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Sexual abuse The term "survivor" is sometimes used for a living victim, including victims of usually non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular a living victim of sexual abuse or assault. For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust. Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7397019 | Sexual abuse |
Sexual abuse Sexual harassment in education might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade. Several sexual abuse scandals have involved abuse of religious authority and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Southern Baptist Convention, Catholic Church, Episcopalian religion, Islam, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran church, Methodist Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Orthodox Judaism, other branches of Judaism, and various cults. is a problem in some minority communities | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7397019 | Sexual abuse |
Sexual abuse In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church. A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk factors for abuse. To address the issue of sexual abuse in the African-American community, the prestigious Leeway Foundation sponsored a grant to develop www.blacksurvivors.org, a national online support group and resource center for African-American sexual abuse survivors | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7397019 | Sexual abuse |
Sexual abuse The non-profit group was founded in 2008 by Sylvia Coleman, an African-American sexual abuse survivor and national sexual abuse prevention expert. has been identified among animals as well; for example, among the Adélie penguins. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7397019 | Sexual abuse |
History of the cooperative movement The history of the cooperative movement concerns the origins and history of cooperatives across the world. Although cooperative arrangements, such as mutual insurance, and principles of cooperation existed long before, the cooperative movement began with the application of cooperative principles to business organization. The cooperative movement began in Europe in the 19th century, primarily in Britain and France. The Shore Porters Society claims to be one of the world's first cooperatives, being established in Aberdeen in 1498 (although it has since demutualized to become a private partnership). The industrial revolution and the increasing mechanism of the economy transformed society and threatened the livelihoods of many workers | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement The concurrent labour and social movements and the issues they attempted to address describe the climate at the time. The first documented consumer cooperative was founded in 1769, in a barely furnished cottage in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, when local weavers manhandled a sack of oatmeal into John Walker's whitewashed front room and began selling the contents at a discount, forming the Fenwick Weavers' Society. In the decades that followed, several cooperatives or cooperative societies formed including Lennoxtown Friendly Victualling Society, founded in 1812. By 1830, there were several hundred co-operatives. Some were initially successful, but most cooperatives founded in the early 19th century had failed by 1840 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement However, Lockhurst Lane Industrial Co-operative Society (founded in 1832 and now Heart of England Co-operative Society), and Galashiels and Hawick Co-operative Societies (1839 or earlier, merged with The Co-operative Group) still trade today. It was not until 1844 when the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers established the "Rochdale Principles" on which they ran their cooperative, that the basis for development and growth of the modern cooperative movement was established. Financially, cooperative banks, called credit unions in the US, were invented in Germany in the mid-19th century, first by Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch (1852, urban), then by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1864, rural) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement While Schulze-Delitzsch is chronologically earlier, Raiffeisen has proven more influential over time – see history of credit unions. In Britain, the friendly society, building society, and mutual savings bank were earlier forms of similar institutions. Robert Owen (1771–1858) is considered as the father of the cooperative movement. A Welshman who made his fortune in the cotton trade, Owen believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education for themselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the cotton mills of New Lanark, Scotland. It was here that the first co-operative store was opened | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Spurred on by the success of this, he had the idea of forming "villages of co-operation" where workers would drag themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and ultimately becoming self-governing. He tried to form such communities in Orbiston in Scotland and in New Harmony, Indiana in the United States of America, but both communities failed. Although Owen inspired the co-operative movement, others – such as Dr. William King (1786–1865) – took his ideas and made them more workable and practical. King believed in starting small, and realized that the working classes would need to set up co-operatives for themselves, so he saw his role as one of instruction | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement He founded a monthly periodical called "The Co-operator", the first edition of which appeared on 1 May 1828. This gave a mixture of co-operative philosophy and practical advice about running a shop using cooperative principles. King advised people not to cut themselves off from society, but rather to form a society within a society, and to start with a shop because, "We must go to a shop every day to buy food and necessaries – why then should we not go to our own shop?" He proposed sensible rules, such as having a weekly account audit, having 3 trustees, and not having meetings in pubs (to avoid the temptation of drinking profits) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers was a group of 10 weavers and 20 others in Rochdale, England, that was formed in 1844. As the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution was forcing more and more skilled workers into poverty, these tradesmen decided to band together to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. With lessons from prior failed attempts at co-operation in mind, they designed the now famous Rochdale Principles, and over a period of four months they struggled to pool one pound sterling per person for a total of 28 pounds of capital. On December 21, 1844, they opened their store with a very meagre selection of butter, sugar, flour, oatmeal and a few candles | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Within three months, they expanded their selection to include tea and tobacco, and they were soon known for providing high quality, unadulterated goods. The Co-operative Group formed gradually over 140 years from the merger of many independent retail societies, and their wholesale societies and federations. In 1863, twenty years after the Rochdale Pioneers opened their co-operative, the North of England Co-operative Society was launched by 300 individual co-ops across Yorkshire and Lancashire. By 1872, it had become known as the Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS). Through the 20th century, smaller societies merged with CWS, such as the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society (1973) and the South Suburban Co-operative Society (1984) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement By the 1990s, CWS's share of the market had declined considerably and many came to doubt the viability of co-operative model. CWS sold its factories to Andrew Regan in 1994. Regan returned in 1997 with a £1.2 billion bid for CWS. There were allegations of "carpet-bagging" – new members who joined simply to make money from the sale – and more seriously fraud and commercial leaks. After a lengthy battle, Regan's bid was seen off and two senior CWS executives were dismissed and imprisoned for fraud. Regan was cleared of charges. The episode recharged CWS and its membership base. Tony Blair's Co-operative Commission, chaired by John Monks, made major recommendations for the co-operative movement, including the organisation and marketing of the retail societies | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement It was in this climate that, in 2000, CWS merged with the UK's second largest society, Co-operative Retail Services. Its headquarters complex is situated on the north side of Manchester city centre adjacent to the Manchester Victoria railway station. The complex is made up of many different buildings with two notable tower blocks of New Century House and the solar panel-clad CIS tower. Other independent societies are part owners of the Group. Representatives of the societies that part own the Group are elected to the Group's national board. The Group manages The Co-operative brand and the Co-operative Retail Trading Group (CRTG), which sources and promotes goods for food stores. There is a similar purchasing group (CTTG) for co-operative travel agents | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement The United States first known Co-op was the mutual fire insurance company founded in 1752 by Benjamin Franklin. The first dairy co-op was founded in 1810 with small locals found nationwide by 1866. The first known consumer co-op in 1845 was Boston's Workingman's Protective Union. The country's first organization to promote cooperative values and the Rochedale Principles was the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, known as the Grange that started after the Civil War. The co-operative movement grew during the 1890s in response to the expansion of large corporate monopolies | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement The country's first credit unions were in Massachusetts while The Cooperative League of the United States of America, known today as the National Cooperative Business Association was organized in 1916 to promote cooperatives . In the late 1960s the Co-op movement entered a new phase with Food cooperatives and Food Conspiracies as an alternative to corporate agriculture that linked organic farmers to urban consumers. The co-operative model has a long history in the U.S., including a factory in the 1790s, the Knights of Labor, and the Grange. In Colorado, USA the Meadowlark cooperative administers the only private free land program in the United States, providing many services to its members who buy and sell together | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement In New York City, several food co-operatives were founded around 2010, adding to others, some existing since the 1970s. The U.S. has some diverse worker co-operatives, such as a home care agency, an organic bread factory co-op and an engineering firm. Some have already incorporated environmental and/or Fair Trade criteria into their products, such as the aforementioned bread-maker, Organic Valley, and Equal Exchange. Credit unions were established in the U.S. by 1908. Their member-owned, co-operative structure created stable governance structure, so that they were only slightly affected by the 2008 mortgage securities crisis. Electrical co-operatives became an important economic strategy for U.S | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement rural areas beginning in the 1930s, and continue to operate successfully through events such as Hurricane Sandy in 2012. However, the majority in the U.S. demonstrate that co-operative values do not necessarily lead to a progressive social and environmental consciousness, as many remain focuses on fossil fuel and nuclear fuels. Nevertheless, new generation renewable power co-operatives have begun to be organized. Agricultural co-operatives in the U.S. have had some mainstream success, including Welch's, Ocean Spray, and Land O'Lakes. In the United States, a co-operative association was founded by 1920. Currently there are over 29,000 co-operatives employing 2 million people with over $652 billion in annual revenue | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement To address the need for an organization oriented to newer and smaller co-ops, the United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives was founded after 2000. An alternative method of employee-ownership, the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), was developed in the U.S. by Louis Kelso and advocated by Senator Russell Long to be incentivized in the ERISA law of 1974. For example, a large Southeastern US supermarket chain a California manufacturer, and a furniture-maker with earnings of more than $2 billion, are employee-owned | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Employee-owned trusts have also been developed more or less independently, for example at an established iron pipe company Alice Acland, the editor of the "Women's Corner" in the "Co-operative News" publication, and Mary Lawrenson, a teacher, recognized the need for a separate women's organization within the Cooperative Movement and began organizing a "Woman's League for the Spread of Co-operation" in 1883. This League formally met for the first time during the 1883 Co-operative Congress in Edinburgh in a group of 50 women and established Acland as its organizing secretary. By 1884 it had six different branches with 195 members, and the League was renamed the Women's Cooperative Guild | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement The Guild organized around working women's issues and expanding the Cooperative Movement. It continued to publish articles advocating for women's involvement in the Cooperative Movement in the "Women's Corner," and later through its own publications such as "The importance of women for the cooperative movement." The Guild also opened the Sunderland cooperative store in 1902, which catered to poor working-class women. It engaged in many political campaigns concerning women's health, women's suffrage and pacifism. Until recently the organisation participated in social justice activism, but has now closed. In Russia the village co-operative ("obshchina" or "mir"), operated from pre-serfdom times until the 20th century | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Raiffeisen and Schultz-Delitsch developed an independently formulated co-operative model in Germany, the credit union. The model also moved abroad, reaching the United States by the 1880s and the Knights of Labour's projects. Leland Stanford, the railroad magnate and Robber Baron, became a Senator and advocated for co-operatives. By 1920 a national association had formed in the U.S. This organization began to develop international programs, and by the 1970s, a World Council formed. Co-operatives in the U.S. have a long history, including an early factory in the 1790s. By the 1860s Brigham Young had started applying co-operative ideas in Utah, and by the 1880s, the Knights of Labor and the Grange both promoted member-owned organizations | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Energy co-operatives were founded in the U.S. during the Depression and the New Deal. Diverse kinds of co-operatives were founded and have continued to perform successfully in different areas: in agriculture, wholesale purchasing, telephones, and in consumer-food buying. James Warbasse, an American doctor, became the first president of the U.S. National Co-operative Business Association. He wrote extensively on co-operative history and philosophy. Benjamin Ward began an important effort in co-operative economic theory in the 1950s, with Jaroslav Vanek developing a general theory | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement David Ellerman began a line of theoretical thinking beginning with legal principles, developing especially the labor theory of property, and later reaching a treatment which evaluates the role of capital in labor managed firms using the conventional economic production formula Q = f(K, L). At one point in the 1990s he worked at the World Bank with Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz. Co-operative enterprises were formed successfully following Rochdale, and an international association was formed in 1895. Co-operative enterprises are now widespread, with one of the largest and most successful examples being the industrial Mondragón Cooperative Corporation in the Basque country of Spain | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Mondragon Co-op was founded under the oppressive conditions of Fascist Franco Spain after community-based democracy-building activities of a priest, Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta. They have become an extremely diverse network of co-operative enterprises, a huge enterprise in Spain, and a multinational concern. Co-operatives were also successful in Yugoslavia under Tito where Workers' Councils gained a significant role in management. In many European countries, cooperative institutions have a predominant market share in the retail banking and insurance businesses. There are also concrete proposals for the cooperative management of the common goods, such as the one by Initiative 136 in Greece | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement In the UK, co-operatives formed the Co-operative Party in the early 20th century to represent members of co-ops in Parliament. The Co-operative Party now has a permanent electoral pact with the Labour Party, and some Labour MPs are Co-operative Party members. UK co-operatives retain a significant market share in food retail, insurance, banking, funeral services, and the travel industry in many parts of the country. Denmark has had a strong cooperative movement | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement In Germany, the rebuilding of the country after World War II created a legislative opportunity in which politician Hans Boeckler significantly lobbied for the Co-Determination ("Mitbestimmung") policies which were established, requiring large companies to include a Workers' Council in the Board of Directors. These policies have had some influence on European Union policies. Emilia Romagna, Italy had two separate and strong co-operative traditions that resisted Cold War interference by US agencies and have worked effectively in conjunction with each other. Co-operative banks have become very successful throughout Europe, and were able to respond more effectively than most corporate banks during the 2008 mortgage-securities crisis | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Renewable Energy co-operatives in Europe became important in the early development of windpower in Denmark beginning in the 1970s. Germany followed in the early 1990s, first on a larger scale with wind co-ops, then with a citizen's movement which challenged the reliance on nuclear power, organized, challenged the energy monopolists there, and successfully created a successful co-op social enterprise by 1999. A citizen's group began operating wind turbines and involving broad community ownership in the U.K. by 1995. Deregulation of the electricity markets allowed energy co-operative social entrepreneurs to begin to create alternatives to the monopolies in various countries | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement In France, where an enormous percentage of the power is generated by nuclear sources, this occurred after 2000. In Spain, wind power was developed by corporate-led efforts, and it took longer for a renewable energy-focused social enterprise to get established. Similar renewable energy co-ops around Europe have organized in a network. Asian societies have adapted the co-operative model, including some of the most successful in the world. Nevertheless, the crises generated by traditional inequalities and the shareholder model continues to require civil society and entrepreneurial responses, such as the Citizens Coalition for Economic Justice in South Korea, the Seikatsu Club Consumer Co-operative in Japan, and the Self-Employed Women's Association in India | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Other noteworthy efforts include Sophon Suphapong's efforts as governor in Thailand with agricultural co-ops and Antonio Yapsutco Fortich's contributions in the Philippines helping formulate a co-operative strategy with sugar workers. The International Labor Organization, originally established in 1919, has a Co-operative Division. Co-operatives were brought to Latin America and developed there by 1902 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement Substantially independent efforts to develop employee-owned enterprises or co-operatives have occurred as responses to crises, such as the systemic IMF-based default in Argentina in 2001 In Brazil, the World Social Forum process lead to the articulation of Solidarity Economics, a modern, activist formulation of co-operativism, with the MST landless worker's movement demonstrating enormous courage and social entrepreneurship. In Venezuela, the late Hugo Chávez's administration began to incentivize co-operatives, resulting in their rapid and extensive development there | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
History of the cooperative movement The Fair Trade certification movement established first in the Netherlands in 1988 with an international headquarters in Bonn nine years later requires member farmers to have established a co-operative. In 2016, UNESCO inscribed "Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives" on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7405764 | History of the cooperative movement |
Richard Brandt Richard Booker Brandt (17 October 1910 – 10 September 1997) was an American philosopher working in the utilitarian tradition in moral philosophy. Brandt was originally educated at Denison University, a Baptist institution he was shepherded to by his minister father, and graduated in 1930 with majors in philosophy and classical studies. In 1933 he earned another B.A., this time in the philosophy of religion, from Cambridge University. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Yale University in 1936. He taught at Swarthmore College before becoming Chair of the Department of Philosophy the University of Michigan in 1964, where he taught with Charles Stevenson and William K. Frankena (1908–1994) and spent the remainder of his career | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7414016 | Richard Brandt |
Richard Brandt The expressivist moral philosopher Allan Gibbard has mentioned his great intellectual debt to Brandt. Brandt gave the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University in 1974-75, material that later appeared in "A Theory of the Good and the Right" (1979). Brandt wrote "Ethical Theory" (1959), an influential textbook in the field. He defended a version of rule utilitarianism in "Toward a credible form of utilitarianism" (1963) and performed cultural-anthropological studies in "Hopi Ethics" (1954). In "A Theory of the Good and the Right", Brandt proposed a "reforming definition" of rationality, that one is rational if one's preferences are such that they survive cognitive psychotherapy in terms of all relevant information and logical criticism | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7414016 | Richard Brandt |
Richard Brandt He argued also that the morality such rational persons would accept would be a form of utilitarianism. Brandt believed that moral rules should be considered in sets which he called moral codes. A moral code is justified when it is the optimal code that, if adopted and followed, would maximise the public good more than any alternative code would. The codes may be society-wide standards or special codes for a profession like engineering. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7414016 | Richard Brandt |
The Centipede's Dilemma "The Centipede's Dilemma" is a short poem that has lent its name to a psychological effect called the centipede effect or centipede syndrome. The centipede effect occurs when a normally automatic or unconscious activity is disrupted by consciousness of it or reflection on it. For example, a golfer thinking too closely about her swing or someone thinking too much about how he knots his tie may find his performance of the task impaired. The effect is also known as hyper-reflection or Humphrey's law after the English psychologist George Humphrey (1889–1966), who propounded it in 1923. As he wrote of the poem, "This is a most psychological rhyme. It contains a profound truth which is illustrated daily in the lives of all of us" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7420608 | The Centipede's Dilemma |
The Centipede's Dilemma The effect is the reverse of a solvitur ambulando. The poem, a short rhyme, is usually attributed to Katherine Craster (1841–1874) in "Pinafore Poems", 1871. By 1881 it had begun appearing in journals such as "The Spectator" and "The Living Age". The poem later appeared in an article by British zoologist E. Ray Lankester, published in the scientific journal "Nature" on May 23, 1889, which discussed the work of the photographer Eadweard Muybridge in capturing the motion of animals: "For my own part," wrote Lankester, "I should greatly like to apply Mr. Muybridge's cameras, or a similar set of batteries, to the investigation of a phenomenon more puzzling even than that of 'the galloping horse'. I allude to the problem of 'the running centipede | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7420608 | The Centipede's Dilemma |
The Centipede's Dilemma Lankester finished the article on a fanciful note by imagining the "disastrous results in the way of perplexity" that could result from such an investigation, quoting the poem and mentioning that the author was unknown to him or to the friend who sent it to him. It has since been variously attributed to specific authors but without convincing evidence, and often appears under the title "The Centipede's Dilemma". The version in the article is as follows: Another version of the Centipede's Dilemma: Modern versions of the poem often recast it in verse as a fable of a spider (or other protagonist) who found a clever way to avoid being eaten | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7420608 | The Centipede's Dilemma |
The Centipede's Dilemma Another rhyme goes: The psychologist George Humphrey referred to the tale in his 1923 book "The Story of Man's Mind": "No man skilled at a trade needs to put his constant attention on the routine work", he wrote. "If he does, the job is apt to be spoiled". He went on to recount the centipede's story, commenting, "This is a most psychological rhyme. It contains a profound truth which is illustrated daily in the lives of all of us, for exactly the same thing happens if we pay conscious attention to any well-formed habit, such as walking". Thus, the eponymous "Humphrey's law" states that once performance of a task has become automatized, conscious thought about the task, while performing it, impairs performance | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7420608 | The Centipede's Dilemma |
The Centipede's Dilemma Whereas habit diminishes and then eliminates the attention required for routine tasks, this automaticity is disrupted by attention to a normally unconscious competence. The philosopher Karl Popper referred to the centipede effect in his book "Knowledge and the Body-Mind Problem: In Defence of Interaction": "if we have learnt certain movements so that they have sunk below the level of conscious control, then if we try to follow them consciously we very often interfere with them so badly that we stop them". He gives the example of the violinist Adolf Busch who was asked by fellow-violinist Bronisław Huberman how he played a certain passage of Beethoven's violin concerto | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7420608 | The Centipede's Dilemma |
The Centipede's Dilemma Busch told Huberman that it was quite simple—and then found that he could no longer play the passage. The psychiatric psychoanalyst Theo L. Dorpat compares questions and interventions irrelevant to the patient's current thought process during psychotherapy in his book "Gaslighting" to "the story of the centipede who became disorganized and unable to walk after he was asked, 'What's wrong with your 34th left foot?'." In 1903, "Simplicissimus" magazine printed an adaptation of the story by the Austrian author Gustav Meyrink, "The Curse of The Toad" ("Der Fluch der Kröte"). The fable was also published in Meyrink's 1903 collection of tales, "The Hot Soldier and Other Stories" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7420608 | The Centipede's Dilemma |
The Centipede's Dilemma Spider Robinson's short story "The Centipede's Dilemma" concerns a psychic who uses instinctive telekinetic powers to cheat at darts, and is foiled when another character triggers hyper-reflection in him. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7420608 | The Centipede's Dilemma |
Sadayoshi Fukuda Fukuda was the pseudonym of , born on 6 April 1917. He studied philosophy at Hosei University (Tokyo), graduating in 1940. In 1944 he was sent to Halmahera; he returned to Japan in 1946. Two years later he started teaching philosophy at his old university, where he would stay until 1970. Thereafter he supported himself by his writing. Fukuda — the name he used as a teacher as well as a writer — was a prolific author: a "hyōronka" (critic or pundit) and popularizer of philosophy. He died on 11 December 2002. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7439311 | Sadayoshi Fukuda |
Islam and masturbation There are varying scholarly opinions regarding the permissibility of masturbation () in Islam. Islamic scripture does not specifically mention masturbation. There are a few "hadiths" mentioning it, but they are classified as unreliable. Unless one refers to the Hadith in question The opinions of some of the companions of Muhammad reproduced below from Ibn Hazm's Al-Muhalla (vol.11 pg. 393-394) indicate that they did not forbid it: Abd Allah ibn Abbas said: Abdullah ibn Umar said: Jābir ibn Zayd said: Hasan of Basra (Hasan al-Basri) said: The Sunni schools of jurisprudence (known as "madhaahib" - the "Hanafi", "Shafi'i", "Maliki", "Hanbali, and Zahiri" schools of "Fiqh") have differing stances on the issue. Some see it forbidden in certain cases (i.e | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation if it leads a man/woman to ignore their spouse sexually) but recommended it when they see it as a lesser evil to illicit sex. It is generally prohibited according to the "Hanafi" and "Hanbali" "madhaahib", unless one fears adultery or fornication, or is under the desire pressure, in which case, it is permissible to seek a relief through masturbation. It is prohibited all the time according to the "Maliki" and "Shafi"`i "madhaahib". Zahiri Imam Ibn Hazm regards masturbation as permissible. Scholars have also stated that masturbation would not be necessary if one realizes the flexible approach Islam takes to marriage | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation For example, according to Sheikh Shomeh Yerkity, 'against the clear teachings of Islam, marriage has been rendered another difficult process today due to warped customs and conventions and undue expectations. When we approach marriage from the point of view of pristine Islam, we shall find less and fewer people being forced to exercise the above type of exceptional rulings'. Yet if one's desire is so overwhelming one might perform masturbation but in that case it will be like eating the flesh of a pig to survive from major hunger or starvation when no other food is available | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation Masturbation, like any form of sex in which seminal or vaginal fluids have been released, breaks one's fast if performed during the daylight hours and requires a major ablution if any seminal or vaginal fluids were released. According to Sheikh Hamed Al-Ali: "Masturbation during the daytime of Ramadan breaks the fast, based on the Hadith that a fasting Muslim gives up eating, drinking, and sexual desire for the sake of Allah. Since masturbation is a kind of sexual desire, a fasting Muslim must avoid it. Therefore, masturbation invalidates the fast as does food and as it is one of the sins that if someone does it he or she would be violating the sanctity of this month | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation " It is considered permissible for spouses to masturbate each other, with the only sexual acts forbidden in Islam being anal intercourse and vaginal sex during menstruation.'Hasan bin 'Ali (May Allah be pleased with them) said: I remember (these words) from Messenger of Allah (ﷺ): "Give up what is doubtful to you for that which is not doubtful; for truth is peace of mind and falsehood is doubt".' It is generally prohibited according to the Hanafi "madhhab", unless one fears fornication, or is under the desire pressure, in which case, it is permissible to seek a relief through masturbation. It is considered as haram according to the Sunni Imam Malik ibn Anas. It is prohibited all the time according to the Maliki madhhab | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation At the same, there is a minority opinion within the Maliki school that allows masturbation if done in private and without the use of illicit materials such as pornography and drugs. It is prohibited all the time according to the Shafi`i madhhab. Imam Al-Shafi’i stated that masturbation is forbidden based on the following verses from the Qur'an (interpretation of the meaning): "And those who guard their chastity (i.e. private parts, from illegal sexual acts). Except from their wives or that their right hands possess, - for them, they are free from blame. But whoever seeks beyond that, then those are the transgressors | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation " According to his interpretation, the verses are clear in forbidding all illegal sexual acts (including masturbation) except for the wives or that their right hand possess, and whoever seeks beyond that is the transgressor.. It is generally prohibited according to the Hanbali madhhab, unless one fears adultery or fornication, or is under the desire pressure, in which case, it is permissible to seek a relief through masturbation. According to Ahmad ibn Hanbal, it is permissible for prisoners, travellers and for men and women who have difficulty in finding a lawful spouse. Zahiri Imam Ibn Hazm regards masturbation as permissible. Any sexual engagement outside of marriage including masturbation is a major sin altogether in the Shi'a Islam | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation Extra-marital sexual engagement causes the doer to be punished in this life and in the afterlife ("qiyama"). The Qur'an says, "The believers are those who protect their sexual organs except from their spouses... Therefore, whosoever seeks more beyond that (in sexual gratification), then they are the transgressors." (23:5-6) and it is not allowed in any situation. The majority of scholars among Muslims forbid masturbation stating that it is an immoral act and argue using the verse in the Quran, “And those who guard their private parts save from their wives which their right-hands own – so there is no blame upon them. Then whoever seeks beyond that (which is lawful), they are the transgressors | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Islam and masturbation ” (23: 5-6) but a new group of young Muslims have started to question and argue this fatwa. In the conservative kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a group of Saudi Arabians launched a twitter campaign titled "masturbation is halal" and it went viral . Some Saudi psychologists even went further by stating that masturbation was a human need just like defecating or to eat or drink.t | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7451085 | Islam and masturbation |
Patient advocacy is an area of specialization in health care concerned with advocacy for patients, survivors, and caregivers. The patient advocate may be an individual or an organization, often, though not always, concerned with one specific group of disorders. The terms patient advocate and patient advocacy can refer both to individual advocates providing services that organizations also provide, and to organizations whose functions extend to individual patients. Some patient advocates work for the institutions that are directly responsible for the patient's care | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy Typical advocacy activities are the following: patient rights, matters of privacy, confidentiality or informed consent, patient representation, awareness building, support and education of patients, survivors and their carers. Patient advocates give a voice to patients, survivors and their carers on healthcare-related (public) fora, informing the public, the political and regulatory world, health-care providers (hospitals, insurers, pharmaceutical companies etc.), organizations of health-care professionals, the educational world, and the medical and pharmaceutical research communities. The origin of patient advocacy, in its current form, can be traced to the early days of cancer research and treatment, in the 1950s | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy It is part of the notion of "Total Care", a term coined by Sidney Farber, a Harvard physician and cancer researcher, referring to the treatment of children suffering from leukemia. "Total care signified that the cancer clinician treated the family as a whole," and "[t]he concept of Total Care subordinated clinical investigation to patient welfare..." This is "...because clinical investigation in the field of cancer may be carried out only as part of the "total care" of the patient." In the 1950s, clinicians recruited cancer patients for studies, and suspicion reigned at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as researchers had to convince doctors and patients they were not harming people to conduct experiments | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy To properly represent patients in this medico-legal and ethical discussion, patient advocacy came into being. As global healthcare systems started to become more complex, and as the role of the cost of care continues to place more of a burden on patients, a new profession of private professional advocacy began to take root in the mid-2000s. At that time, two organizations were founded to support the work of these new private practitioners, professional patient advocates. The National Association of Healthcare Advocacy Consultants was started to provide broad support for advocacy. The Alliance of Professional Health Advocates was started to support the business of being a private advocate | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy Proponents of private advocacy, such as Australian advocate Dorothy Kamaker, have noted that the patient advocates employed by healthcare facilities have an inherent conflict-of-interest in situations where the needs of an individual patient are at odds with the business interests of an advocate's employer. Kamaker argues that hiring a private advocate eliminates this conflict because the private advocate “…has only one master and very clear priorities.” Patient opinion leaders, also sometimes called patient advocates, are individuals who are well versed in a disease, either as patients themselves or as caretakers, and share their knowledge on the particular disease with others | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy Such POLs can have an influence on health care providers and may help persuade them to use evidence-based therapies or medications in the management of other patients. Identifying such people and persuading them is one goal of market access groups at pharmaceutical and medical device companies. Founded in 2000, the interprofessional Center for Patient Partnerships (CPP) at University of Wisconsin–Madison offers a health advocacy certificate with a focus on either patient advocacy or system-level health policy advocacy. The book chapter "Educating for Health Advocacy in Settings of Higher Education" describes CPP's pedagogy and curriculum | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy In the United States, state governmental units have established ombudsmen to investigate and respond to patient complaints and to provide other consumer services. Such state government offices may also be responsible for intervening in disputes within the legal and insurance systems and in disciplinary actions against health care professionals. Some hospitals, health insurance companies, and other health care organizations also employ people specifically to assume the role of patient advocate. Within hospitals, the person may have the title of Ombudsman or Patient Representative | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy The American Nurses Association (ANA) includes advocacy in its definition of nursing: Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. Advocacy in nursing finds its theoretical basis in nursing ethics. For instance, the ANA's "Code of Ethics for Nurses" includes language relating to patient advocacy: Some patient advocacy groups receive donations from pharmaceutical companies. In 2015, 14 companies donated $116 million to patient advocacy groups | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Patient advocacy A database identifying more than 1,200 patient groups showed that six pharmaceutical companies contributed $1 million or more in 2015 to individual groups representing patients who use their drugs, and 594 groups in the database received donations from pharmaceutical companies. Fifteen patient groups relied on pharmaceutical companies for at least 20 percent of their revenue in the same year, and some received more than half of their revenue from pharmaceutical companies. Recipients of donations from pharmaceutical companies include the American Diabetes Association, Susan G. Komen, and the Caring Ambassadors Program. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7458640 | Patient advocacy |
Amani Trust The was a Zimbabwean non-profit non-governmental organization dedicated to preventing organized violence and torture, to advocacy for the rights of victims and to rehabilitation of victims through community-based care. It was established in 1993 and had its headquarters in Harare. The organisation has now closed. In 2002, Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa declared various NGO's illegal, including the Amani Trust; the Trust was also accused of working with the British government to unseat President Robert Mugabe and destabilize the nation. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7464459 | Amani Trust |
Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future The (IBHF) is an affiliate of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and is housed at IIT’s Chicago-Kent College of Law. The IBHF was founded in 2004 by Lori Andrews, J.D., and Nigel M. de S. Cameron, Ph.D., to discuss and analyze the ethical, legal, and social implications of biotechnologies. The offers assessments of the scientific benefits and risks of new developments in biotechnology in light of their cultural and ethical significance. IBHF couples continuing academic and policy research with the ability to provide analysis to industry and policymakers. The was established early in 2004 at Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7476080 | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future |
Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future Working at the intersection of a variety of disciplines, the IBHF has become as a leader in the study of biotechnology and its implications for the human future. The IBHF has regularly been called to Washington D.C. to present information to the United States Congress on matters related to biotechnology and public policy. In addition, the IBHF host numerous forums, symposia, and other conferences around the world aimed at furthering public discourse and understanding of important issues in biotechnology. Lori B. Andrews, J.D., distinguished professor of law at Chicago-Kent and a leading commentator on the legal and social issues raised by biotechnology, co-founded the Institute, and continues to serve as an advisor. Nigel M. de S. Cameron, Ph.D | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7476080 | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future |
Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future , a bioethics scholar whose special focus is the relations of human values and public policy, joined the law school as university research professor of bioethics with responsibility for the development of the Institute. The IBHF conducts research on existing and emerging biotechnologies and their effect on law, intellectual property regimes, public health, medicine, genetics, public policy and the environment. IBHF focuses its efforts on six core areas: Genetic Discrimination While the rapid advances in genetic technologies offer great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of inheritable diseases, they also raise serious concerns about the potential for the use of this genetic information to discriminate against certain individuals | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7476080 | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future |
Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future The IBHF analyzes state and federal law, public opinion, and industry information to make policy recommendations. Germline Intervention Germline Genetic Intervention makes possible changes that will spread to every subsequent generation; this form of genetic engineering can also be called inheritable genetic modification and has the potential to change the human species along eugenic lines. The IBHF analyzes scientific research related to germline intervention and its implications to law and bioethics. Gene Patents Patents for human genetic material grant exclusivity over naturally occurring sequences of human genes and their effect on research and diagnosis | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7476080 | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future |
Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future The IBHF reviews and analyzes the effects of gene patents on research, healthcare, business, and individual rights. Nanotechnology The IBHF reviews the development of nanotechnology policy in the United States and Europe, with special focus on the emerging nanotechnology ethical, legal, and social issues (NELSI). Human Cloning “Somatic cell nuclear transfer” technology can be used to bring about the birth of replica offspring, and to create embryos for experimentation. The IBHF reviews and analyzes scientific information and policy debates to make recommendations and presentations around the world, including the United Nations and in U.S. federal and state bodies | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7476080 | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future |
Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future Reproductive Technology The IBHF analyzes developments in reproductive technology, and focuses research on its related ethical, legal, social, and political considerations. IBHF themes represent diverse perspectives from which to analyze issues in biotechnology. These themes are designed to encourage academics, scientists, policy makers, and the general public to discuss complicated biotech issues in relation to their everyday lives. IBHF themes include: Arts; Bio 101; Business; Eugenics; Human Enhancement; International The IBHF facilitates numerous conferences, symposia, and other events aimed at building a broad public discussion for issues in biotechnology, law, and society. Past events include: | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7476080 | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future |
Marketing ethics is an area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of advertising and promotion) overlap with media and public relations ethics. None of these frameworks allows, by itself, a convenient and complete categorization of the great variety of issues in marketing ethics Contrary to popular impressions, not all marketing is adversarial, and not all marketing is stacked in favour of the marketer. In marketing, the relationship between producer/consumer or buyer/seller can be adversarial or cooperative. For an example of cooperative marketing, see relationship marketing | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics If the marketing situation is adversarial, another dimension of difference emerges, describing the power balance between producer/consumer or buyer/seller. Power may be concentrated with the producer ("caveat emptor"), but factors such as over-supply or legislation can shift the power towards the consumer ("caveat vendor"). Identifying where the power in the relationship lies and whether the power balance is relevant at all are important to understanding the background to an ethical dilemma in marketing ethics. A popularist anti-marketing stance commonly discussed on the blogosphere and popular literature is that any kind of marketing is inherently evil | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics The position is based on the argument that marketing necessarily commits at least one of three wrongs: Market research is the collection and analysis of information about consumers, competitors and the effectiveness of marketing programs. With market research, businesses can make decisions based on how the responses of the market, leading to a better understanding of how the business has to adapt to the changing market. It is used to establish which portion of the population will or does purchase a product, based on age, gender, location, income level, and many other variables. This research allows companies to learn more about past, current, and potential customers, including their specific likes and dislikes | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Ethical danger points in market research include: Invasion of privacy As companies conduct research they also come into contact with confidential and personal information, which comes with a level of risk for both the business as well as the individual. Now day's consumers are bombarded with mail after using their email address to enter in a competition thus becoming part of a businesses mailing list. Therefore, companies are provided with critical information, which they must not take advantage of but use in an ethical manner. Stereotyping: Portraying an ideal body, weight or physical appearance can have potential harmful effects on the individual such as low self-esteem issues or anorexia | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Good marketing is ethical marketing, it is about pleasing and developing a strong relationship with customers in a caring manner by not primarily only focusing on achieving results in order to generate profit. People affected by unethical market research: Approaches to privacy can, broadly, be divided into two categories: free market, and consumer protection.[31] In a free market approach, commercial entities are largely allowed to do what they wish, with the expectation that consumers will choose to do business with corporations that respect their privacy to a desired degree. If some companies are not sufficiently respectful of privacy, they will lose market share | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics In a consumer protection approach, in contrast, it is claimed that individuals may not have the time or knowledge to make informed choices, or may not have reasonable alternatives available. Stereotyping occurs because any analysis of real populations needs to make approximations and place individuals into groups. However, if conducted irresponsibly, stereotyping can lead to a variety of ethically undesirable results. In the American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics, stereotyping is countered by the obligation to show respect ("acknowledge the basic human dignity of all stakeholders") | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Ethical danger points include: Examples of unethical market exclusion or selective marketing are past industry attitudes to the gay, ethnic minority and plus size markets. Contrary to the popular myth that ethics and profits do not mix, the tapping of these markets has proved highly profitable. For example, 20% of US clothing sales are now plus-size. Another example is the selective marketing of health care, so that unprofitable sectors (i.e. the elderly) will not attempt to take benefits to which they are entitled. A further example of market exclusion is the pharmaceutical industry's exclusion of developing countries from AIDS drugs | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Examples of marketing which unethically targets the elderly include: living trusts, time share fraud, mass marketing fraud and others. The elderly hold a disproportionate amount of the world's wealth and are therefore the target of financial exploitation. In the case of children, the main products are unhealthy food, fashionware and entertainment goods. Children are a lucrative market: "...children 12 and under spend more than $11 billion of their own money and influence family spending decisions worth another $165 billion", but are not capable of resisting or understanding marketing tactics at younger ages ("children don't understand persuasive intent until they are eight or nine years old") | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics At older ages competitive feelings towards other children are stronger than financial sense. The practice of extending children's marketing from television to the school grounds is also controversial (see marketing in schools). The following is a select list of online articles: Other vulnerable audiences include emerging markets in developing countries, where the public may not be sufficiently aware of skilled marketing ploys transferred from developed countries, and where, conversely, marketers may not be aware how excessively powerful their tactics may be. See Nestle infant milk formula scandal. Another vulnerable group are mentally unstable consumers | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics The definition of vulnerability is also problematic: for example, when should endebtedness be seen as a vulnerability and when should "cheap" loan providers be seen as loan sharks, unethically exploiting the economically disadvantaged? Targeting the Vulnerable Marketing targeting strategies for products that may cause economic, physical and psychological harm has become an aspect of marketing which is criticized a considerable amount, especially in marketing literature with a particular focus on vulnerable consumers Children, elderly consumers, and economically disadvantaged consumers are often categorized as being a part of the vulnerable group in marketing, in terms of ethics | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics “Ethics and social responsibility communities seem to agree that targeting a vulnerable group with marketing campaigns that take advantage of their vulnerability is unjust”. George G Brenkert was amongst the first to raise the issue about taking advantage of the vulnerability of a person, which therefore makes marketing practices immoral or unjust. Adolescents and children in the US are major market force in the food and beverage industry and as a result, food marketers are “attracted to the youth as consumers because of their spending power, purchasing influences and as future adult consumers” | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics It is ethically wrong to target children especially when it comes to unhealthy food and beverages, as children may not want anything else, which could lead to child obesity. Children have difficulty deciding between the purpose of advertising and other modes of communication; therefore it is morally unacceptable to target vulnerable children with such products. In Belgium, it is banned to show commercials during children's programs, similarly in Australia, such ads are not allowed during television programs for preschoolers. It is considered unethical to generate profits through marketing to vulnerable groups, such as children, the poor or the elderly | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics The ethics of marketing practice, especially directed towards the vulnerable can be divided into two areas, product and process. Process related ethical issues are often demonstrated through the use of deceptive or misleading advertising, where as product related issues is predominately focuses on marketing of certain “harmful” products such as tobacco, unhealthy food etc. Excluding potential customers from the market: There are certain high caution aspects of ethical marketing in terms of market audience. Using selective marketing to discourage demand from an unwanted market group or exclude them altogether | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Examples of market exclusion or selective marketing are certain company's attitudes towards the gay, ethnic groups and overweight (plus size) market groups. Customers are treated like this because companies think that they are unprofitable so they try to deprive them or avoid them altogether. It is often debated amongst the business community that in order to be profitable, often businesses have to be unethical. However, this idea is seemingly outdated as most businesses nowadays follow an ethical business plan. In the United States, plus size apparel is thought to have generated $17.5 billion between May 2013 and April 2014, which is a 5% increase from the previous year, this is to be expected as 65% of American women are plus sized | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Another example of exclusion from the market is some pharmaceutical industry's exclude developing countries from AIDS drugs Pricing ethics: Pricing along with product, place and promotion are the four functions of marketing. Retailers and producers must ensure that ethical pricing strategies are performed in order to earn profits without deceiving competitors or consumers . However buyers and sellers have different goals and perceived outcomes in the exchange process. Usually buyers are seeking to gain products and services at the best possible price whereas sellers are generally concentrated on generating maximum profit | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Price fixing: Price fixing is maintaining a price at a certain level, which has been agreed upon between competing sellers and is illegal in most countries . When price fixing occurs and a price is set by an industry, customers are forced to pay the exorbitant price due to a lack of options. Price fixing is thought to be unethical and socially irresponsible as it breaks laws that are specifically put into place to promote regular competition between companies . With competition between companies, business will be likely to keep costs low at affordable prices, in order to compete. Price wars: Price wars, is when businesses constantly lower its prices in an attempt to demoralize its competition | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Price wars can create emotionally devastating and psychologically devastating situations, which has an extraordinary impact on an individual, a company and industry profits . The intention of a price war is to drive competitors out of the market or to create an entry barrier into the market. Although it is beneficial for consumers, as they will get the product or service at a low price, however they are often deprived for quality. Also in the long term, it will force other competitors out of business and lower profits threaten business survival. If a company is involved in price war tactics, then it can be seen as unethical within the industry because they are starting a dangerous position and driving other companies to use similar tactics | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics A companies overall goal is to maximize its profits and revenue, however through engaging in a price war they are unable to do this and are more likely making less money as they would have had they taken part in normal business competition. If price wars can be avoided, it will prove to be vital success for any business. Price Collusion: Price Collusion is when several companies get together in order to hold the price of a good or service at a raised level in the hopes of achieving large profits or restricting the market. Price fixing is sometimes called price collusion in order to emphasize the agreement using secretive, to avoid fair competition | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Pricing practices that are considered unethical in most geographic markets include: List of pricing practices which may be unethical in certain circumstances and should be used with caution: Advertising is mass and paid communication, with a fundamental purpose to deliver information, acquire attitudes and induce action beneficial to the advertiser – generally the sale of the product or service. Advertising and promotion have a significant influence on people, society in large, while shaping their attitudes, behaviors and priorities . Some scholars believe that advertising supports ethical issues. It is also considered unethical to shame a substitute or rivals product or services (Srivastava & Nandan, 2010) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Other ethical issues include, mistreatment of women, advertising to children, misleading advertising and other issues, which lead to ethical decline of society. Mistreatment of women is evident immensely in advertisements. Often women are matched up with household products such as cleaning supplies and are shown as doing domestic work, which represents stereotyping of women. Women are also often used as sex symbols, to convey particular messages about products. Also men are often apparent in DIY (do it yourself) ads, which deliver the idea of them being a “handy man. An ad, which demonstrates ethical features, is truthful, it doesn’t make false claims, and it provides sufficient information for the buyer to make informed choices | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Exhibiting a level of respect and dignity for its buyers is important while demonstrating decency. An example of an advert produced by Coca Cola, through using false advertising, it showed unethical issues behind its production. Coca Cola used of Karl Langerfeld (Chanel designer) who had claimed to lose 80 pounds on a diet that was mainly attributed to diet coke, “I drink diet coke from the minute I get up to the minute I go to bed and I drink nothing else”. This advert was specially targeted towards women as it aimed to be conveyed as a fashion trend, through the use of a famous fashion designer | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Coke used thin models and world-renowned fashion designers both of whom are cautious of body image, which shows the wrong message for women, especially young women. The advert shows that going overboard with dieting is conventional and that diet coke is the way of going about achieving a thin and attractive body. It is ethically wrong to be using Karl Lagerfeld's extreme dieting ways in order to promote diet coke. It is not only advocating an extreme statement, but it is also sending the wrong message about the drink by directly associating it to a “healthy ideal body”. Often the line between ethical and unethical advertising is blurred, what may seem unethical to some consumers or businesses, may not to for others | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Therefore, in cases like this, businesses should proceed with caution, because unethical advertising and promotion can fail, causing consumers to shy away from the company consequently defeating the purpose of any campaign. Ethical pitfalls in advertising and promotional content include: Another breach of marketing ethics has to do with the use of deceptive advertising. This form of advertising is not specific to one target market, and can sometimes go unnoticed by the public. There are a number of different ways in which deceptive marketing can be presented to consumers; one of these methods is accomplished through the use of humor. In a study conducted by Hassib Shabbir and Des Thwaites, 238 advertisements were assessed and 73 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics 5% of them were found to have used deceptive marketing practices. Of those advertisements that were conducted deceptively, 74.5% of them used humor as a masking device in order to mislead potential customers. Part of what drives this study is the idea that humor provides an escape or relief from some kind of human constraint, and that some advertisers intend to take advantage of this by deceptively advertising a product that can potentially alleviate that constraint through humor. Through the study it was also found that all types of humor are used to deceive consumers, and that there are certain types of humor that are used when making certain deceptive claims | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics It is important to understand that humor is not the only method that is used to deter consumer's minds from what a product actually offers. Before making important purchases, one should always conduct their own research in order to gain a better understanding of what it is they are investing in. Business ethics has been an increasing concern among larger companies, at least since the 1990s. Major corporations increasingly fear the damage to their image associated with press revelations of unethical practices. Marketers have been among the fastest to perceive the market's preference for ethical companies, often moving faster to take advantage of this shift in consumer taste | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics This results in the expropriation of ethics itself as a selling point or a component of a corporate image. ""Liberation marketing takes the old mass culture critique — consumerism as conformity — fully into account, acknowledges it, addresses it, and solves it. Liberation marketing imagines consumers breaking free from the old enforcers of order, tearing loose from the shackles with which capitalism has bound us, escaping the routine of bureaucracy and hierarchy, getting in touch with our true selves, and finally, finding authenticity, that holiest of consumer grails | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics "" (Thomas Frank) Neuromarketing and its precursor, neuroeconomics, uses clinical information about brain functions and mechanisms to help explain what is happening inside of the “black box” so prevalent in many explanations of consumer behavior. In order to do so, specialists use neuroimaging techniques and record brain responses to different stimuli. The Neuromarketing Science & Business Association has launched on November 2012 a Neuromarketing Code of Ethics. This is a first step towards adopting international standards applied to using neuroscientific methods to study the effectiveness of advertising campaigns, packaging and product design, as well as communication campaigns from non-profit organizations and government institutions | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics However, some ethicists condemn the code as protecting only a very narrow class, and in the extreme position that neuromarketing itself should only be used for the advancement of what is reasonably believed to be public good, employing Thomas Aquinas' doctrine of double effect (DDE). Although one could make the argument that engineering profit serves the public good, it would not be saved under the DDE because the intention behind it is not to generate a greater good than to which the collective harm of manipulation is greater. However, neuromarketing programs to encourage healthy lifestyle choices may be saved under the DDE, provided it is based on good scientific information in the first place, such as regular exercise | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics The main theoretical issue here is the debate between free markets and regulated markets. In a truly free market, any participant can make or change the rules. However, when new rules are invented which shift power too suddenly or too far, other participants may respond with accusations of unethical behaviour, rather than modifying their own behaviour to suit (which they might not be able to anyway). Most markets are not fully free: the real debate is as to the appropriate extent of regulation. Case: California electricity crisis, which demonstrates how constant innovation of new marketing strategies by companies such as Enron outwitted the regulatory bodies and caused substantial harm to consumers and competitors | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics A list of known unethical or controversial marketing strategies: Controversial marketing strategies associated with the internet: overlaps with environmental ethics in respect of waste problems associated with the packaging of products. Some, such as members of the advocacy group No Free Lunch, have argued that marketing by pharmaceutical companies is negatively impacting physicians' prescribing practices, influencing them to prescribe the marketed drugs rather than others which may be cheaper or better for the patient | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics Ethical thinking is responding to situations that deal with principles concerning human behavior in respect to the appropriateness and inappropriateness of certain communication and to the decency and indecency of the intention and results of such actions. In other words, ethics are distinctions between right and wrong. Businesses are confronted with ethical decision making every day, and whether employees decide to use ethics as a guiding force when conducting business is something that business leaders, such as managers, need to instill. Marketers are ethically responsible for what is marketed and the image that a product portrays | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |
Marketing ethics With that said, marketers need to understand what good ethics are and how to incorporate good ethics in various marketing campaigns to better reach a targeted audience and to gain trust from customers. Marketing ethics, regardless of the product offered or the market targeted, sets the guidelines for which good marketing is practiced. When companies create high ethical standards upon which to approach marketing they are participating in ethical marketing. To market ethically and effectively one should be reminded that all marketing decisions and efforts are necessary to meet and suit the needs of customers, suppliers, and business partners. Ethical behavior should be enforced throughout company culture and through company practices | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7483320 | Marketing ethics |