 can be the same as the function of the second latches 21 of the first panel 1 with respect to the horizontal frame parts 8, for example to provide a latching function and/or to seal horizontal slits extending between the upper and lower sides of the second panel 2 and those horizontal frame parts 8. As in the embodiment of FIGS. 3-4, for example, horizontal lateral sides of the second panel 2 can be provided with horizontal longitudinal grooves 28′ to receive the second latches 21′ when these latches 21′ are in the respective panel-releasing position. Preferably, these longitudinal horizontal grooves 28′ can be provided with latch receiving profiles 29′, for example a metal or steel profiles having a substantially U-shaped cross-sections, and having suitable dimensions to take in the second latches 21′ completely. These longitudinal groove 28′ and profiles 29′ can extend continuously along the whole lateral upper and lower sides of the second panel 2. For receiving the parts of the second latches 21′, that protrude vertically from the second panel 2 when the latches 21′ are in their latching positions, the frame members 8 can comprise elongated latching aperture (not shown as such, for clarity). The overall length of each of these latching apertures can be, for example, at least about the same as the length (measured in the horizontal direction X) of the upper and lower lateral sides of the second panel 2. Besides, as above, such horizontal latching apertures of the frame members 8, to receive the second panel latches 21′, can be reinforced with a suitable latching profiles, for example made of metal or steel, which profiles can have a substantially U-shaped horizontal cross-sections. Advantageously, again, such elongated latching apertures, or their optional vertical reinforcing profiles, can be provided with or at least be partly filled by a sealing material (not shown), for example a resilient material, foam material, a rubber strip, resilient plastic material or a different suitable sealant, to provide an improved sealing of horizontal gaps between the second panel 2 and the frame member 8 having the elongated latching aperture.
Also, in the present third embodiment, opposite end parts 22′, 32 of each of the latches 21A′, 21B′ the second panel 2 preferably have a solid configuration, and can be example metal or steel end parts 22′, 23.
Guiding means 27 a′, 27 b′ are provided to assist in guiding each latch 21A′, 21B′ of the second panel 2 towards the opposite latch receiving openings of the upper and lower frame member 8 (not shown). In the present embodiment, these guiding means 27 a′, 27 b′ are configured to guide the latches 21A′, 21B′ from first positions) wherein the latches 21A′, 21B′ are located within the second panel 2, towards second positions (see FIG. 5, 7) wherein these latches 21A′, 21B′ reach out of the second panel 2, in the horizontal direction X away from the first panel 1, and also in vertical directions Z. In the present embodiment, these guiding means 27 a′, 27 b′ are configured similar to the above-described guiding cams and guiding slits of the latching members 11, 21 of the first panel. For example, in the present embodiment, the end parts 22, 31 of these second panel latches 21A′, 21B′ include the guiding slits 27 b′. Preferably, the guiding slits 27 b′ of guiding means of the upper and lower second panel latches 21A′, 21B′ extend in substantially the same oblique directions as the guiding slits 27 b of the guiding means of the upper and lower first panel latches 21A, 21B, respectively, as in the drawing.
The two latches 21A′, 21B′ of the second panel 2 can cooperate with the outer end parts 12 of the first latches 11 of the first panel 1, to be pushed thereby from respective second-panel releasing positions to second-panel latching position (only the latter positions of the upper and lower latch 21A′, 2113′ of the second panel 2 are shown). Particularly, first end parts 32 of the second panel latches 21A′, 21B′ can be reached and pushed away from the first panel 1 by the outer end parts 12 of the first latches 11 a, 11 b, during operation, to operate the latches 21A′, 2113′ of the second panel 2. Also, the second panel 2 can be provided with spring means 39′ to counteract the outward movement of the respective latching members 21A′, 21B′, and to return these latching members 21A′, 21B′ to their second-panel releasing positions in the case that the outer end parts 12 of the first latches 11 a, 11 b of the first panel 1 are returned to their panel-releasing positions.
The embodiment of FIGS. 5-7 can provide an efficient latching of the two panels 1, 2, to each other as well as to an encompassing frame 8 (or similar structure). A good sealing of any gaps extending between the panels 1, 2 and the frame can be obtained as well, by the latches 11, 21, 21′. Also, only a single operating means 13 has to be provided to operate all the latches 11, 21, 21′ of the two panels. Besides, the present embodiment can provide a good fire resistance, wherein both panels 1, 2 can be firmly fixed to a respective frame 8, with each panel 1, 2 being held by preferably solid or sturdy latch parts 12, 22, 22′, 23 at its four corners, so that heat induced warping of the panels 1, 2 can be prevented. Also, in this case, further blocking profiles and/or isolating elements (for example anti-theft/burglar or anti-tampering profiles, and/or isolating strips) can be provided along the vertical lateral panel sides that do not comprise latches 11, 21, 21′ as such, as mentioned above. In that way, for example, the two panels 1,2 can be latched at 7 different lateral sides to an adjoining construction (for example of a building, machine, furniture or the-like).
FOURTH NON-LIMITING EMBODIMENT
FIGS. 8A, 8B are similar to FIGS. 1A and 1B and show a fourth embodiment, wherein only two first latches 11A, 11B are provided, to latch a first panel 101 and second panel 102 along opposite lateral (vertical) sides, and to latch both panels 101, 102 to upper and lower frame members 8 at the same time. The operation of the fourth embodiment follows the operation of the first above-described embodiment. In the fourth embodiment, the first latches 11A, 11B can be moved over a relatively long vertical distance D away from each other, for example a distance of at least 2 cm (see FIG. 8B). The upper and lower frame members 8 are provided with relatively deep apertures having steel latch receiving profiles 109 to firmly hold the end parts 12 of the two first latches. To accomplish the movement of the latches, an alternative operating mechanism 113 is provided that will be described below with reference to FIGS. 18-20. Particularly, the latching mechanism of the present fourth embodiment can provide espagnolet-type latching for each of the panels 1, 2 at the same time and can, in addition, substantially seal a vertical slit or gap extending between the panels.
OPERATING MECHANISM EMBODIMENTS
The operating means of the assembly according to the invention can be configured in various ways. A relatively durable, very compact and reliable embodiment is shown in FIGS. 1-2, parts of which embodiment are also shown in more detail in FIGS. 9-12. Particularly, the present embodiment can be made relatively compact measured in the transversal direction with respect to the latching members 11, which direction is perpendicular to a front and back surface of the panel 1 after assembly. According to this embodiment, the operating means 13 can comprise two cams 33 a, 33 b, each cam 33 a, 33 b being rotatable with respect to a rotation axis R (see FIG. 1B, 2B) between a first and second position (particularly including cam rotation over an angle of about 90°). First positions of the two cams 33 are shown in FIGS. 1A and 11, whereas the second positions are shown in FIGS. 2A, 10 and 12.
In the present embodiment, the operating means 30 are provided with a rotatable shaft 38, extending concentrically along the rotation axis R, wherein the two cams 33 a, 33 b of the operating means are rotationally fixed with respect to the shaft 38. In this embodiment, the shaft 38 can be rotated by manual operation of the operating member 30. For example, the cams 33 a, 33 b can be provided with cam apertures 49 to receive the shaft, the apertures having rotationally fixed relationships with respect to the rotational position of the shaft 38, for example via application of suitable locking shapes of the shaft 49 and cams apertures 49 (such as the square cross-sectional shapes of shaft and cam apertures as shown in the drawings).
In the present embodiment, each of these cams 33 a, 33 b is of a mirror-symmetrical configuration with respect to a centre line, and has an outer contour being substantially 8-shaped. Also, the two cams 33 a, 33 b have exactly the same shape and dimensions, in this embodiment.
Particularly, the outer contour of each cam 33 a, 33 b has a first circle section 34 a, 34 b, wherein a virtual centre C1, C1′ of each first circle section 34 a, 34 b is located eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis R (the first circle section is provided by a first cam part of the 8-shaped cam). Also, as follows from the drawing, the outer contour of each cam 33 a, 33 b comprises a second circle section 44 a, 44 b that is concentric with respect to the rotation axis R (the second circle section is provided by a second cam part of the 8-shaped cam, that is also provided with the cam aperture 49).
Also, after assembly, the virtual centres C1, C1′ of the first circle sections 34 a, 34 b of the outer contours of the two cams 33 a, 33 b are located off-line with respect to each other when viewed in a direction parallel to the rotation axis R. Particularly, the angle included by virtual lines extending between those centres C1, C1′ and the rotation axis R can be about 90°, as in the present embodiment (see FIG. 10-12), or in other words: longitudinal centre lines of the two cams 33 a, 33 b extend perpendicularly with respect to each other.
Also, for example, each of the 8-shaped cams 33 a, 33 b can be made of metal or steel plate material, or be cast or moulded into the desired shape. Preferably, each cam 33 a, 33 b is relatively thin, for example having a thickness T in the range of about 1-5 mm (see also FIG. 16A), such as a range of 2-3 mm, measured in the direction parallel to the rotation axis R.
Besides, there are provided two translatable cam followers 16 a, 16 b that are integrally, unmovable, fixed to the respective first latches 11 a, 11 b, via end parts 59 a, 59 b of the cam followers 16 a, 16 b.
In this embodiment, the cam followers 16 a, 16 b have respective cam receiving apertures 46 a, 46 b that fully enclose the respective cams 33 a, 33 b, viewed in a longitudinal cross-section (and also viewed in front view, as in FIGS. 11 and 12), after assembly. These apertures 46 a, 46 b are preferably configured to snugly hold the respective 8-shaped cams 33 a, 33 b in the longitudinal direction of the 8, and such that each 8-shaped cam 33 a, 33 b can still rotate in the aperture 46 between the first and second position (see FIGS. 11 and 12). Each aperture 46 of each cam followers 16 a, 16 b also has mirror-symmetry, and both apertures 46 and have exactly the same shape and dimensions. However, after assembly, the orientations of the apertures 46 of both cam followers 16 a, 16 b have a substantially 90° rotational shift with respect to each other, viewed in front view (see FIGS. 10-12).
The cam followers 16 a, 16 b can also, for example, be made of metal or steel plate material, or be cast or moulded into the desired shape. Preferably, parts of each cam follower 16 a, 16 b that abut the cam receiving apertures 46 a, 46 b are relatively thin, for example having a thickness in the range of about 1-5 mm, such as a range of 2-3 mm, measured in the direction parallel to the rotation axis R. For example, the thickness of the part of each cam follower 16 a, 16 b that abut the respective cam receiving aperture 46 a, 46 b can be the same as the thickness of the respective cam 33 a, 33 b, to be received in that aperture 46 a, 46 b.
Particularly, the aperture 46 a, 46 b of each cam follower 16 a, 16 b has an inner contour with a first circle section 54 that rotatably receives, and particularly slidingly abuts, the first circle section 34 a, 34 b of the outer contour of the respective cam 33 a, 33 b, to move the first latches 11 between the releasing and latching position upon rotation of the first cams 33 a, 33 b between theirs first and second positions, respectively.
Moreover, the inner contour of the aperture 46 of each translatable cam follower 16 has a second circle section 55 which is configured to be guided along the second circle section 44 a, 44 b of the outer contour of the respective cam 33 a, 33 b upon rotation of the cam 33 a, 33 b. Also, a virtual centre C2 of the second circle section of the inner contour of the aperture 46 of each translatable cam follower 16 coincides with the virtual centre C1, C1′ of the first circle section 34 a of the outer contour of the respective cam 33 a, 33 b.
Besides, in the present embodiment, each cam follower acts as a stop, to limit maximum movement of the respective 8-shaped cam 33 between the respective first and second cam position (see the drawing). To this aim, the inner contour of each cam receiving aperture 46 a, 46 b has a first circle section stop face 57 a, 57 b, to stop the respective cam 33 a, 33 b in its first position, and a second circle section stop face 58 a, 58 b, to stop the cam in its second position (see FIGS. 10 and 12). Thus, the contour of each cam receiving aperture 46 is provided with the first inner contour 54, two opposite stop faces 57, 58, and the second inner contour 55 extending opposite the first inner contour 54, the second inner contour 55 guiding the cam 33 between the stop faces 57, 58 over an angle of 90°.
During operation, the operating shaft 38 can be rotated, leading to rotation of the two cams 33. For example, FIGS. 1A, 1B and 11 show a starting position, where the latches 11 are in the panel-releasing positions and the end parts 59 a, 59 b of the cam followers 16 a, 16 b are located near one another. In this case, the cams 33 a, 33 b are in their first positions and abut the first respective stop sections 57 a, 57 b of the cam follower apertures 46 a, 46 b.
By rotating the shaft 38 (in clockwise-direction in the views of FIGS. 1, 11), the cam 33 rotate (in the same direction. The cams 33 and cam followers 16 cooperate with each other, leading to moving of the end parts 59 a, 59 b of the followers away from each other as well as out of the panel 1, in the horizontal direction X, providing the movement of the latching members 11 towards their latching positions (see FIGS. 2, 12). Particularly, each cam 33 a, 33 b rotates to its second position within the respective aperture 46 of the respective cam follower 16, towards the second stop section 58 a, 58 b. Therein, the eccentric part of the cam 33—that abuts the first circle section 54 of the cam follower aperture 46—forces the cam follower 16 outwardly. Herein, the second circle section 55 of the cam follower aperture 46 slides along the respective cam 33, in substantially abutting relation with respect to each other. By rotating the shaft 38 in reverse direction, the cams 33 can be returned to their first positions and the latches 11 can be retracted into the panel 1.
During operation, at each position of the cam 33 with respect to the cam follower 16, relatively large circle sections of the opposite surfaces of the cam and cam follower remain in contact with each other, allowing relatively high loading of these components and providing improved durability. Moreover, as is mentioned above, the present mechanical operating mechanism can be made relatively compact and of a relatively small number components.
FIGS. 13-16 show an alternative embodiment of the operating mechanism, that is also applied in the above assembly embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-7. The embodiment of FIGS. 13-16 differs from the embodiment of FIGS. 9-12 in that the operating mechanism comprises an intermediate cam plate 233, that has been integrally provided with the two cams 33 a, 33 b. In this case, the two cams 33 a, 33 b extend from a opposite sides of the cam plate 233, parallel to and eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis R. FIGS. 16A, 16B, 16C, 16D, 16E and 16F shown the cam plate 233 in perspective view, a first side view, a top view, a front view, a second side view and a back view, respectively. The operation of the embodiment of FIGS. 13-16 is essentially the same as that of the FIG. 9-12 embodiment, wherein two cam followers 16 can slide along opposite sides of parts of the intermediate cam plate 233, and can cooperate with the cam parts 33 a, 33 b of the cam plate 233. For example, the cam plate 233 as such can have substantially the same thickness K (see FIG. 16A) as thicknesses T of the cam parts 33 a, 33 b (suitable thicknesses K, T are mentioned above, and can be for example about 1-5 mm, particularly about 2-3 mm). The intermediate cam plate 233 can also be used as part of a locking mechanism, as will be described below (see FIGS. 21-24).
FIGS. 17-20 depict another embodiment 113 of part of an operating mechanism, that is applied for example in the assembly embodiment of FIGS. 8A, 8B. The embodiment is substantially the same as the embodiment of FIGS. 13-16, with a first difference in that the intermediate cam plate 333 comprises first—eccentric—cam parts 133 a, 133 b that are separate from concentric second cam parts 133 a′, 133 b′. FIGS. 20A and 20F show perspective views of the alternative intermediate cam plate 383, and FIGS. 20B, 20C, 20D and 20E show respectively a top view, side view, bottom view and top view of the cam plate 333. The cam plate 333 comprises two first cam parts 133 a, 133 b, and two separate second cam parts 133 a′, 113 b′. The second cam parts 133 a′, 133 b′ are cylindrical cam parts, protruding from opposite surfaces of the plate 333 and having the aperture 149 to receive the operating shaft 38 (as in FIG. 9). In the present embodiment, the respective first cam parts 133 a, 133 b are also cylindrical cam parts, protruding from opposite surfaces of the plate 333, and being located eccentrically with respect to the virtual rotation axis R extending through the second cam parts 133 a′, 133 b′ (see FIG. 20). Particularly, the angle φ included by virtual lines extending between centres of the first cam parts 133 a, 133 b on one hand and the rotation axis R on the other hand is larger than 90° in the present embodiment (see FIG. 20D).
Also, the present embodiment comprises respective cam followers 116 a, 116 b, each having a first aperture 146 a, 146 b to receive a respective first cam part 133 a 133 b, and a second aperture 146 a′, 146 b′ to receive and guide a respective second cam part 133 a′, 133 b′. The first and second apertures of each cam follower are also separate, i.e. spaced-apart, from each other. Each cam follower 116 a, 116 b is pivotally coupled to the intermediate cam plate 333 via the respective first cam parts 133 a, 133 b and first apertures 146 a, 146 b. Each second cam aperture 146 a′, 146 b′ is shaped to guide the respective second cylindrical cam part 183 a′, 133 b′ of the cam plate 333 from a first position—wherein the respective cam part 133 a′, 133 b′ is located against a first stop section 157 a, 157 b to a second position—wherein the cam part 133 a′, 133 b′ is located against a second stop section 158 a, 158 b. The second apertures 146 a′, 146 b′ (that are partly open at one side, in the present embodiment) are shaped such, particularly concerning the arrangement of the stop faces 157, 158 thereof, that the cam followers 116 can rotate over about 90° with respect to the cam plate 333 during operation, which also leads to limiting the rotation of the operating shaft 58 to about 90°, Also, a major part of each second cam receiving aperture 146 a′, 146 b′ has substantially the shape of a circle section, viewed in front view, to guide the respective second cam part along part of a circular path, the centre of the path coinciding with the centre of the respective first cam aperture 146 a, 146 b.
As in the above embodiments, the cam parts 133 and cam followers 116 can be made relatively compact, measured in parallel with the rotation axis R. The operation of the embodiment of FIGS. 17-20 is substantially the same as that of the FIG. 13-16 embodiment, wherein the present embodiment can provide a longer stroke compared to the embodiment of FIG. 13-16, so that the first latches 11 a, 11 b can be moved over relatively long vertical distances during operation. Besides, the present embodiment provides a high durability, and compactness.
FIGS. 21-24 show a further embodiment of the operating means, including a lock to lock the operating means when the at least one first latch 11 has been brought to a latching position. For example, the embodiment of FIGS. 21-24 can be used in combination of any of the embodiments of FIGS. 1-20. In the following, the FIGS. 3-7/FIG. 13-16 embodiment of the operating means will be used as an example.
For example, in an embodiment, the locking means can be configured to hold and block the cams 33 of the operating means in their second positions. In the embodiment of FIGS. 21-24, the housing comprises a lock opening 91 to receive a cylinder lock 90 (see FIG. 24) operable by a key (not shown). The cylinder lock 90 is of a generally known type, and comprises a lock member (lock pawl) 92 that can be moved particularly rotated) from an unlocking position (not shown) to the locking position that is shown in FIG. 24, by rotating a rotor part of the lock with the respective key. In the present embodiment, a plate-like blocking member 80 is provided, to cooperate with the lock 90 and intermediate cam plate 233 of the cams 33, to block the cam plate 233.
FIG. 21 shows a first step, in which case the lock (not depicted) is in a unlocking position and the blocking plate 80 is in an unblocking position. In that case, the intermediate cam plate 233 can be freely operated, for example by the above-mentioned operating member 30 and shaft 38, to actuate the first latches 11. In FIG. 21, the intermediate cam plate 233 is in a first position with the cams 33 a, 33 b in their first positions, so that the first latches 11 are retracted into the panel 1 as in FIG. 3A. Also, a rectangular stop part 89 protruding from a side of the blocking plate 80 and one of the cam followers 16 b are moved away from each other, in this case (as in FIG. 5).
FIG. 22 shows a second step, in which case the intermediate cam plate 233 has been moved to a second position with the cams 33 a, 33 b in their second positions, so that the latches 11 will be reach partly out of the panel 1, as in FIG. 3B.
In particular, the blocking plate 80 is pivotally coupled to a pivot axis 84, extending in parallel with a rotation axis of the intermediate cam plate 233. After assembly, the lock 90 extends through an aperture of the blocking plate 80, such that the lock member 92 can cooperate with a concave inner edge 80 a of the blocking plate 80 to shift that plate 80 to a blocking and unblocking position, in case of operation of the lock 90. The blocking plate 280 comprises a blocking cam 81 for cooperation with the intermediate cam plate 233, and a first blocking notch 82 for cooperation with a fixed blocking part 88 of the housing H. Also, the blocking plate comprises a second blocking notch 83, located near the first blocking notch 82, for cooperation with the lock pawl 92.
The intermediate cam plate 283 of the present embodiment is provided with an outer notch 285 that is moved away from the first blocking cam 81 of the blocking plate 280 when the cam plate 233 is in its first position, as in FIG. 21. The outer notch 285 of the cam plate 233 is located opposite the first blocking cam 81 of the blocking plate 280 when the cam plate 233 is in its second position, as in FIG. 22. In that case, the lock 90 can be operated, by moving the lock pawl along the inner edge 80 a of the blocking plate 80 to shift that plate 80 to the blocking position as shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. The movement of the pawl is indicated by arrows Q in FIGS. 22 and 23. When the blocking plate 80 is in its blocking position, the blocking cam 81 is held against the notch 285 of the cam plate, so that rotation of the cam plate 233 is prevented. Besides, the lock pawl 92 is held in the second notch of the blocking plate 80 whereas the first notch of the blocking plate has received the fixed blocking part 88 of the housing H, such that movement of the blocking plate 80 is prevented, and the intermediate cam plate 233 is blocked. Also, preferably, the rectangular stop part 89 of the blocking plate 80 abuts a lateral (vertical) side of one of the cam followers 16 b, as in FIG. 5, to cooperate therewith when the blocking plate 80 is in its blocking position. In this way, forces applied to cam plate 233 for unauthorised/undesired returning the latches 11 to release positions are at least partly transmitted to the blocked blocking plate 80, via the cooperation of the stop part 89 and cam follower 16 b, abutting each other in the horizontal direction X.
The cam plate 233 can be released by returning the lock pawl 92 in opposite direction, via operation of the lock 90, so that the blocking plate 80 can be returned to the initial position shown in FIGS. 21-22.
It is self-evident that the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described. Various modifications are possible within the framework of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
It is to be understood that in the present application, the term “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps. Also, each of the terms “a” and “an” does not exclude a plurality. Any reference sign(s) in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.
As follows from the above embodiments, the assembly can be of a modular type, wherein various components can be assembled or added to the assembly at desired assembly times.
For example, each panel 1 can be designed in different manners and comprise, for instance, a horizontal sliding panel, vertical sliding panel, push panel, swinging panel, swivelling panel, pivot panel, saloon panel, revolving panel, overhead panel, machine doors, emergency exit doors, or the like. The panel can be manufactured from various materials, for example wood, steel of metal and be built up from, for instance, various elements and/or profiles. Besides, the panel 1, or part thereof, can be made of plastic. The same holds for a respective frame 8 or other construction, that abuts the panel or enclosed a respective passageway. Particularly, the present invention can be applied in a simple manner to wooden panels, for example in panels (and frames) that are already assembled and/or mounted in a building or of furniture. Also, the present invention is particularly advantageous to be implemented in double doors and/or fire exits, since various latches can be operated with a single operating means (for example via one manually operating member 30 or the operating shaft 38, or electrically using a motor to rotate the operating shaft 38).
Also, for example, in each embodiment, the operating means can also comprise a housing H (see FIGS. 3A and 20), that can be mounted into the panel 1 to hold parts of the operating means, For example, the housing can be connected to a mentioned first latch receiving profile 19 of the assembly, at a suitable position. The housing H, that can be made for example of a suitable metal, alloy or steel, can comprise suitable apertures to receive parts of the operating means, operating shaft 38 and lock means, and to provide passageways to the cam followers 16.
1. An assembly comprising a moveable panel, for example a swinging door or window, and a latching mechanism for latching the panel to at least one nearby element in case the panel is in a first, particularly closed, position, the latching mechanism being provided with at least one first latch and with operating means for moving the latch out of a first lateral side of the panel from a panel-releasing position to a panel-latching position and vice-versa, characterized in that the at least one first latch is dimensioned such that it extends along substantially the entire first lateral side of the panel.
2. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first lateral side of the panel is provided with at least one longitudinal groove which receives the at least one first latch when that latch is in the respective panel-releasing position, wherein said groove is preferably provided with a latch receiving profile.
3. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the latching mechanism comprises guiding means to guide each first latch from a panel-releasing position to a panel-latching position and vice-versa, wherein the guiding means are preferably configured to guide an end part of each first latch towards a latching position wherein the end part of the latch reaches away from the panel in a first direction (X) that is perpendicular to the first lateral side of the panel and also in a second direction (Z) that is parallel to the first lateral side of the panel.
4. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein two first latches are provided, the two latches being aligned with respect to each other, and being moveable over a certain distance away from each other, in a direction (Z) parallel to the first lateral side of the panel, by the operating means when these latches are moved to the latching positions, wherein the overall length of the two first latches is preferably equal to the length of the first lateral side of the panel.
5. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the latching mechanism comprises at least one second latch that is moveable from a panel-releasing position to a panel-latching position and vice-versa, wherein the at least one second latch extends along a second lateral side of the panel, wherein the at least one first latch and the at least one second latch cooperate to move the at least second latch upon movement of the at least first latch.
6. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the operating means comprises: at least one cam being rotatable with respect to a rotation axis (R) between a first and second position, wherein the cam has an outer contour that has a first circle section, a virtual centre (C1) of the first circle section being located eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis (R); and at least one translatable cam follower which is connected to a respective first latch, wherein the cam follower comprises an aperture having an inner contour with a first circle section that rotatably receives the first circle section of the outer contour of cam, to move the latch between the releasing and latching position upon rotation of the first cam between the first and second position respectively.
7. The assembly according to claim 15, comprising two cams and two respective cam followers to operate the two first latches, wherein the operating means preferably comprises an intermediate cam plate being rotatable with respect to the rotation axis (R), the two cams extending from a opposite sides of the cam plate, parallel to and eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis (R), and parts of the cam followers being in slidable contact with the opposite sides of the intermediate cam plate, wherein more preferably centres (C1) of the first circle sections of the outer contours of the cams are located off-line with respect to each other when viewed in a direction parallel to the rotation axis (R).
8. The assembly according to claim 6, wherein the outer contour of the cam comprises a second circle section that is concentric with respect to the rotation axis (R), wherein the inner contour of the aperture of the translatable cam follower has a second circle section which is configured to be guided along the second circle section of the outer contour of cam upon rotation of the cam, wherein preferably a virtual centre (C2) of the second circle section of the inner contour of the aperture of the translatable cam follower coincides with the virtual centre (C1) of the first circle section of the outer contour of the cam, wherein more preferably each cam has an outer contour being substantially 8-shaped and the aperture of the cam follower is configured to snugly hold the 8-shaped cam in a longitudinal direction of the 8 such that the 8-shaped cam can still rotate in the aperture.
9. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the operating means comprises: at least a first cam part that is rotatable with respect to a rotation axis (R), and extends parallel to and eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis (R); a respective second cam part having an outer second circle section that is concentric with respect to the rotation axis (R); at least one cam follower which is connected to a respective first latch, wherein the cam follower comprises a first aperture part that rotatably receives the first cam part wherein the cam follower also comprises a second aperture part having an inner circle section which is configured to be guided along the circle section of the outer contour of the respective second cam part, wherein preferably a major part of each second aperture part of the cam follower has substantially the shape of a circle section, viewed in front view, to guide the respective second cam part along part of a circular path.
10. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the mentioned at least one nearby element comprises a latching aperture to receive the at least one first latch when that latch is in the latching position and the first panel is in its first position, wherein the at least one nearby element comprises one or both of: a frame or framework, or part thereof; and a second moveable panel arranged with a lateral side opposite the first lateral side of the first moveable panel when the panels are in respective first positions.
11. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein two first latches are provided, the two latches at least partly overlapping each other when viewed in a direction perpendicular to said first lateral panel side, wherein the two first latches are moveable in opposite directions with respect to each other as well as out of the first lateral side of the panel, towards their panel latching positions.
12. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein each latch comprises an elongated metal or steel bar, particularly having a length of about half the length of a respective lateral side of the panel or more, preferably having a width measured perpendicularly to a respective lateral side of the panel of at least 2 cm, and preferably having a thickness of at least 5 mm.
13. A latching mechanism comprising means for latching a panel to at least one nearby element in case the panel is in a first, particularly closed, position, the latching mechanism being provided with at least one first latch and with operating means for moving the latch out of a first lateral side of the panel from a panel-releasing position to a panel-latching position and vice-versa, characterized in that the at least one first latch is dimensioned such that it extends along substantially the entire first lateral side of the panel.
14. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein: the latching mechanism comprises guiding means to guide each first latch from a panel-releasing position to a panel-latching position and vice-versa, wherein the guiding means are preferably configured to guide an end part of each first latch towards a latching position wherein the end part of the latch reaches away from the panel in a first direction (X) that is perpendicular to the first lateral side of the panel and also in a second direction (Z) that is parallel to the first lateral side of the panel; two first latches are provided, the two latches being aligned with respect to each other, and being moveable over a certain distance away from each other, in a direction (Z) parallel to the first lateral side of the panel, by the operating means when these latches are moved to the latching positions, wherein the overall length of the two first latches is preferably equal to the length of the first lateral side of the panel; the latching mechanism comprises at least one second latch that is moveable from a panel-releasing position to a panel-latching position and vice-versa, wherein the at least one second latch extends along a second lateral side of the panel, wherein the at least one first latch and the at least one second latch cooperate to move the at least second latch upon movement of the at least first latch; the operating means comprises: at least one cam being rotatable with respect to a rotation axis (R) between a first and second position, wherein the cam has an outer contour that has a first circle section, a virtual centre (C1) of the first circle section being located eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis (R); and at least one translatable cam follower which is connected to a respective first latch, wherein the cam follower comprises an aperture having an inner contour with a first circle section that rotatably receives the first circle section of the outer contour of cam, to move the latch between the releasing and latching position upon rotation of the first cam between the first and second position respectively.
15. An assembly according to claim 5, wherein the operating means comprises: at least one cam being rotatable with respect to a rotation axis (R) between a first and second position, wherein the cam has an outer contour that has a first circle section, a virtual centre (C1) of the first circle section being located eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis (R); and at least one translatable cam follower which is connected to a respective first latch, wherein the cam follower comprises an aperture having an inner contour with a first circle section that rotatably receives the first circle section of the outer contour of cam, to move the latch between the releasing and latching position upon rotation of the first cam between the first and second position respectively.
16. The assembly according to claim 7, wherein the outer contour of the cam comprises a second circle section that is concentric with respect to the rotation axis (R), wherein the inner contour of the aperture of the translatable cam follower has a second circle section which is configured to be guided along the second circle section of the outer contour of cam upon rotation of the cam, wherein preferably a virtual centre (C2) of the second circle section of the inner contour of the aperture of the translatable cam follower coincides with the virtual centre (C1) of the first circle section of the outer contour of the cam, wherein more preferably each cam has an outer contour being substantially 8-shaped and the aperture of the cam follower is configured to snugly hold the 8-shaped cam in a longitudinal direction of the 8 such that the 8-shaped cam can still rotate in the aperture.
17. An assembly according to claim 14, wherein: the operating means comprises: at least a first cam part that is rotatable with respect to a rotation axis (R), and extends parallel to and eccentrically with respect to the rotation axis (R); a respective second cam part having an outer second circle section that is concentric with respect to the rotation axis (R); at least one cam follower which is connected to a respective first latch, wherein the cam follower comprises a first aperture part that rotatably receives the first cam part, wherein the cam follower also comprises a second aperture part having an inner circle section which is configured to be guided along the circle section of the outer contour of the respective second cam part, wherein preferably a major part of each second aperture part of the cam follower has substantially the shape of a circle section, viewed in front view, to guide the respective second cam part along part of a circular path; the mentioned at least one nearby element comprises a latching aperture to receive the at least one first latch when that latch is in the latching position and the first panel is in its first position, wherein the at least one nearby element comprises one or both of: a frame or framework, or part thereof; and a second moveable panel arranged with a lateral side opposite the first lateral side of the first moveable panel when the panels are in respective first positions; and wherein two first latches are provided, the two latches at least partly overlapping each other when viewed in a direction perpendicular to said first lateral panel side, wherein the two first latches are moveable in opposite directions with respect to each other as well as out of the first lateral side of the panel, towards their panel latching positions; each latch comprises an elongated metal or steel bar, particularly having a length of about half the length of a respective lateral side of the panel or more, preferably having a width measured perpendicularly to a respective lateral side of the panel of at least 2 cm, and preferably having a thickness of at least 5 mm..
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github_open_source_100_8_20020 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | from datetime import date
from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
from info_birthdays.models import Birthday
class Command(BaseCommand):
args = ''
help = 'Imports <name>[, nickname] <birthday> formatted birthdays from file'
def handle(self, *args, **options):
f = open(args[0])
for line in f:
line = line.strip()
line = line.rsplit(" ", 1)
if len(line) != 2:
continue
name = line[0].split(",")
full_name = name[0].strip()
if len(name) == 2:
nickname = name[1].strip()
else:
nickname = None
birthday = line[1]
exists = Birthday.objects.filter(name=full_name).count()
if exists > 0:
print full_name, "already exists. Skipping"
continue
birthday = birthday.split(".")
day = int(birthday[0])
month = int(birthday[1])
if len(birthday[2]) == 0:
year = 1970
valid_year = False
else:
valid_year = True
year = int(birthday[2])
birthday = date(year, month, day)
print full_name, nickname, birthday
a = Birthday(name=full_name, nickname=nickname,
birthday=birthday, valid_year=valid_year)
a.save()
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github_open_source_100_8_20021 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.exadel.aem.toolkit.core.maven;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.exadel.aem.toolkit.TestComponentWithRichTextAndExternalClasses;
import com.exadel.aem.toolkit.TestComponentWithTabsAndInnerClass;
import com.exadel.aem.toolkit.TestFeedVideoImage;
import com.exadel.aem.toolkit.TestSampleComponent;
public class DialogsTest extends ComponentTestBase {
@Test
public void testComponentWithRichTextAndExternalClasses() {
testComponent(TestComponentWithRichTextAndExternalClasses.class);
}
@Test
public void testDialogWithTabsAndInnerClass() {
testComponent(TestComponentWithTabsAndInnerClass.class);
}
@Test
public void testFeedVideoImageDialog() {
testComponent(TestFeedVideoImage.class);
}
@Test
public void testSampleComponent() {
testComponent(TestSampleComponent.class);
}
}
|
52/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr-tel-02140436-document.txt_20 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | Ensuite, nous étudierons les organisations espagnoles et italiennes s'inscrivant dans des Etats dits régionalisés, c'est-à-dire laissant, constitutionnellement, une large marge de manoeuvre politique et juridique aux institutions en charge de l'échelon infra-étatique, donc, régional. (§2) Enfin, nous évoquerons la situation de pays ayant fait le choix d'une forme d'organisation fédérale. Il s'agira de l'Allemagne et du Canada, et tout particulièrement celle de la Province de Québec. (§3) §1. Décentralisation et santé dans les Etats unitaires : le cas des pays scandinaves 671. Malgré quelques différences, sur le plan constitutionnel comme en termes d'organisation de leur système de santé, les pays scandinaves présentent de nombreux points communs. Après avoir présenté l'organisation territoriale de chacun des pays étudiés (A), nous aborderons la manière dont est organisé leur système de santé (B). A. L'organisation territoriale 672. En dépit de certaines différences que nous aborderons dans cette partie, les pays scandinaves présentent une architecture institutionnelle relativement identique. Tous sont organisés sous une forme unitaire, qui laisse une grande place à la décentralisation. Nous observerons successivement l'organisation territoriale de la Suède (1), de la Finlande (2), du Danemark (3), puis de la Norvège (4). 411 1. L'organisation territoriale suédoise 673. Monarchie constitutionnelle depuis 1772, la Suède contemporaine est une monarchie parlementaire unitaire dont l'organisation est régie par une Constitution adoptée en 19751530. La Suède dispose de deux échelons de collectivités territoriales élues : les Comtés et les Communes. Les Comtés, ou Iän, sont au nombre de vingt-et-un. Dix-huit1531 sont dirigés par un Landstinget, assemblée locale élue au suffrage universel direct, et deux ont accédé au statut de Région , possédant à ce titre un regionalt självstyrelseorgan, organisme de gouvernement régional. Comme en France, l'Etat suédois dispose d'un représentant à l'échelle du Comté : le Landshövding, sorte de préfet. A la différence des autres pays nordiques, la Finlande présente la particularité d'être constituée en République1533. Comme les autres Etats scandinaves, la Finlande possède un caractère unitaire. Il s'agit également du pays scandinave ayant mené le plus loin son intégration à l'Union européenne, puisqu'il fait partie de la zone euro. Parallèlement aux autres pays observés dans cette partie, la Finlande présente une forme décentralisée, s'appuyant sur un découpage territorial à deux niveaux principaux. La 1530 Regeringsformen, 1974. Source : http://www.riksdagen.se/en/documents-and-laws/ Consulté le 12/06/2018 1531 Le Comté de Gotland est composé d'une seule Commune regroupant les attributions des deux niveaux territoriaux. 1532 Il s'agit des Comtés de Västra Götaland et Skåne. Il s'agit d'une expérimentation consistant à octroyer au Comté les fonctions assurées par la représentation de l'Etat central au sein du Comté, ainsi que certaines compétences incombant normalement au parlement suédois. Il est à noter que la Suède réfléchit actuellement à réorganiser cet échelon, en opérant la concentration des comtés actuels au sein de six à huit grandes Régions répondant plus au découpage européen.
1533 Finlands grundlag, 731/1999. Source : http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/fr19990731 Consulté le 10/12/2017
décentralisation est d'ailleurs une composante forte de l'organisation politique finlandaise, bien ancrée dans les traditions locales. Au niveau régional, la Finlande compte depuis 1997 dix-neuf Maakunta élues au suffrage universel indirect par les élus communaux. Elles ont ainsi un statut relativement hybride, entre la collectivité territoriale de plein exercice et l'EPCI. Il est à noter qu'outre cet échelon régional, les Communes sont regroupées dans des sous-régions, ou sing. 3. L'organisation territoriale danoise 675. La Communauté du Royaume de Danemark est une monarchie constitutionnelle unitaire, présentant la particularité d'être constituée de trois pays, le Danemark continental, auquel s'ajoutent le Groenland et les Iles Féroé, ayant le statut de pays et territoire d'Outremer1534. Le Danemark continental1535 est subdivisé en deux niveaux de collectivités territoriales, sises aux niveaux régional et communal. Depuis 2007, le Danemark s'est engagé dans un processus de régionalisation, prenant la forme, comme en France avec la loi NOTRe, d'un regroupement des 13 Amter1536, en cinq Régions. Ces cinq Régioner ont un fonctionnement et un mode de désignation relativement similaires aux Régions françaises. Elles sont administrées par un Conseil régional élu au suffrage universel et élisant en son sein un exécutif régional dirigé par un Regionsrâdsformand1537. Elles disposent d'un budget propre mais n'ont pas de pouvoir législatif, et ne peuvent pas créer et lever d'impôts propres. Comme en France, la région est également un échelon administratif déconcentré de l'Etat, doté d'une représentation dépendante de l'exécutif central.
Danmark Riges Grundlov, Lov nr 169 af /06/1953 – Gaeldende Source : https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=45902 Consulté le
1535 Dont il sera par la suite fait référence par « le Danemark ». 1536 Ancienne dénomination des Régions danoises. 1537 Président de Région. La Norvège présente une structuration étatique assez semblable à la Suède. Il s'agit d'une monarchie parlementaire unitaire1538. Les Norvégiens présentent la singularité d'avoir toujours refusé de s'intégrer à la construction européenne. Encore aujourd'hui, c'est le seul pays scandinave à ne pas être membre de l'Union européenne. De forme décentralisée, la Norvège présente deux niveaux de collectivités territoriales : le Comté et la Commune. Les dix-neuf Fylker, ou Comtés, norvégiens disposent d'une assemblée élue tous les quatre ans au suffrage universel direct. Il est à noter que la Norvège est également découpée en cinq landsdeler, ou régions, subdivisions administratives ne présentant pas de représentations élues.
B. L'organisation des systèmes de santé 677.
Les pays scandinaves sont organisés selon des principes relativement semblables. Ils sont basés sur des systèmes nationaux de santé, de type beveridgiens, fondés sur l'universalisme de prestations financées par l'impôt et longtemps demeurées principalement publiques. L'offre de soins est principalement publique, tout comme le financement du système, qui repose, par ailleurs, pour une bonne part, sur une gestion décentralisée, confiée aux collectivités territoriales : « il s'agit de modèles fonctionnant selon le principe de subsidiarité, l'intervention de l'État central étant limitée à certains domaines spécifiques »1539. Nous verrons désormais la manière concrète dont l'organisation a été pensée dans chacun des pays. Nous évoquerons, là encore, successivement, les systèmes suédois (1), finlandais (2), danois (3), puis norvégien (4).
1538 Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov, LOV-1814-05-17. Source : http://www.wipo.int/ 1539 CHAMBARETAUD Sandrine, LEQUET-SLAMA Diane, « Les systèmes de santé danois, suédois et finlandais, décentralisation, réformes et accès aux soins », Drees, Etudes et résultats, n°214, 2003, p. 2. 414 1. L'organisation du système de santé suédois 678. En Suède, l'administration du système de santé, et les décisions y présidant, sont partagées entre le Gouvernement central, les Comtés, et les Communes. La culture politique suédoise, fondée sur le consensus et une importante horizontalité des rapports entre décideurs publics, a conduit à développer des processus spécifiques permettant de conduire à un consensus. Ainsi, aujourd'hui, les décisions fondamentales présidant à la réforme du système de santé, sont au préalable négociées entre le Gouvernement central et le Salar1540, association suédoise représentant l'intégralité des Comtés et Communes. Depuis les années 1980, la Suède a également engagé un processus de décentralisation, marqué par une forte régionalisation de son système de santé, visant à faire des Comtés l'acteur central de l'administration du système. Les Comtés sont, depuis, 19821541 chargés de l'organisation et de la gestion de l'offre de soins, et sont les principaux financeurs du système. Ceci est facilité par la possibilité pour les collectivités territoriales suédoises de lever l'impôt. Les ressources fiscales représentaient en 2003 85% de leurs budgets, le gouvernement central n'y contribuant que par des subventions couvrant, selon les Comtés, 8 à 11% des dépenses, en fonction de leurs besoins1542. Les Communes continuent toutefois de jouer un rôle important dans le domaine médico-social et la santé publique. A partir de la fin des années 1990, le système suédois va cependant légèrement s'infléchir, en confiant une place un peu plus importante à l'échelon central. Celui-ci sera alors à l'origine de décisions contraignantes pour les Comtés. Cela va se matérialiser par l'arrêt, au niveau national, de priorités de santé publique. En 2005, face aux difficultés liées aux importantes d'attente, une garantie nationale visant à instaurer un délai maximum de prise en charge des patients va également être mise en place. Afin de lutter contre les délais de prise en charge trop importants, les Suédois ont également le choix, depuis 2005, entre les centres de santé publics et les cabinets privés, qui se sont 1540 Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. Acte fondamental sur la santé de 1982, cité par CHAMBARETAUD Sandrine, LEQUET-SLAMA Diane, op.cit. 1542 Source : CHAMBARETAUD Sandrine, LEQUET-SLAMA Diane, op.cit. 1541 415 conséquemment considérablement développés. En 2012, 20 à 25% des centres de santé1543 étaient détenus par le secteur privé, même s'ils conventionnent en général avec les Comtés afin de maintenir une tarification identique à celui du secteur public. 679. La Suède maintenait jusqu'en 2010 le coût de son système de santé à hauteur de 8,5% de son PIB, et, à la différence de nombre de pays, les difficultés financières n'ont pas été, jusque très récemment, un vecteur important de réforme du système. Celui-ci se situe en 2017 à 11% du PIB1544, pour des résultats très satisfaisants. La Suède a terminé à la quatrième place du classement publié en 2017 par la revue The Lancet1545, et présentait en 2015 une espérance de vie de 84,1 années pour les femmes et de 80,5 années pour les hommes1546.
1543 Source : http://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2014/06/19/le-paradis-suedois-un-modele-asuivre_4441255_4415198.html#5QHeA4y8hsKiBYK3.99 Consulté le 15/12/2017 1544 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA&lang=fr Consulté le 13/12/2017
1545 Note de 90. Ce classement est le résultat d'une étude comparative, réalisée entre 1990 et 2015, entre les systèmes de santé de cent quatre-vingt-quinze pays. Elle se fonde sur un indicateur mesurant l'accessibilité et la qualité des soins. La France occupe la quinzième place, avec une note de 88. Source: The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/action/showFullTextImages?pii=S0140-6736%2817%2930818-8 Consulté le 13/12/2017 1546 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?
DataSetCode
=
HEALTH_STAT
&
lang=fr
Consulté
le
13/12/2017 416 La Finlande présente une décentralisation de son système de santé plus forte que la plupart des autres pays, mais ce sont ici les Communes qui occupent une place de premier plan. C'est en effet à elles qu'il appartient d'organiser et de financer le système de santé. Leur rôle s'est d'ailleurs vu considérablement renforcé depuis le début des années 1990. Si le Gouvernement avait jusqu'alors gardé la maîtrise sur la contractualisation et la définition des coûts des prestations avec les offreurs de service, cela n'est désormais plus le cas. Les Communes jouissent ainsi d'une grande liberté dans l'organisation, la régulation, et le financement de l'offre de soins, dont elles sont responsables. L'offre est encore aujourd'hui essentiellement publique1547, et financée par l'impôt levé par les Communes et par des transferts de fonds de l'échelon central. En 2003, les dépenses de santé étaient financées à 75% par des dépenses publiques. L'Etat assurait 18% des dépenses, contre 43% pour les Communes1548. Le système est donc financé par plusieurs canaux : les impôts perçus et fixés par les Communes, des dotations de l'Etat proportionnées aux besoins de chaque Commune1549, et le reste à charge, supporté par les ménages. Le caractère Beveridgien du système a connu quelques infléchissements, avec la montée en puissance de modes de couvertures complémentaires assurantiels, liés au travail, et permettant un accès plus aisé aux soins de premiers recours et aux soins spécialisés. L'Etat, qui « est passé d'un rôle de pilotage à un rôle d'orientation »1550, a également pour rôle de contrôler et sanctionner les Communes en cas de défaillances. Il garde également la main sur les grands principes d'organisation du système, à valeur législative. Ainsi depuis 1547 « En Finlande, les soins hospitaliers gérés par le secteur privé représentent entre 3 et 4 % des admissions. Pour le secteur ambulatoire, la prédominance du secteur public est là aussi très nette : 8 % seulement des médecins exercent exclusivement dans le secteur privé bien qu'un tiers des médecins ait une activité privée à temps partiel ». CHAMBARETAUD Sandrine, LEQUET-SLAMA Diane, op.cit., p.4 1548 ibid. Avant la réforme, la participation de l'Etat représentait 35% des dépenses. 1549 Le montant est fixé « par un système de capitation pondérée en fonction de la structure par âge et de la morbidité » observée dans la Commune. CHAMBARETAUD Sandrine, LEQUET Diane, « Les systèmes de santé dans les pays nordiques de l'Union européenne. 417 2011, une nouvelle loi a introduit pour le patient le principe du choix du centre et du professionnel de santé. Avec cette loi, le système finlandais évolue doucement vers un système mixte, mélangeant logiques assurantielle et universaliste. 681. En 2016, la Finlande consacrait 9,3% de son PIB à ses dépenses de santé, contre 7,4 en 2002. L'espérance de vie des femmes y est de 84,4 années contre 78,8 années pour les hommes. Le classement de la revue britannique The Lancet lui accordait en 2017 la 7ème place. 3. L'organisation du système de santé danois 682. Jusqu'à la réforme de son organisation territoriale en 2007
1551, la santé était au Danemark la responsabilité essentielle des quinze Amter. Ceux-ci disposaient même de la capacité de lever l'impôt en vue d'opérer le financement du système. La régionalisation opérée en 2007, et la concentration des Amter en cinq Regioner aux pouvoirs réduits, ont rebattu les cartes entre les échelons territoriaux, sans pour autant remettre en cause le principe de l'organisation décentralisée du système de santé, même si les nouvelles structures territoriales régionales issues de la réforme n'ont désormais plus la possibilité de créer et de lever leurs propres impôts. Les cinq Regioner demeurent ainsi les acteurs centraux de la gestion du système. Il s'agit d'ailleurs toujours de leur mission principale1552. Elles sont toujours responsables de la gestion et du financement des hôpitaux, de la planification régionale et des soins de premiers recours. Les nouvelles municipalités, résultant de la concentration des Communes existantes1553, ont, en progressant en taille, gagnées en responsabilités, notamment dans le domaine de la santé. Elles sont aujourd'hui compétentes en matière médico-sociale ainsi 1551 om regioner og ned else af amtskommunerne, Hovedstadens råd og skab 1552 En 2003, la santé représentait 70% des dépenses des Amter. Le regroupement en Regioner opéré en 2007 n'a pas dû modifier beaucoup les grandes masses budgétaires du niveau régional, celui-ci étant toujours le principal financeur du système.
Source : CHAMBARETAUD Sandrine, LEQUET-SLAMA Diane, op.cit qu'en matière de prévention et de promotion de la santé publique, et doivent, afin de renforcer la cohérence avec les autres pans du système, contractualiser avec les Regioner. Mécaniquement la réforme a contribué à concentrer la prise en charge hyper spécialisée et à constituer des pôles hospitaliers régionaux de plus grande envergure. Pourtant, les modifications apportées en 2007 ont aussi contribué à renforcer le pouvoir central sur l'organisation du système, en augmentant son contrôle sur le financement 1554. Les collectivités, qui ne peuvent plus lever leurs propres impôts, sont en effet directement dépendantes des dotations étatiques, provenant de recettes fiscales centralisées et fléchées à 80% vers l'échelon régional, le reste étant attribué à l'échelon communal. Le gouvernement peut, de plus, attribuer des enveloppes fléchées aux collectivités, répondant à des objectifs fixés au niveau national. Les Regioner doivent également consulter et obtenir l'accord du Ministère de la santé pour les investissements d'un montant important. Le niveau central opère également un contrôle sur l'action des collectivités, qui s'est renforcé depuis le début des années 2000, en produisant indicateurs, recommandations, modèles nationaux et directives affichant un caractère plus ou moins contraignant. Les contrats entre échelons régionaux et communaux, dont les éléments de contenus sont très largement fixés au niveau national, en sont un exemple. Comme en Suède, une garantie législative nationale limitant à un mois le délai de prise en charge a également été adoptée en 2002. La santé est d'ailleurs au Danemark un sujet politique important et a été « l'un des thèmes majeurs de la campagne électorale nationale de septembre 2011 »1555. Comme dans les autres pays scandinaves, la place du secteur privé est toujours marginale au Danemark « Avec en toile de fond le problème de l'alcoolisme », le Danemark n'apparaît pas dans le peloton de tête en termes d'indicateurs santé. L'espérance de vie des femmes y est de 82,7 années, pour 78,8 années pour les hommes. The Lancet le plaçait en 2017 à la vingt1554 Avant la réforme, le financement était assuré par des impôts locaux à hauteur de 87%, le reste étant assuré par des dotations nationales. Source : CHAMBARETAUD Sandrine, LEQUET-SLAMA Diane, op.cit. 1555 « Health care figured as one of the major campaign themes in the run-up to the national election in September 2011. ». OMS, op.cit., p. 16. Les conservateurs, qui ont perdu les élections au profit du centre gauche, souhaitaient déplacer la responsabilité du système de santé de l'échelon régional vers l'échelon central. 419 quatrième position de son classement. Le Danemark consacrait 8,7% de son PIB à la santé en 2002, et 10,4% en 2016. 4. L'organisation du système de santé norvégien 684. La Norvège s'appuyait encore récemment sur un système largement décentralisé. Les soins de premiers recours et la gestion des soins de longue durée 1556sont aujourd'hui toujours de la responsabilité des Communes, mais les Fylker, qui continuent de gérer la médecine spécialisée, ont aujourd'hui perdu la gestion des hôpitaux. A partir de 2002, celle-ci a été récupérée par le gouvernement. Elle est désormais organisée dans le cadre de cinq régions accueillant par ailleurs un centre hospitalo-universitaire. Cette gestion régionalisée est réalisée par l'intermédiaire d'autorités régionales organisées sous la forme de trusts pilotés par des professionnels. Cependant le Gouvernement norvégien garde la main sur la gestion, ces trusts étant financés par des fonds nationaux. Les trois niveaux territoriaux norvégiens sont donc impliqués dans la gestion du système de santé, dans le cadre de logiques mixant décentralisation et déconcentration. La tendance observable actuellement en Norvège est celle d'une recentralisation accrue. Elle s'observe au niveau communal tout d'abord, avec le regroupement des Communes au sein de groupements d'intérêt économique afin de mutualiser la gestion de leurs responsabilités en matière de santé. Elle s'observe au niveau central également ; il semble en effet qu'une recentralisation, via une gestion en direct par le Ministère de la santé des hôpitaux situés dans les Fylker, soit à l'oeuvre. Cela a déjà conduit à la disparition des cinq autorités régionales apparues en 2002. 685. En termes de performance, la Norvège se trouve au cinquième rang du classement proposé par The Lancet. Les dépenses de santé représentaient 9% de son PIB en 2002, et 10,5% en 2016, pour une espérance de vie s'élevant à 84,2 années pour les femmes, et 80,5 années pour les hommes. 1556 Notamment liés à la prise en charge des personnes âgées nécessitant une prise en charge médicale Après cette présentation de pays unitaires ayant fait le choix d'une organisation décentralisée de leur système de santé, nous présenterons les choix faits dans deux pays à la structure régionalisée.
§2. Décentralisation et santé dans les Etats régionalisés : les cas italien et espagnol
687. L'Espagne et l'Italie ont fait des choix relativement similaires en termes d'organisation territoriale et d'organisation de leur système de santé. Si ces évolutions ont eu lieu en décalé dans le temps, elles peuvent s'expliquer, historiquement, pour des raisons similaires. Nous verrons les choix qui ont été faits concernant les systèmes de santé de chacun des pays (2), après avoir dressé les contours de leurs organisations générales respectives (1).
A. L'organisation territoriale
688. Via di mezzo entre l'Etat unitaire et l'Etat fédéral, l'Etat régional, propose, en dépit d'une structure constitutionnelle unitaire, une autonomie politique et institutionnelle assez large à ses Régions, notamment sur un plan normatif. Tout en préservant son indivisibilité, l'Etat régional permet une plus grande différenciation locale et un plus grand respect des particularités régionales. L'Espagne et l'Italie présentent ce type d'architecture institutionnelle, mis en place dans les deux cas à l'issue de périodes marquées par un autoritarisme politique, et en réaction au centralisme important qui en résultait. Après avoir étudié la situation espagnole (1), nous aborderons le cas italien (2). Après la fin de la période franquiste, l'Espagne a réinstauré la monarchie. L'Etat espagnol prend depuis 1978 la forme d'une monarchie parlementaire constitutionnelle unitaire constituée de dix-sept communautés autonomes1557. Différent d'un régime fédéral, le régime espagnol laisse toutefois une beaucoup plus grande marge de manoeuvre aux communautés autonomes1558. Le droit constitutionnel espagnol repose ainsi sur le double postulat de l'unité de la Nation espagnole d'un côté, et de la garantie du droit à l'autonomie des communautés qui la constituent1559. A la différence d'un Etat comme la France, le niveau régional bénéficie donc d'un niveau d'autonomie beaucoup plus important, et bénéficie de compétences législatives et fiscales. Prenant la forme d'un Etat unitaire régionalisé, l'organisation espagnole repose sur trois niveaux de découpages territoriaux: les communautés autonomes, les provinces, et les Communes. Les provinces correspondent à un regroupement de Communes. Elles sont ainsi à mi-chemin entre la collectivité territoriale et l'EPCI. Leurs compétences varient en fonction des communautés autonomes dans lesquelles elles s'insèrent. Depuis 1948, l'Italie est constituée en République parlementaire présentant un caractère unitaire1560. Cependant, comme l'Espagne, la transformation de l'Etat de l'après1557 Constitución Española, BOE, n°311, de 29 de diciembre de 1978, p. 29313. Source : https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 Consulté 1558 En pratique, la différence avec le système fédéral réside principalement dans l'organisation du système judiciaire. Le système judiciaire est unifié, et dépend de l'Etat central. Une autre différence essentielle réside dans la relative plasticité des modalités de répartition des compétences entre Etat et communautés autonomes. Il n'existe pas de principe strict de répartition ce qui explique qu'Etat et communautés autonomes peuvent intervenir dans les mêmes domaines. 1559 L'article 2 de la Constitution du 29 décembre 1978 érige également un principe de solidarité entre ces communautés. « La Constitución se fundamenta en la indisoluble unidad de la Nación española, patria común e indivisible de todos los españoles, y reconoce y garantiza el derecho a la autonomía de las nacionalidades y regiones que la integran y la solidaridad entre todas ellas ». 1560 Constituzione della Republica italiana, 27 dicembre 1947. 422 guerre a été accompagnée d'une volonté particulière de maintenir un niveau important d'autonomie locale, en réaction à la centralisation particulièrement aigue ayant caractérisé la période fasciste. Cela s'est d'abord caractérisé, dès 1948, par la reconnaissance d'un statut particulier d'autonomie à cinq Régions. Puis, à partir des années 1970, l'Italie s'est engagée dans un processus de régionalisation, autour de la reconnaissance de quinze nouvelles Régions ayant graduellement vu leurs pouvoirs et leur autonomie renforcés. L'Italie présente, à la manière de l'Espagne, les caractéristiques d'un Etat régional, fondé sur l'unité de la Nation et l'autonomie des Régions. Cela est d'autant plus vrai depuis la réforme constitutionnelle de 20011561, qui a contribué à inverser le principe de répartition des compétences entre Etat et Régions. Depuis, la Constitution1562 distingue trois différents domaines de compétences : les compétences réservées au niveau central, les compétences spécifiquement attribuées aux Régions, et, pour le reste, une compétence de principe est reconnue aux Régions. Le principe de répartition des compétences que nous connaissons en France est ainsi inversé : le législateur national dispose de compétences d'attribution alors que les Régions sont, elles, formellement détentrices du pouvoir législatif. L'Italie est organisée autour de trois niveaux de collectivités territoriales : régional, provincial, et communal. Comme nous l'avons dit, le niveau régional est composé aujourd'hui de vingt Regioni, dont quinze à statut normal, et cinq à statut spécial1563. Chaque Région dispose d'un Conseil régional élu au suffrage universel direct et dirigé par une Ginuta Régionale, organe exécutif de la égion, dirigée par le Presidente della Régione. Les Provinci, équivalents de nos Départements, jouissent, comme les Communi, d'une autonomie, qui, si elle est reconnue par la Constitution, est toutefois plus limitée que celle des Régions. Ces deux collectivités disposent d'un exécutif élu. Par ailleurs, c'est sur le territoire Source : http://www.senato.it/1024 Consulté le 13/12/2017 1561 Legge costituzionale 31 gennaio 2001, n. 2, Disposizioni concernenti l'elezione diretta dei Presidenti delle Regioni a Statuto speciale e delle Province autonome di Trento e di Bolzano.
1562 Art
. 117, Constituzione
della
Republica italiana. Source
: http://www
.senato.it/1024 Consulté le 13/12/2017
1563 Sardaigne, Sicile, Trentin-Haut-Adige, Vallée d'Aoste, Frioul-Vénétie julienne. Toutefois, les réformes entreprises depuis les années 1990 ont largement contribué à rapprocher les deux statuts régionaux distincts. 423 provincial qu'est installée la représentation locale de l'Etat central, en la personne du prefetto, version italienne du préfet français.
B. L'organisation des systèmes de santé
691. L'Espagne et l'Italie se sont engagées en même temps, à la fin des années soixante- dix, dans une réforme de leur système de santé ; les deux pays se sont orientés vers des systèmes nationaux de santé, donc de type beveridgien, mais dans lesquels les échelons régionaux jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'administration. Après avoir analysé les choix espagnols (1), nous nous pencherons sur ceux faits en Italie (2).
1.
L'
organisation du système de santé espagnol 692. Si la constitution espagnole de 1978 consacre la création d'un service de santé public et universel, ce n'est qu'en 1986 que celui-ci voit réellement le jour, avec l'adoption de la Ley General de Sanidad1564, du 25 avril de la même année. Pour autant, les espagnols n'ont pas attendu cette date pour s'intéresser à la prise en charge de leurs problèmes de santé. Ce système public d'inspiration beveridgienne a ainsi dû, dans les premiers temps, cohabiter avec des systèmes locaux ou sectoriels fondés sur le principe assurantiel ou sur la charité. Ce système dual de couverture a perduré jusqu'aujourd'hui, et, en 2003, 15% de la population relevait encore d'un système assurantiel de prise en charge. Cette part a depuis continuellement diminué. Le système de santé public, s'il est toujours assuré par l'Insalud national en cas de carence des Communautés autonomes, a fait l'objet d'un processus de dévolution. Engagé en 1981 avec la Catalogne1565, celui-ci s'est terminé en 2002. Pendant une vingtaine d'années 1564 Ley 14/1986, de 25 de abril, General de Sanidad, BOE núm°102, de 29/04/1986. Suivront l'Andalousie, en 1984, Le Pays Basque et la communauté de Valence en 1988, la Navarre et la Galice en 1991, les Iles Canaries en 1994, puis la dernière vague de 2002 avec l'Aragon, les Iles Baléares, la Cantabria, la Castille, l'Extremadura, la communauté de Madrid, la Murcia, la Rioja, la communauté de Ceuta et Melilla. 1565 424 l'Espagne a ainsi connu une situation hybride, appelée « fédéralisme asymétrique »1566 par certains auteurs. Les Communautés autonomes sont aujourd'hui pleinement s de l'organisation et de la gestion du système, même si le financement est toujours assuré par le niveau central, via des dotations dont le montant repose principalement sur le nombre d'habitants de chaque Communauté. La fin du processus de dévolution a mécaniquement conduit à réduire considérablement le rôle de l'échelon central, qui demeure néanmoins tenu de s'assurer « de l'équité d'accès aux soins et de la qualité des soins offerts sur l'ensemble du territoire »1567. Ont notamment été mis en place des outils permettant de suivre la situation sanitaire dans chaque Communauté autonome, et de proposer des améliorations du système et de la qualité des soins. Un organisme de coordination, réunissant Communautés et Gouvernement, a également été mis en place1568. 2. L'organisation du système de santé italien
693.
Avant 1978 l'Italie présentait un système assurantiel. Comme les espagnols, les Italiens ont fait le choix à cette date d'évoluer vers un système national de santé. A ses débuts, celui-ci fait « l'objet d'une gestion conjointe »1574 organisée autour de trois niveaux de découpages territoriaux : le central, le régional et le local, via des unités sanitaires locales sous influence communale1575. Le niveau national a la charge d'élaborer un plan national et un budget global. La planification régionale et la répartition de ce budget sont la responsabilité des Régions. Cette répartition se fait entre les unités sanitaires locales, ayant pour fonction de fournir les services sanitaires aux italiens. Comme en Espagne, le système italien avait ainsi prévu à son origine une « séparation entre la responsabilité financière centralisée et le pouvoir de dépense régional et local »1576. A partir des années 1990, le système italien va connaître une série de mutations dans le sens d'un renforcement de l'échelon régional. Ce renforcement se fera par l'intermédiaire d'un double mouvement de décentralisation, via un transfert de prérogatives précédemment attribuées au niveau central vers les Provinci, et de recentralisation, via l'intensification du contrôle assuré par le niveau régional sur les unités sanitaires locales, transformées en entreprises de santé locales1577. 1572 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT&lang=fr Consulté le 16/12/2017 1573 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA&lang=fr Consulté le 16/12/2017 1574 POLTON Dominique, op.cit., p. 4. 1575 Un troisième niveau
de
découpage existe
,
les unités sanitaires locales, mais celui-ci n'est pas organisé politiquement. 1576 POLTON Dominique, op.cit., p. 4.
1577
Cette modification
contribue à les
sorti
r
, d'un point de vue politique, de la sp
hère d'influence de l'échelon municipal
. Le
ur
nombre
est
également
consid
ér
ablement réduit, passant de 655 à 199, et
celles
-ci se voient confier une
plus
grande autonomie, ainsi qu'une responsabilisation accrue. La transformation des unités 426 Ces modifications se feront en parallèle de la diffusion au sein du système de méthodes de gestion proches du new public management, laissant une plus large place à la concurrence et propice au développement de nouveaux rapports, sur une base contractuelle, entre les différents acteurs. En 1999, une nouvelle réforme va tenter de concilier responsabilisation accrue des Provinci, avec une réaffirmation du rôle de l'Etat1578. La régionalisation du système va en effet connaître une avancée supplémentaire avec la concrétisation dans le champ sanitaire des principes du « fédéralisme fiscal » italien, mettant fin au découplage des responsabilités entre décideur de la dépense, et financeur de la dépense. Les Régions se trouvent ainsi responsables financièrement du système de santé désormais financé par des impôts régionaux1579. Mais, en parallèle, le législateur italien profitera de la réforme pour réaffirmer les principes essentiels d'universalisme, de financement public, et d'équité d'accès aux soins, portés par service national de santé. L'idée est « d'opérer un rééquilibrage entre Provinci, sous l'égide de l'État »1580. Un fonds de solidarité, abondé par les Provinci et l'Etat, est mis en place, et la loi fixe un panier minimal de soins et de services devant être proposé par les Provinci. L'Etat conserve également des prérogatives de police sanitaire et de régulation, concernant notamment les médicaments et leur mise sur le marché, sur les principes généraux d'organisation des établissements sanitaires, et la réglementation des professions de santé. 694. La grande latitude que possèdent les Provinci pour organiser le système, qui bénéficient depuis 2000 d'une « compétence législative partagée en matière de santé »1581, a entraîné de grandes différences régionales dans les mécanismes choisis comme dans les niveaux de dépenses. Cela a conduit le gouvernement italien à tenter de renforcer son rôle de contrôle, en installant notamment en 2009 un commissariat chargé d'accompagner les Provinci connaissant des difficultés particulières dans le respect de leur budget ou dans l'observation des règles nationales définies en la matière. Des plans nationaux de santé ont également été développés sanitaires locales traduit d'ailleurs bien les deux idées forces inspirant la réforme : la pénétration des logiques issues du monde de l'entreprise au sein de l'administration, et la régionalisation.
1578 Loi constitutionnelle n°1 du 22 novembre 1999, Dispositions concernant l'élection directe des présidents des juntes régionales et l'autonomie statutaire des régions. 1579 A partir de 2002. 1580 COHU Sylvie, LEQUET-SLAMA Diane, op.cit., p. 3. 1581 FARGION Valeria, « Le système de santé italien : évolution de la répartition des compétences et du mode de financement », Revue française des affaires sociales, 2006, n°2-3, p. 296. 427
afin d'encourager et d'accompagner le développement d'une meilleure performance, notamment sur le plan hospitalier. Les Plans régionaux de santé doivent s'inscrire dans le périmètre de ce cadrage national. 695. Comme l'Espagne, l'Italie a pu, encore aujourd'hui, maintenir en-dessous de 10% la part de son PIB consacrée à la santé. En 2016, elle était de 8,9%, et de 7,9% en 2002 1582. The Lancet plaçait en 2017 l'Italie au douzième rang de son classement 1583. L' spérance de vie des femmes s'y élève à 84,9 années, et à 80,3 années pour les hommes1584. 696. Après nous être penchés sur le cas des Etats régionaux, nous terminerons par l'observation des choix faits dans deux Etat fédéraux.
1582 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA&lang=fr Consulté le 16/12/2017 1583 Note de 89. Source : The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/action/showFullTextImages?pii=S0140-6736%2817%2930818-8 1584 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT&lang=fr Consulté le 16/12/2017 428
§3. Décentralisation et santé dans les Etats fédéraux : les cas allemand et canadien 697.
Bien que présentant tous deux des structures fédérales, le Canada et l'Allemagne présentent des caractéristiques assez différentes, au niveau de leur organisation territoriale (A), mais encore plus concernant leurs systèmes de santé (B). Dans le cas du Canada, une attention particulière sera portée sur l'organisation du Québec. A
. L'organisation territoriale 698
. L'Allemagne et le Canada sont tous les deux constitués en Etats fédéraux. Il s'agit de fédération d'Etats présentant donc une autonomie politique et normative importante, et une constitution propre. Nous aborderons dans un premier temps la situation allemande (1), avant de nous pencher sur le Canada. Concernant le Canada, étant donné les caractéristiques propres au pays, notamment en ce qui concerne l'organisation de son système de santé, nous aborderons également plus spécifiquement la situation de la Province de Québec (2).
1.
L'organisation territoriale allemande 699. Comme la plupart des pays ayant connu un passage totalitaire au XXème siècle, et peut-être de manière encore plus prégnante concernant l'Allemagne, l'après seconde guerre mondiale a constitué un tournant majeur dans l'organisation politique allemande. Pour des raisons1585, tant liées à la volonté des és de contenir la montée en puissance d'un nouvel Etat allemand fort, qu'à la défiance des populations allemandes vis à vis d'un niveau central tout puissant et du passé même de l'Allemagne et de la situation particulière dans laquelle elle 1585 Sur lesquelles nous ne nous appesantirons pas ici. 429 se trouve au milieu des années quarante1586, il a été fait le choix de constituer l'Allemagne depuis 1949 en une république fédérale constitutionnelle composée de Länder. Le principe de répartition des pouvoirs législatifs entre Etat fédéral et Land est posé par la Constitution allemande, la Grundgesetz1587. Celle-ci liste une série de compétences d'attribution, domaines de compétences exclusifs de la fédération, ainsi qu'une liste de domaines dans lesquels les deux niveaux peuvent intervenir. La compétence de principe appartient donc aux Länder, qui disposent d'une grande latitude législative et fiscale. Une limite existe à ce principe d'attribution des compétences au niveau fédéral, puisque l'Etat fédéral a également pour rôle de veiller à une égalité des citoyens sur le territoire allemand. Ceci se manifeste à l'article 72 de la Constitution, qui dispose que « la Fédération a le droit de légiférer lorsque et pour autant que l'établissement de conditions de vie équivalentes sur le territoire fédéral ou la sauvegarde de l'unité juridique ou économique rendent nécessaire une législation fédérale dans l'intérêt de l'ensemble de l'État ». Chacun des seize Landër dispose ainsi d'une assemblée élue, d'un gouvernement, dirigé par un président, et d'une constitution, qui, si elle doit respecter la Grundgesetz, peut librement organiser le découpage territorial du Land. Du fait de son caractère fédéral, l'Allemagne présente des niveaux de découpages territoriaux différents d'un Land à l'autre, qu'il est difficile de présenter ici de manière systématique. En pratique, l'essentiel des représentations élues se trouvent au niveau communal ou supracommunal, dans le cadre de regroupement de Communes. Envisagé de manière synthétique l'Allemagne e donc un découpage à trois niveaux : Etat fédéral, Land, Communes 2. Les organisations territoriales canadienne et québécoise 700. Le Canada est une monarchie parlementaire fédérale. Elle est composée de dix provinces et de trois territoires. Alors que les Provinces disposent de compétences déléguées Elle est divisée en deux jusque 1990 : la République Fédérale d'Allemagne, sous influence occidentale, et la République Démocratique allemande, sous contrôle de l'URSS.
1587
Grundgesetz
für
die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
,
vom 23. Mai 1949,
B
GB
l
. S.
1. Source : https://www
.
bundes
tag
.
de
/grundgesetz Consulté le 13/12/2017 1586 430 fixées par la loi constitutionnelle de 18671588, les compétences des territoires sont fixées par un texte à valeur législatif procédant du Parlement fédéral, auquel ils sont soumis. De ce fait, constitutionnellement, la situation des collectivités françaises s'approchent plus de celles des territoires que de celle des Provinces. L'organisation interne des Provinces dépend directement d'elles. Ceci explique que chacune d'entre elles ont pu définir des niveaux et des types de structurations territoriales très diverses, et ce jusque dans leurs dénominations. Le Québec dispose de trois niveaux territoriaux distincts1589 : la Commune, la municipalité régionale de comté et la région administrative. Les Communes peuvent, comme en France, se structurer au sein de divers regroupements de communes afin de mettre en commun l'exercice de certaines compétences. Au niveau régional, il existe au Québec quatre-vingt-sept Municipalités Régionales de Comté – MRC –, apparues au début des années 19801590 en remplacement des anciens comtés. Composée d'élus issus du niveau municipal, la MRC n'est pas elle-même élue au suffrage universel direct. Les dix-sept régions administratives du Québec ne sont pas des collectivités territoriales, mais abritent en leur sein des entités élues. De 2003 à 2016, une Conférence régionale des élus, composée d'élus municipaux, des préfets, et de représentants de la société civile nommés par le ministre régional1591, a été instituée. Sans véritable pouvoir, cette conférence occupait un rôle de conseil. 1588 Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, ch. 3 (R.U.). Source : http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/fra/Const/page-1.html Consulté le 13/12/2017 1589
Il
s'agit là d'une
présentation
simplifiée
. 1590
A-19.1
, loi
sur
l'aménagement
et l'
urban
isme. Source : http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/showdoc/cs/A-19.1/20060608 Consulté le 14/12/2017
1591 Le ministre régional est membre du conseil des ministres québécois. A ce titre, il dépend de l'échelon provincial. 431 B. L'organisation des systèmes de santé 701. L'Allemagne et le Canada ont fait des choix très différents en ce qui concerne l'organisation de leurs systèmes de santé. Seul pays du panel à avoir fait le choix d'un système assurantiel, l'Allemagne présente ainsi certaines similitudes avec la France, même si les choses sont loin d'être identiques (1). Dans le cas du Canada, nous verrons le rôle que joue l'échelon fédéral, ainsi que l'organisation propre au Québec (2). 1. L'organisation du système de santé allemand 702. Mère-patrie d'Otto von Bismarck, l'Allemagne est le berceau du système de santé éponyme. C'est ainsi fort logiquement que l'Allemagne s'est organisée autour d'un système assurantiel. La responsabilité de son fonctionnement est aujourd'hui partagée entre le gouvernement fédéral, les Länder, et les corps intermédiaires, chacun jouant un rôle dont le contour varie en fonction des évolutions à l'oeuvre. L'Allemagne s'appuie ainsi sur « un système d'assurance maladie décentralisé autoadministré »1592. Comme dans le modèle français, le système allemand repose sur un financement principalement assuré par des cotisations sociales, une médecine ambulatoire proposée majoritairement par des médecins libéraux, et une médecine hospitalière principalement publique. L'Allemagne présente toutefois la particularité de laisser une plus large place aux corps intermédiaires et aux structures corporatives dans l'organisation de la santé. Si le principe d'une gestion assurée par des caisses d'assurances maladie paritaires est également présent, celles-ci ont beaucoup plus de marge de manoeuvres qu'en France, et, par ailleurs, les organisations corporatives, comme les associations de médecins, occupent une place beaucoup plus importante dans l'organisation du système.
1592 HASSENTEUFEL Patrick, DELAYE Sylvie, PIERRU Frédéric, ROBELET Magali, SERRE Marina, « La libéralisation des systèmes de protection maladie européens. Convergence, européanisation et adaptations nationales », Politique européenne, 2001, n° 2, p. 32. Le système d'assurances sociales est lui aussi assez différent de celui rencontré en France, et propose un profil beaucoup plus éclaté. Il existe en Allemagne plus de cent-cinquante caisses différentes fixant librement1593 leur taux de cotisations et chargées de négocier directement avec les médecins et les hôpitaux. Cette organisation laisse donc une très grande place aux assurances sociales publiques auxquelles l'affiliation est obligatoire jusqu'à un certain niveau de revenu. Au-delà, les Allemands ont le choix de passer par une assurance privée. A partir des années 1990 et de sa réunification, et afin d'amortir son poids financier1594, l'Allemagne a fait évoluer l'administration de la santé dans le sens d'un plus grand contrôle, ou en tout cas d'une plus grande intervention de l'échelon central, tout en libéralisant l'accès aux assurances. Cette période « marque le point de départ concomitant de la mise en concurrence des caisses d'assurance maladie et de l'affirmation du rôle de l'Etat fédéral dans la politique de maîtrise des dépenses d'assurance maladie »1595. Paradoxalement, le système allemand a ainsi évolué vers une plus grande intervention étatique, dans le but de libéraliser l'accès aux assurances. Le système antérieur d'adhésion obligatoire aux assurances selon l'appartenance socioprofessionnelle, fut supprimé à partir de 1997, au profit du libre choix par tous les citoyens de leur assureur. Cette politique de libéralisation, qui poursuit l'objectif d'une plus grande équité des assurés vis-à-vis des dépenses de santé, a conduit à diminuer les variations de cotisations entre caisses. Cette politique de mise en concurrence conduira à inciter les assurances à fusionner1596, en se centralisant principalement au niveau des Landër, mais également au fédéral. En 2007, une union fédérale des caisses d'assurance maladie a été constituée afin de négocier plus facilement avec le Gouvernement fédéral et le législateur. En parallèle, le Gouvernement fédéral s'installe à partir de cette période comme un acteur plus important, en imposant un encadrement budgétaire de l'ensemble des dépenses et en mettant en place des premiers dispositifs de péréquation entre les caisses. Progressivement, cette emprise va s'intensifier, en gelant les taux de cotisations, puis en amorçant un début de 1593 Cela a quelque peu évolué, comme nous le verrons. L'intégration des anciens Landër d'Allemagne de l'est, au poids économique faible a représenté une forte charge sur les dépenses d'assurance maladie allemandes. 703. En 2002, l'Allemagne consacrait 10,1% de son PIB à la santé, et 11,3% en 20101602. Le pays occupe la 20ème place du classement proposé par The Lancet1603. Les allemandes ont une espérance de vie de 83,1 années, contre 78,3 années pour les hommes1604.
1597 HASSENT
EU
FEL Patrick, « Les transformations du mode de gouvernement de l'assurance maladie : une comparaison
France/Allemagne
», op.cit., p. 17. 1598 A
ce
sujet, voir id., p. 11. 1599 id., p. 19.
1600 En 2003 a été créé l'Institut pour la qualité et l'efficience dans le système de santé (Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen). Il s'agit d'un organisme scientifique indépendant, employant environ 130 personnes et s'appuyant sur un réseau de plus d'une centaine d'experts, mis en place pour accroître la transparence des décisions concernant les biens et service. 1601 La gestion du secteur hospitalier a traditionnellement été placée à l'écart du système d'auto administration, même si les Länder ont été amenés à organiser celle-ci conjointement avec les assurances et les associations d'hôpitaux. 1602 Source : OCDE. 434
2. L'organisation du système de santé canadien 704.
Bien que la santé soit une compétence provinciale, le niveau fédéral a joué et continue de jouer un rôle important d'impulsion en matière de santé (a). L'organisation spécifique de la Province de Québec (b) sera donc abordée après avoir posé le cadre général canadien. a. La santé et le niveau fédéral
705
. L'organisation de la santé est, au Canada, de la responsabilité des Provinces, auxquelles la « compétence en matière de santé est reconnue exclusivement »1605. Dès lors, pour Jean Turgeon, plutôt que du système de santé canadien, il serait plus pertinent de faire mention « des systèmes de santé du Canada »1606. Pour autant, les Provinces canadiennes ont très majoritairement fait le choix d'un système de type beveridgien, universel et financé par l'impôt, mais inspiré également par le système américain. Le recours au financement privé y est assez important, ce dernier représentant environ 30% des dépenses de santé1607. Toutefois, l'échelon fédéral n'est pas totalement absent de la santé. La constitution canadienne l'autorise à intervenir même dans les champs réservés aux Provinces. Il le fera d'ailleurs dès les années 1950 en proposant aux Provinces un financement partagé des frais hospitaliers et des honoraires médicaux. La possibilité constitutionnelle offerte à l'échelon fédéral dans les domaines qui n'ont pas été explicitement fléchés vers les Provinces lui a également permis d'investir certains champs relevant de la police sanitaire, comme l'homologation des médicaments et des produits médicaux. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA&lang=fr Consulté le 17/12/2017
1603 Note de 86. Source : The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/action/showFullTextImages?pii=S0140-6736%2817%2930818-8 Consulté le 17/12/2017 1604 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT&lang=fr 1605 TURGEON Jean, JACOB Robert, DENIS Jean-Louis, « Québec : cinquante ans d'évolution au prisme des réformes (1961-2010) », Les Tribunes de la santé, 2011, n°30, p. cih ca
L'intervention assez rapide de l'Etat fédéral sur ces questions ainsi que les réponses apportées ont d'ailleurs contribué à façonner l'organisation interne des Provinces. De ce fait, derrière l'éclatement apparent du système canadien, il convient de rappeler que de profondes similitudes existent entre les Provinces, et que, de fait, « l'initiative des réformes appartient aussi bien au gouvernement central qu'à ceux des États fédérés »1608. Ce constat se verra encore renforcé après l'adoption en 1984 de la loi canadienne sur la santé1609 qui impose aux Provinces le respect de cinq grands principes pour l'organisation de leur système de santé, sous peine de sanctions financières : la transférabilité1610, l'universalité, l'intégralité, l'accessibilité économique, et la gestion publique. 706. Le Canada occupait en 2017 la dix-septième place du classement de la revue The Lancet1611. En 2002, 8,3% du PIB canadien était consacré à la santé, pour 10,4% en 20161612. Au Canada, les femmes ont une espérance de vie de 83,8 années, et les hommes, de 79,6 années1613. 707. Concernant leurs organisation propres, la plupart des Provinces, ont, ces derniers temps, fait le choix de régionaliser leur système, c'est-à-dire de l'administrer à un niveau subprovincial. Selon les Provinces, cette régionalisation a pu prendre des formes diverses, oscillant entre décentralisation et déconcentration. Toutefois « beaucoup de ces nouveaux modèles comportent un pouvoir autonome régi par un conseil dont les membres sont nommés
1608 FOREST, Pierre-Gerlier, « Les politiques de reforme du système de santé́ dans cinq fédérations : une analyse des travaux scientifiques récents », in : IMBEAU Louis, « Politiques comparées dans les Etats fédérés, L'Allemagne, l'Australie, le Canada, les Etats-Unis et la Suisse », Les Presses de l'Université́ Laval, Québec, 2005, p. 65. 1609 A ce propos, voir : http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/medicare/chaoverf.htm. 1610 Afin d'assurer une couverture aux Canadiens
se déplaçant d'une Province
à
l'autre
. 1611 Avec une note de 88. Source : The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/action/showFullTextImages?pii=S0140-6736%2817%2930818-8 Consulté le 17/12/2017 1612 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA&lang=fr Consulté le 17/12/2017 1613 Source : OCDE. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT&lang=fr
é le 17/12/2017 436 et qui est chargé de gérer et d'intégrer les activités du système de santé dans l'ensemble de la province ou du territoire tout en laissant le ministère de la Santé établir le plan global et les priorités du système de santé, fixer des normes et contrôler les résultats »1614. Nous aborderons maintenant le cas particulier du Québec. b. La santé et le niveau provincial : l'exemple Québécois 708. |
US-37848003-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | System and method for tolerating data link faults in communications with a switch fabric
ABSTRACT
A system and method are provided for tolerating data line faults in a packet communications network. The method comprises: serially transmitting information packets from at least one traffic manager (TM); at a switch fabric, accepting information packets at a plurality of ingress ports, the information packets addressing destination port card egress ports; selectively connecting port card ingress ports to port card egress ports; serially supplying information packets from a plurality of port card egress ports; sensing a connection fault between the switch fabric and the TM; and, in response to sensing the fault, reselecting connections between the switch fabric port card ports and the TM. Some aspects comprise: an ingress memory subsystem (iMS) receiving cells on an ingress port exceeding an error threshold. Then, reselecting connections between the port card ports and the TM includes the iMS sending a message to the iTM identifying the faulty ingress connection.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of a pending application entitled, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SWITCHING VARIABLY SIZED INFORMATION GROUPS, invented by Yun et al., Ser. No. 10/023,266, filed Dec. 14, 2001 now abandoned.
This application is a continuation-in-part of a pending application entitled, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DEFICIT ROUND ROBIN PRIORITIZATION, invented by Yun et al., Ser. No. 10/022,673, filed Dec. 17, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,079,545.
This application is a continuation-in-part of a pending application entitled, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GRANTING ARBITRATED BIDS IN THE SWITCHING OF INFORMATION, invented by Yun et al., Ser. No. 10/029,581, filed Dec. 20, 2001.
This application is a continuation-in-part of a pending application entitled, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR HIERARCHICAL SWITCHING, invented by Yun et al., Ser. No. 10/035,835, filed Dec. 24, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,020,131.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to packet communications switching and, more particularly, to a system and method for tolerating data line faults in a packets communications network connected to a switch fabric.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is industry demand for integrated circuits (ICs) switching systems that can be easily scaled for Network Access, the Network Edge, or a Core Switch Router, at the high end. SCSA (Signal Computing System Architecture) defines a switch fabric to be the facility for connecting any two (or more) transmitting or receiving Service Providers.
FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of a general switch fabric system (prior art). Traffic enters the system on the ingress side (the left side of the figure). Traffic exits the system on the egress side (the right side of the figure). The port card ingress and egress structures are sometimes subdivided into channels and subchannels. The packet headers specify a required destination port card, channel, and subchannel. The system must synchronously route each ingress packet to the correct egress destination.
Packets are converted into frames by ingress traffic managers (iTMs). A frame is a logical unit of data, which is often a small piece of a much larger data set such as a file or image. The iTMs feed the ingress side of the fabric. The switch fabric might convert the frame format to a “native” format, and then on egress, convert the data back into the TM frame format before sending the data to the egress traffic managers (eTMs). If the frames are fixed size (for example: 53 bytes, 64 bytes, or 80 bytes), the frames are often called cells.
Protocol Specific vs. Protocol Agnostic
A switch fabric can be protocol specific or protocol agnostic. An example of a protocol specific switch fabric would be a system designed and optimized specifically for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) traffic. Another example would be a switch that handles only TCP/IP traffic. The obvious disadvantage of a switch fabric hardwired to handle a specific protocol is lack of flexibility. Service providers want to sell services to a variety of customers in various industries. Protocols vary from industry to industry.
Even within one protocol type, there can be protocol upgrades. For example, TCP/IP, the machine language of Internet routers, now runs primarily “IPv4.” This protocol, successful as it has been, has a lack of available addresses, poor security features, and no “quality of service” (QoS) provisions. The next generation Internet protocol is “IPv6.” It provides solutions to these limitations.
A protocol agnostic switch fabric works equally well with all protocol types, however, the traffic manager must be responsible for recognizing specific protocol types. The disadvantage of a protocol agnostic switch fabric is that it may be more complicated, and perhaps slower than a switch fabric dedicated to a particular protocol.
Packet Striping vs. Single Link per Packet
The simplest way for a traffic manager to transmit a packet into a switch fabric is to transmit the packet serially along one line. Striping is a way of achieving higher bandwidth by transmitting a single packet across multiple ingress/egress lines. For example, a TM can transmit a packet into a switch fabric eight times as fast if the packet is sliced into eight pieces (stripes) by the TM, and conveyed into the fabric along 8 parallel lines simultaneously. The fabric captures the packet in memory, routes it to the required egress destination, and slices the packet into 8 parallel lines before transmitting the packet to the egress TM.
The upside to packet striping is the potential for lower latency. There are several negative aspects of packet striping:
if one of the links is damaged (1 of 8 in the example above), the entire channel is out of service, degrading fault tolerance; and,
the interface between the TM and switch fabric is more complicated. Circuitry must be used to slice the packet into stripes and reassemble it into packets.
Single-Cell Packet vs. Multi-Cell Packets
Many switch fabrics now deployed and passing revenue traffic, especially in wide area networks (WANs), use asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) packets. ATM packets are single-cell packets, with a fixed cell size of 53 bytes, 48 bytes of which is the information payload. The ATM specification evolved in the 1980s and early 1990s. It was then believed that variable length (multi-cell) packets would be too difficult to implement at rates needed for wire-speed traffic. The single-cell solution was a compromise that would work for voice data, video data, multimedia data, email data, file data, etc. With a fixed frame size, switch designs are simplified and ultimately faster.
However, files are better sent in large frames. Voice switching performs better with small bursts of data, corresponding to analog-to-digital converter time slots. Large frames and concomitant switching latencies can render a switch useless for most 2-way voice applications. Voice communications require low latency (time delay). Since ATM had to work for all network data, the small payload (voice) requirements prevailed at the expense of the large frame applications.
For large frames or packets it is much more efficient to establish a path from an ingress port card to the required egress destination, and then leave this path undisturbed until the packet is completed. With single cell packets, the ingress port card must bid for, accept grants, and then schedule each cell of a multi-cell packet.
There are also Frame Relay switch fabrics. Frame Relay is a single-cell protocol, albeit with frame size ranging from 6 to 4096 bytes. Such switch fabrics have been deployed and passing revenue traffic since the early 1990s. These switch fabrics have generally not been used for voice data because of the large latency. Only highly compressed voice traffic works well over frame relay. Voice-over-frame relay was added as an afterthought by network engineers. Frame relay excels at data communications such as local area network internetworking (LAN-to-LAN). Such communications are very high speed and bursty, with non-critical latency constraints.
Cut-Through vs. Store-and-Forward
The conventional method of switch fabric packet routing is called Store-and-Forward. In this method, the switch fabric accepts an input packet and buffers the packet on the ingress side of the fabric, making sure the packet was received intact, knowing the exact number of cells in the packet. The problem with the store-and-forward method is the added latency of buffering the packet. In Cut-through Packet Routing (CPR), a switch fabric is able to send the incoming packet cells to the correct egress port as soon as the destination address is known.
Memory-Based vs. Arbitrated Crossbar
A switch fabric can use memory-based crossbars or arbitrated crossbars. A memory-based crossbar is sometimes called a “shared memory switch.” Ingress packets flow from the port cards into a huge memory bank, which serve as the switch. From the memory bank, the destination address is determined from egress port destination information in the cell headers. The problem with these switch fabrics is that they become prohibitively expensive and large from all the required high-speed memory. Such fabrics cannot be used to reach terabit total switching speeds with technology available today.
It would be advantageous if a switch fabric could use arbitrated crossbars to reduce the need for high-speed memory.
It would be advantageous if a switch fabric could use Cut-through packet routing to reduce latency.
It would be advantageous if a switch fabric could handle multi-cell packets, so as to switch larger-sized packets with a reduced latency.
It would be advantageous if a switch fabric could use a single-link for each packet, to improve the system fault tolerance and simplify the interface to a TM.
It would be advantageous if the above-mentioned switch fabric could operate protocol agnostic.
It would be advantageous if the above-mentioned switch fabric could tolerate data link faults to interfacing ingress and egress TMs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, a method is provided for tolerating data link faults in communications with a switch fabric, the method comprises: serially transmitting information packets including a plurality of cells from at least one traffic manager (TM); at a switch fabric, accepting information packets at a plurality of port card ingress ports, the information packets addressing a plurality of destination port card egress ports; selectively connecting port card ingress ports to port card egress ports; serially supplying information packets from a plurality of port card egress ports; sensing a connection fault between the switch fabric and the TM; and, in response to sensing the fault, reselecting connections between the switch fabric port card ports and the TM.
In some aspects of the method, selectively connecting port card ingress ports to port card egress ports includes: each port card accepting packets on a plurality of ingress data links, through a corresponding plurality of port card ingress ports, from at least one ingress TM (iTM); storing the accepted packets in a port card ingress memory subsystem (iMS); assigning packets to a plurality of port card backplane data links; and, supplying assigned packets to a crossbar.
Then, sensing a connection fault between the switch fabric and the TM includes the iMS receiving cells on an ingress port exceeding an error threshold. Reselecting connections between the port card ports and the TM includes the iMS sending a message to the iTM identifying the faulty ingress connection. Data link fault tolerance is enacted in a similar manner, when the fault is associated with the switch fabric egress ports.
Additional details of the above-described method, and a system for tolerating data line faults in a packet communications network are provided below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the present invention system for tolerating data line faults in a packet communications network.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the first port card of FIG. 1 in greater detail.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram depicting a packet communications network utilizing the present invention switch fabric.
FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram depicting an example of a single channel port card with all the necessary line functions on a single card.
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram exemplifying a 2-channel port card.
FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram depicting an example architecture of a 4 channel (OC-768) port card.
FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram depicting a switch card.
FIG. 8 is diagram illustrating different crossbar configurations.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating link to channel assignments.
FIG. 10 is a diagram depicting iPQ arbiter interface to switchplane and backplane channel mapping.
FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram depicting the switch fabric backplane.
FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a 32×32 single channel system, using 8 links per channel, with a 2× backplane speedup.
FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram depicting a 16×16 channel system with 2× speedup.
FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the connectivity of a 16×16 single channel system, with a 2× backplane speedup, using 8 links per channel and aggregated bids.
FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the connectivity for an 8×8 single channel system, with a 2× backplane speedup, using 8 links per channel and non-aggregated bids.
FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram depicting the connectivity for an 8×8 single channel system, with a 2× backplane speedup, using 8 links per channel and aggregated bids.
FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for tolerating data line faults in a packet communications network.
FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of a general switch fabric system (prior art).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the present invention system for tolerating data link faults in communications with a switch fabric. The system 100 comprises at least one ingress traffic manager 102 (iTM) with a plurality of ports 1 through g, serially transmitting information packets, including a plurality of cells, on a corresponding plurality of serial data lines 104 through 106. The value of g is not limited to any particular value. The system 100 further comprises a plurality of switch fabric port cards 1 (first port card 108) through n (nth port card 110), where n is not limited to any particular value.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the first port card 108 of FIG. 1 in greater detail. Each port card, as exemplified by the first port card 108 includes a sixth plurality of ingress ports 1 through m on lines 105 through 106, respectively. The first port card 108 has connections on a corresponding sixth plurality of ingress data links, to accept packets from one or more iTMs. Returning briefly to FIG. 1, note that although the first port card 108 is only shown connected to iTM 102, in other aspects of the system 100, the first port card 108 may have ingress port connected to a plurality of iTMs (not shown). As explained in more detail below, there is typically more than one connection between an iTM and the port card ingress ports to realize the fault tolerance benefits of the invention.
In FIG. 2, the first port card 108 is shown with a plurality of egress ports 1 through u having connections on the corresponding plurality of egress data links 204 through 206, respectively. Returning to FIG. 1, note that although the first port card 108 is only shown connected to an egress TM (eTM) 112, in other aspects of the system 100, the first port card 108 may have egress port connected to a plurality of eTMs (not shown). Again, there is typically more than one connection between an eTM and the port card egress ports to realize the fault tolerance benefits of the invention.
Returning to FIG. 2, in can be seen that the first port card 108 performs both ingress and egress functions. However, not all port cards must be so enabled. In other aspects of the system, some port cards may be enabled just to provide an ingress function, or just to provide an egress function.
A plurality of backplane data links transfers packets between port cards. Shown are a second plurality of ingress backplane data links 1 through k on lines 208 through 210, respectively. Egress backplane data links 1 through t are associated with lines 212 through 214, respectively.
An ingress memory subsystem (iMS) 222 has inputs connected to the ingress ports on lines 105 through 106 (1 through m) to receive fault messages. As explained below, the fault messages are included in the headers of packets. The iMS 222 has outputs on lines 208 through 210 (1 through k) to supply packets to ingress backplane data links. A control link 226 communicates flow control information. An egress MS (eMS) 232 has outputs connected to the egress ports on lines 204 through 206 (1 through u) to supply fault messages, in packet headers, and inputs on lines 212 through 214 (1 through t) to accept packets on egress backplane data links. The eMS 232 has a control link on line 226, connected to the iMS to communicate (receive) flow control information.
Returning to FIG. 1, the iMS 222 passes an error message, through intervening elements, to the iTM 102. The iTM 102 reselects a port transmitting packets to the port card ingress ports in response to the received fault messages. For example, if the iTM 102 was transmitting packets on line 104, and then receives an error message indicating a fault in that link, the iTM may select line 106 for subsequent communications. Returning to FIG. 2, that an ingress PQ (iPQ) 216 supplies backplane data link transfer commands to the iMS 222. The iMS 222 includes a monitor 224 with an input on line 225 to receive packets from the ingress ports and an output connected to line 226 to supply an error message to the eMS 232 in flow control communications, in response to the packets errors exceeding an error threshold.
The iPQ 216 has a control link on line 228 operatively connected to a corresponding crossbar 220 controlling the inter-port card transfer of packets on the ingress backplane data links. More specifically, the crossbar is part of a backplane that includes switchplane banks, switchplanes, and switch parts (not shown). Each switch card typically includes a plurality of crossbars controlled by an arbiter that maintains a control link with the iPQ. Additional details of the backplane switching mechanism are provided in Functional Description Section, below.
The egress function of the first port card 108 is analogous to the ingress function. The first port card 108 has a plurality of egress ports 1 through u with connections to a corresponding plurality of egress data links 204 through 206, to supply packets to at least one eTM. The ingress ports 1 through m are operatively connected to the eTM 114, typically through intervening switch cards and egress portion of other port cards. As used herein, “operatively connected” means indirectly connected or connected through an intervening element. Likewise, the first port cards egress data links are operatively connected to the first port card ingress data links, and therefore the iMS 222, via the eTM 114 and the iTM 102. For example, the first card eMS 232 operatively accepts error messages from the eTM and reselects an egress port transmitting packets to the eTM 114 in response to the received fault messages.
Again, the first port card 108 supplies packets on up to a sixth plurality of egress data links 204 through 206, through a corresponding sixth plurality of port card egress ports 1 through u, to one or more eTMs, see FIG. 1, reference designator 114.
Likewise, the first port card 108 includes an oPQ 230 and an egress memory system 232 (eMS). The eMS 232 has an input connected to a second plurality of egress backplane data links 1 through t (lines 212 through 214) to accept packets for storage, an input on line 234 to accept transfer commands from the oPQ 230, and an output on line 234 to supply packets to the egress ports in response to the transfer commands. Again, it is typical that the error messages are added to packet overhead.
A port card data bus operatively connects oPQ 230 and iPQ 216. The oPQ 230 relays control communications for controlling the inter-port card transfer of packets on the egress backplane data links through the iPQ 216.
Viewing both FIGS. 1 and 2, fault tolerance associated with the switch fabric ingress functions may occur as follows. After receiving an error message from the iMS monitor 224, indicating a fault associated with line 105, the iMS 222 sends a flow control fault message to the iTM 102 identifying the faulty ingress connection, via communications through the eMS 232 and the eTM 114. The eMS 232 accepts the fault message from the iMS 222 and transmits the fault message to the eTM 114 on line 204. The eTM 114 accepts the fault message and transmits the fault message to the iTM 102 on line 116. Note that line 116 may be a dedicated control link or a packet data communications data line. Then, the iTM 102 reselects ports communicating packets to the port card ingress ports in response to the fault message. For example, the iTM begins to use line 106 instead of line 105.
Likewise, the invention provides for tolerance in the data link connections associated with a switch fabric port card egress function. The eTM 114 may receive packet cells from a port card egress port exceeding an error threshold, on line 204 from the first port card 108 for example. In response, the eTM 114 sends a message to the first port card eMS 232 identifying the faulty egress connection.
More specifically, the eTM 114 sends a fault message to the iTM 102 on line 116 identifying the port card faulty egress connection. In this example, the faulty connection is associated with line 204. Note that the data link fault may be due a fault in first port egress function, the link itself, or the import function of the eTM 114. The iTM 102 accepts the fault massage and sends the fault message to the first port card iMS 222 identifying the faulty ingress connection. Typically, the message is in the header of a traffic channel packet. Alternately, the communication can be made via dedicated control channels (not shown), or via control link communications with the switch fabric switch cards. The iMS 222 accepts the fault message and transmits the fault message, via line 226, to the eMS 232. The eMS 232 receives the fault message and reselects egress ports communicating packets to the eTM in response to the fault message. For example, line 206 is used for communications with the eTM 114, instead of line 204. More specifically, the eMS 232 uses a lock signal communication to prohibit the oPQ 230 from selecting the faulty link, as the oPQ is directly responsible for managing the port card egress ports. Because the faulty link cannot be selected by the oPQ 230, the oPQ must select a different egress port for eTM communications. In this manner, the eMS 232, through the intervening action of the oPQ 230, reselects an egress port.
Functional Description
The Applied Micro Circuits Corporation (AMCC)S8005 Cyclone™ series is a specific embodiment of the above-described present invention series. The Cyclone series is a highly integrated, low power, area efficient chip set that implements a high-capacity switching fabric that seamlessly handles both packet and TDM (time division multiplexed) traffic. Details of this specific embodiment are presented below to clarify some of the system aspects described above. The switch fabric processes all types of packet traffic (ATM, MPLS, IP, etc.). The system switch fabric is based on a set of four highly integrated ICs which contain SERDES and memory in order to reduce the overall system power, routing complexity, and required board area. The chip set consists of the following chips:
S8505 Priority Queue (PQ);
S8605 Arbiter/Crossbar;
S8805 Earliest Deadline First Queue (EDFQ); and,
S8905 Memory Subsystem (MS).
The port cards described above could be a single device including the PQ, MS, and EDFQ chip functions.
The Cyclone switch fabric implementation is “protocol agnostic,” meaning the chips can process all types of packet traffic (Fibre Channel, ATM, MPLS, IPv4, IPv6, etc.) equally well. The focus of the Cyclone system is to optimize switching performance in terms of throughput, latency, switch capacity, and scalability.
Generally, the Cyclone fabric does not use striping. It does support a striped cell format (ViX-v3) when used in conjunction with certain traffic managers. However, even when the Cyclone fabric used ViX-v3 packets at the ingress or egress, the routing of the packets through the crossbars is still done along a single link per packet.
Cyclone solves the problems associated with ATM and Frame Relay by using fixed frame size (64 byte or 80 byte cells, constant for each switch fabric). For extremely low latency voice applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), packets consist of one or two cells. For high speed data communications, packet sizes can be as large as 192 cells (15,360 bytes if 80-byte cells are used). In either case, the fixed cell size allows the fabric to be fast. Because the Cyclone solution is “cut-through”, latency is kept to an absolute minimum.
The Cyclone method of cut-through packet routing minimizes latency. Service providers have delay budgets and often need to be able to offer very low latency to certain customers. A store-and-forward approach simply would not meet these needs. The only downside to cut-through switching is it places the additional burden of packet integrity checking on the traffic managers. This is usually handled by means of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The iTM calculates the required CRC byte(s) based on the data in a packet. The CRC is recalculated by the eTM to verify correct transmission.
The arbitrated crossbar method, used in the Cyclone system, is more complicated because it requires a centralized arbitration mechanism. But this method allows better scaling of the switch fabric from a small 20 Gbit/sec fabric to a large 1.2 Gbit/sec system.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram depicting a packet communications network utilizing the present invention switch fabric. Traffic management is integrated into the switch fabric and occurs at the ingress, switching, and egress in order to guarantee quality of service (QoS). The switch fabric is scalable and can terminate up to 128 OC-192's (1.28 Tbps). The system can be organized as a 32×32 port switch where each port consists of four OC-192 channels, in effect implementing a 128×128 switch. The OC-192's can be either channelized or concatenated. The fabric can also be thought of as a 512×512 switch since each channel can be treated as four OC-48 subchannels. In addition to the port cards, there are up to 16 switching cards (depending on the chosen architecture and organization), which consist of arbiters and crossbars. Each switching card has connections to all the port cards.
All traffic is cellularized, whether TDM or best-effort type traffic. The interface into and out of the switch fabric passes cells over 2.5 Gbps serial links, which include 8B/10B encoding. Each channel of the switch fabric consists of up to ten serial links, providing up to 20 Gbps data rate throughput.
Port cards provide the traffic interface into the switch fabric. Port cards can be architected such that the line interface (optics, Phy.'s, framers), network processing, and traffic management are on the same card, or they can be architected to be on separate cards. A port card's configuration is dependent on the desired chassis architecture and the number of chips needed.
The three basic types of port cards are single channel (10G or OC-192), two channel (20G or 2xOC-192), and four channel (40G or 4xOC-192). The different types of port cards are normally not mixed in the same chassis because the backplane and switch cards would have to be built to support the largest case. When all of the cards are of the same type, there are optimizations that can be done (depending on the required bandwidth), to reduce the number of switch cards or crossbars on those cards, and hence the number of traces on the backplane.
FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram depicting an example of a single channel port card with all the necessary line functions on a single card. Packet or best-effort traffic travels through the network processor (NP) and ingress traffic manager (TM) before being sent to the fabric. TDM traffic goes directly from the framer to the TM if it can handle TDM traffic, otherwise it goes to a cellification device, which would then interface to the TDM provisioned links. 10 links are being used on the line ingress and line egress sides of the Memory Subsystem (MS). Having 10 links implies the use of 80-byte Cyclone cells; only 8 links can be used when using a 64-byte cell size. The system description of FIGS. 1 through 12, above, is based upon the use of a 64-byte cell. However, as presented below, the same system elements and processes are used for managing 80-byte cells. The 8 and 10 links represent the maximum number of links that can be used for their respective cell sizes. There is nothing preventing the use of fewer links if they are all that is needed.
The ratio between the number of line ingress links and the number of links carrying data to the backplane gives the backplane speedup for the system. In this example, there are 10 ingress links into the MS and 20 links (2 backplane channels) carrying that data to the backplane. This gives a backplane speedup of 2×. As another example, with 8 ingress links and 12 backplane links, there is a speedup of 1.5×. It should be noted that in addition to the backplane speedup, there is also an ingress/egress speedup. With 10 ingress links capable of carrying 2 Gbps each of raw data, this presents a 20 Gbps interface to the MS. An OC-192 only has approximately 10 Gbps worth of data. Taking into account cell overhead and cell quantization inefficiencies, there still remains excess capacity in the links.
The S8505 iPQ shown in FIG. 4 has all 4 bid and grant links shown. In a 32×32 system with all the cards being single channel cards (320 Gbps), only 4 of the links would need to be used, as described in detail below.
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram exemplifying a 2-channel port card. The only difference between the previous example and this one is the addition of an extra MS. In the single-channel case, one MS takes care of both ingress and egress buffering. In the two-channel case, an additional MS is required in order to provide the number of serial links necessary to function and still have a speedup. Note that the single-channel card can be used as a two-channel card by enabling 10 more ingress and egress links, but there would be no backplane links left to create a speedup.
Just as in the single-channel case, the number of usable links is related to the cell size, and the number used can always be less than the total allowed for that cell size. If the two-channel card of FIG. 5 were used in a 32×32 system (640 Gbps) where all the cards were the same, then all eight links on the PQ would be required for bids and grants. If a 16×16 system of these cards (320 Gbps) were created, then only 4 of the PQ links would be necessary.
FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram depicting an example architecture of a 4-channel (OC-768) port card. The configuration shown is different than the previous ones shown (FIGS. 4 and 5) in terms of chip counts and functional partitioning. To begin with, instead of having the line interfaces, framers, network processors, and traffic management on the port card, there is a connector. The connector is used because of size constraints, or to customize the system. For instance, it may be desirable to have one channel be fibre channel, the second be 10 Gb Ethernet, the third SONET, and the fourth MPLS.
The number of chips required to support 4 channels is also larger. As shown in the two-channel port card (FIG. 5), it requires an entire MS to support two ingress channels and still have backplane speedup, so in the 4-channel case it is logical that another MS and PQ would be required. It should be noted that the odd ingress channels are defined on one MS and the even channels on the other. This is done for memory access reasons and also has to do with how links are serviced. The first link that is serviced is in channel 0, 8 ns later a link in channel 1 is serviced, 8 ns after that a link in channel 2 is serviced, followed by a link in channel 3, 8 ns later. Then, 8 ns later the next link in line from channel 0 is serviced (32 ns after the previous link from channel 0 was serviced). This process continues, and does not return to the starting link in channel 0 until all the links have been serviced.
Similar to the previously described port cards, the maximum number of links per channel is set according to the cell size, but fewer links can always be used. The number of links used by each channel does not have to be symmetric. This may be desirable in order to decrease the number of traces, but the time slots allocated to pass data through those links will still be reserved. Since there are now two PQs in the system, there are a total of 16 links that can be used for bids and grants. In a 32×32 system where all the cards are 4 channels (1.28 Tbps), all 16 links would be necessary. In a 16×16 4-channel system (640 Gbps), only half as many would be required, 4 per PQ.
The egress side of the 4-channel port card has 3 MSs. A 2× backplane speedup with 4 channels requires 80 links entering the egress side. To terminate 80 links requires 2 MSs, since each MS has 40 links. These two MSs (fMSs) send the traffic to the third MS (eMS) in FIFO order. Scheduling cannot be performed at this point since the scheduler has to be aware of the packets in both MSs. For this reason, and to provide channel multicast, all the traffic must be funneled into a single MS. This removes the backplane speedup and presents a standard 4-channel interface to the egress traffic manager.
FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram depicting a switch card. Switch cards are responsible for connecting the different port cards together to deliver traffic from ingress to egress. The arbiter on the switch card performs a maximal matching algorithm that establishes as many backplane connections as possible to maintain the highest throughput. Each switch card acts independently to service the links attached to it.
A switch card typically has a single arbiter and a number of crossbars. An arbiter can control a maximum of five crossbars. Through the arbiter, a microprocessor can access the crossbar and arbiter registers as well as all the Cyclone chips on all the port cards.
FIG. 8 is diagram illustrating different crossbar configurations. A fully populated 32×32 port card system can include up to 16 switch cards. The number of crossbars required on a switch card is dependent on the number of links being output by a channel on the backplane (or the backplane speedup). For example, if a backplane channel (no relation to input channels) has 10 links, then 10 crossbars would be required to service it. Links attachments to the switch cards are dependent upon the number of port cards in a system and the arbiter configuration. The arbiter can be configured to treat each of the crossbars as 4 8×8 crossbars, 2 16×16 crossbars, or a single 32×32 crossbar as shown in FIG. 8. The arbiter mode, and hence the crossbar treatment, is dependent on the maximum number of port cards in the switch fabric.
The PQ device may include 1024 queues. These queues are grouped together to create up to 8 class of service (COS) queues which when taken together form virtual output queues (VOQs). The number of queues available for creating different COS levels is dependent on the output port granularity and the number of port cards in the system. For example, if the number of port cards in a system is 32, with 4 egress channels per port card, there would be 1024/(4×32)=8 COS queues available for each VOQ. Taking the same case but using 4 subchannels per channel, there would only be 2 COS queues available for each VOQ. However, if the number of cards were reduced to 16, then there would be 4 COS queues for each VOQ. The equation to calculate how many COS queues are available is summarized as: Available # of COS queues per VOQ=(Total # of queues)/(# of Port Cards×# of Channels×# of Subchannels).
The number of COS's per VOQ can never be greater than eight.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating link to channel assignments. The MS provides the interface between the line side and the fabric. As mentioned previously, the ratio between the number of backplane links used and the number of ingress/egress links used sets the speedup of the fabric. Each MS has 40 input/output data links which can be used. Every 10 links create a channel, whether it is a backplane channel or an ingress/egress channel. There is no logical relationship between backplane and ingress/egress channels. A packet that arrives on one link can, in general, leave on any other link.
The number of links used in a channel is programmable. Unused links are powered down for power savings. The maximum number of links that can be used in a channel is based on the chosen cell size. When 80-byte cells are used, up to 10 links can be used. When 64-byte cells are being used, only up to 8 links can be used. The unused links would be the ones shown below the dashed lines (the 8th and 9th link of each channel) in FIG. 9.
An 8-10 link channel can be used to transport an OC-192 worth of data traffic. A channel can also be treated as a group of OC-48 subchannels. When subchannels are enabled, the link to subchannel mapping would be organized as shown in Table 1. This organization would repeat for all the ingress/egress channels. The links of a channel are serviced in round robin order starting at link 0. In general, the time between links is 32 ns. Note that a backplane channel, regardless of whether the ingress/egress channels have subchannels enabled, is always treated as a channel sized entity.
TABLE I MS Link to Subchannel Mapping for Ingress/Egress Channels using Cyclone Native Cell Format Physical Subchannel Subchannel Link # # Link # 0 (10) (20) Subchannel 0 0 (30) 1 (11) (21) Subchannel 1 0 (31) 2 (12) (22) Subchannel 2 0 (32) 3 (13) (23) Subchannel 3 0 (33) 4 (14) (24) Subchannel 0 1 (34) 5 (15) (25) Subchannel 1 1 (35) 6 (16) (26) Subchannel 2 1 (36) 7 (17) (27) Subchannel 3 1 (37) 8 (18) (28) Subchannel 0 2 (38) 9 (19) (29) Subchannel 1 2 (39)
Since all links must be serviced in one cell time, it is easy to see why more links can be serviced when a longer cell is used. A 64-byte cell takes 256 ns to be received at 2.5 Gbps. (256 ns)/(32 ns/link) gives enough time for 8 links. An 80-byte cell takes 320 ns to be received at 2.5 Gbps. (320 ns)/(32 ns/link) gives enough time for 10 links. For 64-byte cells, links 8 and 9 of each channel shown in Table 1 would not be used.
Table 2 and Table 3 show ViX-v3 cell format mappings, which are for 64-byte cells only. Since ViX-v3 cells are striped across 2 or 8 links, each cell takes 128 ns for the OC-48 cell format or 32 ns for the OC-192 cell format.
TABLE 2 MS Link to Subchannel Mapping for Ingress/Egress Channels using ViX-v3 OC-48 Cell Format Subchannel Link Physical Link # Subchannel # # 0 (10) (20) (30) Subchannel 0 0 1 (11) (21) (31) Subchannel 0 1 2 (12) (22) (32) Subchannel 1 0 3 (13) (23) (33) Subchannel 1 1 4 (14) (24) (34) Subchannel 2 0 5 (15) (25) (35) Subchannel 2 1 6 (16) (26) (36) Subchannel 3 0 7 (17) (27) (37) Subchannel 3 1 8 (18) (28) (38) N/A N/A 9 (19) (29) (39) N/A N/A
TABLE 3 MS Link to Subchannel Mapping for Ingress/Egress Channels using ViX-v3 OC-192 Cell Format Subchannel Link Physical Link # Subchannel # # 0 (10) (20) (30) Subchannel 0 0 1 (11) (21) (31) Subchannel 0 1 2 (12) (22) (32) Subchannel 0 2 3 (13) (23) (33) Subchannel 0 3 4 (14) (24) (34) Subchannel 0 4 5 (15) (25) (35) Subchannel 0 5 6 (16) (26) (36) Subchannel 0 6 7 (17) (27) (37) Subchannel 0 7 8 (18) (28) (38) N/A N/A 9 (19) (29) (39) N/A N/A Switch Planes
Two switch cards, that together service a backplane channel, form a switch plane. A backplane channel, as defined in the previous subsection, consists of a group of backplane data links from the MS that carry traffic to the same switch plane. The timing of the links in a backplane channel is such that one link is serviced in the channel every 32 ns with all the links in that channel getting serviced in one cell time. In a fully provisioned 32×32 port card system, there would be 32 4-channel port cards and 16 switch cards forming 2 banks of 4 switchplanes as shown in FIG. 11.
The entity that makes two switch cards function together as a switch plane to service a backplane channel is the iPQ. The association between a switchplane and (two) switch cards is determined by the particular association of arbiter and iPQ. The association between switchplane bank and switchplane is determined by the iPQ connected to the switchplane. An iPQ communicates only with the arbiter on a switch card. The arbiter is then responsible for configuring the crossbars.
FIG. 10 is a diagram depicting iPQ arbiter interface to switchplane and backplane channel mapping. The arbiter interfaces on the iPQ directly correspond to the backplane channels of the MS, as shown. In other words, arbiter interfaces 0.A and 0.B handles the bids and grants for backplane channel 0. The two arbiters attached to interfaces 0.A and 0.B form switchplane 0 (as shown in FIG. 20) that controls the crossbars attached to the links of backplane channel 0. An iPQ has 8 arbiter interfaces and can handle the bids and grants to 4 switch planes, thus servicing all the 4 backplane channels possible in an MS. A 4-ingress channel configuration, shown in FIG. 6, requires two iPQs and two MSs to support a 2× speedup (generates 8 backplane channels).
When there are two iPQs, each one controls a “bank” of switchplanes. To uniquely identify switchplanes, the associated backplane channel and switchplane bank must be known. The nomenclature SP X.Y is used where X is the switchplane number (and backplane channel) and Y is the switchplane bank. There are two switchplane banks, banks 0 and 1. Switchplane bank 0 switchplanes are defined as those connected to the iPQ that is servicing packets that came from ingress channels 0 and 2. Switchplane bank 1 switchplanes are defined as those connected to the iPQ servicing ingress channels 1 and 3.
The arbiters in a switchplane are denoted by the switchplane number and by the arbiter interface to which they are attached. An arbiter, and its switch card, is uniquely identified by the nomenclature Arb X.Y.Z, where X is the switchplane number, Y is the switchplane bank, and Z is the arbiter interface (A or B) on the iPQ from which the arbiter is receiving bids. An arbiter attached to an A interface handles bids and grants for even numbered links. The arbiter attached to the B interface handles the bids and grants for the odd numbered links of its backplane channel.
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github_open_source_100_8_20022 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package ru.otus.cache.flyway;
public interface MigrationsExecutor {
void cleanDb();
void executeMigrations();
}
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8350527_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Stollbergs Inferno ist der einzige Roman von Michael Schmidt-Salomon. Er erschien 2003 erstmals im Aschaffenburger Alibri Verlag.
Inhalt
Stollbergs Inferno ist in dreiundvierzig Kapitel und ein Glossar (Die historischen Personen des Romans und ihr postmortales Schicksal) gegliedert.
Im gesamten Roman werden in unregelmäßigen Abständen philosophische Fragen beantwortet, vorrangig die nach dem Sinn in einer sinnleeren bzw. absurden Welt. Eines von Schmidt-Salomons philosophischen Kernthemen, die „Abkehr vom freien Willen“, die maßgeblich in Jenseits von Gut und Böse behandelt wird, kommt bereits im siebenunddreißigsten Kapitel zur Sprache.
Protagonist ist der religionskritische Professor Jan Stollberg, der während einer Vorlesung an seinem dritten Herzinfarkt stirbt.
Entgegen seiner weltanschaulichen Überzeugung findet er sich in der christlichen Vorhölle wieder. Neben ihm befinden sich dort sämtliche Philosophen, die aufklärerisches Gedankengut vertraten. Als Ludwig Feuerbach zur „himmlischen Rampe“ befördert werden soll, plant er mit Albert Camus, dem kommunistischen Werftarbeiter Peter Ibanovic und anderen Gefangenen der Hölle den Aufstand gegen Gott.
Eine der Gemeinsamkeiten mit Dantes Göttlicher Komödie ist die Bezugnahme auf intellektuelle Größen der Neuzeit, im Falle Dantes auf solche aus dem Altertum und dem Mittelalter. Jan Stollberg trifft auf seiner Reise durch die Hölle unter anderen auf Ludwig Feuerbach, Albert Camus, Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, Bertrand Russell, Ernst Haeckel, Ernst Bloch, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno und Michail Bakunin.
Der Autor Schmidt-Salomon zieht Analogien von christlichen Höllenvorstellungen zu den Verbrechen des Nationalsozialismus. So prangt über dem Eingangstor eines Lagers der Schriftzug „Buße macht frei“ und zahlreiche ehemalige SS-Angehörige arbeiten als Lageraufseher in der Hölle.
Zwei Szenen des Romans beinhalten sexuelle Handlungen. Die Aufnahme unter den Kritikern war gespalten. Rolf Cantzen schrieb in der MIZ 2003 zu diesem Thema: „Dass sich im Fegefeuer schwellende Schwänze nach höllischen Orgasmusschwierigkeiten schließlich doch lustvoll entladen ist irgendwie tröstlich, doch an heißen Sex sollte mann sich als Schriftsteller doch besser erst im zweiten oder dritten Roman heranwagen.“
Joachim Goetz nahm die Sexszenen in Aufklärung und Kritik jedoch positiv auf: „Keine kunstvollen Terzinen, keine ‚genialen‘ höllischen Phantasien, aber eine lässige, witzige, und ehrliche Sprache, ehrlich und nicht verklemmt, gerade auch wenn es um die Schilderung der Liebesabenteuer des Helden geht.'“
Stollbergs Höllenvorstellungen
Die Vorhöllen sind in Stollbergs Inferno in sieben Ringe unterteilt, dabei ist das System wie in Dantes Göttlicher Komödie trichterförmig aufgebaut. Auch die Anzahl der Vorhöllen ist gleich mit derselben in der Göttlichen Komödie.
Der siebte, unterste Ring beherbergt die Todsünder, der sechste ausschließlich Juden, der fünfte alle nichtchristlichen Gläubigen (Juden ausgenommen), der vierte alle Künstler und Gelehrten, die Gott nicht behagten, jedoch in ihrer Lästerei nicht so weit gegangen sind, wie ihre Kollegen im siebten Ring, der dritte alle nichtkatholischen Christen (einschl. liberaler Katholiken), der zweite ungeborene Kinder oder in jungen Jahren gestorbene Ungetaufte, der erste, oberste Ring alle „mitlaufenden“ Nichtkatholiken, die sich in der Vorhölle zum Katholizismus bekannt haben.
Die Eingänge zu siebtem und sechstem Ring sind jeweils von toten SS-Aufsehern bewacht. Der fünfte Ring ist vom vierten Ring durch einen großen Felsgraben getrennt. Während im sechsten Ring die alten Konzentrationslager des Dritten Reiches reinstalliert wurden, benötigt der fünfte Ring keine Aufseher, da sich seine Insassen in einem ewigen Religionskrieg befinden. Muslime, Buddhisten, Hinduisten etc. halten in Stollbergs Inferno also noch in der christlichen Vorhölle am eigenen Glauben fest.
Baha'ullah, der zu Lebzeiten die Konflikte der großen Religionen beenden wollte, scheitert auch im Jenseits daran.
Im vierten Ring befindet sich eine Katholische Hochschule für religiöse Werke, die eine „Theologisch-Psychologische Fakultät“ beheimatet, in der sadistische Feldversuche durchgeführt werden. Die „Fakultät der schönen Künste“ zwingt ihre Insassen, Lieder in C-Dur zu komponieren und Kirchenlyrik zu schreiben.
Der dritte Ring besteht aus einer mittelalterlichen Stadt, in der sich Christen aller Konfessionen in einem ewigen Glaubenskampf, ähnlich den nichtchristlichen Gläubigen im fünften Ring, befinden.
Der zweite Ring besteht aus einem Duplikat der Niagara-Fälle, in dem das Wasser in die Höhe schießt. Föten und Embryonen schwimmen die Fälle in großen Schwärmen hinauf.
Im ersten Ring, dem Paradiso, können die Insassen mit christlichen „Bonuspunkten“ Alltagsgegenstände und Reliquien erwerben.
Weblinks
Interview zum Buch in Der Humanist
Rezension von Carsten Frerk
Fußnoten
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Roman, Epik
Religionskritische Literatur
Michael Schmidt-Salomon.
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bpt6k6716610g_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | L'Echo d'Oran MMtkiaHINl itée .... i OOKO o-tIlM8. 'tfaiHte auèle-_ ire lwm Prix de l'Abonnement s Oran (YiDc). trois mciê : 5 Er.; « u 3 SOfr^ Départcl8" — Ofr.; — s Mfc. Étranger : port ai rat. Tnvoyr 50 ctmKpomrchaagtminf 1"": On t'abonne tant frais dans tout la hsnwi de poste. ma «wtn«b mon insérés tu «oui pat ftmàm? Directeur : P. PERRI ER Toutes les lettres doivent être adressées iii Directeur, nw do "lI6W-MViu.. JOURNAL. QUOTIDIEN DU MATIN Lu Insertions sont reou: A Oran au bureau du lownd. rue 4 rH"" -... VIle et dene la principales Agences du publicité. L'teho d*Oran est désigné pour rimm lion des annonces légales, judiciaires et autres «algies pour la validité des procédures ci contrats. Directeur : P. PERRIER Toutes kt lettres doivent être adressées M» Directeur, ras ds rHMtI-MViii. Service Télégraphique PAR FIL SPÉCIAL D'ALGER-ORAN Conseils de Cabinet et des Ministres Réunion dans la chambre de M. Monis. — Le choix du général Goiran. — M. Antoine Perrier parlera au nom du Gouvernement à la Chambre PaRIS — Un Conseil de Cabinet a été tenu fce matin à 9 heures ,au ministère de l'lnté-irieur, dans la chambre du Président du Con Le Président du Conseil a parlé en termes «mouvants du regretté ministre de la Guerre, %Iauiice Berteaux, et a dit que sa pensée et Mon cœur avaient accompagné son éminent ^collaborateur et très cher ami dans les «èques grandioses que lui avaient faites hier Sp&ris. le Peuple et l'Armée. Le Président du Conseil a exposé les consi-Sérations qui l'ont amené à proposer au choix u Conseil le général Goiran, commandant le Wie corps, comme ministre de la Guerre. Un gentiment.unanime a été donné à ce choix. Le Conseil s'est occupé ensuite de l ordre du jour des travaux de la Chambre. Cet ordre du Jour, ayant été fixé entre la Chambre et le gouvernement, il n'y avait aucun motif de le modifier. Le Garde des Sceaux sera provisoirement chargé de parler au nom du Gouvermémento Les Ministres à l'Elysée A la suite de ce Conseil de Cabinet, les MInistres et sous-secrétaires d'Etat se sont ren-taus à l'Elysée où un Conseil des Ministres a «Bté tenu sous la présidence de M. Fallières. i Le Président de la République a alors signé île décret de nomination du général Goiran 'comme ministre de la Guerre. M. Cruppi a donné lecture d'un télégramme pendant compte de la situation militaire au Idaroc. . Les principes qui ont présidé à l'organisation du cautionnement mutuel des marchanda El gros de boissons et de la plupart des aues assujettis à la Régie des Contributions indirectes, seraient désormais libérés dans ocertaines conditions de l'obligation, fort onéreuse pour beaucoup d'entre eux, de produire tnne caution. Le prochain Conseil des Ministres aura lien,, Gardl matin. à l'Elysée. AUTOUR DES CONSEILS Le secrétaire général du Ministère de la Guerre. — Entretien du général Goiran avec M. Monis Pnis. — Le général Goiran a l'intention de confier le secrétariat gênerai du Ministère de la Guerre à M. Chapron, préfet de la Marne. Mais il est probable que cette nomination sera ajournée, le préfet de la Marne ne pouvant Sas en ce moment, en raison de l'état troublé e la région, quitter son département. A l'issue du Conseil des Ministres. M. Monts eu un assez long entretien avec le général ioiran qui, cet après-midi, a rendu visite au yres nient de la République, aux Présidents <tL ."'Y jOMïnhM& du Gouvernaj ment. I Les représentants du Gouvernement au départ de la course Paris-Rome t rônéTal Goiran. Ministre de la Guerre, et 'M Coiiâtar*Sous-Secrétaire d'Etat à l'Inté-îkiiT rpnrÀseii^ront Gouvernement, de-Sa n. au d5ai-t de ja course d'aéroplanes Pa-nome. M Monis y sera représente nar M. Antoine Monis, chef de son cabinet. A L'ELYSEE Le prince héritier de Grèce reçu en audience par M. Fallières PARIS. — Le Président de la République a reçu cet après-midi en audience le prince héritier de Grèce qui se trouve de paseage à Paris. Le prince, qu'accompagnait M. Athos Roman os. ministre plénipotentiaire de Grèce en France, a été salué à sa descente de voiture par le colonel Jacquillat. commandant militaire du Palais et le commandant Adal-bert. de la maison militaire du Président et a été conduit auprès de M. Fallières. L'entretien qui a duré près d'une demi-heure a été très cordial. Le prince a remercié le Président des attentions délicates dont U est entouré depuis son séjour en France. Après avoir présenté ses hommages a Mme Fallières, le prince a pris congé du Président. Les honneurs militaires lui ont été rendus par un piquet d'infanterie. LA SANTÉ DE M. MONIS Suppression des bulletins. — Radiographie de la jambe fracturée PARIS. — La santé de M. Monis s'améliorent âle jour en Jour, on ne publiera plus de bulle-lin de santé. Ce matin après le Conseil de Cabinet il a été procédé A la radiographie de la jambe (fracturée de M. Monis. Dans les P. T. T. Les concours d'admission pour les candidats. Epreuves facultatives PARIS. — Il vient d'être décidé qntndô. eendamment des épreuves obligatoires 101crites au programme des conditions d entrée dans l'Administration des Postes et Télé-•urraphes, les candidates seraient admises sur leur demande à subir les épreuves facultatives concernant les langues étrangères et les ,4questions professionnelles théoriques et pratiques (Poste, Télégraphe. Téléphone, Caisse .d'EpaTgne, Transmission et réception aux appareils). D'autre part des points seront accordés eux aides qui compteront au moins une année de service effectif dans les bureaux. Le concours de l'année 1911, qui avait, été fixé au 13 Juin, est reporté au 12 Juillet. Les épreuves facultatives auront lieu le lendemain 13. Tous les renseignements utiles seront fournis aux intéressés par les direoeturs c1élJarWmenta1a des Postes et Télégraphes La hausse sur l'alcool L'enquête judiciaire sur les accaparements. — Dépositions de commerçants et industriels * PARIS. — On sait qu'à la suite d'une inter-«rllation de M. Girod. député du Doubs, en j&écembre 1910. sur les causes de 1 élévation lIles cours de l'alcool, le procureur de ia Ré-Sublique avait chargé M. Ponoet, commis-lire aux délégations Judiciaires, d'ouvrir une ;.enquête dans le but de reaberoher s il y avait .u accaparement Deux oent cinquante totéwBsés environ Mt *tè entendus par le magistrat et la phoput prise reconnu que la législation actodh mal Ku>nyprise ne permettait paa dWkgagv dee poursuites. Les considérations <CMMmt<pM6 et oannutr-jciaîes qui ont été dénoneéea 00IIIID8 étant lea Sca-'ises de l'augmentation dee coure sont de Xrois sortes. D'8prfJ8 Isa ona. la banne des epurs de l'alcool proVMllll81l de la diminu tion de ta production en gralD1, beteraft!18 et mélasses et de l'augmentation de la oonsam-mation. C'est ainsi que le 3/6 a subi une augmentation de 150 % 69 raison de la mauvaise récolte du raisin. D'autres témoins prétendent que l'élévation_ _, _ des cours est due à l'augmentation des droits de douane qui empêchent l'importation dee alcools étrangers. titaÎJi la troisième thèse qui est la plus im-cmrtantâ }1:;:.onise création d'une caisse de liquidation, s^RV, ne chez les agents de à Bourse aux valeur»... U serait utile également de fôgteZP?eni^f sous une autre forme les marchés à term*>» en installant à la Bourse de Commerce un servtce de contrôle pour empêcher les opérations fictives. Pour conclure, les témoins ont tous demandé la révision du règlement de la Bourse de Commerce qui est suranné. M. Poncet s'est contenté de transmettre les explications et les desiderata des commerçants et indsutrieds au procureur de la République. Le nouveau Ministre de la Guerre La carrière de général Goiran PARIS. — Le général Goiran, le nouveau ministre de la Guerre, est né le 27 avril 1847, à Nice. C'est après l'annexion de cette ville à la France, le premier Niçois admis à l'école Polytechnique où il entra en 1866. 11 était lieutenant au moment de la déclaration de guerre, en 1870. Il prit part avec le 10* régiment d'artillerie à la bataille de Sedan où il fut fait prisonnier. Après la guerre il suivit les cours de l'école de cavalerie de Saumur ; puis ceux de l'école de Guerre en 1885. Chef d'escadron en 1886, Il fut désigné pour être employé à l'état major du VIII* corps comme lieutenant-colonel et fut directeur d'artillerie à Tunis. Il coopéra à l'organisation défensive des côtes de la Tunisie et fit construire les arsenaux de Tunis, Sousse, Bizerte. Comme colonel il fut directeur à Maubeuge. Général de brigade en 19M on le plaça à la tête de la brigade de cavalerie de Vesoul ; ruis à celle de la 218 brigade d'infanterie, à Nancy. Enftn. il commanda la 198 brigade d'artilerie à Vincennes et présida à la réintégration du commandant Dreyfus dans l'armée française. Le général Goiran fut nommé divisionnaire en 1906. Il commanda, on le sait. un parti aux grandes manœuvres du Bourbonnais où il eut pour adversaire le général Robert, gouverneur militaire de Lyon. On se rappelle qu'à l'issue de ces manoeuvres, lors de sa fameuse critique devant le Ministre de la Guerre, les attachés militaires étrangers et le public, qui faisait cercle, le généralissime Trémeau, s'adressant au général Goiran, lui dit : a Vous avez, au point de vue stratégique, merveilleusement rempli votre rôle et vous avez fait un emploi remarquable de votre artillerie. Toute votre manœuvre a été admirablement conduite ». Eloge comme il n'en tomba pas beaucoup de la bouche du général Trémeau. Au Palais Bourbon. — Les bruits de couloirs. — La nomination du nouveau ministre de la Guerre a provoqué le mécontentement des radicaux PAM9. — Nous aurions été, selon certains bruits qui couraient dans les couloirs du Palais-Bourbon, à deux doigts d'une crise ministérielle. Dès que, en effet, la nomination du général Goiran fut rendue publique, non seulement de nombreux députés radicaux traduisirent en paroles assez vives leur mécontentement de voir le choix du Président du Conseil se porter sur un militaire, mais aussi quelques membres du Cabinet manifestèrent leur surprise qu'une mesure aussi importante eut été prise sans que, contre tout précédent, ils eussent été consultés. On affirme même que M. Steeg fut chargé d'aller porter leurs doléances à M. Monis qui, pour leur donner tout au moins one satisfaction de forme, dut différer la signature du décret appelant le commandant du VI* corps II succéder & M. Berteanx. M. Monis n'a pas eu grand'peine, cependant, à convaincre ses collègues au cours du Conseil de Cabinet qui précéda le Conseil des Ministres, que la désignation du général Goiran, faite d'ailleurs sur la recommandation de M. Léon Bourgeois et d'un commun accord avec MM. Fallières, Cruppi et Delcassé, répondait aux exigences de la situation, tant poUtique que militaire. Toute opposition cessa immédiatement. Ce n'est pas que dans les milieux avancés on ne rende pas justice aux mérites professionnels ou au républicanisme du nouveau Ministre de la Guerre. C'est une question de principe. Un des tenants les plus zélés du Gouvernement, un nouveau parlementaire qui, par son activité et l'ardeur de ses convictions, s'est déjà fait une place marquée, s'exprimait ainsi dans un groupe : Le général Goiran est un homme éminent. Nous y souscrivons volontiers. Il nous offre, certainement, toutes garanties au point de vue politique. Mais c'est un militaire et nous craignons qu'il se fasse l'homme lige du Conseil supérieur de la Guerre dont nous combattons l'esprit et la tendance. Ce député ne cachait pas que ses préférencea étaient pour MM. Clémentel ou Co-chery, surtout pour M. Messimy. Il ajoutait que, quoique considérant la nomination au général Goiran comme une fauta, il resterait un fidèle soutien du Ministère Monii ECHOS JUDICIAIRES Les débats de l'affaire de haute trahison en Correctionnelle PARIS. — L'affaire de hante trahison du Quai d'Orsay a colitlnué cet après-midi, dans le plus strict huis-clos, & la 11* chambre correctionnelle. Les débats se termineront probablement dimanche. Le jugement sera rendu la semaine prochaine. Le pourvoi de Brengues rejeté en Cassation PARIS. — La Cour de Cassation a rejeté le pourvoi du docteur Brengues. Le krach de la Banque des Halles.— M. Bidon se constitue prisonnier PARIS. — A la suite du krach de la Banque des Halles, le juge d'instruction Larcher avait lancé contre M. Marius Bidon, le véritable organisateur de cet établissement, un mandat d'amener qui n'avait pas pu être exécuté jusqu'ici. Cet après-midi, M. Marius Bidon, accompagné de M* Louis Lagasse, son avocat s'est constitué prisonnier cnez le juge. Epilogue des troubles de la Champagne BAR-SUR-AUBE. — Le tribunal correctionnel a rendu son jugement dans l'affaire dee quatorze maires poursuivis pour avoir refusé de placarder l'affiche relative au classement des chevaux et assister aux opérations des commiMions. Chacun des magistrats munici-J8ID a été condamné à 100 francs d'amende, eaof le maire de Bar-sur-Aube auquel le trib1ID8I a infligé une amende de i.tM francs m raison des <ftclsarattpn> qu'il a tiftss é lin* diencfc La France au Maroc L'attaque de la colonne Gouraud. — Nouveaux détails CASAHJUICA.— Sidi-Gueddar. où a eu lieu 1 attaque de la colonne Gouraud par les tribus des Beni-Ahsen, des Zemmour et des Guer-rniî&'i< a été converti en camp retranché pou-vant rportiiMtef un siège des rebelles. i ^ntmSement eni;'-' la colonne Gouraud et les tribus a eu lieu le S et non le 24 comme l'annonçaient les premières nouvdie8 reçues ici. Le colonel Gouraud et son convoi doivent être arrivés à Fez à l'heure actuelle. Voici de nouveaux détails sur l'engagement : D'après une lettre du colonel Gouraud, datée de Sidi-Gueddar le 22 mal, un convoi de 1.800 chameaux, allant d'El Kenitra à Fez, passait ce jour-là près de Dar-el-Guedarri. situé à la limite des territoires des Beni-Ahsen et des Cherarda, escorté par un escadron que commandait le colonel Gouraud. Soudain, plusieurs centaines de cavaliers appartenant aux tribus des Zemmour et des Guerrouan, attaquèrent le convoi à la fois de front et par l'arrière, tandis que d'autres marocains, embusqués sur les côtés de la piste, ouvraient le feu sur les flancs. Le colonel fit former le carré à ses troupes qui ripostèrent énergiquement. L'attaque avait lieu près d'un gué de l'oued Beth. Après quelques minutes, le convoi put passée. Les ennemis se dispersèrent, emportant leurs morts, mais ne purent recueillir tous les cadavres et 125 environ furent ramassés par nos troupes. Malheureusement, de notre côté nous avions 1 tués dont 1 sous-offleier, et 20 blessés dont 6 grièvement. On estime que dans cette rencontre les Maures ont perdu plus de 200 hommes. Ce que demandent les tribus au Sultan. Moulay Hafid se réconcilierait avec son frère Moulay Zin et donnerait satisfaction à ses sujets. L'œuvre d'apaisement PARIS. — Au sujet de l'œuvre politique de la France au Maroc, un rédacteur du a Matin » a eu la conversation suivante avec une personnalité très au courant des affaires intérieures du Maroc : Ce que la plupart des tribus demandent. a-t-on dit à notre confrère, c'est de payer au Maghzen 50 % de leurs revenus au lieu d'en verser, comme auparavant, la presque totalité. Certaines fractions des Cherarda sont obligées d'hypothéquer leurs biens pour trois ans à l'avance afin de satisfaire aux exigences des calds successivement envoyés par Moulay Hand. Les Beni M'tir se virent infliger une amende de 30.000 douros pour n'avoir pas arrêté l'agitateur Kitant qui traversait leur territoire. Quelques semaines arès, ils durent verser une nouvelle somme de 30.000 douros pour l*«rolr onCM. * ' Le général Molnler a fait savoir que l'arrivée des Français signifie l'avènement d'un régime de justice et la fin de l'ère des exactions. Le Sultan parait être entré dans la même vo!e. On me dit qu'il a écrit récemment , à son frère Moulay Zin qui se trouve à Meknès, lui affirmant 60D désir de se réconcilier avec lui et de donner satisfaction aux plaintes de ses sujets. Ces bonnes dispositions ont déjà produit une forte Impression sur les rebelles et leur soumission est probable si on persévère dans cette vote avec fermeté et tact. Le plus difficile c'est de calmer les haines farouches excitées par le grand-vizir El Glaoui, maître absolu dans le Sud du Maroc et dont la puissance pouirait créer au Magn-zen une inimitié redoutable s'il devenait mbelle. n y a là une œuvre de fermeté et de bonté en même temps, pour laquelle tout le monde pense que notre excellent consul. M. Gaillard ne peut manquer d'être un auxiliaire précieux. Avant l'arrivée de la colonne de secours à Fez PARts. — Le iè Temps » reçoit de son correspondant les détails suivants sur les événements qui, du 18 au 20 mai, ont précédé l'arrivée de la colonne française sur Fez : Sur l'ordre du Sultan la mehalla chérifien-ne fit une sortie dans la matinée du 18 pour prendre l'offensive contre quelques groupes rebelles, situés à une heure de la ville, dans la direction de Ras-el-Ma. Ces groupes n'étaient pas nombreux, car une bonne partie des Beni M'tir s'étaient déplacés pour coopérer avec les Beni Ahsen aux attaques de la colonne. La mehalla partit à 7 heures du matin et prit contact avec d'ennemi sous la protection de l'artillerie. Le combat fut peu grave. Le Maghzen eut deux tués et six blessés. Les groupes ennemis furent dispersés. Le 20 le Sultan apprit que les colonnes de secours devaient arriver le lendemain et que les rebelles, campés à Ras-et-Ma, avaient, en apprenant cette nouvelle, levé le siège de Fez, se repliant dans la direction de Meknès. Moulay HaM jugea le moment favorable pour châtier les Oulad Djama. Il fit partir sa mehala à l'aube dans la direction d'El Bar-ooussi, où eut lieu un engagement assez chaud. Après diverses péripéties les troupes du Maghzen eurent le dessus. Elles brûlèrent les villages ; firent trente prisonniers et s'emparèrent de six cents bonds et mille moutons. Vers 10 heures, dès que le Maghzen apprit une les colonnes de secours allaient arriver dans l'après-midi à Fez. les crieurs publics anoncèrent à la population que les Insurgés avaient été battus et que la grande mehalla attendue aHait arriver. Les habitants ont aussitôt été invitée à pavoiser leurs maisons en signe de joie.. _ Le 22, quelques notables des Cheraga et des Oulad Djama se sont réunis pour se consulter sur la meilleure procédure à employer pour offrir et faire accepter leur soumission par le Sultan. Réception du général Moinier au Maghzen. Les félicitations de Moulay Hafid Fez. 22 mal. — Le général Moinier a été reçu par le Sultan au Maghzen. Il étaitacçom-pagné du général Dalbiez, du colonel Bruiard. du colonel Mangin et de M. Gaillard, consul de France. L'entrevue a été empreinte d'une grande cordialité. Moulay HaÂd a chaudement félicite nos officiers de la splendide randonnée accomplie entre Rabat et Fez. Il a offert un grand déjeuner en l'honneur de ses visiteurs et a convoqué le général Moinier et M. Gaillard pour le lendemain, afin d'examiner la situation. Une correspondance au « Daily Télégraph » LûMDRM.' — Le correspondant du «Daily Télégraphe à Tanger télégraphie & la date du 26 3 J'apprends de bonne source que le Sultan a demandé au général Moinier 7.000 hommes de renfort. Mais il a Insisté pour que ces troupes fussent composées de chaoula et d'Algériens. Le correspondant m Séclare ccnvatocnj qu'avec ces nommée fl sera possible blir la souveraineté du Sultan Omar les haby!ee insurgée. J D sat certain, ajoutHA JV IBI FFTOBBFB se proposent de faire des opérations aux environs de Fez. aussitôt que les troupes seront reposées. BI Omnmt ne peut ni avancer ni reculer farce que le nouveau Rogui a réussi par sa révtme à grouper les nombreux partisans des derviches maures prêchant la guerre sainte contre Moulay Hand et contre la France. Mais les rebeUes ne disposent pas d'un élément d'armée bien importante. Ben Gharbit. interprète de la légation française. viendra à Tanger avec les conventions signées. Ces documents seront ensuite portés à Paris ; après quoi M. Regnault et El Mokrl iront à Fez dans le but d'arranger avec le Sultan toutes les affaires pendantes et réorganiser le Maghzen. Le Combat de Dar-El-Aroussi La dernière lettre du lieutenant Monod à sa famille .pA,ytlg. — Le lieutenant Maurice Monod, tut ai; cours du dernier combat de Dar-el.uoussl aà it?» ovaire de Marseille où il était né en xw/1. Le 3 mai dernier il tivait, Alger pour prendre passage à bora -e 1 t taine » et gagner Casablanca. AU ÏN-U"E.^* de s'embarquer, il avait adressé à sa il;: mille une longue lettre dont voici quelques passages s le ne vais pas au Maroc dans l'unique but da décroober des timbales. J'ai réfléchi au rôle élevé que va y jouer mon morceau de régiment.. On ne peut laisser plus longtemps saboter, aux portes de la civilisation, un magnifique morceau de terre. Là où la France passe, la justice reste et la prospérité du pays s'ensuit. Nous qui crions notre admiration pour 1 Algérie, nous sentons plus que quiconque la puissance de rayonnement de la France et nous sommes jaloux de l'aider à faire ailleurs une autre terre aussi belle. Le colonel Bricka fait l'éloge funèbre du héros PARIS. — En quelques mots touchants, le colonel en retraite Bricka, dans une let~ tre qu'il vient d'adresser a la mère du héme, fait en ces termes son éloge funèbre : Monod était l'exemple et le modèle de tou.tes lee vertus. Il est mort en héros après avoir vécu comme un sage. La carrière du capitaine Bouillon PARIS. — Le capitaine Bouillon, blessé dans le même combat, est un vétéran de nos guerres coloniales. Originaire de Bletterans, dans le Jura, il a eu 45 ans, il y a quelques jours. Engagé à 19 ans, il fit la campagne de Chine contre les Boxers en 1900 et se distingua pendant les opérations de la colonne Bauloud lors de la prise d'assaut du repaire fortifié de Taliko, près de Pao-Ting-Fou, où un millier de Boxen furent tués. Il est capitaine depuis six ans et compte dix-sept campagnes. COMMENTAIRES DE LA FRESSE En Espagne MAORIS. — De la Manant 1 chaque beure qui s'écoule, pemom changer r«vwt du problème marocain. Les Français installés à 00IIJda. à Casablanca et à Fez, s'empresseront d'assurer des communications durables entre ces trois points, garantissant ainsi la communication par l'intérieur entre l'Algérie et l'Atlantique. Le Sultan vivra entouré odes Français, protégé et dirigé par eux. Le Maroc commencera à être français d'esprit et de pensée. Chaque jour la possibilité de nouveaux désordres sera moindre et on s'étendra vers le Sud jusqu'aux confins du désert. Mais nous aussi nons réoccuperons les vieil.les placee de Ceuta et de Mellila. En Espagne l'opinion réagit. Nous avons le devoir de profiter d'une heure historique et chaque minute que nous perdons est une grave responsabilité que notre génération endosse et dont elle devra rendre compte dans l'avenir. De l'A. B. 0, : L'occupation de Fez par les troupes françaises doit être le signal pour l'Espagne d'occuper Tetouan, Larache. El Ksar et la rive droite du Sebou. L'Espagne veut rester amie de l'Angleterre et de la France, mais il faut que ces deux puissances répondent à l'Espa-gne avec la manie loyauté et la même affection. En Allemagne BERLW. — On lit dans la. Taeglleeha Rundschau, sous la signature du général Litzmann : L'occupation de Fez ouvre une phage capi-late de l'affaire marocaine. Elle consolide la politique intérieure de la France et compromet en même temps sa politique extérieure. Les Français qui n'ont jamais de patience, n'ont pas ménagé leurs critiques aux organisateurs de la campagne. Cependant, ceux-ci ont su éviter la grande faute d'envoyer un contingent insuffisant sur ce territoire si vaste où les Marocains n'ont pas cessé leurs attaques, bien que leur humeur belliqueuse en ait déjà bien rabattu. Toutefois, les puissances n'oMecteront-eJMS rien à l'occupation d'un espace de 160 kilomètres qui s'étend entre la frontière délimitée par le traité d'Algésiras et la Moulouya. De la Post : n serait teirps que la France voulût s , en tenir aux accords internationaux et réaliser ses promesses. Pour le moment, eUe ne semble malheureusement pas y songer et on peut compter qu'il se passera bien six semaines avant qu'<He rotiie ses troupes de Fez. Comment tout cela s'accorde-t-il avec la souveraineté du Sultan et l'intégrité du lia. roc T Oest le secret de la France. Le Vol du Torpilleur « 256 » La recherche des coupables demeure infructueuse. — Protestation des marins contre leur consignation à bord des bâtiments de la flottille DDNKERQUB. — On semble renoncer à l espoir de retrouver le coffre et les documents dérobés à bord du torpilleur « B56 » et à mettre la main sur les auteurs de ce cam.briolage. L'enquête qui se poursuit — et qui Jusqu'Ici n'a pas fait découvrir le moindre indice permettant de mettre sur la trace des coupables — va encore être rendue plus difficile par ce qui vient de se produire à la Défense Mobile. Devant l'insuccès des recbriches, les autorités maritimes avaient jugé mutile de retenir plulongtemps consignés les marins des équipages de la flottflle et leur avaient permis de descendre à terre. Toutefois, on avait excepté de cette mesure les marins des torpilleurs « 256 » et « 342 8, tous deux sous le commandement -du lieutenant de vaisseau Wackernie. Cette exception a produit un vif mécontentement parmi les équipages des deux torpilleurs. Aussi, bien résolus à protester, ils se rendirent auprès du commandant en second ei lui déclarèrent que si la consigne n'était pas levée, ils mettraient les embarcations à la mer et que rien ne pourrait des empêcher de deaoeqdre à terra. L'offictar voulut les ca1mer et leur take comprendre que l'enquête était entra les mains de l'autorité civile. Rien n'y ftL L'officier se rendu alors auprès du oommisealre central et d'un ooanmon eeoonl, il fut ooo-venu que la liberté aérait rendus ans ... 9BI8 lM des deu ....... tria i nin llli ,am en La Tension Russo-Turque La note du Monténégro aux Puissances. Réponce de l'Angleterre LONDRES. — Comme les autres grandes puissances signataires du traité de n, le Cabinet anglais a reçu du roi de Monténégro personnellement, une note attirant son attention sur l'attitude menaçante frise envers lui par la Turquie sous prétexte d une connivence des Monténégrins avec les insurgés Malissores d'Albanie. Sa réponse comme celle du Gouvernement français a été sympathique. Mais elle laisse entendre qu'il revenait aux Gouvernements de Saint-Pétersbourg et de Vienne de prendre les initiatives utiles. LA NOTE RUSSE Ce qui l'a décidée VIENNE. — L'ambassadeur russe a eu un long entretien avec le comte d'Aehrenthal. Suivant une information du « Wiener AUge-meine Zeitung s, la note russe aurait été décidée moins sur le rapport du Ministre russe à Cettigne que sur une démarche de la grande duchesse Militza auprès du Tsar. Entretien des ambassadeurs de Russie et de France en Turquie pipi — L'ambassadeur russe a eu avec Il &inb36S&d6uf ti, ** Frajice, M. Bompard un long entretien suT » -* communication russe h la Porte concernant la , K Renseignements officieux sur l'intervention de la Russie VIENNE— La cc Correspondance Politique 1) donne aux sens et à la portée de la démarche de la Russie à Constantino-ple les renseignments officieux suivants qui lui sont adressés de Saint-Pétersbourg : Le Cabinet de Saint-Pétersbourg a été amené à faire des représentations à Cons-tantinorle par les déclarations que le Roi Nicolas avait faites au doyen du corps di.plomatique à Cettigne au sujet de l'action militaire de la Turquie à la frontière du Monténégro, déclarations qu'il avait for-tées en même temps à la connaissance des autres représentants diplomatiques des puissances au Monténégro. En même temps qu'il chargeait l'ambassadeur à Constantinople. M. Ischarykoff, d'une démar ' e da..s ce sens, le Gouvernement russe prévenait tous les autres Cabinets de son intervention en faisant même remarquer qu'il serait désirable que toutes les puissances usassent de leur influence sur la Porte par des conseils de même nature. Le Gouvernement russe n'a pas manqué, d'ailleurs, de donner à Cettigne des avertissements, et il n'a pas eu d'autre but par cette intervention rapide et énergique, que d'empêcher tout danger de-complications. Un article du « Temps » PARIS. — Le cc Temps », au sujet des Balkans, dit aujourd'hui : La Russie a, comme on le sait, demandé aux puissances signataires du traité de Berlin, de s'associer aux démarches qu'elle a entreprises à Constantinople et à Cettigne en faveur du maintien de la paix dans les Bal-et FraMe nest tott v; Rome on ne refusera pas de répondre favorablement à l'initiative russe. L'Allemagne et l'Autriche-Hongrie paraissent vouloir s'abstenir. non pas qu'elles préfèrent ne pas prendre part à la manifestation diplomatique entreprise antérieurement. Les commentaires de la presse allemande BERLIN. — La presse allemande, sans distinction de parti, continue à taper à tour de bras sur le Gouvernement russe. La Voeslsths Zeitung écrit : L'ours russe est resté pris au piège. La Russie a oublié que les temps sont passés où l'Europe se mêlait aux affaires intérieures de la Turquie. Elle l'a oublié à son dam. Rien n'est changé en Europe. D n'y a qu'un européen de plus que l'on blâme. Pourvu que M. Sasonoff ne l'apprenne pas ; il serait capable de retomber gravement malade 1 La PiMUms Tagea Zeitung s'exprime ainsi : Le Ministère des Affaires étrangères a, une fois de plus. étonné le monde. Quand la note russe a paru. on s'est pris la tête entre les mains en Allemagne et on s'est demandé quel but elle pouvait poursuivre. Elle n'en poursuivait apparemment aucun. La vraie cause de la note russe est la maladie de M. Sasonoff. PAMS. — D'autre part, le u Figaro ib reçoit de son correspondant à Berlin la dépêche suivante : J'appelle Instamment votre attention sur le fait que les agences autrichiennes répandent le bruit que la France a, de nouveau, lâché son alliée. Ces Informations tendancieuses ont déjà fait ou voulu faire le plus grand tort à la politique française lors de la crise bosniaque. parce qu'alors elles passèrent inaperçues et ne furent pas promptement démenties. Il serait dangereux de laisser renouveler une pareille campagne et ceci. d'autant plus qu'elle n'a pas d'objet. On me disait récemment de bonne souroe : « La note russe a été un coup de pistolet salutaire tiré en l'air et pas autre chose. La Russie n'a ras hésité à sacrifier ses intérêts économiques Immédiats à la cause de la paix dans les Balkans qu'elle a assurée. Les sympathies de la France, de l'Italie et ds l'Angleterre lui sont acquises. « Dans cet acte déeintéreesé, , une fois I%vm. tlosemsnt donné, U fallait se montrer conciliant et aimable. te Tcharikoff le fut sur l'ordre du Tsar. Quant à considérer cet acte e6rieux et calculé comme une énorme balourdise. c'est se montrer impertinent sans raison envers le Tsar et M. S De et c'est trahir un peu nalvement son dépit en face des conséquences vraiment minimee de l'entrevus de Potsdam. a Nouvelles Diverses M. Alapetite à Paris MARSEILLE. — M. Alapetite ai uffffl à bord du a Canhage 8. U est appelé à Paris par M. Cruppi pour traiter la question de l'emprunt. M. Alapetite Mster& à Paris environ trois semaines. L'anniversaire du Tsar célébré à Toulon TOULON. — La mission russe et le navire de guerre russe « Slava » .qui est ancré à La Seyne, ont célébré aujourd'hui solennellement l'aniversaire de l'Empereur de Russie. L'amiral Marin, préfet maritime, a ordonné aux navires présents sur la rade de pavoiser et de tirer des salves de coups de canon en l'honneur des représentants de la Marine alliée. Les divisions de réserve de la première escadre sont pavolsées. Au Congrès du Syndicat des mécaniciens et chauffeurs du P.-L.-M. AVIGNON. — Le Congrès du Syndicat dnéral des mécaniciens et chauffeurs au P.-L.-M a vot6 l'ordre du jour suivant : Les camarades non grévistes, rémnlj 2*J* Congrès, aonranvunt le mouvement ose camarades grévutsalss f<Mcitent de leur attitude énergique, pries à es moment. lh regrettent que ce mouvement nfcM pas ^rieu* fit <»mpnf et passent è j'oedre du^our. s» Sabotage de fils télégraphiques FIRMINY. — Onze fils télégraphiques ont été coupés à l'entrée du tunnel de la Muette suq la ligne de Firminy à Saint -Ilambert-d'ALI)f)n. Les communications télégraphiques ont été interrompues. La constitution de l'Alsace-Lorraine BERLIN. — Le Conseil fédéral a adopté le ïe projet de constitution de l'Aleace-Lorraine pao e Reichstag. M. Porfirio Diaz a quitté le Mexique MEXICO. — M. Porfirio Diaz est parti ven» dredi. à 2 heures du matin. Il s'est embarqué à Vera Cruz jour l'Espagne. En route des coups de feu ont été tirés sur le tx&in du Président qui n'a pas été atteint. L'AVIATION Un beau vol du lieutenant Ménard ROCIIEFORT. — Le sous-lieutenant M<nard est parti de Poitiers à 2 heures 20. L'aviateur, qui a été gêné par le soleil, est arrivé à no.chefort à 4 heures, après un vol de 142 Idiome'tres. La municipalité a offert une perbe rlè fleurs au lieutenant Ménard qui a été féliHté par le préfet maritime. Une foule très nombreux. qu'un service d'ordre avait de la peine à maintenir, l'a acclamé chaleureusement. Védrines à Madrid MADRID. — Védrines, qui est ici consi'L ru comme l'homme du jour, a visité cet ai-r<>s-midi la Chambre des Députés où il a ct'j reçu -ar le Président de la Chambre. Le Président «ntretenu quelques instants avec lavia-?P»V ouli » félicité pour sa performance. Initiative du Ministre des Travaux Publics en Espagne MADRID. Le Ministre des ^yaw publics va ouvrir un conoours parmi les Cm. es.v * * avancés des écoles d'ingénieurs m?*, pour envoyer trois d'entre eux suivre cours des diverses écoles d'aviation fran'çaises. Voir à la Dernière Heure la suite de nos dépêetiee Encore les Fraudeurs np M. Grellet, un des plus importants /E viticulteurs du département d'Alger, a été bien inspiré en signalant à la vigilance de notre sénateur, M. Saint-Germain, le réveil de la fraude dans la vente des vins. Ce réveil auquel il fallait, du reste, s attendre, en présence de la hausse rable survenue depuis la dernière récolte, s'était déjà dénoncé par les prix invraisemblables affichés chez certains vendeurs et affirmés, en outre, dans d'audncîc'lcô9 réclames. Il était évident qu'à Paris et dans les grandes villes le vin naturel, même d'un titrage inférieur, ne pouvait être offert aux prix annoncés dans les prospectus et les insertions. Et cependant, de ces pros.pectus le pays était inondé. Ces incitions s'étalaient dans tous les journaux de la capitale et de la provfnce, narguant lee investigations des autorités. Il y était proposé des vins de crus renommés, d'une authenticité indiscutable, à 60 et 70 francs la bordelaise. On en vantait les mérites aux consommateurs par de dithyrambiques et alléchantes allégations. Et comme tou-jours, fant le consommateur crédule et bon en-ant ajoutait foi aux affirmations par les.quelles on travaillait à capter sa confiance. Et il achetait. Il achetait les pseudo-vins qu'on lui offrait et dans lesquels le raisin n'avait jamais figuré que comme appât des.tiné à séduire les naïfs. L'année dernière le service de l'inspection était parvenu à mettre la main kur le fameux désincrustant, en apparence inventé pour nettoyer les futailles et en réalité créé pour constituer, de toutes p!ë( es, un fac-similé de vin. Le péril de cptte ingénieuse combinaison enrayé, on s'est rendu compte que le mouillage pratiqué chez quelques marchands en gros et chez une foule de détaillants produisait des effets également désastreux. Leg agents chargés des surveillances tentèrent bien de découvrir les tromperies commises ; mais la fraude est pareille à l'hydre légendaire. Ses tentacules repoussent au fur et à mesure qu'on les coupe. Ce sont les tôte* qu'il faudrait atteindre, pour tuer le monstre. Or les têtes sont presque insaisissables parce qu'innombrables. Procéder à des Investigations chez tous les détaillants nui ne mouillent d'ordinaire qu'au fur et à me.sure des bouteilles consommées est chose à peu près impossible. C'est par la méthode du mouillage, cependant, que se mul.tiplient les quantités falsifiées lancées dans le commerce ,que se raréfient les achats chez les détenteurs de stocks, et que se produit la baisse actuellement constatée. Les petits robinets d'eau font les grands fleu-ves de vine fraudés. Enfin, à ces manœuvres Individuelles se joignent les vastes entreprises de falsification. M. Guichard, commissaire de police à Paris, spécialement chargé de la répression des fraudes, vient de découvrir un machiavélique laboratoire où se fabriquait un ingrédient qui permettait de faire du vin avec des composés chimiques et de l'eau. Deux litres du produit mélangés à un bectolitre de D08 vins d'Algérie, à ISo, à un hectolitre de vin du Midi à 98, avec 101 litres d'eau, donnaient par cet amalgame, traftcant 302 litres de vin à 7* d'une apparence absolument loyale et marchande. lA 4 produit destiné à la falsification coûtait francs le litre et rapportait plus de 50 litres à un prix moyen de 0,50, ce qui pro' curaft un joli bénéfice, comme vous vora. Inutile de dire qu'une foule de négot' ciants en vin s'est précipitée sur cette pro» videntielle composition aussi mervellleU81 que celle dont on dut faire usage aug noces de Cana et s'est empressé de 1 uti» ser. La correspondance saisie chez le fraudeur a démontré qu'il s'était, du premUB coup, assuré une considérable clientèle. Etonnez-vous, après cela, qu'en dépit de Il récolte déficitaire de 1910, le marché 800 envahi par des monceaux de futailles d8 provenance inconnue, qui concurrencent le vin naturel et le supplantent 1 Etonnes-vous que la baissa des prix surgisse et fll généralise 1 n faut, pourtant, qu 'on flnisas . par aveM raison de pareils procédés. Il ne le peul pas qu'on ait lutté pendant cinq ans, pool arracher la viticulture métropolitaine ét algérienne à la mévente sous laquelle eII8 agonisait, et qu'on en arrive à la m1m8 situation qui avait ruiné nos viticuteuret Il ne 88 peut pas que la fraude prétende! rester victorieuse sur le champ de batailla où l'honnêteté commerciale était parvenus à la terrasser. Il ne se peut pas que noue voyions renaître les temps de misères et ds ruines autrefois traversés. Si les agents de contrôle sont trop pe9 nombreux pour exercer one rof^lange efficace, qu'on dn accroisse le nombre. 81 le service des répressions «t iMtifflsam-ment outilla et armé, qu'on lui fournisse les moyens d'action dont U manque ; mais le Gouvernement a le devoir de nepaa demeurer inerte devant la résurrection des falsificateurs qu'on espérait avoir écrasés et qu'on n'est arrivé qu'à (aire reculer momentanément, Laisser s'accentuer la baisee dea pris par la liberté accordée aux fraudeurs de reprendre leurs détestables agissements, ce serait condamner à d'irréparables désastres les marchands honnêtes qui. sur la loi de la sécurité que le législateur leur a promise, ont acheté l'an dernier, à des prix élevés, les quantités nécessaires à leurs transactions ; ce serait livper à nouveau, la santé publique, aux charlatans qui la compromettent par leurs Inventions ogmi-nelles ; ce serait rendre impossible le Réveillent espéré du vignoble français qui représente, à lui seul, une part prépondérante de la fortune nationale. Le Gouvernement a donc le devoir de re-romencer la bataille, derechef implacable, qu'il a engagée depuis la loi de 1905. Il ne saurait avoir de commisération pour dea gens qui, froidement, cyniquement, uniquement guidés par une idée de lucre, mettent en coupe réglée les besoins des populations, menaçant, dans son existence, un des éléments essentiel de l'agriculture française et discréditant, dans le commerce mondial, un produit qui a été autrefois, lorsqu'il s'offrait naturel et loyal, la gloire et la richesse de notre pays. ECHOS Sur fa 3emanïe 9e M. LtiM, les élèves nos établissements d'enseignement secondaire et primaire ont eu congé hier après-midi. Le prochain recueil des actes èmtnisiratif. de la préfecture contiendra une circulaire invitant les municipalités du département à donner la plus grande publicité possible aux dispositions de la loi, du 12 avril 1906 sur les habitations à bon marché. Parmi ies principaux avantages accordés par cette loi, il convient de signaler l'exemption pendant 12 ans de l'impôt foncier pour les habitations individuelles ou collectives rempHsSant If conditions prévues par l'article 5 de la !oî. Pour être admis à bénéficiét de ces dispositions il faut: 1° Avoir fait une demande régulière d'exemption; 2° Que la maison ait été déclarée salubre par le Comité de patronage des habitations à bon marché ; 30 Qu'elle soit à bon marché et destinée au logement de personnes peu fortunées....... Tous renseignements utiles seront donnes dans les Mairies. Un concours pour l'obtention du certificat d'aptitude à l'enseignement de 1 'arabe parlé dans les écoles primaires aura lieu au rhef-lieu de chaque département (Alger, Oran, Constantine). les 6 et 7 )uia prochain. Les candidats doivent adresser leur demande dès maintenant et directement i M. l'Inspecteur d'Académie de leur département. Les inscris lions seront reçues jusqu'au 2 Juin inclusivement.. Sont admis à s'inscrire les élèves sortant rdes écoles normales de l'Algérie, y compris la section spéciale, et les Instituteurs ou institutrices publics pourvus du certificat d'aptitude pédagogique. Le nombre des candidats qui pourront être admis en 1911 dans chaque département est fixé ainsi qu'il suit: Alger, 6; Constantine, .0 Oran, 6. QUESTIONS MILITAIRES. La Solde Coloniale dans la Région Nord Les troupes opérant à Casablanca et en Chaouia ont la solde coloniale et celles opérant dans la région Nord des confins algéro-marocains ne l'ont pas. Pourquoi ? A vrai dire, cette injustice flagrante na d autre raison qu'une raison d'économie et c'est navrant. Croit-on, en effet, que dans la région Nord, sur les bords de la Moulouya. le service soit moins fatigant, moins dur, les chances de maladie ou de blessures moins grandes qu en Cha>uia ? Tout au contraire, puisqu'on ne marche T'as et que le stationnement donne plus de prise aux maladies, la passivité plus d'encouragement à l'audace d'un adversaire rusé et acharné. Objectera-t-on la cherté de la vie ? Ce serait n'en pas connaître le prix que de s'imaginer que dans la région de la Moulouya on ne paie pas les objets de première nécessité aussi cher et souvent plus qu'à Casablanca. Bien plus, les officiers ont souvent pu installer leur famille à Casablanca, tandis que ceux opérant dans la région Nord ont du y renoncer, par ordre supérieur d'ailleurs. Elles ont donc un loyer à continuer à payer dans une ville, souvent très chère, comme Oran ou Alger. D'autre part, les officiers partant en Chaoui& touchent l'indemnité d'entrée en campagne, soit 400, 500 ou 600 fr. et plus. suivant qu ils sont lieutenants non montés ou plus naut gradés, tandis que ceux envoyés dans la r£ gion Nord ne touchent qu'un malheureux mois de solde, absolument insuffisant, et encore à condition de ne pas l'avoir touche depuis deux ans 1 Cette allocation d'un mois de solde est. du reste, réglementaire pour les colonnes en Algérie-Tunisie, mais non pas pour le Maroc. Enfin, elle est notoiremenf insuffisante : tente, lit de camp, effets, cantine d'Afriqur, déménagement s'il y a lieu, les frais sont absolument les mêmes dans les deux cas et un lieutenant en a souvent pour plus de 400 fr., quoi qu'il fasse.. Et l'on ne peut que demander une fois de -plus : pourquoi cette différence de traitement ? Le Gouverneur à Oran L'arrivée de M. Lutaud. — Les réceptions officielles. — Le déjeuner de la Chambre de Commerce. — Au Congrès Commercial. — Les discours. Visite des travaux du port. L'ARRIVÉE M. Lutaud, gouverneur général de l'Algérie, est arrivé hier matin d'Alger, par train sp -cial. Selon son désir. sa réception a été très simple, dépouillée de toutes les tions prévues par le protocole récent du Gouvernement et de la Nation enHère commandait de supprimer ^ns réserves. A 7 heures 50 précises, le train entre en gare Le Gouverneur descend de wagon, suivi 3e Madame Lutaud, du capitaine Catroux, de sa maison militaire ; de M. Boulogne, dlrec.teur sa des Travaux publics au Gouvernement général • de M. Bonnamen, de son Cabinet civil, et de M. Gérard, directeur de l'Office de l'Algérie à Paris. Mesdames Lerebourg et Colombani se por.tent immédiatement au-devant de Madame Lu-taud, cependant que le Gouverneur Général est reçu, sur les quais, par M. Lerebourg, pré. fet d'Or an, entouré de MM. Garoby et Rognon, secrétaires généraux, et MM. Lando et Michel, chef et chef-adjoint de son Cabinet. M. Lutaud se trouve en parfaite santé. Souriant. la main tendue avec bonhomie, le Gouverneur salue les notabilités et les personnalités présentes sur les quais : le Maire d'Oran et ses adjoints, MM. Duret, Béranger et Bartibas ; le général Baschung, commandant la Division d'Oran par Intérim, gouver.neur militaire d'Oran ; le président de la Chambre de Commerce ; les délégués financiers, une délégation du Comité des Fêtes du Commerce et de l'Industrie ; la délégation des indigènes de Tlemcen venue à Oran pour prendre part aux travaux du Congrès commercial et industriel ; le haut personnel administratif des Compagnies de chemins de fer de l'Etat, du P.-L.-M. et de l'Ouest Algérien ; les représentants de la presse, etc. Pour chacun, M. Lutaud a quelques mots aimables... Devant la gare, les autos trépident. Le Gouverneur Général et le Préfet prennent place dans la première ; Mesdames Lutaud et Lerebourg et M. Day, dans la deuxième et les autorités de la suite du Gouverneur Gênéral dans les autres voitures. Et la théorie des autos se met en route pour l'Hôtel de la Préfecture où doivent avoir lieu les réceptions officielles, à 9 heures du matin. Sur le parcours de la gare P.-L.-M. ^ a la place Kléber, de nombreuses personnes sont massées sur les trottoirs et font à M. Lutaud un accueil respectueux et enthousiaste. Le Gouverneur répond par des saluts. |
cihm_52789_6 | English-PD | Public Domain | Strong parties had been placed in the tops, and, at the end of a shOTt contest, the Americans had driven every m&n belonging to tba enemy below ; after which they kept up so animated a fin, on the quarter-deck of the Serapis in particular, aa to drive neerlY every man oflTit, that waa not shot down. Thus, while the English had the battle nearly to themselves 96 NAVAL HISTORY. [1779. bolow, their enemiea had the control above the upper-deck. Having cleared the tops of the Scrapis, some Amencau sea- men lay out on the Richard's main-yard, and be^n to throw hand-grenades upon the two upper decks of the English ship 5 the men on the forecastle of their own vessel seconding these efforts, by casting the same combustibles through the ports of the Serapis. At length one man, in parlicular, became so hardy as to take his post on the extreme end of the yard, whence, provided with a bucket filled with combustibles, and a match, he dropped the grenades with so much precision, that one passed through the mam hatch-way. The powder-boys of the Serapis had got more cartridges up than were wanted, and, in their hurry, they had carelessly laid a row of them on the main-deck, in a line with the guns. The grenade just mentioned set fite to some loose powder that was lying n^r, and the flash passed from cartridge to cartridge, beginning abi«ast of the main-mast, and running quite aft. The effect of this explosion was awful. More than twenty men were instantly killed, many of them being left with no- thing on them but the collar, and vmstbands of their shirts, and the waistbands of their duck trowsers ; while the official returns of the ship, a week af^r the action, show that there w«te no less than thirty-eight wounded on board, still alive, who had been injured in this manner, and of whom thirty were then aud to be in great danger. Captain Pearson described this explo- sion as having destroyed nearly all the men at the five or mx aftermost guns. On the whole, near buty of the enemv s peo- pie must have been instantly disabled by this sudden blow. The advantage thus obtained, by the coolness and mtrepi- dity of the topmen, in a great measure restored the chances of the combat, and, by lessening the fire of the enemy, enabled Commodore Jones to increase his. In the «me degree that it encouraged the crew of the Richard, it diminished the hopes ot the peo^e of the Serapis. One of the guns under the imme- diate inspection of Commodore Jones had been pomted some time agwnst the main-mast of his enemy, while the two others had seconded the fire of the tops, with frrape and <«nwter. Kept below decks by this double attack, where a scene of fhjght- fill horror was present in the agonies of the wounded, and tlie efiects of the explosion, the spirits of the English began to droop, and there was a moment when a trifle would have in. duced them to submit. From this despondency they were tern- trntmrn mim mttrntmititiilm [1779. pper*deck. ricau sea- n to throw gliah ship ; ding these te porta of became to the yard, ibies, and a sision, that )wdor-boy8 ite wanted, cf them on renade just lying near, beginning lan twenty fl with no- shirts, and eial returns re were no e, who had re then said this explo- } five or six lemy's peo- sn blow, and intrepi* chances of uy, enabled jgree that it he hopes of r the imme- linted some ) two others nd canister, ne of fright- ted, and the ih began to uld have in- >y were tern- 1779.] NAVAL HISTORY. 97 porarily raised, by one of those unlooked-for events that cha- racteriss the vicissitudes of battle. After exchanging the inoiToctivo and distant broadsides, already montionod, with the Scarborough, the Alliance had kept Btandir.j; off and on, to leeward of the two principal ships, out of the direction of their shot, when, about half-past eight she appeared crossing the stern of the Serapis and the bow of the Richard, firing at such a distance as to render it impossible to say which vessel would suffer the most. As soon as she had drawn out of tho range of her own guns, her helm was put up, and she ran down near a mile to leeward, hovering about until the firing had ceased between the Pallas and the Scarborough, when she came within hail and spoke both of these vessels. Captain Cottineau of the Pallas earnestly en- treated Captain Landais to take possession of his prize, and allow him to go to the assistance of the Richard, or to stretch up to windward in the Alliance himself, and succour the Com- niodore. After some delay. Captain Landais took the important duty of assisting his consort, into, his own hands, and making two long stretches, under his topsails, he appeared, about the time at which we have arrived in the narration of the combat, di- rectly to windward of the two ships, with the head of the AU liance to the westward. Here the latter ship once more opened her fire, doinf; equal damage, at least, to friend and foe. Keep- ing away a little, and still continuing her fiie, the Alliance was soon on the larboard quarter of the Richard, and, it is even aflinned, that her guns were discharged until she had got nearly abeam. Fifty voices now hailed to tell the people of the Alliance that they were firing into the wrong ship, aud three lanterns were shown, in a line, on the oflTside of the Richard, which was the r^ular signal of recognition for a night action. An oflSoer was directed to hail, nnd to command Captain liandais to lay the enemy aboard ; and the question being put whether the order was comprehended, an answer was given in the aisSrma- five. As the moon had been up some tine, it was impossible not to distinguish between the vessels, the Richard being all Mack, while the Serapis had yellow sides ; and the impresskm seems to have heaa ^neral m the former vesxl, that she had been attacked intentionally. At the discharge of the first guns of the Alliance, the peqrib left one or two of the twelves on board 9 NATAL HIBTORT. [1779 the Richard, which they had begun to fight again, saying that the Enaliahmen in the Alliance had got possession of the ship, and were helping the enemy. It appears that this dachargo dismounted a gun or two, extinguished several lanterns on the main deck, and did a great deal of damage aloft. The AlKance hauled oil' to some distance, keopmg alwaya on the off-side of the Richard, and soon after she reappeared edging down on the larboard beam of her consort, hauhng up athwaTt the bows of that ship and the stem of her antogoiust. On this occasion, it is affirmed that her fire recommenced, when, by possibility, the shot could only reach the Serapia through the Richahl. Ten or twelve men appear to have been killed and wounded on the forecastle of the latter ship, which was crowded at the time, and among them waa an offl- oer of tiie name of Caswell, who, with his dying breath, mam- taimd that he had received his wound by the fire of the Richard*! oonaort. „. . ^ , v -. e After crossing the bowr of the Richard, and the stem ol tlw Serapis, delivering grape as she passed, the Alliance ran off to leeward, again standing off a^ on, dung nothing, for the remainder of the combat. . . , , /. .u The firo of the Alliance added greatly to the leaks of the Richard, which ship, by this time, had received so much water through the shot-holes, as to begin to settle. It is even affirmed by many witneaaea, that the* most dangerous ahot>holes m board the Richard, were under her larboard bow, and larboard counter, in places where they could not have been received from the fiie of the Serapis. This evidence, however, u not unanswerable^as it has been seen that the Serapis luffed up on the larboerd-qoarter of the Richard in the commencement of the actkw, and, forging ahead, was subsequently on her lar- board bow, endeavouring to croes her fore-foot. It is certainly possible that shot may have struck the Richard in the places roentbned, on these occasions, and that, as the ship settled in the water, from other leaks, the holee then made n^y have suddenly increased the danger. On the other hand, if the Al- lianoe m actually fiio while on the bow and quarter of the Richard, aa would appear by • mass of uncontradicted teato- mony, the dangerous shot-boles may very well have come from that ship. . « _. »i. Lm tbe mjuriea have been received firom what marter they fingfat, aoon afJer the Alliaiice had run to leeward, an atann WW ipnnd in the Richard that the ship was sinking. B(4li niiiMli liiiiiiiHIiiiiii^ ^Mj^^^^M .iwrfti [1779 saying that of the ship, s dischars*' erna on the ping always I reappearad , hauling up ' antagonist, commenced, tho Serapis 3ar to havr 9 latter ship, was anoffl- reath, main- fire of the the stem of Alliance ran nothing, for leaks of the much water sven affirmed hot>hotos on and larboard een received irever, is not I luffed up on lencement of r on her lar- [t is certainly in the places ihip settled in ,de taky have nd, if theAl- uarter of tho «dicted te>ti> 1 have como quarter they inl, an alarm Dking. BoUi 1779.] NAVAL HISTORY. 99 vessels had been on fire several times, and some difficulty had been experienced in extinsuiihing tho llames ; but here wan a new enemy to contend with, and, as tho information came from the carpenter, whoso duty it was to sound tho pump-wells, it produced a good deal of consternation. Tho Uichard had more than a hundred English prisoners on board, and the moster'ttt-arms, m the hurry of the moment, lot them all up from below, in order to savo their lives. In tho confusion, the master of the letter of marque, that had been taken off the north of Scotland, passed through a port of the Richard into oAo of the Serapis, when ho informed Captain Pearson, that a few minutes wmild probably decide tho battle in his fhvour, or carry his enemy down, he himself having been liberated in order to save his Hib. Just at this instant tho gunner, who had little to attend to at his quarters, came on deck, and not perceiving Commodore Jones, or Mr. Dale, both of whom wore occupied with the liberated prisoners, and believing tho master, the only other superior he had in the ship, to be dead, he ran up on the poop to haul down the colours. Fortimately the flag-staff had been- shot away, and, the ensign already hanging in the water, he had no other moans of letting his intention be known, than by calling out for ouarter. Captain Pearson now hailed to inquire if the Richara demanded quar« ter, and was answered by Commodore Jones himself, in the negative. It is probable that the reply was not heard, or, if heard, supposed to come from an unauthorised source ; for, en- couraged by what he had learned flrom the escaped prisoner, by the cry, and by the eonlbsion that prevliiled in the Rich- ara, the English captain directed his boarders to be called away, and, as soon as mustered, they were ordered to take possession of the prize. Some of the men actually sot on the gunwale of the latter ship, but finding boarders ready to repel boarders, they made a precipitate retreat. All this time, the top-men were not idle, and the enemy were soon driven below again with kMs. In the mean while, Mr. Dale, who no longer had a gnn that eould be fbnght, mustered the prisoners at the pumpa, taming th«ir oonateroatkm to account, and probably keeping the Richard aftoat by the very blunder that had come S9 netr k)aingher. The shipa were now on fire again, and both par- tiea, with the ezoepmo of a ihw guni on each aide, oeaaed i^ng, in txrder to subdue this oommon enemy. In the oooiM of the oonbnt, the Serapii ia said to havo boeo aet on 100 NAVAL HISTORY. [1719. fire no Ion* Ihnn tv/olvo timoa, while, townrdi iU clojo, m will be Been in the scqucil, the Richard was burning all the while. As uwn M onl«T woa once more restored in the Kicnara, her chonce* of buccom began greatly to increase, while the English, driven under cover, almost to a man, «PJ«?' lo have lost, in a great degree, the hope of victory, fhcr fire materially slackened, while the Richard again brought a few more guns to bear ; the main-mast of the Serapis began to totter, and her resistunco, in general, to lewon. Atout an hour after the explosion, or between three hours and three hours and a half after the first sun was fired, and between two hours and two hours and a half after the ships were lash^ to- aether. Captain Pearson hauled down the colours of the Sera- pis with his own hands, the men refijsing to expose themseUi* to the fire of the Richard's tops. , .. « ,• u u.a When it was known that the colours of the English haa been lowered, Mr. Dale got upon the gunwale of the Richard, and layinK hold of the main-brace-pendant, he swung himselt on board the Serapis. On the quarter-deck of the latter ho found Captain Pearson, almost alone, that rallant officer havmg maintained his post, throughout the whole of this cl^ and murderous conflict. Just as Mr. Dale addressed the Eng ish captain, the first lieutenant of the Serapis came up from below to inquire if the Richard had struck, her fir« having entirely ceased. Mr. Dale now gave the English oflicer to understand that he was mistaken in the position of things, the Jterapii having struck to thb Richard, and not the Richard to the Se- rapis. Captain Pearson confirming this account, his subordi- nate acquiesced, offering to go below and silence the g""" that were still playing upon the American ship. To this Mr. Liaie would not consent, but both the English officers were imme- diately passed on board the Richard. The firing was then ■topped below. Mr. Dale had been clowjly followed to the quarter-deck of the Serapis, by Mr. Mayrant, a midshipman, and a party of boarders, and as the ftrmer struck the quarter- deck of the prizo, he was run through the thi-h, by a boarding^ pike, in the hands of a man in the waist, who was ignorant of the surrender. )M, M will he while. e Richard, I whilo tho appoar to Their ftre ught a few I Dogaii to About an and three ctwcen two i laahed to- ,f the Sera- themteU^ Inglish had he Richard, ung himself :he latter ho ficer having » cloae and tho English from below ing entirely ) understand the Serapis rd to theae- his subordi- he guns that his Mr. Dale were imme- ig was then owed to the midshipman, L the quarter- y a boerding- s ignorant of kable combat -ins; ahed and ibiu discourse Richard, and I in the priu, 1779.1 NAVAL HI8TORV. 101 Commodore Jones ordered the lashings to be cut, and tho ves- mcIn to be separated, hailing tho ScrnpJH, ns tho Richard drifted from alongside of her, and ordering her to follow his own ship. Mr. Dale, now had the head sails of tho Serapis braced sharp aback, and tho wheel put down, but tho vessel refused to answer her helm or her canvass. Surprised and excited at (his cir- cumstance, the gallant lieutenant sprang from tho binnacle on which he had seated himself, and foil his length on the dock. He had been severely wounded in the leg by a splinter, and until this moment was ignorant of tho injury I Ho was replaced on the binnacle, when tho master of the Serapis came up and acquainted him with the fact that the ship was anchored. By this time, Mr. Lunt, the second lieutenant, who had been absent in the pilot boat, had got alongside, and was on board the prize. To this officer Mr. Dale now consigned the charge of the Serapis, the cable was cut, and tho ship followed the Richard, as ordered. Although this protracted and bloody combat had now ended, neither the danger nor the labours of the victors were over. The Richard was both sinking and on fire. The flames had got within the ceiling, and extended ko ihr that they menaced the magazine, while all the pumps, in constant use, could barely keep the water at the sanw level. Had it depended on the ex- hausted people of the two combatants, tho ship must havo soon sunk, but the other vessels of the squadron sent bonds on board the Richard, to assist at the pumps. So imminent did the danger from the fire become, that all the powder was got on deck, to prevent an explosion. In this manner did the night of the battle pass, with one sang alwavs at the pumps, and another contending with the flames, until about ten o'clock in the forenoon of the 94th, when the latter were got under. After the action, eight or ten Englishmen in the Richard, stole a boat from the Serapis, and ran away with it, landing at Scar- borough. Several of the men were so alarmed with the con- dition of their ship, as to jump overboard and swim to the other vessels. When the day dawned, an examination was made into the condition of the Richard. AMft, on a line with those guns of the Serapis that had not been disabled by the explosion, the timbers were found to be nearly all beaten in, or beaten out, for in this respect there was little diflerenoe between the two sides of the ship; and it was said that her poop and upper decks would have fidlen into the gun-room, but for a few rut- 9* 103 NAVAL MlBTOmT. (177S. tocki that had iwon miMod. Indeed, to Imtm wm the vMuum, that moet of the ahot fired from thia part of the Serapin, at the cloae of iho action, must have gone through llio Ukhard with- out touching any thing. The rudder waa cut from the atern- poat, uitd the trauaonrw wore nearly driven out of her. All the after part of tho ship, in particular, that waa below the quart«-dock, waa torn to piocea, and nothing had saved thcwJ ■tationed on tho quarter-dock, but the imposaibility ol auffi- ciently elevating cuna that almoat touched their object. The reault of thia examination waa to convince every ono of the impoeaibility of carrying tho Richard into port, m tho event of iU coming on to blow. Commodore Jonoa waa ad- viaed to remove hia wounded while tho weather continued mo- derate, and ho reluctantly gave the order to commence. Tho following night and the morning of the mjcceoding day wero employed m executing thia imperioua duty; and about nmo o'clock, the officer of the Pallas, who was m charge of the ahip, with a party at the pumps, finding that the water had reached the lower d«;k, reluctantly obandoned her. About ten, the Bon Homme Richard wallowed heavily, gave a roll, ond aettled alowly into the aca, bowa forcmoat. The Serapia aufiered much leaa than the Richard, the guns of the latter having been ao light, and ao soon silenced ; but no aooner were Ae ships separated, than her main-roost fell, bringing down with it the mizxen-top-maat. Though iury-moate wer« erected, the ahip drove about, nearly helpl««, m the North Sea, until the 6th of October, when the renriaina of the aquadron, with the two prinea, got into the Texcl, the port to which they had been ordered to repair. In the combat between the Richard and the Serapis, an unu- sual number of Uvea waa loat, though no reguUr authentic report appeora to have been given by either aide. CapUin Pearaon states the losa of the Richard at about 800 m killed and wounded ; a total that would have included very nearly all hand8,and which waa certainly a great exaggeratwn, or al least a great mistake. According to a muater-roll of the ofti- cera and people of the Richard, excluding the mannea, which is still in exUtence, 42 men were killed, or died of their wounds shortly nOer the battle, and 41 were wounded. This would make a total of 83, for thia portion of the crew, which on the roll amounted to 287 souls. But many of tho persons named on this list are known not to have been in the action at allj such as neither of tho junior lieutenants, and some thirty njuAWIBMai <m itmatiti tiim ) vftcuum, pis, at the uinl with- tbvateni- h«r. All below the kved thoao f of tuffi* ct. every one ort, in tho 39 was ad- liiiund mo- nco. Tho ; day weru about nino rgo of the wuter had n. About pive a roll, 1, the guns enctid; but nuun-inaat , Though \y helpless, :he remains I Texel, the pis, an unu> ir authentic ). Captain 00 in killed very nearly ration, or at 1 of the orf!i- rines, which heir wounds This would rhich on the ■sons named ction at all ; ) thirty nco WIN NAVAL HIITOR V. 103 that were with thorn, besides those abficnt in prizes. As there were a few voluntocrs on lK)ard, however, who wore not mus- tered, if we set down UUO as the number of tho portion of tho ntgular crew that was in tlie action, wo shall probably not be far from the truth. By estimating tho soldiers that remained on board at V20, and observing tho sanne pru|)ortion for their casualties, we shall get 40 for the result, which will make a total of I'M, as tho entire loss of ihu Kichanl. It is known, however, that, in the commencement of the action, the soldiers, or marines, suffered out of proportion to the rest of the crew, and general report having made tho gross losa of the Richard 164) men, we are dis|X)sed to believe that it was not flu fttxn the fact. Captain Foarson re|Kirtcd a part of his loss at 117 men, admitting at the same time, that there were many kiikxl and wounded whose names he could not discover. It is probable that the loss of nten, in the two ships, was about equal, and that nearly or quite half of all those who wore engaged, were either killed or wounded. Comm<Mloro Jones, in a private let- ter, written some time after tho occirrcnce, gives an opinion, however, that the loss of the Richard was less than that of the Seraois. That two vessels of so much force should lie lashed together more than two hours, making use of artillery, mus- ketry, and all the other means of annoyance known to the warfare of the day, and not do even greater injury to the crews, strikes us with astonishment; but the fkct must be aacribed to the peculiarities of the combat, which, by driving most of the English under cover, and by keepins the Ameri- cans above the Tine of fire, protected each party from the mis- siles of the other. As it was, it proved a murderoua and sbnguinary conflict, tlmugh its duration wou)d probably have been much shorter, and its character still more bloody, but for these unusual circumstances. 104 NATAL HIITOKT. (UM. CHAPTER X. Tub arrivtl of Paul Jonea, in HolUnd, exritnl a attmt dtttl of interoat in tho diplomatic world. Th« Kngliah (Icmundsd that Iho priaoncri should ba raioaaod, and that Jonea hiinaelf •hould be given up aa a pirate. The Dutch government, though wolldiapoacd to flivour the Americana, waa not pre- pared for WKr, and it waa induced to tomporiae. A long cor- reapondcnco rollowod, which terminated in one of thoao politi- cal oxpodionta that are to common, and in which tho pains and pvnaltioB of avowing the truth are avoided by means of a niysliflcatton. The Serapia, which had boon re-masted and Muipped, was tranaferrod to Prance, as waa the Scarborough, while Cummodore Junes took commond of tho Alliance, (zap- tain Landais having boon suspended, and waa ordered to quit the country. The Allianee went to sea on th( 97th of December, 1779, and reached the roads of Oroix again, in saftty, on ihe 10th or February, 1780. She paased down the Channel, vaa near enough to the squadron in tho Downs to examine its fcrcc, waa aevoral times chased, and made a short cruise in the Bay of Biscay, after having touched in Spain. Captain Conyngham, who had been captured in a privateer and cacaped, joined the Alliance, and went round to rOrient in the ship. Although it will be anticipatinf| the eventa of another year, we shall nniah the history of this voaael, so far aa she wcs connected with the officer who first commanded her, Captaia Landais. This gentleman had been aent for to Paris, to ac* ooont for hk ooniduct to the American minister, and subae- quently his claim to command the Alliance was reiened to Mr. Arthur Lee, who was on tho spot, and who bad long been in Europe, as a conspicuous agent of tiie goremment. The dociaion of this commissioner restored the Alliance to Captain Ijaodaia, on the ground that his command having been given to him by the higheat authoritv of the country, a voto of Con- greas, he could not legally be ooprived of it bv any subordinate aut|tority. In June, Captain I^andais sailed in the ship for America, where she was given to an officer better fitted to ahow her excellent qualitica, and who, in the end, suaceeded in ■iMM IITM. I1M] NAVAL HIITOET. 105 niiig her charactar. During th« |ia«Mgn home, ("apUin L«n«l«ia wna iio|HNml (mm Ihn oommniiil, un<lnr iImi u\rm that ho waa iiiMiin, and aurni nflii. he wn* diachurxtrd from (h« navy. It u thought that tho aharnco or (ximiniwlore Joiwa, •iono, provitntDd hia raoniving anvorer puniahiwnt. (Jommodora Joium, aniioua to giH back to America, took eoininand of the Ariel 'M, a little ahip that tlu; king of France lent to hia alliea, to aid in trnna|i<irting military atorea; and in thia vntael, with a portion of the offirt^ra and mtm who had belonged to the Richard, ho aailod from under Groix on th« 7th or Sttptnmbor. When a day or two out, the Ariel oncoun* torcd a aevore gale, in which ahe came near being loat. The ahip waa ao preaaed upon by the wind, that her lower yard« arma fref^tently dipped, and though an anchor waa let go, ah* reAiaed te tend to >t. In order to keen her from foundering, the foro>maat waa cut away, and the Keel of the main-nwurt having worked out of the atep, that apar followed, brnging down with it the mizxon-maat. Returning to I'Orient to rafit, the Ariel aailed a aecond time for America, on the 18th of December. During the paooage, ahe fell in with an enemy of about her own aize, in the night, and after much converaation, a abort combat followed, when the Engliah ahip intimated that ahe had atruok, but taking ad- vantage of her pooition, ahe made oeil and eaoaped. dome unaccountable miotake waa made by, or an extraordinary haU lucinatbn appear* to have come over Comnndora Jonea, in reference to thta aflhir { for, in hia journal, he ipeaxa of hk enemy aa having been an Engliah twenty-gun ahip called tlie Triumph, and the reault aa a victory. Tlw Triumph, if auch waa truly the name of Uie Engliah ahip, waa probablv a leHer of marque, unable to leaiat a veaael or war of any nroe, and though not firee fWim the imputation of treachery, ahe eaoaped by out-m«n<Buvring the Ariel. On the 16th of February, 1761, after an aboence of more than three yeara, Paul Jonei leaohed Philadelphia in aaibiy. Before we return to the Annrican oeaa, end to the more regular incidenta of the year 1779, we will add that, after an ia4|uirv into the conduct of Captain Jonea, aa it waa connected with all hia prooeedinga in Europe, Ccmgreea gave him a vote of thanka, and, by a formal reaolution, mMowm! on him the commaad of the America 74, the only one of the aix ahipa of that claaa that waa ever laid down under the law of 1T70. The Amerioe never got to oea under the national colours, Ck>n* 106 JIAVAI, MI«TO«V, Mm EM prrwntind tbct •hip io Iheir allv. Loub XV|„ in M»gMili<jii« 74, which lw<l liwn Uv t iii thn piirt <. IkMton. Tu rvturti tu tho more rvgular ord«r • . v 'nl«. Duriim tho •Mmnwr of n7tt, Iha l>Ma.iM 4U, CaiiUin N«miMl NkbolwMi, and (h« lluatmi 'J4, l!aptain Tucker. nmU^ « cruia* la oomimity. tn August of (hal ymt, ihflM Iwu ahipa hmli nwny |irii««, (hough tut nclion of nxtmrnt oc«nirn'«l. Among o(bnr* were ibe Handwioh (n imrkfl,) 16, Iwo privateer*, wilfi lb« (Ikncmim 'M, mud (he Thorn l«. Th» lurt of theM vrg. mU wu n man-of'Wa. In tlm aprinK of this year, tlw Providence 19, CapUio llacknr, tiK>k n, v«wai'l of <H|ual force, lalieii the I)ili|(en(, after a aliarp ardon. Thn particulani of ihia eni^agenietit are loal, though they are known U> have hocn highly creditable to ih«i Amanoaa officer. The Diligent appears to havo beea Ukea into the aervioe. A bl<KMly action alao«HTurrr«l, aJiout the ■•me time, between tho Maiia(uhiiwt»«iitat«-<^na»i'r llnxard 14, Captain John Foati^r Williama, and tne Active 14. a voaai?! that S<homJ»nrg atatra to liave belongetl to the king. The combat luated half an hour, and waa determined in flivour of the HaMrd. The Active ia aaid to havn had 93 killed and wounded, and the flaurd H. Shortly after thia bandaomo aflair. Captain Williama waa appointed to tho ahip Protector 'JO, bolonjjing to thi; aanw state, and in JuiM he had ■ Mvura action with one of thoae heavy leltera of marque U waa ao much the cuatom to aend to aea, at the period of which we are writing, called the DuflT; a ahip aaid to have been quite oquni in <orce to the Protector. After a sharp con- test or mor«- hc-r, the Duff blew up. The Protector succeeded in •!"> ■ ' f her crew, Sa»ing ht.J «> of bar own people kill*! d «l scm I in the ba.^ ;. The enetuy ik.viag esutbliahed a port on the PMiobwiot, and placed in it a strong garrison, the Slat* of Massachusetto d«> termined to drive thorn from its territory, without calling upon Congreaa for assistance. For this purpose, MaaaachusetU made a draft of 1500 of her own militw, and got an order for the U.8. ship Warren au. Captain SaltoostaU, the Diligent 14, CapUin Brown, and the Providence 12. Captain Hacker, to join the expedition ; these being the oaly lesular cruisers em* ployed on tho occasion. Three veseela belonging to Massa. ehusetts were also put under thu orders of Captain Saltonstall, ud a force consisting of thirteen privateers wae added, ia mi pg^^^«ji^j^^,jjiBMiBiAbUHbiMapHrai||a ftm [^ (n rvpUro ft (M UwUMi. tUin Nnmwl miIm « cruiae II ahipa ItMik «<ii. AiiMiiiK vaUwra, with of itiMo vrs* IS, CspUin )iliKnnl, afliir nriit am loal, <li(abl« to thn 0 been ukeu time, between It John Fiwior iberg itatee to i«ir an hour, Active ia aaiii rdH. Shortly 1 appointed to 9, and in JuiM ivy leltorn of , at the period aaid to have ' a iharp con- rhe Protector a of her own *enobacot, and lachuMtta de* I caliing upon Maaaachuaetta t an order for e Diligent 14, in Huker, to r cruianra end- ing to Maaaa* in Saltonstail, 18 added, ia nn. NAVAL NliTORT. 107 (}c>a. addition Ihero were many lran«p>*rt4 and ■iorr-vean^U. enil I.4)vcl (-MfniiMniird fhn brigaile. Thm arniaiiwnl inndn il« np|i«<flrnii«:«i oH* thn IVnobacnt on th«i flSih (if July. While th« militia wenn innking th«ir dowMil, the Warren, and anothor vnaarl of •omo fvtcm, rngni^i th* enemy'a worka. The (-anncNMilinu waa aovere, and thin Wafa ntn ia aaid to hnvii hnd <iO ini"< iiiiUtl and wouiitknl, in (he aclion with the Ijalturirii, and in landing lh«t triMiiM. 'l'\v> laltnr duty, however, waa aurceaarully ptirrornxrd by U<<nflral I<ovel, with a loM of itmut (»iin hundntl iiH^n, iiu^ludiiig all arma. Finding it im|MM«ihlti to carry llwi iilnct) with hia prraent liircn, the commamling utliwr iw»w wnt lor mnfotvt^nwnUi . (>n the 13lh of Augimt, while waiting fur n return of the nwwaiinger, inrornmtiiin wna m-rivod fWiin the Tyrannicidn, the look-out vrssrl, that Mtr IJeorgn lAtllicr, in tho Kainbow 44, accum- pnnted by four other veaaela of war, waa entering the bay. The tmofM immctdiatfly re-emliarkrHi, and a gnneral, hurried, and cunfuMHl flight piwimhI. 'l'h« Itrituh mjundron, »)niiiating of live vriwrU uf war, quirkly nppnared, and n tiurauit up the river waa connnmictnl, and cuntinu«Mi for a long distance. The enemy aoon got near enough to iiae their chaae guna, and the Are waa returned by thn Americana. It waa undoubtedly the wiah of Captain Haltonatall, to reach the ahallow wat«ra befora he waa overtaken ; but finding thia impracticablo, ho ran hia ahip aahom, and aet hor on (ire. ( hhera followed thia oxamitie, ana moat of the voaaels were deatntyed, though three or rour ftll into the handa of the enemy. Captain Haltonatall waa muchi and, in aome reapecta, per- ha}w, jualiy cenaurod, for Ihia dioaater, though it ia to be finred that it aroae mora fVom that habit of publicH]*, which ia com- mon to all countriea much influenced by popular feeling, than from any other cauae. Had a due regard been paid to oecrriy, time might have been gained in that remote region, to ef^t the object, bifore a aufficient force coald be collected to go •gainat the aaaailanta. In a roilitarpr aenae, the principal faufia appear to have been a miachlculation of moana, at the com- mencement, and a neglect to raiae aueh batteriea aa might have rirotected the ahipping a^inat^ the heavy veaaela of the enemy, t ooidd not ourely have been thought that privateeni, armed with light gima, were able to reaiat two.deckera ; and the ftet that the Bi^iah had a fleet of auch veaaela on the coaat waa generally known. The diaaatroua reault of thia expedition inflicted a aevere blow im 108 NATAL HISTORY [1700 OH Amarican nautical enturpriseB. Many privateera and state vessels, that hod bten successful against tha enemy's com- merce, were either captured or destroyed. Among the vessels blown up, was the Providence 12, one of the first cruisers ever sent to sea by the United Statcj, and which had become rjoted for exploiti greatly exceeding what might have been expected firom her force. CHAPTER XI. At the commenoeraent of the yair 1780, the French fleet under Comte d'Estaing retired to the West-Indieo, lea,ving the entire Anaerican coast at the conunand of the British. Sir Henry Clinton profited by the opportunity to sail against Charleston, with a btrong force in ships and troops, which town he reduced after a short but vioorous siege. Several American ships of war were in the harbour at the time, under the command of Captain Whipple, and finding escape impoa* sible, this otRcet carried his squadron into the Cooper, sunk several vessels at its mouth, and landed all the guns and crews for the def.^nce of the town, with the exception of thone of one ship. The Providence 88, Captain Whipple, the Queen of France 88, Captain Rathbume, the Boston 34, Captain Tuek« er, the Ranger 18, Captain Simpson, and several smaller vea* sels, fell into the hands of the «Mmy. The English oovemment, by this time, found the system c€ privateering so ^ructive to their navigatkm, that it had oone to the determination of refiinng to exchange any more of the «mmen that fell into their power. By actinff on thi» p(^y» tlsey collected a large body of prisoners, sending them to Eng. land in their return-ships, and sensibly aftcted the nautical enterprises of the Americans, who, of course, had but a limit* ed number of officers and men fit to act on the ocean. By the fall of Charleston, too, the force of the regular Ame> rican marine, small as it had always been, was still inoie !•• duced. Of the frigates, the Alliance 83, the Hague (late Deane) 32, Confederacy 32, Trumbull 38, and a ship or tw9 bought or borrowed in Europe, appear to be all that were left* llMMiil [1760 ra and state emy'a com- ; the vewels :ruiaeni ever scome noted )en expected 1780.] NAVAL HIBTORT. 109 French fleet > leaving the Britiah. Sir aail against roops, which pi. Several I time, under icape impos- hooper, sunk AS and crews thoMofone le Queen of iptain Tuck* smaller vea* Im system of tit had come more of the I this policy, Ihem to Bag* the nautical 1 but a limit* »an. resular Ame* till more re* Hague (lat» ship or twoi M were left* while the smaller cruisers, like the pitcher that is broken by going too oden to the well, had not farc<i much better. In consequence of all these losses, the advanced state of the war, and the French alliance, which had brought the fleets of France upon the American coast, Congress appears to have thought any great efforts for increasing the marine unneces- sary at the moment. The privateers and state cruisers were out and active as usual, though much reduced in numbers, and consequently in general ciBcieocy. In contrast to these di- minished efforts we find the British Parliament authorizing the ministry to keep no less than 86,000 men employed in the English navy, including the marines. The first action of moment that occurcd this year between any United States' vessel and the enemy, nevertheless, has the reputation of having been one of the most hotly and obsti- nately contested combats of the war. June 2d, 1780, the Trumbull 38, then under the command of Captam James Ni* cholson, the senior officer of the navy, while cruising in lat. S6° 54', long. 66° W., made a strange sail to windward iVom the masUheads. The Trumbull immediately furled all her canvass, in the hope of drawing the stmnger down upon her liefore she should bo seen. At eleven, the stranger was made out to be a large ship, steering for the Trumbull's quarter; but soon haulins more astern, sail was got on the American ship to close. After some manoeuvring, in order to try the rate of sailing and to get a view of the stranger's broadside, the Trumbull took in her WgjM. sails, hauled up her courses, the chase all this time betrayiiw no desire to avoid an action, but standing directly for her acberaary. Wben near enough, the Trumbull filled, and outsailing the strangur, she easily fetched to windward of her. The chase now fired three guns, showed Ec^iiurii colours, and edged away, under short sail, evidently with an mtmition to pursue her course. Captain Ni* cholson harangued his men, and then made sail to bring his ship up with the enemy. When about a hundred yards dis- tant, the English ship fired a broadsido, and thr action began in good earnest. For two hours and a half the vcMels lay nearly abeam of each other, giving and receiving broadsides without intermisi^.. At no time were they half a cableHi leitfth asunder, and ratMfe than tmoe the yards nearly inter* looked. Twice was the Trumbull set on fire by the wads of hw opponent, and once the enemy sufihred in the same way. 10 iii'tiii ai mi* 110 NATAL HIBTORY. tlTW At last the firo of the Englishman slackened sensibly, until it nearly ceased. Captain Nicholson now felt satisfied that he should make o prize of his antagonist, and was encouraging his people with that hope, when n rcprt was brought to him, that the main- mast was tottering, and that if it went while near the enemy, his ship would probably be the sacrifice. Anxious to secure the spar, sail was made, and the Trumbull shot ahead again, her superiority of sailing being very decided. She was soon clear of her adversary, who made no effort to molest her. The vessels, however, were scarcely musket-shot apart, when the main and mizzen top-maste of the Trumbull went over the side, and, in spite of every eftbrt to secure them, spar after ■par came down, until nothing was left but the fore-mast. Under such circumstances, the enemy, who manifested no desire to profit by her advantage, went off on her proper oourae. Before she was out of sight, her main top-mast also was seen to fall. It was afterwards ascertained that the ship en^ged by the Trumbull was a letter of marque called the Watt, Captain Couhhan], a vessel of size, that had been emreasly equipped to fight her way, Her farce is not mentioned in the Engish accounts, but her commander, in his narrative of the tmir, in which he claims the victory, admits his loss to have been 03 men, in killed and wounded. Captain Nicholson estimates her force at 84 or 86 guns, mostly twelve-pounders ; and he states that of the Trumbull to have been 24 twelve-pounders and 6 sixes, with 199 socta on board when the acUon com- menced. The Trumbull lost 39, in killed and wounded, among the former of whom were two of her lieutenants. In the way of a r^Uur cannonade, this combat is generally Oought to have been the severest that was fought in the war of the Revolution. There b no auestion of tbe superiority of the Watt in every thing but sailing, she havrog bem essan- tioUy the largest and strongest ship, besideB carrjriflg more guns and men than bur o^qniMnt. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining seamen, which has beeis so oftwi mentioned, the Trumbuirs crew Trzz composed, in a gwat degree, of raw hands, and Captair Nicholson states paitieularly that many of his people w«re auflbring under ■eaiMcknew when Omif went to their guns. This action was not followed by another, of any mmortnnM, in which a gortnunent oruiMr was oonoemed, until tiw moalh atana [1760 sibly, until it lould make a s people with lat the main* r the enemy, )U8 to secure ahead again, 3he waa soon ) molest her. t apart, when went over the m, spar after he fore-mast, nanifested no n her proper top-mast also tmged by the watt, Captain issly equipped 1 the Ensiish or the affltir, to have been liaon estimates iders; and he relve^pounders B action com- and wounded, itenants. at is generally [ht in the war superiority of g been essan- iarrTtag more le diffioilty of nentioned, the legree, of raw rlythat many m whea tlwy ny inuMttMiBB, omtUtteBMBlh 1781.] NAVAL HISTORY. |
github_open_source_100_8_20023 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # coding=utf-8
# *** WARNING: this file was generated by the Pulumi Terraform Bridge (tfgen) Tool. ***
# *** Do not edit by hand unless you're certain you know what you are doing! ***
import copy
import warnings
import pulumi
import pulumi.runtime
from typing import Any, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Union, overload
from . import _utilities
__all__ = [
'GetFloatingIpResult',
'AwaitableGetFloatingIpResult',
'get_floating_ip',
'get_floating_ip_output',
]
@pulumi.output_type
class GetFloatingIpResult:
"""
A collection of values returned by getFloatingIp.
"""
def __init__(__self__, droplet_id=None, floating_ip_urn=None, id=None, ip_address=None, region=None):
if droplet_id and not isinstance(droplet_id, int):
raise TypeError("Expected argument 'droplet_id' to be a int")
pulumi.set(__self__, "droplet_id", droplet_id)
if floating_ip_urn and not isinstance(floating_ip_urn, str):
raise TypeError("Expected argument 'floating_ip_urn' to be a str")
pulumi.set(__self__, "floating_ip_urn", floating_ip_urn)
if id and not isinstance(id, str):
raise TypeError("Expected argument 'id' to be a str")
pulumi.set(__self__, "id", id)
if ip_address and not isinstance(ip_address, str):
raise TypeError("Expected argument 'ip_address' to be a str")
pulumi.set(__self__, "ip_address", ip_address)
if region and not isinstance(region, str):
raise TypeError("Expected argument 'region' to be a str")
pulumi.set(__self__, "region", region)
@property
@pulumi.getter(name="dropletId")
def droplet_id(self) -> int:
"""
The Droplet id that the floating IP has been assigned to.
"""
return pulumi.get(self, "droplet_id")
@property
@pulumi.getter(name="floatingIpUrn")
def floating_ip_urn(self) -> str:
"""
The uniform resource name of the floating IP.
"""
return pulumi.get(self, "floating_ip_urn")
@property
@pulumi.getter
def id(self) -> str:
"""
The provider-assigned unique ID for this managed resource.
"""
return pulumi.get(self, "id")
@property
@pulumi.getter(name="ipAddress")
def ip_address(self) -> str:
return pulumi.get(self, "ip_address")
@property
@pulumi.getter
def region(self) -> str:
"""
The region that the floating IP is reserved to.
"""
return pulumi.get(self, "region")
class AwaitableGetFloatingIpResult(GetFloatingIpResult):
# pylint: disable=using-constant-test
def __await__(self):
if False:
yield self
return GetFloatingIpResult(
droplet_id=self.droplet_id,
floating_ip_urn=self.floating_ip_urn,
id=self.id,
ip_address=self.ip_address,
region=self.region)
def get_floating_ip(ip_address: Optional[str] = None,
opts: Optional[pulumi.InvokeOptions] = None) -> AwaitableGetFloatingIpResult:
"""
> **Deprecated:** DigitalOcean Floating IPs have been renamed reserved IPs. This data source will be removed in a future release. Please use `ReservedIp` instead.
Get information on a floating ip. This data source provides the region and Droplet id
as configured on your DigitalOcean account. This is useful if the floating IP
in question is not managed by the provider or you need to find the Droplet the IP is
attached to.
An error is triggered if the provided floating IP does not exist.
## Example Usage
Get the floating IP:
```python
import pulumi
import pulumi_digitalocean as digitalocean
config = pulumi.Config()
public_ip = config.require_object("publicIp")
example = digitalocean.get_floating_ip(ip_address=public_ip)
pulumi.export("fipOutput", example.droplet_id)
```
:param str ip_address: The allocated IP address of the specific floating IP to retrieve.
"""
__args__ = dict()
__args__['ipAddress'] = ip_address
opts = pulumi.InvokeOptions.merge(_utilities.get_invoke_opts_defaults(), opts)
__ret__ = pulumi.runtime.invoke('digitalocean:index/getFloatingIp:getFloatingIp', __args__, opts=opts, typ=GetFloatingIpResult).value
return AwaitableGetFloatingIpResult(
droplet_id=pulumi.get(__ret__, 'droplet_id'),
floating_ip_urn=pulumi.get(__ret__, 'floating_ip_urn'),
id=pulumi.get(__ret__, 'id'),
ip_address=pulumi.get(__ret__, 'ip_address'),
region=pulumi.get(__ret__, 'region'))
@_utilities.lift_output_func(get_floating_ip)
def get_floating_ip_output(ip_address: Optional[pulumi.Input[str]] = None,
opts: Optional[pulumi.InvokeOptions] = None) -> pulumi.Output[GetFloatingIpResult]:
"""
> **Deprecated:** DigitalOcean Floating IPs have been renamed reserved IPs. This data source will be removed in a future release. Please use `ReservedIp` instead.
Get information on a floating ip. This data source provides the region and Droplet id
as configured on your DigitalOcean account. This is useful if the floating IP
in question is not managed by the provider or you need to find the Droplet the IP is
attached to.
An error is triggered if the provided floating IP does not exist.
## Example Usage
Get the floating IP:
```python
import pulumi
import pulumi_digitalocean as digitalocean
config = pulumi.Config()
public_ip = config.require_object("publicIp")
example = digitalocean.get_floating_ip(ip_address=public_ip)
pulumi.export("fipOutput", example.droplet_id)
```
:param str ip_address: The allocated IP address of the specific floating IP to retrieve.
"""
...
|
ALPLFWRMU7IBZTPODTKBS22ZYY3MXR4I_1 | German-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | e 20 ener Hautes ndliche. I a. Rä. n 2 6 7 8. 0 0 7 3 al fen Mainz Haus rige Er dsatz im lingen otheke. aris. ton h nd 92. dar zu an wer st , daß agegen tinhalt 905 zuletzt in fest en zu dieser — Last einen einer 95 vor in ich. 20 General AAnzeiger u. Unterhaltungsblatt für die Psreise Holingen u. Mlettmann. Verbreitungsbezirke : Solingen , Wald , Höhscheid , Gräfrath , Haan , Ohligs , Merscheid , Leichlingen , Witzhelden , Nenkirchen , Opladen , Barscheid , Schlebusch , Langenfeld , Richrath , Rüppersteg und Umgegend. jeden Samstag und kostet im Extra = Abonnement mit der wöchentl. Beilage „ Illustrirtes Unterhaltungsblatt “ monatlich nur 20 Pfennige einschließlich Bringerlohn ; alle Briefträger und Post = Anstalten nehmen Bestellungen an für do Pfg , vierteljährlich. — Die „ Lust. Blätter “ kosten monatlich 10 Pig. Schiut der Enetgen Aunahur : Für gr. Inserate : Donnerstag Mittag. f. kleine Ins. : Donn. Expeditionen : in Solingen , Kölnerstr. ( Fruum ap ; Plutte ) , Wald , Kaiserstraße 209 und Nenkirchen bei Opladen : J. L. Klein. Inr , die Redaction verantwortlich : Emil Hossen. Seias ko Insertonspets : Für die dmat gespaltene Vetitzale oder deren Raum 15 Pienutg Adonnements Inserate zu billigdem Preise. — Reclamen 30 Pig. Mitheilungen wichtgr „ Becülg , sowie interessante , Oetoinal = Aust Seiten erdeten und bei Benn allen a Druck und 8. von B. B. Hossen 4 Söhne , Bals = selingen. lussähge werden von benngung angemessen vergütet. Geiträge für den Sprachsaal sind erwünscht , werden aber nicht bezahlt. Dür Antaasue v. Anzeigen an besimmten Blätzen pird beige Verantn , Abernausne Nr 4s. 1. Met. Sonntag , den 27. October. Rchngn 905. Wachenapruch. Der Baum der Enthaltsamkeit hat Genügsamkeit zur Wurzel , Zufriedenheit zur Frucht. Der Zugvogel. Wie tönet das Liedchen der Nachtigall So klagend durch Wald und Flur , Es weckt ihre Trauer den Wiederhall In herbstlicher , bunter Natur. Fahr ' hin , fahr ' hin , du Sänger klein , Im Süden lacht der Sonnenschein ! Zerzaust hat dein heimisches Nestlein schlimm Der stürmische , wilde Nord ; Du flohest bei Zeiten vor seinem Grimm Auf eilenden Schwingen weit fort. Bleib ' dort , bleib ' dort , du Sänger klein , Im wohlig warmen Sonnenschein ! Doch kehret der Frühling hier bei uns ein , Erwacht die Natur auf ' s neu ' , So denk ' in der Ferne der Heimath dein Und folg ' ihrem Rufe getreu : Kehr ' heim , kehr ' heim , du Sänger klein , Hier lacht der Lenz im Sonnenschein ! Etliche Papiere pflegen — nie und nimmer hoch zu Rettern , Und wer „ Griechen " hat , der lege — sill sie zu den welken Blättern. Frohen Muthes unbestritten — zieh ' n die Menschen ihre Bahnen , Doch das Unglück kommt geschritten — leider schneller , als wir ahnen : Kürt man dann nach kurzer Pause — sich die „ Freunde " als Erretter , Fall ' n sie ab von unserm Hause — wie vom Stamm die welken Blätter. So in grellen Farbentönen — kündet uns des Herbstes Weben , Daß das Loos jedweden Schönen — ist : Verbläben und Vergehen ! Aber macht mit Sturm und Wetter — sich der Herbst auch breit und breiter , Aus dem Staub der welken Blätter — grünt es einstens neu ! Ernst Heiter. Barmen. Gg. Alf. Vorste her. Zeitgenäße Vetrachtungen. ( Nachdruck verboten. ) In den grellsten Farbentönen — schildert uns des Herbstes Wehen : Ach das Loos jedweden Schönen — ist : Verblühen und Bergehen. Wo im Lenz sonst Blüthen sprießen , — brausen wieder Sturm und Wetter , Und der Wind rollt uns zu Füßen — all die Pracht als welke Blätter. Und der Mensch neigt sich in Demuth — vor des Schicksals weisem Bdbe. # G m 14 Und er sucht in stiller Wehmuth — die Erinn ' rung festzuhalten. Als die Nachtigallen sangen , — war es traulicher und netter , Doch die Tage sind vergangen — und der Wind treibt welke Blätter. erreicht das Ziel des Strebens , — sind versunken Müb ' und Plage , Dann im späten Herbst des Lebens — denkr der Meusch vergang ' ner Tage. Wenn er einsam und alleine — dann noch stebt trotz aller Spötter , Nimmt er leise aus dem Schreine — ein Packet vergilbter Blätter ; Und er liest , was trauter Weise — er im Jugendglück empfangen , Und die Thränen rinnen leise — über die gefuichten Wangen. All sein Fühlen , all sein Lieben — ach , es steht mit großen Lettern Unverbrüchlich festgeschrieben — in den alten , gelben Blättern. Wenn die welken Blätter fallen — und die Windsbraut singt gar schaurig , Und die grauen Nebel wallen , — dann wird leicht die Stimmung traurig. Zuversicht und treuer Glaube — sind die einzigen Grretter , Unser Glück vergehl im Staube , — was uns bleibt , sind welke Blätter. Mancher hat vielleicht im Leben — durch zu falsches Disponiren Des Errung ' nen sich begeben — oder auch durch Speculiren. Wochenschan. Novellette von Paul Bliß , Berlin. ( Nachdruck verboten. ) Baron Hubert von Feldberg war wieder einmal verliebt. Das war ja soweit nichts Neues , denn der Baron war leicht entflammt , wie ein Zündhütchen , sobald er nur ein hübsches Fräu lein sah , aber seine Neigung verschwand meist genau so schnell , wie sie gekommen war. Diesmal indessen war das anders , Baron Hubert war „ wirklich " verliebt. Fräulein Lotte Beckmann hatte es ihm Papa Beckmnann , ein ebenso reicher wie gemühlicher Herr , wohnte mit seiner Gattin und der einzigen Tochter im Mediter rane , dem vornehmsten Hotel in Pegli — sie bewohnten drei Zimmer der ersten Etage — und Baron Hubert woynte eben falls dort ; nur war er schon acht Tage vor der Familie Beck vonn aus chompev. —. Spuihuhermorden wor - 3 De hate Varon An einem schonen Sepienvermorgen war es , da hut. aton Hubert Fräulein Lotte zum ersten Male gesehen. Er kam gerade von einer Segelparthie zurück , und sie saß gerade am Strande und schaute sinnenden Auges auf das blaue Meer hinaus , auf dem in flitternden Stäubchen das Sonnenlicht tanzte und sprühte. Sie nahm nicht die geringste Rotiz von seiner Anrgesenheitz er aber stand wie bezaubert , und sah mit festgebannten Augen nach dem schönen Mädchen hinüber. — Semgt. 5. Von da an ließ er es sich angelegen sein , der Familie sobald als möglich näher zu treten. Und das hielt nicht allzu schwer. Man wurde schnell bekannt. In einem so großen Hotel , zwischen Herren aller Länder , finden sich Landsleute gar bald zusammen. Man nahm die Mahlzeiten gemeinsam ein , man machte zusammen Wasserparthien und Ausflüge in die Um gegend , und allemal war der Baron der liebenswürdige und unermüdliche Führer. Dabei kam ihm vortrefflich zu statten , daß er den italienischen Theil der Riviera genau kannte , weil er alljährlich eine Woche dort verbrachte. So führte er die Familie durch Schloß und Park des Nach der Unterhaltung mit Lobanow in Hubertusstock begab sich der Kaiser in Begleitung der Kaiserin auf acht Tage nach den Reichslanden zur Enthüllung des Kaiser Friedrich Denkmals bei Wörth. Dann kehrte das Kaiserpaar nach Ber lin zurück , um hier am 21. ds. die Kaiser Friedrich = Gedächtniß kirche im Nordwesten der Stadt und das Kaiserin Augusta Denkmal auf dem Opernplatz nahe dem kleinen Palais Unter den Linden , wo einst das alte Kaiserpaar wohnte , zu enthüllen. Diese Feierlichkeiten gingen mit dem üblichen Ceremoniell ohne Reden des Kaisers vor sich. Ueber die nachgelassene Hammerstein = Correspondenz , die in socialdemokratischen und anderen Händen sein soll , wird weiter berichtet , daß thatsächlich mehr als 1200 Briefe , sauber nach politischen Categorien geordnet , vorhanden wären , aber namhafte Juristen hielten die Veröffentlichung aus Rücksichten auf das Preßgesetz vorläufig für unmöglich , man zweifle sogar daran , ob selbst unter dem Schutz der „ Redefreiheit im Parla ment “ wörtliche Citate möglich wären , angesichts der „ robusten Ungenirtheit “ , die zum Theil von „ königstreuen Männern “ in diesen Privatbriefen vorkomme. Von antisemitischer Seite wird dagegen höhnisch in Zweifel gezogen , ob überhaupt jene angedrohte Hammerstein = Correspondenz in radicalen Händen vorhanden , oder ob nicht alles ein großer Schwindel sei , um conservative Politiker mit nicht ganz reinem Gewissen einfach zusammen zu ängstgen. 8 Sramr Cosef in. Voaram bok Bei dem Besuch des Kaisers Franz Josef in Agram haben dort die Croaten heftig gegen die Ungarn und serbischen Un garnfreunde demonstrirt , sodaß gegen 150 Studenten eingesteckt wurden. In Budapest retteten dafür die ungarischen Studenten das Vaterland , indem sie gegen die Croaten durch Straßen krakehl demonstrirten. — Das neue Ministerium Badeni hat die gegen die Jung = Tschechen gerichteten Ausnahme = Gesetze in Böh ehrwürdige Bauwerke , Zeugen vergangener Pracht und Herr lichkeit ; am schönsten aber immer das Meer , das alle Minuten die Farbe änderte und in immer neuen Ueberraschungen das Auge entzückte. Einen Tag allein brauchte man für den Camposanto in Genua , diesen weltberühmten Friedhof , der die wunderbarsten Bildwerke aller Zeiten enthält ; einen anderen Tag für die Gale rien und Paläste der Via Balbi und Via Garibaldi , dann für die Kirchen und Denkmäler , das Teatro Carlo Felice , den Hafen und das characteristische Volksleben in den engen Gäßchen , die bergauf , bergab , durch die ganze Stadt sich hinziehen ; — o , es gefiel ihnen prächtig , und Baron Hubert von Feldberg hatte sei nen Zweck erreicht. Nicht nur bekannt geworden war er der Familie Beckmann , nein , fast schon unentbehrlich. So schien es men aufgehoben , so daß die verbotenen Vereine und Blätter wieder aufleben können. — Einc Vertrauensmänner = Versamm lung der deutsch = nationalen Partei Böhmens beschloß einmüthig die Bildung einer deutschen Volkspartei für Böhmen. Bei den bevorstehenden Landtagswahlen werden in mehr als zwanzig Bezirken eigene Candidaten aufgestellt. Der Sultan hat den von den Mächten geforderten Re form = Versprechen für seine armenischen Unterthanen nachgegeben und gleich vorsichtiger Weise die Versprechungen in ein Gewand gekleidet , daß sie auch für seine macedonischen , griechischen 2c. Unterthanen , überhaupt für alle , die unter seinem Scepter woh nen , also auch für die Muhamedaner gelten können. ist ein neues Cabinett unter Demeter In Rumänien — Besr ice ce echice eclere Bordighera , und immer gab es neue Sehenswürdigkeiten , bald die Pracht der Vegetation von tropenähnlicher Ueppigkeit , bald ihm wenigstens. Am meisten entzückt von ihm war die Mama. Die gute Dame konnte sich gar nicht genug thun , dem Baron ihre über strömende Dankbarkeit zu zeigen. Der Papa dagegen , wennschon ebenso anerkennend , verhielt sich bedeutend reservirter. Ganz zurückhaltend war Schön = Lottchen selbst , um derentwillen doch eigentlich alles so gekommen war. Doch der Baron ließ sich durch diese Wahrnehmungen nicht einschüchtern , — gerade diese Hindernisse trieben ihn erst recht , seinem Ziele entgegen zu streben. Der Mama war er sicher , und das war doch schließlich die Hauptsache , Vater und Tochter würde er noch gewinnen. Donnerwetter , — er war doch nicht der erste Beste ! Reich , gesund , Cavalier , jung — — zwar hatte er seit acht Tagen die ersten weißen Fäden in seinem Haar entdeckt , — aber was wollte das sagen ! Für einen Mann sind 45 Jahre doch kein Alter , — also nur Geduld , bis der rechte Zeitpunkt da war , und vor allem die Gunst der Mutter bewahrt , das war die Hauptbedingung. So kam es denn , daß bei den Ausflügen der Baron meist mit Mama , die Tochter aber mit dem Vater ging. „ Was will er denn eigentlich ? “ fragte Lottchen heimlich den Vater. „ Warum macht er sich unserthalben so viele Umstände ? “ Papa Beckmann lächelte , sah seine Tochter an und sagte dann ebenso leise : „ Ja , wenn Du es nicht weißt , Kind , — ich weiß es schon lange nicht. “ 666 14 — „ Aber er wird sich doch nicht einbilden , daß ich. “ Sie sah entsetzt den Vater an. „ Na , na , Kindchen , nur keine Angst, " beruhigte sie der Sturdza eröffnet worden ; in Norwegen ein solches unter Herrn Dr. Hagsrup. Weder hoch oben im äußersten Nordwesten Europas , noch unten im äußersten Südosten dürfte nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen die Lebensfreude der Cabinette lange dauern. Der neueste Aufstand der Abessinier gegen die Italienier unter ihren Ras ' en , als da sind : Ras Mangascha , Ras Ma konen 2c. und den Obersten der Obersten , den Negus Menelik , hat ein rasches und unerwartetes Ende genommen. Bereits war am 9. ds. bei Debra = Ailat ein Gefecht , das siegreich für die Italiener auslief. Kurz danach zog ein fürchterlicher Ge wittersturm auf und die Blitze schlugen in ein Zelt des großen Negus Menelik , warfen und tödteten dessen Leibgarde und tra fen den König selbst , sodaß seine Zunge gelähmt wurde. Ent setzen packte die Abessinier und sie flohen vor dem Zorn des Himmels mehr noch , als vor den Kanonen der Italiener und zerstreuten sich , sodaß der Feldzug aus ist. Die brasilianische Amnestie = Vorlage ist vom Senat un verändert angenommen worden , während die Deputirtenkammer einhellig einem Unterantrag zustimmte , welcher bestimmt , daß alle militärischen Führer und Offiziere , die an der Empörung betheiligt waren , erst nach zwei Jahren wieder in das brasilia nische Heer eingestellt werden dürfen. Dieser Antrag wird vermuthlich vom Senat genehmigt werden. Aus Formosa wird gemeldet , daß die Japaner am 16. Oct. Tacao an der Westküste Formosas eingenommen haben. Ferner waren alle Vorbereitungen zu der geplanten Beschießung der Stadt Tai = wan getroffen , welche sich im Besitz eines Schwarz = flaggenhäuptlings befindet , der die japanische Forderung einer bedingungslosen Uebergabe der Stadt ablehnte. sea e ahe ete au e. Arm unter den seinen und tätschelte zärtlich ihre kleine Hand. Am Abend desselben Tages saß die Familie Beckmann am Strande. Es war Mondschein , und das Meer lag in maje stätticher Ruhe da. Ein leiser Lufthauch trug würzigen Blüthen duft heran. Ringsum herrschte feierliche , friedvolle Stille. Nur ganzvon fern her drang abgerissener Gesang und Guitarrengeklimper. „ Woran denkst Du , Lotte ? “ brach Mama Beckmann end lich das Schweigen. „ An zu Hause, “ sagte die Tochter etwas leise und zögernd. Wieder trat Schweigen ein. Dann nahm die Mutter von neuem das Wort : „ Lotte , — der Baron hat mir heute gesagt , daß er sich sehr für Dich interessirt. “ „ Ach , Mamachen — luß uns von etwas Anderem sprechen, “ dat Lotte. „ Von etwas Anderem ? “ kam es erstaunt zurück. „ Ich bitte Dich darum — ja. “ „ Aber , Lotte — der Baron ist eine selten gute Parthie ! " „ Mamachen , ich bitte Dich aber doch ! “ „ Das begreife ich nicht ! “ rief diese ärgerlich. Aber nun mischte sich auch der Papa ein : „ Liebe Martha , und ich begreife Dich nicht ! Du hörst doch , daß das Mädel nichts von ihm wissen will. “ „ Natürlich , Du sagst zu allem , was das Mädel will , Ja und Amen — aber diesmal lasse ich mich nicht überstimmen , das sage ich Euch ! " „ Wir sind hier im Freien , Martha — bitte , sprich etwas weniger laut. Bergischer SonntagsAnzeiger “ , General = nzeiger und Unterhaltungsblatt für die Nreise Solingen und Mettmann. Rundschau im Bergischen. Ein altes , in jedem Jahre wiederkehrendes , aber dennoch nie genug beachtetes Thema sei auch in diesem Jahre erwähnt : Kauft früh genug das Material zu Euren Weinachtsarbeiten und fangt früh genug damit an , damit ihr in den litzten Wochen vor dem Feste , das ja nun immer näher herantückt , nicht Tag und Nacht an denselben zu arbeiten braucht und Schaden an Eurer Gesundheit nehmt , namentlich aber an den Augen. Die Zeit der langen Abende ist ja schon längst herangerückt , früh kommt die Dämmerung , Zeit und Gelegenheit , solche Arbeiten herzu stellen , ist also genugsem vorhanden. Die Geschäftsleute haben aber schon ein so reichhaltiges Lager angelegt , daß man um die Auswahl gar nicht verlegen zu sein braucht , und ist es den Geschäftsleuten auch lieber , wenn sich das Weihnachtsgeschäft ein wenig über die letzten zwei Monate vertheilt , als wenn es vollständg in den zwei letzten Wochen abgewickelt wird. Zu dem pflegen erfahrungsgemäß solche Arbeiten , die mit Zeit und Muße hergestellt werden , bedeutend besser zu gelingen , als im letzten Augenblick angefangene und übereilte Arbeiten , es sind also erstere viel eher im Stande , Freude zu erwecken , wie letz tere. Man beherzige darum diese alte , aber immer wieder zeit gemäße Mahnung , vor allen Dingen , wie gesagt , zur Schonung der eigenen Gesundheit. — Wegen eines Vergehens , wie es sich nicht Jeder leisten kann , wurde ein Fabrikarbeiter aus Lennep verurtheilt : wegen unberechtigten Fischers in der — Wupper ! Wahr ist ' s , und zwar 14 Tage Gefängniß wurden dem Be treffenden zudictirt. Die „ Elberfilder Ztg. “ registrirte dieses Vorkommniß mit dem Bemerken , daß nun wohl wieder ein Nothschrei aus Solingen nach dort hinübertönen werde. Es ist ja bekannt , in welch ' miserablem Zustande die Wupper sich be findet , und dieser Zustand ist doch nur den Färbereien , chemi schen Fabriken 2c. von Elberfeld zuzuschreiben. Für jene eine Quelle des Reichthums , ist die Wupper für alle anderen Bezirke , welche sie durchströmt , eine Plage , ihre schwarzen Gewässer verbreiten überall einen ekelerregenden , ungesunden Dunst und setzen den Werth der an den Ufern liegenden Grundstücke bedeutend herab. Trotz aller Anstrengungen , welche seitens der Wupperanwohner gemacht worden sind , wollen sich die Veranlesser dieses Uebel standes nicht bereit finden lassen , demselben ein Ende zu machen , sie haben nur spöttische Antworten , wie obige Bemerkung zeigt. Doch gemach — der Krug geht so lange zu Wasser bis er bricht ; auch hier wird baldigst Wandel geschaffen werden. Ob freilich die Wupper jemals wieder in einen Zustand zurückoer setzt wird , daß ihr Fischreichthum Viele verleiten könnte , sich auch der obengenannten Gesetzesübertretung schuldig zu mahen , kann billig bezweifelt werden. Jedoch das ist auch nicht nöthig , wenn ihre Fluthen einmal aufhören , so schwarz wie möglich sich durch die Fluren zu wälzen und Pestgestank zu verbreiten , vielmehr wieder ein reinliches Aussehen haben , kann man zufrieden sein. — Einige Unfälle mit betrübendem Ausgange sind in dieser Woche zu verzeichnen. In der Nähe von Ogligs gerieth ein Güter zug , welcher auf einem Ausfuhrgeleise rangirte , zu weit vor und überrannte den Prellbock , so daß die Locomotive mit dem Ten der den Abhang hinunter fiel , einen Gepäckwagen mit sich rei ßend. Leider büßte der Locomotivführer , ein alter Mann , wel cher baldigst seine Pensiontrung zu erwarten , bei dem Unfalle sein Leben ein ; er wurde zwischen Locomotive und Tender ein geklemmt , zudem verschütteten ihn die nachstürzenden Kohlen und verbrannten ihn die ausströmenden Dämpfe. Erst nachdem er ungefähr einen Tag lang in seiner schricklichen Lage geblieben , gelang es , den gräßlich verstümmelten Leichnam zu bergen. Ein zweiter Unfall ereignete sich in Opladen , woselbst ein Rangir meister derart zwischen die Puffer zweier rangirender Wagen ge rieth , daß ihm ein Arm vollständig abgequetscht wurde. Er wurde dem Krankenhause übergeben. Ebendaselbst wurde bei einem Streite ein als ruhig und harmlos bekannter junger Mann mittelst Messerstichen ermordet. Eine kleine Differenz. am Biertisch entstanden , nicht der Rede werth , genügte wieder einmal , einem Menschen das Messer in die Hand zu drücken und seinen Nebenmenschen abzuschlachten. Der Mörder und ein Genosse , welcher der Bethülfe bezichtigt ist , wurden verhaftet und dem Kgl. Amtsgericht vorgeführt. Aus Nah und Fern. Wald , 25. Oct. Der Gesang = Verein „ Rheingold “ wird am Sonntag , den 8. Dezember cr. ein Wohlthätigkeits Concert zum Besten hiesiger Armen veranstalten und ist für dieses Concert eine Militär = Capelle bereits engagirt. * Ein Album von Burg a. d. Wupper und Umgegend ist soeben im Verlage der Firma Steinborn u. Co. in Barmen in 3. Auflage erschienen. Das hübsch ausgestattete Album enthält 17 prächtig ausgeführte Ansichten des Schlosses , der Oberburg , des Ortes Unterburg und der Schmalspurbahn , der Thalsperre , der großen Eisenbahnbrücke in Müngsten , von Müngsten selbst und des großen bergischen Domes zu Altenberg. Der Preis des Albums ist auf 75 Pfg. festgesetzt und ein mäßiger zu nennen , die Anschaffung desselben kann daher nach jeder Richtung hin empfohlen werden. Ohligs , 23. Oct. Die in der gesirigen Stadtver ordneten = Sitzung von Herrn Nippes ausgegangene und von den Herren Bürgermeister Trommershausen und Stadtverordneter Hammesfahr unterstützte Anregung wegen Schaffung eines Volks gartens ist werthvoll und wichtig genug , un noch näher darauf zurückzukommen. Ohne Zweifel verdient die Agregung einsteste Erwägung und fleißige Förderung , denn je mehr die Bebauung zunimmt , je mehr verschwinden die freien Plätze , und man kann angesichts des ungemein kräftig pulsirenden öffentlichen und wirtk schaftlichen Lebens schon jetzt den Zeitpunkt voraussagen , wo aus der heutigen zerstreuten Hofstätteneinheit ein großstädtisches , zusam menhängendes Gemeinwesen geworden ist. Und dann wird man inmtten der Häuserreihen das Vorhandensein eines Volksgar tens als einen wirklichn Segen empfinden ! Heute ist es schwer , die geeigneten Grundstücke für einen solchen Volksgar ten zu erwerben , für billiges Geld wird man sie haben und zum Theil auch dem Besitz der Gemeinde entnehmen können. Spä ter aber wird der naturgemäß steigende Grundstückswerth ein Gefühl. r Reue hervorrufen , daß man die Gelegenheit zur Schaf fung eines Volksgartens nicht früher ergriffen und ausgenutzt hat. Dies sehen wir im benachbarten Solingen , während Düssel dorf und Köla sich des Besitzes prächtiger Volksgärten freuen dürfen ; Köln ist jetzt wieder dabet , einen Staotwald zu schaffen. Und warum sollen wir in Ohligs nicht staik genug sein , einen für unsere Verhältnisse passenden Stadt = oder Volksgarten zu schaffen ? Darum — an ' s Weik ! Ohligs , 24. Oct. In der heutigen Sitzung der Sraf kammer zu Elberfeld wurde der Reider Ernst W. aus Heide , welcher am 3. September d. I. an einem achtjährigen Mädchen bei Ohligs ein Sittlichkeitsverbrechen verübt und s. Zt. von dem Gen darm Königs als Thäter ermittelt wurde , zu 8 Jahren Zucht haus kostenfällig verurtheilt , auch ihm die bürgerlichen Ehrenrechte auf die Dauer von 10 Jahren abgesprochen. Solingen , 22. Oet. Die Platterlmesser = Reider sind in den angedrohten Ausstand getreten , da nur 20 Fabrikanten das von ihnen aufgestellte Preisverzeichniß anerkannt haben. Sämmt liches Maierial , ob roh oder fertig , bleibt liegen , bis der angesetzte Preis bewilligt ist. Einen guten Buudesgenossen haben die Reider in den Schalenbeizern ; Letztere haben sich näm lich mit den Reidern für solidarisch erklärt und bei einer Strafe von je 120 Mk. sich verpflichtet , nur noch solchen Fabrikanten Schalen zu liefern , die das neue Preisverzeichniß anerk annt haben. Solingen , 24. Oct. Wie die Sol. Zig. vernimmt , ist in den auf der Ufergartenstraße verübten Diebstahl nunmehr Licht gekommen. Der der That Verdächtige , dessen Frau und Kinder ebenfalls vernommen wurden , gestand nach und nach ein , daß sein neun Jahre altes Kind das Geld gestohlen und ihm übergeben habe. Er will das Geld seiner Frau gegeben haben , welche darauf 400 Mk. im Keller vergrub. Genannte Summe wurde auch vorgefunden , ebenso wie ein erheblicher Be trag , den der Verhaftete bei sich trug. Die weitere Uatersuchung wird wohl noch ergeben , wo der Rest des gestohlenen Geldes untergebracht ist. Jedenfells sitzen die Diebe fest und werden ihrer Bestrafung nicht entgehen. Höhscheid , 24. Oct. Ja hiesiger Gemeinde befinden sich noch zahlreiche ältere Personen , welche der Invaliditäts = und Alterversicherungspflicht unterliegen , aber nicht im Besitze einer Quittungskarte sind. Es kommt fortwährend vor , daß solche Personen Invaliden = oder Altersrente beantragen , trotzdem Bei tragsmarken zur Iuvalisitäts - und Altersversicherung nicht ver wendet sind. In solchen Fällen sind alsdann wiederholt die Anträge von den Versicherungsanstalten sowie von den Berufs behörden abgewiesen worden Es ist jedoch nicht allein den Versicherten , sondern auch den Arbeitgebern in deren eigenem Interesse zu empfehlen , darauf zu halten , daß die Versichtrungs pflichtigen sich Quittungskarten verschoffen , und für Einkleben der Beitragsmarken pünktlich zu sorgen , da die unpünktlichen Arbeitgeber neben nachttäglicher zwangsweiser Beitreibung der Versicherungsbeiträge noch Strafe wegen nicht rechtzeitiger Ver wendung der Beitragsmarken zu gewä tigen haben. Leichlingen , 24 Oct. In der am 22. d. zu Düssel dorf tagenden Strafkammer wurde der zu Leichlingen wohnende Lehrer Christoph K. unter Annahme mildernder Umstände in eine Gefängnißstrafe von zwei Jahre genommen und demselben die bürgerlichen Ehrenrechte auf zwei Jahre aberkannt. Der Ver urtheilte war nämlich angeklagt , mit Kindern unter 14 Jahren , darunter auch mit den ihm anvectrauten Schulkindern , unzüchtige Handlungen vorgenommen zu haben. Die Verhandlung , zu der etwa 20 Zeugen geladen waren , fand unter Ausschluß der Oeffentlichkeit statt. Opladen , 22. Oct. Schöffengericht. Es wurden verurtheitt : ein fremder Landstreicher wegen Bettelns zu 5 Tagen Haft ; — ein Weber von Dürscheid wegen Schießens in der Nähe von. bäuden und wegen Wiffentragens ohne Waffenschein zu 3 Mk ev. 1 Haft ; — ein Handlanger und ein Maurer wegen Werfens mit Steinen auf Menschen zu je 3 Mk. Geldstrafe , ein Mitangeklagter erlangte Freisprechung ; — ein Minn von Leverkusen wegen Sachbeschädigung zu 30 Mk. 10 Tagen Gefängniß , wegen Mißhandlung zu 15 Mk. ev. ev. Tagen Gefänguß ; — ein Korbmacher von Blee wegen Miß handlung zu 42 Mk. ev. 14 Tagen Gefängniß. — Ein Plüsch weber von Lungstraße wurde von der Anklage des Funddieb stahls freigesprochen. — Eine Sache wegen Gewerbevergehens wurde vertagt. — Sodann kamen noch einige Privatklagen zur Verhandlung. Opladen , 23. Oct. Gestern fand im Leicheahause die Obduction der Leiche des erstochenen Kürten in Gegenwart des Amtsrichters Herrn Menzen durch den Kreisphysicus Herrn Dr. Moritz = Solingen und den Kreiswundarzt Herrn Dr. Le Blauc statt. Die beiden mit der Blutthat in Verbindung ste henden Verhafteten , Hahn und Breuer , wurden , so berichtet der „ Bote “ , aus dem Gefängniß geführt und der Leiche gegenüber gestellt. Hierbei brach Hahn in Thränen aus , während Breuer , anscheinend kalt blieb. Hahn blied bei seiner Auesage , daß er die That vollführt habe. Sie hätten in der Wirtzschaft Forlini sog. „ Pinchen “ um das Bier gezogen , dabei sei Streit entstanden. Draußen erhielt Hahn von einen Mann einen Stoß unter das Kinn , so daß er zurücktaumelte. Hahn hat hierauf zur Abwehr das Messer gezogen ; hierbei erhielt Kürten den tödtlichen Stich. Breuer blieb dabei , daß er nichts gesehen habe. Bei Breuer wurde am Montag ein kleines Taschenmesser gefunden , an dem etwas Blut klebte , Breuer will dieses Messer von Frau Hahn zum Schälen eines Apfels am Sonntag erhalten haven. Der Thäter wird als ein sonst ordentlicher Mensch geschildert. hätte nicht gemerkt , daß Du Dich schon seit einem halben Jahre von Herrn Wilken anschmachten lässest ? “ Lotte schwieg verlegen. „ Mit Wilken , — unserm Gutsverwalter ? “ fragte der Papa erstaunt. „ Davon ahnte ich ja gar nichts. “ „ Aber ich desto mehr, “ entgegnete die Mama , „ und des halb gerade hab ' ich zu dieser Reise gedrängt. Natürlich kann aus dem Unsinn nichts werden. Unser einziges Kind kann doch wohl andere Ansprüche machen , sollt ' ich meinen. “ Der Alte schwieg. Diese Neuigkeit interessirte ihn sehr , und nun dachte er darüber nach. Bald darauf kam Baron Hubert und die Unterhaltung nahm eine andere Wendung. — Zwei Tage später reiste die Familie Beckmann in die Hei math. Diesmal hatte Papa seinen Willen durchgesetzt , trotzdem Mama wüthend war. Als man Abschied nahm , bekam der Baron eine Einla dung auf das Beckmann ' sche Gut — man mußte sich doch re vanchiren für all die Gefälligkeiten , die er ihnen erzeigt hatte. Und natürlich sagte Baron Hubert zu , er würde im October kommen , um mit Papa zusammen zu jagen. So nahm man Abschied. * * * Vier Tage später waren Beckmanns in der Heimath und der Erste , der sie willkommen hieß , war Bruno Wilken , der junge Verwalter. Er war ein flotter , hochgewachsener Mann , wettergebräunt und von sehnigem Bau. Aus den blauen Augen sprach ein warmes Gemüth und heitere Lebensfreude. Beckmann begrüßte ihn herzlich und jovial , Frau Beck mann noch kühler , als sie gewöhnlich zu ihm war , und Lotte war befangen und erröthete alle Augenblicke. So kam der October heran , ohne daß sich etwas Beson deres in der Familie ereignet hätte. Alles nahm seinen regel mäßigen Verlauf. Jeder ging seinen Geschäften nach. Und langsam , eintönig , wie stets auf dem Lande , verstrich die Zeit. Nach vier Wochen war Lotte zum ersten Male wieder mit dem jungen Verwalter allein zusammen. Sie machte einen Ritt in das nahe Gehölz , und dort traf sie den jungen Mann , der eben vom Felde heimwärts reiten wollte. Sie begrüßten sich und ritten dann nebeneinander her. „ Warum sehe ich Sie denn gar nicht meyr , Fraulein Lotte ? “ fragte er und sah sie mit seinen guten Augen vorwurfs voll an. Lotte schwieg und sah zur Seite. Da beugte er sich hinüber , legte seine Hand auf die ihre und sagte innig bittend : „ Lotte , haben Sie mich wirklich ganz vergessen auf Ihren Reisen ? “ Auch jetzt noch schwieg sie , aber er fühlte , wie ihre Hand unter der seinen zitterte , und sah , wie ein leichtes Roth in das sonnige Gesichtchen stieg. „ Aber ich bin noch derselbe , Fräulein Lotte, “ sagte er dann , „ ganz gewiß , ich habe Sie nicht vergessen , wennschon Sie nahezu drei Monate fort waren. “ Jetzt lächelte sie und sah ihn an. „ Und wenn ich Ihnen nun heute wiederholte , was ich Ihnen damals schon gesagt habe “ , fuhr er leise werdend fort , „ daß ich Sie — lieb habe , sehr lieb , — was sagen Sie mir dann heute ? “ Noch immer schwiegen ihre Lippen. Aber von ihren Augen las er die Antwort. Und als er nun ihre Hand nahm und wortlos mit heißen Küssen bedeckte , ohne daß sie ihm wehrte , da wußte er , daß auch sie ihn lieb hatte , daß das so lange erträumte Glück ihm endlich gehörte und in überströmendem Jubel zog er sie zu sich herüber , legte seinen Arm fest um ihre Schultern und gab ihr den ersten Kuß. Nun waren sie verlobt. Lächelnd unter Freudenthränen gestand sie ihm dann , wie sie immer nur an ihn gedacht habe , wohin sie auch stets gereist waren , — nur von dem Baron sagte sie ihm nichts. Als sie in den Gutshof zurückritten , begegnete ihnen zuerst der Papa. Die Mienen der Liebenden verriethen ihm alles , und er war auch darauf vorbereitet. Aber gleichwohl nahm er sich erst die Tochter vor und ließ sich alles gehörig berichten. Dann schickte er sie weg und ließ den Verwalter hereinrufen. „ Lieber Wilken, " begann Beckmann , „ ich weiß , was sich ereignet hat , — Sie brauchen mir ganichts zu sagen — die Lotte hat schon alles erzählt. “ Damit reichte er dem jungen Mann beide Hände hin , in die dieser überglücklich einschlug. „ Herr Beckmann, “ sagte er mit schwer bekämpfter Erre gung , „ ich habe zwar nichts , als meine gesunden Arme und ein Herz auf dem rechten Fleck , aber glücklich werden wir , denn ich kann arbeiten , — wenn es sein muß für Zwei ! “ Schmunzelnd nickte der Alte : „ Na ja denn , mein Sohn , ich gebe sie Dir , denn ich kenne Dich , und ich vertraue Dir. Und daß Du kein reicher Mann bist , das laß Dich nicht küm mern ; ich habe auch mal klein angefangen , — na , und übri gens bin ich ja jetzt auch noch da. “ Nun wurde Lotte gerufen und der Alte legte ganz feier lich die Hände der beiden Liebenden in einander. Mama Beckmann war zwar nahezu starr vor Schreck , als sie dazu kam , aber zum guten Ende blieb ihr nichts übrig , als ebenfalls Ja zu sagen. — * * * Drei Tage später traf Baron Hubert ein. Als er durch den Feldweg dem Landgute zufuhr , sah er sinnend in die helle , durchsichtig blaue Luft. Tausende von feinen weißen Fäden wehten daher und legten sich an Baum und Strauch und zogen sich wie feines Spinngewebe über die weiten Stoppelfelder hin. Das war der Herbst. Schwermüthig blickte der Baron darauf hin und wie ein Gefühl des Unbehagens kam es über ihn , — und er dachte daran , wie er heute bei der Toilette wie der so viele weiße Fäden aus seinem Haar hatte entfernen müssen. Auch das war der Herbst. Dann aber über wand er rasch das unbehagliche Gefühl , und als er in den Gutshof einfuhr , war er , wie immer , der elegante liebenswür dige Weltmann. Natürlich wurde er mit großer Herzlichkeit aufgenommen. Herr und Frau Beckmann konnten sich garnicht genug thun in Versicherungen ihrer Freude , und sogar Lotte war von geradezu bezaubernder Liebenswürdigkeit. Zu alledem lächelte der Baron heimlich , — o , er hatte ja gewußt , — nur Geduld haben mußte man ! Einem Baron von Feldberg giebt man so leicht keinen Korb. Und geschmeichelt ließ er sich alle Huldigungen gefallen. Bald darauf trat der junge Bräutigam ein und wurde dem Baron — als neues Mitglied der Familie vorgestellt. Nur einen Augenblick zuckte dieser zusammen. fühlte einen schmerzhaften Stich in der Herzgegend und sah ein Flimmern vor den Augen. „ Bergischer Sonntags = Anzeiger “ , Genecal = Anzeiger und Unterhaltungsblatt für die Kreise Solingen und Mlettmann. für Deusthland zu Gotza in Achte Nachrichten des „ Berg. Sonntags = Anzeiger. “ von der Feuerversicherungs Anerkennung der guten Leistung bei dem Brande auf dem Gehöfte Holthausen zu Elp 100 Mk. Belohnung bewilligt worden. — Durch den hier stationirten Gendarm Dürseln und den Polizei serganten Dörscheln von hier wurden am Sonntag Morgen in Unterhaan 2 Personen aus Ohligs ertippt , die mittelst Lock vögel und Netze dem Singvogelfang oblagen. " Schlebusch , 25. Oc. Am Mittwoch voriger Woche war Kölner Pferdema kt und der hiesige Post = Fuhrunter nehmer zog ebenfalls mit seinem Postgaul dahin zu Markte , um für denselben einen neuen Feern zu suchen und verkaufte ihn schließlich an eine Zigeunerbande. Dem alten treuen Thiere meg nun vielleicht die draune Gesellschaft nicht zum Besten ge fallen haben , er benutzte das bischen Freiheit , was man ihm vielleicht gelassen und desertirte „ von Reusrath wieder nach Schlebusch zurück zu seinem früheren Eigenthümer , welcher ihn nach 3 Tagen Morgens 6 Uhr an seinem Postwagen wieder zur Stelle fand , um die Fahrten , welche er 13 Jahre gemacht , wieder fortzusetzen. Doch mit seinem Schicksal soll der Mensch nicht hadern , noch viel weniger ein abgesagter Postgaul. Die Zigeuner hatten seine Spur verfolgt und holten ihn wieder ab. Ob er seine Strafe dafür erhalten , wissen wir nicht und ob er vielleicht nicht noch einmal seine alte Krippe aufsuchen wird ; möglich ist ’ s. Mülheim a. Rh. , 24. Oct. Was der Mülheimer Crawall für Kosten verursacht hat. In Sachen des Mülheimer 1500 M. E W Berlin , 24. Oct. Der Bundesrath beschloß der Resolution des Reichstages betr. Gewährung von Tagegeldern und Reisekosten an Reichstagsmitglieder nicht Folge zu geben. W Berlin , 25. Oct. Der „ Loc. = Anz. “ erfährt aus Bremen , der deutsche Dampfer Thasos , von Hamburg nach Antwerpen unterwegs , ist untergegangen. Ein Theil der Man schaft wurde gerettet und in Terchelling gelandet. W Leipzig , 24. Oct. Der verantwortliche Redacteur der socialdemokratischen „ Neuen Wurzener Ztg. “ Otto Hermann Weichelt wurde vom hiesigen Landgericht wegen Majestäts beleidigung , begangen durch den Abdruck des Artikels : „ Was ist eine Rotte ? “ zu 6 Monaten Gefängniß verurtheilt. W Cottbus , 24. Oct. Ein 21jähriger Bursche in Kickebusch ermordete durch einen Revolverschuß ein im Bette liegendes Fabrikmädchen und erschoß sich dann selbst. W Budapest , 24. Oct. Wie verlautet , steht die Er nennung neuer erblicher Barone mit Stimmenrecht des Ober hauses als Fortsetzung des im Juli beschlossenen und theilweise auch damals dirchgeführten Pairsschubs bevor. W London , 24. Oct. Das Bureau Reuter meldet aus Constantinopel vom 23. ds. : Die Zustände in den Pro und Adana flößen der christlichen Bevölkerung Aufruhrs betragen die Zeugengebähren über 1500 M. Diese pinzen Aleppo der Möglichkeit eines Aufstandes und weiteren Blut Rechtsanwälte ( diese erhalten für den ersten Tag je 40. , vergießens große Befürchtungen ein. — Nach Berichten von für jeden weiteren Tag je 20. ) betragen 1540 M. Dazu türkischer Seite planen die Armenier im District Zeitna ebenfalls kommen die Kosten der Voruntersuchung , die Schreib = und Ge = einen Aufstand gegen die Behörden. richtsgebühren , so daß die Gesammtkosten mindestens 4000 M. betragen. Köln , 23. Oct. Der Ingenieur Gleim ist mit dem Entwurfe einer zweiten festen Rheinbrücke betraut worden. Der Entwurf ist von der Central = Commission für Rheinschifffahrt begutachtet worden. Die Commission erklärte , daß der Entwurf vom Standpunkte der Schifffahrt aus als zulässig resp. zweck entsprechend zu erachten sei. Inzwischen hat der Entwurf auch die Genehmigung sämmtlicher rheinischen Regierungen erhalen. Die Brücke ist als Straßenbrücke mit 14 Meter Breite ent worfen ; davon entfallen 8 Meter auf die Fahrstraße für den Fuhrwerksverkehr. Die Brücke soll 150 Meter höher als die jetzige Schiffsbrücke liegen und den Rhein mit 4 Oeffnuugen von zusammen 408 Meter lichter Weite überspannen. Die links seitige Hauptöffnung ist so angeordnet , daß auf einer Breite von 80 Meter eine lichte Höhe von. 83 Meter über den höch sten Wasserstand des Kölner Pegels (. 8 Meter ) verbleibt. Aachen , 24. Oct. Am Samstag betrat ein junger Mann von 19 Jahren , der seit einigen Jahren aus dem preußi schen Staatsgebiet ausgewiesen ist , die Wohnung seiner hier wohnhaften Eltern und versuchte seine Mutter zu ermorden. Er brachte derselben auch mit einem Küchenmesser drei Stiche in den Rücken und die Brust bei , wodurch die Frau zwar nicht ge tödtet , aber lebensgefährlich verletzt worden ist. Der Grund zur That ist das Bestreben des heruntergekommenen Menschen , in einer Strafanstalt versorgt zu werden. Sein Wunsch hat sich natürlich erfüllt. Siegen , 23. Oct. Aus dem Wittgensteinschen werden bereits die ersten Schneefälle gemeldet. Die Temperatur betrug — 3 Grad unter Null. Dortmund , 23. Oct. Die Sammlungen für die Angehörigen der im Essener Meineidsproceß verurtheitten Ge nossen haben einen Betrag von etra 33. 000 Mark ergeben und sind die Sammlungen nunnehr geschlossen worden. Wie die Kheinisch = Westfälische Arbeiterzeitung mildet , fehlt es nicht an Thatsachen , welche eine Wiederaufnahme des Verfahrens recht fertigen würden und soll ein derartiger Antrag in nächster Woche eingereicht werden. Berlin , 24. Oct. Die Verhandlungen gegen den Assessor Wehlau vor der Potsdamer Disciplinarkammer dürften längere Zeit in Anspruch nehmen , da die Aussagen einer großen Anzahl von Schrarzen , die in Afrika commissarisch vernommen wurden , zur Verlesung gelangen. Krakau , 24. Oct. Ueber eine Spionenaffaire verlautet , daß ein Feuerwerker der Festungsartillerie , namens Schmeidler , nach Rußland flüchtete und sich dort als Spion anbot. Er setzte sich mit zwei früheren Kameraden in Verbindung , damit ihm diese Pläne und Schriften auslieferten. Die Polizei. kam davon Wind und verhaftete die beiden Genossen. Eine gesunde Tasse Caffee , wie man sie gerne wünscht , voll und kräftig im Geschmack und schön von Farbe erzielt man durch Gebrauch von Pfeisser & Diller ' s Caffee = Essenz in Dosen , die allen anderen minderwerthigen Nachahmungen vorzaziehen und in den meisten Colonial = und Materialwaarengeschäften zu haben ist. Preis gekrönt Welt = Ausstellung Chieago mit Medaille und Diplom ( höchste Auszeichnung ). Sicherer Weg zum Reichthumt Magische Taschen - Sparbank Patentamtlich geschützt. Sie schließt sich selbst , zeigt den darin de findlichen Betrag an und kann erst dann geöffnet werden , wenn dieselbe mit der ent sprechenden Geldsorte vollständig gefüllr ist , und zwar Nr. 1 nach Ansammlung von 20 Mk. in 50 Pfennigstücken , Nr. 2 nach Ansammlung von 3 Mk. in 10 - Pfennigstücken , früher kann die Einrichtung unmöglich geöffnet werden und nöthigt daher zum Weitersparen , bis sich Mk. 20 resp. Mk. 3 in der Sparbüchse gesammelt haben. Nach Leerung wieder ver schließbar. Preis 75 Pfg , pro Stück. Von 2 Stück an frankirte Zusendung überallhin bei Voreinsendung des Betrages in Brief marken oder baar. ( Nachnahme 30 Pf. Porto zuschlag ) , von ½ Dutzend an 20 pCt. Rabatt. Hermann Hurwitz & Co. , Berlin. , Klosterstrasse 40. Spezial = Geschäft für Patent = Arti Todes - Anzeige. Heute Morgen verschied sanft und ruhig nach langem , schwerem , mit Geduld ertragenem Leiden unser lieber Sohn , Bruder , Schwager und Onkel Julius Engels im Alter von 51 Jahren und 6 Monaten. Um stille Theilnahme bitten Die trauernden Hinterbliebenen. = itter , Wald , Rolsberg , Adamsfeld , den 24. October 1895. Die Beerdigung findet Sonntag Nachmittag 2 Uhr vom Sterbehause. - Itter aus statt. silberne Chl. = Rem. Silberstempel. 2 echte Goldr. nur Mark 10. 50. Prima = Chlinder Uhr , echtes Emaille = Zifferbl. , 2 vergoldete Ränder , solides Gehäuse , fein graviert und versild , nur Mk. 50 Hochf. Rickelkette Mk. 60. Echt goldene 8 kar. Damenuhr , hocheleg. , seines Facon , Rem. , Mr. 21. — Sämmtliche Uhren sind wirk. lich abgezogen und reguliert und leisteich eine reelle schrift liche 2jährige Garantie. Versand gegen Nachnahme oder Posteinz. Umtausch gestattet , nicht zusag. , Geld sofort zurück , somit jedes Misiko ausgeschlossen. Wiederver käufer erhalten Rabatt. Preisliste gratie u. franco. Uhren = Groß - Handlung S. Kretschmer , Berlin C 103 Bischofstraße 13. 4 Alln , die an Haur ausschlägen , ( Flech ten ) , Beingeschwüren , ererbter oder durch eigenes Verschulden □ erlangter Säfte = Ver derbniß , Hämorrhoiden , Schwindel anfällen , Gicht u. Rbeumatismus , Leber = , Nieren = , Brust = u. Magen beschwerden 2c. leiden , wird das bewährte und sicher wirkende M. Schütze ' s Blutreinigungs - Pulver a Dose Mark. 50. bestens empjehlen , Versands Aur # Apotheker ed. Wildt , Kostritz , sowie echt zu haben in den meisten Apotheken. Unter 2 Dosen werden nicht versandt , 5 Dosen portofrei. In Solingen in der Hirsch = Apotheke. Lora = Caffee von Professoren und Aerzten em pfohlen. In Packeten zu 10 , 25 und 50 Pfg. bei : Emil Peters , Leichlingen. Kirchliche Nachrichten. Sonntag , den 27. October 1895 Wald : Morgens 10 Uhr : Pastor Schöpwinkel. Nachm. 2 Uhr : Sonntagsschule. Nachm. 4 Uhr : Jugendverein. Nachm. 5 Uhr : Pastor Allmenröder. Merscheid : Vormutags 10 Uhr : Gottesdienst. Ohligs : Vormittags 10 Uhr : Get tesdienst : Pastor Acva. Nachm. 2 Uhr : Kindergottesdienst : Pastor Ackva. Nachm. 5 Uhr : Past. Kaip ping. Amtswoche : Past. Knipping. Golingen : Vormittags 10 Uhr : Hülfsprediger Müller. Vorberei tung zum hl. Abendmahl. Nach mittags 1½ Uhr : Kindergottes dienst. Nachm. 3 Uhr : Taufen : Hülfsprediger Gaul. Nachmittags 6 Uhr : Pastor Tersteegen. Vor bereitung zum hl. Abendmahl. In der Schule zu Hossendaus : 3 Uhr Bibelstunde : Müller. Begräbnißwoche : Hülfs prediger Müller Vorm. 10 Uhr : Geitesdienst im Betsaale zu Dorp. Ketzberg : Vorm. 10 Uhr : Gottes dienst. 11¼ Uhr : Sonntagsschule. 4 Uhr : Jünglingsverein. 6 Uhr : Bibelstunde. 7 Uhr : Arbeiter verein. Geätrath : Vormittags 10 Uhr : Gottesdienst. Nachm. 2 Uhr : Sonntagsschule. Dienstag 4 Uhr : Gustav = Adolf = Jungfrauen = Verern. Donnerstag Nachminag 3 Uhr : Frauenverein. Widdert : Vorm. 10 Uhr : Got tesdienst. 0 Schreiben , Lesen u. Ver stehen der engl. u. franz. Sprache ( bei Fleißu. Aus dauer ) ohne Lehrer sicher zu erreichen durch die in44 Aufl. vervollk. Original Unt. = Briefe nach d. Metb. Toussaint = Langenscheidt. Probebriefe à 1 M. Langenscheidts : :. -. , Berlin 8W , Hallesche Str. 17. Wieder Prospett durch Namensangabe nachsreist , ha ben Viele , die nur diese Briefe ( vicht mändl. Unterricht ) de austen , d. Kramen ele Lehrer n enttsetn ! aria zeller Magen — vortrefflich wirkend bei Krankheiten des Magens , sind ein Unentbehrliches altbekanntes Haus = u. Volksmittel bei Appetitlosigkeit , Schwä che des Magens , übelriechen dem Athem , Blähung , saurem Aufstoßen , Kolik , Sodbren nen , übermäßiger Schleim production , Gelbsucht , Ekel und Erdrechen , Ragenkrampf , Hartleibigkeit oder Ver Auch bei Kopsschmerz , fals er vom Magen herrührt , Ueberladen des Magens mit Speisen und Getränken. Würmer = , Leber = und morrhoidalleiden als heil kräftiges Mittel erprobt. Bei genannten Krankheiten haben sich die Mariazeller Magen = Tropfen seit vielen Jahren auf das Beste bewährt , was Hunderte von Zeugnissen bestätigen. Preis à Flasche sammt Gebrauchsanweisung 80 Pfg. , Doppelflasche Mi. 40. Central = Versand durch Apotheker Carl Brady , Kremsier ( Mähren ). Man bittet die Schutz marke und Unterschrift zu beachten. Die Mariazeller Magen Tropfen sind echt zu haben in Solingen : 387 Schwauenapotheke. * Veteranen Verein in Wald. Zu dem am 27. October , Abends 6 Uhr , im Lecale des Herrn Frdr. Bäcker , Opferfelderstraße , vom Wald = Merscheider Landwehr Verein veranstalteten gemüth lichen Abend zur Ehrung ihrer Kameraden vom Feldzug 1870/71 sind wir aufs herzlichste eingeladen und bitten wir die Kameraden recht zahlreich theilznnehmen. Der Vorstand. Harmuth in barmen M m Sck. Balage — berühmten , einzig in seiner Art zeristirenden hogienischen Werkes Die Selbsthilfe , Begegr K amden es er. gröne dnntünde werden die anti Set ttc # # #. ,pileptisch , Palder Cussarini ' s mit glänzend. Erfolge ange wendet. Broschüre mit zahlreichen ärzt. Gut achten u. Dankschreiben sehr vieler Geheilter versendet gratis u. fronco die Schwanen Apothehe , Praskfant a. M. praktischer Ratdgeber für alle Zeue , die durch frühzeitige Verirrungen sich schwächt und leidend füblen. Sehr nüz lich auch für solche , die an Herzklopfen , Angstgefühl und Verdauungs = Beschwer den leiden , seiner aufrichtigen Beleh rung verdanken jährlich Tausende ihre Gesundheit und Kräftigung. Gegen 1 Mk. ( in Briefmarken ) zu beziehen von Dr. L. Ernst , Homöopath , Wien , Giselastr. 6. Kopfieder in großer Auswahl angekommen. Georg Schumacher , Solingen. Bih , Schabbg Lpraven. Empfehle Nähmaschinen versch. Systeme von 30 Mk. an u. höher. Garantie 5 Jadre. Ersatztheile aller Systeme. Waschmaschinen , ohne nach zu waschen. Allein = Ver kauf für Opladen und Umgegend. Fahrräder , Pneumatik , von 200 Mk. und höher. Herde , Lampen und emaillirte Waaren aller Art. 235 Reparaturen schnell u. billigst. Suche in weine Rasirmesser fabrikation auf sofort einen Lehrling. Paul Peters , Weyer. Ein anständiges , properes Mädchen für den Haushalt sofort gesucht. Frau Caspar Jäger , Wald. Atelier für Zahnersatz und Operationen. Plombiren , Zahnreinigen etc. Einrichtung schiefstehender Zähne. Umarbeitung nicht passender Gebisse tadellos und billigst. Reparaturen soter : Fr. Marlenteld Ohligs , Düsseldorferstr. 92. 1. Ordentliche Ausnater Sesien erhalten bei Freistellung der Geräth schaften garantitt kohnende und dau ernde Arbett in einer Solinger Fa drik. Näheres in der Exp. Sollde Herren Ansug. , Hosen - , Paletotst usw. vers. zu SeF Fabrikpreisen die Aschener Tachin dustrie , Aachen 142 Reichhaltige Muster - Auswahl kostenlos an Jedermann. Wan Skopol - Theviot , Klr. schwarz , blau oder braun zu „ eisem modernen soliden Anzug. für schn Mark. Ein gutgenähries , fettes Pferd wurde von mir geschlachtet. Rob. Paashaus , Pferdemetzger , Wald , Dültgensthalerstr. Für ein Mana offen. Kof & Logis Bavert Nr. 22. Sonntags = Ainzeiger “ , General = inzeiger 1110 Ainterthzaltungsblar für Ste Areise Solingen und Mettmann. A eisoooT Armma SOLINGEN , Kaiserstrasse 312 , empfiehlt in größter Auswahl sämmtliche Neuheiten für die Herbst = und Winter = Saison. Kleiderstoffe in den neuesten Geweben und geschmackvollsten Mustern , in allen Preislagen. Baumwollene und halbwollene Kleiderstoffe , doppelte Breite , von 50 Pfg. Garantirt waschächte Kleider = Siamosen , Biber und Druck , pop Unterröcke ( Nouveauts ) Pes euuuue e # Ii. Aea Aaäung iur Seer Geigust. eur in euen ors Unterröcke in baumwollenen Stoffen von 1 Mark an. — Corsets , anerkannt bester Sitz , in allen Preisen. Ia Wollwaaren alle Henheiten der Saison in Hauben , Tüchern , Echarpes , Kinderhäubchen , Mützehen , Jäckehen , Höschen , Stauchen ete. Hemden in Leinen , Halbleinen , Chiffon , Biber , gestreift und weiß. Als besonders vortheilhaft empfehle ich : Stückwaaren in Leinen , Halbleinen , Chiffon , Biber , ungebl. Baumwolle ( Nessel ) in passenden Breiten für Betttücher , Hemden , Hosen 2e. , weil ich vor dem Aufschlag meine Abschlüsse gemacht und noch zu alten billigen Preison verkaufen kann , a Abtheilung für Herren - und Knaben - Garderobe : Grosses Stofflager. Anfertigung nach Maass. Confection in Herren - u. Knabenkleidern. Arbeiterhosen etc. Woll = und Biber = Bettdecken , Bettspreiten. Dr. wed. Verbem Specialarzt für innere Krascheitn und Aerbrulriven , barmen , Wertherstr. Sprechstunden : Vorm. 10 — 1 ; Nach mittags 2½ — 5 Uhr. Sonntags nur Vormittags. - Instrumente Unsere Zahlstelle für Solingen und Umgegend besin det sich bei unserm Hauptagenten Herrn Rob. Mandier in Solingen. Kölnerstraße Nr. 13. Derselbe ist zur Ver mittlung von Versicherungen und Wiederinkraftsetzung er loschener Policebücher gerne bereit. Friedrich Preußische Lebens = und Garantie. Versicherungs = Actien = Ges. Gubdiretion Köln , Weidenbach Nr. 1. Hochteine Süssrahmbutter aus den bedeutendsten Molkereien empfiehlt billigst Dahmann , Solingen , Altenmarkt. Frukkions = Pleist. Wur Langenfelber Lleiegr = Waggin und Warenhaus Ganspohl. Langenfeld. Ganspohl. Nach den Principien des Großhandels habe ich mich entschlossen , um meiner werthen schaft von Langenfeld und Umgegend eine recht günstige Gelegenheit zum Einkauf zu bieten , von 9 bis 5 Uhr Nachmittags Kund jeden Reste aller Waarengattungen Auetion = Preisen zum Verkauf zu bringen und mache auf verschiedene Artikel laut Preis # Hermann Dölling ir. D moschunfecher - s Wtr. 16 ) Akkord - Zithern Gris :. — , 12. — uns 15. — Mark. Käeloge umiend und voesichen. Prachtvolle illustr. Cataloge über meine vorzügl. Ziehhar movikas wolleman extra verl. Führer durch das Bergische Land ( einschl. Ruhrgebiet ). Mit mehreren Abbildungen und topographischen Karten. Mk. 60. Vorräthig in der Bossen ' schen Buchbandlung , Wald. — Poter Dock , Reusrath Nr. 349 , Stellenvermittelungs = Büreau , hält sich den verehrten Herrschaften empfohlen. Für Knechte und Mägde habe jederzeit Stellen frei ! - - 1 9 1 & a nomistet. Verzeichniß aufmerksam. Herren = Anzüge in Cheviot. 10. — = Ueberzieher. 19. — „ Hosen in Buxkin. 25 Damen = Mäutel — Partie. — Kinder = Mäutel — „. 50 Mk. Koptgt. Barmen Neuterworg 40. Flügel & IUT Köln /Rv. Neumarkt i A. Aufnehmer. per Stück 10 Pfg. Mannshemd , Biber ,. 90 „ Frauenhemd. 2. 29 „ Mannssocken , per Stück 10 „ Schirme für Damen und Herren. 50 Mik. Biber Pianinos. Halbwollene Kleiderstoffe per Mtr. 35 Pfg. Damentuch = Kleid , Prima Waare ,. 50 Mk. Bettsiamosen , per Meter. 28 Pfg. Kleider = und Schurzensiamosen 1,20 breit , per Meter. 45 „ Manusunterhosen , Bartie , Stück 50 „ Frauenunterhosen , Pr Biber , „ 80 „ Uebernehme vollständige Lieferung in Betten , Federn , Hasenspitzen , Flocken 2c. zu den billigsten Preisen. — Mache noch ganz besonders auf mein neu eingerichtetes Hut = , Mützen = und Schirmlager aufmerksam. Filzhüte , Partie 1 Mk. Anfertigung nach Maaß unter Garantie des guten Sitzens. per Pfd. solange der Vorrath reicht 80 Pfz. Biber an Stück , per Mtr. 27 Pfg. an. Sachzstrn = Kälst , KE öhscate Kisten von 30 bis 60 Pfd. à 21 Pfg. pr. Pfd. , 9 Pfd. pr. Post f. M. 20. Sroße Zandtäse 100 St. 3 Ml. , 500 St. Mk. 18. 50 , 1000 St. Mk. 26. C. Bandorff , Marburg [ Hessen ). 1261 ereenst er e sende von Nachbestellungen au erkannten , garantirt vorzüglich guten Bettjedern versendet nur die Welt = Firma C F Lchurch , Kandien gegen Nachn. jedes Quantum Nieue Hettfedern 60 Pf. das Pfd. sehr gute Lorte. 25 Mk. „ seine Halbdann. 60 u. 2 M. „ Selbbanuen , bochzfein. 35 „. Sauzdannen ( Flaum ). 50 ,. 75 und 3 Mi. Bei Abnahme von 50 Pfund 5 % Reb. Umtausch gestattet. Bthlafa mit Zubehör , fast wie neu , billig zu verkaufen. Aug. Kolfhaus , Solingen , Koisersraße 92. Für Bterine Eine Straßen = Ampel bilig zu ekaufen. Aug. Kolfhaus , Solingen , Kaiserstraße 92. Von ! AbU : verdessert ) Thaisächl. von Jed. in 1 Stuade nach der vorz. Schule ohne Lehrer u. ohne Notenkenntnisse erl. Größe 56 X 36 cm. 22 Salten , hochf. u. haltbar gearbeitet , Ton wunderwoll. ( Prachtinstr. ) Prs. nur Mk. — m. Schule u. allem Zubebör. Umtausch ge statter. Garantieschein wird bei gefügt. D. C. F. Miether , Hannov. Harmonika = u. Musik instr. = Fabeit. in Hannover i1 , Steinthorfeldstr. 19. NB. Allen werthen Bestellern gebe noch ein kl. Musikinstrum. umsouß , nur damt Sie sich von d. Güte u. Preiswürdigkeit meiner Fabrikate überzeugen sollen. ( 11 D. O. Se tntereu Ai gn und lange Stiefel mit und ohne Falten empfehle in großer Auswahl. Filzschuhe für Kinder von M. 50 an. „ , „ Frauen „. 75 „ Filzschlapp. , „. 80 „ Lange Stiefel mit Falt. „ 14. 00 „ 1. Wald , Kaiserstrasse 191. Reparaturen werden in eigener Werkstatt gut , schnell und billig ausgeführt. Des deutschen Landmanss Kalender u. Verather für 1896. Von Freiherr von Schillig. Preis 1 Mark. Vorräthig und gegen Einsendung von 1 Mk. in Briefmarken zu be zieben von der Bossen ' schen Buchhandlung in Wald. Wer schnell gesund werden will , darf keine Redizin mehr nehmen , sondern mus das Naturbeilverfahren anwenden , dies ist die einzig richtige Krankenbehandl. — : 1 Naturheilanstalt [ Schloss Lbsealtz ] Dressen - Radebeul behan — : s Lelt hrlch , Farige ven Vetenter , Grug. ue gaist beshten Er — BIlZ , hut Lausende auigegebene Kranfe nech gereiten. Liest für jet Krautzeit genau Kurverschrrt tehrt auch koetgtw , Rehege , Lesgrnughs Krankenkoß und Schuf gegen Krantheiten ere. Iu wenig Jahren von 2500r6 Zamilzen getauft , beßter Geweis für dessen Vorzüglichtett. 1909 Seiten , 250 Ab bidungen. Preis gebd. Ml. — , in Heften 4 do Pig , zu beziehen durch die Vossen sche Bechhandlung in Wald , woselbh auc Bücher verräthig find. Special - Niederlage sämmtlicher Weine der Universal - Bodega Pertwein , Sherry , Malage und Madeira zu billigen Origi nalpreisen zu haben bei Garl Clauberg , Conditorei , Wald. #. in der nächsten Apotheke , Ureperit. Finim aßtiglt u. Anlrihauungsviau für da eeirist Longhin a. erirumunn. Verbreitungsbezirke : Solingen , Wald , Höhscheid , Gräfrath , Haan , Ohligs , Mlerscheid , Leichlingen , Witzhelden , Neukirchen , Opladen , Burscheid , Schlebusch , Langenfeld , Richrath , Rüppersteg und Umgegend. Erscheint jeden Samstag und kostet im Extra = Abonnement mit der wöchentl. Beilage „ Illukrirtes Unterhaltungsblatt monatlich nur 20 Pfennige einschließlich Bringerlohn ; alle Briefträger und Post = Anstalten nehmen Bestellungen an für vo vise viereläthrlich. — Die. „ Auk. Bltuer losten monaulig 10 Wig. Ne 4s. 2 Bat. Schlod der Anzegen = anahur : Für gr. Inserate : Donnerstag Mittag. f. kleine Ins. : Donn. Abend. Expeditionen : in Solingen , Kölnerstr. ( Krunn a. Wald , Kaiserstraße 209 und Nenkirchen bei Opladen : J. 9. Klein. Für die Redaction verantwortlich : Smil Bossen , Belug ven F. B. Hossen a Sözne , Belk = 6e S 8. 91 Dus und Verlag von 3. B. Hossen & amp Söhne , Bals = Soltiagen. Sonntag , den 27. October. PP. Eob. Altenmarkt , Se * Kirchstr. - Ecke 46 - 48 , beehrt sich die nunmehr in größter Auswahl erschienenen ergebest anggagen. Durch die stetig größer werdende Bedeutung meines Geschäfts veranlaßt , habe ich in dieser Saison wieder die Sortimente aller Läger ganz bedeutend vergrößert. Dieselben bieten sowohl für den billigen und practischen Bedarf als auch in den feinsten und elegantesten Neuheiten die umfangreichste Auswahl bei billigsten Preisen und biete ich die wesentlich größten Vortheile beim Einkauf. Fr. Rob. Baccker Jr. , Solingen , Altenmarkt , Kirchstr. - Ecke 46 — 48. Gesang - Verein „ Liederkranz “ Sonntag , den 27. October , Nechmittage 5 Uhr , im Saale des Herrn Carl Ern , Mittel = Itter : Concert verbunden mit humoristischen Gesang - Vorträgen und Verloosung. Sohter : Geschlossener Geselschafts = Ball. Karten zum Concert 25 Pfg. Cassapreis 30 Pfg. Die verehrlichen passiven Mitglieder des Vereins sind besonders engeladen. Es ladet ergebenst ein Das kost = Comtos. Am Samstag , den 26. October 1895 , findet bei mir bei Gelegenheit der Einweihung des neuerbauten Locales Grosses Vokal - u. Instrumental - Concert satt unter gütiger Mitwirkung des Gesang = Vereins „ Waldesgrün “. Anfang 8 Uhr. Eutree frei. Es ladet ergebenst ein Friedr. Röltgem , Wittkullerstr. Da Einn Fallcke , Düsselderf , Oberstr. 45. Special Geschäft in fertigen Zimver thüren nebet Bekleidungen und Futtern , Thür - und Fensterbeschlägen. Thüren s ir eg. 100 verschiedenen Maßen , Prostilen und Eintheilungen steis in großen Posten und Ia. Qualität auf Lager und sofort versandtbereit. Fenster und Hausthüren In Eichen - und Pltchpincholz werden nach Maaß und Angabe zu billigst. Preisen in kürzester Frist angefert. Feinke Empfeblungen. 330 — Buppen u. Chr Kurzwaaren und Gebraucho = Artihel Neuheiten in 10 u. 50 Vig. = Artikeln Preisliste 152 uur für Wiederverkauf. Friedr. Ganzenmüller in Nürnberg. Arbrer Sbauriger. ! Dr. med , Blünner , im Ausl. approb. homöop. Aczt , Eiberf. , Bleichstr. 16. Sp. = 10 , - 4. Spee. : Kinderkrankheiten , Hals = und Lungenleiden. Wegen gänslicher Geschäfts - Aufgabe gelangen meine sämmt lichen Waarenläger i : Herren = u. Knaben = Anzügen , Herren = u. Knaben Ueberzieher , Damen = u. Kinder = Mäntel , Kleider stoffe , Gardinen , sämmtl. Manufactur = und Bett waaren , doppelt gereinigte Bettfedern rc. rc. zu fabelhaft billigen Preisen zum Ausverkauf. Die Läger bieten in allen Abtheilungen sehr grosse Aus wahl und muss in kurzer Zeit vollständig damit geräumt sein. Solingen. R. Lorig. , Kalserstr. 107. Dr. Carl Kemperdiek , Solingen , Kaiserstr. 196. Speoial - Arzt für Ohren - , Nasen - und Halekrankheiten. Sprechstunden von — 11 Vorm. , — 4 Nachn , Sanntngs von - 12. P Erher Lony Solingen , Ufergartenstrasse 38 , schirurg. Instrumentenmacher und Bandagist. Anfertigung allerorth. Maschinen , Corsetts , künstliche Glieder , Geradehalter , Leibbin den , Bruchbänder etc. nach ärztlicher Vorschrift. Lager sämmtlich. Artike ! der Krankenpflege , med. Verbandsteife : Reparaturen prompt und billig. Prakt. Zahn - Arzt Kuhnert. Solingen. Muskustrunente jeder Art liefert am besten und billigsten die Musikinstrumenten = Fabrik von Jul. - Ormier , Henseling Nacht. Elberfeld , 17 Poststr. 17 , am Alteumarkt , erstes rheinieches Musikwaaren - Versandthaus. Reparaturwerkstelle von Holz = , Blech = , Streich = Instrumenten , mechanischen Werken , Automaten , Spieldosen , Eigene Paobey. rigene Favrikation von Blech = In struwenten und deren Revoratnren. Butter — Käss. Garantirt reine Naturbutter , [ Kempener Waare ) per Pfd. M. 05 prima Holländ. Käse „ „ „. 50 " Edamer Käse „ „ „. 70 liefere in Postcollis francogeg. Nachn , bei größ. Bez. bill. Josef Fonken , St. Hubert am Niederrhein. „ Bergischer Sonntags = Anzeiger “ , General = Anzeiger und Unterhaltungsblatt für die Rreise Solingen und Mlettmann. Herbststimmung. Es starren die Aeste entblößt vom Laub , Da Blättchen auf Blättchen siel , Den herbstlichen Winden willkommener Raub Zu wirbelndem , neckischem Spiel , Es neigen , getroffen vom tödtenden Wind , Die Blämlein die Köpfchen sacht , Wie schnell doch verweht sind die Lüftchen so lind Des Sommers mit all ' seiner Pracht. Es neiget zum End ' sich das laufende Jahr , Bald fällt schon der erste Schnee , Gen Süden zog schon der Vögelein Schaar , Verlassen sind Wälder und See. O ! Könnt ' ich wie sie vor des Winters Gewalt Jetzt fliehen gen Süden auch , Und kehren zurück , wenn im Frühling erschallt Ihr munt ' rer Gesang aus dem Strauch ! Barmen. Gg. Alf. Vorsteher. Vor fünfundzwanzig Jahren. Kriegserinnerungen von Hans Wachenhusen [ Nachdruck oder Auszug verboten. ] V. Mez capitulirt. — Im Morgengrauen in Ars = sur = Moselle. — Ausmarsch der französischen Truppen. — Bazaine und Friedrich Carl bei Frescaty. — Die schweiflosen Pferde. — Durch die Porte Seipenoise. — In der Festung. — Die Marschälle Fabert und Ney. — „ Traitres et laches ! “ — Coffinières. — Die gefangenen Offiziere. — Das Lager im Mosel thal. — Abzug der in die Festung Geflüchteten. — Unsere Truppen ziehen nach Paris. Mit wie viel Schuften doch die französische Nation im eigenen Volke zu kämpfen hatte ! Alles Mißgeschick verdankte sie nur dem Verrath , und über den schrie man auch , als ich , von einem Ausflag nach Deutschland zurückgekehrt , in Nanteuil lag. „ Bazaine est un traitre ! “ hieß es , — er , der schon den Gene ral Boyer nach Versailles gesandt und um freien Abzug seiner Armee mit Woffen und Kriegsgeräth gebeten hatte , wie man behauptete , um mit ihr , die nicht mehr gegen Deutschland käm pfen sollte , das Kaiserthum wieder aufzurichten. Man verwies ihn an den Prinzen Friedrich Carl , der vor Metz commandirte. sandte also am 25. October den General Changarnier an diesen nach Corny ; der Prinz aber verlangte die Uebergabe der Armee und Festung. So kam es , da viel Krankheit in der Armee herrschte und die Lebensmittel zur Neige gingen , im Schlosse. escaty am 27. zu einem Abschluß. Armee und Festung , das gesammte Kriegsmaterial , im Werthe von 80 Millionen , waren zu übergeben. 3 Marschälle , 4000 Offiziere , 173000 Mann gaben sich gefangen. Schon am 24. October vor Tagesanbruch unter strömen dem Regen befand ich wich in Ars = sur = Moselle. Tiefe Finster niß herrschte um den Bahnhof , keine Laterne brannte. Ich hörte einen Säbel klappern , sah eine brennende Cigarre und tappte auf diese zu , um nach dem Etappenbureau zu fragen. Gegen seitige Vorstellung zweier in der Finsterniß kaum in ihren Con turen zu erkennenden Menschen. Eine Etappe gebe es nicht mehr , gab mir der Herr zur Antwort , wolle ich aber sein Gast sein , so sei ich willkommen , er sei der Militärverwalter I. Eine gute Adresse ; ich fand bei dem Herrn die gastlichste Aufnahme , ein Frühstück bei vortrefflichem Wein. Der Einzug unserer Truppen sollte heute schon geschehen , ward jedoch bis morgen verschoben , nur die Forts , die Kassen 2c. wurden durch eine Commission schon vorher übernommen. Als es Tag geworden , sah ich die schwarz = weiße Fahne auf dem Riesenfort Mont St. Quentin weben. Es herrschte ein groß artiges Durcheinander infolge der Wegschaffung des Belagerungs materials und des beeilten Abmarsches eines Theiles unserer Truppen nach Paiis. Herr I. stellte mir einen mit Stroh ge füllten Leiterwagen und seinen Burschen zar Verfügung und so fuhr ich Morgens gen Metz. Die Chaussee bot einen seltsamen Anblick : abgemagerte Pferde mit abgefressenen Schwänzen trie ben sich herrenlos darauf herum und rupften mir vor Hunger das Stroh aus dem Wagen. Keine französische Uniform war weit und breit zu sehen. Erst nach 1 Uhr begann der Ausmarsch der gefangenen Truppen aus allen Thoren. Prinz Friedrich Carl hielt seinem Stabe in großer Uniform hinter Jouy an der Chaussee von Frescaty ; unsere Corps blieben in ihrer Stellung , die heffische Div sion war zur Uebernahme der Gefangenen comman dirt. Bazaine erschien vor dem Prinzen an der Spitze seiner Offiziere mit den Worten : Monseigneur , ’ ai lhonneur de me présenter !. Der Prinz winkte ihn an seine Seite und danach begann der Vorbeimarsch der gefangenen Offiziere , die ihre Waffen erst später in der Stadt abzugeben hatten , und der Armee , nur zum Theil geordnet. Niemand hätte es ihnen angesehen , daß die äußerste Noth in der Festung geherrscht , die Uniformen , nament lich der Garde , in Stärke von 80 — 90000 Mann , erschienen wie neu , besonders das Schuhzeug ; die Pferde freilich hatten sich hungernd gegenseitig die Schwänze und Mähnen abgefressen ! Sämmtliche Gefangenen mußten sich auf den vom Regen durch näßten Wiesen aufstellen und ihre Waffen ablieferv. Ihre Hal tung war eine würdige. Diese Arbeit dauerte bis nenn Uhr Abends. Es war Nachmittag geworden , als ich durch die Pforte Serpenoise in Metz einfuhr. Verschwunden war der jungfräu lichen Veste Löwentrotz , „ Ie loin messin “ lag mit gefesselten Pranken da. Alles erinnerte mich an Sedan , obgleich in viel größerem Maßstab , die enge Straße war mit woffenlosen Sol daten angefüllt , die ihr Päckchen reisefertig unter ' m Arm trugen , die Bevölkerung schlenderte müßig , mit verbissener Miene um her , den deutschen Soldaten grimmige Blicke zuwerfend , oder in Gruppen ihre Wuth laut auslassend. In den Hausthüren stan den die Nachbarn und Gevattern zusammen ; die Magazine waren geschlossen oder nur widerwillig geöffaet ; hinter den Eisenstäden der Fleischer hing eine Ausstellung von Pferdefleisch ; die Frauen gingen in Trauerkleidern umher , und die Deutschen unter ihnen haßten uns trotziger als die Franzosen. Auch die französischen Offiziere begannen die Bürgersteige zu füllen ; sich die Hände drückend , riefen sie sich „ bon voyage “ oder ein „ au revoir “ zu ; manche hatten ihre schwarz gekleideten Frauen oder Bräute am Arm. Und — seltsamer Anblick ! Da wurden ge gen Abend schon Hühner , Gänse , Truthähne durch die Straßen getragen , Straßburger Gänseleber und Delicatessen erschienen in den Schaufenstern ! Woher das Alles nur so schnell kam ? Jedenfalls gewann ich die Ueberzeugung , daß hier sicher noch Niemand vor Hunger gestorben war. Auf der Place Royale war ein riesiger Wagenpark zu sammengefahren , darunter das ganze Eisenbahnmatertal , Lazareth = wagen und Baracken und über das Ganze ragte die Statue des Marschalls Ney hervor , dem man keinen Traueiflor , sondern eine französische Fahne in den Arm gesteckt hatte. Die großen Casernen , die Militär = Magazine , die Reitschule am Platz waren geleert , im Hofe der Cavallerie = Casernen lagen in ganzen Hau fen die abgelieferten Waffen ; betrunkene Soldaten taumelten fluchend dazwischen. In den Vorstädten sah ich auf meinem Wege abgemagerte Mähren und Hunde , Maulthiere der Trains , die sich losgerissen hatten und so mager waren , daß sie kaum zu stehen vermochten. Vor dem Hotel de ' Europa sammel ten sich die französischen Offiziere , wohl um ihre Ordres zu er halten. Immer dichter wurde das Gewühl. „ Coffinières et Ba zaine sont des traftres et des läches, “ stand an den Ecken geschrieben und die Bevölkerung schrie durch die Straßen : „ Wir sind verrathen ! “ „ Metz ist nur durch die beiden Schurken aus geliefert worden ! “ Coffinières war nämlich der Commandant der Festung , der auf Uebergabe gedrungen , nachdem er den außen vor Metz liegenden Mannschaften schon seit sechs Tagen keine Nahrung mehr verabfolgt hatte. Auf dem Domplatz stand die eiserne Bildsäule des Marschalls Fabert mit seiner Devise , der Unterschrift in eisernen Buchstaben : „ Ehe ich die Stadt über gebe , müßte man mich und die Meinigen in die Bresche stellen , und selbst dann würde ich nicht zum Verräther werden. “ Die Bevölkerung hatte die Statue mit einem großen schwarzen Flor umhüllt. Ich sah Coffinières in gebückter Haltung , auf zwei Soldaten gestützt , über den Pletz schreiten. Man spuckte ihn an , schrie ihm Schimpfworte nach , aber die Garnison sollte ja an , schrie ihm Schimpfworte nach , aber die Garnison sollte je für keine 24 Stunden mehr Lebensmittel gehabt haben , nachdem es Bazaine am 7. October nicht gelungen , durch seinen Ausfall neue in die Festung zu holen. Man war eben wieder unbe sonnen genug gewesen , Metz nur zum Depot von Kriegs materialien für den Einmarsch in Deutschland zu machen und nicht an die Möglichkeit der Vertheidigung dieser riesigen Festung zu denken. Der französische Soldat ist nicht bereit , zu entsagen , zu dulden. Auch in diesem Kriege kam es vor , daß er , wenn er Mangel litt , einfach das Gewehr hinwarf und den Offizieren. mit den Händen in der Hosentasche , ins Gesicht lachte. Und so war es auch in Metz nach der Erzählung von Einwohnern geschehen , daß die Soldaten meuterten , in die Häuser , die Magazine einbrachen und allenfalls den Beraubten Geld als Bezahlung hinwarfen. |
US-1904212780-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Safety device for electric signals.
PATENTED OCT. 2, 1906.
F. B. COREY.
SAFETY DEVICE FOR ELECTRIC. SIGNALS.
APPLICATION FILED JUNE16.1904.
Mw SSES,
fla
' By my invention UNITED STATES- PATENT OFFICE.
FRED B. COREY, OF SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR TO GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.
SAFETY DEVlOE FOR ELECTRlCS-IGNALSL Specification of Letters Patent. I
Patented Oct. 2, 1906.
T0 all w/wm it may concern:
Be it known that I, FRED B. COREY, a citizen of the United States, residing at Schenectady, county of Schenectady, State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Safety Devices for Electric Signals, of which the following is a specification.
My invention relates to signal systems, and is particularly applicable to railway block syutems employing electric lights for the signa s.
The object of my invention is to provide means for preventing an accident in case a lamp is accidentally extinguished from an cause. Where electricity is available, it is more convenient and economical to employ it for lightin the si Hal-lamp than to use gas or oil but ieretore electricity has been used very little for block-si nal systems on account of the reater liabi ity of an accidental extinguishing of a light as compared with a gas or oil lam provide means for giv- 1ng warning to a assing train if the light becomes accidental y extinguished, and thereby-Jender the use of electricity for signal systems fully as safe as the use of gas or .oil.
My invention will best be understood by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 shows diagrammatically a protective system for electric signal-lights arranged in accordance with my invention, and Fig. 2 shows a modified arrangement.
In 1, L represents an electric light.
mounte n the semaphore-post S. and energized from a battery or other suitable source of current B. A represents a magnet-winding connected in series with the lamp L. The armature a of the ma net-windin the circuit of a secon magnetw1nding A, which is connected in shunt to current. magnet-winding is mounted on the long arm of a bell-crank lever C, the short arm of which is ada ted to engage a notch h on a wheel or disk An electric motor M is geared to the disk H by the trolled bythe bell-crank lever C. The disk H, which is provided with a wei ht w, tending to rotate it in a counter-clockwise direction as viewed in Fig. 1, is mounted on a shaft. (2, to which is secured analarm device lamp 1s again controls the source of. The armature a of this second.
gears G and its circuit con D, which may be placed beside the rail R as shown in Fig.2, andarrangedwhen raised vice D is provided with a second weight W, "which assists the weight w in .rotati the shaft (1 when the bell-crank lever C is isengaged from the slot h.
The operation is then as follows: The several parts are shown in Fig. 1 in their normal positions, which they occupy when the lamp is lighted. Now if the lamp L is extinguished either by a failure of the source'or by an opening of the circuit either in or outside of the lamp the magnet-winding A is deenergized and allows its armature a to fall. Tlus opens the circuit of the second magnet-wind ing A, which allows its armature a to fall, rocking bell-crank lever C and disenga H10 1t from the notch h in the disk H. The s ai t d is conse uently free to turn under the infiu-' ence of t e weights W and w, and the trip D is raised into ts vertical position to give warning to a assing train. N ow when the hted by remedying whatever defect existed t e magnet-winding A is again energized and again raises its armature a to the position shown. The second magnet-j winding A is consequently again energized;
but it is unable to ralse its armature a,.since the short arm of the bell-crank lever Cis not opposite the notch h, but is held pressed upward by the peri hery of the disk H. The long arm of the hell-crank lever closes the circuit of the motor M, so that when armature a is moved to its closed position the mo-,
tor M is energized and rotates shaft (1 against the torque exerted by the weights W and w until the notch h is a ain brought tppOSltfi the short arm of bel -crank lever short arm of the lever is immediately forced into the notch by the pull upon the long arm exerted bythe winding A. The motor-circuit is consequently opened, allowing the shaft (1 to stop in the position shown, and the bell-crank lever C acts as a latch to hold the shaft (1 in this position by means of its en'- gagement with the notch h.- The parts are thus restored to their normal position. It will be seenthat the'alarm device D goes automatically toits da or position upon the breaking. of any one 3% the electric circuits all the electrores onsive devices being use The either to return t e alarm device to its safetv Absolute protection is thus afiorded, a failure in the lamp or in any one of the electrore-.
sponsive devices or in any one of their circuits resulting only in the stopping of the tram.
In Fig. 2 I have shown a somewhat simplifled form, the motor being omitted and the alarm device being restored to safety position by hand. The armature a of winding A controls the circuit of a second magnetwinding E, the armature e of which acts as a latch for the alarm device D. As shown in the drawin s, the magnet-winding E acts to withdraw the latch e to allow the member D to go to safety position. If preferred, however, the winding E may be arranged to hold the latch e in safety,positi0n against a spring or weight, as in Fig. 1. In addition to or in place of the trip D any other alarm device may be ernployed as, for instance, an alarmbell F, which is shown in Fig. 2 connected in parallel to the magnet-winding E.
Other modifications may be made in the arrangement of the parts of the system, and I aim in the appended claims to cover all such modifications which are within the scope of my invention.
What I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, is 1. In arailway signal system, a semaphore-- signal, an electric lamp for lighting sald signal, an electroresponsive device 1n circuit with said lam and an alarm device adapted to be engage by a passing train and controlled by said electroresponsive device.
2. In a railway signal system, a semaphoresignal, an electric lamp for lighting said signal, an alarm device adapted to' be engaged by a passing train, and .electro'responsive means operative upon failure of current in said lamp for moving said device into position to be en aged by a train.
3. n a railwaysignal system, asemaphoresignal, an electric lam for lighting said signal, an alarm device a apted to give warning said evice to danger position, means for restraining said device 1n safety position, and
nal, a magnet-winding connected in series with said lam and an alarm device adapted. to be engage by a passing train control d by said magnet-windin 5. In a railway signaIsystem, a semaphore assing train, means tend ng to move.
permit to move to danger signal, an electric lamp for lighting said signal, an alarm device adapted to give warning to a passing train, means tending to move said device to danger position, means for restraining said device in safety position, a magnet-winding connected in series with said lamp, and means controlled by said magnetwinding for releasing said device to permit it to move to danger position.
6. In a railway signal system, asemaphore signal, an electric lamp for lighting said signal, an alarm device adapted to give warning to a assing train, means tending to move said (ibvice to danger position, a latch for restraining said device in safety position, a magnet-winding connected in series with said lamp, and means controlled by said magnetwinding for tripping said latch.
7. In arailway signal system, asemaphoresignal, an electric lamp for lighting said signal, an alarm device adapted to give warning to a assing train, means tending to move said evice to danger position, a latch for restraining said device in safety position, a magnet-winding connected inseries with said lamp, means controlled by said magnet winding for tripping said latch, elec'troresponsive means controlled by'said magnetwinding for returning said device to safety position, and means for breaking the circuit of said electroresponsive means when said device is restored to safety position.
8. The combination with the light of a railway-signal, a circuit adapted to ,be opened when it is extinguished, and a safety apparatus comprising a trip and a part controlled from said circuit which, when the circuit is opened, permits'the trip to move to its oper ative position. a
9. The combination with the light of a railway-si nal, a circuit ada ted'to be opened when the light is extingu'is ed, a safety ap aratus comprising a trip and an electrica yoperated part included in said circuit, which part when the circuit "is opened permits the trip to move to its operative position.
10. The combination with an electric light of a railway-signal, a circuit therefor, a safety apparatus comprising a trip and controlled from said circult and said safety apparatus being adapted when said circult is opened to set its trip to its operative position.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this 14th day of June,'1 904.
FRED B. COREY.
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b21506565_1 | Multilingual-PD | Public Domain | ✓ LA BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE ÉTUDE COMPARÉE DE LA CELLULE DANS LES DEUX RÈGNES, PAR LE Chanoine J. B. CARNOY DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES NATURELLES , PROFESSEUR DE BOTANIQUE ET DE BIOLOGIE GÉNÉRALE A l'université catholique de LOUVAIN. Eum (Deura) expergefactus transennteni a tergo vidi et obstupui ! Legi aliquot ejus vestigia per creata rerum in quibus omnibus, etiain in minimis. at fere nullis, qua; vis! quanta sapientia ! quam in- extricabilis pérfectio ! LiSNÊ. FASCICULE I Technique microscopique. — Notions générales sur la cellule. Biologie statique : le Noyau. Prix 12 fr. La Biologie cellulaire sera publiée en trois fascicules, payables séparément. Prix de l'ouvrage complet : Un volume grand in-S" , de 700 à 800 pages , avec plus de 400 gravures originales intercalées dans le texte. Prix : 3o fr. — 25 fr. pour les souscripteurs. . LIERRE Joseph Van In & C''^, Imprimeurs-Éditeurs PARIS O. DoiN, Éditeur AIX-LA-CHAPELLE R . B A K T H , Éditeur iSS.i The University Library Leeds Médical and Dental Library 30106 004064043 BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE Déposé conformément à la loi. L'atiteiir de cet ouvrage déclare expressément qu'il se réserve la propriété de toutes les figures qui en font partie, ainsi que le droit de traduction. MEDICAL DEPARTMEN T. LA YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, VICTORIA UNIVE BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE ÉTUDE COMPARÉE DE LA CELLULE DANS LES DEUX RÈGNES, PAR LE Chanoine T. B. CARNOY DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES NATURELLES , PROFESSEUR DE BOTANIQUE ET DE BIOLOGIE GÉNÉRALE A l'université catholique de LOUVAIN. Eam(Deum) expergefactus transeuntem a tergo vidi et obstupui ! Legi aliquot ejus vestigia per creata rerum in quibus omnibus, etiam in minimis. ut fere nullis, quae vis! quanta sapientia! quam in- extricabilis perfectio ! Linné. LIERRE Joseph Van In & 0^, Imprimeurs-Éditeurs PARIS O. DoiN, Éditeur AIX-LA-CHAPELLE R. Barth, Éditeur 1884 osEPH VAN IN & C^ A Lierre. O4037 BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE INTRODUCTION En 1876 nous vînmes fonder à l'Université Catholique de Lou- vain, un laboratoire de microscopie appliquée à la biologie cellulaire. Grâce à la sollicitude éclairée de NN, SS. les Évêques et à la fer- meté de Mgr Namèche, alors Recteur de l'Université, notre entreprise put être menée à bonne fin. Depuis trois ans, près de deux cents étudiants, belges et étrangers, se pressent autour de nous, avides de science et ardents au travail. Le cours à peine installé, nous reconnûmes la nécessité de ras- sembler les données éparses de la technique microscopique concernant la microchimie. A cet effet nous avons édité (i), pendant les vacances de 1879, un Manuel destiné à faciliter les travaux micrographiques des étudiants. Cette ébauche est naturellement demeurée inconnue. Le résumé plus restreint de M. Poulsen ne parut qu'une année après le nôtre (*), et l'ouvrage que M. Behrens vient de publier (s) se montre, surtout en ce qui concerne la recherche des principes chimiques dans la cellule végétale, d'une ressemblance frappante avec notre Manuel aujourd'hui épuisé. Le moment nous semble venu de compléter et d'étendre cette première publication; nous voudrions en faire un essai de Cytologie générale, aussi complet que possible dans l'état actuel de la science. (') Manuel de Microscopie à l'usage des étudiants qui fréquentent l'institut micrographique de l'Université catholique de Louvain, 1879. C^) Microcinmie botanique; publié en danois à Copenhague en 1880, et ti-a- duit depuis en allemand et en français. (3) Hilfsbuch ^ur ausfûhrung mi/a: untersuch; Braunschvveig i883. Le chapitre '"^ ^"^ FouLnent aus « construu-en, „ nous lavons traité e.r professa et assez largement, p. 78 à 154. B. C. 2 6 INTRODUCTION I. NÉCESSITÉ DE LA BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE. A notre connaissance , un cours autonome de biologie cellulaire , n'existe qu'à Louvain : de traité complet sur ce sujet, il n'en existe point. Ce n'est pas cependant que la nécessité d'un pareil enseigne- ment et d'un pareil livre ne se fasse vivement sentir partout , en France comme en Allemagne. M. O. Gréard dit à ce sujet : « Notre génie « d'analyse s'exerce aujourd'hui sur les infiniments petits. La gloire « qu'un Newton, un Laplace a due à la découverte du système du « monde, la science moderne la trouve dans l'étude des plus imper- « ceptibles phénomènes de la vie. Le ciron, ce raccourci d'atomes, « ne suffit plus à ses recherches. Elle a pénétré dans ces abîmes « de petitesse qui frappaient l'imagination de Pascal d'admiration, « presque d'épouvante, et elle travaille à en faire sortir les lois de l'exis- « tence et de la mort. ('). ^> C'est donc jusqu'aux cellules, « ces abîmes de petitesse, » qu'il faudra descendre pour saisir la vie dans sa source matérielle et lui dérober quelques-uns de ses secrets. Selon M. Siebeck (^) « il faut exiger que l'étudiant en médecine « ou en sciences naturelles ne connaisse pas seulement un nombre plus « ou moins considérable de faits et l'art du praticien, mais qu'il ap- « prenne aussi à réfléchir sur les problèmes de l'organisme et de la « vie qu'il atteigne à cette profondeur où toutes les questions « scientifiques se ramènent à une seule question yt : à la vie de la cellule. Dans son dernier ouvrage ('), M. W. Flemming est plus explicite encore. Il y fait remarquer avec infiniment de raison que c'est à la cellule qu'il faudra recourir tôt ou tard , pour trouver la clef de tous les phénomènes biologiques normaux ou pathologiques. Il y a long- temps que nous somines convaincu de cette vérité. Nous écrivions en 1879 (*) : « La connaissance approfondie, la science positive de l'orga- « nisation, ne peut s'acquérir que par l'étude patiente et convenablement « dirigée de la cellule L'anatomie et la physiologie, traitées sérieu- « sèment, ne sont que la longue et difficile histoire de la cellule. ^» D'ailleurs la nature même des choses nous indique assez qu'il ne peut en être autrement. La vie organique d'un être supérieur qu'est-elle, à tout prendre, dans l'état de maladie comme dans l'état de santé, sinon la résul- (1) o. Gréard: Mémoire prés, au conseil académ. de Paris sur Venseignem. supérieur- dans la Revue intern. de l'enseignem., i5 juin 1882, p, 618. (-2) Siebeck, prof, à TUniv. de Bâle : Discours inaug. prononcé le 9 novembre 1882; dans la même Revue, i5 février i883, p, 176. (3) Zellsubstan:{, Kern und Zelltheilung, Leipzig 1882. Einleit., p. 4- (^) Manuel de microscopie, p. 55. INTRODUCTION 7 tante de la vie individuelle de ces innombrables cellules? Or, dis- serter sur une résultante sans connaître la valeur précise de ses com- posantes, si ce n'est tenter l'impossible c'est du moins s'imposer la dure obligation de marcher à tâtons, presque en aveugle, vers une solution telle quelle et tout empirique du problème. Qui de nous ne s'est représenté le naturaliste ou le médecin plongé dans l'obscu- rité la plus profonde, essayant péniblement de s'orienter, s'obstinant parfois à marcher d'un pas ferme au milieu d'un labyrinthe sans issue? Mais vains efforts!.... Sans le fil conducteur qu'Ariane lui tendit, Thésée eut-il revu le jour ? Aussi , que voyons-nous depuis quelque vingt ou trente ans ? La littérature scientifique et médicale s'est enrichie, il est vrai, d'un nombre immense de notes , de mémoires , d'ouvrages volumineux .Mais la science et l'art de guérir ont-ils progressé en raison de cette production exubérante? Hélas non, il faut bien l'avouer. C'est le fil qui a manqué pour s'orienter dans ce dédale. ^ En parcourant cette littérature encombrante , ce qui frappe , ce ne sont point les innombrables contradictions dont elle est semée et qui ont pu faire dire à nos ennemis que deux savants sont rarement d'accord sur les questions les plus fondamentales ; ce n'est pas non plus le nombre toujours croissant « d'articles , grands ou petits , connus « ou non, qui vont augmenter continuellement la collection des maté- « riaux , qu'on a qualifiés de « superlativement médiocres , d'extrait « quintessentiel de médiocrité ("); » non, car tout cela doit être. Mais ce qui étonne surtout l'observateur attentif c'est cette accumulation désordonnée, chaotique, de faits et de détails infinis que rien ne relie dans l'esprit de l'auteur, et dont la véritable signification lui échappe lorsqu'il n'en fausse point l'interprétation rationnelle. Oui, voilà bien ce qui nous frappe et nous émeut , parce que rien peut-être ne marque mieux l'absence d'idées générales et de synthèse chez un grand nombre de publicistes, et n'accuse davantage l'ignorance profonde où ils sont encore aujourd'hui des principes les plus élémentaires de la biologie cellulaire ! L'ignorance que nous signalons ici est assez répandue , parce qu'elle provient d'une lacune , ou plutôt d'un vice dans l'éducation universitaire. Cette ignorance est surtout sensible chez les savants qui s'occupent spécialement de zoologie , d'embryologie ou de pathologie. En général les botanistes connaissent beaucoup mieux la cellule que les zootomistes : ils se souviennent qu'ils sont les fils des Schleiden , des H. von Mohl , (') D'après M. Billings, 1. c. p. 587, on a publié, en 187g, plus de 1600 livres et brochures et plus de 20,000 articles originaux sur la médecine seulement 1 Une bagatelle, comme on le voit! Parmi ces publications, il y a 167 livres et 1543 articles sur la partie biologique ou scientifique de la médecine. En ajoutant à ces derniers chiffres ceux de la biologie proprement dite , on arrive pour cette dernière à un nombre bien plus considérable encore que pour la médecine tout entière (2) Billings, 1. c, p. 590. 8 INTRODUCTION des Nœgeli, etc., ces illustres fondateurs de la cytologie. Aussi leurs travaux sont-ils mieux étayés que ceux des zoologistes et des médecins. Il y a longtemps déjà que le vice dont nous parlons a été signalé. Is. Geoffroy S' Hilaire, dans sa belle dissertation sur « la méthode en histoire naturelle (^') », se plaint amèrement de ce qu'on ait été obligé, dès le com- mencement, de procéder, en biologie, contrairement à cette règle de logique qui est le premier principe de toute méthode scientifique : aller du simple au composé, règle qui a été d'ailleurs suivie dans toutes les autres sciences. « On a procédé , dit-il , de l'homme aux animaux et aux végétaux « qui l'entourent, et de l'état adulte à l'état fœtal; et plus tard, par « l'extension et le perfectionnement graduel des notions obtenues, des « animaux et des végétaux les plus élevés en organisation aux types « les plus 'simples des deux règnes et du foetus aux états embryonnaires (( antérieurs. Toujours du plus composé au moins composé et au simple. » La biologie s'est donc avancée « en sens contraire de ce que la « logique veut partout ailleurs et de ce qu'indiquait ici même l'ordre « de la nature procédant généralement pour l'ensemble des règnes « organiques, comme elle procède dans la formation de chaque être « en particulier : du simple au composé, n de l'œuf, — simple cellule, — à « l'état embryonnaire et à l'état adulte. Puis il ajoute en note ces paroles frappantes : « Il est heureusement plusieurs ordres de questions « où l'on peut marcher du simple au composé, et il en sera ainsi « de plus en plus à mesure que la science se perfectionnera. » Or la science a marché rapidement depuis l'époque de ce grand savant. La cytologie surtout, Vétide des simples par excellence, a fait des pas de géant. C'est donc vers elle qu'il faut se tourner aujour- d'hui si l'on veut appliquer aux sciences biologiques le premier principe des autres sciences, le premier principe de toute méthode scientifique : aller du simple au composé , si l'on veut copier la nature, qui suit toujours cette loi fondamentale dans les formations organiques. Sans doute, la cytologie est encore loin d'être une science parfaite ; mais elle forme cependant un corps de doctrine fort respectable, et suffisant pour servir de point de départ aux études biologiques ulté- rieures, à la condition toutefois qu'on lui fasse une part convenable dans l'enseignement universitaire. Cette part doit être large et vaste comme la cytologie elle-même, et elle doit occuper sa place naturelle dans le cadre des études. lo Pour être à la hauteur de la science, le cours de cyto- logie doit être un cours de cytologie générale, c'est-à-dire qu'il doit com- prendre l'étude de la cellule animale et de la cellule végétale. En eifet un des faits les plus considérables qui se dégage tous les jours (1) Is. Geoffroy St Hilaire, Histoire naturelle générale des règnes organiques. Paris, Masson, i854, fome I, p. 375. INTRODUCTION 9 davantage des travaux micrographiques modernes, c'est l'identité des cellules animale et végétale. Les caractères essentiels de l'organisation et les lois biologiques fondamentales, sont les mêmes pour tous les êtres vivants. A ne considérer que les phénomènes généraux, « il n'y « a donc pas deux physiologies, l'une animale et l'autre végétale « Il n'y a qu'une physiologie comme il n'y a qu'une cellule (') ». S'il en est ainsi, il est évident que l'étude de la cellule doit être essentiellement une étude comparée : ce ne sera qu'après avoir fouillé les deux règnes, après avoir suivi l'élément organisé pas à pas et à travers toute la série des êtres vivants, qu'il sera possible de s'en former une notion exacte, réellement scientifique et féconde. 2° L'enseignement cytologique doit être complet et approfondi. Pour être complet, il doit envisager la cellule sous toutes ses faces, au point de vue de la morphologie , de l'anatomie , de la physiologie et de la biochimie (J) ; car c'est sous ces aspects divers qu'il doit ser- vir de fondement aux études subséquentes. En disant qu'il doit être approfondi , nous nous gardons bien d'exiger qu'il soit encyclopédique : un cours qui se perd dans les détails ne saurait être approfondi. Ce que nous voulons c'est que l'on fasse pénétrer l'étudiant dans l'inti- mité de la cellule ; qu'on lui fasse toucher du doigt la constitution chimique essentielle et accidentelle de la matière vivante, la consti- tution organique fondamentale des divers parties de la cellule : mem- brane , protoplasme , noyau ; qu'on s'appesantisse longuement sur les phénomènes physiologiques principaux : aliments indispensables, élabo- ration , digestion , assimilation et désassimilation ; sur les mouvements généraux de la cellule : la segmentation, la fécondation, les mouve- ments divers du reticulum plasmatique ; sur la différentiation , le géotro- pisme et l'héliotropisme cellulaires , etc. etc. Ces exemples suffisent pour faire comprendre notre pensée. 3° Enfin, nous croyons inutile de faire obsei-ver qu'aucune leçon de cytologie ne pourra se faire en dehors du laboratoire de microscopie, et sans que chaque étudiant prépare lui-même, au microscope', les objets sur lesquels doit rouler l'enseignement du professeur. Elle serait vraiment trop puérile la prétention de faire, selon l'expression consacrée en Belgique, des leçons théoriques de cytologie devant des élèves qui n'ont jamais vu une cellule et qui n'en verront peut-être point durant ces leçons. Nous allons voir du reste, à propos des méthodes d'enseignement, que le temps de ces cours est passé pour les sciences naturelles. Pour mieux faire saisir notre pensée sur un sujet aussi important, qu'il nous soit permis de faire connaître la méthode que nous suivons dans nos leçons au laboratoire de cytologie. (') Manuel de microscopie, p. 54. («) Voir plus loin, p. 21, Encyclopédie de la biologie. lO INTRODUCTION Le sujet de la leçon est annoncé brièvement. Les matériaux sont distribués et l'on donne quelques indications sommaires sur la manière de les préparer. Aussitôt commence le travail personnel des élèves. Le professeur passe avec ses assistants à tous les microscopes, contrôlant, corrigeant, répondant aux questions qui sont posées ; en un mot dirigeant les manipulations et les travaux de chacun. On s'efforce de développer en eux l'esprit d'observation, le goût du travail et des recherches, et de les initier aux méthodes scientifiques. En même temps chaque étudiant dessine, d'après sa préparation, l'objet désigné. Habituellement, on exécute ainsi deux, trois ou même quatre préparations , sur des matériaux préalablement choisis , de façon à embrasser tout le sujet qui est à l'ordre du jour. A la fin de la leçon, quelques minutes suffisent pour réunir en un corps de doctrine et compléter, s'il y a lieu, ce qui a été vu, revu et dessiné par les étudiants. C'est dans cette synthèse finale que se résument toutes pos leçons théoriques. Malgré le grand nombre de travailleurs, — il y en a jusqu'à 120 à la fois, — nous trouvons cette méthode facile. Si elle fatigue parfois, les fruits qu'elle porte sont si abondants que nous nous réjouissons tous les jours d'avoir pris, en arrivant à l'université, la ferme résolution de ne jamais faire une leçon de cytologie ou de botanique en dehors d'un laboratoire. 40 Quant à la place que le cours de cytologie doit occuper dans le pirogramme des études, elle est indiquée naturellement. Il serait insensé d'aborder cet enseignement vis-à-vis d'étudiants qui n'auraient point fait un cours de physique et de chimie (')• D'un autre côté il doit précéder, en bonne partie du moins, les études anatomiques et physiologiques auxquelles il doit servir de fil conducteur. Il serait donc convenablement inscrit dans la deuxième année d'études. Or, est-ce bien ainsi qu'on a compris jusqu'ici l'étude de la cellule ? Il est permis d'en douter. Le botaniste, le zoologiste, l'histologiste, le physiologiste même, donnent, à leur façon, en guise de préliminaires, quelques notions générales ou un chapitre écourté sur la cellule. A notre avis, cette méthode introduit le chaos dans les études et les frappe de ' stérilité. Qui ne voit aujourd'hui, outre les erreurs aux- quelles il est enclin, la pauvreté et les contradictions d'un pareil enseignement? Aussi, dans de telles conditions, quoi qu'on fasse et quel que soit d'ailleurs le mérite des professeurs, les études biologiques et médicales manqueront toujours de leur enchaînement naturel et de leurs base indispensable : nous voulons dire la connaissance approfondie de la biologie cellulaire. II. L'érection d'une chaire de cytologie générale, à l'instar de (1) Voir plus loin, p. 28, Connaissances préliminaires. INTRODUCTION I I celle de Louvain, s'impose donc à l'enseignement supérieur, au dé- but des études biologiques. La chose serait facile si nos universités étaient, comme celles d'Allemagne, un collège de professeurs, une réunion de savants qui se partagent, un peu comme ils l'entendent, le travail de l'enseignement et le modifient suivant le progrès de la science ('). Malheureusement il n'en est pas ainsi. En Belgique comme en France, les universités sont plutôt des collections de chaires ou de professuns établies , dirait-on, à perpétuité. Cette organisation présente de graves incon- vénients. D'abord elle engendre la momification traditionnelle des cours ; elle empêche l'enseignement d'être, à chaque époque, l'expression même du progrès scientifique . : « car les sciences marchent et se transfor- « ment rapidement avec le temps, et, tour à tour, chaque branche « y prend une importance dominante ou disparait (^). » Ensuite elle rend difficile et alarmante la création d'un enseignement nouveau, alors même que sa nécessité n'est plus sujette à contestation. « On « pourrait, dit M. Pouchet citer telles branches de la biologie qui « ne sont peut-être point cultivées en France pour cette seule raison « qu'elles n'ont aucune place dans le cadre des titres officiels des professnrcs. « Sans doute, ajoute le même savant, l'inévitable loi du temps finit « par imposer d'utiles modifications, mais qui s'accomplissent alors par (( voie détournée et comme subrepticement. Mais ces changements « heureux ne sauraient suffire. » Non, ils ne sauraient suffire ! Et en effet, l'érection dans nos universités, d'une chaire de biologie cellulaire, si nécessaire soit-elle, serait bien illusoire si l'enseignement du professeur qui y est appelé devait être frappé de stérilité. Or, c'est ce qui arriverait inévitablement en Belgique et en France, si l'on s'obstinait plus longtemps à maintenir les anciens programmes et les anciens cours sans les simplifier, et surtout, sans y apporter de pro- fondes modifications. Tous les hommes désintéressés et au courant des méthodes scien- tifiques et pédagogiques sont d'accord pour signaler comme un grand mal la surcharge des programmes. Ils ne le sont pas moins pour stigmatiser ces cours imperturbablement dictés et interminables, « véritables encyclopédies à apprendre par cœur », ainsi que les examens abrutis- sants qui en sont le digne couronnement. Citons quelques témoignages à l'appui de nos assertions. H. SiEBECK, en parlant des gymnases et des universités, s'ex- prime ainsi. (') En Allemagne, dit M. Pouchet, chaque professeur, y garde en somme sa pleine liberté, et l'idée d'un règlement quelconque pour délimiter des attributions de chaire plongerait à coup sûr nos voisins dans le plus sérieux étonnement. I^apport sur une mission en Allemagne; dans la Revue intern. de l'enseign i5 Mai 1881, p. 493. (2) Pouchet ; 1. c. P) L. c, p. 492. 12 INTRODUCTION « Il est juste qu'elles envisagent comme leur tâche essentielle, « non de bourrer l'élève d'une grande quantité de connaissances spéciales, « mais d'éveiller dans le cœur et l'esprit de la jeunesse le goût et « l'intérêt de la recherche méthodique, à supposer même qu'une infime (( minorité arrive seule, un jour, à se livrer aux recherches personnelles « et indépendantes ('). n Et plus loin, il ajoute : « On doit, à propos de la surcharge des programmes, se souvenir « de cette vérité pédagogique que la vraie méthode permet de laisser « de côté une partie du programme, et cela sans aucun préjudice sé- « rieux, à la condition toutefois que la perte en extension soit com- « pensée par l'intensité de travail dans les matières qui sont maintenues. « Car, ce qui importe, ce n'est pas d'acquérir tout un gros bagage de « connaissances spéciales dans toutes les disciplines possibles, mais l'apti- « tude à s'assimiler par un libre travail tout ce qui sollicite l'activité intel- « lectuelle.... Il est bon, sans doute, d'enrichir le plus qu'on peut la « mémoire, mais ce trésor ne doit consister autant que possible que dans « ce que l'élève a compris et repensé par lui-même. Il devrait pour « ainsi dire, non pas recevoir l'instruction, mais la gagner par ses « propres efforts. » Ne pourrait-on pas appliquer à la plupart de nos épreuves ce que M. Bernheim dit du baccalauréat ès sciences (^) ? « Je suis de ceux qui désirent la suppression de ces vastes examens « encyclopédiques.... ils sont une véritable torture imposée à la mé- « moire, au détriment des autres facultés de l'esprit. Pendant deux ans « l'élève s'est livré à ce travail fiévreux, hâtif, sans haleine, qu'exige « la préparation d'un examen aussi compréhensif . . . Après l'examen, on « dirait que chez quelques-uns le cerveau surmené... saturé... se refuse « à une nouvelle absorption hâtive de nouvelles sciences mal digérées » — à peu près comme une cellule gorgée d'eau se refuse à une nou- velle absorption de liquide. — « Ce qui importe, ce n'est pas que l'élève « ait la mémoire assez compréhensive pour embrasser à un moment « donné tous les détails de toutes les questions, c'est qu'il se rappelle « les faits principaux, l'esprit général, c'est qu'il fasse preuve de bonnes « études, d'une somme moyenne de connaissances acquises, et d'une « culture scientifique qui le rende apte à poursuivre ses études. » M. Berthelot, dont le témoignage ne paraîtra suspect à personne, n'est pas moins explicite. Dans son rapport au ministre sur l'enseigne- ment supérieur pendant le premier semestre de 1882, le savant in- specteur général de l'enseignement supérieur parle comme suit (») : « Les professeurs, entraînés par une ardeur, excellente en principe, « réclament des aspirants à la licence non seulement les connais- (1) Discours prononcé le 9 novembre 1882, à la séance annuelle de l'université de Bâle. (2) Revue intern. de l'ens., i5 août 18S2, p. 118. (3) Publié dans la Revue int. de l'enseign.. i5 mai 1882, p. 5o7 et 5gg. INTRODUCTION l3 « sances générales indispensables pour leur permettre soit d'enseigner « dans les lycées, soit de pousser eux-mêmes la science plus avant, mais « les connaissances techniques dont le détail indéfini relève plutôt des « savants spéciaux. Il en résulte que la préparation de cette licence « exige jusqu'à trois années, au moins deux.... Un si long stage ne « fournit cependant aucune garantie exceptionnelle d'intelligence ou « d'aptitude à l'enseignement des sciences naturelles, ou de capacité « pour les recherches scientifiques. Il est toujours à craindre que les « professeurs de chaque science particulière, pénétrés de l'importance de « leur spécialité, n'en exagèrent le rôle dans les examens. Si ces pré- « tentions devenaient communes à tous les examinateurs, il en résulterait « pour les élèves des difficultés excessives et l'obligation d'acquérir une « multitude de connaissances détaillées , quoique peu utiles au fond pour « la culture de reprit.,.. « L'un des remèdes, continue-t-il, consisterait à remanier les pro- « grammes en les simplifiant, et à engager par des circulaires les pro- « fesseurs à plus de modération. Mais il est à craindre qu'on ne se « heurte ici à des habitudes prises, peut-être même à des préjugés « absolus de spécialistes. » Ce langage est frappant de vérité et d'actualité. Mais là où les hommes éclairés et soucieux des intérêts de l'en- seignement supérieur se rencontrent avec la plus éloquente unanimité, c'est lorsqu'ils réclament un changement radical dans les méthodes d'enseignement. Ils demandent tous, en effet, qu'on restitue aux uni- versités le but pour lequel elles ont été créées. Ce but, il avait été parfaitement déterminé par J. G. Fichte, il y a quarante ans, lorsqu'il disait que l'université n'est point un établissement d'instruction, mais une école — un véritable laboratorium — destinée à faire des étudiants des habiles, des artistes dans l'art d'a-p-prendre «. Kûnstler im lernen », par le travail commun du professeur avec ses élèves (*), Voici ses propres paroles : « L'université ne doit pas être un établissement d'instmction, mais « une école où s'apprenne l'art de la pensée scientifique, où l'esprit « soit rendu apte à s'assimiler d'une manière facile et sûre, toutes « les connaissances qu'il lui conviendra d'acquérir; en un mot, elle doit « faire de l'étudiant un « Kûnstler im lernen ». D'après lui aussi, « les étudiants et le corps professoral doivent former « une communauté, et travailler en commun : c'est le seul moyen pour « les professeurs d'exercer une action éducatrice sur la jeunesse. » En Allemagne on n'a jamais perdu de vue ce but élevé. « Les séminaires, dit M. Ch. Graux (2), forment le cœur de l'Université « allemande. S'agit-il de sciences physiques ou naturelles, le séminaire (') Fichte, J. C. : Deducirter Plan einer in Berlin ^ii errichtendcn hoheren Lehranstalt; S» édition, 1846, p. 97 et suivantes. p 533 '^^ '^^^^^< ^'Université de Salamanque; Revue int. delenseig., r5 mai i$83, 14 INTRODUCTION « s'appelle alors « le laboratoire. » L'élève manie les instruments, verse « les réactifs, dissèque de sa propre main. Au laboratoire, il est journelle- « ment exercé d'une façon toute pratique aux divers procédés de la « science. C'est là qu'il recueille l'enseignement ésotérique du maître. Ce « contact intime du maître avec l'élève est le seul qui permette à celui-là « de former de vrais disciples rompus à sa méthode, dépositaires de « sa tradition, et cela sans compromettre aucunement leur initiative « personnelle ou leur originalité propre. Ces laboratoires où les recherches « sont faites en commun par des groupes de travailleurs, habitués à « une même dicipline, à manœuvrer ensemble sous une direction unique, « ce sont les foyers les plus ardents de découvertes et de progrès, soit « en philosophie, soit en histoire, soit dans les sciences physiques « ou naturelles. » En France, où l'on travaille activement depuis quelques années à la reforme de l'enseignement, on est entré dans la même voie. Nous nous contenterons de rapporter ici les paroles de M. O. Gréard (*) membre de l'Institut et vice-recteur de l'Académie de Paris, et de donner un extrait de la circulairp extrêmement remarquable que M. J. Duvaux, ministre de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, vient d'adresser aux professeurs des facultés de France (^). Voici ce que dit M. O. Gréard : « Aujourd'hui on décompose, on analyse, on passe tout au creuset; « on veut voir, on veut toucher. Du cabinet du maître ces méthodes « de travail sont descendues dans le laboratoire de l'étudiant. A l'école « de médecine, on exige que tout élève ait étudié sur le corps humain « les mystères de la maladie; qu'il ait pratiqué de ses mains les « démonstrations de la physique, les manipulations de la chimie; qu'il « se soit, en un mot, rendu compte des théories qu'on lui enseigne, « à la lumière d'une expérience qui lui soit propre « On ne se borne plus à entretenir les élèves des résultats de la « science faite et vulgarisée. On leur apprend à remonter aux sources, « à s'élever à la conception des méthodes. » En un mot, pour ce qui regarde les sciences, on leur apprend, au laboratoire, à travailler par eux-mêmes. C'est dans les termes suivants que M. J. Duvaux caractérise les devoirs du professorat à notre époque. « La préparation aux grades est utile, mais y borner son am- « bition serait méconnaître les devoirs les plus élevés de l'enseignement « supérieur. Les maîtres ont d'autres obligations envers l'état : une des « premières est le progrès de la science et de la haute culture in- « tellectuelle ; ils doivent y concourir par leurs travaux et ceux de « leurs élèves.... Il faut voir au delà de la simple préparation aux (1) O. Gréard, \' Enseignement supérieur à Paris en 1881; 1. c. (2) Cette circulaire a été publiée dans la Revue int. de l'enseign., i5 mai iS83, p. 33o. INTRODUCTION 1 J « examens, considérer le temps où l'étudiant affranchi de la pour- « suite des titres professionnels, voudra travailler pour lui et par lui « seul. Les maîtres doivent s'efforcer de toutes les manières de former « le plus tôt possible des disciples qui deviennent pour eux des colla- « borateurs, et soient, avec le temps, leurs égaux. « Apprendre (aux élèves) la méthode et la critique est une oc- « cupation d'un ordre élevé Beaucoup de professeurs auraient « préféré, s'ils n'avaient tenu compte que de leurs loisirs, des leçons « générales — nos cours dits théoriques — où la science de celui « qui parle n'est pas sans cesse sollicitée par toutes les curiosités « d'élèves exigeants appelés rapidement à devenir les juges de ceux « qu'ils écoutent. Cependant quels que soient les mérites de cet en- « seignement on ne peut songer à s'y borner.... Ce sont les travaux « personnels des élèves auxquels il faut maintenant songer, n Le ministre indique ensuite, dans cette direction, trois moyens d'action sur les élèves. L'exemple : les professeurs doivent publier des travaux originaux, et chaque année ils rendront compte de leurs recherches personnelles. La création de revues scientifiques lorsqu'elles deviennent possibles. Le travail personnel du maître avec les étudiants. Cette circulaire ne fait du reste que traduire les exigences de l'esprit public en France; comme on peut s'en convaincre par la lecture des nombreux mémoires et rapports qui ont été publiés sur la reforme de l'enseignement supérieur. En voici un exemple entre mille. « Le métier de professeur de faculté, autrefois traité de sinécure, « est devenu très lourd pour qui l'exerce en conscience, dit M. Petit « de JuLLEviLLE (^). Rappelons tout ce que l'on demande aujourd'hui des « maîtres de l'enseignement supérieur. Avant tout je crois qu'ils se « doivent à la science et que chacun d'eux est obligé de lui apporter « quelque chose de nouveau, une découverte ou un travail personnel; « tous ne peuvent pas découvrir un monde, mais chacun peut défricher « une lande, ouvrir un sentier.... Les travaux scientifiques sont le premier « devoir des maîtres de l'enseignement supérieur ; ils doivent être des « savants et préparer de futurs savants qui soient des maîtres après « eux; ils doivent allumer et nourrir le feu sacré dans l'âme d'un « petit nombre d'élèves choisis, auxquels ils feront part de leur doc- « trine et découvriront leur méthode et leurs instruments de travail. » Nous ne pouvons nous étendre davantage sur ces réformes dont l'urgence saute aux yeux. Nous avons dù les signaler, car elles sont indispensables pour rendre possible la tentativé d'un enseigne- ment biologique sérieux et fort, élevé au niveau des besoins les plus impérieux des sciences et de la médecine. Au milieu de cette inul- (') L. Petit de Julleville : Le Jury du baccalauréat ès lettres; — Dans la Revue int. de l'enseignement, i5 avril 1881, p. 35o. l6 INTRODUCTION titude de cours sans fin , sans lien comme sans but commun , dont il doit se bourrer la mémoire, l'étudiant finit par se perdre, « par ne plus « savoir ce qu'il est , pas devenir indiff"érent à tout ce qu'on lui sert (') » Et c'est alors que vous exigeriez de lui qu'il vienne passer de longues heures au laboratoire pour devenir un habile en biologie ! C'est lors- qu'il est en proie à ce travail fiévreux d'assimilation que vous vou- driez l'initier aux méthodes scientifiques, éveiller ses aptitudes, sus- citer dans son cœiir et dans son esprit le goût et l'intérêt des re- cherches, lui infuser ce feu sacré, « ce démon de la science » sans lequel pourtant il ne sera jamais qu'un prosaïque praticien ou un chasseur d'or ! Tenter une pareille entreprise ne serait-ce point échouer avant d'avoir levé l'ancre ? III. Ce n'est point tout encore. Pour porter tous ses fruits, l'enseignement biologique, fùt-il fait dans les meilleures conditions de succès, ne peut rester confiné dans un ou deux cours des candidatures. Il faut, au contraire, qu'il se complète et s'étende dans ses applications jusqu'aux dernières années du séjour universitaire. C'est dire , qu'il doit former un ensemble harmonisé, une école véritable « où chaque professeur comprenne le « rôle qui lui est échu et en quoi il concourt à la culture générale, « au but commun ("^) , et qu'il s'attache à le remplir fidèlement par l'excellence des méthodes, et par ce zèle ardent qui doit faire du pro- fessorat la grande occupation de sa vie. L'enseignement biologique doit donc être gradué , continué jusqu'à la fin des études médicales et donné par un corps professoral doué d'un zèle ardent. Toutefois n'oublions pas qu'une qualité du zèle, c'est d'être secimdim scientiam. La science requiert une direction, une préparation. Comprendra-t-on cette dernière idée ? Nous osons l'espérer. Les exemples ne nous manquent pas : ainsi nous avons lu avec une satisfaction profonde les conclusions de l'enquête qui a été faite récemment en France concernant le doctorat spécial és sciences médicales qu'on songe à y établir. La plupart des facultés, dit la circulaire viinis- iérielle du 17 février i883, opinent que ce doctorat doit être un doctorat ês sciences biologiques, ou, ce qui est la même chose, un doctorat ès sciences anatomo-physiologiques ('). Nous formons les vœux les plus ardents pour la création de ce grade dans notre pays, à la condition toutefois qu'il soit très sérieux et qu'il devienne un titre indispensable pour remplir une chaire de biologie ou de médecine dans nos universités. Trouvera-t-on un autre moyen d'établir un (1) Otto WiLLMANN, professeur de philosophie et de pédagogie à l'univer- sité de Prague. — Dans la Revue int. de l'enseignement, i5 avril 1881, p. 377. (2) WiLLMANN, 1. C. (3) Revue int. d'enseign., i5 mars i883, p. 344. Voyez aussi l'article de M»- Bernheim, qui est écrit dans le même sens; i5 janvier i883, p. 19. INTRODUCTION 17 enseignement biologique et médical sérieux et régulier pendant toute la durée des études ? Il est permis d'en douter. Ce qui est certain, c'est qu'on arriverait ainsi à former un corps professoral plus homo- gène, un collège de savants se vouant avant tout au professorat et aux travaux scientifiques, se comprenant et s'aidant mutuellement pour donner de l'unité aux études, éviter les surcharges et les doubles emplois, combler les lacunes inhérentes aux meilleurs programmes, former les élèves et maintenir l'enseignement à ces hauteurs lumineuses où l'ont placé, d'une manière incontestée, les savants de l'Allemagne et des pays étrangers. II. ENCYCLOPÉDIE DE LA BIOLOGIE. Dans les pages qui précèdent nous avons souvent prononcé les mots biologie^ sciences et études biologiques. Plus d'un lecteur s'est sans doute demandé quel sens précis la science attachait à ces expressions. Il ne sera donc pas inutile de nous y arrêter quelques instants. Ne convient-il pas , du reste , que l'étudiant en biologie prenne , au début de ses études, une idée générale de l'encyclopédie de la biologie comme l'étudiant en droit ou en philologie le fait en abordant ses matières ? BIOLOGIE NORMALE. I. Le mot biologie a été créé par Tréviranus en 1802 et employé par Lamarck également en 1802, puis en i8o3, dans son Hydrogéologie et dans son Discours d'ouverture sur l'espèce , comme synonyme d'histoire naturelle organique ('). C'est bien là d'ailleurs le sens que lui assigne son étymologie : pioç, vie et Xoyo; , doctrine. D'après cela, faire l'histoire naturelle d'un être vivant quelconque , animal ou végétal,- c'est faire de la biologie. Étudier une cellule, un tissu, un organe, un simple phénomène dans un ou plusieurs êtres organisés, c'est se livrer à une étude biologique, tout aussi bien que si l'on s'adonnait à l'étude comparée d'un groupe étendu d'animaux ou de végétaux , ou de tous les êtres vivants à la fois, IL Cette définition de la biologie va nous permettre de fixer le sens rationnel de certaines expressions peu précises dans la bouche (') On entend par encyclopédie , la détermination des matières qui consti- tuent le cycle des études dans une branche étendue du savoir humain; ou, ce qui est la même chose, la délimitation de l'objet d'une science vaste par ' l'indica- tion des matières qui le composent. («) Tréviranus, Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur. Gôttingen 1802- tom. I, p. 4. a , (^) J. B, Lamarck, Hydrogéologie. Paris, an X, pp. 8 et 188. l8 INTRODUCTION des auteurs , telles que : biologie générale , biologie comparée et bio- logie spéciale. Puisque le mot biologie s'applique à tous les êtres vivants, l'ex- pression « biologie générale » implique à plus forte raison l'idée d une étude comparée poursuivie à travers les deux règnes; elle revêt donc un caractère encyclopédique qu'il convient de lui garder. C'est ainsi du reste qu'elle a été comprise tout d'abord : « l'étude comparée des « êtres qui vivent ou ont vécu à la surface du globe , est du domaine « de cette science supérieure » disait Is. Geoffroy S' Hilaire (*). Ainsi , l'étude comparée de la cellule animale et végétale , l'étude de la respiration, de la digestion, de la spermatogénèse, envisagées à la fois dans les animaux et les végétaux, appartiennent à la biologie générale. La « biologie comparée » suppose un travail comparatif, soit sur un groupe d'êtres plus ou moins étendu , soit sur un phénomène ou un détail d'organisation envisagé dans un nombre plus ou moins consi- dérable d'êtres vivants. Telle serait l'étude des légumineuses, des vers, etc.. Telle serait égalepient l'étude du tissu cartilagineux dans les poissons, ou l'étude de la respiration dans les batraciens etc. etc. La botanique et la zoologie ne sont elles-mêmes que des études de bio- logie comparée. On réserve le mot « biologie spéciale » à l'étude d'un être en particulier, l'homme par exemple. L'anthropologie appartient donc à la biologie spéciale. Il en serait de même de l'histoire naturelle de la noctiluque , du microbe de la tuberculose, etc. On doit laisser de côté les termes surannés et fort mal définis de biologie abstraite et biologie concrète. Le premier correspondait va- guement à la biologie générale, le second, à la biologie comparée et spéciale à la fois. III. Or, pour faire l'histoire naturelle ou la biologie complète d'un être vivant, il est nécessaire de l'envisager sous divers aspects; car cette histoire est fort compliquée. Pour mieux fixer nos idées, considérons un être vivant in concreto, la Noctiluque, ce charmant infusoire phosphorescent de nos mers (fîg. 1 et 2). Ce qui frappe tout d'abord l'observateur dans ce petit animal, c'est à coup sùr sa forme générale, sorte de sphère profondément sillonnée d'un côté, s, et rappelant grossièrement la forme de l'abricot. En plongeant plus attentivement du regard dans le sillon médian il y découvre une bouche ovalaire, h, près de laquelle s'élève un long tentacule, t, sorte de cylindre aplati, ondulé et souvent recourbé. C'est-à-dire qu'il étudie en premier lieu la forme extérieure générale, ainsi que la forme des organes et leurs rapports mutuels. Qui sait si, peut-être, il ne se demandera pas si la noctiluque a toujours eu (1) Is. Geoffroy Hilaire, Hist. nat. génér., tom. I, p. 167. INTRODUCTION 19 cette forme? Et aussitôt de se lancer à la poursuite des individus plus jeunes, embiyonnaires même, dans le but de s'en assurer. Ne voudra-t-il pas aussi assister à la naissance de la bouche et du ten- tacule?... N'ira-t-il pas jusqu'à soumettre le petit être aux influences extérieures, en le plaçant dans l'eau demi-salée, dans l'eau douce, à l'effet d'enregistrer les variations qui pourraient en résulter ,...? En agissant ainsi notre savant a fait la morphologie com- plète de l'animalcule qu'il observe. Mais cet examen, que l'on pourrait ap- peler superficiel , est loin de le satisfaire. La main appuyée sur la vis micrométri- que, il s'efforce de lire à l'intérieur de cette perle vivante. Après avoir contemplé son admirable retictihini plasmatique et les gra- nules brillants de son enchylema transparent, il tourne ses regards vers la masse centrale Fig. 1. — Gr. : DD, I. ^ ^ i - ° ' de protoplasme, pr, ou Noctiluque représentée avec son sillon vu de face et un découvre un noyau peu obliquement : s, sillon; é, bouche; f, tentacule; »!, mem-. brane cellulaire se continuant à lentour du tentacule; l'enfermant des corps protoplasme central portant comme enclaves de nombreux brillants, irréguliers et globules graisseux, h, colorés en noir par l'acide osmique, et fragmentés. Puis , il contenant le noyau, n\c,c, cordons plasmatiques réticulés; s'efforce de pénétrer ces V vacuoles aqueuses; inclusions; .v, bande plasmatique ^^sses sombres, v\ à réticulée reliant t a pr. ' ' contours déchiquetés, pour en débrouiller le contenu et en saisir la nature : les cellules d'algues et les carapaces de diatomées qui s'y trouvent éveillent son attention, et bientôt il arrive à la conviction qu'elles ne sont que des vacuoles remplies d'inclusions. Enfin, après avoir essayé de découvrir quelques détails de structure dans la mince membrane périphérique, m, il couronne son étude par l'examen des organes, la bouche et le tentacule. Il n'est pas peu étonné de décrouvrir dans ce dernier des stries transversales rappelant celles des fibres musculaires des animaux supérieurs et de constater ses rapports, x, avec le protoplasme central de la cellule. Cette exploration intime de la noctiluque s'appele son anatomie. 20 INTRODUCTION Ce n'est point tout. Chemin faisant notre observateur aura remarqué que la noctiluque se meut. L'anatomie qu'il vient d'en faire lui permet maintenant d'aborder l'étude de ses mouvements. Et d'abord il soumet à l'obser- vation son mouvement le plus sensible, celui de translation. Il en étudie la modalité, puis il s'efforce, en s'aidant d'expériences s'il le faut, d'en saisir le mécanisme, les lois et la cause. Mais le tentacule ne pourrait-il servir aussi à la préhension des aliments?... Nouveau champ ouvert à son observation. ùl-r Fig. 2. — Gr. : DD, I. Coupe optique de la noctiluque, perpendiculaire au sillon, s, et passant par la masse de protoplasme central, ^r. Même légende qu'à la fig. 1. A droite, on a représenté un lambeau du reticuïum plasmatique blotti contre la membrane périphérique : pr, trabécules du retiatlum; 7., enchylema remplissant les mailles du reticuïum : on y voit des globules graisseux. Son exploration cinétique ne serait pas complète s'il ne tournait ses regards vers les mouvements internes du protoplasme. Quelle vie, qu'elle activité!... Les mailles du reticuïum disparaissent pour se reformer aussitôt par l'émission de nouvelles expansions pseudopodiques; les petits granules de Yenchylema se promènent de maille en maille avec une vitesse variable à tous lès instants Enfin, s'il lui arrive d'exciter la noctiluque en frappant de l'aiguille le couvre-objets ou en faisant passer un courant électrique à travers la préparation, il est frappe de voir tout le rdiculum périphérique se rétracter subitement vers l'intérieur, emportant dans son sein les granules de Venchylma et expulsant l'èau des vacuoles plasmatiques. En scrutant tous ces mouvements l'obsei-vateur s'est adonne à l'étude physiologique de la noctiluque. |
70974211_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Matthew Jared Mervis (born April 16, 1998), nicknamed Mash, is an American professional baseball first baseman in the Chicago Cubs organization. He played college baseball at Duke University, and signed with the Cubs as an undrafted free agent in 2020. In 2022, he led Minor League Baseball in RBIs, and was third with 36 home runs. He played for Team Israel in the 2023 World Baseball Classic.
Early life
Mervis was born in Washington, D.C., to Jeffrey Mervis and Ellen Van Bergen, and is Jewish. He has one older brother and a younger sister. He was raised in Potomac, Maryland.
High school career
Mervis attended Georgetown Preparatory School in North Bethesda, Maryland, where he played baseball. He earned a spot on the 2014 Perfect Game Preseason Underclassmen All American Team as a High Honorable Mention. As a junior in 2015, he had a .409 batting average with 39 RBIs, while as a pitcher he had a 0.10 earned run average (ERA) and threw a fastball. He was named 2015 Perfect Game Preseason Underclassmen All American Second Team.
In 2016, as a senior, Mervis batted .348 with two home runs while also posting a 1.13 ERA with 121 strikeouts. He was named 2016 Perfect Game Preseason Atlantic-All Region First Team. He was selected by the Washington Nationals in the 39th round of the 2016 MLB draft, but did not sign. That summer, he played with the Silver Spring-Takoma Thunderbolts of the Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League, and had a .411/.469/.643 slash line over 15 games, with his batting average leading the league and his on-base percentage (OBP) and on-base plus slugging (OPS) ranking third and second, respectively.
Collegiate career
After high school, Mervis enrolled at Duke University where he majored in political science and played four years of college baseball as a pitcher, first baseman, and third baseman. In 2017, his freshman year at Duke, he had two doubles over six at-bats while pitching to a 2–2 record with a 7.83 ERA and 21 strikeouts over 23 innings pitched. That summer, he briefly played for both the New Bedford BaySox of the New England Collegiate Baseball League and the Hyannis Harbor Hawks of the Cape Cod Baseball League. As a sophomore with Duke in 2018, he collected one hit over four at-bats while going 3–0 with a 4.91 ERA and 21 strikeouts over innings. That summer, he played for the Kalamazoo Growlers of the Northwoods League. He slashed .316/.395/.450 over 171 over at-bats with 27 runs, 11 doubles, four home runs, 28 RBIs, 22 walks, and four sacrifice flies, ending the season in the top five in each statistic, except OBP, where he ranked seventh.
During his junior season at Duke in 2019, he pitched in seven games in which he was 1–0 with a 2.16 ERA and eight strikeouts over innings, while posting a .274/.358/.421 slash line with six home runs and 31 RBIs in 190 at-bats and 48 starts. That summer, he played with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League where he slashed .325/.418/.571 with four home runs over 77 at-bats with 24 RBIs and was named a league all-star. His batting average and OBP were third in the league with his OPS ranking tenth and his 24 RBIs ranking eighth. Prior to a shortened senior season at Duke in 2020, he was named the 19th-best senior in the country by Perfect Game and was selected as team captain. He had a .304/.458/.589 slash line with three home runs over 16 games while playing first base and pitching two scoreless innings in two games before the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Professional career
2020-21
Mervis went unselected in the five-round 2020 MLB draft, and signed with the Chicago Cubs in June 2020 as an undrafted free agent, as a first baseman. Due to the unique rules of the shortened draft, Mervis only received $20,000 upon signing. He made his professional debut in 2021 with the Myrtle Beach Pelicans of the Low-A East, and also played in three games with the Iowa Cubs of the Triple-A East. Over 72 games between both teams, he batted .208 with nine home runs and 44 RBIs.
2022
Mervis opened the 2022 season with the South Bend Cubs of the High-A Midwest League, for whom he slashed .350/.389/.650 in 100 at bats with 35 runs, seven home runs, and 29 RBIs over 27 games. He was promoted to the Tennessee Smokies of the Double-A Southern League in mid-May, for whom Mervis batted .300/.370/.596 (third in the league)—in 203 at bats over 53 games he had 16 doubles, 14 home runs, and 51 RBIs. In mid-July, he was promoted to Iowa, now a member of the Triple-A International League. The Cubs named him their Minor League Player of the Month for August 2022, during which he batted .305 with a .390 OBP and a .926 OPS for Iowa. Over 57 games with Iowa to end the season, he led the International League with a .983 OPS and slashed .297/.383/.593 (leading the league) in 209 at bats with 41 runs, 15 home runs, and 39 RBIs, with a 10% walk rate and a 15% strikeout rate. With each promotion, he lowered his strikeout rate.
His combined 2022 season totals between South Bend, Tennessee, and Iowa included a .309/.379/.605 slash line with 92 runs, 40 doubles, 36 home runs, and 119 RBIs in 510 at bats. He led all of the minor leagues in 2022 with his 119 RBIs, also led the minors in extra base hits with 78, was tied for second in the minors with 40 doubles, and was third in the minor leagues with 36 home runs. He was named the Cubs 2022 Minor League Player of the Year, and an MiLB Organization All Star.
Mervis was selected to play for the Mesa Solar Sox in the 2022 Arizona Fall League. There, he was chosen as the Arizona Rising Stars MVP, an Arizona Fall League Fall Star, and was named the 2022 Fall Stars Game MVP. He batted .291/.344/.655, and led the league in home runs (six), as well as isolated power (ISO; .364) and at bats per home run (9.17).
2023
He began the 2023 season playing for Triple-A Iowa. Through May 4, Mervis batted .286/.402/.560 in 91 at bats with 27 runs (3rd in the International League), 6 home runs (10th), 27 RBIs (3rd), 18 walks (8th; as against 19 strikeouts), and 2 sacrifice flies (10th).
Mervis was promoted to the major leagues for the first time on May 5, 2023, and made his MLB debut that day, batting 7th and playing first base against the Miami Marlins.
Mervis hit his first major league home run on May 16 against the Houston Astros at Minute Maid Park.
On June 15, the Cubs optioned Mervis back to Triple-A Iowa after he hit .167/.242/.289 with 3 home runs in 99 plate appearances.
International career; Team Israel
Mervis played for the Israeli national baseball team in the 2023 World Baseball Classic.
See also
List of Jewish baseball players
References
External links
Duke Blue Devils bio
1998 births
Living people
Baseball players from Maryland
Baseball players from Washington, D.C.
Chicago Cubs players
Cotuit Kettleers players
Duke Blue Devils baseball players
Georgetown Preparatory School alumni
Hyannis Harbor Hawks players
Iowa Cubs players
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Mesa Solar Sox players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
People from Potomac, Maryland
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Maryland
South Bend Cubs players
Tennessee Smokies players
21st-century American Jews
2023 World Baseball Classic players.
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