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github_open_source_100_8_20265

Github OpenSource

Various open source

import unittest from src.saves import SaveState class SavesTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_eq(self): s1 = SaveState("name", 1, 1, 1) s2 = SaveState("name", 2, 2, 2) s3 = SaveState("other", 1, 1, 1) self.assertEqual(s1, s2) self.assertNotEqual(s1, s3) class TestName: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.assertNotEqual(s1, TestName("name")) def test_str(self): self.assertEqual('"name", day 1 at 01:55', str(SaveState("name", 1, 1, 55))) self.assertEqual('"my name", day 2 at 00:10', str(SaveState("my name", 2, 0, 10))) self.assertEqual('"NAME", day 3 at 11:00', str(SaveState("NAME", 3, 11, 0))) def test_repr(self): self.assertEqual("[email protected]", repr(SaveState("name", 1, 1, 55))) self.assertEqual("my [email protected]", repr(SaveState("my name", 2, 0, 10))) self.assertEqual("[email protected]", repr(SaveState("NAME", 3, 11, 0))) def test_get_time_str(self): self.assertEqual("Day 1, hour 1, min 55", SaveState("name", 1, 1, 55).get_time_str()) self.assertEqual("Day 2, hour 0, min 10", SaveState("my name", 2, 0, 10).get_time_str()) self.assertEqual("Day 3, hour 11, min 0", SaveState("NAME", 3, 11, 0).get_time_str()) def test_is_name_valid(self): self.assertTrue(SaveState.is_name_valid('A Valid Name')) self.assertTrue(SaveState.is_name_valid('name 1234')) self.assertFalse(SaveState.is_name_valid('x' * SaveState.NAME_LEN + 'x')) self.assertFalse(SaveState.is_name_valid('invalid-symbol')) def test_is_time_valid(self): self.assertTrue(SaveState.is_time_valid(1, 10, 25)) self.assertTrue(SaveState.is_time_valid(3, 0, 59)) self.assertFalse(SaveState.is_time_valid(1, 24, 30)) self.assertFalse(SaveState.is_time_valid(2, 0, 60)) self.assertFalse(SaveState.is_time_valid(0, 5, 30)) def test_from_str(self): self.assertEqual( repr(SaveState('name123', 2, 8, 30)), repr(SaveState.from_str('[email protected]')) ) self.assertEqual( repr(SaveState('my save title', 1, 0, 0)), repr(SaveState.from_str('my save [email protected]')) ) self.assertEqual( repr(SaveState('SaVeNaMe', 3, 23, 9)), repr(SaveState.from_str('[email protected]')) ) def test_from_str_error(self): with self.assertRaises(ValueError): SaveState.from_str('nameonly') # no time with self.assertRaises(ValueError): SaveState.from_str('1.10.30') # no name with self.assertRaises(ValueError): SaveState.from_str('[email protected]') # invalid name with self.assertRaises(ValueError): SaveState.from_str('two@[email protected]') # two @ with self.assertRaises(ValueError): SaveState.from_str('My [email protected]') # hour is 24 with self.assertRaises(ValueError): SaveState.from_str('My [email protected]') # min is 60 def test_from_str_all_values(self): for d in range(1, 4): for h in range(0, 24): for m in range(0, 60): self.assertEqual( repr(SaveState('name', d, h, m)), repr(SaveState.from_str(f'name@{d}.{h:02}.{m:02}')) ) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

github_open_source_100_8_20266

Github OpenSource

Various open source

import {Component} from 'angular2/core'; @Component({ template:'<h2>About Page</h2>' }) export /** * AboutComponent */ class AboutComponent { constructor(parameters) { } }

US-82438186-A_1

USPTO

Public Domain

Radiation imaging enhancement ABSTRACT An imaging system incorporating a scanned array of infrared detectors for a presentation of scene data on a display includes gain normalization circuitry coupled to individual ones of the detectors of the detector array. The normalization circuitry is structured as a feedback loop introducing equality between the magnitude of an average value of a detector signal and a reference signal. The imaging system comprises a set of channels connecting with respective ones of the detectors, each channel having adaptive gain control circuitry. A common value of the reference signal is applied to each channel for uniformity in a displayed image. The averaging time is several times greater than the duration of a single scan in the scanning of the detector array so that the display is relatively free of nonuniformities associated with differing responsivities of the detectors to infrared radiation. A nonlinear gain function is produced by connection of multipliers and/or logarithmic circuitry in a forward branch of the loop. A feed forward branch includes a filter coupled to the multipliers for adaptive accentuation of higher frequencies of the signal spectrum to enhance subject edge lines. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to radiation imaging systems and, more particularly, to an imaging system employing a radiation scanner with an array of infrared detectors in combination with averaging and adaptive signal compression circuitry for improved uniformity and clarity in reproduction of scenes to be imaged by the system. One well known form of infrared imaging system employs an array of infrared detectors and a lens for directing rays of radiation from a portion of a scene being viewed to the array of detectors. Typically, the detectors are arranged along a line and are scanned in a direction perpendicular to the line, the line of detectors providing the width of a swath being swept during a single line of scan. In one application of considerable interest, the scene being imaged is viewed on a display wherein the scan lines are parallel to a horizontal axis of the display while the line of detectors is parallel to a vertical axis of the display. Typical subject matter of the foregoing scene would include both sky and land. As viewed by infrared detectors, the sky presents subject matter which is of a lower temperature than the subject matter presented by land. Also included within the typical scene would be objects of higher temperature, such as aircraft, within the sky, and cooler subject matter such as a lake or river on the land. Buildings, roadways, trees, and other foliage may also be present as further subject matter within the scene. Subject matter in the foregoing portions of the scene emit infrared radiation at differing temperatures characteristic of the subject matter in response to illumination by the sun, or in response to some other source of heat. Each detector produces an electric signal of varying amplitude dependent upon the temperature of the subject matter of the portion of the scene being viewed by the detector. The signals produced by the array of detectors are processed in individual detector channels and may be applied to a display for presentation of an image of the various objects in the scene being viewed. A problem arises in that variations in temperature from the coldest subject matter of a scan line to the hottest subject matter of a scan line would produce a temperature differential which exceeds the dynamic range of the display. As a result, in the use of scanning equipment wherein all detector channels are subject to a common gain control, a choice must be made as to which part of the scene is to be presented on the display. If the gain is increased for viewing weak signals from cool subjects, the strong signals from hot subjects may saturate the display and cause streaking. Alternatively, if the gain is reduced, the cool subjects may be lost from the display. A further problem arises in the operation of such a scanner due to a variation among the detectors in their responsivity to incident infrared radiation. Such variation in responsivity, if uncorrected, introduces a lack of uniformity to the displayed image. Thus, two detectors receiving the same radiation may produce output signals of differing amplitudes. This further compounds the foregoing problem of the dynamic range in that portions of the image scanned by certain ones of the detectors may be overly intense or excessively weak in their presentation on the display. The lack of uniformity degrades the displayed image quality and obscures information in the image. One solution to the problem of reduced uniformity due to differing detector responsivity has been the use of individual alignment circuits incorporating manually adjustable potentiometers for each of the detectors. The solution is disadvantageous because of a requirement for excessive operator time in the manual adjustment of the potentiometers in a scanner of many, possibly in excess of one hundred, detectors in the detector array. In the construction of the typical scanner, all of the detectors are placed within a single chamber which is maintained by cooling equipment at a low temperature. When replacement of a number of the detectors is required, the entire array is replaced in which case all of the potentiometers must be reset manually for alignment of the scanner. A further solution to the uniformity problem has been the scaling of all signals presented to the display as by use of automatic gain control employing the injection of a pilot signal into the field of view of each of the detectors. Such operation involves unwanted complexity such as additional optics for injection of an infrared pilot signal. The foregoing attempts to solve the uniformity problem do not treat the foregoing limitation on the dynamic range of signals which can be displayed. Yet another problem arises in the use of infrared scanning for producing a scene image, this problem being a blurring of edge lines of subject matter by components of the scanner optical system. Such blurring may be considered as the convolution of the scene image with a blurring function resulting in a loss of definition at the high-frequency portion of the spectrum of each scanned detector signal. Data in the middle and the low frequency portions of the spectrum are not significantly affected by such blurring. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The foregoing problems are overcome and other advantages are provided by a radiation scanner incorporating a uniformity correction system of the invention. The correction system accomplishes a major object of the invention, namely, the enlargement of dynamic range in the display of a scene having both a large cool area and a large warm area, while simultaneously improving the uniformity of the display. This is accomplished by averaging signals in individual ones of the detector channels so as to establish values of channel gain which are tailored to the image swaths of each line scan. In addition, the invention includes a deconvolution filter in each detector channel for boosting or accentuating the high frequency response and thereby restoring clarity to edge lines of the various subjects in the scene image. The deconvolution filter is included within an adaptive circuit which scales the amount of high-frequency boost in accordance with signal strength, thereby to avoid excessive amplification of noise in a weak signal situation. The adaptive circuit has a nonlinear (square root) gain-control characteristic which further enlarges the dynamic range of signals which can be imaged. The scanner is constructed of an array of detectors of which the radiation receiving pattern is scanned across a scene containing an object to be viewed by the scanner. In accordance with the operation of the invention, the uniformity correction system includes electric circuitry for averaging detector signals from individual ones of the detectors over the duration of several or more sweeps of a scan. The detector signals are amplified by gain control amplifiers employing AC (alternative current) coupling which excludes signals resulting from a DC (direct current) or substantially constant background radiation from the scene being scanned. Both long duration and short duration signals are amplified, the long duration signals being produced by radiation from subjects having an extent which is less than that of a scan line, but may occupy a susbstantial portion of the scan line. Such subjects include buildings, roads, plant life, and other large subjects. The short duration signals result from relatively small targets, object details or texture information. The gain control is dependent on the average value of an AC amplifier signal in each of the respective detector channels. The small targets contribute relatively little energy to the average of a scan line, and accordingly, the gain in each channel is dependent primarily on the contributions of the larger targets, or subject matter, present in the respective detector channels. A common reference signal is applied in the gain control circuits of the respective channels to control the scene average for each detector channel to attain uniformity in the scene image. Adjustment of the gain individually for each channel in accordance with signal strength of the corresponding scanned portions of the scene permits viewing of a larger dynamic range. The theory of operation of the invention applies equally well to scanners of acoustic radiation, as well as to scanners of other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing aspects and other features of the invention are explained in the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein: FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an imaging system incorporating a radiation scanner coupled to gain control circuitry of the invention; FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of a simplified embodiment of the gain control circuitry providing only the functions of averaging and normalizing in one channel of the system of FIG. 1; FIGS. 3 and 4 show alternative embodiments of the simplified gain control circuitry of FIG. 2; FIG. 5 shows a set of signal waveforms useful in explaining the operation of the gain control circuitry; FIG. 6 shows the circuitry of a complete embodiment of the gain control circuitry of FIG. 1, the embodiment of FIG. 6 providing the additional inventive features of gain compression and spectral enhancement of edge lines of subjects in an image of a scanned scene of FIG. 1; FIG. 7 shows a digital circuit form of construction of an enhancement filter of FIG. 6, and an alternative circuitry of delay compensation in two branches of the gain control circuitry; FIG. 8 shows a nonlinear gain characteristic provided by the circuitry of FIG. 6; FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram of the circuit of FIG. 6; FIG. 10 shows a frequency response of the enhancement filter of FIG. 7; and FIG. 11 shows overall system frequency response with differing amounts of enhancement due to an adaptive signal processing characteristic. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a system 20 for forming an image of a scene 22. The system 20 comprises a scanner 24, a signal processor 26 coupled to the scanner 24, a data processor 28 coupled to the signal processor 26, and a clock 30 for synchronizing the operation of the scanner 24 and the signal processor 26. The scanner 24 comprises an array of detectors 32 mounted within a support 34, a mirror 36 and a lens 38 for guiding radiation from the scene 22 to the detectors 32, and a drive unit 40 which pivots the mirror 36 cyclically. Rays 42 of radiation emanating from the scene 22 are reflected by the mirror 36 as rays 44 which propagate through the lens 38 to impinge upon the array of the detectors 32. The lens 38 focuses a region of the scene 22 upon the array of detectors 32. The pivoting of the mirror 36 by the drive unit 40 imparts a scanning motion to the rays 42 which sweep out a set of paths or swaths through the scene 22, with each path being associated with one of the detectors 32. The speed of the drive unit 40 is controlled by pulses from the clock 30 to provide a predetermined period to a scan of the rays 42 across the scene 22. For example, the mirror 36 may pivot at a rate of 60 Hz (hertz). The detectors 32 are responsive to the scene radiation incident thereupon for producing a set of output signals which are applied to the signal processor 26. The signal processor 26 comprises a set of channels corresponding to respective ones of the detectors 32, with each channel including an amplifier 46, a filter 48, and a gain controller 50. Each of the amplifiers 46 receives the output signal of its corresponding detector 32 and amplifies the signal to a suitable level for further signal processing. Each amplifier 46 provides AC coupling of a detector signal to remove the DC component from the background radiation of the scene. The filters 48 are low pass filters having passbands equal to the useful frequency bandwidth of the detector signals and are employed advantageously in accordance with common practice to maximize the ratio of signal-to-noise. The gain controllers 50 in respective ones of the channels receive the signals outputted by corresponding ones of filters 48 and, as will be described in further detail hereinafter with reference to succeeding figures provide for further amplification of the respective signals with gain normalization based on average values of the respective detector signals. In addition, the gain controllers 50 provide gain compression by use of a logarithmic or, preferably, a square root transfer characteristic. And, in accordance with a further and important feature of the invention, the controllers 50 include an adaptive enhancement circuit with a deconvolution filter (to be described in FIG. 5) which boots high frequency response to clarify edge lines of subject matter in the scene image. Digital averaging circuitry may be employed within each controller 50, the averaging circuitry being driven by clock pulses of the clock 30 to provide an averaging time equal to NT wherein N represents several or more periods of the scanning and T is the duration of a single period. N may have an integral or nonintegral value. The signal processor 26 also includes a source 52 of a reference signal which is applied to each if the gain controllers 50 as will be explained hereinafter with reference to FIG. 2. The data processor 28 comprises a display 54, a storage unit 56 which stores data to be presented on the display 54, and an address generator 58 which addresses the storage unit 56 to receive signals from respective ones of the gain controllers 50 and to output signals from the storage unit 56 to the display 54. The storage unit 56, the address generator 58 and the display 54 are operated in response to timing signals, not shown in the drawing, which are provided by the clock 30 or other suitable source of timing signals. The signals outputted from the gain controllers 50 in the respective channels of the signal processor 26 correspond to data points of the scene 22, these points being presented as pixels on the display 54. Thereby, the imaging system 20 presents an image of the scene 22 upon the face of the display 54. In operation, the system 20 is adapted for the scanning of radiation emitted by subject matter of the scene 22 in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The principles of the invention also apply to other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as to scanning of fields of sound with acoustic detectors or transducers. However, the invention is most readily explained in terms of infrared imaging and, accordingly, the ensuing description will be directed to infrared imaging. The scene 22 is provided by way of example to show typical subject matter which may be the subject of infrared imaging, and includes land and sky separated by a horizon 60. The scanner 24 is directed towards the horizon 60 so as to include both sky and land within the scene 22. An aircraft 62 is shown above the horizon 60. A building 64, a lake 66, a road 68, a tree 70, and other foliage 72 are shown on the land. The intensity of infrared radiation emitted by the foregoing components of the scene 22 varies in accordance with the temperatures of the various components of the scene 22. Thus, the sky is relatively cool while the aircraft 62 is relatively warm. Similarly, the lake 66, the tree 70, and the foliage are relatively cool while the building 64 and the road 68 are relatively warm. As a result in the differences of temperatures of the foregoing objects in the scene 22, the intensity of radiation received by any one of the detectors 32 changes as the scanning path associated with an individual detector 32 passes over subject matter of differing temperatures. The scanner 24 scans in the horizontal direction so as to provide scan lines for each of the detectors 32 which are parallel to the horizon 60. A set of exemplary scan lines for a few of the detectors 32 are shown as dashed lines in a portion of the sky. These scan lines define the paths of subject matter swept out by respective ones of the detectors 32 during a single pass across the scene 22. While only a relatively few detectors 32 are depicted in the drawing, it is to be understood that the line array of the detectors 32 includes a sufficient number of detectors 32 to cover the vertical dimension of the scene 22. Some of these detectors scan the sky while the balance of these detectors scan the land. The direction of pivoting of the mirror 36 to provide the horizontal scanning is indicated by arcuate arrows 74 and 76. The mirror 36 undergoes oscillatory motion, with each scan being done in one direction, followed by a retrace in the opposite direction to return the mirror 36, to the starting position for the next scan. The retrace time is sufficiently fast, so as to have little effect on the averaging and gain control. Also, the rapid retrace of the image has much high spectral frequency components, most of which may lie outside the pass band of each of the filters 48 so as to have little effect on the averaging. If desired, the drive unit 40 may be provided with a well known tilt mechanism (not shown) for tilting the mirror 36 during alternate sweeping of the scan paths so as to provide an interlaced scan. During each cycle of the scanning, a detector 32 sweeps out the same path of the scene 22. Thus, each detector 32 is associated with the same strip-shaped portion of the scene 22 during a succession of scans. In accordance with the invention, advantage is taken of the scan pattern wherein each of the detectors 32 repetitively scans the same portion of the scene 22. If the scanner 24 is carried by a moving vehicle, such as an aircraft, the scene 22 changes slowly so that the image of each scan line, or swath of the scene, may be regarded as being quasi periodic. The invention provides for the averaging of signals outputted by a detector 32 over a duration of time equal to several or more cycles of the scanning, for example, 20 cycles of the scanning. The relatively cool background radiation of line scans of the sky and the relatively warm background radiation of line scans of the land are filtered out by the AC coupling. The average signal strength appearing in scan lines of the sky is based on the appearance of relatively small subjects such as aircraft. The average signal strength of line scans of the land is based on the contributions of relatively large subjects such as buildings. Thus, by use of the horizontal orientation of the line scans, the average values of subjects scanned in the sky is obtained independently of the average values of subjects scanned on the land. Since the average value of the relatively large warm objects and the average value of the relatively cool objects have been forced by the normalizing and averaging function of the gain controllers 50 to be equal to the common reference signal, the signals representing the outline of the aircraft 62 are readily detected against both the sky and the land. Accordingly, the aircraft 62 can be presented on the display 54 without the effects of saturation and streaking associated with excessive dynamic range of detector signals resulting from wide variations in subject temperature. The foregoing operation of the gain control circuitry normalizes each detector channel so that individual variations in detector responsivity to incident radiation have essentially no effect on a displayed image. It is noted that the orientation of a plane of the scan relative to the horizon is significant with respect to the operation of the system 20. This may be appreciated by considering some other direction of scan, such as direction perpendicular to the horizon 60. In such a case, the detector scan lines would pass through both the cool area of the sky and the warm area of the land. In this case, the average value of a detector signal would be larger than that associated with the sky. The aircraft 62 would still be visible against the average value, but the difference between the signal strength associated with the aircraft 62 and that of the average value would be less than that of the previous case wherein the plane of scan is parallel to the horizon 60. Consequently, it is appreciated that the orientation of a scan plane parallel to the major boundaries of the cool and warm areas of the scene is advantgeous for enhancement of the image of objects in a scene presented on the display 54. However, the horizon in the scene appears with greater clarity with the perpendicular scan. The foregoing operation of the invention may be regarded as the displaying of differential subject intensity, based on difference in temperature rather than the true intensity of signals emanating from various subject matter in the scene 22. The average value of a detector signal, which value serves as a reference tone for the center of a gray scale on the display 54 and as a reference for detecting the presence of an object in the scene 22, is established individually for each detector scan line. This provides for a greatly enhanced image on the display 54 as compared to some other form of signal compensation based on the average intensity of the complete scene which is to be imaged. In the succeeding drawing figures, the FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show simplified embodiments 50A, 50B and 50C, respectively, of the gain controller 50; the circuitry of the simplified embodiments providing only the functions of averaging and normalizing without the adaptive enhancement function. FIG. 5 shows signal waveforms, average values thereof and enhanced waveforms. FIG. 6 shows the full circuitry of the controller 50 for providing adaptive enhancement, and improved dynamic range in addition to the normalization function. The simplified embodiments of FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are useful in explaining the normalizing function and its relationship to the operation of the system 20. This will facilitate an explanation of the enhancement circuitry of the invention which will be presented herein with reference to FIG. 5. With reference also to FIG. 2, the gain controller 50A comprises an amplifier 78 having automatic gain control which operates in response to a control signal Vg, a digital filter 80 providing the functions of averaging and integration, a differential amplifier 82, and three analog-to-digital converters 84, 86 and 88. In operation, the construction of each of the gain controllers 50A is the same, this being the construction shown in FIG. 2. The amplifier 78 receives an input signal voltage Vs from a filter 48 (FIG. 1) and provides an output voltage proportional (by a constant K) to the product Vs and Vg. The output signal of the amplifier 78 is converted to digital format by the converter 84. The output signal of the converter 84 is applied to the filter 80, the output thereof being converted to analog format by the digital-to-analog converter 88 and applied by the converter 88 to a positive input terminal of the amplifier 82. The amplifier 82 has a differential input and subtracts from the output signal of the converter 88 the reference voltage which is applied by the source 52 to the negative input terminal of the amplifier 82. The amplifier 82 provides, at its output terminal, the signal Vg which is applied to the amplifier 78 and is also applied to the converter 86. The signal Vg is in analog form and is converted to digital format by the converter 86. The output digitally formatted signals of the converters 84 and 86 are coupled via line 90 to the storage unit 56 (FIG. 1). The filter 80 is constructed in the form of a low pass filter to provide for the functions of averaging and integration of a succession of digital samples of the detector signal Vs provided by the converter 84. The converters 84 and 86, as is well known, sample their respective input signals in response to clock pulse signals provided by the clock 30 on line 92. Operation of the filter 80 in response to the clock signals on line 92 synchronizes the operation of the filter 80 and converters 84 and 86. A set of lines 94 couple respective ones of the foregoing voltages Vs from respective ones of the filters 48 to corresponding ones of the gain controllers 50A. In view of the above-noted connection of the clock 30 to the scan drive unit 40, the period of time elapsed during the averaging or integration time of the filter 80 is in a fixed ratio to the scan period provided by the scanner 24. The construction of the gain controller 50A is in the form of a feedback loop wherein the loop error signal is formed at the differential amplifier 82, and wherein the output signal Vg is proportional to the difference between the reference signal of the source 52 and an averaged signal of a detector 32. A relatively large average value of detector signal, provided by the filter 80, results in a relatively small differential signal at the amplifier 82, with the result that the gain control signal Vg is small. Accordingly, detector signals of relatively large average value are multiplied by a relatively small gain control signal so as to provide an average value of output signal on line 90 which approximates the value of the reference signal from the source 52. Correspondingly, detector signals of relatively small average value are multiplied by relatively large gain signals so as to provide an average value of output signal on line 90 which is held relatively constant by the reference signal from the source 52. In this way, the gain controller 50A provides a gain control signal which is inversely proportional to the average value of the detector signal. Furthermore, the average values of the detector signals of respective ones of the channels are normalized thereby to a common reference signal for improved uniformity in the presentation of images on the display 54. Also, the gains applied by the amplifiers 78 in respective ones of the channels to the instantaneous values of detector signals, for presentation of individual pixels on the display 54, have been adjusted to compensate for differences in responsivities of the detectors 32 and for differences in average subject matter in the swathes of the scene 22 swept out by the respective detectors 32. Thereby the uniformity of scene image presentation is improved. With respect to the operation of the data processor 28, it is noted that complete data as to the magnitude of the detector signal is provided to the storage unit 56. This accomplished by use of the two converters 84 and 86 wherein the scaled signal of the converter 84 and the scale factor, represented by the magnitude of the signal Vg, is provided by the converter 86. The digital signals of the converters 84 and 86 provide two digital words which are readily stored to provide data as to the magnitude of the detector signal. In operation, the scanner 24 of FIG. 1 repetitively scans linear portions of the scene 22 to direct scene radiation to the array of detectors 32, with each detector 32 detecting the radiation of a specific one of the linear portions of the scene 22. In response to the incident radiation, each detector 32 produces an output signal which is amplified by an amplifier 46. The amplifier 46, being AC coupled, responds only to changes in radiation resulting from the scanning, thereby to delete any residual output signal of a detector 32 and any background radiation of the scene 22. After filtering by the corresponding low pass filter 48, of the detector channel, the signal at the amplifier 46 enters the corresponding gain controller 50 to be multiplied by a gain control signal inversely proportional to the average value of the detector signal. Changes in signal strength propagate through the gain controllers 50 to be stored as data in the storage unit 56. The filter 80 alters the gain of the amplifier 78 in accordance with the average value of the signal. The plane of scanning may be parallel to the long dimension of a region of substantially constant temperature in the scene 22, such as the sky or the land, so as to obtain more fully the benefits of the averaging function of the filter 80 in each of the detector channels. This permits the display 54 to present data from a scene having high dynamic range between different detector channels with respect to subject temperature. In view of the foregoing operation, the imaging system 20 is able to operate without manual calibration of the individual detector channels. The foregoing averaging function of the filter 80 in the feedback loop of the controller 50 automatically compensates for any increased or decreased gain associated with individual responsivities of detectors 32 to the incident radiation. Thereby, the circuitry in each of the channels of the signal processor 26 serves to normalize each of the respective detector signals to provide uniformity of a displayed image. Since a common reference signal, from the source 52, is used in all of the channels, the gains of the respective channels are equalized independently of variations in detector sensitivity. This provides uniform development of the scene image between adjacent scanned regions of the scene. The uniformity is obtained even in the presence of different temperature response characteristics among the various detectors in the array of detectors 32. By way of alternative embodiments, it is noted that the digital filter 80 may be replaced with an analog low pass filter such as an RC (resistor-capacitor) filter, as is shown in the gain controller 50B of FIG. 3. With the analog RC filter, the clock signal on line 92 would no longer be utilized by the filter. In addition, the converter 88 would no longer be employed at the output of the filter since the output signal is already in analog format. In addition, the input terminal of the low pass filter would no longer be connected to the output terminal of the converter 84 but, rather, would be coupled via a full wave rectifier to the output terminal of the amplifier 78. The full wave rectifier is employed in view of the AC coupling of the amplifier 46. The rectifier converts the AC signal format of positive and negative excursions of the signal waveform to a unipolar waveform which is to be filtered by the analog low pass filter. A fully analog system may be constructed, if desired, by applying the output signals of the amplifier 78 and 82 directly to a television-type display (not shown) without use of the converters 84 and 86. In this case the drive unit 40 can be driven by 60Hz power line current without use of the clock 30. The foregoing benefits are obtained also with a further embodiment of the gain controller 50 which introduces a nonlinear gain compression. By way of example, as shown in the gain controller 50C of FIG. 4, the gain control amplifier 78 may be followed by a second such amplifier, the latter amplifier also being controlled by the gain signal Vg, and being followed by a logarithmic amplifier to introduce a square root to the product of the gains of the three serially connected amplifiers. Again, the feedback loop construction tends to zero the loop error signal at the differential amplifier 82 so that average values of the radiation detector signal are brought into substantial equality as set by the value of the reference signal of the reference source 52. FIG. 5 shows a set of graphs useful in understanding the operation of the system 20 and the gain controller 50. In the first graph there is shown a solid line which represents the output signal strength, in volts, of a detector 32 as a function of time during a single sweep of the scan. Since the scanning is done at a fixed angular rate, a horizontal scan being shown in FIG. 1, the presentation along the horizontal axis in each of the graphs of FIG. 5 is also proportional to the azimuthal angle swept out by the mirror 36. Thus, the waveform presented by the solid line in the first graph represents variations in temperature sensed by the detector 32 as a swath of the scene is swept. By way of example, the swath is presumed to pass through the building 64 and the lake 66 of the scene 22. A higher signal strength is associated with a relatively high temperature of radiation emitted by the subject matter, and a lower signal strength is associated with a relatively low temperature of the radiation. The dashed trace represents, by way of example, the signal outputted by an adjacent one of the detectors 32. A feature of the invention is found in the attainment of uniformity by altering the gains of respective detector channels to compensate for individual differences in their responsivity to incident radiation, and also to normalize the gain in each channel in accordance with subject matter therein. It is noted that the preception of data in an image on the display 54 by a human observer is dependent primarily on observation of edge lines of subjects such as the building and the lake. While it is desirable to have hotter targets or subjects represented by bright regions on the display 54, and cooler targets represented by darker regions on the display 54, it is noted that the actual temperatures of the various subjects is not of primary concern in extracting data from the image. Rather, it suffices that an observer can determine which of the targets is hotter and which of the targets is cooler for identifying the targets. Accordingly, in the process of the detector signals, it is important to adjust the gains of the various detector channels to assure that the dynamic range of signals in each of the detector channels can be adjusted to fall within the dynamic range of signals which can be accommodated by the display 54. This is demonstrated in the first two graphs of FIG. 5. Upon examination of the first graph of FIG. 5, it is noted that the signals of the two detectors each have a DC component which carries no useful information for an observer of the display 54. The DC level is removed by the AC coupling of the amplifiers 46, as portrayed in the second graph of FIG. 5. The normalization provided by the gain controller 50 in each of the channels is responsive to the average value of the AC signal in each of the respective channels, as well as to the common reference signal of the source 52. As a result, the gains of the respective channels, including the gain contribution produced by the responsivity of the detector to the infrared radiation, are substantially equalized among the respective detector channels. This is also shown in the second graph of FIG. 5 wherein the dashed line representing the adjacent detector signal has been deleted. Only a single line is shown because the normalized signal strengths for two channels processing similar subject matter are substantially the same. A characteristic of the scanning operation is a slight blurring of the edge lines of the subject matter. This may be viewed, mathematically, as the convolution of a characteristic of the scanning optics with the subject matter. The blurring of the edge line is depicted in the first three graphs of FIG. 5 by rounded corners at the interface between two different portions of the subject matter. For example, such rounding is shown between the vertical line representing the side of the building and the horizontal line representing the ground. In the foregoing example, the building is presumed to have a window which radiates radiation at a higher temperature than that of the rest of the building, this being portrayed by a pulse-shaped signal riding on top of the building waveform. Again, the corners of the window waveform are rounded due to the foregoing blurring. Similar blurring occurs at the boundary between the lake and the ground. In FIG. 5 there is shown a vertical line representing the range of values of amplitude, from the coolest subject to the hottest subject which can be presented on the display. This represents the lower and upper limits of the gray scale of the display. The presentation in the second graph is folded about the zero volts DC, this being at the horizontal axis of the graph and also defining the center of the gray scale of the display 54.

github_open_source_100_8_20267

Github OpenSource

Various open source

// Type: Highsoft.Web.Mvc.Charts.PlotOptionsAreaStep namespace Highsoft.Web.Mvc.Charts { public enum PlotOptionsAreaStep { False, Left, Center, Right, } }

cihm_47795_7

English-PD

Public Domain

80 Probably a mistake for La Paz, the principal town of the nerth'west* em district, or miniog province, belonging to the Viceroy^tj of La Plata. — E. ■ ■ ■•' ■ - ,1 .... . ,.... ■K! Mn«. iM j^i ii^wiri ''i(l>^^rT'MnjMili ii'ifc'^i CHAP. I. SECT. III. Portuguese Discoveries, 99 of thence with both ships; and, having procured provisions at a very dear rate, at St Michael de Culiacan, he went to the harbour of Santa Cruz, where he received information that Don Antonio de Mendo9a had arrived from Spain as Vice* roy of Mexico. He tho-efore left Francis de Ulloa with the command of his ships, orderiiiff him to proce^ on discove- ries } and goine to Acapulco, he received a messenger from Don Antonio de Mendoga, the new viceroy, certifying his arrival, and the assumption of his authority. Mendoga uke- wise sent him the copy of a letter from Francis Hzarro, stat- ing that Mango, the Inca of Peru, had risen in arms, and as- saUed the city of Cusco with 100,000 fighting men, having slain his brother, John Pizarro, and above 400 Spaniards, with 200 horses ; and that he himself, and the Spai ;slii do- minions in Peru, were in imminent danger, unless speedily and effectually assisted. ^^? '•' Cortes, not yet resolved on submitting to the authority of Mendo9a, fitted out two ships, under the command of Fer- dinando de Grijalva and one Alvarado, on purpose to disco- ver the route to the Moluccas by the way of tne equinoctial line, because the islands of Cloves are under that parallel. They went first to St Michael de Tangarara, in Peru, where they landed succours for Pizarro, and thence, all along the line, to the Moluccas, as they were ordered ; and they are said to have sailed above 1000 leagues without sig%t of land on either side the whole way. At length, in lat. S" N. they discovered an island named Asea, which was believed to be one of the islands of Cloves. Five hundred leagues farther, more or less, they came to another, which they named Isla de los Pescadores^ or island of Fishers. Going still in the same course, they saw another island, called Hayme^ on the south side of the line, and another named Apia^ after which they came in sight of Seri, Turning one degree to the north, they came to anchor at an island named Corooy whence they came to another under the line named MeousuMy and thence to i92»u, still holding on the same course ^'. The people of all these islands are black, witli frizzled hair, whom the people of the Moluccas call Papuas. Most of them are witches, and eat human flesh ; and are so much given to '«• wickedness, 81 The only island mentioned in this voyage, which can be traced by the names in our modern maps, is the Piscadores, about lat. I \9 N. long. 1 67* £. — E. 'V 1^ Spanish and ■^ PART II. wickedness, that the devils walk among them as companions. Vet when these wicked spirits find any of the Papuas alone, they kill him with cruel blows, or smother him ; for which reason they always go out in companies of two or three toge- ther. There is in this country a bird as large as a crane, which has no wings wherewith to fly, but runs on the ground with the swiftness of a deer, and, of the small feathers of this bird, the natives make hair for their idols. They have like- wise a piarticular herb, the leaf of which, after being washed in warm water, if laid on any member, and licked with the tongue, will even draw out the whole blood of a mans body; and, by means of this leaf, the natives let blood of themselves, when afflicted by sickness. usU^, , f^rom these islands they came to others named the Guellas, in lat. 1" N. east atid west ^*, from the island of Ternate, in which the Portuguese have a fortress. These islands are 124 leagues from the island of Moro, and between forty and fifty leagues from Ternate. From thence they went to the island of Moro ^^, and the islands of Cloves, going about fi'om one island to another ; But the natives would not peimit them to land, desiring them to go to the fortress, where captain Antonio Galvanoy the author of this work, would receive them in a friendly manner, who was, «s they stilcd him, factor of the country, and they could not be allowed to land without his license. This circumstance is worthy of being noticed, that the natives were so well affected to the Portuguese as to venture tlieir lives, with their wives, children, and goods, in their service. In the year 1S37, John de Vadillo, the governor of Car- thagena, went with a powerful armament from the port cal- led St Sebastian de Buena VistOy in the gulf of Uraba, to the tlio Verde, whence he went by land, without previously knowing any part of the way, and without carriages, to the very extremity of Peru and the town of La Plata, a distance of 1200 leagues, a most memorable journey. The whole country, from the Rio Verde to the mountains of Abibe, is full of rugged hills, thick forests, and many rivers, through which they had to pierce their way with infinite toili Ine mountains of Abjibe are said to be twenty leagues broad, and -:. ,."■ - ^' '. , can 82 Thit strange expression is quite inexplicable, and tnuit have bten misunderstood by Hakluyt.— E. ,;jjf ««&«>««♦ -wti w 5<f^ji! » 83 Ptrobably Morty, of our present maps.'— £. .'( '<l^i-t^^-' CHAP. I. SECT. III. Portuguese Discoveries. 101 can only be passed over in the montlis of January, February, March, and April, as from incessant heavy rains at all other times of the year, the rivers are so swelled as to be quite im- passable. In these mountains there are many herds of swine, many dantes, lions, tigers, bears, ounces, large wild-cats, . monkeys, vast snakes, and other vermin. There are also abundance of partridges, quails, turtle-doves, pigeons, and other birds of many different kinds. The rivers also were so full of fish that they killed them with staves i and they affirm- ed, if they had been provided with rods and nets, that a very large company of men might be subsisted, without ever be- ing in distress for want of tbod. In this expedition they not- ed the diversities of people, languages, dress, and other cir- cumstances, during the whole way, through many countries, kingdoms, and provinces, and the great difficulties and dan- gers they encountered till their arrival at the Filla dela Pla- tOf and the a^oining sea. This was the most extensive dis- covery which has been ever heard of by land, and in so short a time ; insomuch that, if it had not been performed iii our own days, it could hardly have been credit^ ^\ In 1538, certaiii friars of the order of St Francis went from Mexico to preach to the natives in the northern part of New Spain, and to convex them to the Catholic faith. One Mark de Nizza penetrated farther than any of the rest. — Passing through Culvacan, or Culiacan, he came into the province of Sibola, or Cinaloa, where he pretended to have found seven cities, and that the farther he went the richer was the country in gold, silver, and precious stones, with ma- ny sheep bearing wool of great fineness. On the fame of this wealth, the viceroy Don Antonio de Mendo9a, and Cortes, determined to send- a force to take possession of the country; but, as they could not agree on this subject, Cortes and lus wife went over to Spain in 1540, where he died seven years afterwards ^'. In 1538, I, Antonio Galvano, being governor of the Mo- lucca islands, sent a ship, commanded by Francis de Castro, towards the north, with orders to convert as many as he could to the Christian Faith. Castrohimself baptized many ; as the lords of Celebes, Maccassar, Amboina, Moro, Mora- tax, and of several other places. On his arrival at the island ... ,.. .. ■. ' . . of K4 Chron. del Peru, c. Ix, XX. 85 Ramus. III. (i56. ■ ^■•51- ^■»-^- -^o^-- 102 Spanish and PAKT II. of Mindanao) six kings received the water of baptism from de Castro, with their wives, children, and subjects ; and I Save orders that most of these should receive the name of ohn, in honour of king John III. who tlien reigned in Por- tuflraJ. The Portuguese and Spaniards who have been in these islands, affirm that there are in them a certain species of hogs, which, besides the ordinary teeth in their jaws, have two o- thers growing out of their snouts, and other two behind their ears, of a large span and a-half in lengtli'^''. There is like- wise said to be n certain tree, that part of which that grows towards the east is a sure antidote against all kinds of poison, while the western half of the same tree is itself a deadly poi- son. The fruit of this tree is like largepease ; of whicn is made the strongest poison on earth. Tnere is another tree of a very singular nature, for if any one eat of its fruit, he becomes twelve hours mod ; and, on regaining his senses, cannot remember any thing that happened during his mad- ness. There are likewise certain land-crabs, which have the same effect of producing temporary madness when eaten. The islanders also pretend that there is a certain stone in these islands of so wonderful a property, that whoever h^ pens to sit upon it is sure to be afflicted with rupture. It is farther worthy of remark, that the inhabitants of these islands gild their teeth. In the year 1539, three ships which had been ordered by Cortes to discover the coast northwards from Culiacan, and which sailed from Acapulco, under the command of Francis Ulloa, having touched at St Jago de Buena SperanfOy enter- ed into the gulf of California, which Cortes discovered, and sailed up that gulf till they came abnost to the farther end of it, in lat. 32** N. at a place which they named Ancon de San jindreSf because they came there on the day of that Saint. They returned southward along the other, or western coast of the gulf of California ; and, having doubled the point of that peninsula, called Cabo de San Lucasy within certain islands, they sailed northwards, along the external coast of California, till they again reached to the same latitude of 32° 'N. whence they returned into New Spain ; forced to this measure by contrary winds and want of provisions, after ha- ving yG This obviously refers to an inaccwate description of the Babyroussa. — E. CHAP. I. SECT. 111. Portuguese Discoveries. 103 ving been absent a whole year on this voyage. In these dis- coverieSf Cortes expended 200,000 ducats, according to his own account^^ Cortes and his cimtains explored the coast of New Spain, iirom the lat of 12'> N. to S2<* or TOO leagues ; all of which was rather warm than cold, although snow is found on some of the mountains for the greater part of every year. From Cabo del Enganno to Cabo de Liampa in China, the distance is 1000 or 1200 leamiesf. In New Spain there are many trees, flowers, and fruits of various kinds, that arc useful to man. The principal tree is named Metlt which does not grow either very tall or very thick. The natives plant and dress this tree as wc do our vines } and they allege that it has forty different kinds of leaves, resembling woven cloth, which serve for many useful purposes. When tender, these leaves are made into con- serves. From it they make a kind of paper, and a substance like flax ; Mid it is also manufactured into mantles, mats, shoes, girdles, and cordage. This tree produces such strong and sharp prickles, that thev are used instead of needles for sewing. The roots are usea as fuel ; and their ashes make excellent lev for the manu&cture of soap. The natives open up the earth from the roots of this tree, and, by scraping or wounding them, they extract a juice which is a rich syrup. By boiling this juice, it is converted into hon^; and, when purified^ it becomes sugar ; and niay likewise be made into wine and vinegar. The fruit of this tree is called Coco. The rind roasted, crushed, and applied to sores or wounds, has a most healing quality. The juice of the roots and tops, mixed with incense, is a sovereign antidote against the bite of a vi- per and other poisons. From all these usefid properties, this is the most profitable tree that is known in these parts^". There are certain birds in New Spain called Vicmalim, having a long small bill, which live on dew and the juice of roses and other flowers ; their feathers are very small, and of beautiful colours, and ore much esteemed to work up into ornaments with gold. These birds die, or sleep rather, eveiy year in the month of October, sitting on a small bough in Kome warm and close place j and they revive again in the month of April, when the flowers appear. There are snakes likewise in this country, which sound as if they had bells at- tached i 87 Oomar. H. G. II. Ixiv. Ramu8< III« 339' 88 Gsmar. H. G. VI. xvil. 104 Spanish and PAIIT 21. fAeiied to tJieifl) wlien they creep along. There are other snakes alBo» which are said to engender by the mouth, as vi- pers ore reported to do with us. There arc likewise certain nogs, whicn Wo a navel on the ridge of the back i which the hunters cut out the moment they are killed, as otherwise the carcase would corrupt and stink, so as to be uneatable. Besides which, there are certain fishes which are named Snorterst becauHC they make a snorting noise like hogs"'. In the year 1538, a civil war broke out in Peru, uetween Pizarro and Ahnagro ; in the course of which, Almagro was taken prisoner and beheaded. After which, in the year 15S9, Pizarro sent Peter to Baldivia into Chili { whore he was at first well received, but the people aflerwards rose against him, and sought to put him to death by treason. Notwithstanding the long ana severe war he had to wage against the natives of Chili, Baldivia explored the country to a great extent, discovering the whole coast as far as lat. 40*> S. and even further. While Baldivia was occupied in these discoveries, he received intelligence of a king called Lucent ^Inuit who commonly hrougnt 200,000 men into the field, when engaged in war against another neiahbourinff king. Lucengolma was likewise said to have a temple in an isund, m which uiere were 2000 priests. It was farther reported, that be> yond the dominions of this king, there lay a countnr inhabited by a nation of Amazons, whose queen was named Guanomilla, wnich signifies the golden heaven. But, hitherto, these things rest merely on report, and have not been ascertained for truth, by octuol discovery. About this time Gomez de Alva- rado reauced the province of Guanaco to obedience ; and Francis dc Chavez subdijed the Conchincos^ who often vexed the town of Truxillo and its adjoining country, by various in- roads. Peter dc Vergara reduced the Bracamores^ a people to the north of Quito ; John Perez de Vcragara subdued the Ciaciapoians i AUbnsus dc Mcrcadiglio subdued the people o£ Mtdubamba i Fcrdinando and Gonsalvo Pizarro reduced CollaOf a country rich in gold ; the lower part of which was subdued by Peter de Candia ; Peranzures went also on an expedition into the same country. In this manner the Spa- niards dispersed themselves over the whole country, and con- ■^'^•^j, ;;,;'::, V !?,■■■ ^ .- .'/^-..-vv quered v^m 89 In this paragraph M'e have ver)' vague indications of humming-birds, hiUlesnaket, and of the animal now called Pecari- — £. CHAP. I. SECT. III. Portuguese Diteooerie$. 105 quercd an extent of more than 700 leagues ; yet not without much labour, and coniiiderable Iom of men*". llie oountrieH of Brazil and Peru stand east and west from each other, their coasta being almost 800 leagues distant at the nearest points, which are the Cape of St Auffustine and the harbour of Tnixillo, nearly in the same parcel of lati- tude. The greatest extent of Peru, measuring from the ri- ver of Peru in the north, to the Straits of Mogelhn in the south, is 950 leagues. Through the whole of this country certain mountains, called the Andes, extend from north to south, which divide Brazil on the east, from Peru, or the empire of the Incos on the west. In the same manner, the mountains of Taurus and IinauK divide Asia into two parts { which mountains begin on the Mediterranean, in 36 or 97 degrees of north latitude, over against the islands of Rhodes and Cyprus, and extend eastwards to the sea of China. 'Hius, likewise, the mountains of Atlas in Africa diiridc the tavomj moors from the black moors, or negroes who have frizzled hair. These mountains begin at Afount Motes f near the desert of Barca, and extend under the tropic of Cancer to the Atlantic. The mountains of the Andes are high and rugged, and barren in some places, without trees or even grass ; and it almost always either rains or snows on their hi^est ranges, accompanied with sudden and violent tempests of wind. There is so great a scarcity of wood in these parts, that the inhabitants use turf or peats for fuel, as is done in Flanders. In these mountains and countries, the soil is in some places black, in others white, or red, bhie, green, yellow, and violet ; and, with some of these earths, the natives dye various colours, without using any other mixture. From the bottoms of these mountains, but principally on the cost side, there flow many rivers, both small and great. A- mong these are the rivers Amtizons, St Francis, and La Pla- ta, and many others, which pervade the country of Brasil", which are much larger than those of Peru, or of Castilia del Oro. The country of Peru, between the Andes and the western sea or Pacific, is from 15 to 20 leagues in breadth, all of a hot sandy soil, yet fertile, as being well watered, and produces »-»:|<i;j^-^!*.,7iJli,«? 4fl^Mi :».■< ;90 Gomar. H. G. V. xxxv. and Chron. del Peru, c> 103« .91 The word Brazil in the text obviously includes the whole flat country to the east .ejT the Andes, Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, and Pa- tagonia.— ^E. S^ \'s\h^ ^.■. i 106 Spanish and ■■'—^ S. 9 i '* PART II. ,'l ' I produces many excellent trees and fruits. It produces many turnips, rapes, i^id other such herbs and roots; likewise a^ bundance of flags, rushes, herbs, and flowers, of to loose tuid tender a texture, that the leaves drop oft' on the slightest touch. Among these herbs and fresh flowers, the natives of- ten dwell without beds or houses, even like cattle in the fields, and some of them have tails "'. These people are gross, and wear long hair, but have no beards ; and they speak divers languages. One of the plants of this region called aipOf re- sembles rue, and bears a yellow flower, which cures ail kinds of rotten sores ; yet, if applied to sound flesh, will eat it to the bone. They say that these mountains abound in tigers, lions, bears, wolves, wild-cats, foxes, dantes, ounces, hogs, and deer ; and with many birds, both ra^'-^nous and others, most of them being black $ while under the north, both birds and beasts axe mostly white. There are also great numbers of large and terrible snakes, which are said to have destroyed a whole army of one of the Incas, that was marching this way: Yet, according to report, an old woman did so enchant them, that they became quite harmless and gentlp, insomuch that they wQuld allow people to sit upon tncm. It is reported that, from Tumbez to Chili, there are no peacocks, hens, cocks, nor any eagles, hawks, kites, or other ravenous birds ; but there are many ducks, geese, herns, pigeons, partridges, quails, and many other kinds of birds. There is likewise a certain fowl like a duck, which has no wings, but is covered ^11 over with fine thin feathers. A certain species of bitterns are said to make war upon the sea-wolf or seal ; for when this bird finds them on land, it tries to pick out their eyes, that they may not see thdr way beck to the water, and then kills them ; and the fight between the bitterns and the seals is said to be a pleasant sight. Those who uve on the tops of the Andes, between the cold and the heat, are mostly blind of one eye, and some are totally blind ; 92 This idea, ever since Uie time of Lord Monboddo, has been renewed, and occupies the attention of the explorers of Africa ; links may exist, ia. creation, with which we are yet unacquainted. — Clarke. The fancy of tailed men has probably arisen from inattentive observers, seeing people clothed in the skins of beasts, with the tails hanging down> The natives of New South Wales wear tails in imitation of the Kang|u-eo ; Yet, having been closely observed, are not described as tailed men'--JS. 9 # CHAP. I. SECT. 111. Portuguese Discoveries. ved, blind } 8o that hardly can two men be found but one of them at least ia half blind. Notwithstandins the great heat of the land in Peru, it yields good crops ol Maize and Potatoes^ and an herb called coco^, which the natives carnr continually in their mouths, as those in the East Indies do Betle^ and which thev say sadsfics both hunger and thirst. It is affirm- ed that, trom Tumbez southwards, for the space of 500 leagues, there is neither rain, thunder nor lightning, with only some light showers. In Peru, there arc certain animals, cal- led xacos '* by the natives, and sheep bv the Spaniards, be- cause they are covered with wool ; but their shf^ resembles that of deer, and they have saddle backs like a camel, and are capable of carrying burdens of about a hundred weight each. The Spaniards ride upon them ; and, when weary, they turn their heads backward, and void a wonderfully stinking liquor from their mouths. From the rivers La Plata and Lima, or Rimac, inclusively to the southwards, there are no crocodiles, lizards, snakes, or other venomous reptiles ; but the rivers produce great store of excellent fish. On the coast of St Michael on the South Sea, there ore many rocks of salt, covered with e^. At the point of St Helena, there ore springs from which a liquor flows, that serves instead of pitch and tar. It is said that there is a fountain in Chili which converts wood into stone. In the haven of Truxillo, there is a lake of fresh water, the bottom of which is good hard salt ; and in the Andes, beyond Xauxa, there isan-esh water river which flows over a bottom of white salt. It is also affirmed that there formerly dwelt giants in Peru, of whom statues were found at Porto Vejo ; and that th$ir jaw bones were found in the haven of Truxillo, haying teeth thr?e or four fingers long. . ,;.v ;) In the year 1540, the viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendo9a, sent Ferdinando Alorchon with two ships, to explore the bot- tom of the gulph of California, and divers other countries. In the same year, Gonsalvo Pizarro went firom Quito to discover the Cinnamon country, of which there ran a great fame in Peru. Taking with him a force of 200 Spaniards, partly horse and part foot, with 300 Indians to carry the baggage, he marched to Cruixos, the most distant place or frontier of the empire of ^he Incos ; in vtrhich place there happened a great earthquake, accompanied 93 This word ought to have been Paeos. Of these animals, with the Llamas and Vicugnas, diiterent species of the camel genus, a more extended account will occur, when we come to the particular trarels in Peru. — £. ^ ! ■II lOR Spanish and ,., j^,^ PAHT II. ; nccompanictl with mticli rain niid drcndftil lightning, by which Hcvrnty houie* were RwnliowcHl up. From that place they p»s»«d over a chnin of cold uiul snowy inountuinn, where they found many Indians fro/cii to death, and they wondered much at finding]; so much xiiow immediately un(ler the cijui- nfxrtial line. From thence they proceeded to a province cal- led CimacOt where tliey wtu'o tletained two months on ac- count of constant rain ; and l)eyond this, they came to the cinnamon trees, which are of great si/e, with leaves resem- bling those of the bay tree. The leaves, branches, roots, and every part of this tree, tagted like cinnamon, but this taste and flavour was particularly strong in the root f yet that was still stronger in certain knobs, like alcornoquesy or acorns, which were good nicrchandize. This appears to have been of the same nature with wild cinnamon, of which there is great abundance in the East Indies, particularly in the island of Jnoa^ or .Tavo. From this cinnamon country, they pro- ceeded onwards to the province and city of Cocn, where they halted for fifty days; atlbi* which they travelled for sixty leagues along a river, without being able to ^nd any bridge or ford at which they could pass over. In one place they round this river to form a cataract of 200 fathoms m perpendicular fall, making such a noise as was almost sufficient to deafen any person who stood near. Not far beyond this full, the river was found to glide in a smooth channel, worn out of the rock } and at this place they constnicted a bridge by which they passed to the other side, and entered into a country cal- led Ouema, which was so poor, that they could only get fruit and herbs to subsist upon. Travelling onwards trom that place, they came to a district where the people had some de- gree of civilization, and wore cotton clotning of their owii manufacture, and used canoes. They here built a brigantine» in which, and in some canoes, procured or taken ^om the natives, they embarked their sick, with their treasure, provi- sions, ami spare apparel, under the charge of Francis de Orellana ; wnilc Gonsalvo Pizarro marched l)y land with the rest of the people along tlie river, going every night into the boats. im the the 5; of of ate r. other Gonvfiiiencc, oiid nt a vast tliHtniice from their fricnda, witli a proiligiou* extent of difficult nnd dangeroui road in- terposed lN>twceii them and Quito, they were reduced to the nece«Hity of vuting their horHcs, and even their doga. Yet holding a good heart, they proceeded onwards in their jour- ney for eigiiteen niontlis, penetrating, m is said, almost 500 J<>ugnc8, without ever seeing the sun or any thing eke to com- i<)rt them. At length, of the 200 men who had set out firom Quito, only ten returned thither ; and these so weak, ragged, und disfigured, that they could not he recognized. OreUanu went 5 or (iOO leagues down the river, passing through various countries and nations on both sides, among whom he affirmed that some were Amazons '*. From the mouth of that river, Orellana went homo to Spain, and excused himself for having deserted Pizarro, and those who marched by land, by alleg- ing, that he hud l>een forced down the river oy the strength of the current, which he was utterly unable to stem. By some, this river is named ufler Orellana, who first navigated its waters ; nnd others call it the river of the Amazons, on ac- count of a female nation of warriors, who are said to inhabit its banks '^, In the year 154>1, Don Stephen de Oama, the Portuguese governor of India, went with a squadron into the Red Sea, oy the strait of Mecca, or of Babelmandel, and came to an- cnor off the island of Mucua, or Mas»oua| from whence lie sailed along the coast of Abyssinia, or Ethiopia, to the island of Suachcm, in lat. 20o N. and to the harbour of Cossier, in 2?". From thence, he crossed over to tlie Arabian shore, and the city of Toro, and sailed from that place to Suez, at the farther end of the Red Sea, and returned from thence to India, having extended the Portuguese knowledge of that sea fai'ther than iiad ever been done before. On the way be- tween Cossier and Toro, Gamu is said to have fowid an island of brimstone, which had been dispeopled by Mahomet, wherein many crabs are bred, which increase nature, <mi which account, they arc much sought afler by the unchaste. It «»4 It will be seen afterwards, in tlie account of the West India Islands, and the Continent of Guiana, that there are many warlike tribes of Caribs, or Ca- raibs, constantly engaged in predatory warfare ; whose women, when their husbands are absent in search of prisoners for food, take arms for the protec- tion of thamselves and children ; whence they have been reported as nations oi female warriors, or Amazons. — E. r .. .. , 05 Gomar. H. G. V. xxxvi. ' . - -• >■-.«.• _^. ■ ....itii&J-. 119 Spanish and .3*' lURT II. ' r It ii true that Lopes Suarez» when governor of India, had navigated the lied 8ca, at far as Judda, the haven of Mecca, in lat. 230 }j^ 150 leugucN from the itraiti of Babehnandel ^ but Oama penetrated to the vcrv northern extrcmih^ of th« ffulph '*. in the uuno year, Dieso dc Almogro killed the Muraui* Francis Pizarro, and his brother Francis Martinez de Alcantarat in the city of Lima} or detot Reyeit and usurp- ed the government of Peru. In tro same year, 1541, Don Antony de Mendoca, viceroy of Mexico, sent an army of Spaniards and Inoiuis from Mexico, under the command of Francis Vasquez de Coro- nado, by way of Culiucan, into the province of Sibola, or Ci- naloa, which is in lat. SO** N. '^. Coronado endeavoured to treat on friendly terms with the natives, and requested to be furnished with provisions { hut received for answer, that they were not accustomed to aivo any thina to those who came into their country in a warfikv manner. Upon this, the Spa- niards assaulted and took the town, to which they gave the name of New Oranada, because the oeneralwas a native of Gra- nada in Old l^pain. The soldiers found themselves much de- ceived by the reports of the friars who had been hi those parts, as already mentioned under the year 1598, who said that the country was rich in gold, silver, and preci<jus stones. Not beinff wilUng, therefore, to return empty-handed to Mexico, uiey went to the town of Acuco, where the}' heard of Axa and Qftivira, the king of which was reported to wor- ship a ffolden cross, and the picture of the Queen of Heaven, or the blessed Virgin. In tins journey, the Spaniards endur- ed many hardships, but the Indians fled every where before them, and one morning, th^ found thirty of their horses had died during tlu^ nisht. from Cicuic they went to Qfti- vira, a distance of 'JOO leagues in tlieir estimation, the whole way being in a. level country } and they marked their route by means of small hillocks of cow dung, that they might be tne bettor "ble to find their way back. At one time tliey had a storm of hail, the hailstones being as large as oranges. At -* , . , length ' 96 The true Utitude* of th? placet mentioned in the text are, Suakim, 19' SO'i MaiMua, IS)* 80', Critier, 96« 16', JuddaySl" 90', Suei, S0«. — E. 97 The latitude of so". N. v-o l^ lead 'n the ide?. '.'f Sonera being the district,or province, indicated /<i t(.>.- :ext '>v ' ibola ; < ..laloa ii only in 26" N.yet, fitnn ths contei^t, api.^it,) {■> Ii tiie country intended by Oalvanok -E. f OUAP. I. iKCT. III. Portugune Diuoverics, 111 lungth they reached Quivira, whoro thoy tbuttJ the Kiug Tatarax, whoAc only riches consiited in a copper ornnment, wliitb he wore luitiiendcd from hit neck. Tney saw ncuher croM( nor image of the virgin, nor any indication whatever of the Chriitiun religion. This country, according to their report, was very th<nfy inli:ibited, more uupccially in its cham- paign or level pii t:;, 'u\ which the whole people wandered about with thc»i- j -, ^i" which they have great abundance, living mud v\ t\w saux manner with the Arabs in Barbary, removing fr' :n '^'uce to place according to the seasons, in acarct of pattturtr tor their cattle. The cattle belonging to taeit'' ' an* are ahnost as large as horses, having large hoiiis, and bear lie»-ces of wool like sbeep, on which account the Spaniards gu/e them that name. They have abundance of another kind of oxen or cuttle, very monstrous in their form, having hunches on their backs hke camels, with long lieards, and long manes like horses. The Indians live by eating t)iese oxen, and by drinking their blood, and clothe themselves in their skins. Most of their food is raw, or at least slightly roasted, as they have no pots in which to boil their foml. They cut their meat with certain knives made of fluit. Their fruits are damsons, hazel-nuts, melons, grapes, pines, and mulberries. They have dogs of sucfi vast strength, that one of them will hold a bull, be he never so wild. A^en the Indians remove from place to place, these dogs cany their wives, children, and household stuff on their backs ) onu ore so strong as to cornr fifty pounds at once '". I omit many other circumstances of'^this expedition, because the plan X have prescribed requires brevity ". Intlieyear 1542, when Diego de Frietas was in the port of Dodra, in the kingdom of Siam, three Portuguese of his crew deserted, and went in a junk towards China. Inenames of these men were, Antonio de Mota, Francis Zeimoro, and Antonio Pexoto ; who din v^ted their course for the city of Liompa, in lat. 8- J. or upwards '"^ Having encountered a great storm, 98 Hie idea that a dog, even aUe to bear a load of fifty pounds, ihoukl carry a woman, it truly absurd. If tiiere be any truth in the *tory, thed(^t must have performed the services in the text by drawing sledges.; vet no- thing of the Idnd has hitherto been found in North America, though oom< mon in North>east Asia. — £. 99 Gomar. H. G. VI. xviii. and xix. 100 In other writers Liampa and Siampj^ or Tsiompa> are synonimous ; but that place is in lat. IS". N. The latitude of the text would lead us to he eastern cout of China, betvrceaNingpoaad Nankin.— £. I' \vi SjMhhh nnd I ti I I'AHT ll« Htoriii, \Uvy wt^rti ili'lvt«ii to » gitmt diNtitiict) iVoiii liuiili niiti «<»init) In ftiglit (4* All iMlniitl liir to \\w mt^U in litt. Htf** N. wliUtli tliev vtdUl Jupiin, nntt wliloli H(>einM In l)« tilt) Ult* of /ipmiiri'i, iiKtiitldiiml \\y Miuto Polo tlu> Vinictliiii, wliioli U ('HctHHMiiKly ricli III ifold iukI ullvt^ri hikI oilioi' viiliinliltt liiuu- IIHHlitlf^H, III tlit^ MHim* ycMi', \H^^ Don Antonio di* MtiiulocA, tim vlot«roy of Nt^w i^tpiiin, Nt*iit corttiin *vn vii|UiilnH uiid pilotH to ('xploiH» tliti (MuiMt ol' {\\\\v iUA Kiiguniioiii wliori* u (Iwt, Mtiiil. Ity l\)rt«*M, Imd lutttii Ivotoi't*. 'V\wy Mitllvd <im ikr um tli(< ItitU tiidt) ot'4tl«* N. wlit^rt* lli(\v i*iiiiH* In Miffht ol'ii rHii|j((f ot'imuin- iMiiiN tH>v«»ml witli Miiow,\vhlcli ilioy iihiiuhI Sifirm Scmtttis^ or tilt' unowy niountiilnMi In lat. w' N. Tlioy liuiv mot witli (<t>ilMln inm'luinl mIiIom, which (>tin'l(*d on tlii*li' titoniM ilio iniMi(t«M ol' II kind ol' oIiiIh nilitHl Mi'tshani^ iind htid thoir yiimn gildtHl, iind tht«li' iMtwM liiid uwv with Hllvor. Tlufutt iiiH«nuH( to MoHg to iho UltiiuU olMiipiiii or to Clilnii, hm tlit« iHHipIo Miiltl thnt tliolr iH»iinti\v wn* within thirty diiVM hiUI"". Ill tlu> HAnu^ymr, tlit> vlwi'oy Mondt»v'» ""''^^ '* tWol'iiix Hhi)W» with <l>00 S)miil«h nohih'rii, tiiid itw iiiiiny Moxicunfi, iiii- dor tht^ tHMnniniid of hlM lirotlu'i^-ln-ltiw, Hiiv Lopo/ do Vlllii l.oUwk, (I poiiion In hlj^h omtinuition. to tlio MiudantioiMltindH. Thoy miiIImI uo tho ovo of All Snintii, IWiin tho hiirboiir of Nutlvidwd, In Int. \l()'* N. iind KJuiping ihoir ooiii'ho towiiixU tho xvcMitt ihoy oinno In tti^h) of th<< Ulund of StThoiiiiiM, whioh \\m\ htH«n hoKuv dUoovoitnl hy llointnulo doCiryulvui mihI U\Yond thiitt in 17"* N. ihoy gt'it Night of iinotl'.or IhIiiiuK whioh thoy ntimiHl Im XiiNmlu^ or tho Cloudy Ii^IimuI i tind (Wnu thouoi>, thoy onuio to iuiothor island, whioii thoy iioiikhI /•Nnvi t\irtuh% or tho olovon iHu'k, On tho fid i>f l)oooinlH»r, thoy diMHwortHl ivrttiin slumU, luiviiiu only nI\ or movoii trttl^onisi wntor. On thr lilhvnth of tlio Haino iiionlh, thoy hati Mijitl^^ **f tho iMhindn wliioh woit« diniHtvortHl by Dio^t do KooA, Oonio« do SiH|iioira, and Alvaro do Saavodin, valltHJ fm Ht^Si or ijilMiuU of th(« kin^i^x, InvaiiHo iliHOovertMl on 'INvolrth tiay. And U'vond ihoso, thoy fouiul a ohwtor of ulaiuLs in li)'' of latiiudo, and cauio to an amhor in tho mitlat of thoni, wlioro thoy ttH»k in whmmI and wator. In Ja- nuary I34H, liHivii^t dioito inhuidiit thoy cainoin »ight of cor> Imu otiior i»lHiuUt frtun whioh tho nativos oaino on to thoni, in a kind of IkkUs, iHMiring cittsisos in thoit hniidsi luid thoy (Hiluteu /ijt-* .VV'-S»r 101 Coimr. H. O. VI. xvui.—Thin ttorip, which G«lv«no h»ircporte< iVmu i«oi»«(Aj MTiTM^* *U«>«vthci- uuwoithv i>l V rttlit. -1\. I Yid ami WW Ithoy i\ oi) ccr- j.HAP. I. iitifl'. iir. Portugutte DitcoverUt. NiilutiHl tlio iiiarltiDri in the SpanUii laiiffuugv, itAying, Butmt lUat M(itelute», or, vood duy vuiiipaiihiiiN. Tim OfNinitrdt wura much iturnriiUKi nt being thiiit tMxmUnA in thtfar own Ian- K[iiui|o, undl Mouiiiu Hudi imlicutionii of ChriHtiimity . utito great u iliMtttuci* tVoni Hpnin, not Itiiowing tliutmany of tlio nutivei in tliuMD uiti'tH timl boon ImptiKud l>y Fmnciii doCiMtrOt at the vontiimnd of niu, Antonio OiUvuno, im formoriy mentioned. From tliuHD unlooked-for ciruumittHnceM, itome of the Spo- niiu'dtt ninnud tliuite iNlundM hkt de tot C\uMot, or the liltnds of CroHHUK, iind otherit culled tlicni Jilat de loi Mate!ottit or the Mum of ConipunionH '"*. On the (Irst of February, Ruy Loupx cunie In Night of llie noble iiiltuid of Mindanao, in »" N. >"'. Hut ho vould neither double that iHbuid, owing to uonlrnry windii, nor would tlio nutiveti i)ermit him to come to anchor on their coimt, becnuMe the five or itix chrii' )ned itinuH and tlioir piH)pl« had nroniiHed obedience to me Antonio Ualvano, and were unwilling to incur my di»nleaiiurc. On tliiM account, and coniitrained ny contrary winuK, Lopez mUI- 04I along the count in (|uoitt of it place of Mifety } and, in four or five (legriHm of latitude, ho fomid a umail iHland called So* rungaiu l)y the nalivcM, wliich he toolc pofMeaMon of by force, MM named it Antonio afloi- tlie viceroy of Mexico. Uuy LoneK and Itiit people remained here a wliolo year, during which many thingN occurred worth notice i but ai thc»e are tivatcd of in other hiMtorieN, I refrain from mentioning tliem, ctmitning myiiolf entirely to diiicoverieii. ^ In tlie month of AuguMt of the iuinc year, M'AS^ Ruy Lo- pe% HOiit Hartliolomew de la Torre in a Hitiul) Hliip to New S))ain, to uc<|ua!nt the viceroy of Iuh procccdinffii. Torre went fimt to tlie itilnndii named ^V/-m, Qaonata^ Bisaiot and many othcrM, in 11*> luid IV!" N. lut. where Magellan andde Ciwtro hiul l)oth been formerly, and where the latter baptized nuuiy of the iiativeM ) and the 8i)aniardH called thouc the JRAi- lipptnas^ in honour of the prince of Spain '*''^. In the«e VOL. II. II islands IOC The Matelott are laid down In our modern mapai in iat 0" N.

US-201715729437-A_1

USPTO

Public Domain

Shin guard ABSTRACT A shin guard protection assembly may include a shin guard plate for protecting a shin area of a wearer, an upper leg pad attached to the shin guard plate. The upper leg pad may be configured for being interposable between the shin guard plate and a shin of the wearer. The assembly may include a lower leg pad removably attachable to the upper leg pad, the lower leg pad configured to be repositionable along a lower leg of the wearer. The assembly may include an adjustable securing mechanism configured to secure the shin guard plate and upper leg pad about a leg of the wearer. BACKGROUND 1.0 Field of the Disclosure The present disclosure relates to a system and apparatus comprising various components for providing body protection for an individual and, more particularly, to a system, method and apparatus for providing body protection such as, e.g., riot gear for an individual that is adjustable for resizing to fit different sized individuals, among other features. 2.0 Related Art Protective gear such as used for law enforcement officers or military personnel is important for individual personal protection. At times, such personnel may be called upon to face adverse situations that could be unpredictable with potential of physical altercations. Currently available protective gear tends to be cumbersome for an individual to put on. Moreover, a particular set of protective gear is unable to conform to a wide range of body sizes, often requiring stocking of many different sizes of components. A protective gear system or assembly that can be used across a wider range of body sizes and provides added features to assist in the individual's duty, especially in a time of an emergency or a riot would be an advantageous development for use by law enforcement and military personnel. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In one aspect, a body protection system is provided comprising: at least one shoulder pad assembly, a torso assembly comprising a front torso assembly and a rear torso assembly both the front torso assembly and a rear torso assembly adjustably connectable to the at least one shoulder pad assembly, at least one thigh protector assembly adjustably connectable to the torso assembly and at least one leg protector assembly adjustably connectable to the at least one thigh protector assembly. The body protection system may further comprise at least one foot protector adjustably connectable to the at least one leg protector assembly. The body protection system may further comprise a front neck protector connected to the front torso assembly and a rear neck protector adjustably connectable to the rear torso assembly and the at least one shoulder pad assembly. The body protection system may further comprise at least one upper arm protector adjustably connectable to the at least one shoulder pad assembly and at least one lower arm protection assembly adjustably connectable to the at least one upper arm protector. The at least one shoulder pad assembly may comprise two shoulder pad assemblies and the at least one upper arm protector may comprise two upper arm protectors adjustably connectable to the two shoulder pad assemblies, and the at least one lower arm protection assembly may comprise two lower arm protection assemblies connectable to a respective one of the two upper arm protectors. The at least one lower arm protection assembly may comprise an elbow protector adjustably connectable to the at least one upper arm protector, an outer plate attached to an outer pad, the outer plate and outer pad configured to be adjustably connectable to the elbow protector, the outer plate positionable for protecting an outer portion of a forearm and an inner plate attached to an inner pad the inner plate positionable for protecting an inner portion of a forearm, wherein the inner plate and outer plate are adjustably connectable to one another for permitting for a wide range of forearm circumferences. The elbow protector may be configured to form a concave cavity for receiving an elbow therewithin. The elbow protector may comprise an elbow liner configured with a concave cavity and comprising a solid foam material and a flexible elbow hammock positionable adjacent the elbow liner and configured to be adjustably attachable to a wearer by a plurality of adjustable straps, the plurality of adjustable straps also passing through the elbow liner. In one aspect, the shoulder pad assembly may comprise a shoulder plate permanently attached to a shoulder pad, and the shoulder plate may comprise an elevated portion proximate a neck end for additional protection to the neck area. The shoulder pad assembly may further comprise an adjustable attaching mechanism for attaching at least one rear neck protector. In one aspect, the at least one thigh protector assembly may comprise an upper portion comprising two straps for attaching the at least one thigh protector to a belt, the two straps defining a space therebetween for permitting attaching of a hip pad or holster to the belt through the defined space, a lower portion comprising a plurality of thigh plates attached to a thigh pad, the plurality of thigh plates defining a hinge area. therebetween and configured to permit the at least one thigh protector to be opened and placed about a thigh of a wearer. The hinge may permit opening and placing of the thigh protector about a wide range of thigh circumferences. The lower portion may comprise at least one rib extending laterally from a face of one of the thigh plates for receiving and supporting a shield thereon. The at least one rib may comprise at least one post extending vertically from a top of the at least one rib for assisting in keeping a shield in place on the at least one rib. The lower portion may comprise at least one notch formed in a top edge of one of the thigh plates for assisting in keeping a shield in place on the at least one thigh protector assembly. The body protection system may further comprise an adjustable securing mechanism for closing the lower portion about a thigh of a wearer. In one aspect, the at least one leg protector assembly may comprise a knee guard adjustably connectable to the at least one thigh protector assembly, a shin guard plate adjustably connectable to the knee guard, the shin guard plate may comprise an upper leg pad permanently attached to the shin guard plate, a lower leg pad removably attachable to the upper leg pad, the lower leg pad configured to be repositionable along a lower leg of a wearer and an adjustable securing mechanism configured to secure the shin guard plate and upper leg pad about a leg of a wearer. In one aspect, the front torso assembly may comprise a chest pad adjustably connectable to the at least one shoulder pad assembly, an adjustable plate pocket adjustably connected to the chest pad for receiving a plate therewithin and a lower abdominal pad configured with a recess along a top of the lower abdominal pad for receiving a belt therewithin, the lower abdominal pad releaseably connectable to an inner side of the chest pad. The front torso assembly may further comprise one or more adjustable arm pads releaseably connectable to the chest pad, the one or more adjustable arm pads for protecting the rib area of a wearer, the plate insertable in the adjustable plate pocket, a flap secured to an inner side of the chest pad for adjustably securing the plate within the adjustable plate pocket and at least one adjustable connecting strap configured to connect the chest pad to a back pad. The adjustable plate pocket may include a plurality of anchor points for attachment of MOLLE-compatible accessories to the adjustable plate pocket, the plurality of anchor points arranged at about 90 degree angles to one another, thereby permitting easier access to any attached MOLLE-compatible accessories. The back torso assembly may comprise a back pad adjustably connectable to the at least one shoulder pad assembly, an adjustable plate pocket adjustably connected to the back pad for receiving a plate therewithin, a lower back pad configured with a recess along a top of the lower back pad for receiving a belt therewithin, the lower back pad releaseably connectable to an inner side of the back pad and at least one adjustable connecting strap to connect the back pad to the front torso assembly. The back torso assembly may further comprise a plurality of handles permanently attached to the rear torso protector assembly at a plurality of locations for easier lifting of a downed individual. The front torso assembly may further comprise a plurality of rescue straps permanently attached to the front torso protector assembly at a plurality of locations for easier lifting of a downed individual. In one aspect, a method of providing body protection may include providing two shoulder pad assemblies, each shoulder pad assembly comprising a shoulder plate, the shoulder plate configured with a raised portion at one end for protecting a neck area, providing a torso assembly comprising a front torso assembly and a rear torso assembly, both the front torso assembly and the rear torso assembly adjustably connectable to the two shoulder pad assemblies, the front torso assembly and the rear torso assembly each comprising an adjustable plate pocket for receiving a plate therewithin, the rear torso assembly and the front torso assembly comprising a plurality of handles permanently attached at a plurality of locations to the rear torso protector assembly and the front torso assembly for easier lifting of a downed individual. The method of providing body protection may further include providing a plurality of thigh protector assemblies, each adjustably connectable to the torso assembly, providing a plurality of leg protector assemblies adjustably connectable to the plurality of thigh protector assemblies, providing a pluritaty of foot protectors adjustably connectable to the plurality of leg protector assemblies, providing a front neck protector adjustably connectable to the front torso assembly and a rear neck protector adjustably connectable to the rear torso assembly, providing a plurality of upper arm protectors adjustably connectable to the two shoulder pad assemblies and providing a plurality of lower arm protection assemblies adjustably connectable to the plurality of upper arm protectors. The plate may comprise a ballistic plate. In one aspect, at least one lower arm protection assembly is provided that includes an elbow protector adjustably connectable to the at least one upper arm protector, an outer plate attached to an outer pad, the outer plate and outer pad configured to be adjustably connectable to the elbow protector, the outer plate positionable for protecting an outer portion of a forearm and an inner plate attached to an inner pad the inner plate positionable for protecting an inner portion of a forearm, the inner plate and the outer plate are adjustably connectable to one another for permitting for a wide range of forearm circumferences. The elbow protector may be configured to form a concave cavity for receiving an elbow therewithin, the elbow protector may comprise an elbow liner configured with a concave cavity and comprising a solid foam material and a flexible elbow hammock positionable adjacent the elbow liner and configured to be adjustably attachable to a wearer by a plurality of adjustable straps, the plurality of adjustable straps also passing through the elbow liner. In one aspect, a thigh protector assembly is provided and may comprise an upper portion comprising two straps for attaching the at least one thigh protector to a belt, the two strap defining a space therebetween for permitting attaching of a hip pad or holster to a belt through the defined space, a lower portion comprising a plurality of thigh plates attached to a thigh pad, the plurality of thigh plates defining a hinge area therebetween configured to permit the at least one thigh protector to be opened and placed about a thigh of a wearer. The hinge may permit opening and placing of the thigh protector about a wide range of thigh circumferences. The lower portion may comprise at least one rib extending laterally from a face of one of the thigh plates for receiving and supporting a shield thereon. The at least one rib may comprise at least one post extending vertically from a top of the at least one rib for assisting in keeping a shield in place on the at least one rib. The lower portion may comprise at least one notch formed in a top edge of one of the thigh plates for assisting in keeping a shield in place on the at least one thigh protector assembly. In one aspect, a leg protector assembly is provided comprising a knee guard adjustably connectable to the at least one thigh protector assembly, a shin guard plate adjustably connectable to the knee guard, the shin guard plate comprising an upper leg pad permanently attached to the shin guard plate, a lower leg pad removably attachable to the upper leg pad, the lower leg pad configured to he repositionable along a lower leg of a wearer and an adjustable securing mechanism configured to secure the shin guard plate and upper leg pad about a leg of a wearer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. No attempt is made to show structural details of the disclosure in more detail than may be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the disclosure and the various ways in which it may be practiced. In the drawings: FIGS. 1A is a front view and FIG. 1B is a back view of a protective gear system, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a thigh protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the thigh protector assembly of FIG. 1A, but showing a replaceable component, and attaching mechanism detail, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 2C is a close-up view of a lower portion of an example of a thigh protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a leg protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 3B is an exploded perspective view of the leg protector assembly of FIG. 3A, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIGS. 3C is a perspective view of an example knee guard for use in the leg protector assembly of FIG. 3A. FIG. 3D is an illustration of a liner for use with the knee guard of FIG. 3C. FIG. 3E is an illustration of a hammock configured on an inner surface of an outer plate of a knee guard, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 4A is a first perspective view of an arm protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 4B is a second perspective view of an arm protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 4C is an example rear view of an elbow protector, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 4D is a front perspective view of an elbow protector, configured according to principles of the disclosure; FIG. 5A is a front perspective view of a torso protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 5B is a front perspective view of a front pad of the torso protector assembly of FIG. 5A. FIG. 5C illustrates in part an exploded front perspective view of the torso protector assembly of FIG. 5A. FIG. 5D is an exploded front perspective view of the front pad of FIG. 5B, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 5E is an illustration of an adjustable plate pocket of FIG. 5D. FIG. 5F is a perspective view of a rear torso protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 6A is an illustration of a back panel of a torso protector assembly, with a lift handle assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure FIG. 6B is an illustration of the back panel of a torso protector assembly, with a lift handle assembly of FIG. 6A, but with the lift handle assembly highlighted. The present disclosure is further described in the detailed description that follows. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF TIRE DISCLOSURE The disclosure and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting, examples that are described and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description and attachment. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and features of one example may be employed with other examples as the skilled artisan would recognize, even if not explicitly stated herein. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques may be omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the examples of the disclosure. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the invention may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the examples of the disclosure. Accordingly, the examples herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof, as used in this disclosure, mean “including, but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a”, “an”, and “the”, as used in this disclosure, means “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. The term “about” means within plus or minus 10%, unless context indicates otherwise. Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. Although process steps, method steps, algorithms, or the like, may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may be configured to work in alternate orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of the processes, methods or algorithms described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously. When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of a single device or article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a single device or article may be used in place of the more than one device or article. The functionality or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. Protection gear that is used in situations such as, e.g. riot control, is often ordered, maintained and stored by an organization, e.g., city, station, precinct, school, or other entity. As such ordering gear that fits all of its officers or personnel who may be with the organization for a relatively short time, e.g., a year or two, can be complicated and can cost added expense to sufficiently protect a wide range of officers or individuals who are of different body sizes, and may be continuously rotating in and out of the organization. This may also apply to sports team that purchases and maintains protective gear for its members. In one aspect, the principles of this disclosure provides for adjustable assemblies employing adjustable strapping options between the various assemblies, and across different body areas, to create a single adjustable protection system that fits most participants or members of the organization. FIGS. 1A is a front view and FIG. 1B is a back view of a protective gear system 1, configured according to principles of the disclosure. The protective gear system 1 provides a one-size-fits-most protection system for most individuals. The protective gear system may be employed by law enforcement officers, military, athletes such as hockey players, or an individual 125 where protection against impact force may be desired. The protective gear system 1 may provide a cost savings to agencies, schools, or companies because individuals of differing sizes can use the same protective gear system 1 thereby possibly reducing the number of systems needed to be purchased. As described in more detail below, protective gear system 1 may comprise one or more thigh protection assembly 200, a leg protection assembly 300 including one or more foot protectors 350, an upper arm protector 110, one or more lower arm protection assemblies 400 and a torso protection assembly 500, 600. The upper arm protector 110 may be adjustably connected to torso assembly 500, 600 and also to the one or more lower arm assemblies 400 by connecting mechanisms 115 and 130. Connecting mechanisms 115 and 130 may employ a quick release buckle type technique. Either or both of the connecting mechanisms 115 and 130 may be adjustable to permit independent positioning of an upper arm protector 110 along an arm and also independent positioning of the lower arm assembly 400 along an arm to permit a one-size-fits-most capability. The leg protection assembly 300 may be adjustably connected to the thigh protection assembly 200 using an attaching mechanism 105 that permits position adjustment along a leg. In this manner, the leg protection assembly 300 may be repositionable along a leg of an individual 125 with respect to the thigh protection assembly 200 to support a one-size-fits-most system. Attaching mechanism 105 may employ a quick release buckle type technique. FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a thigh protector assembly 200, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the thigh protector assembly of FIG. 1A, but showing a replaceable component, and attaching mechanism detail, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 2C is a close-up view of a lower portion of an example of a thigh protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. There may be a thigh protector assembly 200 positioned about each thigh of a wearer, only one thigh protector assembly is described in relation to FIGS. 2A-2C, but a second thigh protector assembly 200 may be employed in a similar manner on the second leg of an individual, as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B. Thigh protector assembly 200 includes a lower portion 205 and an upper portion 204 comprising two straps 220 a, 220 b that may be configured to fold over a belt 225 and fasten to itself, e.g. via a securing mechanism such as posts 221 and receiving hole 222, permitting adjustable positions offering a range of height/length options for a wearer. Other securing techniques may be employed such as, e.g., snap connectors, hooks, buttons or the like. Buckle 226 may secure the belt 225 about a wearer. The two straps 220 a, 220 b form a U-shaped space 209 therebetween, but could be other shapes such as, e.g., a V-shaped or rectangular shaped. The upper portion including the two straps 220 a, 220 b may connect with the lower portion 205 proximate a narrowed indented portion 235. The narrowed indented portion 235 may include a radius along an outer edge. The narrowed indented portion 235 may reduce surface area on the thigh for comfort and may permit more flexibility overall. The lower portion 205 may comprise a base pad 206 to which a plurality of thigh plates 210 a, 210 b may be attached thereto such as, e.g., by being sewn 257 to the base pad 206. Thigh plates 210 a, 210 b may comprise a solid, durable material such as, e.g. a metal material or a composite material, of sufficient strength to absorb and/or deflect substantial energy that may be imparted against the thigh plates 210 a, 210 b while protecting a thigh of a wearer. The plurality of thigh plates 210 a, 210 b may provide a secure fit about a wear's thigh while also being somewhat flexible proximate a vertical midpoint section between the plurality of thigh plates 210 a, 210 b establishing a flex-hinge 250 at the midpoint section to permit the two sections of the lower portion to open somewhat when being placed on a wearer's thigh thereby permitting use for a wider range of thigh circumferences and for more adjustability while maintaining snug contact with the thigh. Each of the two sections configured with one of the plurality of thigh plates 210 a, 210 b thereon. For example, the thigh circumference range may be from about 18 to about 37 inches, but may be greater or less, e.g., 20-34 inches. The two sections 207, 208 of the lower portion 250 upon which the plates 210 a and 210 b are respectively attached may be secured to one another by an adjustably securing mechanism, 240, which may include a loop and hook type connecting technique, to secure the lower portion 205 around the thigh and/or for closing the lower portion 250 about a thigh of a wearer. A securing portion 241, which may be the loop portion or, conversely, the hook portion of a loop and hook connector, may be fixed to and extend across the entire width of the thigh plate 210 b, for facilitating length adjustment for different sized thighs. Thigh plate 210 b may be oriented on the forefront of a wearer's thigh when thigh protector assembly 200 is being worn, and may be configured with one or more ribs 230 a, 230 b that may extend horizontally or laterally outward from a front face of plate 210 b. The one or more ribs 230 a, 230 b may be configured to provide a ledge for the wearer to rest a shield 202. For example, a law officer wearing the thigh protector assembly 200 may be called to carry a shield 202 for use in the line of duty. The shield may be placed in any one of the ribs 230 a, 230 b thereby assisting in holding the shield 202 to reduce fatigue, or to provide an improved manner of bracing the shield 202 itself against a leg of the officer. The one or more ribs 230 a, 230 b may be configured with a post 251 a, 251 b or tabs extending vertically from the one or more ribs 230 a, 230 b to assist in keeping a shield 202 lodged behind the post 251 a, 251 b on a rib 230 a, 230 b, Thigh plate 210 b may be configured with a notch 232 formed in the top edge 232 of thigh plate 210 b. This notch 232 also permits a shield 202 to be placed into the notch 232 to assist in holding the shield 202 in-place in front or to a side of the wearer. The notch 232 aids to relieve weight on the wearer's arms, and also ids to buttress the shield against strikes. The notch 232 and the ribs 230 a, 230 b may also assist keeping the shield 202 positioned higher in front of an individual or officer in a ready position during a confrontation that permits a quicker reaction time to respond to thrown items at the individual or officer while providing less stress on the arms of the individual or officer. The notch 232 may provide a higher positioning of a shield as compared to the ribs 230 a, 230 b. A hip pad 215 may be removably attachable to the belt 225 by an anchoring mechanism 216. For example, the hip pad 215 may be removed and a gun holster 245 may be attached to the belt 225. The hip pad 215 or the gun holster 245 may be anchored to the belt 225 through the area 209 created between the two straps 220 a, 220 b, e.g. the U-shaped area defined therebetween. FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a leg protector assembly 300, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 3B is a partial exploded perspective view of the shin protector of FIG. 3A. FIGS. 3C is a perspective view of a knee guard 305 for use in the leg protector assembly of FIG. 3A. FIG. 3D is an illustration of a liner 325 for use with the knee guard 305. FIG. 3E is an illustration of a hammock 320 configured on an inner surface 324 of the outer plate 306 of knee guard 305, configured according to principles of the disclosure. Knee guard 305, liner 325, hammock 320 and straps 310 a, 310 b may comprise a knee guard assembly. The shin guard plate 330 includes an upper pad 340 attached to the shin guard plate 330. The upper pad 340 may be permanently attached to the shin guard plate 330 by an attaching mechanism 337 such as e.g., rivets, bolts, screw or similar technique. A relocatable lower pad 345 may be attached to the upper pad 340 by a detachable and reconnectable technique 347 such as, e.g., hook and loop arranged on an outer upper section of the lower pad 345 to provide for adjusting of the lower pad 345 in relation to the shin guard plate 330, the upper pad 340 and the foot protector 350 thereby promoting a one-size-fits-most leg protection. A lower strap 334 may also permit for securing the lower pad 345 to and about a lower leg of a wearer. Lower strap 334 may utilize a hook and loop technique. Upper pad 340 and lower pad 345 may comprise a padded material that is comfortable for a wearer. The shin guard plate 330 may comprise a hard plastic or composite material sufficient to withstand and/or absorb significant physical blows. The shin guard plate 330 may be wider at the top near the knee area and tapering to a narrower width at the bottom near the ankle area of a wearer. A plurality of recesses 318 may be configured into the front face of the shin guard, which may arranged at 45 degrees to vertical. The plurality of recesses 318 may be arranged in pairs adjacent to one another in a vertical column and a horizontal row. The shin guard plate 330, upper pad 340 and lower pad 345 may be secured to a leg of wearer by an adjustable securing mechanism, e.g., at least one strap 335 and/or strap 331. The shin guard plate 330 may be adjustably attached to the knee protector 305 by a connecting strap 315 via cut-outs 316, 317, and 322 a, 322 b of insert 325. Connecting strap 315 may be adjusted to permit vertical positioning of the shin guard plate 330 along the shin region of a leg promoting and providing a one-size-fits-most leg protection. The foot protector 350 may comprise a hard shell 351 with a foot pad 360 attached to the shell 351 of foot protector 350. The hard shell 351 may comprise a hard plastic or composition material suitable for withstanding and/or absorbing considerable energy from physical blows. A shoe connecting mechanism 355 such as an adjustable strap may secure the foot protector 350 to a shoe or boot of a wearer. A foot protector connecting mechanism 365 may adjustably connect the foot protector 350 to the lower pad 345. The foot protector connecting mechanism 365 may be permanently or releaseably connected at one end to the foot pad 360 and releaseably connectable to the lower pad 345 at the other end, such as by hook and loop type of connection thereby promoting and providing a one-size-fits-most leg protection. The shin guard plate 330, foot protector hard shell 351 and outer shell 306 of knee protector 306 may comprise a solid sturdy composition such as a hard plastic, composite, metal or similar material of sufficient durability to withstand and disperse energy imparted by significant physical blows thereto. The solid sturdy composition preferably comprises a lightweight material to minimize overall weight on a wearer. The knee guard 305 may comprise the outer shell 306 which may comprise a plate and a liner 325 formed in a shape that matches the contour of the inner surface 324 of the outer shell 306 of knee protector 305. The outer shell 306 may comprise a hard material such as a hard plastic or composite material. The liner 325 may comprise a one-piece durable foam pad that may include a plurality of raised foam protrusions 341 to provide increased shock absorbency for protecting the knee of a wearer. A hammock 320 may be configured to receive the liner 325 thereunder. The liner 325 may be inserted under the hammock 320 and secured to outer shell 306 guard 305 by an adjustable connecting strap, such as e.g., strap 315 through slots 332 a, 332 b and one or more slots 316. Knee retaining straps 310 a, 310 b may be fastening behind a wearer's knee to hold the knee protector 305 secure to the wearer's knee. Knee retaining straps 310 a, 310 b may be attached such as, e.g., by stitching or other suitable securing mechanism 323 to the outer shell 306, such as to inner surface 324. The hammock 320 may be permanently connected to the inner surface 324 and may comprise a mesh type material that may assist in providing a shock absorbance in addition to the liner 325. The mesh type material may be a type of suspension panel and may be stretched to provide a flexing characteristic. The flexing characteristic may be analogous to a trampoline type effect. FIG. 4A is a first perspective view of an arm protector assembly 400, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 413 is a second perspective view of an arm protector assembly, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 4C is an example of a rear view of an elbow protector 405, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 4D is a front perspective view of an elbow protector 405, configured according to principles of the disclosure. Elbow protector 405 may comprise a durable foam material, but may comprise a hard material such as, e.g., plastic. The elbow protector may include a portion 420 that extends partially around an elbow area. Elbow protector 405 may be configured to form a concave cavity 412 for accepting an elbow therewithin. An elbow hammock 413 may be arranged and positioned above the concave cavity 412. The elbow hammock 413 may provide a trampoline type effect to absorb energy. The elbow protector 405 and elbow hammock 413 may connect about an elbow via, e.g., adjustable straps 410 a, 410 b, loops 411 a, 411 b, and slots 417. The plurality of adjustable straps 410 a, 410 b also passing through the elbow liner 420. The elbow protector 405 may adjustably connect with the upper arm protector 110 (FIG. 1A) via adjustable connecting mechanism 130 (FIG. 1B) through slot 407 a, thereby promoting and providing a one-size-fits-most arm protection. The upper arm protector 110 may comprise a hard plastic, composite material or similar material. The upper arm protector 110 may comprise a raised area near the top of the upper arm protector 110 to provide added deflection capability, and may serve to strengthen the upper arm protector 110. The raised area may be of a raised triangular shape, as shown in FIG. 1A. The lower arm protection assembly 400 may include flexible connectivity with elbow protector 405 using an elastic type connecting mechanism 441 and slot 407 b. In some applications, hook and loop type of connecting mechanism may be employed. The lower arm protection assembly 400 may comprise an outer plate 430 connected to an outer pad 447, the outer plate and outer pad 447 positionable for protecting an outer portion of a forearm. The outer plate 430 may include diagonal recesses 442, which may comprise opposing recesses at about 90 degree angles to one another. The lower arm protection assembly 400 may further comprise an inner plate 435 connected to an inner pad 445, positionable for protecting an inner portion of a forearm. A repositionable pad 443 may further supply added padding on a wearer's arm for increased protection. The least one repositionable pad 443 may include hook and loop techniques for repositionably reconnecting to the inner pad 445. The plates 430 and 435 may be connected to their respective pads 447, 445 by a permanent connecting technique such as, e.g., by being sewn, stitched, or other permanent connecting technique. The inner plate 435 and inner pad 445 may be adjustable with respect to one another for permitting a range of arm sizes. Straps 440 a, 440 b which may include a hook and loop type connector may hold the lower arm protection assembly 400 to a wearer's forearm. Straps 440 a, 440 b permit adjustability for a wide range of forearm circumferences. FIG. 5A is a front perspective view of a torso protector assembly 500, configured according to principles of the disclosure. FIG. 5B is a front perspective view of a front pad of the torso protector assembly of FIG. 5A. FIG. 5C illustrates in part an exploded front perspective view of the torso protector assembly of FIG. 5A. FIG. 5D is an exploded front perspective view of the front pad of FIG. 5B. FIG. 5E is an illustration of an adjustable plate pocket of FIG. 5D. The torso protector assembly 500 may include the front torso protector assembly 501 and rear protector assembly 600. Front torso protector assembly 501 includes an adjustable plate pocket 505 configured to hold an interchangeable plate 510 to protect a wearer against blunt trauma and/or gunshot wounds. The plate 510 may be configured with bevel corners 502 along the top of the plate 510. The plate 510 may be available in different contours and thicknesses, and in different materials depending on the level of protection desired. The plate 510 may comprise a ballistic plate. Since different plate 510 thicknesses might be used, the adjustable plate pocket 505 is free floating and is not permanently anchored to the chest or back components. The bottom of the plate pocket 505 may be connected to the back side of the chest pad 520 via a releasable connector 507 a, 507 b (FIG. 5D) such as e.g., a hook and loop connection to allow adjustments for different thicknesses of plates 510. At the top of the plate pocket 505, a flap 535 may secure the plate 510 within the pocket 505, such as by a hook and loop connection. The flap 535 may be secured to the inner side of the chest pad 520. Each side, left and right, of the plate pocket 505 may be secured to the chest pad 520 by one or more loop-channels 555 that allow an flexible or elastic chord 550 to pass through and pull the plate 510 against or into the chest pad 520. The chord 550 may be anchored at one end of the plate pocket, top or bottom, to the back side of the chest pad 520. The chord 550 may be adjustable by a locking mechanism that allows for adjustment and to secure the plate pocket 505 and plate insert 510 accordingly. The chest pad 502 may be connected to the back pad 602 via at least one adjustable connecting strap 540 a, 540 b, which may comprise, e.g., a hook and loop connection. The front torso assembly may also include abdominal pad 525 configured with a grooved or recessed area 530 that is of sufficient depth to accept and hold a belt 225 while also permitting vertical adjustments of the abdominal pad 525 in relation to the chest pad 520 to accommodate shorter or longer torsos. The front torso protector assembly 501 may include one or more adjustable arm pads 560 a, 560 b which are configured to provide side protection to the ribs and arms. The one or more adjustable arm pads 560 a, 560 b may adjustably connect proximate at a curvature 575 in the otter edge of the chest pad 520. The curvature 575 provides some space for the one or more adjustable arm pads 560 a, 560 b to be positioned under an arm proximate the ribs of the wearer. The one or more adjustable arm pads 560 a, 560 b may attach to the front torso protector assembly 501 directly with an adjustable securing mechanism, such as a hook and loop mechanism 527. In some applications, the one or more adjustable arm pads 560 a, 560 b may attach to the rear torso protector assembly 600 with an adjustable securing mechanism, such as a hook and loop mechanism 527. The front torso protector assembly 501 may further include one or more shoulder pad assemblies 565 a, 565 b. The one or more shoulder pad assemblies 565 a, 565 b may comprise a shoulder plate 567 a, 567 b that may comprise a hard plastic or similar hard material sufficient to absorb or deflect energy applied against the shoulder plate 567 a, 567 b. The shoulder plate 567 a, 567 b may be connected to the shoulder pad 564 a, 564 b such as, e.g., by being sewn or similar connection technique. The shoulder pad 564 a, 564 b may comprise a soft comfortable material for padding the plates 567 a, 567 b against the wearer, and may comprise, e.g., a cotton or synthetic material, similar material, or combinations thereof. The shoulder plate 567 a, 567 b may generally conform to a shape of a top of a shoulder and be configured with a neck protector which may comprise elevated protrusions 566 a, 566 b rising from the shoulder plate 567 a, 567 b at a first end of the shoulder pad assembly 565 a, 565 b closest to the neck of a wearer. Elevated protrusions 566 a, 566 b may comprise the same material as the shoulder plate 567 a, 567 b, Shoulder pad 564 a, 564 b may also be configured with elevated portions 563 that match the elevated protrusions 566 a, 566 b rising from the shoulder plate 567 a, 567 b. The second end opposite the first end may be configured with a connecting mechanism such as, e.g., a buckle 567 a, 567 b to permits adjustable connectivity to the upper arm protector 110 such as via a strap, or other adjustable mechanism, the mechanism may comprise a hook and loop mechanism. The shoulder pad assembly 565 a, 565 b may adjustably connect to the chest pad 520 via adjustable connecting mechanism 570 which permits a range of sizing options for wider or narrower chest widths, thereby promoting a one-size-fits-most capability. The shoulder pad assembly 565 a, 565 b may adjustably connect to the back pad 602 in a similar manner via adjustable connecting mechanism 630. Adjustable connecting mechanism 570, 630 may comprise a hook and loop mechanism. The front torso protector assembly 501 may include one or more rescue straps 503 configured on one or both sides of chest pad 520. The one or more rescue straps 503 may be of sufficient strength to lift and/or pull a downed individual. FIG. 5D illustrates adjustable plate pocket 505 and the 45 degree anchor points 506 that allows for the attachment of various MOLLE-compatible pouches or accessories such as e.g. extra ammo, mace, a stun gun, and similar accessories. As shown in FIG. 5E, in one aspect, the 45 degree arrangement permits easier access by an individual as compared with traditional horizontal type MOLLE-compatible systems. The anchor points 506 may be arranged as two different rows oriented at 90 degree angles to one another. The anchor points 506 may be arranged as a plurality of different rows oriented at 90 degree angles to one another. The different rows may be interspersed among one another. FIG. 5F is a perspective view of a rear torso protector assembly 600, configured according to principles of the disclosure. The rear torso protector assembly 600 may be constructed in a similar fashion as the front torso protector assembly 501. The rear torso protector assembly 600 may comprise a back pad 602, a back plate pocket 605 and a back plate 615, which may comprise a plate in the same manner as the plate 502. The back plate 615 many comprise a ballistic plate.

github_open_source_100_8_20268

Github OpenSource

Various open source

// Libraries import { Entity, ObjectIdColumn, Column, Unique, Index, } from 'typeorm'; // Types import { Shadow } from './Shadow'; @Entity('shadow') @Unique(['id', 'version']) export class ShadowEntity<T> implements Shadow<T> { constructor(args: Shadow<T>) { Object.assign(this, args); } @ObjectIdColumn() _id: string; @Column() id: string; @Column('string') @Index() version: string; @Column() image: T; @Column('array') // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/ban-types changes: Array<{ version: string; change: object }>; @Column('date') createdAt: Date; @Column('date') updatedAt: Date; }

github_open_source_100_8_20269

Github OpenSource

Various open source

export function setCookie(key,value,expDays=0,domain=null) { let expires = ''; if(expDays){ let date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime() + expDays*86400000); expires = `expires=${date.toUTCString()};` } domain = domain?`domain=${domain};`:''; document.cookie = `${key}=${escape(value)};${domain}${expires}path=/`; } export function getCookie(key) { if (document.cookie.length > 0){ let start = document.cookie.indexOf(key+'='); if (start !== -1) { start = start + key.length + 1; let end = document.cookie.indexOf(';',start); if (end===-1){ end = document.cookie.length; return unescape(document.cookie.substring(start,end)) } else return unescape(document.cookie.substring(start,end)) } } return '' } export function getCookieFromStr(key,str){ if (str.length > 0) { let start = str.indexOf(key+'='); if (start !== -1) { start = start + key.length + 1; let end = str.indexOf(';',start); if (end===-1){ end = str.length; return unescape(str.substring(start,end)) } else return unescape(str.substring(start,end)) } } return '' } export function delCookie(key,domain=null) { setCookie(key,'',-1,domain) } export function getLocalStorage(keys) { keys = typeof keys === "string"?[keys]:keys; return keys.map(key=>localStorage.getItem(key)||'') } export function setLocalStorage(data){ for (let [key,val] of Object.entries(data)) (typeof val!=='undefined') && val!=='' && localStorage.setItem(key,val.toString()) } export function delLocalStorage(keys) { keys = typeof keys === "string"?[keys]:keys; for (let key of keys) localStorage.removeItem(key) }

coalminelaborin00wriggoog_5

US-PD-Books

Public Domain

1894 8 8 1896 2 2* 1 2 1 1 1897 2 1 % 1898(a) 1 1 1 1899(5) i* 1 1 1900(0) 1 8 1901 (d) ........ 1 1 1902(«) 1 1908 (/) 2 2 1 a Including 1 strike inrolving 1 establishment and 52 strikers in the naphtha industry. b Including 2 strikes involving 4 establishments and 108 strikers in the zinc-mining industry. « Including 1 strike involving 1 establishment and 14 strikers in the naphtha industry and 1 strike involving 2 establishments ana 248 strikers in the zinc-mining industry. d Including 1 strike Involving 1 establishment and 46 strikers in the gold-mining industry. 3 stxikes involving 7 establishments and 2.291 strikers in the naphtha industry, and 1 strike Involving 1 establishment and 22 striken in sulphur mining. « Including 2 strikes involving 2 establishments and 565 strikers in the smelting industry and 2 ' strikes involving 3 establishments and 273 strikers in the naphtha industry. /Including 1 strike involving 1 establishment and 104 strikers in the lead-mining industry, f strike involving 1 establishment and 26 strikers in the gold-mining Industry, and 1 strike involving 102 strikers in the copper-mining industry. Important coal mine strikes occurred in Austria in 1894, 1896, and 1900. In 1894, 34.8 per cent of all strikers reported in Austria were coal mine workers. During that year three important coal mine strikes occurred involving, respectively, 12,563, 5,011, and 2,518 strikers. The first of these, which involved 22 coal mines and 1 coking estab- lishment, in Moravia and Silesia, was due to the refusal of the mine operators to grant a holiday on May 1, the recognized labor day among organized employees of Austria. As a condition of their return to work the strikers demanded an increase of wages of from 20 to 30 per cent, an 8-hour shift, and a long list of other concessions regard- ing methods of wage payments, working arrangements, reemploy- ment of all strikers, etc. The strike, which was organized by several trade unions, lasted from May 1 to May 18. During the strike an encounter took place between the strikers and the police in which 11 mine workers were killed and 36 wounded. The strike became the subject of a parliamentary inquiry and was settled through the inter- vention of the public authorities. Nearly all the strikers returned to work without receiving any concessions from the operators, the strike, which resulted in a loss of 100,944 working shifts, having been a com- plete failure. The strike which involved 5,011 mine workers occurred in Silesia, lasting from November 2 to November 26, 1894. It affected 6 coal mines, and was undertaken by one of the trade unions to resist an increase in the length of the working shift. It resulted in complete failure, being terminated through the intervention of the mine authorities. OHAPTEB I. — COAL MINE LABOR IN AUSTRIA. 89 The last-mentioned strike, involving 2,518 mine workers and 15 coal mines, occurred in Bohemia, and lasted from April 13 to May 17, 1894. The demands in this case were for the establishment of a minimum wage for all classes of employees, an 8-hour shift, the dismissal of several mine bosses, etc. All exc^t a few unimportant demands were refused, the strike being terminated in favor of the operators through the intervention of the mine authorities. In an encounter between the strikers and the police during the strike 3 mine workers were killed and 8 were wounded. This strike likewise became the subject of a parliamentary inquiry. i In 1896 there were two important strikes, one in Moravia and Silesia involving 29 coal mines and 18,020 mine workers, and the other in Bohemia, involving 54 coal mines and 8,346 mine workers. The first-mentioned strike, which lasted f I'om February 24 to March 28, was undertaken on account of the dismissal of a number of mine workers accused of too much agitating among their fellow-employees. As a condition of returning to work the strikers demanded an increase of from 10 to 25 per cent in their wages, weekly wage payments, and the reinstatement of the discharged employees. The strike was under- taken at the instance of the mine workers' unions. It was settled through the intervention of the public authorities, some slight conces- sions having been made concerning the first two demands. The last de- mand was refused. This strike caused a loss of 257,440 working shifts. The strike in Bohemia lasted from September 29 to October 10, 1896, and was undertaken at the instance of a number of mine workers' unions to enforce a demand for higher wages; for a 7-hour shift in some mines, an 8-hour shift in others, and a 4-hour shift on Satur- days; for the abolition of night shifts, except in emergencies; for free oil, etc. ; for reform of the miners' relief societies, and for redressing other grievances of minor importance. This strike was attended with considerable disorder, resulting in personal injury to some of the ofiS- cials and destruction of property. Seventy -six mine workers were arrested and convicted for disorder. The strike, which was a complete failure, was terminated by the mine authorities after a loss of 29,817 working shifts. In the whole history of the strikes of Austria there is no record of any strike in which there were so many participants, so large a terri- tory covered by the strikes, or such tenacity on the part of the strikers as in the general strike of coal and lignite miners in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia in 1900. There were involved altogether in this strike 77 coal mines, 142 lignite mines, 4 coking establishments, and 1 repair shop. As nearly as could be estimated, these establishments employed 87,364 persons before the strike, of whom 65,680, or 75.2 per cent, participated in the strike. Of the strikers 1,981 were women. The strike began January 2 and ended April 17, lasting 105 days. About 90 SPECIAL REPORT OF THE COMBCISSIONER OF LABOR. 3,000 persons other than strikers were thrown out of employment on account of the strike. About 30 mines closed entirely and the others produced very little while the strike was in progress. The strike began at two mines in the district of Ostrau, in Moravia, where the operators deemed it advisable to make a change in the hour for beginning the night shift. This change, although it involved no lengthening of the shift, was inconvenient to the mine workers and was resisted by the latter. On the day when the change was to take effect the mine workers appeared at the usual time, but owing to the change in the hour for beginnitig they were refused admission at that time. A strike resulted, which in a few days extended over the entire district. In the beginning efforts were made to effect a conciliation, and several meetings were held between representatives of the miners and mine operators, but as these failed to agree the strike movement continued to spread. On January 7 a representative of the impe- rial ministrj' of agriculture arrived in Moravia and endeavored to bring about an agreement, but he also was unsuccessful. On Jan- uary 10 the mine workers' representatives presented to a general con- ference of operators held at Vienna a list of demands as follows: An 8-hour shift for all undergrouod and surface workers, including time spent in descending and ascending; the introduction of weekly wage payments; the fixing of a minimum wage per shift; the removal of a certain mine superintendent; free oil, free coal, and free tools; a gen- eral pardon to all strikers, and the payment of wages for the full time lost while on strike. On the same day the mine operators offered to grant the following concessions: A 5 per cent increase in wages, free oil, free coal, and the regulation of the night shift before Sundays and holidays, so that all miners may be outside the mines not later than 10 hours after their entrance. On the following morning, through the intervention of the Ostrau district mine office, the operators of the two mines above mentioned acceded to the original demands of their employees, and, in view of the concessions made by the Vienna conference, the strike leaders of the district declared the strike off and requested the workers to return to the mines. The movement had, however, extended beyond their con- trol, and one district after another became affected until it covered eight mine districts in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The number of strikers which, on January 11 amounted to about 1,200, had increased to 61,600 on January 27. Local committees were organized by strikers in all sections of the country affected, at which all sorts of demands were formulated. In all cases, however, the demands included an 8-hour shift and the establishment of a minimum wage. In 16 mines no demands whatever were made, the strikes being purely sympathetic. There was through- CHAPTER I. COAL MINE LABOB IN AUSTRIA. 91 out the strike do centralized leadership or strong organization on the part of the strikers. During the latter part of January the Imperial Government sent the minister of justice to Moravia, and a section chief of the ministry of agriculture to Bohemia, to attempt a conciliation. The various con- ciliation boards {Einigungadmter) were also called into service, but without results. Finally on February 6 the Imperial Government, through a representative, announced before one of the conciliation boards that a commission would be appointed in March for the pur- pose of preparing a legislative bill for the compulsory reduction of the working shift in mines. On February 15 the strike reached its maximum strength, after which the men gradually returned to work. This decline in the strike was attributed to the realization by the strikers of the hopelessness of carrying out the demand for the 8-hour day, and also to the above- mentioned promise of the Government. By the end of March there remained but 6,500 men on strike, and the strike committee advised all njen to return to work. The strike ended completely on April 17. After the termination of the strike concessions were made by the mine operators as follows: From 5 to 10 per cent increase in wages in 121 establishments; from 12i to 36 quintals (1,378 to 3,968 pounds) of free coal per mine worker in 11 establishments; free oil in 25 estab- lishments; free* tools in 3 establishments; free explosives in 16 estab- lishments; abolition of wage deductions for time spent in sharpening tools in 29 establishments; reduction of hours of labor in 16 estab- lishments; shortening of the working shift on days preceding Sun- days and holidays in 10 establishments; financial aid to miners' relief societies in 7 establishments. Of the 65,680 strikers, 61,688 returned to work, 1,067 were dis- charged, 2,908 refused to return, and 27 were unaccounted for; 2,310 new workmen were employed. In the entire strike district there had been 1,402 meetings of labor organizations, of which 46 were dissolved by the authorities. One hundred and eighty proposed meetings were forbidden. During the strike the districts involved were occupied by the military to preserve order and protect property. No serious disturbances occurred, how- ever, a few hundred arrests having been made for individual minor offenses. It was estimated that there was a loss in production of 4,700,000 metric tons of coal and over 100,000 metric tons of coke. There was a loss of about 3,000,000 working shifts, and the miners were reported to have lost over 9,000,000 crowns ($1,827,000) in wages. Contribu- tions amounting to 326,572 crowns ($66,294) were made by labor organizations throughout Austria. Public sentiment seemed to favor the strikers throughout the coun- try, and frequent demands were made upon Parliament to compel a 92 SPECIAL BEPOBT OF THE 0OHMI8SIOKEB OF LABOR. settlement of the dispute. An important result of this public senti- ment was the enactment of the law of June 27, 1901, (**) restricting the hours of labor in mines to 9 per shift. LEGISLATION. The conditions of mine ownership and the conduct of mining opem- tions in Austria are fundamentally different from those which prevail in the United States, owing primarily to the survival of the mine pre- rogative or right of sovereignty belongii^ to the reigning prince. In accordance with this prerogative certain reserved minerals occurring in their natural strata are subject to the exclusive disposition of the Government. "-In this class of reserved minerals are metals and cer- tain other mine products, including all kinds of coal and lignite. The entire subject of ownership, control, and operation is regulated by the mining code of 1854 and the various amendments and decrees supplementary thereto.' The right to legally procure and possess real estate qualifies alsg for the ownership and prosecution of mining claims. PBOSPECTING. The privilege of prospecting for or taking reserved minerals can be procured only by carefully prescribed grants or concessions, in con- nection with which the agricultural or other surface proprietor has no prior rights except that due compensation must be made for dam- age actually occasioned by mining operations, and that prospecting within buildings and inclosed yards and gardens is not permitted without the consent of the owner. The interests of the surface pro- prietor are to be considered before the beginning of such operations, and an attempt must be made to reach agreement with him with ref- erence to his demands for indemnification. On failure to reach an agreement, however, the political authorities may be asked to inter- vene, and, the terms prescribed by them being complied with, the mining undertakings may be begun. If the occupation is likely to be lengthy, a regular method of expropriation must be observed and the land must be bought by the mine proprietor. He may also buy land and water rights for all purposes of his works, either within or with- out the limits of his grant. The right to legally procure and possess real estate qualifies also for the ownership and prosecution of mining claims. The right of searching or prospecting in any locality may be granted to a number of petitioners, or it may, by compliance with certain requirements, be made an exclusive right within a fixed circu- aSee pages 99 and 100. CHAPTEB I. — GOAL MINE LABOR IN AUSTRIA. 93 lar area having a radius of 425 meters (1,394.35 feet.) Search rights have a duration of but one year, but may be renewed from year to year on payment of the annual fees [4 florins ($1.62)], and the per- formance of 27 days' work within the year, though the latter require- ment is not rigidly enforced. Under these rights a prospector may make as many openings as he sees fit, in so far as older mining rights are not interfered with, and may extend his operations sufficiently to demonstrate the location and quality of the discovered minerals. He can not, however, dispose of the minerals taken while prospecting, without the consent of the mine authorities. A prospector may secure the right of making experimental cuttings underground from a starting point within a granted mine area, pro- vided that he works no injury to prior rights. • Every exploration right affords a basis for an application for at least one mine area, which is to be a pamllelogram containing 45,116 square meters (53,958.74 square yards), the shorter side of which shall measure not less than 106 meters (347.77 feet). For coal claims this area is doubled, the longer sides bordering, and in cases where the exploration shafts reach a depth of 94 meters (308.40 feet) a second duplication of area may be allowed. MINING GRANTS. Grants relative to min^workings are of thr^e kinds: (1) Those for deep mines, which have the area given above and extend without bounds as to height or depth (except in cases where a surface mine has already been granted). These grants include the right to take all reserved minerals found within the designated area. (2) Those conveying the right to the unassigned portions lying between two mining grants. These are to be assigned to applicants who have mine property adjacent thereto, and if different claimants can not agree to a division, such unassigned portions are to be held and worked as partnership property. (3) Grants of surface mines, which convey a right to take the reserved minerals occurring in alluvial deposits, marshes, etc.,* and extend no farther in depth than to the bed rock. No such right can be granted where a deep-mine claim already exists, but a deep-mine claim can be granted beneath a surface mine, the owner of the latter to receive indemnification for any damages sustained. Surface-mine grants are of such form as the petitioner may desire, if the approval of the mine authorities is secured, and may extend to an area of 115,000 square meters (137,540 square yards). Of several claimants for a grant the earlier has precedence. If claims are made contemporaneously and an apportionment is not agreed upon, a partnership holding may be granted. 94 SPECIAL REPOBT OF THE COHHISSIONEB OF LABOR. CONCESSIONS. Concessions form a third class of mining rights, and are themselves of two classes — ^those relating to auxiliary wo^^kings and those which provide for the construction of district galleries. Auxiliary workings are workings partly or wholly outside one's own mine area, and designed to facilitate the operation of one or more mines, as for the securing of better ventilation, drainage, or haulage ways. They may be con- structed by a single mine proprietor, by two or more proprietors in partnership, or by an outside person who proposes to furnish certain benefits for an agreed compensation. The minerals taken in the course of such construction belong not to the constructor of the work- iAg but to the proprietor of the area within which it is situated. If an entire mine district will be benefited, the concession of a dis- trict gallery is allowed on a proper showing as to its desirability and the practical results expected. Proprietors who assent are obligated fo contribute a support restricted by the terms of their agreement. Those who withhold assent are liable for nothing unless actually bene- fited, in which case a proportionate compensation will be exacted in favor of the proprietor of the district gallery, so long as such benefit continues. The rights and obligations of subsequent acquirers of mining rights in the district are fixed by the mine board, and are fully stated both in the original concession and in the deeds of grant to such later claimants. Besides these separate undertakings, there is a provision that owners of mines less advantageously situated, and lying near mines enjoying superior advantages of haulage ways, drainage, and the like, may secure from the proprietors of the latter, though not to their excess- ive disadvantage, certain privileges of ingress, egress, ventilation, use of hoisting and pumping machinery, etc. This may be done either by voluntary agreement or by an appeal to the mine authorities. In any case the compensation to be paid and the conditions generally must be passed upon by the mine authorities before the matter can be considered settled. MAPS. As soon as the connected workings in any deep mine reach an extent of 190 meters (623.36 feet), a map must be prepared showing accurately the location and the extent of the workings, which must be corrected from time to time, so that all cuttings of more than 95 meters (311.68 feet) length shall appear. The mine authorities are to be allowed to freely inspect and copy from these maps, but only for official use in the correction of the district maps. CHAPTER I. COAL MINE LABOR IN AUSTRIA. 95 OFFICIAL CONTROL ANP INSPECTION. For the enforcemont of the laws and for the public supervision of the mining industry, there are — (a) Boards of district officials (fixed at 27 in number by a decree of 1895), with local authority, and having the powers in general of a court of first instance. (b) Four boards of superior mine officials {Berghauptmannschaften) to which appeals may be taken from the district boards, and from which certain classes of grants must be obtained. (c) The ministry of agriculture, which is the highest authority. All inspection necessary for the accomplishment of the objects for which the mine boards are foimed must be made officially. In this connection it is required that inspections be made of all mines from time to time and that the results be reported to the board; that charts and working plans be inspected in strict official secrecy for the pur- pose of correcting the district maps; that such orders be issued as are necessary to insure compliance with the provisions of the mining code, and that accidents likely to cause extensive injury or to which atten- tion is called by interested individuals be investigated, and, in case the remedies already provided are inadequate, that orders for such as are necessary be issued. The aid of the political aftthorities is to be invoked for the remedying of conditions which endanger the safety of persons, buildings, lands, springs, wells, etc., although in urgent cases preliminary measures may be undertaken by the mine authorities with the assistance of experts. SAFETY OF EMPLOYEES, ETC. The regulations as to safe conditions of the workings of a mine have regard not only to the protection of the employees within the mine, but also to the interests of persons who use or who may wish to use such workings in connection with explorations or operations in adjoining mines. Thus in deep mines each principal working must be kept fit for passage and the work therein must be done in such a manner that further exploitation shall not be unnecessarily hin- dered or made difficult. Especially is it to be considered' an unlawful hindrance to such further exploitation if the presence of useful min- erals is knowingly made unrecognizable or otherwise concealed by a mine owner or by another person with his knowledge. The general mining code prescribes continuous operation of all work- ings during the customary mining season in each district, with an adequate force of employees, for 8 hours each day. This require- ment may be waived by reason of obstacles which, in the judgment of the authorities, afford sufficient grounds for the cessation of labor, as, for instance, the interruption of traffic, and extensions of time for the resumption thereof may be allowed. During such periods, however, 96 SPECIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the mines must be kept safe and in a workable condition. Fines and ultimate forfeiture are the penalties for nonconformance with these requirements. A violation of the mining law, which also, involves an infraction of the general penal law, renders the guilty person liable to punishment under both codes. Each proprietor is accountable for the observance of the mine laws in the working of his mine, and this duty is not avoided by the leasing of his property. This obligation rests also upon the joint owners of partnership mines, whose names so appear in the mine records. Among the regulations as to safety, the following are prescribed by the law: (a) The adequate fencing of all open shafts to prevent the falling in of man or beast; (b) The suitable safeguarding of f alien-in workings or those in dan- ger of falling in; (c) The suitable timbering of shafts more than 18 meters (59.05 feet) in depth; the proper safeguarding of ways (ladders, footpaths, etc.); the daily inspection of hoisting engines and machinery; (d) The nonuse of such tools as would endanger the safety of workmen; (e) Special attention to points where thore is danger of fire, and the prompt extinguishing of all fires; (f) Care for adequate ventilation; (g) The use of safety lamps in mines having explosive gases. An ordinance of July 4, 1904, makes examinations for indications of anchylostomiasis (worm sickness) obligatory on all workmen, over- seers, etc., who have been employed in foreign mines, or in any place where the presence of the disease is suspected, within five years prior to the date of the publication of the ordinance. The methods of examination and of combating the disease where found are prescribed in detail, and the local mine and health authorities are jqjntly charged with the administration of the law. EMPLOYMENT. Rules. — Besides the rules prescribed for the safety of employees, service rules {Dienstordnutig) must be prepared for each mine, which, after careful examination and approval by the mine authorities, are to be published and posted in and about the mine and other working places. Since the recognition of the miners' associations by the act of August 14, 1896, the local workers' committee, composed of delegates chosen to represent each mine in the workers' assembly for the district, has the right to examine and pass upon the draft of mine rules. Experts may also be consulted as to the adequacy of these rules, which, after adoption, have the force of law. The mine authorities are required to CHAPTER I. — COAL MINE LABOB IN AUSTRIA. 97 endeavor to procure uniformity in the regulations in force in each district. These rules must contain specific provisions regarding the various classes of workers and overseers and their duties, and provisions as to the employment of women and children as regards their physical strength and the compulsory education of the latter; the relation between workers and overseers; the time and duration of labor; the behavior of employees in and outside of the service; the system of wage payments to be used, including provisions for payments in cases of sickness and accident; the penalties for violations of mine rules, and the dissolution of the employment relation. It may be here stated that some of the -points specified are covered by supplementary acts having general application. Termination, — Unless otherwise provided in the local rules or by contract or other provisions, officials and overseers employed at mines mav not leave or be dismissed from their service until after three months' notice; workmen must give or receive two weeks' notice. The commission of a crime or misdemeanor or of an offense against the security of the person, honor, or property of the employer, according to the criminal code, destroys the right to receive notice and the guilty person may be summarily dismissed. Neglect of duty and lack of proper respect and obedience toward superiors, the carrying on of "another business incompatible with his duties as an employee, or making a wrongful use, to the detriment of the employer, of his knowledge of mine conditions gained in the service also furnish grounds for the dismissal of a person so offending. Officials who receive degrading treatment from their superiors, and employees of all classes who suffer abuse or whose contracts as to maintenance, payment of wages, etc. , are not complied with may leave service inmiediately on giving notice. Permission to leave the service can not be refused on account of any claim preferred by a mine owner or third party against the person desiring to leave. Whenever an employee leaves the service of an employer the latter is required to furnish a certificate of release in which must be stated the working class to which the emplo3'ee belongs, the relief association of which he is a member, the date of his latest payment to the same, and the dates of entry upon and release from employment. Without such certificate no workman or overseer who has had service in an Aus- trian mine can be again employed. (By a decree of 1866 this cer- tificate is superseded by a pass book to be furnished each employee, containing the data specified.) At each mine a complete register of the employees, both workers and overseers, must be kept, the same to be open to the inspection of the mine and political authorities whenever demanded. H. Doc 301, 58-3 7 98 SPECIAL REPOBT OF THE OOMMI86I019EB OF LABOB. Wages, — Wa^es are to be paid at least monthly. Within the limita of this provision the minister of agriculture may establish by decree a maximum period for wage payments. Eiach mine owner is required to embody in his mine rules a provision as to advance payments. All sums owing at the time of an employee's leaving service are to be paid immediately. No judicial attachments or executions may be issued against either contract or time wages of mine workers. Agreements among mine employees for the purpose of obtaining higher wages or for other purposes, whether by refusal to work, by refractory conduct or otherwise, or by instigating others to such con- duct are offenses against the penal code, punishable by imprisonment for periods of from eight days to three months. Mine proprietors are likewise forbidden to make agreements designed to reduce the earnings of workmen by laying them off or by suspending operations, or to in any way impose more unfavorable conditions of employment. Complaints by employees may be made either to the mine authori- ties or to the law courts, as the nature of the case may determine. The district mine official is required to give conscientious attention to such complaints and to seek to procure an amicable settlement of all difficulties. Superintendents <md foremen. — A supplementary law of December 31, 1893, requires the appointment of mine superintendents {Betri^- leiter) who shall have the management of the operation of all dines coming under the supervision of the mine authorities. Applicants desiring such positions must have satisfactorily completed a regular course of study in a technical school for mining and must have had at least three years' practical experience in mining operations. A superintendent thus appointed shares with the mine owner the responsibility of enforcing the mining law and of observing the decrees and orders relative to mining* operations. The mine owner must report, not later than at the date of entrance upon his service, the name of any superintendent appointed, sub- mitting also the certificate of his fitness. The operation of a mine, except in cases of justifiable necessity, without the supervision of a properly qualified superintendent, or the acceptance of the post of superintendent by a person not properly qualified, renders the offend- ing party or parties liable to a fine. Mine bosses {BetriebsaufseJier) must be persons who have been gradu- ated from an inferior school of mines or whose practical fitness for their positions has been proven. They hold positions subordinate to those of mine superintendents, but their appointments and the certifi- cates of their competency must be transmitted to the district authori- ties in the same manner as is prescribed for the superintendents. By a decree relative to the above enactment, it is required that of the three years of practical experience provided for at least two years OHAPTBB I. COAL MINE LABOR IN AU8TEIA. 99 shall have been spent in actual mining operations, and that for not less than three months the applicant shall have been engaged in mine sur- veying. For employment in mines producing fire damp the applicant must show an acquaintance with the operation of such mines, gained by actual experience. Mine bosses who are not graduates of an inferior mine school must be able to read and write and must have had at least three years' experience by being employed at all the various kinds of mine labor in their usual order and for the customary period. Those who are charged with oversight of but a single operation or portion of the work, however, may be received on a showing of at least two years' employment in the kind of position applied for. Certificates of serv- ice are the proof required in these cases. Women mid children, — The employment of women and children, hours of labor, and Sunday rest are regulated by the act of June 21, 1884. This act prohibits the employment at mine work of children under 14 years of age. In exceptional cases, however, children between the ages of 12 and 14 years may be employed at light labor above ground, if such employment be requested by the parents or guardians and specifically authorized by the proper officials, but not to the prejudice of the requirements as to school attendance. Females may be employed only at surface work. Mothers must not be employed until six weeks after confinement, except upon a phy- sician's certificate of ability to work, when the time may be reduced to four weeks. Boys under 16 and girls under 18 may be employed only at such labor as will not be detrimental to their physical development. Ilmirs of labor. — ^The act of June 21, 1884, fixed the length of the shift and the working time, which are the same for surface employees, a shift for them being the time of actual employment, while for pit workers the shift begins with the entering of the shaft and ends with the exit therefrom, the time of ascent and descent being included therein. By this law a shift could not exceed 12 hours per day nor the actual time worked 10 hours. Concessions were made for mines diffi- cult of access and for cases of emergency. On June 27, 1901, the above law was amended as regards underground workers by establish- ing 9 hours as the maximum shift for such employees, the time to be reckoned from entrance to exit, and interruptions arising from the nature of the work, as also the rest periods, to be counted as a part of the shift. If, however, such intervals of time are passed above ground the time required for coming out and returning is not to be included in the reckoning. By way of exception, in mines which can not be profitably worked on the basis of a 9-hour shift, the provisions of the law of 1884 are allowed still to control, after a hearing before the proper authorities has indicated the necessities of the case. 100 SPECIAL REPORT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OK LABOB. Exceptions may also be granted in the case of mines difficult of access in mountainous districts, but the aggregate weekly work time of any employee may not exceed 54 hours. Sunday labor. — Except in those classes of work which can not be interrupted or which can be done only while the regular operations are suspended, all work in the mines must cease on Sundays. The Sunday rest must begin not later than at 6 a. m. on Sunday and continue for 24 hours. The limitations as to hours of labor and Sunday rest may be waived in cases of imminent danger to life or health or to property. REPOBTS. E^ich mine proprietor is required to furnish freely to the mine authorities for official use all desired information as to the minerals taken, the crude product obtained thei'ef rom, the amount of fuel con- sumed, the value of the product, the number and kinds of workmen, facts as to their families, and other information as to the conditions of operation. BEOULATIONS. Though the general mining law contains provision for the adoption and promulgation of local regulations by the mine proprietors, with the approval of the district authorities, decrees have been issued from time to time applicable to specified departments. The following reg- ulations are to be found in decrees of 1876 and 1879 for the depart- ment of Cracow and in an ordinance of 1895 for the district of Mahrisch-Ostrau, which were promulgated as supplementary to the general law, and which may be ac<5epted as fairly representative of similar requirements throughout the empire: Escape shafts. — At least two exits must be provided at each mine, which must be separated from each other ' by a rock partition, and so provided with ladders that it shall be at all times possible for the entire force of workmen to reach the surface through one shaft in case the other shall become unusable. Single shafts may be temporarily used with the permission of the mine authorities, but such shafts must be provided with an isolated air way and be capable of. use for pas- sage in both divisions. If two shafts discharge superficially into a single opening such double exit must be equipped with a fireproof partition. Each shaft used for entry or exit must be supplied with securely fixed ladders having a slope of not more than 80^ and with rounds not less than 20 centimeters (7.87 inches) nor more than 30 cen- timeters (11.81 inches) apart and uniformly spaced. Perpendicular GHAFTEB I. GOAL MIKE LABOB IK AUSTBIA, 101 ladders are allowed only by way of exception in shafts of less than 20 meters (65.62 feet) depth, after permission from the mine authorities. The rounds of such ladders shall stand at least 15 centimeters (5.91 inches) from the sides of the shaft. Platforms must be placed at intervals of not more than 6 meters (19.68 feet), and the ladders must^ project above these at least 1 meter (3.28 feet) unless secure hand holds are provided to take the place of such extension. Where shafts are also used for hoisting minerals, the ladder way must \>pi securely separated from the hoistway, and can be used for ingress and egress only when no hoisting is being done. The wearing of wooden shoes while ascending: or descending ladders and the carrying of tools thereon are forbidden. Hoists^ etc. — Catches or other checking devices must be provided on all hoists; apparatus operated by steam, water, or horsepower must be furnished with a suitable brake which the attendant can control from his post of duty. Automatic signal devices are required to be installed by means of which the ascent and descent of the buckets are indicated. Trap doors or similar self-acting devices must be used for closing the mouth of the shaft where coal is handled by engines or winches. Loading places must afford adequate security for workmen, and, where necessary, side passages must be so constructed as to allow the hoist attendant to move about without passing underneath the shaft. Tools and small objects must be taken up and down in boxes. Men may not accompany animals in the ascent or descent, nor may timbers be thrown down the shaft. Slings may be used for handling timbers only in exceptional cases and when clamps are used. Coal may be hoisted in shafts used for the movement of work- men only when the ways used for the two purposes are adequately separated, but in cases of alterations or repairs workmen who have obtained permission from the foreman or his deputy may use the hoist- ways for coal as a means of ingress or egress. Traveling in slings or empty mineral conveyances or in belts is permitted only with like consent, although the district authorities may, on application, give their assent to the customary use of belts for hoisting and lowering workmen. The installation of a rope elevator in a shaft requires the special assent of the district officials. Such apparatus must be tested monthly, and must be carefully examined e.ach day before being used. The rope must be of good quality, and is to be coupled to the cage by means of a chain of a carrying power at least three times that of the rope, and so arranged that no catching or buckling of the links can occur. 102 SPECIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. The cage must be securely covered, and is to be provided with a safety clutch, to prevent falling in case the rope should break. Com- petent and responsible persons must have charge of cages at all times, and of the hoisting, lowering, and emptying of buckets. The number of persons that may be carried is fixed by the local mine authorities. The speed of the cage must be regular, and may not exceed 2 meters (6.56 feet) per second. Special rules are required at each mine regu- lating the time and manner of entrance and exit and particulars as to speed, signals, conduct of workmen, etc. While men are being car- ried every other operation in the shaft must cease. In mines where hoists are used, a shaft, or a suitable portion thereof, must be properly equipped with ladders for the use of workmen who may prefer them. Traveling ways. — The track for haulage ways must be firmly laid and secured, and loading places and scaffolds must be placed horizon- tally at shafts and planes. Whatever be the power used, if the slope is sufficient to cause the cars to move by gravity, they must be so equipped with brakes that they can at any time be instantaneously stopped. Lamps are to be placed in passageways equipped with rope trams, unless such passageways are lighted naturally, and in all cases lamps must be provided after nightfall. Trammers moving OArs are required to have a lamp on the front of the same, to keep to a suitable speed, and to maintain such distances from one another as to avoid danger of collisions. Where hauling is done by machinery, signal devices must be placed at appropriate intervals, to be fixed upon by the foreman. Approaches to gravity planes must be equipped with barriers, to be closed by the trammel's after the passage of each car. Where self-acting planes open directly into haulage ways, guard rails must be provided behind which workmen may pass in safety, or there must be ways leading around such openings. Movable barriers or tmck bars must be placed on the loading platform of tramways to prevent the escape of loaded cars before they are coupled. The brake devices on self-acting planes must be automatic and under control of persons occupying places of perfect safety. While hauling is being carried on in any slope, no traveling shall be done therein unless a separate way is substantially partitioned off. Traveling in the haulage way is permissible only to workmen engaged in its repair, during which time hauling must cease throughout the entire slope. The use of hauling machinery for the carrying of per- sons requires special permission from the overseers or their deputies. Signals. — Mine shafts more that 20 meters (65.62 feet) in depth must be equipped with a device by means of which workmen in the mine can clearly understand the movements and intentions of the person or per- sons in charge of the hoisting apparatus. Certain signals are pre- CHAPTER I. — COAL MIKE LABOR IK AUSTRIA. 103 scribed, and others not conflicting may be adopted, schedules of which are to be posted where the men can inform themselves thereon. If the shaft exceeds 20 meters (66.62 feet) in depth the district officials must approve the apparatus before it is put into operation; if the depth exceeds 70 meters (229.66 feet) such additional apparatus must be installed as will enable employees at all points to hear the signals given, and until such installation is made and approved the sending of men into the shaft is forbidden.

github_open_source_100_8_20270

Github OpenSource

Various open source

#include "terminal.h" #include <iostream> #include <boost/tokenizer.hpp> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <typeinfo> #include "stat.cpp" using namespace std; using namespace boost; Terminal::Terminal(){ this->prompt = '$'; this->input = ""; } //For testing purposes void Terminal::test(){ cout << "Hello There" << endl; } //Convert given string to its equivalent char * char * toChar(string str){ return const_cast<char*>((str).c_str()); } //Throw aways comments by resizing the string string Terminal::throwAwayComments(std::string input){ // char_separator<char> sep("#"); // tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok(str, sep); for (unsigned int i = 0; i < input.size(); ++i){ if (input.at(i) == '#'){ // resize to cut off before the '#' sign input.resize(i); } } return input; } //Run individual commands returns int of results int Terminal::exe(string command){ //Separate command by spaces and save to a vector char_separator<char> space(" "); tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok(command, space); int size = 0; vector<string> arguments; for(tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator beg=tok.begin(); beg!=tok.end();++beg){ size++; arguments.push_back(*beg); //cout << "Argument " << size << ": " << *beg << endl; } //Convert vector to char * for the execvp function char ** args; args = new char*[size + 1]; //+1 to make space for null termination args[size] = NULL; //Last item must be empty to indicate end of list for(int i = 0; i < size; i++){ args[i] = const_cast<char*>((arguments[i]).c_str()); //Converting string to Char //args[i] = toChar(arguments[i]); } //Check for the exit command if(arguments[0] == "exit"){ exit(0); } pid_t c_pid, pid; int status; c_pid = fork(); if(c_pid < 0){ perror("ERROR: Fork Failed"); exit(1); return -1; } else if(c_pid==0){ if(args[0][0] == 't' && args[0][1] == 'e' && args[0][2] == 's' && args[0][3] == 't' ){ exit(testWordHelper(command)); } else if(args[0][0] == '['){ exit(testBracketHelper(command)); } execvp(args[0], args); perror("execvp failed"); delete args; exit(1); } else if (c_pid > 0){ if((pid = wait(&status)) < 0){ perror("wait"); exit(1); } //cout << "EXE status: " << status << endl; delete args; return status; } return 1; } // Concept: If there are '|' or '&' symbols that are not in pairs, call error int Terminal::bugSearch(string str){ int consecutiveAmpersand = 0; int consecutiveOr = 0; int most_consecutiveAmpersand = 0; int most_consecutiveOr = 0; for(unsigned int i = 0; i < str.size(); i++){ //Too many ampersand's if(str[i] == '&'){ consecutiveAmpersand++; if(consecutiveAmpersand > most_consecutiveAmpersand){ most_consecutiveAmpersand = consecutiveAmpersand; } } else{ if(consecutiveAmpersand > most_consecutiveAmpersand){ most_consecutiveAmpersand = consecutiveAmpersand; } consecutiveAmpersand = 0; } //Too many OR's if(str[i] == '|'){ consecutiveOr++; if(consecutiveOr > most_consecutiveOr){ most_consecutiveOr = consecutiveOr; } } else{ if(consecutiveOr > most_consecutiveOr){ most_consecutiveOr = consecutiveOr; } consecutiveOr = 0; } if(most_consecutiveOr > 2 || most_consecutiveAmpersand > 2){ return 1; } } return 0; } vector<string> Terminal::vectorizeParentheses(string str){ //tested for : (echo A || echo B && echo C) && echo D && echo e int check_for_operation_behind = 0; vector<string> list; char_separator<char> separatorSemiColon("()","()",boost::keep_empty_tokens); tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok(str, separatorSemiColon); for(tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator beg=tok.begin(); beg!=tok.end();++beg){ //If we find a parenthesis set up check_for_operation to one //so that the next loop around we check to see if we have an //operation if((*beg == "(" || *beg == ")") && check_for_operation_behind == 0){ check_for_operation_behind = 1; list.push_back(*beg); } else if(check_for_operation_behind){ check_for_operation_behind = 0; char_separator<char> separatorAmps("","&&",boost::keep_empty_tokens); tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok2(*beg, separatorAmps); tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator amps=tok2.begin(); int count = 0; int stop = 0; string result; for(tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator amps=tok2.begin(); amps!=tok2.end();++amps){ // debug // cout << "Parendation : " << *amps << endl; if((*amps == " " || *amps == "\0" || *amps == "") && count == 0){ amps++; amps++; amps++; // debug // cout << "Parendation Comparison found &&" << endl; list.push_back("&&"); } else if(count != 0 && stop == 0){ result.append(*amps); } else if(stop == 0){ result.append(*beg); stop = 1; } count++; } check_for_operation_behind = 0; char_separator<char> separatorOr("","||",boost::keep_empty_tokens); tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok3(*beg, separatorAmps); tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator ors=tok3.begin(); count = 0; stop = 0; result = ""; for(tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator ors=tok3.begin(); ors!=tok3.end();++ors){ // debug // cout << "Parendation : " << *ors << endl; if((*ors == " " || *ors == "\0" || *ors == "") && count == 0){ ors++; ors++; ors++; // debug // cout << "Parendation Comparison found ||" << endl; list.push_back("||"); } else if(count != 0 && stop == 0){ result.append(*ors); } else if(stop == 0){ result.append(*beg); stop = 1; } count++; } list.push_back(result); } else{ check_for_operation_behind = 0; list.push_back(*beg); } } return list; } void Terminal::removeEmpty(vector<string> & v){ int len = v.size(); for(int i = 0; i < len; i++){ if(v[i] == "\0" || v[i] == " " || v[i] == ""){ // debug // cout << "removed Blanks: " << i << ":" << v[i] << ":" << endl; v.erase(v.begin() + i); } } } void Terminal::splicer(string str){ int lastOperation = 0; //zero for OR one for AND int result = 0; int global_result = 0; int parentheses = 0; char_separator<char> separatorSemiColon(";"); tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok(str, separatorSemiColon); for(tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator beg1=tok.begin(); beg1!=tok.end();++beg1){ if(*beg1 == "("){ // debug // cout << "Open Parenthesis Found" << endl; parentheses++; continue; } else if (*beg1 == ")"){ // debug // cout << "Close Parenthesis Found" << endl; parentheses--; global_result = result; // debug // cout << "Comarisons: " << global_result << endl; continue; } //Separate strings by || first do to presidance char_separator<char> separatorAnd("&&"); tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok(*beg1, separatorAnd); for(tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator beg2=tok.begin(); beg2!=tok.end();++beg2){ //cout << "Executing: " << *beg2 << endl; //cout << "Results:" << endl; //Separate Strings by && and execute the commands char_separator<char> separatorOr("||"); tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok(*beg2, separatorOr); for(tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator beg3=tok.begin(); beg3!=tok.end();++beg3){ //cout << "lastOperation: " << lastOperation << endl; //cout << "result: " << result << endl; if(*beg3 == " " || *beg3 == "\0"){ result = global_result; continue; } //If the result of the exe function is zero it means //that the function executed correctly 0 errors if(lastOperation == 0 && result == 0){ result = (this->exe(*beg3) == 0); if(!result){ //cout << "Error executing: " << *beg3 << endl; } } else if(lastOperation == 1 && result == 1){ result = (this->exe(*beg3) == 0); if(!result){ //cout << "Error executing: " << *beg3 << endl; } } lastOperation = 0; // OR operation || } lastOperation = 1; // AND operation && } } } //Run the terminal application void Terminal::run(){ int exit = 0; // Extra credit part: store the login name and host name to output later //char *loginName = getlogin(); //char hostName[128]; //gethostname(hostName, sizeof hostName); while (!exit){ input = ""; //Erase the input4 string noComments; while(input == ""){ //cout << loginName << '@' << hostName << this->prompt << " "; cout << this->prompt << " "; getline(cin, input); noComments = this->throwAwayComments(input); input = noComments; // if(bugSearch(input)){ // cout << "Bug found in input" << endl; // input = ""; // } } //Separat string into its induvidual parts and compare boolean values vector<string> list; list = vectorizeParentheses(noComments); for(unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++){ // debug // cout << "Values: " << list[i] << endl; } removeEmpty(list); for(unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++){ // debug // cout << "Values: " << list[i] << endl; } //Separate string by ; first int len = list.size(); for(int i = 0; i < len; i++){ if(list[i] != "(" && list[i] != ")"){ // debug // cout << "Execute: " << list[i] << endl; splicer(list[i]); } } } } void Terminal::printValues(){ for (unsigned int i = 0; i < values.size(); i++){ // debug // cout << "Value " << i << ": " << *values[i] << endl; } }

github_open_source_100_8_20271

Github OpenSource

Various open source

// // UISSFontTextStyleValueConverter.h // UISS // // Created by Thomas Elstner on 22.02.17. // Copyright (c) 2017 Deutsche Telekom Clinical Solutions GmbH. All rights reserved. // #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> #import "UISSArgumentValueConverter.h" @interface UISSFontTextStyleValueConverter : NSObject <UISSArgumentValueConverter> @end

8202173_1

courtlistener

Public Domain

EICH, J. James Gunsolus appeals from an order affirming a decision of a prison disciplinary committee. The committee found Gunsolus guilty of violating various rules of the institution. He claims that the committee denied him due process when it refused to allow him to call a witness in his behalf at the hearing. We reject the argument and affirm. The basic facts are undisputed. Gunsolus was charged with three conduct violations: (1) disrespect (Wis. Adm. Code, sec. HSS 303.25); (2) lying (Wis. Adm. Code, sec. HSS 303.27); and (3) damage or alteration of property (Wis. Adm. Code, sec. HSS 303.35). The charges stemmed from a prison officer’s allegations that, during an inspection tour, he noticed that the "Unit Living Guidelines” notice posted in Gunsolus’s *740room had been defaced. Pursuant to prison rules, the officer filled out a conduct report and submitted it to the security director, who classified the three charges together as a "minor” infraction. A hearing examiner conducted an informal hearing in accordance with Wis. Adm. Code, sec. HSS 303.75, and found Gunsolus guilty on all three charges. As punishment, he suffered two days’ loss of recreational privileges. Gunso-lus appealed the decision to the prison superintendent, who affirmed the examiner’s determination on June 25, 1985. Several months later, Gunsolus sought certiorari review in circuit court. He argued (1) that he was denied the opportunity to present the testimony of his roommate, Leonard Fredlund, at the hearing, and (2) that there was insufficient evidence of his guilt. The circuit court rejected the first argument on grounds that the offenses charged were classified as "minor” violations and that, by prison rulej no witnesses may be called at minor violation hearings. On the second issue, the court ruled that the hearing examiner’s decision did not contain an adequate statement of reasons for finding Gunsolus guilty, and remanded to the examiner "for the sole purpose of supplementing the record with a statement of his reasons for his decision and the evidence he relied on ....” The examiner did so, and the circuit court affirmed the finding of guilt. While Gunsolus argues on appeal that he was impermissibly denied the right to call witnesses at his disciplinary hearing, there is nothing in the record to indicate that he made any such request to the examiner. Indeed, the evidence he claims should have been considered — Fredlund’s affidavit stating that it was he, not Gunsolus, who defaced the notice — was *741not obtained until August 14,1985, nearly two months after the examiner’s decision had been affirmed by the prison superintendent. Even if we were to assume that, as he argued in his appeal to the superintendent, Gunsolus told the hearing examiner that his cellmate would offer exculpatory testimony, it would be of no avail to him because he is not entitled to offer testimony at a minor offense hearing. Under prison rules, minor offenses are heard informally. Wisconsin Adm. Code, sec. HSS 303.75(4) provides as follows: At the hearing, a hearing officer shall review the conduct report and discuss it with the inmate. The inmate shall be provided with an opportunity to respond to the report and make a statement about the alleged violation. The hearing officer may question the inmate. The inmate has no right to a staff advocate, to confront witnesses or to have witnesses testify on his or her behalf. If an inmate refuses to attend a hearing, the hearing may be conducted without the inmate being present. [Emphasis added.] We see no distinction between calling a witness personally or offering the desired testimony by affidavit or transcribed deposition. One of the goals of the disciplinary procedure set forth in Wis. Adm. Code, sec. HSS 303, is to strike a balance between speedy determination of guilt or innocence and fairness to the inmates involved. Note, sec. HSS 303.64. Were we to sanction the submission of depositions in lieu of live witnesses, we would be defeating the purpose of the rules. The due process and other protections required where an inmate faces a loss of good time or other *742major penalties are not applicable to lesser infractions such as those at issue here. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 571-72 n. 19 (1974). Inmates’ rights in minor disciplinary matters are set forth in the administrative rules, and we will not enlarge upon them. Gunsolus argues that, despite all this, Fredlund’s affidavit should have been considered somewhere in the appeal process. We have noted that Gunsolus had no right to offer testimony at the prison hearing. As for the courts, certiorari review is strictly limited to the record made before the administrative agency, State ex rel. Irby v. Israel, 95 Wis. 2d 697, 703, 291 N.W.2d 643, 646 (Ct. App. 1980), and the affidavit was not part of that record. Indeed, under Wis. Adm. Code, sec. HSS 303.75(4), it could not have been. Gunsolus simply has not persuaded us that the prison authorities acted contrary to law or reached an unreasonable result in their consideration of the charges. We affirm the order. By the Court. — Order affirmed.

github_open_source_100_8_20272

Github OpenSource

Various open source

exports.up = function(knex) { return knex.schema.createTable('libraries', library => { library.increments(); library.string('name',510); library.string('description',510); library.string('library_usage',510); library.string('notes',510); library.string('image',510); library.specificType('headmasterId', 'integer ARRAY'); library.integer('villageId'); library.integer('schoolId'); }) }; exports.down = function(knex) { return knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('libraries'); };

github_open_source_100_8_20273

Github OpenSource

Various open source

package example.service; import example.repo.Customer660Repository; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class Customer660Service { public Customer660Service(Customer660Repository repo) {} }

2532408_1

Caselaw_Access_Project

Public Domain

Mallery, J. The plaintiff brought this action upon the following contract of guaranty: "Unconditional Guaranty — In consideration of the awarding of this Contract, the undersigned, jointly and severally, guarantee unconditionally at all times full payment of any and all sums now due or which may hereafter become due from the Distributor named in said Contract to the Cowles Publishing Company, upon the failure of said Distributor to pay promptly the full amount thereof when due, I hereby waive notice of default and agree that time of payment may be extended without notice to me or consent from me. The undersigned jointly and severally promise to pay such indebtedness, together with a collector's fee of at least Ten Dollars ($10.00), and in the event that suit is brought hereon, a reasonable attorney's fee in addition to costs allowed by statute. No bonus or discount that may be given Distributor by the Cowles Publishing Company shall in any way affect this guarantee." The complaint alleged that, on January 9, 1944, one Richard Baker entered into a written contract with the plaintiff to distribute the Spokane Spokesman Review; that, concurrently, as part of the same transaction and in consideration of the awarding of the distributor's contract to Baker, the defendants executed and delivered to plaintiff the above guaranty; that, as of the date of the complaint, the sum of $1,899.04 was due and owing on the distributor contract by Baker to plaintiff; that demand and notice had been given. Defendant answered by a general denial and three affirmative defenses, the first of which sounded in fraud and was abandoned before trial. The second affirmative defense alleged that the defendants McMann had not executed the guaranty as a community, while the third affirmative defense set up lack of consideration for the defendants' promises. All matters contained in the amended answer was denied by the reply, and, upon issues so joined, trial before the court and jury resulted in judgment dismissing the complaint. The defendants McMann are Baker's mother-in-law and father-in-law. The defendants Bodine are his insurance brokers but otherwise are mere casual acquaintances. The contract of guaranty, which was executed in duplicate, was printed below the distributorship contract upon the same sheet of paper. The only date of the execution of the instrument is to be found in the upper left-hand corner of the distributor contract. The guaranty contract contains no date. The distributor contract contains eighteen paragraphs, one of which, paragraph eleven, provides that ". . . upon breach by the Distributor of any of the terms of this Contract, the Company may immediately terminate it and give notice to the Distributor to that effect." Plaintiff introduced the contracts into evidence, together with evidence as to their execution and delivery, and then rested on its theory that they were executed concurrently, with the result that the contract of guaranty was supported by the same consideration as the distributor contract. In the negotiations between Baker and the plaintiff, the latter was represented by its circulation manager, D. H. Wagner. At the time he signed the contract, on January 8, 1944, Baker was told by Wagner that he would be required to post a cash bond and to obtain guarantors. This he agreed to do, although no mention was made as to the identity of the prospective guarantors. The next day was a Sunday. It was imperative that the plaintiff have its papers distributed in the area in question. On that day, Baker commenced performance of his contract. The plaintiff furnished and charged him with newspapers, set up a "draw" account and other bookkeeping records pertaining to his territory. Baker was never out of the "red." Plaintiff's records show that at the end of the first accounting period, January 31, 1944, Baker was indebted to them in the amount of $1,107.33. At the end of the second period, February 28, 1944, the indebtedness amounted to $2,495.15. On August 17, 1944, Baker owed them $3,378.36. Exercising the right reserved to it by paragraph eleven of the distributor contract, plaintiff, on that day, terminated the contract. Thereafter, certain sums were collected by the plaintiff and credited to Baker's account, leaving a net indebtedness of $1,-899.04, for which, together with interest and attorney's fees, plaintiff seeks recovery. The defendants introduced evidence to show that, at the time the distributor contract was signed by Baker, on January 9, 1944, they had no knowledge of the guaranty, and that, in fact, it was not submitted to them for signature until, at the earliest, the latter part of February. While it is uncontested that the guaranty was executed and delivered subsequent to the execution and delivery of the distributor contract, the actual date of delivery of the guaranty to Wagner was sharply disputed, the plaintiff contending that delivery took place on January 22, 1944, while the defendants placed the date as much later. Plaintiff's motion for a directed verdict and challenge to the sufficiency of the defendants' evidence were denied. At the close of the trial, the case was submitted to the jury, which found for the defendants. The plaintiff's motion for judgment n. o. v. or a new trial was likewise denied, whereupon it prosecuted this appeal. Denial of its various motions is assigned as error, as well as the court's refusal to adopt appellant's requested instruction No. 3. The court's instructions Nos. 2 and 3 are also assigned as error. All of the assignments of error present the same general question, viz.: whether, although the guaranty was admittedly executed and delivered subsequent to the awarding of the principal contract, there was a consideration moving from the appellant to either the respondents or to Baker which would support the contract of guaranty. Appellant seeks to apply the following rule, laid down in 24 Am. Jur. 906, Guaranty, § 50: "Although it may have been executed at a time subsequent to the creation of the principal obligation, a contract of guaranty is founded upon a consideration if its execution is the result of previous arrangement, the principal obligation having been induced by or created on the faith of the guaranty." In substance, the appellant's position is that the distributor's contract was awarded upon the strength of Baker's promise to supply guarantors, and that subsequently, when the respondents signed as such, the consideration for the distributor's contract attached to and supported their promise of guaranty. At the time the distributor contract was executed, respondents had made no offer of guaranty, either to appellant or to Baker. There is nothing in the record to show any agency between Baker and respondents by which Baker might have offered their promise of guaranty to appellant. There is no showing that it was contemplated by Wagner and Baker that these particular people would become guarantors, nor had appellant at any time previous to the execution of the guaranty by respondents, indicated to them that it contemplated them as present or prospective guarantors. A review of the cases makes it apparent that the rule contended for by appellant has been limited in its application to situations where at the time the principal obligation is entered into: (1) the guarantor has offered or promised the debtor to guarantee the debt for him, and the debtor communicates this information to the creditor, who executes the principal contract in reliance thereon, (2) or the guarantor makes such promise direct to the creditor with the same result, (3) or the debtor gives the creditor an assurance that, if he later deems the debt insecure, he might look to a certain person, then named by the debtor, to guarantee the debt. See Paul v. Stackhouse, 38 Pa. 302; Standley v. Miles & Adams, 36 Miss. 434; McNaught v. MocClaughry, 42 N. Y. 22, 1 Am. Rep. 487; Kennedy & Shaw Lbr. Co. v. S. S. Const. Co., 123 Cal. 584, 56 Pac. 457; Williams v. Perkins, 21 Ark. 18; Case Threshing Mach. Co. v. Patterson, 137 Ky. 180, 125 S. W. 287; Williamson & Co. v. Ragsdale, 170 Tenn. 439, 95 S. W. (2d) 922; Garland v. Gaines, 73 Conn. 662, 49 Atl. 19, 84 Am. St. 182; Brandon v. Pittman, 117 Fla. 678, 158 So. 443. The cases clearly show that the basic premise of the rule relied upon by the appellant is that the creditor, in entering into the principal contract, relied upon an existing offer or promise of the guarantor to hind himself at some future date. There was no such offer or promise here, and thus the rule has no application. It is contended further by appellant that, by provisions of paragraph eleven of the distributor contract, it was entitled, at the time the contract of guaranty was entered into, to have treated Baker's then existing indebtedness as a breach of the distributor contract and could at that moment have terminated its contract with Baker. Appellant then argues that its forbearance to do so gave rise to a new consideration, which attached to and supported the guaranty contract. The flaw in this argument is at once apparent. Mere forbearance, without an agreement to forbear, is not sufficient. As stated in 1 Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty 68, §25: "An agreement on the part of the creditor for general indulgence toward the principal, without any definite time being specified, with proof of actual forbearance for reasonable time, is sufficient. An agreement for delay in consideration of further forbearance means forbearance for a convenient or reasonable time. But in order that forbearance by the creditor towards the principal may be a sufficient consideration, there must be an agreement on the part of the creditor that he will forbear. Mere forbearance or omission on the part of the creditor to exercise his legal right without any agreement to that effect is not sufficient, because he may at any moment, and at his own pleasure, proceed. There must be promise for promise" (Italics ours.) See, also, 38 C. J. S. 1167, Guaranty, § 261, and 24 Am. Jur. 908, Guaranty, § 52. There was no such agreement here. The appellant made no agreement either with Baker or the respondents to forbear termination of Baker's contract. It could have, so long as Baker was in default, "at any moment and at his [its] own pleasure" proceeded to terminate the distributorship contract. Finally, appellant has assigned as error the fourth paragraph of the court's instruction No. 3, which paragraph reads as follows: "On the other hand, if you find from a preponderance of the evidence that the awarding of the distributor's contract reffer[r]ed to in plaintiff's Exhibit 1-A and 1-B was not made to the said Baker in reliance on said guaranty, but was independent thereof, then there would be no consideration for such guaranty, and if you find from the preponderance of the evidence that there was no such consideration, then your verdict should be for defendants." for the reason that, by leaving it as a question of fact for the jury to determine whether the distributorship contract was awarded in consideration of obtaining the guaranty, the court violated the parol evidence rule in permitting the terms of an unconditional written guaranty to be contradicted by oral evidence. In Lazear v. Nat. Union Bank of Maryland, 52 Md. 78, 36 Am. Rep. 355, it was held reversible error not to submit this question to the jury. As there stated: "The guaranty of the appellant is shown to have been executed by him and accepted by the appellee, and the subsequent discounting of paper, of which Lazear Brothers were drawers, or which they had endorsed, furnishes prima facie evidence that such discounts were made upon the faith of the guaranty. But such prima facie evidence may be rebutted by other proof offered by the guarantor, or by facts and circumstances put in evidence by the appellee. Whether the money was parted with by the appellee on the faith of the guaranty or otherwise, is a question exclusively for the determination of the jury, and there are some facts and circumstances appearing in the evidence, as contained in the record, which should have been submitted to the consideration of the jury, whose duty it is to determine to what weight, if any, they are entitled. We are of opinion, therefore, that there was error in rejecting the appellant's fourteenth prayer." See, also, Currie Fertilizer Co. v. Byfield, 9 Ind. App. 180, 34 N. E. 451, 36 N. E. 438. The question was properly'one for the jury. Upon this question, the date of the execution of the guaranty became material. Parol evidence is admissible to contradict the date of a written instrument. Shelton v. Dunn, 6 Kan. 128; Gately v. Irvine, 51 Cal. 172; Levy v. Dusenbery, 32 Cal. App. 411, 163 Pac. 231; McFall v. Murray, 4 Kan. App. 554, 45 Pac. 1100; Randolph v. Mullen, 73 Okla. 199, 175 Pac. 512. Furthermore, it is always competent to show by parol evidence that the date inserted in a written instrument was not the date of delivery. Rupert Nat. Bank v. Insurance Co. of North America of Philadelphia, 40 Idaho 530, 234 Pac. 465. Such evidence does not contradict or vary the language of the contract. As stated in 3 Jones Commentaries on Evidence (2d ed.) 2757, § 1511: "By operation of law, a written agreement merges within itself all prior negotiations which it purports to cover. Since the writing thus becomes the sole material fact, evidence concerning negotiations becomes wholly irrelevant and immaterial, and the courts will hear none of it. The rule of merger does not purport to apply except in connection with writings which have become legally complete and effective or binding. Accordingly it may of course be shown by parol or otherwise that there was no proper execution or delivery of an apparent agreement. The general rule that antecedent and contemporaneous oral stipulations cannot be received to alter or vary the term of a written contract 'has no application when the execution of the writing is the subject of inquiry. It presupposes the due execution and delivery of the writing in a way to bind both parties to its terms.' " Respondent affirmatively pleaded irregularity of execution. Under the issues of the case, the evidence was clearly admissible. The judgment is affirmed. Millard, Blake, Jefeers, and Connelly, JJ., concur..

b33017220_0009_31

French-PD-diverse

Public Domain

+ Drake ( Rogerius ), Docteur en Médecine, écri. vit’ en faveur du fentiment d'Harvée far la circue Jarion. Vindicte contra animadwerfiones Prémirofii in thefes Juas. Londini 1641 , in-4°. Leydæ 1647 , in-4°. 16$7, in-4°. Il répond aux obje@ions que Primerofe , Plem pius & Parifanus avoicnt faites au fentiment d'Har vée; il les accufe de défaut de logique , & rap Q qi MVIL Sicéle, & enr 1641." WALÆUS: 610 HISTOIRE DE L'ANATOMIE porte plufeurs paffages par lefquels il prouve que ces Auteurs fe contredifent mutuellement ; cet ou 1641+. rage cft aflez bien écrit, & on peut le confulter DRAKE. avec avantage. Thejès de circulatione naturali, feu cordis & fan guinis motu cirulari, pro clar. Harveiodifputate fub prafidio Johan. Walaiï. L'Auteur expofe en peu de mots le méchanifme de {a circulation: il fe fait enfuite de lui-même plufeurs objetions , qu'il tâche de réfoudre de fon mieux ; il y loue fréquemment Harvée , & y critique au con traire avec chaleur Primerofe. DrzeBoé. De-le-Boé ( François), en latin Sylvius , naquit à Hanovre en 1614 , d'une illuftre famille, originaire du Cambrefis , & d'Anne de Lavignette ; on ne négli gea rien pour fon éducation , & il en profita. Le 16 Mars 1637 il fut reçu Docteur en Médecine dans l'U niverfité de Bâle ; il parcoutut enfuite les Villes les plus célebres de l'Allemagne & de la France, Il s’éta blir à l’âge de 28 ans à Amfterdam, pour y prati uer La Médecine , & fon efpérance ne fut pas vaine , je peuple & les grands eurent confiance en lui, & il fur heureux dans fa pratique. En 1658 les Cura XVII. Siecle. teurs de l'Univerfité de Leyde l’appellerent chez eux, & lui donnerent la place de premier Profefleur de : Médecine pratique , vacante par la mort d'Albert. Kyper. On étroit depuis long-tems en difpute dans cette Univerfité {ur la circulation du fang , les uns: l'admettoient, les autres la réfutoient. De-le-Boé, avant d’embrafler quelque parti , voulut confulter la nature : fes recherches ne furent point fuperflues, il y apprit le véritable méchanifme de la circula tion. Ce grand homme mourut à Leyde en 1678 , à Vâge de 64 ans : on mit fur fon tombeau l'épitaphe : fuivante : Francifeus de le Boe, Sylvius, Medicinæ pra@icæ profeflot ; Tam humanæ fragilitatis Quàm obrepentis plerifque mortis memor ; De comparando tranquillo Jiftanti cadaveri fepulchto , ÊT DE LA CHIRURGIE. 611, EE ee Mr NE Ac de conftruendäâ corimodà XVIL Siccle. : | Ruenti corpori domo , . 1641. | Æque cogitabat ferid. | DE LEBOË. ne Lugduni Batavorum. ; M: D, C: L À Ve Nous avons de lui fur l’Anatomieou fur la Chi. … æurgic. |: À Diéfata ad C, Bartholini infhituriones anatomicas. Lugd. Batav. 1641... Difputationum medicarum pars prima , five, des cas , primarias corporis humani funéfiones naturales ex anatomicis,, ..experimentis deduétas compleitens = guarum 1. Apit de alimentorum fermentatione in ven Fr AUS triculo. IX, De chyli facibus alvinis fecretione , at. que in laiteas venas propulfione in intefinis perfeda. . HI. De chyli mutatione in fanguinem , circulari arts guinis motu © cordis, arteriarum pulfu.. IV. De fpiri . suum antmalium in cerebro cerebelloque confeétione , per nervos diffributione atque ufu vario. NV. De lienis & glandularum ufu, VE. De bilis ac hepatis ufu. VII. De _ refpiratione , ufuque pulmonum, VII. De vafis Lympha ticis & Tympha, &c. Gc. Armflélod. 1663, intr. Lupd. Batav, 1670 , in-12. Lipf 1634 ,in-12. Fran. of. 1676 ,in,12. : _Praxeos medice idea nova ; libér primus de affec tibus naturalis hominis funéfiones lafas vel conftituen tibus , vel producentibus , &c. Opera omnia. Geneve 1680 , in-fol, Quoique cet Auteur ait beaucoup travaillé en -Anatomie , il a cependant peu avancé cet art ; aw lieu de, s’en tenir à l'obfervation & au témoignage des fens extérieurs , il a beaucoup donné à fon ima gination ce, qui lui a fait fouvent perdre de vue les objets eflentiels qu'il étoit fur le point de décou vrir. Un vrai Phyficien fuit la nature dans fa mar che , & ne la devance jamais. Sylvius a tenu une route contraire, c'eft ce qui l'a porté à forger mille fyftêmes ; & comme les hommes aiment naturelle ment les explications, ces fyftêmes eurent de La vo gue pendant un tems , les principales; Univerfi Qq D “ 612 HisTOIRE DE L'ANATOMILE —— tés de l'Europe en ont retenti. Sylvius avoir quel. RVIT. Siecle. ques connoiflances de chymie, & les a appliquées 164%. au corps humain ; il eft un des premiers parti De Lesoë. fans de la fermentation des humeurs , & ilya recouru pour expliquer les fécrétions. Cet Auteur à admis dans le corps humain les principes que la chymie extrait des corps ; c'eft lui qui a regardé le ‘fuc pancréatiqué comme acide , & qui a trouvé un alkali dans la bile ; cependant lPalkali & l'acide. s'ils exiftoient altéreroient par leur contact les voies alimentaires : Sylvius s'eft perfuadé que l’alkali de H bile fe combinoit avec l'acide du fuc pancréati= que ,& qu'il en réfultoit une liqueur nouvelle qui tenoit par fa nature un milieu entre-l’acide & lalkaki: Il eft l’Auteur de plufieurs autres explications ; il& fecouru à une explofion dans le cœur ; pour -explis quer les mouvemens alternatifs de ce vifcere ; il a eu auf recours à la-chymie ; pour expliquer les fouvemens du cerveau. Avec de tels principes ila peu avancé l'hiftoire des maladies : fes travaux lui euflent été plus avantageux, s'il eût apporté dans Vobfervanion & dans fes expériences un génie plus phyficien , & s'il eût préféré les defcriptions aux rai fonnemens qui féduifent , mais qui nous trompent fréquemment. & tt : Cet Auteur croyoit que la bile fe fiftroit dans fa véficule du 'fiel , & qu’elle fe portoit vers le foie par le canal hépatique : il afignoit par-là à celr quide une marche contraire à celle’que nous lu attribuons. Ce qu’il a dit de meilleur fur 1a bile, c’eft qu'elle n'eft pointexcrémentitielle ; mais qu'elle rentre daus le torrent de nos humeurs , & qu’elle cft de la clafe dés liqueurs récrémeñititiellés, L'ex périence Jui à appris qu'en foufflant dans l’arrere hë. patique, l'air parvenoit dans les canaux héparicyfti ques , & de-là dans la veflie du fiel (a). Cependant comme il évoit plus inftruit en mécha nique que fes prédéceffeurs , 1} a indiqué les ufages du diaphragme ; il a prouvé d’une maniere irrévoca ble que ce mufcle s'applanit pendant l'infpiration , (4) Qperz omnia pag. x. dits Genevæ 1680 » in-foke ELA ANT ee UT : + LR RS eroDE LA CHIRURGIE : : 614 & fe voûte pendant l'expiration ; il a indique les vaifleaux lymphatiques du poumon, Cet Auteur a parlé aufli dans fon excellent traité de la phrhifie, de plufieurs glandes de ce. vifcere ; il en admet de conglobées & de conglomérées (a). Parifes difleétions il s'eft afluré que pluñeurs des valfleaux latés com muniquoient avec les vaifleaux chyliferes ; il a dé crit plufieurs de leurs valvules, & il n’a point igno té que les mamelles recevoient une grande quan tité de vaifleaux lymphatiques. Sa defcriprion des vaiffeaux galaétaphores eit exacte , & mérite d’être confulrée{(4); il à aufli dépeint avec aflez d'exactitude le canal pancréatique de: Virfangus (c). De le-Boë a favament détaillé les maladies des femmes enceintes , celles des enfans , & plufeurs de celles du fœtus ; il a eu des idées fort étendues fur la fécrétion de l'urine ; quoiqu'il ait donné une aflez mauvaife defcription des reins ; mais il s’eit furpañlé dans la defcription des glandes falivaires, Il a connu les glandes buccales , & a avancé que le palais étoit tapilé d’unemmembrane glanduleufe , de laquelle dé coule dans la bouche , par le moyen de canaux très . nombreux , une abondante quantité de falive : il s’eft expliqué fur l'ufage des canaux extérieurs des glan des maxillaires 3 il a fait ufage de la découverte de Stenon , & ilaccorde à Cet Auteur la gloire qu'il mé rite. Accoutumé à louér les grands hommes , il n’a pas manqué à citer honorablement Ruifch , en décri vant l’artere bronchique ; il a fait ufage de plufieurs autres découvertes des modernes , que nous rappor terons ailleurs. Il a regardé louraquecomme un ligament , & la membrane allantoïde lui a paru un être de raifon. Il à connu les vrais ufages du trou ovale , & a don né une defcription aflez exacte des vaifleaux om bilicaux , quelques-uns (d) lui attribuent la décou. verte de l'os leaticulairce de l'oreille. (4) Pag. 25. (b) Pag. 441. (ce) Voyez les ouvrages de Plempius & ceux de Gtaaf. (d) Haller, Philol. pag. 526. C. Barcholini inftic: anat. pag. 58. T. Bartholin, anar. renovat. pag. 714. Veflingii Syaragna ; page 214: | va Qqiv D XVII. Siccles 1641. DE LEBOË, 6i4 HisTOTRE DE L'ANATOMIÉ. mms Ce qu'il dit fur le cœur eft exa@t} quoique fort XVII. Siecle. sbrégé ; il a adinis la circulation , & l'a décrite avec. 1641, beaucoup de clarté. Il a été plus loin, il a prétendu Diiesce QUE les vaifleaux chyliferes avoient un mouvement pétiftaltique , & que plufieurs s’abouchoïient danse foie ; il a tenu un autre langage, lorfqu'il a connu le canal thorachique décrit par Pequet. Après plufeurs anciens, il a parlé de l’échancrure du cerveau qui fépare te lobe antérieur du lobe moyen ; il a décrit le canal de communication entre le troifieme & le quatrieme ventricule & a indiqué des petits finus latéraux.Deleboë a cru entrevoir dans la glande tyroïde une fubftan ce analogue à celle: des tefticules , & il a foupçon né que cette glande avoi: un canal excréreur qui s’ouvroit dans la trachée-artere., Cet Anatomifte a cru aufli que les reins fuccenturiaux verfoient dans les gros vaifleaux fanguins une liqueur féreufe , qui L' rendoit le fang plus fluide (a). Aucun Anatomilte n’a fait plus d'ouvertures de ca davre, pour déterminer les caufes & les effets des maladies | que celui dont j'analyfe les ouvrages ;: fes travaux fur là phthifie lui: méritent une place diftinguée parmi les Médecins Anatomiftes : il à dé crit avec foin les ravages que cette maladie caufe dans Jes poumons. Cet Auteur s’eft encore convain cu que dans la phthifie les glandes maxillaires & les glandes méfentériques s’obftruoieut & devenoient fquirrheufes. M. Mead , Médecin Anglois ; a dans la fuite fait part de cette réflexion. Deleboë avoit aufli obfervé qu’on trouvoit chez les femmes qui ont fait plufieurs enfans l’épiploon re tiré vers l’eftomac, & que plufeurs fujets avoient des calculs biliaires dans la véficule du fiel, fans avoir eu la jaunifle , &c. &c. * Ilya dans les ouvrages de Deleboë plufeurs ré flexions Chirurgicales; l'Auteur a décrit l’opération de Pempieme & celle de la paracenthefe ; il. a aufl parlé aflez au long des abcès & des ulceres/véné riens, & pour les guérir il recommande l’ufage des mercuriaux , &c. (4) Tranfa@ions Philofophiques, ; ÉTODE LA CHIRURCTE: 61$ Schneider ( Conrad Victor }, Médecin célebre > XVIL, Stecle, ui profefloit la Philofophie & la Médecine à Witnu temberg , vers le milieu du dernier fiecle , jouit a d'une réputation des plus étendues ; eile étoit fonSCHNE1DER. dée fur fes écrits. | De corde difputatio. Witteber, 1641, in-12. … Difertationes Anatomice de partibus, quas vocant, Principalioribus , corde , capite | hepate, cum obferva tontbus ad Anatomiam , &c. pertinentibus. Witre Berg, 1643 , in-8°, Liber de offe cribriformi , & fenfu ac organo odo ratis , &c. Witteberce 16 SS 3 in-12; : … Difputationes offeologica aliquot. Witteberce 1649, 40-89, Difputatio Medica ; de offibus temporum , ibid. 1653, Mn-6°. as De ofe occipitis , ejufdem wviriis & vulneribus 1653. .. Difputatio Medica de offibus fincipitis ; ibid, 1653. … De fraitura cranii, Wüteberge 1653: De partu diffcilit | ibid. 167$ , &c. &c. …. Liber primus de catarrhis ; quo agitur de fpecie. bus catarrhorum , &c. Witteberga 1660, in-4°. Li ber, fecundus , ibid, Liber tertius ; ibid, 1661 , in-4°, Liber quartus , ibid. Liber quintus & ultimus , &c. ibid, 1662, in-4°, | eh. Le traité de Cararrho eft fort mal écrit, & eff très diffus : J’Auteur l’eût pu reftreindre à un petit vo lume in douze (a). On trouve cependant parmi ces difcours prolixes plufieurs réflexions judicteufes fur la ftru@ure de la membrane pituitaire , & fur celle de l'os éthmoïde. Après avoir rapporté le fentimene des. Auteuts, il donne une defcription complette des parties. L’os éthmoïde ne lui paroït pas appartenir à la face, mais au crâne ; il eft rempli de cellules, &: ordinairement , fuivant Schneider , elles aboutif fent à fept finus renfermés dans la propre fubftan (4) Cæterum eruditiffimus Schneiderus etiam :nimis , fi id fieri potelt , dodtus fuit; nimis multas {criptorum oblivionem otiüs meritorum opiniones collegit : ita opus nimis amplum iccit , & dificilius leu , cüm rarius audor , frequentiffimè loquantur alii 3 Haller ; meth. flud. pag. 476. ALES AR CAR Gb XVIL. Siecle. 1641 ” SCHNEIDER, Î bus mucus extrahi folet. Sed hi cuniculi ex tenuiflimis offibuus ! L , 616 HISTOIRE DE L'ANATOMIE ce fpongieufe de cet os : il y en a fur tout x de chaque coté, placé à la partie poftérieure , dai l'endroit où cet os touche à la parois du finus fph noïdal. Schneider prétend que ces finus de l’osétl moïde font naturellement vuides de morve , quoi qu’ils foient tapiflés par une partie de la membr:a ne pituitaire ; au lieu que les autres cellules fon prefque toujours remplies d’une humeur vifqueun & gluante: l'os éthmoïde eft recouvert de la mem brane pituitaire, Schneider connoifloit les trous o bitaires antérieurs & poftérieurs dont Plempius avco déja parlé dans fon ophtalmographie. Notre Auter divife l'os éthmoïde , en partie moyenne & en parti latérale ; il indique les lames folides & la fubftana fpongieufe 3 il fait l'énumération des os voifinss mais il eft fi obfcur , & il fait des digreffions fi lon gues & fi fréquentes , qu’on a toute la peine à le fu vie. Il a parlé fortau long des trous de la lame hont fontale de cet os, & il a avancé que dans lért naturel , ils étoient complétement :férmés par ll netfs qui y pafñlent , nam ejus foraräbus nervi [uu abftrufs quibus fpiramentum in totum precluditur, on zefque frigoris & injurte aditus obftruuntur (a). . Quelques Anatomiftes , cités déja plufeurs foo dans cet ouvrage , avoient parlé de la premiere paa re des nerfs , maïs aucun n’avoit fi bien vu leur di: tribution dans l'organe de l’odorat , que Schneider! cet Anatomifte les a vus fe répandre fous la Su brane pituitaire , #1 quoque nervi fubter cunélam mer) branam difperguntur (b). Schneider paroît avoir connu les cornets de l'io éthmoïde que Bertin a décrits dans la fuite : du moi ce qu'il dit a quelque analogie à ce que Bertin : avancé (c). Il a aufli fait quelques rechercher fin les finus frontaux ; il s’eft convaincu qu'ils com (a) Lib 3. cap. 1, (b) Ibid. { (c) Circa illam offeam apophyfim, quæ vomeri aratri fimni tudine refpondet , quofdam cuniculos offeos fubeunt ad laut ra oflis ethmoïdis, à quibus pervius eft meatus narium, quil partim latis , partim cavis & fphæricis , in quAmplurimis er pus à me obfervati & demonitrati : à nullo eorum qui oftex IBMODE LA CHIRURGYE 61 #2 À k È ! 1 | muniquoient avec les narines : ces finus font plus ou Ed muuiq P XVII. Siecle. + moins grands , plus ou moins petits, plus ou moins nombreux ; ils communiquent entreux , où bienily 164r. _aune cloifon intermédiaire qui les fépare. est Sonnerie Tous les finus du nez communiquent entr'eux ; c'eftune vérité démontrée de nos jours, Schneider J'avoit apperçue : ces finus font recouverts par une membrane plus ou moins épaiffe , d’une couleur plus _Gu moins rouge , &c. Notre Auteur la nomme mem: ) brane pituitaite : il Pa divifée en membrane anté _ricure , & en membrane poitérieure des narines. Schneider cite plufieurs de fes prédécefleurs : ceux _ dui croyent que c'éft lui qui l'a le premier décou verte , commértenr l'erreur la plus grofliere , & don _nénit les marques de l'ignorance la plus crafle, Cette membrane eft récouverte par un refeau des vaif feaux fanguins qui lui portent la morve, Cet Ana tomifte dir que dans plufeurs paints de cette mem brane les vaifleaux fe raffemblent, & forment des _cfpeces de houpes qui verfent l'humeur vifqueufe. Schneider parle de quatre abondantes fources qu'il a obfervées , deux proche des finus maxillaires , & deux au-deffous de l’apophife bafilaire de Fos occi pital (a), qui eft recouverte par la membrane pitui taire , de laquelle partent plufeurs prolongemens qui bouchent les ouvertures intermédiaires aux os qu’on apperçoit dans les bafes des crânes deffechés. Notre Auteur a trouvé deux coips cartilagineux de figure rhomboïdale qui rempliloient les fnus con nus aujourd'hui , chez quelques Anatomiftes mo dérnes , fous le nom de fecondes fentes du crane : ‘ces cartilages interceprent tonte communication en tre Le cerveau & les ariieres-natines , enforte mé ie, dir Schneider, qu'aucune liqueur, pas même le fans, ne fauroit paffer à travers. Sangurs ore naribuf= Togiam traftarunt , mihi fatis rerfpicuë videntur defcripti, cûm *tamen non parum âd excretioncm illarum vias cognofcendas fa= giant. Lib. HI. pag. 43 3. te (4) lila membrana quæ additamentum offis occipitis in ultis mo palato involvir , illa , inquain, picuitan condit, continet , & ermivtit , Lib, EE, cap. 3: pag. 503 XVII. Siecle, 1641. SCHNEIDER. -plufieurs glandes pituitaires ; il a fait obferver quué 618 HiIsTotrrx DE L'ANATOMIE que rejeélus , ex variis corporis membris procedit.… de cerebro fanguis in os & in nares venire non pote} (a). Cette propofition de Schneider mérite la plu grande attention des Anatomiftes ; je me fuis déj; étendu fur cet objet, en faifant l'hiftoire de Véfate: Jentrerai dans des détails ultérieurs dans celles dd MM. Petit de Namur & de Bertin, On trouve dans louvrage que j’analyfe plufieur: obfervations intéreflantes fur le catharre , à la fuice duquel la ftruéture de là membrane pituitaire avoii acquis l’épaifleur & la denfité de la corne : cet Anaa tomifte l'a vu remplie de tubercules fquirrheux , exx trêémement feche , & couverte d’une morve trop abondante ou trop vifqueufe | ou trop fluide, &c.. Dans l’état naturel la membrane pituitaire eft. em duite de cette humeur comme fi elle étoit ver: niflée. Dre Ingraffias avoit décrit l'os fphénoïde avec beaut coup de précifion , Schneider a ajouté à festravaux 1: il en a connu Les trous & les éminences , & en a dét crit la pofition & la ftruéture avec beaucoup d’éf rudition 3 mais il s'eft furpañlé dans la defcriptios des ventricules du cerveau ; il a renouvellé ce qui le célebre Arantius avoit écrit fur les produétiom médulilaires de la voüte à trois piliers, ou fur fon hyppocampus. Schneider s'explique avec énergie, &à on voit qu'il n'a pas été fimple copifte , maiis qu'il a obfervé plus d'une fois ce qu’il avance, On trouve toujours l'empreinte du génie dans les traÿ vaux d'un homme judicieux & éclairé ; il a donné une table des poids de différens cerveaux & dis leur grofleur n'étoit pas proportionnée à celle di cerveau , car de gros cerveaux ont de petites glam: des, & de groffes glandes appartiennent à de pee tits cervaux (8). Il s’eft auffi afluré que l'eau des Ven .tricules n’étoit pas repompée pat cette glande , 8 qu'ellene fervoit pas non plus à fon excrétion , &ce. La plupart des cavités du corps humain font lubrii. (a) Capur. IT. (b) Lib. HI. 1 fix D ETDEZLACHIRURGIE 619 _ées par une férofité qui tranfude des membranes = ‘4 XVII. Siecle. qui les tapiflent : les gouttes de cette férofité font repompées à proportion , ainfi l'eau ne s’accumule 1641: pas dans l'état naturel, Si l’on ouvre le péricarde scHneiper. d'un homme mort depuis peu , on y trouve très peu de liqueur ; mais fi on laifle écouler un certain tems avant de faire l'ouverture , l’on y trouve une quantité bien plus grande de liquide. Notre Auteur avertit qu'il en atxive de même à l'égard des autres cavités ; il ajoute que l’eau qui fe ramañle dans les ventricules du cerveau & dans le péricarde , eft lim pide & femblable à la liqueur des larmes. Schneider met de lérudition dans tous les points qu’il traite: il réfute Nicolas Mafla , qui prétendoit que dans l'état naturel , & pendant la vie , il n’y avoit aucune goutte de liquide , & que celle qu’on trouvoit après a mort, tranfudoit dans fa cavité à travers fes parois dans le moment de la mort : cette difpute s’eft renou vellée de nos jours, & elle n’eft pas encore termi née (a), Les adhérences que la dure-mere contraéte avec les os du crâne étoient connues des anciens , & no tamment de Carpi & de Fallope; mais aucun ne les avoit décrites avec plus d'exaétitude que l’a fait Schneider (2) : il a averti que cette membrane étoit ftritement jointe avec les eh , qu'i y avoit des filets de cette membrane qui communiquoient avec le péricrâne. Cet Auteur favoit aufli que la duie mere contractoit des adhérences très-fortes aux os de la bafe du crâne. Il a ajouté que la ftructure de cette membrane étoit différente de celle de la mem brane pituitaire , qu’elle n’éroit pas aufli épaifle, quoiqu’elle fût plus foite ; c’eft ce qui lui a donné lieu de blâmer les Auteurs qui avoient regardé la membrane pituitaire , comme une dépendance de celle de [a dure-mere, Schneider a décrit fort au long les glandes amig dales ; il a avancé , après Fallope , que leur canal ex créteur fe dilatoit quelquefois à un tel point, qu'on (4) Lib. IT. cao. 0. () Lib. IE, cap. 3. ” ér4 HisTOrREz DE L'ANATOMIE pouvoit y introduire le petit doigt ; lorfque cet acaa y . 1 É $ + .* .. XVII. Siece, cident arrive , il furvient un écoulemert involon:. 164 Te SCHNEIDER. taire de falive qui eft fort incommode (a), & il. parlé favament de plufieurs autres maladies aux- quelles ces glandes font fujettes. Après un tel extrait de l'ouvrage de catarrho , j'an peu de chofe à dire de celui qui a pour titre , de offée cribriformi ; l'Auteur lavoit compofé long temss avant : on y lit une defcription de l'os éthmoï- de , à-peu-près femblable à celle qui {e trouve danss le traité du catarrhe , & il eft entré dans quelquess détails fur les os fpongieux. Il à décrit fort au long la membrane pituitaire qui tapifle les narines ,a trai- té des maladies qui les attaquent , & notamment less éffets de la vérole fur elles , &c.&c Il y fait obfer+. ver, après Véfale , que les fractures aux finus fron- taux peuvent donner lieu à une difhicuité de refpi rer, parceque l'air qui s’infinue dans Jes narines fortt pars l'ouverture des finus , au lieu de pénétrer danss les poumons. Vereyen parle d’un Appothicaire de: Louvain , qui fut obligé de porter pendant long tes; un emplâtre fur le front , pour couvrir un trou d'un: finus , à travers lequel fortoit l'air attiré par le nez, & néceflaire à la refpiration : 1l regarde le fait comme. nouveau , il n’eüt pas fait un tel aveu s’il eût Ju l’ou<: vrage que j'analyle, Schneider avance qu'il n’y a aucu:. ne voie de communication entre le nez & le crâne ; mais il parle d’un ton aflez indécis des nerfs olfacifs 3 : iltient , comme je l'ai déja fait voir dans fon ouvrage : des catarrhes | un langage plus pofitif fur lexiftence de ces nerfs. On trouve quelques réflexions. anatomiques dans fes diflertations fur la tête , fur le cœur & fur le foie: il s'eft étendu fort au long fur les vaifleaux lymphatiques , & en a parlé d'une maniere très fa vante ; il s’en attribue la découverte dans l'ouvrage du catarrhe. Il a aufli enrichi l’huftoire des os , on pourra lire avec fruit ce qu'il a dit fur ceux du crâne en particulier , & fur tous les autres en général. (a) Lib. HI. CAP: de ŒTDELACHIRURGIE 6it | ‘ Ent { George) , Chevalier & Préfident du College == * des Médecins de Londres , a écrit : XVII. Siecle. _. Apologia pro circulatione fanguënis. Londini 1641, 1641 1] étoit.zélé partifan d'Harvée & de la circula tion : il le témoigne dans fa réponfe à Primerofe, qui eft aflez bien faite, fi l'on pafñle quelques ana * chronifmes qui s'y trouvent. LÉ L Antidiatriba in Malachiam Thrufion de refpiratio nis ufu primario. Londini 1677 , 1682, in-8°. … Il parle de quelques expériences qu’il a faites fur le mouvement du diaphragme , & il conclut qu'il eft immobile dans la refpiration contre le fentiment de » Thrufton; cet Auteur lui répondit avec avantage. …_ Opera omnia. Londini 1677, in-folio. … On ytrouve un traité fur la circulation , & un au » tre fur la refpiration ; dans le premier il foutient le fentiment d'Harvée , & dans l’autre ii tâche de dé truire l'opinion de Thrufton , qui regardoit le dia … phragme comme le principal agent de la circulation. » Dans un ouvrage de Charleton qui a pour titre, de differentiis animalium , il foutient contre ie fen « riment de Malpighi , que les corps qu’on prend _ chez les grenouilles pour des poumons , font de . véritables nâgeoires , qui n’ont aucun mouvement pendant la refpiration, Malpighi lui répondit , & on trouve {a réponfe parmi fes ouvrages pofthumes. | Contingius ( Hertian) , étoit de Notden , en Conrincius Frife, où il naquit le 5 Novembre 1603 , d'Her man Conringius. En 1636 il pafla Doëéteur en Phi _Jofophie & en Médecine à Helmftad , & il s'y maria Je même jour. Il fut d'abord Profefleur de Phyfi que, & en 1649 Profefieur de Médecine, Il’devint ‘dans la fuite premier Médecin de la Reine de Suede, & quelques années après celui de plufieurs Princes de l'Empite 3 il étoit très favant Hiftoriographe, mais il étoit peu Anatomifte. IL mourut en 1681 à Pâge de 75 ans, | De fanguinis generatione & motu naturali, Helmz fladit 1641. Leide 1646 , in-8°. + Il fourient le fentiment d'Harvée. De calido innato, Helmefladii 1647 , in-4°, ENT: #2) C22 HISTOIRE DE L'ANATOMIE mm Contringius place la fource de la chaleur innéé XVII. Siecle. dans le feptum du cœur , c’eft de-là qu’émanent lee 1641. particules calorifiques ; cette théorie eft aflez futile: Conrinerus l'Auteur l’a cependant foutenue avec chaleur. e habitu corporum Germanorum antiqui & now ejufque caufis. Helmaftad. 1652 , in-4°. &c. Il fe fair plufieurs queftions dans cet ouvrages tantOt il fe demande pourquoi les anciens Allemandi avoiént un caractere uniforme , pourquoi ils avoiern une grandetaille, la peau blanche , les yeux bleu les cheveux blonds , tandis que de fon tems ces mêt. mes peuples ne reflembloient en rien à ‘leurs ancêtress De nurritione hominis. Helmftad, 1639, in-4°, Introduitio ad artem medicam. 1648 ,in-4. Ce Médecin donne dans cet ouvrage une hiftoirr fuccinte de l’Anatomie, elle eft fortabrégée, & il : a quelques anachronitmes, Conringius a été encore l'Editeur de la Chirurgii de Fiene; nous l’avons cité en parlant des ouvrages de ce Médecin. Angelin: (Facondi), de Rimini, Ville d'Italie: Axeezini.] dans la Romagne. … Methodus pro vene fetlione eligenda. Patav. 16411, Lbid, 1650, in-4°. | Servius ( Pierre) , Médecin de Spolette , Ville d’'Il: Servius. talie. | Differtatio de odoribus, Roma , 1641 ,in-8°, Differtatio de unguento armario , &c. Roma 1641:, in-8°, Norimo. 1662 ,in-4°. ; N Corbye (A), Maître Barbier , Chirurgien à Paris |, 6. Écrit un Traité {ur la Chirurgie, qui eft inconnu aux Corzve. Bibliographes. Les fleurs de Chirurgie cueïllies ès livres des plusé excellents Autheurs qui ayent efcrit d’icelle , tant an crens que modernes, Paris 1642, 1650, in-8°®. perilf papier. Cet ouvrage eft en forme de dialogue : l’Auteurr -dit l'avoir compofé en faveur des Afpirans à la Maï- trifeen Chirurgie : tantôtc’eft le Maître quiinterroge:, & tantôt c'eft le Difciple qui répond. Corbye a ramafléé dans cet écrit les principales queftions qui concers nent! 4 D 1 | ÉTDELACMIRURGTR Ÿ 623. | ” Keñt tin Chirurgien ; il y parle d'abord & très fucmt . cinétement de la phyfologie (, & procede enfuite à XVI. Siccleg … Kexpoñtion des maladies Chirurgicales ; la plupart oéus. des détails dans lefquels il entre font extraits de Gone Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac & de ceile d’Ambroife Pr Paré, &c. &c. 4 _ : Wiifungus( George), célebte Anatomifte Bavarois, WIRSUNGUE _ difcuple de Riolan, de Gafpard Hoffman , & de Paul Macquard Slepel, devint dans la fuite Prevôt de Veflin= gius, Ptofefleur d’Anatomie à Padoue ;oùil étoit pafté €n 1629, le 8 Novembre (a), Ce fur chéz ce dernier : qu'il découvrit le canal pancréatique : ilen fie graver la figure fur une plaqué de cuivre , qu'il dédia à {a nation … Allemande : on Ia conferve encore avec foin à Padoue. … Il envoya aufli la figure & la defcription du canal à Riolan, & fa letrre eft datée du 7 Juiller 1643. Ce canal, felon lui, éft placé au milieu du pancréas ; un nombre prodigieux de ramifications collatérales vont # aboutir ; il s'étend depuis l'extrémité qui touche la rate, jufqu'à celle Qui eft proche du duodenum. Le canal fort ici du pancréas, & pénerre dans l’intef. . tin duodenum , proche de l’infertion du canal chole: dôque ; il eft aflez gros pour qu'on puifle ÿ intro= _ dure un ftilet, Wirfungus avertit que le ftiler entre: difficilement dans le canal lorfqu'on le dirige de l’in= teftin duodenum vers le pancréas ; qu'il entre au contraire avec facilité, fi on le dirige du pancréas vers l'inteftin duodenum, Ce canal exifte dans tous les âges de la vie, & Wirfunous la trouvé dans plus fieurs animaux 3 il ne contient jämais de fang , mais une liqueur d’une couleur foncée, & qui teint un ftilet d'argent comme fait la bile. Wirfungus s'exu prime d’une maniere à-peu-près femblable, ÈR par Jant de ce canal (6), % A {4) Morgagni , epiftol: anat. 1. art. 8ç. () Dudus præfatus ; cujus icones hic habes ; in hunc mo: dum fe habet ; orificium aut principium , f ubi Major truncus ibi principium dicere liceat , amplum 4b inteftino duodeno juxta cholidochon deducit , ftylum ab inteftino pancreas vér sûs difficulter , ab hoc verd in inteftinum facilè ad mictit, & per medium univerfum pancteas , fecundüm longitudinemn versüs léenem abit , infinitas ramificationes & minimos tandem furcu Tome IT: RE LPSPPSSOSGRERESe XVII, Siecle. 1642. NWWIRSUNGÇGUS 624 HISTOIRE DE L'ANATOMIE Plufieurs Anatomiftes ont refufé à Wirfungus; l'honneur de la découverte : Jean Maurice Hoffman fon difciple la revendiqua , plufieurs la lui accordent 5 M. de Haller même dit que cet Anatomifte trouva ce canal en 1641 dans le coq d'inde : G. Bartholin,. (a) Schenkius , & plufieurs autres cités par G. Frank. (B) , l'accordent à Hoffman. M. de Haller a écrit (c): u'il a entendu dire que les Médecins d’Aldorf cé-. lébroient une fête toutes les années le jour qu'ils croyoient que Wirfungus avoit trouvé ce canal, On trouvera quelques recherches à ce fujet dans les ou vrages de Schmidt (d) & de Jean Maurice Hoffman, fils (e) : en général les Auteurs s'accordent à dire que. Hoffman fils étoit en penfion chez Wirfungus , qui découvrit ce canal en préparant quelques fujets, &c que Wirfüngus en fit la démonftration à fes Etudians le jour même , 1642 , au commencement de Mai. Le témoignage de ces grands hommes mérite fans : En doute beaucoup d'attention ; il faut cependant avouer: qu'il ne porte pas conviction. Wirfungus dit dans: a lettre qu'il à écrite à Riolan , connue de peu d'A-. natomittes, qu'il avoit chargé depuis long -tems Hoffman de lui faire part de fa découverte , mais: que voyant qu'Hoffman s'étoit fi mal acquité de fa. commiffon , il lui envoyoit lui-même la defcriprion & la figure de ce canal, Plufieurs Hiftoriens ont avancé que la découverte : du canal pancréatique , avoit occafionné la mort 2! los latere tenus fuprà., infrà, & fubirus vafa. fplenica, per: ipfum pancreas repentia de fe fpargit , lienem non adit, quem: réperii aliquando , tam in humano ; quäm brütorum fubjeétis : düplicem , brevem in loco folito , & longum infrà paulo. Item reperi eumdeminon folum in corporibus humanis adultis, nus”) per natis, & fiœtibus, verüm etiam in fimiis , canibus, cattis, fuibus , gallinis , muribus, ranis, im in omnibus, inquibus diiigenter inquihvi. Arteriam an: venam dicam ? fanguinem | numquam in eo,deprehendi ; fed. fuccum quemdam obfcutum 3 fiylum argenteum inftar fellis tingencem. ep:/2 ad. Riol (a: Exércit. anat. pag. 43e {b) Bon. nov. anat. n°. 21. (c) Mech. {tud; med. pag. 365 (b) De Germanorum in anatom. metitiss €e) Idea corporis human. pag. 42. ; ETDELACHIRURGTE. 625 Wirfungus; on dit qu’il eût à ce fujet une fi vive difpute rammmmn avec un Médecin de Dalmatie, que celui-ci fe laiffant XVII. Siecles emporter par un mouvement de colere , égorgea Wir1642. fungus. Goëlike (a) croit à ce maflacre , mais M. de EN 0 Haller le regarde comme fabuleux : M. Deidier , ProWRSUNGUS feffeur en Médecine à Montpellier(b), qui fe plaifoit à groffir les faits , & fouvent à y mettre du merveilleux, dit que Montpellier tfut le théâtre de ce meurtre. Le: grand Morgagni , toujours jaloux de nous tran{mettre les hiftoires des grands hommes , n’a pas oublié celle de Wirfungus, qui a enfeigné l’Anatomie dans la mé me Univerfité ou il profeile aujourd'hui avec tant d’é clat : il réfute les opinions de Graaff (c), de Kerkering (d), & de Munnick (e) , qui ont avancé que ce Pro fefleur fût affaffiné en plein auditoire , & il rap porte un détail circonftancié de la mort de cet Ana tomilte, qu'ila tiré des Regiftres même de la Facul4 té : on y voit que VWirfungus fut tué long-tems après la découverte du canal péncréatique , & qu'il fut affafliné à minuit , en reñcrant chez lui, par un nome mé Cambier , de Dalmatie , avec qui il avoit eu quelques affaires perfonnelles ( f). | _ C’eft à Wirfungus qu'on doit accorder la découe a) Hiftoria anat. pag. 297. édit. 1738 , in-4% (8) Anatomie raifonée , pag. 364. (e) De fucco pancred. pag. 222. . (4) Spicil. anat. proemium. ! (e) Anar. præf. (f) 22. Augufti illuxit fatalis dies ob, excell. & clariffi. D. J6h. Georgio Wirfung, Philofophiæ ac Medicinæ Doétori in clytæ nationisnoftræ afleflori honotando , qui circa 24 noc ti hôram , ex folito, fub propriæ domus janua , familiatiter cam aliquibus dominis concivibus eodem contubernio utten tibus, converfatus, à D. Jacobo Cambier , ob neftis quod odium privatum, fclopeto majori, quod carabinet vulgô dicunct, pétitus , globoque transjétus cûm fanguinis copia fimul & anie mam fudir, hæc verba id-ntidem, repetens 3 fon #horo io : 5'0 Cambier , o Cambier 5. On trouve dar un autre endroit de ce repiftre ,; quidam Dalmata interficit fclopo longo nof trum concivem fub propriæ domus janua .. . . interea fai hujus auétor fuo cognato Nicafño Cambier, uti & alio quo“ dam Dalmata comitatus , in hoc facinore comitibus , hofpi tio fuo in quo pernoétarat exiens, Paraviumque.relivquens, fuga fibi confuluit. Morgagni epifela anar, 1. pag. 85. | Rrij 626 HISTOIRE DE L'ANATOMIE mm verte du canal pancréatique : les anciens ne l’avoient. XVIL. Siecle. Loint connu , ceux même qui s'en font le plus ap 164. prochés n’ont eu que des idées fort obfcures ; Hero-" Wirsunéus phile & Eudemas avoient feulement avancé qu'il dé couloit un liquide du pancréas dans les inteftins (a), mais ils n’ont point indiqué la voie. Riolan avoit parlé de quelques veines qu'il nomme ver pancreatica , mais ce langage eft trop obfcur pour qu'il puifie avoir des prétentions à la découverte,” ainfi nous l’adjugeons à Wirfungus 3 il eft clair. qu’il l'a le premier connu dans l'homme, & il et douteux qu'Hoffman l’eût trouvé auparavant dans le” coq d'inde. | + 0 Rotrnx, Rolfinkius ( Guerner) Profefleur en Médecine de J'Univerfité d’Iene , naquit à Hambourg en 1599. d'un Profeffeur de cette Ville , qu'il perdit bientôt après avoir reçu le jour. Schellammer , fon oncle, fe chargea de fon éducation ; il l'envoya à Pâge de dix-fept ans à Wittemberg ; où il fit fon cours de Philotophie & de Médecine; c’eft-la qu’il eût occa . ion de füuivre les leçons du célebre Sennert. Il alla à Leyde , où il fit un certain féjour : le défir de fe pers feétionner le porta enfuite à parcourir l'Angleterre la France & l'Italie. Il fe fixa à Padoue , où il fui vit les habiles Profeffeurs qui y enfeignoient la Mé decine. Comme il avoit un goût exquis pour l’Anato= mie, il ne tarda pas à y faire des progrès , & à y acquérir de la réputation. Le 7 Avril 162$ il y fut fait Docteur en Philofophie & en Médecine 518 || y avoit deja cinq ans qu'il étoit dans cette Ville, || lorfqu'en 1628 on lui offrit une Chaire de Pro-" fefleur en Médecine , dans La célebre Univerfité qui venoit de lui accorder le bonnet de Docteur ; en mê-=: me rems la Ville d'Iene lui préfenta celle de Pro-? feffeur en Anatomie , Botanique & Chirurgie. Ce. dernier-emploi lui plüt, Rolfinkiusfe rendita lene, ou il fe diftingua par fes travaux , & par fon zele à communiquer fa fcience aux Etudians qui alloïent lente ndre ; il eft le dernier Profeffeur qui ait expli= (g) Galenus , Lib, II. de femine , cap. 7. | t =. EP'DE LA CHIRURGIE |! 627. _qué les ouvrages d’Avicene dans l'Univerfité d'Iene. = © I pratiqua les accouchemens, & ft la plupare des XVII Siecie, opérations Chirurgicales: cependant il y difféqua peu, T642:. vraifemblablement par li dificulté qu'il eût de fe Rorrinius procurer des cadavres ; car il s’étoit occupé à la dif fection en Italie en 1535 3 il nous apprend qu'il dif féqua dans le palais de Cantarenus la Névro-logie , & qu'il y fit une très belle préparation de la moëlle épiniere, En 1641, le 2r Février , on le nomma Pro fefleur de Chymie ; il remplit les devoirs de ces charges avec ladmiration publique, & il s'acquie une telle réputation dans la pratique de la Médec'ne, qu'on Île furnomma le pere des Médecins ; cependant, ni fon propre favoir ; ni celui des Médecins fes en ‘fans, ne purent lui prolonger la vie : la mort en ‘trancha le cours en 1673 (a). De ichore ferofo difputatio , 1642. De vulreribus , 1653. ; ë Differtationes Anatomica , veterum & recentiorum obfervationibus illufirate , ad circulationém accommo data , &c. Norimberge 1656 , in-4°: | Differtatio de hepate , ex veterum & recentiorum _propritfque obfervationibus concinnata , & ad circula= tionem accommodata, Jena 1654, in-4°. Ordo & methodus generationt dicatarum partium , per anatomen , cognofcendi fabricam liber unus, Jenæ 1664, in-49. Ordo & methodus medecine fpecialis confultatorta, continens confilia medica, Francof. 1676 , in-4°. Rolfinkius eft encore l’Auteur d’un grand nombre de differtations , les principales font : w: . De partu dificili , de hernia., feu enterocele (B) , de “renum & vefice calculo , de chylificatione lafa, de fanguificatione lafa ; de fcorbuto , de fœtu , &c. &c. Les differtations Anatomiques de Roifinkius méri tent d'être examinées, elles contiennent des détails fort utiles & fort érudits. Après un long & favanr prélude fur l'utilité, l'ancienneté & les progrès de l'Anatomie , cet Auteur donne une defcription géné (a) Præfatio ad eniftolas. (b) IL a guéri par l'opéravion une hernie avec étranglement. Rrig | A XVII. Siecle. 1642. 6239 HISTOIRE DE L'ANATOMIE rale des parties du corps; il paffe enfüuite à l'examen de chaque partie. Avant que de propofer fon fentiment , il rappelle fuccintement celui des plus anciens peres RozriNkius, de l'Art , & comme il poflédoit l’hiftorique de l'A # natomie, 1l a excellé dans ce genre de récits. A l’aide de fes leétures , Rolfinkius a été à portée de parler de plufieurs objets inconnus à fes contemporains ; c'eft ce qui prouve combien l’érudition eft utile dans tous les états qu’on profefle. Rolfinkius a mis un ordre admirable dans fes defcriptions, & cet ordre cft prefque par-tout uniforme, Communément après avr afligné la fituation générale , il détermine la paruculiere : fi c’eft d'un os dont il parle, il indique les os collatéraux 3 il avance par quels points ils fe touchent, ils fe lient , ils s'engrainent , ils s’articu lent ; il eft un des premiers qui en décrivant l’oftéo= logie , ait parlé de l’infertion des mufcles aux os. M. Bertin qui a écrit dans la fuite un traité des plus exacts fur Foftéologie | marchant fur les traces de Rolfinkius , a indiqué comme lui, en traitant de loftéologie, les attaches des mufcles : 11 a parlé de l'os lenticulaire, & d’une produ@ion membraneufe qui eft à côté de l'étrier (a). On connoït bientôt les parties molles, lorfqu’on a une parfaite connoïffance des os. Rolfnkius dit qu'il n’eft pas de meilleure méthode, que de com mencer [Anatomie par la defcription des os. Les Anatomiftes qui l'avoient précédé étoient perfuadés de cette vérité ; mais n’en avoient pas tiré l'avantage que Rolfinkius en déduit, De la defcription des os, notre Auteur pañfe à celle des mufcles , de celle-ci à celle des nerfs ; il donne enfuite fort au long l’hiftoire des vaifleaux, & enfin il termine fon cours d’Anatomie par l’expofition des vifceres, Cette façon de procéder eft jufte , Rolfinkius J'a fuivie, malgré plufieurs de fes pee ie & de fes contemporains , qui s’étoient fait une gloire de s'en écarter. | (a) Ad latera apicis ftapedis membraneum quid apparebats + inhæsebat offliculum album, parvum & rotundum , page 2 ÿe° ET DEEA CHIRURGIE 629 * Ces détails généraux fuffifent, je crois, pour don= _ ner-une idée avantageufe de l'ouvrage que j’analyfe ; es Siccles mais cet Auteur ne s’eft pas feulement diftingué par 0 l’ordre : il a donné dans fes defcriptions des marques ROLFINKIUSs de la plus grande exactitude; 11 a parlé des os furnu mérarres du crâne , dont il fait remonter la connoif fance aux plus anciens Auteurs. Hippocrate & Galien, dit-il , & Crollius en ordonnoient la poudre intérieu rement contre les maladies de la tête. Andernachen parla dans la fuite, Wormius les décrivit long-tems après; cet Auteur eut pu citer Paaw, qui en avoit par lé fort exatement, & les avoit fait defliner dans fon ouvrage de offibus avant Wormius. Dans fa defcription de l'oreille , Rolfinkius a pro fité des travaux des Anatomiftes, & notamment de ceux de Cecilius Folius ; il s'eft étendu fort au long &ur l'os lenticulaire (a), dont Cecilius Folius, François. Sylvius, Nicolas Fontanus , & Thomas Bartholin . avoient déja parlé , &c. Il fait l’hiftoire des décou vertes des autres os, & ce qu'il dit peut fervir de modele aux amateurs d’érudition. Les trous de communication entre fa cavité du crâne & celle du nez , qu’on apperçoit dans le fque lete fec, & que Schneider dit être entierement bou| see | chés dans l’état naturel, ne lui ont pas paru tels ; cependant il n’ofe s'élever hautement contre lui : ces trous , dit-il, font en partiebouchés , & en par tie ouverts. Par ces vuides paflent des vaiffcaux lÿm phatiques qui pénetrent dans le nez. Non dubitamus, ditil , per lymphatica etiam aliqua ferofa ad os & nares etiam duci , vafa (b). 4 | Cet Auteur nous a dit que la dure mere adhé. croit fortement aux futures du crâne (c) , & qu’on trouvoit fouvent fur cette membrane des oflelets furnuméraires qui pouvoient l’irriter & donner: lieu à des maladies férieufes. L’hiftoire des dents eft aflez exacte , & celle des finus de la face méri te d’êtré confultée ; Rolfinkius.a fait ufage des x (a) Diflertationesanatomicæ ; pag. 261e (b) Pag. 304. {c) Page 3210 Rriv 6390 MISTOIRE DE ANATOMIE travaux de Fallope , &c. &c. Je voudtois auffi qu'ori ÆVITSiecle. conulrât la defcription que cet Anatomifte à donnée 1642. du fphénoïde, .: . de l'os hyoïde, & de l'épine dæ Roztinxius. tronc, Rolfinkius à parlé des trous (a) & des conduits du corps , des vertébres décrits par Columbus & aux quels peu d’Anaromiftes ont fait attention : il prétend après Lanfranc, que les côtes des enfans font fujettes à s'enfoncer (4). Pour donner une idée des différen tes articulations des doigts , il a fait repréfenter deux piéces de fer jointes , & par pivot, & par charniere : les premieres phalanges font articulées par pivot (c); les autres par charniere, æ SR L'hiftoire des mufcles n’eft pas moins exade. Après des détails généraux & fort bienfaits , cet Auteur ‘donne une idée de leur ftrudure ,; de leur figu re, de leur pofition & de leurs ufages; il nie qu'ils aient en général la figure d'un +at (d) , comme les anciens l'avoient prétendu. Les mufcles font recou verts par une membrane qui fixe dans {a fituation leur maffc totale ; quelques produétions membra neufes s'enfonçant dans les mufcles forment des gai= nes aux fibres qui les maintiennent dans leur place , fans altérer leur mouvement (e). Cette réflexion ef jufte , il eft furprenant que peu d’Anatomiftes y aient fait attention. Rolfnkius dit que les tendons reçoivent très peu de nerfs, & que leur fubftance provient des mufcles dont ils font une continua= tion. R + Chaque mufcle eft adjugé à celui qui l'a décou Vert, & ce que notre Auteur dit à ce fujer mérite d'être écouté plus que la defcription elle même. D'après Arantius , il a dit que les mufcles de l'œil $’attachoïent autour du trou optique & à l'os même , . (a) Pag. 79.

github_open_source_100_8_20274

Github OpenSource

Various open source

#include "TestRuleOnCode.h" #include "rules/migration/ObjCContainerLiteralsRule.cpp" string objCNSArrayPrefix = "\n\ #define nil (id)0 \n\ typedef unsigned long NSUInteger; \n\ @interface NSObject\n@end \n\ @interface NSNumber : NSObject \n\ + (NSNumber *)numberWithInt:(int)value; \n\ @end \n\ @interface NSArray : NSObject \n\ + (id)array; \n\ + (id)arrayWithObject:(id)anObject; \n\ + (id)arrayWithObjects:(const id [])objects count:(NSUInteger)cnt;\n\ + (id)arrayWithObjects:(id)firstObj, ...; \n\ @end\n"; string objCNSDictionaryPrefix = "\n\ #define nil (id)0 \n\ typedef unsigned long NSUInteger; \n\ @interface NSObject\n@end \n\ @interface NSNumber : NSObject \n\ + (NSNumber *)numberWithInt:(int)value; \n\ @end \n\ @interface NSArray : NSObject \n\ + (id)arrayWithObjects:(const id [])objects count:(NSUInteger)cnt;\n\ @end \n\ @interface NSDictionary : NSObject \n\ + (id)dictionary; \n\ + (id)dictionaryWithObject:(id)object forKey:(id)key; \n\ + (id)dictionaryWithObjects:(const id [])objects forKeys:(const id [])keys count:(NSUInteger)cnt;\n\ + (id)dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:(id)firstObject, ...;\n\ + (id)dictionaryWithObjects:(NSArray *)objects forKeys:(NSArray *)keys;\n\ @end\n"; TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, PropertyTest) { ObjCContainerLiteralsRule rule; EXPECT_EQ(3, rule.priority()); EXPECT_EQ("use container literal", rule.name()); EXPECT_EQ("migration", rule.category()); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayLiteralWithArray) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSArray *a = @[]; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayWithArray) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSArray *a = [NSArray array]; }", 0, 15, 25, 15, 39); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayLiteralWithObject) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSArray *a = @[ @1 ]; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayWithObject) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSArray *a = [NSArray arrayWithObject:@1]; }", 0, 15, 25, 15, 52); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayLiteralWithObjectsCount) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSArray *a = @[ @1, @2 ]; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayWithObjectsCount) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSNumber *num[3]; num[0] = @1; num[1] = @2; num[2] = @3; NSArray *a = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:num count:2]; }", 0, 15, 82, 15, 119); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayLiteralWithObjects) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSArray *a = @[ @1, @2, @3 ]; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, ArrayWithObjects) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSArrayPrefix + "void m() { NSArray *a = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@1, @2, @3, nil]; }", 0, 15, 25, 15, 66); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryLiteralWithDictionary) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = @{}; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryWithDictionary) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = [NSDictionary dictionary]; }", 0, 19, 30, 19, 54); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryLiteralWithObjectForKey) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = @{ @1 : @2 }; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryWithObjectForKey) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObject:@2 forKey:@1]; }", 0, 19, 30, 19, 77); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryLiteralWithObjectsForKeysCount) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = @{ @1 : @2, @3 : @4 }; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryWithObjectsForKeysCount) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSNumber *keys[2]; keys[0] = @1; keys[1] = @2; NSNumber *values[2]; values[0] = @2; values[1] = @4; NSDictionary *d = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjects:values forKeys:keys count:2]; }", 0, 19, 130, 19, 193); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryLiteralWithObjectsAndKeys) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = @{ @1 : @2, @3 : @4 }; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:@2, @1, @4, @3, nil]; }", 0, 19, 30, 19, 92); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryLiteralWithObjectsForKeys) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = @{ @1 : @2, @3 : @4 }; }"); } TEST(ObjCContainerLiteralsRuleTest, DictionaryWithObjectsForKeys) { testRuleOnObjCCode(new ObjCContainerLiteralsRule(), objCNSDictionaryPrefix + "void m() { NSDictionary *d = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjects:@[@2,@4] forKeys:@[@1,@3]]; }", 0, 19, 30, 19, 91); }

github_open_source_100_8_20275

Github OpenSource

Various open source

#define CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER #include <catch.hpp> #include "prog5/Sphere.h" #include "prog5/Box.h" #include "prog5/Shape.h" #include <cmath> #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES #include <glm/glm.hpp> #include <glm/gtx/intersect.hpp> #include <math.h> //TODO ignore all the code below /** * 5.2 */ TEST_CASE("area + volume", "[area, volume]") { /**/ Sphere sphere{{0, 0, 0}, -7, "", {}}; REQUIRE(sphere.volume() == Approx((4 * 3.14f * 7 * 7 * 7) / 3)); REQUIRE(sphere.area() == Approx(4 * 3.14f * 7)); sphere = {{999, 999, -999}, -7, "", {}}; REQUIRE(sphere.volume() == Approx((4 * 3.14f * 7 * 7 * 7) / 3)); REQUIRE(sphere.area() == Approx(4 * 3.14f * 7)); sphere = {{999, 999, -999}, 0, "", {}}; REQUIRE(sphere.volume() == Approx(0)); REQUIRE(sphere.area() == Approx(0)); sphere = {{999, 999, -999}, -0, "", {}}; REQUIRE(sphere.volume() == Approx(0)); REQUIRE(sphere.area() == Approx(0)); Box box{{0, 0, 0}, {1, 1, 1}, "", {}}; REQUIRE(box.area() == 6); REQUIRE(box.volume() == 1); box = {{-10, -10, -10}, {10, 10, 10}, "", {}}; REQUIRE(box.area() == 2400); REQUIRE(box.volume() == 8000); box = {{10, 10, 10}, {-10, -10, -10}, "", {}}; REQUIRE(box.area() == 2400); REQUIRE(box.volume() == 8000); box = {{0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}, "", {}}; REQUIRE(box.area() == 0); REQUIRE(box.volume() == 0); /**/ } /** 5.3 * * * Die Initialisierung der Basisklasse erfolgt in der Initialisierungsliste * des Konstruktors der abgeleiteten Klasse! Wo wird der Konstruktor der * Basisklasse aufgerufen? * * * Box::Box(glm::vec3 min, glm::vec3 max, std::string name, Color color): * max_(max),min_(min), * * Shape(name,color) // Hier wird der Konstruktor der Basisklasse aufgerufen. * * { * * } */ TEST_CASE("name + color", "[name, color]") { /** * If the Constructors work, this test will not crash, if they * do not work, it will crash */ Sphere sphere{{0, 0, 0}, -7, "NAME", {0, 0, 0}}; sphere = {{999, 999, -999}, 0, "", {8, 7777, 0.4}}; sphere = {{999, 999, -999}, -0, "wow, wie soll ich den Konstruktor testen??", {0, 0, 0}}; Box box{{0, 0, 0}, {1, 1, 1}, "NAME", {0, 0, 0}}; box = {{-10, -10, -10}, {10, 10, 10}, "", {8, 7777, 0.4}}; box = {{10, 10, 10}, {-10, -10, -10}, "wow, wie soll ich den Konstruktor testen??", {0, 0, 0}}; } /** * 5.4 * print * */ TEST_CASE("print test", "[print test]") { Sphere sphere{{0, 0, 0}, -7, "NAME", {0, 0, 0}}; sphere.print(std::cout); sphere = {{999, 999, -999}, 0, "", {8, 7777, 0.4}}; sphere.print(std::cout); sphere = {{999, 999, -999}, -0, "wow, wie soll ich den Konstruktor testen??", {0, 0, 0}}; sphere.print(std::cout); Box box{{0, 0, 0}, {1, 1, 1}, "NAME", {0, 0, 0}}; box.print(std::cout); box = {{-10, -10, -10}, {10, 10, 10}, "", {8, 7777, 0.4}}; box.print(std::cout); box = {{10, 10, 10}, {-10, -10, -10}, "wow, wie soll ich den Konstruktor testen??", {0, 0, 0}}; box.print(std::cout); } /** * 5.5 * * Erklären Sie den Effekt des Schlüsselworts override im Kontext der Vererbung! * Benutzen Sie das Schlüsselwort dementsprechend in Ihrer Methodendeklaration. * Was passiert, wenn Sie das Schlüsselwort weglassen? * * es wird eine neue Methode gleichen namens erstellt * * [12 Punkte] * Hinweis: Um den Namen und die Farbe auszugeben, sollte die Methode * Shape::print explizit in der überschriebenen Methode aufgerufen werden * * Durch die Funktion override kann eine schon deklarierte Methode aus einer Klasse in den abgeleiteten Klassen * für diese angepasst werden. * z.B eine Print methode für Sphere kann die print methode der Shape klasse überschreiben, * da eine Sphere noch zusätzlich einen Radius und ein Center besitzt. * */ ///5.6 TEST_CASE (" intersect_ray_sphere ", "[intersect]") { // Ray glm::vec3 ray_origin{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}; // ray direction has to be normalized ! // you can use : // v = glm :: normalize ( some_vector ) glm::vec3 ray_direction{0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}; // Sphere glm::vec3 sphere_center{0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f}; float sphere_radius{1.0f}; float distance = 0.0f; auto result = glm::intersectRaySphere( ray_origin, ray_direction, sphere_center, sphere_radius * sphere_radius, // squared radius !!! distance); REQUIRE (distance == Approx(4.0f)); Sphere a{{0, 0, 5}, 1, "Sphere", {1, 0, 0}}; Ray ray{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}}; HitPoint hitPoint = a.intersect(ray); REQUIRE (hitPoint.hit_); REQUIRE (hitPoint.dist_ == Approx(4.0f)); REQUIRE (hitPoint.name_ == "Sphere"); REQUIRE (hitPoint.color_.r == 1); REQUIRE (hitPoint.color_.g == 0); REQUIRE (hitPoint.color_.b == 0); ///Ray inside Sphere glm::vec3 rayOriginTEST{0,0,0}; glm::vec3 rayDirectionTEST{1,0,0}; glm::vec3 spherePositionTEST{0,0,0}; float radiusTEST = 2; result = glm::intersectRaySphere( rayOriginTEST, rayDirectionTEST, spherePositionTEST, radiusTEST * radiusTEST, // squared radius !!! distance); a={spherePositionTEST, radiusTEST, "Sphere", {1, 0, 0}}; ray={rayOriginTEST, rayDirectionTEST}; hitPoint = a.intersect(ray); REQUIRE (fabsf(hitPoint.dist_) == fabsf(distance)); REQUIRE (result == hitPoint.hit_); ///Ray inside Sphere, but the radius is 0 rayOriginTEST = {0,0,0}; rayDirectionTEST = {1,0,0}; spherePositionTEST = {0,0,0}; radiusTEST = 0; result = glm::intersectRaySphere( rayOriginTEST, rayDirectionTEST, spherePositionTEST, radiusTEST * radiusTEST, // squared radius !!! distance); a={spherePositionTEST, radiusTEST, "Sphere", {1, 0, 0}}; ray={rayOriginTEST, rayDirectionTEST}; hitPoint = a.intersect(ray); REQUIRE (hitPoint.dist_ == distance); REQUIRE (result == hitPoint.hit_); ///Ray behind Sphere, but the radius is 0 rayOriginTEST = {-0.1,0,0}; rayDirectionTEST = {1,0,0}; spherePositionTEST = {1,0,0}; radiusTEST = 0; result = glm::intersectRaySphere( rayOriginTEST, rayDirectionTEST, spherePositionTEST, radiusTEST * radiusTEST, // squared radius !!! distance); a={spherePositionTEST, radiusTEST, "Sphere", {1, 0, 0}}; ray={rayOriginTEST, rayDirectionTEST}; hitPoint = a.intersect(ray); REQUIRE (hitPoint.dist_ == distance); REQUIRE (result == hitPoint.hit_); } /// 5.7 TEST_CASE (" static dynamic ", "[static dynamic]") { std::cout<<"\n\n\nAufgabe5.7\n\n\n"; Color red {255 , 0, 0}; glm::vec3 position {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}; std::shared_ptr <Sphere > s1 = std::make_shared <Sphere >( position , 1.2f, " sphere0 ", red ); std::shared_ptr <Shape > s2 = std::make_shared <Sphere >( position , 1.2f, " sphere1 ", red ); s1->print(std::cout); s2->print(std::cout); } /** 5.7 * * Color red {255 , 0, 0}; * * glm::vec3 position {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}; * * std::shared_ptr <Sphere > s1 = std::make_shared <Sphere >( position , 1.2f, red , " sphere0 "); * * std::shared_ptr <Shape > s2 = std::make_shared <Sphere >( position , 1.2f, red , " sphere1 "); * * s1->print(std::cout); * * s2->print(std::cout); * * * * * * Erklären Sie anhand des Beispiels die Begriffe „Statischer Typ einer Variablen“ * und „Dynamischer Typ einer Variablen“. * * * * * * Wann wird welche Art des Typs überprüft? * * Die Art des Types wird während der Übersetztungszeit überprüft * * * * * Was sind die dynamischen und die * statischen Typen der Variablen s1 bzw s2? * * Die Dynamischen Typen sind Sphere bei s1 und s2, Die statischen sind Sphere bei s1 und Shape bei s2 * */ ///5.8 TEST_CASE (" virtual destructor ", "[destructor]") { std::cout<<"Aufgabe 5.8:\n\n\n\n"; Color red{255 , 0, 0}; glm::vec3 position {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}; Sphere * s1 = new Sphere{ position , 1.2f, " sphere0 ",red}; Shape * s2 = new Sphere{ position , 1.2f, " sphere1 ",red}; s1 -> print (std::cout ); s2 -> print (std::cout ); delete s1; delete s2; /** * Zuerst wird der Shape Constructor aufgerufen und danach der Sphere Constructor * * Beim Destructor wird zuerst der der Sphere aufgerufen und danach der Destructor der Shape-Klasse * * Mit virtual: * * Sphere Destructor * Shape Destructor * Sphere Destructor * Shape Destructor * * Fehlt das virtual in der Shape Klasse, so felht der Sphere destructor Aufruf des Shape pointers * * ohne virtual: * * Sphere Destructor * Shape Destructor * Shape Destructor * * Der Destructor kann nicht überladen werden, wenn das virual fehlt, und daher wird beim Shape* nicht mehr überprüft, * ob eine Überladung/ implementierung existiert */ } /** * * Aufgabe 5.9 * Erklären Sie die Unterschiede zwischen Klassenhierarchie vs. Objekthierarchie - * Klassendiagramm vs. Objektdiagramm. * * Die Klassenhiererchie beschreibt den Zusammenhang verschiederner Klassen im Sinne der Implementierung * * z.B. Shape, ---> Basisklasse * Sphere - erbt von Shape , ---> Abgeleitete Klasse * Box - erbt von Shape, ---> Abgeleitete Klasse * Composite - erbt von Shape---> Abgeleitete Klasse * * Aber Composite kann Sphere + Box enthalten + Drawmethode, die die Drawmethode von Box + Sphere nutzt * * Shape setzt sich aus Composite zusammen * * */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { return Catch::Session().run(argc, argv); }

US-45774883-A_1

USPTO

Public Domain

Tremolo tailpiece and bridge device ABSTRACT A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device for use with a guitar or similar stringed instrument includes a plurality of string anchors, forming the tailpiece, to which the lower ends of the strings of the instrument are attached, and an associated bridge unit located ahead of the tailpiece in the direction toward the instrument neck. Both the string anchors and the bridge are rotatable about axes extending transversely of the strings. A tremolo arm operable by the player is connected with the string anchors for rotating them back and forth in unison to obtain a tremolo effect, and the bridge unit is drivingly connected with the string anchors or tremolo arm so that it is rotated back and forth in synchronism with the motion of the string anchors, thereby avoiding any tendency of the strings to move relative to the bridge. The plurality of string anchors may be provided by a single one-piece rotatable bar or by a plurality of string engaging members rotatably received by a common shaft and operated by a transversely extending member through fine tuning screws. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to guitars and similar stringed musical instruments and deals more particularly with a bridge and tailpiece device for use with such a guitar and operable by the player of the instrument to increase and decrease the tension applied to one end of the strings to create a tremolo effect. Various different tremolo devices have been proposed in the past and have been used to create a tremolo effect in the sound produced by a guitar or similar stringed musical instrument. In a common form of such device the tailpiece or string anchor to which the lower ends of the strings are attached is somehow slid back and forth relative to the instrument body, or otherwise moved, by the player through the use of a lever (tremolo arm) located near the playing area to alternately increase and decrease the string tension. That is, the lower ends of the strings are actually moved back and forth from their neutral position to alternately slightly stretch and relax them. Since the bridge of an instrument is normally located a short distance ahead of the tailpiece in the direction of the neck, the movement of the lower end of the strings requires, if the bridge is stationary, that the individual strings move or at least be urged to move over the associated bridge saddle or saddles. If the string involved is a wound string the movement of convolutions of the wrap wire over the associated saddle causes a string noise; and, regardless of the type of string construction, the friction between the string and the bridge resists the desired relative motion. This could result in the tension of any one string between the tailpiece and the bridge becoming different from its tension between the bridge and the nut, in turn causing tuning problems. Also, the production of a tremolo effect is usually required only at infrequent intervals and when it is not required the presence of the tremolo arm may be a hinderance to the player so that it is desirable that the tremolo arm be movable to an out of the way position when the tremolo effect is not desired, and this is sometimes not possible with prior art constructions. The general object of the invention is therefore to provide a tremolo bridge and tailpiece device which is improved over such devices previously proposed by the prior art. A more specific object of the invention is to provide such a tremolo tailpiece and bridge device wherein the tendency of the strings to be moved relative to the bridge is eliminated thereby eliminating the production of associated string noises and undesirable tuning problems arising from the friction between the strings and the bridge resisting relative string to bridge motion. Another object of the invention is to provide a tremolo tailpiece and bridge device of the foregoing character wherein the tremolo effect is achieved without changing the position of the string relative to the bridge. A further object of the invention is to provide a tremolo tailpiece and bridge device which may be designed for mounting to a guitar or similar stringed instrument in various different ways as by partially recessing it into the body of a solid body guitar or surface mounting it to the top surface of a guitar or incorporating it into a trapeze mechanism attached to the very lower end of a guitar. A still further object of the invention is to provide a tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as described above wherein the tremolo arm is movable to an out of the way position when not in use and wherein the tremolo arm may be disassembled from the remainder of the device. Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the drawings and from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a tremolo tailpiece and bridge device for use with a guitar or similar stringed musical instrument and which may be designed for attachment to the instrument in various different ways as by being partially recessed into the instrument body or by lying substantially flatly on the top surface of the instrument body or by being attached to the very lower end of the instrument through a trapeze arrangement. More particularly the invention resides in the tailpiece and bridge device having a plurality of string anchor means which are rotatable about a common first axis extending transversely to the strings of the instrument and parallel to the top surface of the instrument's body, and a bridge unit located some distance away from the plurality of string anchor means in the direction toward the neck of the instrument and rotatable relative to the instrument about a second axis extending generally parallel to the first axis, and a means, preferably including a tremolo arm, operable by the player for synchronously rotating the string anchor means and the bridge unit back and forth about said first and second axes respectively to produce a tremolo effect in the sound produced by the instrument without any tendency for the strings to move relative to the bridge. The invention also resides in the plurality of string anchor means comprising either a single one-piece anchor bar to which all of the strings of the instrument are attached and which is rotatable about the first axis or a plurality of string engaging members supported on a common shaft for rotation about the first axis and having individual tail portions to which the strings are attached with the tail portions in turn being operated in unison by a transversely extending operating member with there being a fine tuning mechanism between each tail portion and the operating member. The invention also resides in the manner in which the tremolo arm may be connected to the string anchor bar to provide for an easy connect and disconnect connection between such two parts, in the manner in which the bridge unit is mounted for movement about its transverse axis and in the manner in which the string anchor means and the bridge unit are drivingly connected to be rotated in synchronism. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a guitar equipped with a tremolo tailpiece and bridge device embodying this invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged plan view of the tremolo and bridge device of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a side elevational view taken generally on the line 3--3 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the tremolo tailpiece and bridge device of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the relationship between the string anchor bar and bridge unit of the FIG. 1 device. FIG. 6 is a transverse sectional view taken generally on the line 6--6 of FIG. 1 and showing a string attached to the illustrated anchor bar. FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken on the line 7--7 of FIG. 2. FIG. 8 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken on the line 8--8 of FIG. 2. FIG. 9 is a partially exploded view taken generally on the line 9--9 of FIG. 2 and showing the construction of the connection between the tremolo arm and the anchor bar. FIG. 10 is a view taken on the line 10--10 of FIG. 9. FIG. 11 is a top view of a tremolo tailpiece and bridge device comprising another embodiment of this invention. FIG. 12 is a side view of the tremolo tailpiece and bridge device of FIG. 11. FIG. 13 is a perspective exploded view showing some of the parts of the FIG. 11 device. FIG. 14 is a sectional view taken on the line 14--14 of FIG. 11. FIG. 15 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken generally on the line 15--15 of FIG. 11. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A tremolo bridge and tailpiece device embodying the present invention may be used in various different types of stringed musical instruments wherein a tremolo effect is sometimes desired during the playing of the instrument. By way of example, FIG. 1 shows such a device, indicated generally at 18, forming part of a guitar 19. The guitar 19 is one having a solid body 21 and also includes a neck 23, a fingerboard 25 and two electromagnetic pickups 27 and 29. The tremolo tailpiece and bridge device 18 is attached to the guitar body 21 adjacent the top surface 31 of the body at a location near the bottom end 33 of the instrument. As will be evident hereinafter the illustrated device 18 of FIG. 1 is designed to be partially recessed into the body 22, but such design is not important to the broader aspects of the invention and if desired the device may be designed for other types of attachments as for example being designed for surface attachment to the upper surface 31 without significant recessing or for incorporation into a trapeze type mounting attached to the very lower end of the guitar body. Also, in FIG. 1 the illustrated guitar 19 is one having six strings 36, 36 and the device 18 is accordingly designed for use with such a number of strings, but the number of strings for which the device is constructed may vary without departing from the invention. FIGS. 2 to 10 show the device 18 of FIG. 1 in more detail. Referring to these figures the device includes a tailpiece indicated generally at 20 providing a plurality of string anchor means, one for each of the six strings 36, 36 of the instrument, only one of these strings being shown in FIG. 2. These six string anchor means are in turn provided by a single anchor bar 22 with each of the string anchor means comprising an opening 24 and a groove 26 in the string anchor bar as described in more detail hereinafter. Also included in the device 18 is a bridge unit 28 comprised of a body 30 supporting six individual bridge saddles 32, 32 each of which engages and supports a respectively associated one of the strings 36 with the bridge unit 28 being located a short distance ahead of the tailpiece 20 in the direction of the neck 23. The plurality of string anchor means, constituted by the anchor bar 22, is rotatable relative to the instrument body 21 about a first axis 38 extending generally parallel to the top surface 31 of the instrument and perpendicular to the direction of the strings 36, 36. Likewise, the bridge unit 28 is rotatable about a second axis 40 generally parallel to the first axis 38. The rotatable support for the string anchor means and for the bridge unit may be provided in various different ways, but in the illustrated device 18 it is provided by a common base 42 partially located in a recess 44 in the instrument body 22, as best seen in FIG. 3, and held to the body by four mounting screws 46, 46. The anchor bar 22 has trunnions 48, 48 at its opposite ends and each of these is rotatably supported from the base 42 by a ball bearing unit 50 (FIG. 3) held in assembly with the base 42 by a retainer 52. The bridge unit 28 is in turn rotatably supported from the base 42 by two pivot screws 54, 54 threadably received by the opposite ends of the bridge body 30 and extending downwardly therefrom with each screw having a pointed lower end 56 received in a corresponding depression 58 in the base 42. Therefore, the bridge unit 28 rests on the pointed two lower ends of the two pivot screws 54, 54 and is rotatable on these points about the axis 40. The bridge unit 28 is further loosely connected with the base 42 and is held in assembly with it solely by the string forces which push downwardly on the bridge unit to hold the screw points 56, 56 in the depressions 58, 58. Of course, the screws 54, 54 may be rotated relative to the bridge to lower one or both ends of the bridge body to adjust the spacing between the strings and the fingerboard 25. As mentioned previously, each of the string anchor means provided by the anchor bar 22 consists of an opening 24 extending through the anchor bar and a groove 26. The construction of these features is shown in more detail in FIG. 6 which represents a section through the anchor bar. As shown in FIG. 6, the anchor bar 22 has a curved upper surface 60 which is concentric with the axis 38 and each groove 26 is a circumferentially extending one formed in this surface. Further, the opening 24 extends from the front to the rear of the anchor bar, having a wide portion 62 at its forward end for receiving the bead of the associated string 36 and a smaller diametered portion 64 extending rearwardly from the wide portion 62 of lesser diameter than the string bead and at its rear mouth registering with the associated groove 26 so that the string 36 may be attached to the anchor bar in the manner shown in FIG. 6. The forces of the strings acting on the anchor bar 22 tend to rotate it in the clockwise direction as viewed in FIGS. 3, 6 and 7. In opposition to these string forces the anchor bar 22 has a spring force applied to it which normally balances the string forces and holds the anchor bar 22 in a neutral position. The spring biasing mechanism consists of two pins 66 fixed to the underside of and extending downwardly from the anchor bar 22. The lower end of each pin 66 in turn has attached to it one end of a tension spring 68, the other end of which is attached to a block 70 supported for back and forth sliding motion relative to the undersurface of the base 42. The block 70 is positioned relative to the base by a screw 72 extending threadably through the block and rotatably supported by the base 42. As seen in FIG. 7 the lower end 74 of the screw is held, by the pressure of the springs 68, 68, against an abutment surface 76 provided by the base 42. The lower end portion of the screw 72 is further made accessible from the upper surface of the base, as seen in FIG. 2, by providing an aperture 78 in the base, and the portion of the screw which is accessible through the aperture 78 is provided with a number of transverse openings 80, 80 through which a pin or similar tool may be inserted for use in rotating the screw 72 to adjust the position of the block 70 to in turn adjust the biasing force exerted by the springs 68, 68 on the anchor bar 22. In accordance with the invention the plurality of string anchor means, provided by the anchor bar 22, and the bridge unit 28 are rotated in synchronism back and forth about their respective axes 38 and 40 by an actuating means under the control of the player so that as the lower ends of the strings are moved by operation of the anchor bar the bridge unit moves with the anchor bar so as to create no tendency for the strings to move relative to the bridge. In the device 18 such synchronous motion is obtained by a tremolo arm 82 connected to the anchor bar 22 and by a link 84 drivingly connecting the bridge unit 28 to the anchor bar 22. Referring to FIG. 5 the link 84 has a lower end 86 which fits into an opening 88 in the associated end of the anchor bar 22 to provide a pivotal connection between the link 84 and the anchor bar and likewise the link 84 has an upper end 90 which loosely fits into an opening 92 on a lug formed on the bridge body 30 to provide a pivotal connection between the link and the bridge unit. Accordingly, back and forth motion of the anchor bar 22 about the axis 38 is communicated to the bridge unit 28 to cause simultaneous back and forth motion of the unit 28 about the axis 40. FIGS. 9 and 10 show the connection between the tremolo arm 82 and the anchor bar 22. Referring to these figures, the anchor bar 22 has a connector 94, of circular cross section, passing through it. At the underside of the anchor bar 22 is a flange 96 on the connector which opposes the anchor bar and at its upper end the connector is threaded to receive a lock nut 98 which also opposes the anchor bar. Between the flange 96 and the anchor bar is a washer 100 of nylon or similar material. Therefore, by adjusting the nut 98 on the connector 94 the frictional force between the connector and the anchor bar may be adjusted to adjust the force required to rotate the connector 94 relative to the anchor bar about the longitudinal axis of the connector. Both the flange 96 and the nut 98 are each provided with at least two flats for the application of wrenches to accomplish this adjustment. The connector 94 also has a central bore 102 for receiving the associated end portion 104 of the tremolo arm 82. This end portion 104 has two radial pins 106, 106 which are received in corresponding slots in the connector 94 when the tremolo arm is in place in the connector (only one of such slots being shown at 108 in FIG. 9) to prevent rotation of the arm 82 relative to the connector 94 about the axis of the connector. Near the free end of the arm portion 104 is a groove 110 which aligns with a slot 112 in the connector 94 when the tremolo arm is in place in the connector. Normally attached to the connector 94 is a detent spring 114, such as shown in FIG. 10, having a nose portion 116 which extends into the connector slot 112 and is receivable in the groove 110 of the tremolo arm to releasably hold the tremolo arm in place in the connector 94. Therefore, it will be understood that the tremolo arm may be easily attached to or removed from the connector 94, and thus to and from the anchor bar 22, by merely pushing it into or pulling it from the connector 94. The particular construction of the bridge unit 28 may vary widely, but in the illustrated device 18 each of the saddle members 32, 32 is adjustable forwardly and rearwardly relative to the bridge body 30 to adjust the intonation of the strings. As shown in FIG. 8 each saddle member 32 is of a T-shape having a head which at its lower end rests and slides on two lands 118, 118 of the bridge body 30, and each saddle member 32 threadably receives an associated screw 120 which may be rotated to adjust the position of the saddle member relative to the bridge body. As mentioned, the tremolo tailpiece and bridge device of this invention may be designed for different types of mountings and different ones of its functions may be implemented in various different ways without departing from the broader aspects of the invention. By way of further example, FIGS. 11 to 15 show a tailpiece and bridge device 200 comprising another embodiment of this invention having a different type of mounting and other features somewhat different from the device 18. Referring to these figures the device 200 has a base 202 adapted to be mounted flush on the surface 204 of a guitar body 206 as by two mounting screws 208, 208 threaded into associated fittings (such as the one indicated at 210) fixed to the guitar body 206. The string anchor means of the device 200 comprises six string engaging members 212, 212 supported by a common shaft 214. As shown in FIG. 13 (which shows only one of the string engaging members) each string engaging member 212 includes a generally cylindrical portion 216 adapted to surround and to be rotatably received on the shaft 214 and a rearwardly extending tail portion 218 having a slot 220 for receiving the end of the associated string. The common shaft 214 is supported for rotational movement relative to the base 202 by two upstanding ears 222, 222 of the base and, if desired, ball or other anti-friction bearing units (not shown) may be used between the ears 222, 222 and the shaft 214. The axis of the shaft 214 forms the first axis 224 about which the plurality of string engaging members 212 are rotatable, and they are rotated in unison about this axis by a transversely extending operating member 226 which passes above the lower ends of the tail portions 218, 218 and at its opposite ends is received by the shaft 214. At the near end of the shaft as seen in FIG. 13 the shaft has a noncylindrical portion 228 which receives a conforming opening 230 in the associated end of the transverse member 226 so that the transverse member 226 is constrained to rotate with the shaft 214 about the axis 224. The shaft 214 and the attached operating member 226 are rocked back and forth about the axis 224 by an associated tremolo arm 232 having a mounting part 234 also nonrotatably attached to the shaft portion 228 by means of a corresponding noncircular recess 236 in the part 234 which receives the shaft portion 228 and a screw 238 which holds the part 234 in assembly with the shaft 214. The remainder of the tremolo arm 232 is connected to the part 234 through a pivot joint 240 which permits swinging movement of the remainder of the tremolo arm 232 relative to the part 234 about an axis 242, thereby allowing the tremolo arm to be swung to an out of the way position when not required. Between the operating member 226 and the tail portions 218, 218 of the string engaging members are a corresponding plurality of fine tuning devices allowing each string engaging member to be adjusted to achieve a fine tuning of the associated string. As seen best in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 each of these fine tuning devices consists of a screw threaded into the operating member 226 and having a head 244 adjacent the upper side of the operating arm operable by the player to thread the screw into and out of the operating member and a lower end 246 which engages the tail portion 218 of the associated string engaging member 212 to shift the neutral position of the string engaging member relative to the shaft 214. It will be understood that when the strings are attached to the tail portions 218, 218 of the string engaging members they tend to pull upwardly on the tail portions bringing such tail portions to bear against the lower ends of the fine tuning screws. These string forces tending to rotate the string engaging members and the operating member 226 are in turn resisted by a compression spring 248 extending between the tremolo arm member 234 and the base 202 as seen in FIG. 12. Further, the lower end of the spring, as seen in FIG. 15, is received in a cup 250 which is threaded into the base 202 so that its heighth relative to the base may be adjusted to adjust the bias force exerted by the spring on the tremolo bar, thereby adjusting the neutral position of the tremolo bar and the plurality of string engaging members. The bridge unit of the device 200 is indicated at 252 and comprises a body 254 supported from the base 202 by two pivot screws 256, 256 in the same manner as is the bridge unit 28 from the base 42 of the previously described device 18. That is, the two pivot screws 256, 256 support the bridge unit 252 for rotation relative to the base 202 about a second axis 258 parallel to the first axis 224. To achieve a synchronization of the motion of the bridge unit 252 with that of the plurality of string engaging members, the bridge unit 252 is driven by a connecting link 260 having a forward end 262, seen best in FIG. 13, received in an opening 264 of the tremolo arm part 234 and an opposite end portion 266 received in an opening 269 in a lug on the bridge body. Therefore, as the tremolo arm is rocked back and forth by the player it not only rocks back and forth the operating member 226 and the associated string engaging members forming the tailpiece but also, through the connecting link 260, rocks back and forth the bridge unit 252 about the axis 258. The actual construction of the bridge unit 252 may vary, but in the illustrated case of FIGS. 11 to 15 the actual string engaging members of the bridge unit are shown to be rollers 268, 268 which may be adjusted back and forth in the string direction to adjust the instrument's intonation by associated adjusting screws 270, 270. I claim: 1. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device for use with a guitar or similar stringed instrument, said device comprising:a plurality of string anchor means, one for each of the strings of the instrument, means supporting said plurality of string anchor means adjacent the top surface of an instrument body at a location near the bottom end of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said body about a common first axis extending generally transversely to the strings of the instrument and parallel to the top surface of the instrument's body, a bridge unit having means for engaging all of the strings of the instrument, means supporting said bridge unit adjacent said top surface of the instrument body some distance away from said plurality of string anchor means in the direction toward the neck of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said body about a second axis extending generally parallel to said first axis, and means manually operable by the player of the instrument for synchronously rotating said plurality of string anchor means back and forth in unison about said first axis and said bridge unit back and forth about said second axis, said rotating means including linkage means other than said strings for coupling said string anchor means to said bridge unit. 2. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 1 further characterized by said means supporting said plurality of string anchor means and said means supporting said bridge unit comprising a common base adapted for attachment to the instrument. 3. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 2 further characterized by said means supporting said bridge unit for rotational movement about said second axis including two pivot screws threadably connected to opposite transverse ends of said bridge unit and having lower ends loosely received in depressions in said base and wherein said bridge unit is held in assembly with said base by the string forces bearing down on said bridge unit. 4. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 1 further characterized by said means manually operable by the player comprising a tremolo arm connected with said plurality of string anchor means and operable by the player for rotating said plurality of string anchor means back and forth in unison about said first axis. 5. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 1 further characterized by said plurality of string anchor means being provided by a one-piece string anchor bar to which all of the strings of the instrument are attachable. 6. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 5 further characterized by said means supporting said plurality of string anchor means and said means supporting said bridge unit being a common base adapted for attachment to the instrument, and said anchor bar being rotatably journaled to said base at the opposite ends of said anchor bar. 7. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 5 further characterized by said anchor bar having a curved upper surface generally arcuate about said first axis, and each of said plurality of string anchor means including an opening passing through said anchor bar below said arcuate surface for receiving the associated string of the instrument. 8. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 7 further characterized by each of said string anchor means including a groove in said arcuate upper surface of said anchor bar for receiving the associated string. 9. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 5 further characterized by a spring biasing means for urging said anchor bar in a direction about said first axis opposite to the direction in which said anchor bar is urged by the strings of the instrument which are attached to it. 10. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 9 further characterized by said spring biasing means including a means for adjusting the force exerted by said biasing means on said anchor bar. 11. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 10 further characterized by said means supporting said plurality of string anchor means and said means supporting said bridge unit comprising a common base rotatably supporting both said anchor bar and said bridge unit, said spring biasing means including a pin fixed to said string anchor bar between its ends and extending downwardly therefrom generally perpendicular to said first axis, and a spring connected between the lower end of said pin and said base. 12. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 11 further characterized by a slide block supported for sliding movement relative to the undersurface of said base in a direction generally parallel to the string direction, an adjustment screw threadably connected with said slide block and carried by said base for adjusting the position of said slide block relative to said base, and means connecting one end of said spring to said slide block and its other end to said pin so that the biasing force exerted by said spring on said anchor bar is varied with variations in the position of said slide block relative to said base. 13. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 12 further characterized by an aperture in said base making a portion of said adjustment screw accessible from the upper surface of said base, and means on the portion of said screw accessible through said aperture for engagement with a tool for rotating said screw. 14. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 1 further characterized by said bridge unit being a body carrying individual string engageable members, one for each string. 15. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 14 further characterized by said individual string engaging members being adjustable relative to said bridge body in the direction of the string which it engages. 16. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 14 further characterized each of said individual string engaging members being a roller supported for rotation relative to said bridge body about an axis perpendicular to its associated string. 17. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 16 further characterized by each of said rollers being adjustable relative to said bridge body in the direction parallel to its associated string. 18. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 1 further characterized by said plurality of string anchor means being a plurality of individual string engaging members one for each string, and a common shaft extending generally transversely of the strings of said instrument along said first axis, said individual string engaging members being located side-by-side on and rotatably supported by said common shaft, each of said individual string engaging members including a generally cylindrical portion surrounding said common shaft and a tail portion extending rearwardly from said common shaft, each of said tail portions having a slot therein for use in anchoring a string end to it with such string in use passing forwardly from said slot and over the cylindrical portion of the same string engaging member. 19. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 18 further characterized by a single base adapted for attachment to the instrument and supporting both said common shaft and said bridge unit. 20. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 18 further characterized by said means for rotating said plurality of string anchor means in unison back and forth about said first axis including an operating member extending transversely of the string direction adjacent said tail portions of said string engaging members and supported for rotation about said first axis, and coengaging means between said tail portions and said operating member for moving said tail portions of said string engaging members in unison about said common shaft in response to back and forth rotation of said operating member. 21. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 20 further characterized by said coengaging means including a fine tuning means between each of said tail portions and said operating member for adjusting the position of each tail portion relative to said operating member. 22. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 21 further characterized by said transverse operating member being located above all of said tail portions, and each of said fine tuning devices comprising a screw threadably received by said operating member with each screw having a head on the upper side of said operating member rotatable by the player and a lower end portion extending downwardly from said operating member into engagement with the associated tail portion. 23. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 20 further characterized by said operating member being connected with said common shaft for rotation therewith, and a tremolo arm operable by the player connected with said common shaft for rotating said common shaft. 24. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 23 further characterized by a spring means for biasing said operating member in a direction about said first axis opposite to the direction in which said string engaging members are urged about said first axis by the strings attached to said string engaging members. 25. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 24 further characterized by said spring biasing means including means for adjusting the spring force exerted by said spring biasing means on said operating member. 26. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 25 further characterized by a single base adapted for attachment to the instrument and supporting both said common shaft and said bridge unit, and said spring biasing means being a compression spring extending between said tremolo arm and said base, the end of said spring adjacent said base being received in a cup threadably received by said base for adjusting said spring tension force. 27. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device for use with a guitar or similar stringed instrument, said device comprising:a plurality of string anchor means, one for each of the strings of the instrument, provided by a one-piece string anchor bar to which all of the strings of the instrument are attachable, means supporting said plurality of string anchor means adjacent the top surface of an instrument body at a location near the bottom end of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said body about a common first axis extending generally transversely to the strings of the instrument and parallel to the top surface of the instrument's body, a bridge unit having means for engaging all of the strings of the instrument, means supporting said bridge unit adjacent said top surface of the instrument body some distance away from said plurality of string anchor means in the direction toward the neck of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said body about a second axis extending generally parallel to said first axis, said means supporting said plurality of string anchor means and said means supporting said bridge unit being a common base adapted for attachment to the instrument, and said anchor bar being rotatably journaled to said base at the opposite ends of said anchor bar, and means manually operable by the player of the instrument for synchronously rotating said plurality of string anchor means back and forth in unison about said first axis and said bridge unit back and forth about said second axis, said means manually operable by the player including a tremolo arm connected to said anchor bar for directly rotating said anchor bar back and forth about said first axis, and a connecting link having one end pivotally connected to said anchor bar and an opposite end pivotally connected to said bridge unit for driving said bridge unit back and forth about said second axis in response to the back and forth movement of said anchor bar about said first axis. 28. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 27 further characterized by a detent means for releasably connecting said tremolo arm to said anchor bar. 29. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device as defined in claim 28 further characterized by said detent means comprising a connector member passing through said anchor bar along an axis generally perpendicular to said first axis, said connector member having one end with a flange opposing said anchor bar on one side of said anchor bar and an opposite threaded end which receives a nut for opposing said anchor bar on its opposite side and which nut is threadably adjustable relative to said connecting member to vary the force required to rotate said connecting member relative to said anchor bar about the axis of said connecting member, said connector member having a bore for receiving an associated end of said tremolo arm, means on said connector member and said tremolo arm for preventing rotation of said tremolo arm relative to said connector member about the axis of said connecting member when said associated end of said tremolo arm is inserted into said connector member bore, said tremolo arm having a circumferential groove, and a detent spring carried by said connector member and having a detent portion receivable by said tremolo arm groove to releasably hold said tremolo arm in said bore and to yieldingly permit said associated end of said tremolo arm to be inserted into and removed from said connector member. 30. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device for use with a guitar or similar stringed instrument, said device comprising:a plurality of string anchor means, one for each of the strings of the instrument, provided by a one-piece string anchor bar to which all of the strings of the instrument are attachable, means supporting said plurality of string anchor means adjacent the top surface of an instrument body at a location near the bottom end of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said body about a common first axis extending generally transversely to the strings of the instrument and parallel to the top surface of the instrument's body, a bridge unit having means for engaging all of the strings of the instrument, means supporting said bridge unit adjacent said top surface of the instrument body some distance away from said plurality of string anchor means in the direction toward the neck of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said body about a second axis extending generally parallel to said first axis, said means supporting said plurality of string anchor means and said means supporting said bridge unit being a common base adapted for attachment to the instrument, and said anchor bar being rotatably journaled to said base at the opposite ends of said anchor bar, and means manually operable by the player of the instrument for synchronously rotating said plurality of string anchor means back and forth in unison about said first axis and said bridge unit back and forth about said second axis, said means for synchronously rotating said plurality of string anchor means back and forth in unison about the first axis and the bridge unit back and forth about said second axis including a connecting link having one end pivotally connected to said anchor bar and an opposite end pivotally connected to said bridge unit. 31. 32. A tremolo tailpiece and bridge device for use with a guitar or similar stringed instrument, said device comprising:a plurality of string anchor means, one for each of the strings of the instrument, means supporting said plurality of string anchor means adjacent the top surface of an instrument body at a location near the bottom end of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said body about a common first axis extending generally transversely to the strings of the instrument and parallel to the top surface of the instrument's body, a bridge unit having means for engaging all of the strings of the instrument, said bridge unit including a bridge body and said string engaging means being a plurality of rollers carried by said bridge body each engaging a respective one of said strings, means supporting said bridge unit adjacent said top surface of the instrument body some distance away from said plurality of string anchor means in the direction toward the neck of the instrument and for rotational movement relative to said instrument body about a second axis extending generally parallel to said first axis, and actuating means manually operable by the player of the instrument for synchronously rotating said plurality of string anchor means back and forth in unison about said first axis and said bridge unit back and forth about said second axis, said actuating means including linkage means other than said strings for coupling said string anchor means to said bridge unit.