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Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University The Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University, located on Yeshiva University’s Wilf Campus in New York's Washington Heights neighborhood, fosters research on ethical issues and the integration of discourse on ethics into the curriculum among Yeshiva University's schools. The Center seeks to provide opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration among Yeshiva University's schools. Adrienne Asch, PhD, the center's director, is the Edward and Robin Milstein Professor of Bioethics at Wurzweiler School of Social Work and Professor of Epidemiology and Population Health at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, both Yeshiva University graduate professional schools | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7587065 | Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University |
Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University The Center's activities include: The Center also hosts the Leonard and Tobee Kaplan Scholar-in-Residence program, designed to provide opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration among Yeshiva University's schools. In 2007, Michael Walzer served as the Center's inaugural scholar-in-residence. In 2008, Onora O'Neill will serve as scholar-in-residence. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7587065 | Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University |
Master suppression techniques The master suppression techniques is a framework articulated in 1945 by the Norwegian psychologist and philosopher Ingjald Nissen. These techniques identified by Nissen are ways to indirectly suppress and humiliate opponents. In the late 1970s the framework was popularized by Norwegian social psychologist Berit Ås, who reduced Nissen's original nine means to five, and claimed this was a technique mostly used in the workplace by men against women. are defined as strategies of social manipulation by which a dominant group maintains such a position in a (established or unexposed) hierarchy. They are very prominent in Scandinavian scholarly and public debate, where the expression is also used to refer to types of social manipulation not part of Ås's framework | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7592962 | Master suppression techniques |
Master suppression techniques are sometimes called domination techniques. To silence or otherwise marginalize people in opposition by ignoring them. Examples: In a manipulative way to portray the arguments of, or their opponents themselves, in a ridiculing fashion. Example: To exclude a person from the decision making process, or knowingly not forwarding information so as to make the person less able to make an informed choice. Examples: To punish or otherwise belittle the actions of a person, regardless of how they act. Examples: To embarrass someone, or to insinuate that they are themselves to blame for their position. Example: Berit Ås has since added two supplementary master suppression techniques | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7592962 | Master suppression techniques |
Master suppression techniques To discuss the appearance of one or several persons in a situation where it is irrelevant. To threaten with or use one's physical strength towards one or several persons. Example: A group of PhD students at Stockholm University has formulated five "counter strategies": They have also formulated five "confirmation techniques": The Centre for Gender Equality in Norway has also published an article about how to combat this phenomenon. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7592962 | Master suppression techniques |
Stephanus of Alexandria (Stephanus Alexandrinus, Stephanos of Alexandria; ) was a 7th-century Byzantine philosopher, astronomer and teacher. He was a public lecturer in the court of Heraclius (610-641 AD). In the manuscripts he is called the Universal Philosopher. He taught on Plato and Aristotle, and on Geometry, Arithmetic, Alchemy, Astronomy and Music. 1. A commentary on Aristotle. Editions: 2. A commentary on the Isagogue of Porphyry. Editions: 3. Astronomical and chronological works. Editions: 4. Alchemical works. Scholars are divided as to whether or not these are authentic works of the same Stephen of Alexandria due to the style of writing. The translator, F. Sherwood Taylor accepts them as his | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7614405 | Stephanus of Alexandria |
Stephanus of Alexandria A compendium of alchemical texts including the poem "De Chrysopoeia" (On how to make gold) is extant in two manuscripts, Venice Cod. Marcianus 299 and Paris BNF 2327. Editions: 5. Astrological works. These also are apocryphal. 6. Other apocrypha include a 'Weissagungsbuch', a prophecy of Mohammed and the rise of Islam, and probably date from around 775 AD. Texts: Dictionaries: Articles and studies: | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7614405 | Stephanus of Alexandria |
Acting out In the psychology of defense mechanisms and self-control, acting out is the performance of an action considered bad or anti-social. In general usage, the action performed is destructive to self or to others. The term is used in this way in sexual addiction treatment, psychotherapy, criminology and parenting. In contrast, the opposite attitude or behaviour of bearing and managing the impulse to perform one's impulse is called acting in. The performed action may follow impulses of an addiction (e.g. drinking, drug taking or shoplifting). It may also be a means designed (often unconsciously or semi-consciously) to garner attention (e.g. throwing a tantrum or behaving promiscuously) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7619293 | Acting out |
Acting out may inhibit the development of more constructive responses to the feelings in question. Freud considered that patients in analysis tended to act out their conflicts in preference to remembering them – repetition compulsion. The analytic task was then to help "the patient who does not remember anything of what he has forgotten and repressed, but acts it out" to replace present activity by past memory. Otto Fenichel added that acting out in an analytic setting potentially offered valuable insights to the therapist; but was nonetheless a psychological resistance in as much as it deals only with the present at the expense of concealing the underlying influence of the past | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7619293 | Acting out |
Acting out Lacan also spoke of "the corrective value of "acting out"", though others qualified this with the proviso that such acting out must be limited in the extent of its destructive/self-destructiveness. Annie Reich pointed out that the analyst may use the patient by acting out in an indirect countertransference, for example to win the approval of a supervisor. The interpretation of a person's acting out and an observer's response varies considerably, with context and subject usually setting audience expectations. Early years, temper tantrums can be understood as episodes of acting out | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7619293 | Acting out |
Acting out As young children will not have developed the means to communicate their feelings of distress, tantrums prove an effective and achievable method of alerting parents to their needs and requesting attention. As children develop they often learn to replace these attention-gathering strategies with more socially acceptable and constructive communications. In adolescent years, acting out in the form of rebellious behaviors such as smoking, shoplifting and drug use can be understood as "a cry for help." Such pre-delinquent behavior may be a search for containment from parents or other parental figures | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7619293 | Acting out |
Acting out The young person may seem to be disruptive – and may well be disruptive – but this behaviour is often underpinned by an inability to regulate emotions in some other way. In behavioral or substance addiction, acting out can give the addict the illusion of being in control. Criminologists debate whether juvenile delinquency is a form of acting out, or rather reflects wider conflicts involved in the process of socialisation. painful feelings may be contrasted with expressing them in ways more helpful to the sufferer, e.g. by talking out, expressive therapy, psychodrama or mindful awareness of the feelings. Developing the ability to express one's conflicts safely and constructively is an important part of impulse control, personal development and self-care. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7619293 | Acting out |
Julia Annas Julia Elizabeth Annas (born 1946) is a British philosopher who has taught in the United States for the last quarter-century. She is Regents Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. Annas graduated from Oxford University in 1968 with a B.A., and from Harvard University with an A.M. (1970) and a PhD (1972). She was a Fellow and Tutor at St Hugh's College, Oxford for fifteen years, before joining the faculty at Arizona in 1986, where she has taught since, apart for one year as a professor at Columbia University. She concentrates on the study of ancient Greek philosophy, including Ethics, Psychology and Epistemology. Her current research interests are in Platonic ethics | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7624133 | Julia Annas |
Julia Annas She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992, and a Fellow of the American Philosophical Society in 2013. She is the founder and former editor of the annual journal, "Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy". She is married to the Hume scholar, David Owen, also a professor of philosophy at the University of Arizona. has advocated ethics based on character, building on ideas attributed to Greek philosopher, Aristotle and making them relevant for contemporary moral discourse. She has argued that being virtuous involves "practical reasoning" which can be compared to the "exercising of a practical skill" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7624133 | Julia Annas |
Julia Annas Hence, she argues, rather than relating virtues to rules, principles, or an end goal, Annas says, first, people should ask how they can improve their moral "skills". | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7624133 | Julia Annas |
Prig A prig () is a person who shows an inordinately zealous approach to matters of form and propriety—especially where the prig has the ability to show superior knowledge to those who do not know the protocol in question. They see little need to consider the feelings or intentions of others, relying instead on established order and rigid rules to resolve all questions. The prig approaches social interactions with a strong sense of self-righteousness. The first edition of H.W. Fowler's "Modern English Usage" has the following definition: A prig is a believer in red tape; that is, he exalts the method above the work done. A prig, like the Pharisee, says: "God, I thank thee that I am not as other men are"—except that he often substitutes "Self" for "God" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7625458 | Prig |
Prig A prig is one who works out his paltry accounts to the last farthing, while his millionaire neighbour lets accounts take care of themselves. A prig expects others to square themselves to his very inadequate measuring rod, and condemns them with confidence if they do not. A prig is wise beyond his years in all things that do not matter. A prig cracks nuts with a steamhammer: that is, calls in the first principles of morality to decide whether he may, or must, do something of as little importance as drinking a glass of beer | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7625458 | Prig |
Prig On the whole, one may, perhaps, say that all his different characteristics come from the combination, in varying proportions, of three things—the desire to do his duty, the belief that he knows better than other people, and blindness to the difference in value between different things | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7625458 | Prig |
Prig The character of the prig was encapsulated in Charles Dickens' portrait of the day-nurse Betsy Prig—capable of a "rapid change from banter to ferocity" but always referred to by night-nurse Sairah Gamp as "the best of creeturs"—in his novel "Martin Chuzzlewit": A glimpse of Mrs Prig's nursing technique is afforded by the following exchange, as Sairah Gamp arrives to take over from Mrs in the supervision of a patient: Another famous portrait of a prig is that of Malvolio in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night". Robert. E. Ornstein has carefully detailed the characteristics of Malvolio's priggishness: Those who do not enjoy Malvolio would reduce him to a conventional killjoy, a scapegoat who deserves to be held up to ridicule because of his officious humourlessness | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7625458 | Prig |
Prig There would be a need to expose Malvolio if he pretended to be something he is not, but he never puts on a false manner; his absurdity is native and his egotism so openly displayed that even Olivia, who appreciates his talents, very early accuses him of being ungenerous and "sick of self-love". Incapable of hypocrisy or sanctimony, he is genuinely outraged by Toby's revelries, which offend his sense of propriety and defy his authority. He is a prig with an instinct for grandeur that at once muddles his statements and endows them with an ineffable grandiosity | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7625458 | Prig |
Prig Typical of Malvolio's priggish response to irreverent behaviour is his objection to the singing of Toby, Andrew and Feste: "Do ye make an alehouse of my lady's house, that ye squeak out your coziers’ catches without any mitigation or remorse of voice?" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7625458 | Prig |
Good safety practice (GSP) refers to protocols dealing with safety. The term is often used in connection with occupational safety and health (OSH) and may vary between industries or sectors. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7635652 | Good safety practice |
New Times (politics) New Times was an intellectual movement among leftists in Great Britain in the late 1980s. It was centred on the Eurocommunist faction of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and most of the intellectual groundwork for the movement was laid out in the latter party's official theoretical journal, "Marxism Today". After the Soviet invasions of Hungary in 1956, and especially Czechoslovakia in 1968, many western Communists began to question their allegiance to the Soviet Union. Some disillusioned communists swung to the left and joined Trotskyist parties. Others, led by Enrico Berlinguer's Italian Communist Party (PCI), stayed within the Communist Parties and developed their own critique | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
New Times (politics) This would essentially lead to an expanded version of the "popular front" policies of the 1930s, with a number of CPs attempting to ingratiate themselves to the existing political establishment. The movement came to be known as Eurocommunism. Whereas Eurocommunist factions in the French and Italian communist parties fairly successfully managed to impose their agenda on the party platforms, things were not so simple in other countries. In Britain, particularly, there were bitter struggles from the 1970s on. The party became divided into 'Euros' and 'tankies' (so called for their support of Soviet interventions in Eastern Bloc countries). A major coup for the Euros was obtaining control over "Marxism Today" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
New Times (politics) Martin Jacques became editor in 1977, and began to publish articles mostly by prominent Eurocommunists. More recently, he cites Eric Hobsbawm's 1978 article "Forward March Of Labour Halted?" as a turning point. In the early 80s, the New Times idea began to emerge. Alongside Jacques, Stuart Hall was highly influential. Articles were published in "MT" questioning the Left's opposition to consumerism, focus on material production and the industrial working class, and approach to Margaret Thatcher. The term "Thatcherism" is largely attributable to Hall's work in "MT", where he argued that she was not 'just another' Tory. In 1988, New Times was belatedly named in MT's October issue | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
New Times (politics) A special edition proclaimed that ""Mass production, the mass consumer, the big city, big-brother state, the sprawling housing estate, and the nation-state are in decline: flexibility, diversity, differentiation, mobility, communication, decentralisation and internationalisation are in the ascendant. In the process our own identities, our sense of self, our own subjectivities are being transformed. We are in transition to a new era."" The movement had now reached its peak, with a huge influence on Neil Kinnock and later Tony Blair's reorientation of the Labour Party. The principal basis of New Times is, as the name suggests, the idea that the 1980s and 90s represent a significant break with previous history | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
New Times (politics) The transition from Fordism to Post-fordism is a key factor, as workers in western nations are no longer concentrated in large workplaces, but employed widely in the service and public sectors; blue collar jobs are replaced by white collar ones; and consumption is democratised to a far greater extent than previously. Other things are seen as radically new. Thatcherism, for example, is seen not as a simple development of previous Tory policy, but as a radical departure. Jacques, in the introduction to the MT special, writes that "at the heart of Thatcherism, has been its sense of New Times, of living in a new era... the Right has glimpsed the future and run with it." The new times require new politics, and Thatcher is the first one to realise it | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
New Times (politics) In terms of concrete political positions, the NT milieu did not significantly differ from the wider Eurocommunist scene. NT did not see their role as informing Communist cadre so much as influencing the wider left, in particular the Labourites and Liberals. They advocated broad coalitions of oppressed groups, and ushered in an era of 'identity politics'. (Indeed, much of Hall's subsequent work was concerned with questions of identity.) NT repudiated the project of abolishing capitalism, ascribing the failure of Bolshevism to 'voluntarism.' NT held instead to a decidedly reformist project: the left should adapt to the world, rather than seeking to change it | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
New Times (politics) During the "Marxism Today" discussion, A Sivinandan published a critique in "Race & Class" in which he argued that class struggle was still central to capitalism. It begins: "New Times is a fraud, a counterfeit, a humbug. It palms off Thatcherite values as socialist, shores up the Thatcherite market with the pretended politics of choice, fits out the Thatcherite individual with progressive consumerism, makes consumption itself the stuff of politics." Many New Times intellectuals were instrumental in reorganising the Labour Party. Hobsbawm was an advisor to Neil Kinnock, as Martin Kettle later was to Tony Blair. Many of Blair's inner circle were former Communists of the Euro/NT school | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
New Times (politics) While those intellectuals who still identify with the New Times school are often very critical of Blair's alleged over-identification with Thatcherite policy. The Democratic Left movement set up by "MT" alumni in the 1990s published a magazine also called "New Times". This ceased publication in 2000. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7641341 | New Times (politics) |
Whitewashing (censorship) To whitewash is a metaphor meaning "to gloss over or cover up vices, crimes or scandals or to exonerate by means of a perfunctory investigation or through biased presentation of data". The first known use of the term is from 1591 in England. Whitewash is a cheap white paint or coating of chalked lime that was used to quickly give a uniform clean appearance to a wide variety of surfaces, for instance, the entire interior of a barn. In 1800, in the United States, the word was used in a political context, when a Philadelphia "Aurora" editorial said that "if you do not whitewash President Adams speedily, the Democrats, like swarms of flies, will bespatter him all over, and make you both as speckled as a dirty wall, and as black as the devil | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7642917 | Whitewashing (censorship) |
Whitewashing (censorship) " In the 20th century, many dictatorships and authoritarian states, as well as democratic countries, have used the method of whitewash in order to glorify the results of war. For instance, during the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia following the Prague Spring of 1968, the Press Group of Soviet Journalists released a collection of "facts, documents, press reports and eye-witness accounts." Western journalists promptly nicknamed it as "The White Book", both for its white cover and its attempts to whitewash the invasion by creating the impression that the Warsaw Pact countries had the right and duty to invade | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7642917 | Whitewashing (censorship) |
Whitewashing (censorship) In the early 21st century, North Korean radio broadcasts have claimed the nation has an abundance in food supplies, yet the government receives food aid from foreign states. In the study of reputation systems by means of algorithmic game theory, whitewashing is used to refer to an agent abandoning a tarnished identity and re-creating a new blank one, in what is more widely known in Internet slang as sockpuppeting. The text of Michelle Alexander's "The New Jim Crow" has been identified as being whitewashed due to the bias of its conceptual framework. It omits pertinent African American people and history, as well as politically radical ideas in favor of a more conventional and mainstream perspective | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7642917 | Whitewashing (censorship) |
Whitewashing (censorship) Critics maintain that the text has been whitewashed for white middle-class consumption. Novels by George Orwell have dealt with the subject of whitewash as well. In "Animal Farm", the pig Napoleon tries to whitewash history by deleting a few characters from the minds of the other animals. This was perceived as a direct reference to the USSR under Stalin. The protagonist of his novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four", set in a totalitarian dictatorship, is employed as a routine falsifier of the historical record to ensure that it is always in keeping with the party line | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7642917 | Whitewashing (censorship) |
Whitewashing (censorship) Czech writer Milan Kundera, in his novel "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting", described histories being revised with both text and photos being changed to take out unpopular dissidents or people on the wrong side of the government. Since the late 20th century in the United States, new terms have been coined to relate to similar efforts to associate with desirable social goals or get on a bandwagon. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7642917 | Whitewashing (censorship) |
Natural fertility is the fertility that exists without birth control. The control is the number of children birthed to the parents and is modified as the number of children reaches the maximum. There is evidence that little birth control is used in non-European countries. tends to decrease as a society modernizes. Women in a pre-modernized society typically have given birth to a large number of children by the time they are 50 years old, while women in post-modernized society only bear a small number by the same age. However, during modernization natural fertility rises, before family planning is practiced. Historical populations have traditionally honored the idea of natural fertility by displaying fertility symbols | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility is a concept developed by the French historical demographer Louis Henry to refer to the level of fertility that would prevail in a population that makes no conscious effort to limit, regulate, or control fertility, so that fertility depends only on physiological factors affecting fecundity. In contrast, populations that practice birth control will have lower fertility levels as a result of delaying first births (a lengthened interval between menarche and first pregnancy), extended intervals between births, or stopping child-bearing at a certain age. Such control does not assume the use of artificial means of fertility regulation or modern contraceptive methods but can result from the use of traditional means of contraception or pregnancy prevention (e.g | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility , coitus interruptus). Many social norms or practices effect fertility regulation including celibacy, the age at marriage and the timing and frequency of sexual intercourse, including periods of prescribed sexual abstinence. Breastfeeding has also been used to space births in areas without birth control. Ansley Coale and other demographers have developed several methods for measuring the extent of such fertility control, in which the idea of a natural level of fertility is an essential component. When women have access to birth control, they can better plan their pregnancies. This leads to better health outcomes and enhances their lives and those of their families | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility Birth control has dramatically improved the ability of all women to participate actively and with dignity in economies across the world. Birth control allows many women to delay childbearing until they believe they are emotionally and financially ready to be a parent. Children who are born in an unplanned pregnancy tend to occur outside relationships. Birth Control has been the main tool to prevent unplanned births, and with greater access to birth control unplanned pregnancies have declined. Proximate determinants describe variables that affect a female's fertility | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility There are seven proximate determinants of natural fertility, four of which affect the inter-birth interval: Factors like the age at which a woman marries and the inter-birth interval are influenced by social factors like education, religion, and wealth. Educated women tend to delay childbirth and have fewer offspring. In sub-Saharan Africa where gender disparities in education are more prevalent, fertility rates are the highest in the world. Globally, 58 million girls do not attend primary school. Half of those girls live in sub-Saharan Africa; this disparity only widens as the level of education increases | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility Prevalence of child marriage is an attributing factor to the fertility rates in India as women ages 20–24 reported that they had never used contraception prior to giving birth or within their first year of marriage. Child marriage in India primarily occurs in girls living in poor socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore, women married as minors in South Asia, where half of child marriages occur, reveal having high numbers of unwanted pregnancies than their counterparts that married as adults | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility Common reasons communities or individuals will practice natural fertility include concerns about developing medical conditions (including future infertility), pre-existing health conditions (including PCOS), cost of birth control, religious prohibition, lack of availability of birth control, and lack of information about birth control methods. Location also tends to be a factor in regards to the availability of both contraceptives and education on sexual practice. For example, less developed areas, including, but not limited to those extending throughout inland Africa lack access to the drugs necessary to control fertility or informative lessons describing their correct usage | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility The number of children born to one woman can vary dependent on her window from menarche to menopause. The average window of fertility is from 13.53 to 49.24. Taking into consideration lactational amenorrhea and the period between conception and birth, the average woman is capable of experiencing around 20 births. However, if the duration of lactation is cut short due to use of a formula substitute or the woman has multiple births, the number of offspring could exceed 20. is not only influenced by women and their conscious decisions, but also their male counterparts. Even if a woman is unexposed to contraceptives, lacks knowledge of family planning, or purposely refrains from practicing regulated fertility, she could still struggle to conceive | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility Over the past half century, there has been an increase in scientific data supporting the decline in male sperm count. The decrease is attributed to various environmental toxins that are accumulating as the planet continues to industrialize. If sperm count remains above 60 million per ejaculate, fertility remains normal. But sperm counts are continuing to drop. At such low levels, the sperm often are incapable of successfully fertilizing the egg. As a result, women tend to run into more difficulties when trying to conceive, even if they try to do so naturally. Ansley J. Coale developed a theory to predict when a population's fertility would begin to decline. His theory focused on three specific aspects | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility First, a couple must make conscious choice to control their fertility. This is closely related to secularization as some religions prohibit means of contraception. Second, there must be a benefit to controlling fertility that results in the desire for a smaller family. For example, as more regions move away from agriculture children are no longer needed to help with labor and fertility rates and family size tend to decrease. Third, the couple must be able to control fertility. This means that access to contraceptives or other means of limiting fertility must be available. Coale's preconditions for fertility decline is interrelated to the Demographic Transition, a theory of the transition of societies from an agricultural to an industrial system | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility A more modernized society has lower mortality and fertility rates while a less modernized society tends to have higher mortality and fertility rates. Developing countries in the early stages of the demographic transition are characterized by high fertility and mortality rates which can be attributed to the lack of medical interventions like birth control and modern technology. Communicable diseases and contaminated resources like water and consequently food, plague developing countries. As a consequence, people of all ages die in masses. Coale's theory favored a fertility decline as a smaller population would allow for a more beneficial spread of resources and keep the number of ill individuals concentrated to a smaller group | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility In addition, Coale viewed the development of Europe's infrastructure during the Industrial Revolution as a mark in its transition in the demographic transition. Mortality and fertility rates declined with their improved standard of living. Infant mortality rates are indicative of fertility rates as couples decide to have a lot children knowing that a number of them will die so that even after those children die, they have sufficient kids to aid in agricultural work. Conversely, developed countries in the later stages of the demographic transition experience lower fertility and mortality rates due to the accessibility of contraception, the pursuit of higher education in women, and marriage at a later age | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility Coale's theory can be observed in sub-Saharan Africa as countries residing within this region have fertility levels that are declining at a much slower rate than before and have one of the highest projected population growths compared to other areas of the world. Individuals inhabiting sub-Saharan Africa have slowly rejected Coale's second precondition for fertility decline which, as stated before, is willingness. They are resistant and unwilling to accept the integration of modern forms of contraception. This can be attributed to the influence of religion and the values it imposes on culture even in individuals who don't practice any religion. To add on, the society they live in encourages young marriages and values large families | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Natural fertility Despite the discrepancy between preferred child bearing and natural fertility, women in Africa have reported they don't use any form of contraception to prevent pregnancies. All of these factors have contributed to the slowing down of fertility decline in Africa. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7650180 | Natural fertility |
Obsessive love or disorder (OLD) is a condition in which one person feels an overwhelming obsessive desire to possess and protect another person, with an inability to accept failure or rejection. Symptoms include an inability to tolerate any time spent without that person, obsessive fantasies surrounding the person, and spending inordinate amounts of time seeking out, making, or looking at images of that person. Although it is not categorized under any specific mental diagnosis by the DSM-5, some people argue that obsessive love is a mental illness similar to attachment disorder, borderline personality disorder, and erotomania | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7670972 | Obsessive love |
Obsessive love Depending on the intensity of their attraction, obsessive lovers may feel entirely unable to restrain themselves from extreme behaviors such as acts of violence toward themselves or others. can have its roots in childhood trauma and may begin at first sight; it may persist indefinitely, sometimes requiring psychotherapy. In November 2019 marriage.com reported that although it could be “a slight exaggeration” Netflix show You had got people talking about obsessive love disorder. Author Liz Hodgkinson, herself a sufferer from Obsessive Love Disorder, in one instance lasting for fifty years and only being relieved by psychotherapy states "I believe that with obsessive love, time is no healer at all | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7670972 | Obsessive love |
Obsessive love The experience of obsessive love can be likened to dropping a stitch in knitting, and never picking it up. The knitting never quite looks right from then on, unless we unpick it and start again from the mistake." You, a 2014 thriller novel by Caroline Kepnes portrays obsessive love disorder. The novel was translated into 19 languages and has been adapted into a television serial of the same name. In 2018 the psychological thriller novel written by Caroline Kepnes was developed into the September 2018 Lifetime television series You. It attracted a limited audience before becoming more popular and a critical success on Netflix from December 2018. Over 43 million viewers streamed the first season after its debut on the streaming service | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7670972 | Obsessive love |
Obsessive love Based on Kepnes' follow-up novel "Hidden Bodies", the second season was released exclusively on Netflix on December 26, 2019. On January 14, 2020, the series was renewed by Netflix for a third season, set to be released sometime in 2021. The term "yandere" is used by the anime and manga fandom as an over-dramatization of OLD. Usually, "yandere" characters are extremely brutal and do not hesitate to hurt and/or kill others in order to be with their beloved. The best known yandere characters include Yuno Gasai from the Future Diary anime and manga series and Ayano Aishi from "Yandere Simulator" stealth action video game. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7670972 | Obsessive love |
Bradley Shavit Artson Bradley Shavit "Brad" Artson (born 1959) is an American rabbi, author, speaker, and the occupant of the Abner and Roslyn Goldstine Dean's Chair of the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies at the American Jewish University in Los Angeles, California, where he is Vice-President. He supervises the Louis and Judith Miller Introduction to Judaism Program and provides educational and religious oversight for Camp Ramah of California in Ojai and Camp Ramah of Northern California in the Monterey Bay area. He is Dean of the Zacharias Frankel College at the University of Potsdam in Germany, ordaining Conservative/Masorti rabbis for Europe. Born and raised in San Francisco, Artson holds the A.B. Degree from Harvard College, cum laude, in 1981 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7673913 | Bradley Shavit Artson |
Bradley Shavit Artson As an undergraduate, he served as the LBJ Intern for United States Representative Burton and was an intern for United States Senator Alan Cranston. Following graduation, Artson was a Legislative Assistant to the Speaker of the California Assembly for two years and was ordained with honors by the Jewish Theological Seminary in 1988. He wrote his first book, "Love Peace and Pursue Peace: A Jewish Response to War and Nuclear Annihilation" while in rabbinical school. During his last year at rabbinical school, he served as the part-time rabbinic intern at Bolton Street Synagogue in Baltimore. For 10 years, Artson served as the rabbi of Congregation Eilat in Mission Viejo, which grew under his tenure from about 200 families to over 600 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7673913 | Bradley Shavit Artson |
Bradley Shavit Artson During that period, his Introduction to Judaism course helped over 200 people convert to Judaism, and 10 of his congregants have entered the rabbinate in turn. From 1998–1999, Artson was a member of the Senior Management of the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles and served as the Executive Vice President of the Board of Rabbis of Southern California. In 1999, he began his work at the University of Judaism (now the American Jewish University). In addition to his work as Rabbinical School Dean and University Vice-President, Rabbi Artson received his D.H.L. at the Hebrew Union College's Jewish Institute of Religion in Contemporary Jewish Theology, under the supervision of Rabbi Dr. David Ellenson | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7673913 | Bradley Shavit Artson |
Bradley Shavit Artson His scholarly fields are Jewish philosophy and theology, particularly a process approach integrating contemporary scientific insights from cosmology, quantum physics, evolutionary theory and neuroscience to a dynamic view of God, Torah, Mitzvot and ethics. He is a charter member of the Society for the Study of Judaism and Science. A prominent leader of Conservative Judaism, Artson serves on the Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism. He supervises the Miller Introduction to Judaism Program and the Center for Jewish Outreach at American Jewish University and he mentors Camp Ramah in California. Rabbi Artson writes a weekly Torah commentary that has over 13,000 internet subscribers | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7673913 | Bradley Shavit Artson |
Bradley Shavit Artson He is the author of 11 books, most recently "Renewing the Process of Creation: A Jewish Integration of Science and Spirit" and "God of Becoming & Relationship: The Dynamic Nature of Process Theology" both published by Jewish Lights. He is a regular contributor to Huffington Post, the Times of Israel, and he has written over 300 articles in several journals and magazines. He is also Dean of the Zacharias Frankel College at the University of Potsdam, Germany, ordaining Conservative/Masorti rabbis for Europe under the religious supervision of the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7673913 | Bradley Shavit Artson |
Bradley Shavit Artson In 2008, Artson ordained Rabbi Gershom Sizomu, the leader of the Abayudaya Tribe and participated a rabbinic delegation to Uganda to install him as the first African rabbi in Sub-Saharan Africa. While in Africa he joined a Beit Din in converting 250 Africans from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, and Uganda. A regional chief bestowed upon him the African name Walusansa Salongo. Artson launched the "Walking With …" series, an annual series of books distributed free of charge and available on the web as complimentary PDF files . In 2007 he produced "Walking With God", in 2008, "Walking With Justice," in 2009, "Walking With Life," and in 2010, "Walking With the Jewish Calendar | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7673913 | Bradley Shavit Artson |
Bradley Shavit Artson " For the past few years he has also produced an annual Selichot DVD, "Choose Life," a series of conversations with Rabbi Artson, Rabbi David Wolpe, Rabbi Naomi Levy, Rabbi Edward Feinstein, and Rabbi Sharon Brous. It can be viewed at . Under his direction, the Ziegler School sponsored a podcast page that presents the monthly discussions of Rabbi Artson, a Rebbe's Tish of Reb Mimi Feigelson, lessons on the Siddur and prayer by Rabbi Elliot Dorff, and a Halakhah Yomi by Rabbi Aaron Alexander. Artson has served on the faculty of the Wexner Heritage Foundation and as a speaker for UJC/Federation communities. Artson is married to Elana Shavit Artson, and they are the parents of twins, Shira and Jacob. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7673913 | Bradley Shavit Artson |
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices Aboriginal avoidance practices refers to those relationships in traditional Aboriginal society where certain people are required to avoid others in their family or clan. These customs are still active in many parts of Australia, to a greater or lesser extent. Avoidance relationships are a mark of respect. There are also strong protocols around avoiding, or averting, eye contact, as well as around speaking the name of the dead. In general, across most language groups, the two most common avoidance relationships are: In what is the strongest kinship avoidance rule, some Australian Aboriginal customs ban a person from talking directly to their mother-in-law or even seeing her | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7676441 | Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices |
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices A mother-in-law also eats apart from her son-in-law or daughter-in-law and their spouse. If the two are present at the same ceremony, they will sit with their backs to each other but they can still communicate via the wife/husband, who remains the main conduit for communication in this relationship. Often there are language customs surrounding these relationships. This relationship extends to avoiding all women of the same skin group as the mother-in-law, and, for the mother-in-law, men of the same skin group as the son-in-law. The age of marriage is very different for men and women with girls usually marrying at puberty while a man may not marry until his late 20s or even later | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7676441 | Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices |
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices As mothers-in-law and sons-in-law are likely to be of approximately the same age the avoidance practice possibly serves to circumvent potential illicit relationships. It has also been suggested that the custom developed to overcome a common cause of friction in families. This usually takes place after initiation. Prior to this, brothers and sisters play together freely. Both these avoidance relationships have their grounding in the Australian Aboriginal kinship system, and so are ways of avoiding incest in small bands of closely related people. There are many other avoidance relationships, including same-sex relationships, but these are the main two | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7676441 | Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices |
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices Once children are older, they are viewed as potential marital partners and their sexual behavior becomes one of strict avoidance until married. Permanent relationships are prescribed by traditional law and often arranged before birth. Same-sex relationships are viewed in the same light as incest or "wrong" marriages (i.e., to a partner of their own choice or wrong skin group) which carry the same penalties as a domestic crime against the community. However, intimate bodily contact between women regardless of marital status is not considered sexually suggestive but affirmation of friendship and a "right to touch". Touch is particularly important when women tell jokes or discuss matters of a sexual nature | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7676441 | Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices |
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices In these circumstances behavior such as "nipple tweaking" and "groin grabbing" are seen as signs of friendship. Traditionally, this meant avoiding referring to a deceased individual by name directly after their death as a mark of respect—and also because it is considered too painful for the grieving family. Today the practice continues in many communities, but has also come to encompass avoiding the publication or dissemination of photography or film footage of the deceased as well. Most forms of media include a disclaimer warning Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders that the program may contain images and voices of such people who have died. (as recommended by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7676441 | Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices |
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices The avoidance period may last anywhere from 12 months to several years. The person can still be referred to in a roundabout way, such as, "that old lady", or by their generic skin name, but not by first name. In some Central Australian communities, if for example, an individual named Alice dies, that name must be avoided in all contexts. This can even include the township Alice Springs being referred to in conversation in a roundabout way. Those of the same name as the deceased are referred to by a substitute name during the avoidance period such as "Kuminjay", used in the Pintubi-Luritja dialect, or "Galyardu", which appears in a mid-western Australia Wajarri dictionary for this purpose. This presents some challenges to indigenous people | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7676441 | Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices |
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices In traditional society, people lived together in small bands of extended family, and name duplication was less common. Today, as people have moved into larger communities (with upwards of 300 to 600 people), the logistics of name avoidance have become increasingly difficult. Exotic and rare names have therefore become more common, particularly in Central Australia and desert communities, to deal with this new challenge. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7676441 | Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices |
Techniques of neutralization are a theoretical series of methods by which those who commit illegitimate acts temporarily neutralize certain values within themselves which would normally prohibit them from carrying out such acts, such as morality, obligation to abide by the law, and so on. In simpler terms, it is a psychological method for people to turn off "inner protests" when they do, or are about to do something they themselves perceive as wrong. The idea of such techniques was first postulated by David Matza (born May 1, 1930) and Gresham Sykes (born 1922) during their work on Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association in the 1950s | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7692848 | Techniques of neutralization |
Techniques of neutralization While Matza and Sykes were at the time working on juvenile delinquency, they hypothocized that the same techniques could be found throughout society and published their ideas in "Delinquency and Drift" 1964. Matza and Sykes' hypothesis states that people are always aware of their moral obligation to abide by the law, and that they have the same moral obligation within themselves to avoid illegitimate acts. Thus, they reasoned, when a person did commit illegitimate acts, they must employ some sort of mechanism to silence the urge to follow these moral obligations. This hypothesis rejects other theories which suggested that groups containing delinquents have set up their own permanent moral code which completely replaces moral obligations | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7692848 | Techniques of neutralization |
Techniques of neutralization Thus, Matza and Sykes were able to explain how offenders 'drift' from illegitimate to legitimate lifestyles repeatedly, as they retain the moral code rather than wipe it clean to be replaced by a more illegitimate one as previous theories suggested. The theory was built up upon four observations: These theories were brought from positivistic criminology which looked at epistemological perspectives of delinquency. From these, Matza and Sykes created the following methods by which, they believed, delinquents justified their illegitimate actions: There are five methods of neutralization generally manifest themselves in the form of arguments, such as: In 2017, Bryant et al | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7692848 | Techniques of neutralization |
Techniques of neutralization analysed statements made by 27 individuals accused of participation in the Rwanda genocide and found two neutralization techniques that had not been identified before: In 2018 Muel Kaptein and Martien van Helvoort have developed a model, called the Amoralizations Alarm Clock, that covers all existing amoralizations in a logical way. Amorializations, also called neutralizations, or rationalizations, are defined as justifications and excuses for deviant behavior. Amoralizations are important explanations for the rise and persistence of deviant behavior. There exist many different and overlapping techniques of amoralizations. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1491696 Further research in the hypothesis has produced inconclusive results | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7692848 | Techniques of neutralization |
Techniques of neutralization Offenders have been found both with a solid belief in their moral obligations, and without. Travis Hirschi, a social bond theorist, also raised the question as to whether the offender develops these techniques to neutralise their qualms regarding offending "before" or "after" they actually commit the offence. The Neutralization Hypothosis was introduced by Sykes and Matza in 1957, facing the then prevailing criminological wisdom that offenders engage in crime because they adhere to an oppositional subcultural rule set that values law breaking and violence, they rejected this perspective | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7692848 | Techniques of neutralization |
Techniques of neutralization Subsequent research revealed that the original formulation of the Sykes and Matza's theory explains only the behavior of "conventionally attached individuals" not those of "nonconventionally oriented individuals" such as "criminally embedded street offenders". Professor Volkan Topalli, at Georgia State University, in his article "The Seductive Nature of Autotelic Crime: How Neutralization Theory Serves as a Boundary Condition for Understanding Hardcore Street Offending", explains that for those groups "guilt is not an issue at all because their crimes are not only considered acceptable, but attractive and desirable". Amoralizations https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1491696 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7692848 | Techniques of neutralization |
Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays is a 1974 book by economist Murray Rothbard. The book represents the author's theorizing on topics impacting human liberty. Rothbard looks beyond conventional left-right thinking and hence contributes to the groundwork for the current intellectual challenge against centralized social and economic management. The book's title comes from the lead essay, which argues that egalitarian theory always results in a politics of statist control because it is founded on revolt against the ontological structure of reality itself. According to Rothbard in this lead essay, statist intellectuals attempt to replace what exists with a Romantic image of an idealized primitive state of nature, an ideal which cannot and should not be achieved, according to Rothbard | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7705752 | Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays |
Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays The implications of this point are worked out on topics such as market economics, child rights, environmentalism, feminism, foreign policy, redistribution and others. Roy Childs writes in the Foreword: For until Rothbard's work is carefully studied by every advocate of liberty, the value of his contributions to the libertarian system cannot be fully appreciated and, moreover, the unity and true historical context of libertarianism will not even be fully grasped. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7705752 | Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays |
Charitable Uses Act 1601 The Charitable Uses Act of 1601 (known as the "Statute of Elizabeth") is an Act (43 Eliz I, c.4) of the Parliament of England. It was repealed by section 13(1) of the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act 1888 (c.42) (but see section 13(2) of that Act). The preamble to the act contained a list of purposes or activities that was, in effect, a list of purposes or activities that the State believed were of general benefit to society, and to which the State wanted to encourage private contributions. The list has formed the foundation of the modern definition of charitable purposes, which has developed through case law | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7706038 | Charitable Uses Act 1601 |
Charitable Uses Act 1601 This has come about because the courts, in considering whether or not a particular purpose was charitable in law, have tended to look for an analogy between the purpose under consideration and the list, and to recognise the purpose as charitable if an analogy with the 1601 list could be found. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7706038 | Charitable Uses Act 1601 |
Wesley J. Smith (born 1949) is an American lawyer and author, a Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center on Human Exceptionalism, a politically conservative non-profit think tank. He is also a consultant for the Patients Rights Council. Smith is known for his criticism of assisted suicide and utilitarian bioethics. Smith has authored or co-authored fourteen books. He formerly collaborated with consumer advocate Ralph Nader, and has been published in regional and national outlets such as "The New York Times", "Newsweek", "The Wall Street Journal", "USA Today", the "San Francisco Chronicle", "The Seattle Times", the "New York Post", and others | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7707870 | Wesley J. Smith |
Wesley J. Smith He is also well known for his blog, "Human Exceptionalism", hosted by "National Review", which advances his theory of "human exceptionalism" and defends intrinsic human dignity. He is a critic of those he labels "mainstream" bioethicists such as Peter Singer, Julian Savulescu, Jacob M. Appel, and R. Alta Charo. He has also been highly critical of science writer Matt Ridley. Smith practiced law in the San Fernando Valley from 1976–1985, at which time he left law practice to pursue other interests, particularly as a public policy advocate. His first book in 1987 was "The Lawyer Book: A Nuts and Bolts Guide to Client Survival", introduced by consumer advocate Ralph Nader beginning a collaboration between the two men | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7707870 | Wesley J. Smith |
Wesley J. Smith Smith is a prolific author and a frequent contributor to "National Review" and "The Weekly Standard". He closely followed the Terri Schiavo case in 2005, and wrote frequently on the topic. He opposes policies allowing for assisted suicide, euthanasia, human cloning, and granting human style "rights" to animals," making a clear distinction between animal rights and animal welfare. He is also a noted critic of mainstream views in bioethics, human cloning research, radical environmentalism and of what he calls the radical animal liberation movement, which he worries exhibits "anti-humanism". His book "Culture of Death: The Assault on Medical Ethics in America" was named Best Health Book of the Year at the 2001 Independent Publishers Book Awards | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7707870 | Wesley J. Smith |
Wesley J. Smith Smith is one of the world's foremost apologists of "human exceptionalism," which he defends from a secular perspective. Smith is a frequent guest on radio and television talk shows, having appeared on national programs such as "Good Morning America" and "Nightline", as well as internationally on BBC Radio 4. He has testified as an expert witness in front of federal and state legislative committees, and is an international public speaker, appearing throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and many countries in Europe. Smith is married to the syndicated "Las Vegas Review Journal" White House correspondent Debra J. Saunders. In a 2001 essay, physician Matthew K | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7707870 | Wesley J. Smith |
Wesley J. Smith Wynia and attorney Arthur Derse accused Smith of selectively using evidence to create a false impression that bioethics is a monolithic field. They argued that Smith was "prepared to bend the truth to make a point, turn a stomach, and potentially radicalize a reader." Smith rebutted these criticisms, stating in part, "Wynia and Derse assert that I claim bioethics is a monolith. That is not what I write. What I do believe is that bioethics has, generally, crystallized into an orthodoxy, perhaps even an ideology. I acknowledge that disagreements certainly exist within the field. But I view them, with some exceptions, as the arguing of people who agree on fundamentals but disagree on details -- sort of like Catholics bickering with Baptists." | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7707870 | Wesley J. Smith |
Johanne Agerskov Johanne Elisabeth Agerskov (1873–1946) was a Danish medium. Together with her husband, Michael Agerskov, she was responsible for the ethico-religious, philosophical, and pseudo-scientific book, "Toward the Light" (in Danish, "Vandrer mod Lyset!"), first published by Michael Agerskov in Copenhagen in 1920. She was a daughter of a Danish inventor, minister and principal of the Royal Institute for Deaf-Mutes in Copenhagen Rasmus Malling-Hansen ( 1835 - 1890 ). In her younger days worked as a teacher, and she married Michael Agerskov in 1899. Their only daughter, Inger Agerskov, was born in 1900, and Johanne became a housewife | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709402 | Johanne Agerskov |
Johanne Agerskov During the first decade of the twentieth century, Michael became interested in spiritual phenomena, and persuaded his wife to participate in séances, even though she was skeptical in the beginning. Soon Johanne came to believe that the spirits of the transcendental world had called upon her, and had given her the message that she was a medium, and that before her birth she had promised to be instrumental in bringing eternal truths to mankind. Convinced that she had a special mission, Agerskov and her husband formed a circle with two more couples, and for many years held weekly séances, in which they believed messages from the spirits of the light were given to Agerskov through intuitive thought-inspiration | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709402 | Johanne Agerskov |
Johanne Agerskov She claimed a unique ability to close off her own thoughts, so that all she could "hear" in her mind, according to her, was the thoughts of the spirit with whom she was supposed to be in contact. That was very demanding, and in that period she gave up all the pleasures of social life, in order to be focused and prepared for the séances. The members of the circle would submit questions for her to ask the spirits, and shortly she would give them answers, supposedly from the spirits, which the other participants would write down | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709402 | Johanne Agerskov |
Johanne Agerskov That resulted in the publication of the book, "Toward the Light", which Agerskov called "a message to mankind from the transcendental world", and which she and her husband sent out to all the bishops and sixty ministers of the Danish national church. Their hope was that these would participate in a reformation of the Danish church, based upon the new knowledge given in "Toward the Light". The Agerskovs made great efforts to that end, through correspondence and by opening their home to anybody who wanted to see them about "Toward the Light"; but there was little public interest in the book, and the expected reformation did not take place. was also deeply engaged in the work of her father | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709402 | Johanne Agerskov |
Johanne Agerskov In 1924 a Danish professor asserted that Malling-Hansen was not the inventor of the Hansen Writing Ball, and Agerskov undertook a thorough investigation of the facts, together with her sister, Engelke Wiberg. They wrote several articles on the subject, and Agerskov also wrote a book, called "Hvem var Skrivekuglens Opfinder?" ("Who was the Inventor of the Writing Ball?"), published in Copenhagen in 1925. In 1926 a Society for the Advancement of "Toward the Light" was formed , which offered religious services for its members, based on "Toward the Light". Agerskov was skeptical, however, because "Toward the Light" calls on believers to remain in the established church and to work for reformation from within | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709402 | Johanne Agerskov |
Johanne Agerskov Even though the Agerskovs in the beginning had participated in spiritualist séances, they soon asked their followers to end that activity, because, as they asserted in "Toward the Light", calling on the spirits of deceased ancestors would bring problems to those who could not resist the call to appear. The spirits, they said, needed to rest and to prepare for their next incarnation, and were not allowed to visit the earth. Michael Agerskov died in 1933, but Johanne continued to answer letters and to publish up until 1938, in collaboration with their daughter. During the last years of her life, suffered from illness, and was not able to leave her home | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709402 | Johanne Agerskov |
Johanne Agerskov There has been controversy among Agerskov's followers over whether or not to publish photos of her, as she said to destroy all her own pictures of herself before she died. Some of the followers of "Toward the Light!" contend that her will in this matter should be respected, and oppose the publication of such pictures. Others see nothing wrong with publishing photos of her, considering that photos of her are available in public collections in both Denmark and Norway, and on the World-Wide Web. This article contains photos of both Agerskov and her husband, supplied by their descendants, who have no objection to their publication. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709402 | Johanne Agerskov |
Max Lüscher (September 9, 1923 – February 2, 2017) was a Swiss psychotherapist known for inventing the Lüscher color test, a tool for measuring an individual's psychophysical state based on his or her color preferences. Besides research, teaching and practicing psychotherapy in Basel, Lüscher worked for international companies, amongst other things giving color advice. His book "The Lüscher Test" has been translated into more than 30 languages. was born in Basel, Switzerland on September 9, 1923. After receiving his Swiss "Matura", comparable to a diploma, he focused on studying psychiatry and achieved his doctorate in the areas of philosophy, psychology, and the philosophy of law. Lüscher completed his dissertation on ""Color as an aid in psychological diagnosis"" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7713579 | Max Lüscher |
Max Lüscher This project was chosen as the "summa cum laude" by his professors. After this, working as a psychotherapist, Lüscher created his first color test which was published in 1947. This test used color cards to determine the current emotional state of the test-taker. From 1961 to 1965, Lüscher lived in Berlin and continued his career as a psychotherapist. Lüscher was noted for his guest lectures and training seminars for physicians. The "Lüscher Color-Diagnostics" are now used in several universities across the world. The test colors from the Lüscher Color-Diagnosis chosen based on favoritism. The test-taker chooses the card color they like best and then orders the rest from most-preferred to lease-preferred | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7713579 | Max Lüscher |
Max Lüscher Numbers are printed on the backside of each card, and after the test-taker orders them, the examiner turns them over and references an accompanying book that contains all of the different number combinations and their meaning. Lüscher argues that the subject's choice of color shows the state of their psychosomatic and emotional status and how they feel about themselves. Lüscher relates to his four fundamental colors to the following fundamental categories: A 1984 comparison of the Lüscher color test and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory found little agreement between the two tests, prompting the authors to urge cautious use of the former. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7713579 | Max Lüscher |
State of World Liberty Index The was a ranking of countries according to the degree of economic and personal freedoms that their citizens enjoy. It was a compilation of several similar indices created by other organizations. The index's original author Nick Wilson defined freedom as "the ability for the individual to live their lives as they choose, as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others to do the same." Only one report (the 2006 State of World Liberty Index, released 12 August 2006) was produced by the State of World Liberty Project and the original website is now defunct | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720337 | State of World Liberty Index |
State of World Liberty Index However, Patrick Rhamey, professor in the Department of International Studies at the Virginia Military Institute, has updated the rankings through 2020 using the same concept, with some adjustments to the original method. The index has been cited by human rights organisations, governments, pro-democracy groups, news organisations, and others. The 2006 was created by combining the rankings of four other indexes of world liberty into one: the "2005 Economic Freedom of the World" Index (Fraser Institute), the "2006 Index of Economic Freedom" (The Heritage Foundation), the "2005 Freedom in the World" index (Freedom House), and the "2005 Press Freedom Index" (Reporters Without Borders) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720337 | State of World Liberty Index |
State of World Liberty Index These reports are used to score countries in three categories: individual freedom, economic freedom, and government size and taxation. These three scores are then averaged to give a country's overall score. The 2012-2020 Rankings reproduce the original ranking concept using the same data sources, albeit adjusting the weighting of data to best capture the original intent of measuring "the ability of the individual to live their lives as they choose." Measures are also standardized appropriately given the different scales used across indices and the government burden category was condensed into the broader indicator of economic freedom | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720337 | State of World Liberty Index |
State of World Liberty Index Beginning in 2018, the ranking also includes a measure of how Conservative or Progressive a state is, defined as whether a state regulates either social or economic issues more heavily. In the 2020 index, New Zealand is ranked most free overall, while North Korea is last. Hong Kong was ranked most free in economic liberty, while Norway was ranked most free in the social liberty category. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720337 | State of World Liberty Index |
Compliance and ethics program Since about 1970, several major business and government excesses were seen in the United States to generate subsequent legal, public and political reaction. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is perhaps the legislation with the most significant influence in the development of ethics and compliance programs; similar ideas are encoded in the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations, and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) marked the early beginnings of compliance programs in the United States. In the mid-1970s, United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigations discovered that a significant number of American companies participated in bribery overseas. “Over 400 U.S | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720374 | Compliance and ethics program |
Compliance and ethics program Companies admitted to making questionable or illegal payments to foreign government officials, politicians and political parties.” (United States Department of Justice 2006) One of the most infamous cases of its time was the admission by a Lockheed executive, to the Multinational Corporations Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, that Lockheed had paid bribes in the amount of $22 million to Japanese government officials in the course of trying to sell its aircraft. This revelation came on the heels of the U.S. Government providing Lockheed with a $250 million emergency loan guarantee (Hishikawa 2003). In an effort to restore faith in American business, in December 1977 the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was signed into law | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720374 | Compliance and ethics program |
Compliance and ethics program This anti-bribery provision makes it “unlawful for a U.S. person, and certain foreign issuers of securities, to make a corrupt payment to a foreign official for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person.” (United States Department of Justice 2006) The law also requires publicly traded companies “to maintain records that accurately and fairly represent the company’s transactions. Additionally, it requires these companies to have an adequate systems of internal accounting controls | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720374 | Compliance and ethics program |
Compliance and ethics program ” (United States Department of Justice 2006) Following the passage of the FCPA, in 1988, the Congress became concerned that American companies were operating at a disadvantage because their foreign counterparts were, as a matter of practice, paying bribes to foreign officials and deducting those bribes as business expenses on their taxes. (United States Department of Justice 2006) Subsequently, the Executive Branch began negotiations with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a 34-member nation coalition consisting of the United States and 33 other countries, to enact legislation similar to FCPA. In 1997, the OCED signed the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7720374 | Compliance and ethics program |