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ูู†ุธุฑ ู‡ู„ ูŠุฌุฏ ูˆุตูู‹ุง ูˆุงุญุฏู‹ุง ูŠุนู… ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู…: ุญูŠู‡ุง ูˆุฌู…ุงุฏู‡ุงุŒ ูู„ู… ูŠุฌุฏ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ูŠุนู… ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุงุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุนุจู‘ูŽุฑ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุทูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู‚ ูุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ู„ู„ุฌุณู… ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ู‡ูˆ ุฌุณู… ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุชุฃุชู‘ูŽ ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุญุณ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฌุณู… ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ูˆุญุฏู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู…ุนู†ู‹ู‰ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑุŒ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุฎู„ูˆู‹ุง ู…ู† ุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ.
He searched for someone characteristic common to all objects, animate and inanimate, but the only thing he could find in all physical objects was extension in three dimensions. This he recognized belonged to physical things purely by virtue of the fact that they were physical. But his senses did not so readily reveal any object with just this attribute of extension and no other.
ุซู… ุชููƒุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุซู… ู…ุนู†ู‹ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ุฃูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู† ูˆุฑุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ู…ุนู†ู‹ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ูˆุญุฏู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู†ูุณู‡ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุฏ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุฏูˆู† ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ.
He then examined this notion of extension, asking himself whether it was just this that belonged to material things or whether there was not perhaps, some further principle; and he realized that behind extension there must be another factor in which extension itself was grounded. For bare extension could no more subsist by itself than the extended object could exist without extension.
ูˆุงุนุชุจุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุฐูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ูƒุงู„ุทูŠู† ู…ุซู„ู‹ุงุŒ ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ุทูˆู„ ูˆุนุฑุถ ูˆุนู…ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุงุŒ ุซู… ุฅู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุง ู„ูˆ ุฃูุฎุฐุช ูˆุฑุฏู‘ูŽุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุถูŠ ู„ุชุจุฏู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุฑุถ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู…ู‚ ูˆุตุงุฑุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑ ุขุฎุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุชุจุฏู„ุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุทูˆู„ ูˆุนุฑุถ ูˆุนู…ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู‚ุฏุฑ ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุนุฑู‰ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุชุนุงู‚ุจู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชุจูŠู‘ูŽู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุนู†ู‹ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุญูŠุงู„ู‡ ูˆู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุนุฑู‰ ุจุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุชุจูŠู‘ูŽู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡.
Hayy tried out this idea on several form-bearing objects such as clay for example. He found that if he molded clay into some shape, for example into a ball, it had length, width and depth in a certain ratio; if he then took this ball and worked it into a cube or egg shape, its length, width and depth took on different proportions. But it was still the same clay; and, no matter what the ratio, it could not be divested of length, breadth, and depth. The fact that one proportion could replace another made it apparent to him that the dimensions were a factor in their own right, distinct from the clay itself. But the fact that the clay was never totally devoid of dimensions made it plain to him that they were part of its being.
ูู„ูŽุงุญูŽ ู„ู‡ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌุณู… ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุนู†ูŠูŠู†ุ› ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง: ูŠู‚ูˆู… ู…ู†ู‡ ู…ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุทูŠู† ู„ู„ูƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑ: ูŠู‚ูˆู… ู…ู‚ุงู… ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ูˆุนุฑุถู‡ุง ูˆุนู…ู‚ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุนุจ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุดูƒู„ ูƒุงู† ุจู‡.
His experiment suggested to him that bodies, qua body, are really composed of two factors, one analogous to the clay of the example, the other to the length, width, and depth of the ball or block or other figure the clay might have.
ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูู‡ู… ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฅู„ุง ู…ุฑูƒุจู‹ุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุบู†ูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
The truth was, he could not comprehend physical things at all unless he conceived of them as compounded of these two factors, neither of which can subsist without the other.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุจุฏู„ ูˆูŠุชุนุงู‚ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูˆุฌู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุฐูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุซุจุช ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุฒู„ ู…ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู… ูŠุดุจู‡ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุฐูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ.
The variable factor, which can present a succession of many different faces, that is extension, corresponds to the form of all other bodies. The other factor, which remains constant like the clay of the example, corresponds to materiality in all other bodies.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจู…ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทูŠู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‡ูŠูˆู„ู‰ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุนุงุฑูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ.
In philosophy the factor analogous to the clay is called hyle, or matter. It is entirely devoid of forms.
ูู„ู…ุง ุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ู†ุธุฑู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏ ูˆูุงุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณ ุจุนุถ ู…ูุงุฑู‚ุฉ ูˆุฃุดุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฎูˆู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠุŒ ุงุณุชูˆุญุด ูˆุญู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃูŽู„ูููŽู‡ ู…ู† ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญุณุŒ ูุชู‚ู‡ู‚ุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง ูˆุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ุ› ุฅุฐ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุญุณ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡. ูˆุฃุฎุฐ ุฃุจุณุท ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุดุงู‡ุฏู‡ุง ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ูˆู‚ู ู†ุธุฑู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
When his thinking had risen to this level and the sensory world had been left behind to some extent, just as he was mounting to a height from which he could gaze out toward the approaches of the world of mind, Hayy felt alien and alone. He longed for the familiar world of the senses, balked at the notion of unqualified body, a thing he could neither perceive nor possess, and fell back on the simplest objects he could see, the four he had already singled out.
ูุฃูˆู„ ู…ุง ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฎูู„ู‘ููŠ ูˆู…ุง ุชู‚ุชุถูŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ ุจุฑุฏ ู…ุญุณูˆุณ ูˆุทู„ุจ ุงู„ู†ุฒูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„ ูุฅุฐุง ุณุฎู‘ูู†ุŒ ุฅู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ูˆุฅู…ุง ุจุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ ุฒุงู„ ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑุฏ ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุง ูˆุจู‚ูŠ ููŠู‡ ุทู„ุจ ูˆุตุงุฑ ูŠุทู„ุจ ุงู„ุตุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ููˆู‚ุŒ ูุฒุงู„ ุนู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุตูุงู† ุงู„ู„ุฐุงู† ูƒุงู†ุง ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ูŠุตุฏุฑุงู† ุนู†ู‡ ูˆุนู† ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูุนุฑู ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุตุฏูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠู† ุนู†ู‡ุง.
He examined water first and found that if left to itself, determined only by its own form, it was perceptibly cold and downward-seeking; but if warmed by fire or the heat of the sun, first its coldness would pass, leaving only its proclivity to fall; then, if it were heated strongly, this too would vanish, and it would seek to rise, leaving it without either of the characteristics which had sprung from its form. Yet all he knew of that form was that these functions issued from it.
ูู„ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ู‡ุฐุงู† ุงู„ูุนู„ุงู† ุจุทู„ ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูุฒุงู„ุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุธู‡ุฑุช ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃูุนุงู„ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุตุฏุฑ ุนู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุญุฏุซุช ู„ู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ูˆุตุฏุฑ ุนู†ู‡ ุจู‡ุง ุฃูุนุงู„ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุตุฏุฑ ุนู†ู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุ› ูุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุญุฏูŽุซ ู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุญุฏุซุŒ ูุงุฑุชุณู… ููŠ ู†ูุณู‡ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ูุงุนู„ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงุฑุชุณุงู…ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆู… ุฏูˆู† ุชูุตูŠู„.
When they were gone the rule of that form must have ended. The form of water must have left this body, since it now exhibited behavior characteristic of some other form. A new form not previously present must have come into being here, giving rise to behavior unlike that it had shown under its original form. Now Hayy knew by necessity that all that comes into being must have a cause. From this consideration he gained a vague and general notion of the cause of this form.
ุซู… ุฅู†ู‡ ุชุชุจุน ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุนู„ู…ู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ูุงุนู„.
One by one he went over the forms he had known before and saw that all of them had come to be and all must have a cause.
ุซู… ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ูู„ู… ูŠุฑูŽ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุดูŠุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ุฃู† ูŠุตุฏุฑ ุนู†ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุนู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃูุฑุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชุณุฎูŠู† ุงุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ููˆู‚ ูˆุตู„ุญ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ุฅุฐ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฅู„ุง ุฌุณู… ูˆุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชุญุณ ุนู†ู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ู„ู… ุชูƒู†ุŒ ูุตู„ูˆุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุฏูˆู† ุจุนุถ ู‡ูˆ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏู‡ ุจุตูˆุฑุชู‡.
He then considered that in which the forms inhere and found it to be no more than a bodyโ€™s propensity for such and such an action to arise from it. Water, for example, has a propensity to rise when strongly heated. This propensity is due to the form, for there is nothing there but body and certain perceptible thingsโ€”qualities and ways of moving, for exampleโ€”which come into being, and the cause who creates them. Thus the proneness of a body to certain kinds of motion as opposed to others must be due to its disposition or form.
ูˆู„ุงุญ ู„ู‡ ู…ุซู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ูุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃูุนุงู„ ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ู„ูุงุนู„ ูŠูุนู„ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃูุนุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุณูˆุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
Hayy realized that the same would be true of all forms. Clearly the acts emerging from forms did not really arise in them, but all the actions attributed to them were brought about through them by another Being.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุงุญ ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู‚ูˆู„ ุฑุณูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ๏ทบ: ยซูƒู†ุช ุณู…ุนู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณู…ุน ุจู‡ ูˆุจุตุฑู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุตุฑ ุจู‡.ยป
This idea to which he had now awakened is the meaning of the Prophetโ€™s words: โ€œI am the ears He hears by and the sight He sees by.โ€
ูˆููŠ ู…ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุชู†ุฒูŠู„: ููŽู„ูŽู…ู’ ุชูŽู‚ู’ุชูู„ููˆู‡ูู…ู’ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ูŽ ู‚ูŽุชูŽู„ูŽู‡ูู…ู’ ูˆูŽู…ูŽุง ุฑูŽู…ูŽูŠู’ุชูŽ ุฅูุฐู’ ุฑูŽู…ูŽูŠู’ุชูŽ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ูŽ ุฑูŽู…ูŽู‰.
As it is written in the unshakable Revelation โ€œIt was not you but God who killed them; and when you shot, it was not you who shot, but God.โ€
ูู„ู…ุง ู„ุงุญ ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ู…ุง ู„ุงุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงู„ ุฏูˆู† ุชูุตูŠู„ ุญุฏุซ ู„ู‡ ุดูˆู‚ ุญุซูŠุซ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฑูุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูุตูŠู„ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจุนุฏู ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูุงุฑู‚ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญุณุŒ ูุฌุนู„ ูŠุทู„ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุงุช ูˆู‡ูˆ ู„ุง ูŠุนู„ู… ุจุนุฏู: ู‡ู„ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃูˆ ูƒุซูŠุฑุŸ
Possessing now a broad if indistinct notion of this great Subject, Hayy found in himself a burning desire to know Him more fully. But, having as yet not left the sensory world, he tried first to find this Cause among the objects of his senses. Besides, he did not yet know whether He was one or many.
ูุชุตูุญ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ููƒุฑุชู‡ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ูุฑุขู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุชูƒูˆู† ุชุงุฑุฉ ูˆุชูุณุฏ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ูุณุงุฏ ุฌู…ู„ุชู‡ ูˆู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ูุณุงุฏ ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฑุฃู‰ ุฃุฌุฒุงุกู‡ู…ุง ุชูุณุฏ ุจุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุฑุขู‡ ูŠูุณุฏ ุจุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑุฏ ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ุซู„ุฌ ููŠุณูŠู„ ู…ุงุกู‹.
Accordingly he scrutinized all the physical things he knew and to which his thinking had always been confined. All of them, he perceived, develop and decay. Those which are not destroyed completely are destroyed at least in part. Water and earth, for example, are at least in part destroyed by fire. Air too, he saw, can be destroyed by a severe chill and turn to snow or water.
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุฑูŽ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุจุฑูŠุฆู‹ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุซ ูˆุงู„ุงูุชู‚ุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑุŒ ูุงุทุฑุญู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูˆุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช ููƒุฑุชู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ.
None of the physical things around him was exempt from change, thus none could exist without there being a cause of all this change. Seeing that this was the case Hayy left behind all these things and turned his mind to the heavenly bodies.
ูˆุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฃุณ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุณุงุจูŠุน ู…ู† ู…ู†ุดุฆู‡ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูˆู† ุนุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ ูุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ูˆู…ุง ููŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ: ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู‚ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู†ููƒ ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู†ููƒ ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ูู‡ูˆ ุฌุณู…ุ› ูู‡ูŠ ุฅุฐู† ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฃุฌุณุงู….
He reached this level at twenty-eight, having completed four seven-year phases in his development. He knew that the heavens and all the stars in the skies were bodies because without exception they were extended in three dimensions, and whatever is always extended in three dimensions is a body, therefore they were all bodies.
ุซู… ุชููƒู‘ูŽุฑ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฐุงู‡ุจุฉ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŸ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุจุญุฏูˆุฏ ุชู†ู‚ุทุน ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ูˆุฑุงุกู‡ุง ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏุŸ
He wondered whether they extended infinitely in all directions or were finite, bounded at some point beyond which no extension was possible.
ูุชุญูŠุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูŠุฑุฉ. ุซู… ุฅู†ู‡ ุจู‚ูˆุฉ ู†ุธุฑู‡ ูˆุฐูƒุงุก ุฎุงุทุฑู‡ ุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู† ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงุทู„ ูˆุดูŠุก ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุนู†ู‹ู‰ ู„ุง ูŠูุนู‚ู„.
The problem perplexed him more than a little, but ultimately his inborn talent and brilliance led him to realize that an infinite body is something spurious which can neither be nor be conceived.
ูˆุชู‚ูˆู‘ูŽู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุจุญุฌุฌ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุณู†ุญุช ู„ู‡ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุงู„: ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠ ูู‡ูˆ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู„ูŠู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆู‚ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุญุณูŠุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ุฃุดูƒ ููŠู‡ุ› ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุจุจุตุฑูŠ.
This conclusion was bolstered in his mind by a number of arguments that he reached quite independently in the course of his reflections. โ€œThis heavenly body,โ€ he said to himself, โ€œis bounded on the near side, without doubt, since I can see it with my own eyes.
ูˆุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุงุจู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุงุฎู„ู†ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูƒ ูุฅู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ ุฃู† ุชู…ุชุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุ› ู„ุฃู†ูŠ ุฅู† ุชุฎูŠู„ุช ุฃู† ุฎุทูŠู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูŠุจุชุฏุฆุงู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ูˆูŠู…ุฑุงู† ููŠ ุณูŽู…ู’ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุญุณุจ ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ ุซู… ุชุฎูŠู„ุช ุฃู† ุฃุญุฏ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฎุทูŠู† ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ูŠู…ุชุฏุงู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู†ู‚ุต ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŒ ููŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ูุทุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู…ุณุงูˆูŠู‹ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู… ูŠูู‚ุทุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุดูŠุกุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุญุงู„. ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ุญุงู„.
Only the far side admits of doubt. Nonetheless I know it is impossible for it to extend forever. For if I imagine two lines beginning on this finite side, passing up through the body to infinity, as far as the body itself supposedly extends, and imagine a large segment cut from the finite end of one and the two placed side by side with the cut end of one opposite the uncut end of the other, and my mind travels along the two lines toward the so called infinite end, then I must discover either that the pair of lines really do extend to infinity, the one no shorter than the other, in which case the cut line equals the intact one, which is absurdโ€”
ูˆุฃู…ุง ุฃู„ุง ูŠู…ุชุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงู‚ุต ู…ุนู‡ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ุจู„ ูŠู†ู‚ุทุน ุฏูˆู† ู…ุฐู‡ุจู‡ ูˆูŠู‚ู ุนู† ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ู…ุนู‡ ููŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ูุฅุฐุง ุฑูุฏู‘ูŽ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู’ุฑู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ูุทุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ุตุงุฑ ูƒู„ู‡ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุญูŠู†ุฆุฐู ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุตุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู… ูŠู‚ุทุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุดูŠุกุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠูุถู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ููŠูƒูˆู† ุฅุฐู† ู…ุซู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ู ูุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูุŒ ูุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุฑุถ ููŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ุฌุณู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูุฑุถ ููŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุทุŒ ููƒู„ ุฌุณู… ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ู. ูุฅุฐุง ูุฑุถู†ุง ุฃู† ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ู ูู‚ุฏ ูุฑุถู†ุง ุจุงุทู„ู‹ุง ูˆู…ุญุงู„ู‹ุง.
or else that the one does not run the full length of the other, but stops short of the full course, in which case it is finite. But if the finite segment that was. subtracted is restored, the whole is finite. Now it is neither shorter nor longer than the uncut line. They must be equal then. But one is finite, so the other must be finite as wellโ€” and so must the body in which these lines were assumed to be drawn. Such lines can be assumed in any physical thing. Thus to postulate an infinitely extended physical body is fallacious and absurd.โ€
ูู„ู…ุง ุตุญ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุจูุทุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ูุงุฆู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุจู‡ุช ู„ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฌุฉุ› ุฃู† ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูุŒ ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุดูƒู„ ู‡ูˆ ูˆูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู†ู‚ุทุงุนู‡ ุจุงู„ุณุทูˆุญ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏู‡.
Once the exceptional mind which had made him aware of such a remarkable argument had demonstrated to him the finitude of the heavens, Hayy wished to know what shape they had and how they were divided by their limiting surfaces.
ูู†ุธุฑ ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ูˆุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูุฑุขู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุทู„ุน ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ ูˆุชุบุฑุจ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจุŒ ูู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠู…ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุณูŽู…ู’ุช ุฑุฃุณู‡ ุฑุขู‡ ูŠู‚ุทุน ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุนุธู…ู‰ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ู…ุงู„ ุนู† ุณู…ุช ุฑุฃุณู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุฃูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฑุขู‡ ูŠู‚ุทุน ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุฃุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒุŒ ูˆู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฃุจุนุฏ ุนู† ุณู…ุช ุงู„ุฑุฃุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุฏุงุฆุฑุชู‡ ุฃุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู‚ุฑุจุŒ ุญุชู‰ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃุตุบุฑ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฏุงุฆุฑุชูŠู† ุงุซู†ุชูŠู†: ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ู…ุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุณู‡ูŠู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ุฏูŠู†.
To start with he watched the sun, moon and other stars, observing how all rose in the east and set in the west. Those which passed directly overhead inscribed a great arc; those inclining north or south from his zenith inscribed a smaller arc. The further they lay from the zenith and the closer to the poles, the smaller the arc they described, the smallest orbits in which stars moved being those of Ursa Minor and Canopus, two little circles about the North and South Poles respectively.
ูˆู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุณูƒู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุท ุงู„ุงุณุชูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุตูู†ุงู‡ ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุงุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุฃูู‚ู‡. ูˆู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุจุงู† ู…ุนู‹ุง ุธุงู‡ุฑูŠู† ู„ู‡ ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุชุฑู‚ุจ ุฅุฐุง ุทู„ุน ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุทู„ุน ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุขุฎุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุทู„ูˆุนู‡ู…ุง ู…ุนู‹ุง ููƒุงู† ูŠุฑู‰ ุบุฑูˆุจู‡ู…ุง ู…ุนู‹ุง.
Since Hayyโ€™s home, as I mentioned at the outset, was on the equator, the orbital planes of all the stars were perpendicular to his horizon and their orbits equally large at a given deflection north and south. What is more, both polar axes were visible to him. He observed that when a star with a large orbit and one with a small one rose together, they also set together;
ูˆุงุทุฑุฏ ู„ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูˆููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุชุ› ูุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ูˆู‚ูˆู‘ูŽู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏู‡ ู…ุง ุฑุขู‡ ู…ู† ุฑุฌูˆุน ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ูˆุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุบูŠุจู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจุŒ ูˆู…ุง ุฑุขู‡ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุธู‡ุฑ ู„ุจุตุฑู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูุธู… ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุทู„ูˆุนู‡ุง ูˆุชูˆุณุทู‡ุง ูˆุบุฑูˆุจู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุญุฑูƒุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ู„ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุตุฑู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ุขุฎุฑุŒ ูˆู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ูˆุฃุนุธุงู…ู‡ุง ุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู†ุฏ ุจุตุฑู‡ ููŠุฑุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ุฃุนุธู… ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฑุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุจุนุฏุ› ู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุฃุจุนุงุฏู‡ุง ุนู† ู…ุฑูƒุฒู‡ ุญูŠู†ุฆุฐู ุจุฎู„ุงูู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ูู„ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุญู‚ู‚ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ูƒุฑูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดูƒู„.
and seeing this repeated constantly with all stars, he realized that the firmament must be spherical. The conviction was strengthened by his seeing the sun, moon and stars return to the east after disappearing in the west, and by the fact that their apparent sizes at rising, peak, and setting were constant. For if their motion followed any path other than along a sphere, they would have to be closer to view at some times than at others, and if so their magnitudes or apparent sizes would vary. They would seem bigger when closer than when farther off. But since there was no such variation to be seen, he was certain that their motion was in a spherical course.
ูˆู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ูŠุชุตูุญ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ููŠุฑุงู‡ุง ุขุฎุฐุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ุŒ ูˆุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ู‚ุฏุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ูˆุธู‡ุฑ ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุญุฑูƒุชู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ุง ุจุฃูู„ุงูƒ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ุถู…ู†ุฉ ููŠ ูู„ูƒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนู„ุงู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุดุฑุญ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ู‡. ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุทูˆู„ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุซุจุช ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ ููŠ ุบุฑุถู†ุง ุฅู„ุง ู„ู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฑุฏู†ุงู‡.
He continued to study the motion of the moon, observing that this was from west to east, and he even observed the retrograde motion of the planets. Thus he eventually learned a great deal of astronomy. He now knew that the courses of the stars could be set only in a number of spheres, all enclosed in one great sphere above them all, which moves the whole from east to west in a day and a night. But to explain each step in his progress in astronomy would be a protracted task. And this, after all, is treated at length in books. For our purpose no more is needed than what I have already set down.
ูู„ู…ุง ุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆูˆู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ุจุฌู…ู„ุชู‡ ูˆู…ุง ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูƒุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุตู„ ุจุนุถู‡ ุจุจุนุถ ูˆุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠู†ุธุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุง: ูƒุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูˆู…ุง ุดุงูƒู„ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุถู…ู†ู‡ ูˆุบูŠุฑ ุฎุงุฑุฌุฉ ุนู†ู‡ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ ุฃุดุจู‡ ุดูŠุก ุจุดุฎุต ู…ู† ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุจู…ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ุญูˆุงุณ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุถุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุฃูู„ุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถ ู‡ูŠ ุจู…ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู‡ูŠ ุจู…ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ู…ุง ููŠ ุฌูˆู ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ู…ู† ุฃุตู†ุงู ุงู„ูุถูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุฑุทูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูƒู…ุง ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
Having reached this point, Hayy understood that the heavens and all that is in them are, as it were, one being whose parts are all interconnected. All the bodies he had known before such as earth, water, air, plants and animals were enclosed within this being and never left it. The whole was like an animal. The light-giving stars were its senses. The spheres, articulated one to the next, were its limbs. And the world of generation and decay within was like the juices and wastes in the beastโ€™s belly, where smaller animals often breed, as in the macrocosm.
ูู„ู…ุง ุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ ูƒุดุฎุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุงุชุญุฏุช ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฃุฌุฒุงุคู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุจู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุชุญุฏุช ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ ุชููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุจุฌู…ู„ุชู‡: ู‡ู„ ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ุญุฏุซ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู†ุŒ ูˆุฎุฑุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŸ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‹ุง ููŠู…ุง ุณู„ู ูˆู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุจูˆุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡ุŸ
Seeing the whole universe as in reality one great being, and uniting all its many parts in his mind by the same sort of reasoning which had led him to see the oneness of all bodies in the world of generation and decay, Hayy wondered whether all this had come to be from nothing, or in no respect emerged from nothingness but always existed.
ูุชุดูƒูƒ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุชุฑุฌู‘ูŽุญ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุญูƒู…ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
On this question he had many misgivings. Neither position seemed to prevail.
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฒู…ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู… ุงุนุชุฑุถุชู‡ ุนูˆุงุฑุถ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงุณุชุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุŒ ุจู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุณุชุญุงู„ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุจู‡ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฌุณู… ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุฑู‰ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ุง ูŠุฎู„ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฏุซ ูู‡ูˆ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชู‚ุฏู…ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชู‚ุฏู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฏุซ ูู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ุญุฏูŽุซ.
For whenever he assumed the eternity of the universe, numerous difficulties arose due to the fact that any actual infinity could be shown to be impossible by the same sort of reasoning which had shown him the impossibility of an infinite physical body. Besides he knew that the world could not exist without temporal events, thus it could not precede them. But what cannot precede temporal events must itself come to be in time.
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฒู…ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงุนุชุฑุถุชู‡ ุนูˆุงุฑุถ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ูŠุฑู‰ ุฃู† ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠูู‡ู… ุฅู„ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ุชู‚ุฏู…ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ู…ู† ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆุบูŠุฑ ู…ู†ููƒ ุนู†ู‡ ูุฅุฐู† ู„ุง ูŠูู‡ู… ุชุฃุฎุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†.
When, on the other hand, he assumed that the universe arose in time, other objections assailed him. Thus he realized that the notion of the universe coming to be from nothing could be made sense of only in terms of a time before there was a universeโ€”but time itself is an inseparable part of the universe. Therefore it is inconceivable that, the origin of the universe came before the origin of time.
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„: ยซุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุญุงุฏุซู‹ุง ูู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุญุฏูุซุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุญุฏุซู‡ ู„ู…ูŽ ุฃุญุฏุซู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ูˆู„ู… ูŠุญุฏุซู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ ุฃู„ุทุงุฑุฆ ุทุฑุฃ ุนู„ูŠู‡ โ€” ูˆู„ุง ุดูŠุก ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุบูŠุฑู‡ โ€” ุฃู… ู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุฐุงุชู‡ุŸ ูุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุบูŠู‘ูุฑุŸยป
โ€œFurthermore,โ€ he said to himself, โ€œif the universe came to be in time, there must have been some cause to bring it into being. Why did this Cause bring about a world now rather than before? Had some outside force disturbed Him? Nothing existed but He. Had some change, then, occurred within Him? But what brought about that change?โ€
ูˆู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ูŠููƒุฑ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูุชุชุนุงุฑุถ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุญุฌุฌ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุชุฑุฌุญ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
For some years Hayy pondered over this problem, but the arguments always seemed to cancel each other. Neither position could outweigh the other.
ูู„ู…ุง ุฃุนูŠุงู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌุนู„ ูŠุชููƒุฑ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุฒู… ุนู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏูŠู†ุŒ ูู„ุนู„ ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู… ุนู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ูˆุงุญุฏู‹ุง!
Baffled and exhausted by this dilemma, he began to wonder what each of the beliefs entailed. Perhaps the implications were the same!
ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅู† ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆุฎุฑูˆุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏู… ูุงู„ู„ุงุฒู… ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ูุงุนู„ ูŠูุฎุฑุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฏุฑูŽูƒ ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุฃูุฏุฑููƒ ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณ ู„ูƒุงู† ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ู„ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุญุงุฏุซู‹ุง ูˆุงุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญุฏุซุŒ ูˆู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ู„ุงุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญุฏุซ ุซุงู„ุซ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑุงุจุนุŒ ูˆูŠุชุณู„ุณู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจุงุทู„.
For he saw that if he assumed that the universe had come to be in time, ex nihilo, then the necessary consequence would be that it could not have come into existence by itself, but must have had a Maker to give it being. This Maker could not be perceptible to the senses; for if it could be apprehended by sense perception, then it would be a material body, and thus part of the world, itself in time and in need of a cause. If this second cause were physical, it would need a third; the third, a fourth, and so ad infinitum โ€”which is absurd.
ูุฅุฐู† ู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ูุงุนู„ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุฌุณู…ุŒ ูˆุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ูู„ูŠุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณ ุณุจูŠู„ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณ ู„ุง ุชูุฏุฑููƒ ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ูŠู„ุญู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู….
Thus the world must have a non-corporeal Cause. Since He is not a physical being there is no way of perceiving Him through the senses, as the five senses can grasp only physical objects and their attributes.
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูุญุณ ูู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุฎูŠู‘ูŽู„ุ› ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู„ ู„ูŠุณ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุฅู„ุง ุฅุญุถุงุฑ ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุงุช ุจุนุฏ ุบูŠุจุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ูุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุณุชุญูŠู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุฃูˆู„ ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู‚ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุฒู‘ูŽู‡ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุนู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ู…ุง ูŠุชุจุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุตู ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู….
But if He cannot be perceived, He cannot be imagined either, since imagining is no more than the mindโ€™s projection of images belonging to sense objects no longer present. Furthermore, if He is not a material body, then it is impossible to apply to him any of the predicates of physical things. Chief of these is extension in length, width, and depth. He transcends these and all the physical characteristics that follow from them.
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูุงุนู„ู‹ุง ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ูู‡ูˆ ู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุนุงู„ู… ุจู‡ุŒ ุฃูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุนู’ู„ูŽู…ู ู…ูŽู†ู’ ุฎูŽู„ูŽู‚ูŽ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽุทููŠูู ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽุจููŠุฑู.
Finally as Maker of the universe He must know it and have sway over it: โ€œCan it be that the Creator does not know? He is Kindly and Aware.โ€
ูˆุฑุฃู‰ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅู† ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ู‚ูุฏู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏู… ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ู‡ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุฒู„ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู… ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุญุฑูƒุชู‡ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุกุ› ุฅุฐ ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ู‡ุง ุณูƒูˆู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุจุฏุคู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡.
Alternatively, Hayy saw that if he assumed the eternity of the world, that is that it had always been as it is now and not emerged from non-being, this would imply that its motion too was eternal and had never begun, never started up from rest.
ูˆูƒู„ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ู…ุญุฑู‘ููƒ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉู‹ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒ ุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆุฉ ุณุงุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… โ€” ุฅู…ุง ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุญุฑู‘ููƒ ู†ูุณู‡ ูˆุฅู…ุง ุฌุณู… ุขุฎุฑ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู†ู‡ โ€” ูˆุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุณุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู….
Now every motion requires a mover. This mover can be either a force distributed through some body, self-moving or externally moved, or a force which is not distributable or diffusible in physical bodies.
ูˆูƒู„ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุณุงุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ูˆุดุงุฆุนู‡ ููŠู‡ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุจุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…ู‡ ูˆุชุชุถุงุนู ุจุชุถุงุนูู‡ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุซู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุงุŒ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒ ู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฅู† ู‚ูุณู… ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ู†ุตููŠู† ุงู†ู‚ุณู… ุซู‚ู„ู‡ ู†ุตููŠู†ุŒ ูˆุฅู† ุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุซู„ู‡ ุฒุงุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุซู‚ู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุซู„ู‡ุŒ ูุฅู† ุฃู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูƒุงู† ุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุซู‚ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฅู† ูˆุตู„ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏู‘ู ู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูุธู… ูˆูˆู‚ู ูˆุตู„ ุงู„ุซู‘ูู‚ูŽู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุฏ ูˆูˆู‚ู.
But the type of force which is diffused and distributed through material things is divided when they divide and augmented proportionately as they increase. Weight, for example, in a stone is what causes its downward motion. If the stone is split in half, so is its weight; and if another is added, equal to the first, the weight increases by an equal amount. If it were possible to keep adding stones forever, then the weight would mount to infinity; but if the stones reached a certain number and stopped, then the weight would reach a corresponding point and stop.
ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุชุจุฑู‡ู† ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุฌุณู… ูุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูุŒ ูุฅุฐู† ูƒู„ ู‚ูˆุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠุฉ.
Yet it has already been proved that every material body must be finite. So every force in a material body must be finite.
ูุฅู† ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชูุนู„ ูุนู„ู‹ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ ูู‡ูŠ ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ููŠ ุฌุณู…ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ุญุฑูƒุฉ ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ุงู†ู‚ุทุงุน ุฅุฐุง ูุฑุถู†ุงู‡ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ู‹ุง ู„ุง ุงุจุชุฏุงุก ู„ู‡ุŒ ูุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฑูƒุช ู„ูŠุณุช ููŠ ุฌุณู…ู‡ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ุฅุฐู† ู„ุดูŠุก ุจุฑูŠุก ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุตูˆู ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฃูˆุตุงู ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠุฉ.
Should we discover a force engaged in an infinite task, that force cannot belong to a physical thing. But we have found the motion of the heavens to be ceaseless and eternal, for ex hypothesis it has gone on forever and had no beginning. Ergo the force that moves them must be neither in their own physical structure nor in any external physical being. It can only belong to some Being independent of all material things and indescribable by any predicate applicable to them.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู„ุงุญ ู„ู‡ ููŠ ู†ุธุฑู‡ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุฃู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒู„ ุฌุณู… ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ุถุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุชุŒ ูˆุฃู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ู…ุงุฏุชู‡ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุถุนูŠู ู„ุง ูŠูƒุงุฏ ูŠูุฏุฑูƒ ูุฅู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูƒู„ู‡ ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏู‡ ู„ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุก ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุนู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู‘ูŽู‡ ุนู† ุฃู† ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุญุณ ุฃูˆ ูŠุชุทุฑู‚ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุฎูŠุงู„ุŒ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡.
When first reflecting on the world of generation and decay, Hayy had become aware that the substantiality of any material thing rests in its form, that is its propensity for certain types of motion. Its being, on the material side, is defective at best, and in itself scarcely conceivable. If so, the being of the whole universe is ultimately no more than its capacity to be moved by this great Mover, who is free of matter and all its attributes and transcends all that sense can perceive or imagination approach.
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูุงุนู„ู‹ุง ู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุฃู†ูˆุงุนู‡ุง ูุนู„ู‹ุง ู„ุง ุชูุงูˆุช ููŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง ูุชูˆุฑุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆุนุงู„ู… ุจู‡ุง.
If He brings about the sidereal motions, each in its kind and all without discontinuity, never halting, never tiring, then He must know them all and hold absolute power over them.
ูุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ู†ุธุฑู‡ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุถุฑู‘ูŽู‡ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุดูƒูƒู‡ ููŠ ู‚ูุฏู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุฃูˆ ุญุฏูˆุซู‡. ูˆุตุญ ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ูŠู† ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูุงุนู„ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆู„ุง ู…ุชุตู„ ุจุฌุณู… ูˆู„ุง ู…ู†ูุตู„ ุนู†ู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ููŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุ› ุฅุฐ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ูุตุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุฒู‘ูŽู‡ ุนู†ู‡ุง.
So this train of thought brought him exactly where the other had. He was no longer troubled by the dilemmas of creation versus eternity, for either way the existence of a non-corporeal Author of the universe remained unscathed, a Being neither in contact with matter nor cut off from it, neither within nor outside itโ€”for all these terms, โ€˜contactโ€™ and โ€˜discontinuityโ€™, insideโ€™ and โ€˜outsideโ€™ are merely predicates of the very physical things which He transcends.
ูˆู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฌุณู… ู…ูุชู‚ุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุฅุฐ ู„ุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ุฅู„ุง ุจู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ุชุซุจุช ู„ู‡ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฏูˆู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ุง ูŠุตุญ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ู…ู† ูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุงุนู„ุ› ุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุงูุชู‚ุงุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุงุช ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ู‚ูŠุงู… ู„ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ุจู‡ุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุฅุฐู† ุนู„ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ู„ู‡ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุญุฏุซุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุณุจู‚ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุฃูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุก ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†ุŒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุฏู… ู‚ุทุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุชูŠู† ู…ุนู„ูˆู„ุฉ ูˆู…ูุชู‚ุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจู‡ุŒ ูˆู„ูˆู„ุง ุฏูˆุงู…ู‡ ู„ู… ุชุฏู… ูˆู„ูˆู„ุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ู„ู… ุชูˆุฌุฏ ูˆู„ูˆู„ุง ู‚ูุฏู…ู‡ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุฐุงุชู‡ ุบู†ูŠ ุนู†ู‡ุง ูˆุจุฑูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง!
Since matter in every body demands a form, as it exists through its form and can have no reality apart from it, and since forms can be brought into being only by this Creator, all being, Hayy saw, is plainly dependent on Him for existence itself. Nothing can subsist except through Him. Thus He is the Cause of all things, and all are His effects, whether they came to be out of nothing or had no beginning in time and were in no way successors to non-being. In either case they are His effects, dependent on Him for their existence, since He is their Cause and Maker. If He did not endure, they would not endure. If He did not exist, they would not exist. If He were not eternal, they could not have been eternal. But He, in Himself, has no need of them and is utterly independent of them.
ูˆูƒูŠู ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุจุฑู‡ู† ุฃู† ู‚ุฏุฑุชู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ูˆุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู…ุง ูŠุชุตู„ ุจู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู‡ุง ูˆู„ูˆ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู‚ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ู ู…ู†ู‚ุทุน.
How could this not be so, when it has been proved that His force and power are infinite, while all physical things and everything connected with them or in the least related to them are truncated and finite?
ูุฅุฐู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูƒู„ู‡ ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูˆู…ุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆู…ุง ููˆู‚ู‡ุง ูˆู…ุง ุชุญุชู‡ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ูˆุฎู„ู‚ู‡ ูˆู…ุชุฃุฎุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุฃุฎุฑุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†.
The whole Universe, then, and all that is in itโ€”heaven and earth and all that lies above, beneath and betweenโ€”is His work and creation, ontologically, if not temporally, posterior to Him.
ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐุช ููŠ ู‚ุจุถุชูƒ ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุซู… ุญุฑู‘ูŽูƒุช ูŠุฏูƒ ูุฅู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุชุงุจุนู‹ุง ู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูŠุฏูƒ ุญุฑูƒุฉู‹ ู…ุชุฃุฎุฑุฉ ุนู† ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูŠุฏูƒ ุชุฃุฎุฑู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ู… ุชุชุฃุฎุฑ ุจุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ ุจู„ ูƒุงู† ุงุจุชุฏุงุคู‡ู…ุง ู…ุนู‹ุง ููƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ุนู„ูˆู„ ูˆู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุฒู…ุงู†: ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุง ุฃูŽู…ู’ุฑูู‡ู ุฅูุฐูŽุง ุฃูŽุฑูŽุงุฏูŽ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆู‹ุง ุฃูŽู†ู’ ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ูŽ ู„ูŽู‡ู ูƒูู†ู’ ููŽูŠูŽูƒููˆู†ู.
Suppose you held something in your hand while moving your arm. The object you held would undoubtedly move with your hand, subsequently not in time, but in factโ€”for in time the two motions are simultaneous. It is in this way, out of time, that the universe is caused and created by its Maker โ€œWhose command, when He desires a thing is simply to tell it โ€˜Belโ€™ and it is.โ€
ูู„ู…ุง ุฑุฃู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุนูŽ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุงุช ูุนู„ู‡ุŒ ุชุตูุญู‡ุง ู…ู† ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุตูุญู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ููŠ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูุงุนู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุฌุจ ู…ู† ุบุฑูŠุจ ุตู†ุนุชู‡ ูˆู„ุทูŠู ุญูƒู…ุชู‡ ูˆุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ุนู„ู…ู‡ ูุชุจูŠู‘ูŽู† ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุฃู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูุถู„ู‹ุง ุนู† ุฃูƒุซุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒู…ุฉ ูˆุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงู„ุตู†ุนุฉ ู…ุง ู‚ุถู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนุฌุจุŒ ูˆุชุญู‚ู‚ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ูŠุตุฏุฑ ุฅู„ุง ุนู† ูุงุนู„ ู…ุฎุชุงุฑ ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ูˆููˆู‚ ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„: ู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุนู’ุฒูุจู ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ู ู…ูุซู’ู‚ูŽุงู„ู ุฐูŽุฑู‘ูŽุฉู ูููŠ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽู…ูŽุงูˆูŽุงุชู ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฑู’ุถู ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุฃูŽุตู’ุบูŽุฑู ู…ูู†ู’ ุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุฃูŽูƒู’ุจูŽุฑู.
The moment Hayy realized that all that exists is His work, he saw things in a new and different light. It was as an expression of its Makerโ€™s power that he saw each thing now, marveling at His wonderful craftsmanship, the elegance of His plan and ingenuity of His work. In the least of things โ€”not to speak of the greatestโ€”Hayy found marks of wisdom and divine creativity that exhausted his powers of admiration and confirmed his belief that all this could issue only from a Cause of consummate perfectionโ€”beyond perfection! โ€œNot an atomโ€™s weight escapes Him in heaven or on earth nor anything at all, greater or less.โ€
ุซู… ุชุฃู…ู„ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃุตู†ุงู ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูƒูŠู ุฃูŽุนู’ุทูŽู‰ ูƒูู„ู‘ูŽ ุดูŽูŠู’ุกู ุฎูŽู„ู’ู‚ูŽู‡ู ุซู… ู‡ุฏุงู‡ ู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุŸ ูู„ูˆู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ุฏุงู‡ ู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฎูู„ู‚ุช ู„ู‡ ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงูุน ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจู‡ุง ู„ู…ุง ุงู†ุชูุน ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู„ู‘ู‹ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูุนู„ู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃูƒุฑู… ุงู„ูƒุฑู…ุงุก ูˆุฃุฑุญู… ุงู„ุฑุญู…ุงุก.
Hayy considered how the Creator had given each sort of animal its makeup and showed how these were to be used โ€” for if He did not teach animals to use their parts for their intended purposes, they would do the animals no more good than if they did not have them. From this Hayy learned that He is most good and merciful.
ุซู… ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ู†ุธุฑ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุงุช ู„ู‡ ุญุณู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุจู‡ุงุกุŒ ุฃูˆ ูƒู…ุงู„ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‚ูˆุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ูุถูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุถุงุฆู„ โ€” ุฃูŠู‘ูŽ ูุถูŠู„ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช โ€” ุชููƒู‘ูŽุฑ ูˆุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ููŠุถ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑ โ€” ุฌู„ ุฌู„ุงู„ู‡ โ€” ูˆู…ู† ุฌูˆุฏู‡ ูˆู…ู† ูุนู„ู‡ุŒ ูุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุฐุงุชู‡ ุฃุนุธู… ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆุฃูƒู…ู„ ูˆุฃุชู…ู‘ูŽ ูˆุฃุญุณู† ูˆุฃุจู‡ู‰ ูˆุฃุฌู…ู„ ูˆุฃุฏูˆู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ.
From then on, whenever he saw a being that was good, or beautiful, or strong, or perfect in any way, he would recognize, on considering, that this must be its Makerโ€™s work and stem from His overflowing abundance and liberality. Thus he knew that what He Himself possesses must be greater and more perfect, fuller, better, and more lasting out of all proportion, than what He gives.
ูู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ูŠุชุชุจุน ุตูุงุช ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ููŠุฑุงู‡ุง ู„ู‡ ูˆุตุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู†ู‡ ูˆูŠุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุญู‚ ุจู‡ุง ู…ู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠูˆุตู ุจู‡ุง ุฏูˆู†ู‡. ูˆุชุชุจุน ุตูุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูุฑุขู‡ ุจุฑูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆู…ู†ุฒู‘ูŽู‡ู‹ุง ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุฑูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุญุถ ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŸ ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู„ุนุฏู… ุชุนู„ู‚ ุฃูˆ ุชู„ุจุณ ุจู…ู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุถ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุฐุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุทูŠ ูƒู„ ุฐูŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุŒ ูู„ุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฅู„ุง ู‡ูˆุ› ูู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชู…ุงู… ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุณู† ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจู‡ุงุก ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูˆู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ูˆูƒูู„ู‘ู ุดูŽูŠู’ุกู ู‡ูŽุงู„ููƒูŒ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ูˆูŽุฌู’ู‡ูŽู‡ู.
And so, continuing the sequence of perfections, Hayy saw that all belong to Him, proceed from Him, and are more truly predicated of Him than of any other being. He surveyed the privations and saw that He is clear of them and transcends them all. How could He not transcend privation when the very concept means no more than absolute or relative non-beingโ€”and how could non-being be associated or confused with Him Who is pure being, Whose essence is necessary existence, Who gives being to all that is? There is no existence but Him. He is being, perfection, and wholeness. He is goodness, beauty, power, and knowledge. He is He. โ€œAll things perish except His face.โ€
ูุงู†ุชู‡ุช ุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฃุณ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุณุงุจูŠุน ู…ู† ู…ู†ุดุฆู‡ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุซู„ุงุซูˆู† ุนุงู…ู‹ุง.
By the end of his fifth seven-year span, his awareness had brought him to this point. He was thirty-five.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฑุณุฎ ููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ ู…ุง ุดุบู„ู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฅู„ุง ููŠู‡ุŒ ูˆุฐู‡ู„ ุนู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุชุตูุญ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุงุช ูˆุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ ุตุงุฑ ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุน ุจุตุฑู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฅู„ุง ูˆูŠุฑู‰ ููŠู‡ ุฃุซุฑ ุงู„ุตู†ุนุฉ ู…ู† ุญูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ููŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ุจููƒุฑู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุงู†ุน ูˆูŠุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุงุดุชุฏ ุดูˆู‚ู‡ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุงู†ุฒุนุฌ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ุจุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุŒ ูˆุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุฑูุน ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„.
By now thought of this Subject was so deeply rooted in his heart that he could think of nothing else. He was distracted from his prior investigation of created being. For now his eye fell on nothing without immediately detecting in it signs of His workmanshipโ€”then instantly his thoughts would shift from craft to Craftsman, deepening his love of Him, totally detaching his heart from the sensory world, and binding it to the world of mind.
ูู„ู…ุง ุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฑููŠุน ุงู„ุซุงุจุช ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ุณุจุจ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุณุจุจ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุนู„ู… ุจุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆุจุฃูŠ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ูุชุตูุญ ุญูˆุงุณู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูˆู‡ูŠ: ุงู„ุณู…ุน ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดู… ูˆุงู„ุฐูˆู‚ ูˆุงู„ู„ู…ุณุŒ ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุฅู„ุง ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุณู…ุน ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ูˆุนุงุช ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ู† ุชู…ูˆุฌ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุนู†ุฏ ุชุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุดู… ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุฆุญุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูˆู‚ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุทุนูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู„ู…ุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฒุฌุฉ ูˆุงู„ุตู„ุงุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ ุทูˆู„ ูˆุนุฑุถ ูˆุนู…ู‚.
Having gained an awareness of this eternally existing Being, Whose existence is uncaused, but Who is the cause of all existence, Hayy wished to know how this knowledge had come to him. By what power had he apprehended such a being? He counted off his sensesโ€”hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch. None of these could grasp anything but the physical or the attributes subsisting in it. Hearing catches only sounds which are generated by the vibrating waves of air when bodies strike together. Sight knows only colors; smell, odors; taste, flavors; touch, texturesโ€”hard or soft, rough or smooth. Imagination too can apprehend only things with length, breadth, and depth.
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑูƒุงุช ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุณูˆุงู‡ุงุ› ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ูˆู‹ู‰ ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู…ู†ู‚ุณู…ุฉ ุจุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…ู‡ุง ูู‡ูŠ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุฅู„ุง ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ู…ู†ู‚ุณู…ู‹ุงุ› ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ููŠ ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ู‚ุณู… ูู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู†ู‚ุณู… ุจุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…ู‡ุงุŒ ูุฅุฐู† ูƒู„ ู‚ูˆุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ูู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุฅู„ุง ุฌุณู…ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุฌุณู….
All these are qualities predicable only of physical things. Only these can be objects of the senses because the senses themselves are powers diffused in material things, and thus divisible with their substrates. The senses, for this reason, can apprehend only divisible objects, that is physical things. For these faculties are spread throughout a divisible thing and their object must be capable of a corresponding division. Thus any faculty in a physical body can apprehend only physical bodies and their attributes.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู‘ูŽู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุฑูŠุก ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ูุฅุฐู† ู„ุง ุณุจูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุจุดูŠุก ู„ูŠุณ ุจุฌุณู… ูˆู„ุง ู‡ูˆ ู‚ูˆุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ูˆู„ุง ุชุนู„ู‘ูู‚ ู„ู‡ ุจูˆุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡ ุจุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู„ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฏุงุฎู„ ููŠู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ู…ุชุตู„ ุจู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ู…ู†ูุตู„ ุนู†ู‡ุง.
But it was already quite clear to Hayy that this necessarily existent Being transcends physical attributes in every respect. The only way to apprehend Him, then, must be by some non-physical means, something which is neither a bodily faculty nor in any way bound up with bodyโ€”neither inside nor outside, neither in contact with it nor disjoined from it.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ุจุฐุงุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุฑุณุฎุช ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุจู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุ› ูุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุฐุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุจู‡ุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุฌุณู…ุงู†ูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆุฃู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ู…ู† ุธุงู‡ุฑ ุฐุงุชู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฐุงุชู‡ ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฐุงุชู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ.
Hayy had also realized that what had brought him his awareness of this Being would be his true self, and now that his understanding of Him was better, he recognized that this self too, by which he had come to know Him, was non-corporeal and not qualifiable by any physical predicate. The whole outward self, the objective, corporeal being he could perceive, was not his true self; his true identity was that by which he had apprehended the Necessarily Existent.
ูู„ู…ุง ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุฐุงุชู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุจุญูˆุงุณู‡ ูˆูŠุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุง ุฃุฏูŠู…ู‡ ู‡ุงู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุจุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุฌุณู…ู‡ ูˆุฌุนู„ ูŠุชููƒุฑ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุดุฑูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุจู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠู ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุฐุงุชู‡ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠูุฉ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุจูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ุชูุณุฏ ูˆุชุถู…ุญู„ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุกุŸ
Knowing now that this embodiment, apprehended by the senses and enveloped in the skin was not himself, he thoroughly despised his body and set eagerly to thinking of that higher self by which he had reached an awareness of the sublime Being, Whose existence is necessary. Was it possible that this other, nobler being, which was himself, could perishโ€”or was it everlasting?
ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ุงุถู…ุญู„ุงู„ ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุจุฃู† ุชุฎู„ุน ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุชู„ุจุณ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุฅุฐุง ุตุงุฑ ู‡ูˆุงุก ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุฅุฐุง ุตุงุฑ ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฅุฐุง ุตุงุฑ ุชุฑุงุจู‹ุง ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุงุจ ุฅุฐุง ุตุงุฑ ู†ุจุงุชู‹ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ.
Disintegration and decay are, he knew, predicates of physical things indicating simply that they have taken off one form and put on another, as when water turns to air, or air to water, or when plants become soil or ashes, or soil becomes a plant. This is the meaning of breakdown.
ูˆุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุฌุณู… ูˆู„ุง ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ููŠ ู‚ูˆุงู…ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุฒู‡ ุจุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูู„ุง ูŠูุชุตูˆู‘ูŽุฑ ูุณุงุฏู‡ ุงู„ุจุชุฉ.
But the destruction of a nonphysical being which does not depend for its existence on anybody, and which completely transcends the physical, is utterly inconceivable.
ูู„ู…ุง ุซุจุช ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุฐุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ูุณุงุฏู‡ุง ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุนู„ู… ูƒูŠู ูŠูƒูˆู† ุญุงู„ู‡ุง ุฅุฐุง ุทุฑุญุช ุงู„ุจุฏู† ูˆุชุฎู„ุช ุนู†ู‡ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุชุจูŠู‘ูŽู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุทุฑุญู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุตู„ุญ ุขู„ุฉ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูุชุตูุญ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุงุฑุฉู‹ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ูˆุชุงุฑุฉู‹ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุชุบู…ูŠุถู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุฅุนุฑุงุถู‡ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุขู† ูˆุชุฏุฑูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
Satisfied that his true self could not perish, he desired to know what its fate would be once it had freed itself of the body and left it behind. Clearly this being would not abandon the body until no further use could be derived from it as a tool. Hayy surveyed all his powers of perception and saw that each works actually at one time, potentially at another. The eye, for example, when closed or averted from its object still sees potentially. The meaning of โ€˜seeing potentiallyโ€™ is that while it is not seeing now, it will in the future.
ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ ูุชุญู‡ุง ูˆุงุณุชู‚ุจุงู„ู‡ุง ู„ู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ูˆู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุชุฏุฑูƒ.
When open and turned toward its object, it actually sees. โ€˜Seeing actuallyโ€™ means seeing now.
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏุฑูƒุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ู… ุชุฏุฑูƒ ู‚ุท ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ูู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุฏุงู…ุช ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ุง ุชุชุดูˆู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุฎุตูˆุต ุจู‡ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ู… ุชุชุนุฑู ุจู‡ ุจุนุฏูุŒ ู…ุซู„ ู…ูŽู† ุฎูู„ู‚ ู…ูƒููˆู ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุชุงุฑุฉู‹ ุซู… ุตุงุฑุช ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุฏุงู…ุช ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชุดุชุงู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุนุฑูุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑูƒ ูˆุชุนู„ู‚ุช ุจู‡ ูˆุญู†ู‘ูŽุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุซู„ ู…ู† ูƒุงู† ูŠุตูŠุฑู‹ุง ุซู… ุนู…ูŠ ูุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูŠุดุชุงู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช.
The same holds for all these faculties, they all work either actually or potentially. Any faculty of apprehension which at no time actually perceives but remains โ€œforever potentialโ€, never desiring to grasp its appropriate object because that object has never been encountered by it, is like a man born blind. If such a faculty actually does perceive for a time and then relapses into potentialityโ€™, but even in the potential state still yearns for actual perception, since it has known its proper object and grown fond of it, then it is like a sighted man gone blind who still longs for what he used to see.
ูˆุจุญุณุจ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑูŽูƒ ุฃุชู… ูˆุฃุจู‡ู‰ ูˆุฃุญุณู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดูˆู‚ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชุฃู„ู… ู„ูู‚ุฏู‡ ุฃุนุธู…ุ› ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ุชุฃู„ู… ู…ู† ูŠูู‚ุฏ ุจุตุฑู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃุนุธู… ู…ู† ุชุฃู„ู… ู…ู† ูŠูู‚ุฏ ุดู…ู‡ุ› ุฅุฐ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฃุชู… ูˆุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุดู….
The more beautiful, whole, or good the objects he once knew, the greater his longing for them and grief at their loss. For this reason the sorrow of a man who has lost his sight is greater than that of one who has lost his sense of smell, for the objects of sight are higher and better than those of smell.
ูุฅู† ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุดูŠุก ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ูƒู…ุงู„ู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุบุงูŠุฉ ู„ุญุณู†ู‡ ูˆุฌู…ุงู„ู‡ ูˆุจู‡ุงุฆู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุจู‡ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ุงู„ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒู…ุงู„ ูˆู„ุง ุญุณู† ูˆู„ุง ุจู‡ุงุก ูˆู„ุง ุฌู…ุงู„ ุฅู„ุง ุตุงุฏุฑ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุชู‡ ูˆูุงุฆุถ ู…ู† ู‚ูุจู„ู‡ ูู…ู† ูู‚ุฏ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุชุนุฑู ุจู‡ ูู„ุง ู…ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุฏุงู… ูุงู‚ุฏู‹ุง ู„ู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุขู„ุงู… ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ู…ู† ูƒุงู† ู…ุฏุฑูƒู‹ุง ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู… ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู„ุฐุฉ ู„ุง ุงู†ูุตุงู… ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุบุจุทุฉ ู„ุง ุบุงูŠุฉ ูˆุฑุงุกู‡ุง ูˆุจู‡ุฌุฉ ูˆุณุฑูˆุฑ ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุง.
If there is a Being Whose perfection is infinite, Whose splendor and goodness know no bounds, Who is beyond perfection, goodness, and beauty, a Being such that no perfection, no goodness, no beauty, no splendor does not flow from Him, then to lose hold of such a Being, and having known Him to be unable to find Him must mean infinite torture as long as He is not found. Likewise to preserve constant awareness of Him is to know joy without lapse, unending bliss, infinite rapture and delight.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุชุตู ุจุฃูˆุตุงู ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูˆู…ู†ุฒู‡ ุนู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุจุฑูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
Hayy had already realized that while He transcends all privations, every attribute of perfection can be applied to the Necessarily Existent.
ูˆุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจู‡ ูŠุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู„ุง ูŠูุณุฏ ู„ูุณุงุฏู‡ุง ูุธู‡ุฑ ู„ู‡ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ู…ู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ู‡ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฐุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุฏุฉ ู„ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃูุทุฑุญ ุงู„ุจุฏู† ุจุงู„ู…ูˆุช ูุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒ โ€” ููŠ ู…ุฏุฉ ุชุตุฑูŠูู‡ ู„ู„ุจุฏู† โ€” ู„ู… ูŠุชุนุฑู ู‚ุท ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู„ุง ุงุชุตู„ ุจู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุณู…ุน ุนู†ู‡ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุฏู† ู„ุง ูŠุดุชุงู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุชุฃู„ู… ู„ูู‚ุฏู‡.
He also knew that what in him had allowed him to apprehend this Being was unlike bodies and would not decay as they did. From this he saw that, leaving the body at death, anyone with an identity like his own, capable of awareness such as he possessed, must undergo one of these three fates: If, while in command of the body, he has not known the Necessarily Existent, never confronted Him or heard of Him, then on leaving the body he will neither long for this Being nor mourn His loss.
ูˆุฃู…ุง ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุทู„ ุจุจุทู„ุงู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูู„ุง ุชุดุชุงู‚ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ุชุถูŠุงุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ูˆู„ุง ุชุญู† ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ุชุชุฃู„ู… ู„ูู‚ุฏู‡ุง. ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุจู‡ุงุฆู… ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุทู‚ุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฃูˆ ู„ู… ุชูƒู†.
His bodily powers will go to ruin with the body, and thus make no more demands or miss the objects of their cravings now that they are gone. This is the fate of all dumb animalsโ€” even those of human form.
ูˆุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒ โ€” ููŠ ู…ุฏุฉ ุชุตุฑูŠูู‡ ู„ู„ุจุฏู† โ€” ู‚ุฏ ุชุนุฑู ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุนู„ู… ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุนุธู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ุทุงู† ูˆุงู„ุญุณู† ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุนุฑุถ ุนู†ู‡ ูˆุงุชุจุน ู‡ูˆุงู‡ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุงูุชู‡ ู…ู†ูŠุชู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠุญุฑู… ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุดูˆู‚ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ููŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุนุฐุงุจ ุทูˆูŠู„ ูˆุขู„ุงู… ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง. ูุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠุชุฎู„ู‘ูŽุต ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขู„ุงู… ุจุนุฏ ุฌู‡ุฏ ุทูˆูŠู„ ูˆูŠุดุงู‡ุฏ ู…ุง ุชุดูˆู‘ูŽู‚ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุขู„ุงู…ู‡ ุจู‚ุงุกู‹ ุณุฑู…ุฏูŠู‘ู‹ุง ุจุญุณุจ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏู‡ ู„ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ูŠู† ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ.
If, while in charge of the body, he has encountered this Being and learned of His goodness but turned away to follow his own passions, until death overtook him in the midst of such a life, depriving him of the experience he has learned to long for, he will endure prolonged agony and infinite pain, either escaping the torture at last, after an immense struggle, to witness once again what he yearned for, or remaining forever in torment, depending on which direction he tended toward in his bodily life.
ูˆุฃู…ุง ู…ูŽู† ุชุนุฑู‘ูŽู ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠูุงุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุฏู†ุŒ ูˆุฃู‚ุจู„ ุจูƒู„ู‘ููŠุชู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ุชุฒู… ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฌู„ุงู„ู‡ ูˆุญุณู†ู‡ ูˆุจู‡ุงุฆู‡ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุนุฑุถ ุนู†ู‡ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุงูุชู‡ ู…ู†ูŠุชู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู‚ุจุงู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุ› ูู‡ุฐุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุฏู† ุจู‚ูŠ ููŠ ู„ุฐุฉ ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆุบุจุทุฉ ูˆุณุฑูˆุฑ ูˆูุฑุญ ุฏุงุฆู… ู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุชู‡ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุณู„ุงู…ุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุฏุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดูˆุงุฆุจุŒ ูˆูŠุฒูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุชู‚ุชุถูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ โ€” ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ โ€” ุขู„ุงู… ูˆุดุฑูˆุฑ ูˆุนูˆุงุฆู‚.
If he knows the Necessarily Existent before departing the body, and turns to Him with his whole being, fastens his thoughts on His goodness, beauty, and majesty, never turning away until death overtakes him, turned toward Him in the midst of actual experience, then on leaving the body, he will live on in infinite joy, bliss, and delight, happiness unbroken because his experience of the Necessarily Existent will be unbroken and no longer marred by the demands of the bodily powers for sensory thingsโ€”which alongside this ecstasy are encumbrances, irritants and evils.
ุซู… ุฌุนู„ ูŠุชููƒู‘ูŽุฑ ูƒูŠู ูŠุชุฃุชู‰ ู„ู‡ ุฏูˆุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุฅุนุฑุงุถ ููƒุงู† ูŠู„ุงุฒู… ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒู„ ุณุงุนุฉ ูู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ูŠุณู†ุญ ู„ุจุตุฑู‡ ู…ุญุณูˆุณ ู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุงุช ุฃูˆ ูŠุฎุฑู‚ ุณู…ุนู‡ ุตูˆุช ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุฃูˆ ูŠุชุนุฑุถู‡ ุฎูŠุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎูŠุงู„ุงุช ุฃูˆ ูŠู†ุงู„ู‡ ุฃู„ู… ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุนุถุงุฆู‡ ุฃูˆ ูŠุตูŠุจู‡ ุงู„ุฌูˆุน ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนุทุด ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจุฑุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑ ุฃูˆ ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ู„ุฏูุน ูุถูˆู„ู‡ ูุชุฎุชู„ ููƒุฑุชู‡ ูˆูŠุฒูˆู„ ุนู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ูˆูŠุชุนุฐุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฌูˆุน ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุญุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุฅู„ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฌู‡ุฏ. ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุฎุงู ุฃู† ุชูุฌุฃู‡ ู…ู†ูŠุชู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุฅุนุฑุงุถ ููŠูุถูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุฏุงุฆู… ูˆุฃู„ู… ุงู„ุญุฌุงุจ.
He would concentrate on that Being for a time, but as soon as he did some sensory thing would present itself to view, some animal cry would split his ears, some image would dart across his mind, he would feel a pain somewhere, or get hungry or thirsty or hot or cold, or have to get up to relieve himself. His thoughts would be disrupted, and he would lose what he had begun to reach. It was impossible for him to recapture the experience without tremendous effort; and he feared death might surprise him in a moment of distraction, leaving him to sink into the everlasting misery and torment of deprivation.
ูุณุงุกู‡ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุฃุนูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก. ูุฌุนู„ ูŠุชุตูุญ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูˆูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฃูุนุงู„ู‡ุง ูˆู…ุง ุชุณุนู‰ ููŠู‡ ู„ุนู„ู‡ ูŠู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุดุนุฑุช ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุฌุนู„ุช ุชุณุนู‰ ู†ุญูˆู‡ ููŠุชุนู„ู… ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุณุจุจ ู†ุฌุงุชู‡.
The malady was grave, and he did not know the cure. Hayy went back over all the animal species, checking all their doings and strivings to see whether he might not find one that was aware of this Being and made Him its goal, to learn from it how to save himself.
ูุฑุขู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุณุนู‰ ููŠ ุชุญุตูŠู„ ุบุฐุงุฆู‡ุง ูˆู…ู‚ุชุถู‰ ุดู‡ูˆุงุชู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุทุนูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ูƒูˆุญ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชุธู„ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชุฏูุงุก ูˆุชุฌุฏู‘ู ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠู„ู‡ุง ูˆู†ู‡ุงุฑู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูŠู† ู…ู…ุงุชู‡ุง ูˆุงู†ู‚ุถุงุก ู…ุฏุชู‡ุง.
But all animals, he saw, struggled day and night simply getting enough to eat, satisfying their appetites for food, water, mates, shade, and shelter, until their span of time was up and they died.
ูˆู„ู… ูŠุฑูŽ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠู†ุญุฑู ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุณุนู‰ ู„ุบูŠุฑู‡ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุชุŒ ูุจุงู† ู„ู‡ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ู… ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู„ุง ุงุดุชุงู‚ุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุชุนุฑูุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุจูˆุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุตุงุฆุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุฃูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุงู„ ุดุจูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ุนุฏู….
Not one could be seen to diverge from the pattern or ever strive toward anything else. Apparently, then, none of them was aware of this Being, desired Him, or had any notion of Him. All of them would turn to nothing, or next to nothing.
ูู„ู…ุง ุญูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุ› ุฅุฐ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู„ู†ุจุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒุงุช ุฅู„ุง ุจุนุถ ู…ุง ู„ู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†.
Having judged this to be true of animals, Hayy recognized that it would be all the more so with plants, which have only a fraction of the avenues of perception open to animals.
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃูƒู…ู„ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‹ุง ู„ู… ูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูุงู„ุฃู†ู‚ุต ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‹ุง ุฃุญุฑู‰ ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠุตู„ ู…ุน ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุฃู‰ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู† ุฃูุนุงู„ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุชุนุฏู‰ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ.
If animals whose apprehension is the better and more complete, are incapable of reaching this level of consciousness, then beings whose perception is stunted are all the further removed from such an attainment. After all, the whole of plant functioning goes no further than nutrition and reproduction.
ุซู… ุฅู†ู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูˆุงู„ุฃูู„ุงูƒ ูุฑุขู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณู‚ ูˆุฑุขู‡ุง ุดูุงูุฉ ูˆู…ุถูŠุฆุฉ ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุนู† ู‚ุจูˆู„ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ูุญุฏุณ ุญุฏุณู‹ุง ู‚ูˆูŠู‘ู‹ุง ุฃู† ู„ู‡ุง ุฐูˆุงุช ุณูˆู‰ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ู‡ุง ุชุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐูˆุงุช ุงู„ุนุงุฑูุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู„ุง ู…ู†ุทุจุนุฉ ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงู… ู…ุซู„ ุฐุงุชู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงุฑูุฉุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ู…ุซู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐูˆุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฆุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู…ุซู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถุนู ูˆุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ูุงุณุฏุฉ ูˆู…ุน ู…ุง ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุตุŸ
He looked to the stars and spheres then, seeing how all circled in an ordered array of rhythmic motion. They were diaphanous and luminous, far above all change and decay, and he made a strong surmise that they too had identities apart from their bodies, identities which knew this necessarily existent being and were neither physical nor imprints on anything physical. How could they not have such identities, free of all that is bodily, when, with all his weakness, his desperate dependence on sensory things, and despite the fact that he lived among decaying bodies, even he had such a self?
ูู„ู… ูŠูŽุนูู‚ู’ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฐุงุชู‡ ุจุฑูŠุฆุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ู„ุง ุชูุณุฏ ูุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุชุดุงู‡ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู… ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุ› ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุทุนุช ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุนู† ุฏูˆุงู… ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุซู„ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ.
His inadequacy did not prevent his true being from standing independent of all physical things and incorruptible. Clearly the heavenly bodies must be all the more so. Thus Hayy knew that they would know the Necessarily Existent and that their awareness of Him would be continuously actual since they are not subject to such hindrances as the sensory distractions that interrupted his own contemplation.
ุซู… ุฅู†ู‡ ุชููƒุฑ: ู„ู… ุงุฎุชูุตู‘ูŽ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุณุงุฆุฑ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุดุจู‡ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ.
He asked himself then why he of all living beings should be singled out to possess an identity that made him very like the stars.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุชุจูŠู‘ูŽู† ู„ู‡ ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ูˆุงุณุชุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ูˆุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู„ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ุจู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู…ุชุนุงู‚ุจุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ูˆุฃู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ู…ุฎุชู„ุทุฉ ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุชุถุงุฏุฉ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุฆูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ุดูŠุก ุตุฑูู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุตุฑูู‹ุง ุฎุงู„ุตู‹ุง ู„ุง ุดุงุฆุจุฉ ููŠู‡ ูู‡ูˆ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุจ ูˆุงู„ูŠุงู‚ูˆุชุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุตุฑูุฉุ› ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู„ุง ุชุชุนุงู‚ุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
He had seen how the elements changed into one another. Nothing on the face of the earth kept the same form. All was in a constant alternation of build-up and breakdown. Most bodies were mixtures, compounded of conflicting things, and so all the more prone to degeneration. No physical thing was pure, although those which came closest to untainted purity, such as gold and sapphire, lasted longest. The heavenly bodies were pure and uncompounded, and for this reason not subject to a succession of forms, and virtually beyond destruction.
ูˆุชุจูŠู‘ูŽู† ู„ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุชุชู‚ูˆู‘ูŽู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ุง ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฒุงุฆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠุฉ โ€” ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ โ€” ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุชุชู‚ูˆู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุช.
Hayy had learned, moreover, that of bodies in the world of generation and decay some, namely the four elements, were made up of just one form besides physicality, while others, such as plants and animals, comprised more than one additional form.
ูู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ูˆุงู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ ุจุตูˆุฑ ุฃู‚ู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃูุนุงู„ู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ูˆุจูุนุฏู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑุ› ูุฅู† ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุŒ ูˆุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุนุฏู….
Those with the fewest forms to compose their reality showed the least activity and were at the furthest remove from life. If form were absent completely, life was totally impossible; the result was something very like non-being.
ูˆู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ูˆุงู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ ุจุตูˆุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃูุนุงู„ู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุฏุฎูˆู„ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฃุจู„ุบุŒ ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ุณุจูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูุงุฑู‚ุชู‡ุง ู„ู…ุงุฏุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุฎุชุตู‘ูŽุช ุจู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุญูŠู†ุฆุฐู ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ.
Beings composed of a greater number of forms showed more activity and a closer approach to life. When form became inseparable from matter, then life was present at its strongest, stablest, and most unmistakable.
ูุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุนุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ูŠูˆู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ูˆู‡ูŠ ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุงุชุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุชุฑูƒู‘ูŽุจ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฐูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ.
What has no form at all is hyle, matter. It is not in the least alive, but next to non-existent. Composed with just one form are the four elements, occupying the lowest ontic rungs in the world of generation and decay. From these are compounded things with more than one form.
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ุถุนูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุงุ› ุฅุฐ ู„ูŠุณุช ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ุง ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุถุนูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู„ุฃู† ู„ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุถุฏู‘ู‹ุง ุธุงู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุฏ ูŠุฎุงู„ูู‡ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุชุถู‰ ุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ ูˆูŠุทู„ุจ ุฃู† ูŠุบูŠุฑ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡. ููˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชู…ูƒู† ูˆุญูŠุงุชู‡ ุถุนูŠู ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุญูŠุงุฉู‹ ู…ู†ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุฃุธู‡ุฑ ุญูŠุงุฉู‹ ู…ู†ู‡.
The elements have a very weak claim on life, not only because each has only one mode of motion, but also because each has an opposite working directly against it, tending to cancel its effects and eradicate its form. For this reason its existence is unstable and its โ€œlifeโ€ tenuous. The purchase of plants on life is stronger, however; and animals are plainly more alive than they.
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุฃุณุทู‚ุณ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู„ู‚ูˆุชู‡ ููŠู‡ ูŠุบู„ุจ ุทุจุงุฆุน ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆูŠุจุทู„ ู‚ูˆุงู‡ุง ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒู‘ูŽุจ ููŠ ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ูู„ุง ูŠุณุชุฃู‡ู„ ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฅู„ุง ูŠุณูŠุฑู‹ุง ุถุนูŠูู‹ุง.
The reason is that in ordinary compounds the nature of one element predominates. Its strength in the composite overwhelms the other elements and destroys their capacities to function. Such a compound passes under the sway of the prevailing element and thus becomes unsuited for life to any but a trivial degreeโ€”just as that element alone makes a negligible bid for life.
ูˆู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ู„ุง ุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุฃุณุทู‚ุณ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ุฃุธู‡ุฑ ููŠู‡ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุณุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ููŠูƒูˆู† ุจุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุดุจู‡ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู…ุชุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ู…ุชูƒุงูุฆุฉุŒ ูุฅุฐู† ู„ุง ูŠุจุทู„ ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุจุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุจุทู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‚ูˆุชู‡ุŒ ุจู„ ูŠูุนู„ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ููŠ ุจุนุถ ูุนู„ู‹ุง ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠู‹ุง ูู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูุนู„ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ุฃุธู‡ุฑ ููŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุณุชูˆู„ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ููŠูƒูˆู† ุจุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุดุจู‡ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ููƒุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ู…ุถุงุฏู‘ูŽุฉ ู„ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ููŠุณุชุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
In those compounds, however, which are not dominated by the nature of one element, where the elements are mutually tempered and counterbalanced (and for this reason one element does not wipe out the effective force of its opposite to any greater degree than its own power of action is checked by the other), each elementโ€™s potential will do its work on the other to just the right extent, allowing the activity of one to show up no plainer than that of any other. No one element will take over the whole, so the whole will bear little resemblance to any of them. Its form, then, will have virtually no direct oppositeโ€”thus it will be ideally suited for life.
ูˆู…ุชู‰ ุฒุงุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุนุชุฏุงู„ ูˆูƒุงู† ุฃุชู… ูˆุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ุญุฑุงู ูƒุงู† ุจุนุฏู‡ ุนู† ุฃู† ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู„ู‡ ุถุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ุฃูƒู…ู„.
The stronger and stabler the equilibrium, the harder it is to find any opposite to work against it and the fuller its share in life.
ูˆู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู…ุณูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุดุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฏุงู„ุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู„ุทู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุฃุบู„ุธ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุญูƒู… ุงู„ูˆุณุท ูˆู„ู… ูŠุถุงุฏู‡ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ุจูŠู‘ูู†ุฉุŒ ูุงุณุชุนุฏ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ ูุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุนุฏู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑูˆุงุญ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุณุชุนุฏู‘ู‹ุง ู„ุฃุชู… ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ ูˆุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุงู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุถุฏ ู„ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ููŠุดุจู‡ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุถุฏ ู„ุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุฑูˆุญ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุณุท ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุทู‚ุณุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ูˆู„ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุณูู„ุŒ ุจู„ ู„ูˆ ุฃู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูุฌุนู„ ููŠ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูƒุฒ ูˆุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ููŠ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุทุฑุฃ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู„ุซุจุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุทู„ุจ ุงู„ุตุนูˆุฏ ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู†ุฒูˆู„.
Since the vital spirit situated in the heart is securely balanced in such an equilibrium, being finer than earth or water, but denser than fire or air, it is a middle so to speak, and no one element is in direct conflict with it. This fits it well for life. The implication Hayy drew from this was that the vital spirit with the stablest equilibrium would be fit for the highest form of life to be found in the world of generation and decay. The form of such a spirit could virtually be said to have no opposite. In this it would resemble the heavenly bodies, the forms of which have none at all. The spirit of such an animal, being truly at a mean among the elements, would have absolutely no tendency up or down. In fact, if it could be set in space, between the center and the outermost limit of fire, without being destroyed, it would stabilize there, neither rising nor falling.
ูˆู„ูˆ ุชุญุฑูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ุชุญุฑูƒ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุณุท ูƒู…ุง ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูˆ ุชุญุฑูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ู„ุชุญุฑูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณู‡ ูˆูƒุงู† ูƒุฑูˆูŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุฅุฐ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุบูŠุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅุฐู† ู‡ูˆ ุดุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุดุจู‡ ุจุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ.
If it moved in place, it would orbit like the stars, and if it moved in position it would spin on its axis. Its shape could only be spherical. Thus it would bear a strong resemblance to the heavenly bodies.
ูˆู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุงุนุชุจุฑ ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูˆู„ู… ูŠุฑูŽ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุง ูŠูุธู† ุจู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู… ู…ู† ุฐุงุชู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุดุนุฑุชุ› ุจู‡ ู‚ุทุน ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ ุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุดุจูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุน ู…ุจุงูŠู† ู„ุณุงุฆุฑ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ุฅู†ู…ุง ุฎูู„ู‚ ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุฃูุนูุฏู‘ูŽ ู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุนุธูŠู… ู„ู… ูŠุนุฏู‘ูŽ ู„ู‡ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ูˆูƒูู‰ ุจู‡ ุดุฑูู‹ุง ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุฎุณ ุฌุฒุฃูŠู‡ โ€” ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุงู†ูŠ โ€” ุฃุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจุงู„ุฌูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌุฉ ุนู† ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู‘ูŽู‡ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฏุซ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุบูŠู‘ูุฑ.
Hayy had considered all phases of animal life and found none that gave him reason to suspect it was aware of the Necessarily Existent. But his own consciousness informed him that it was aware of Him. He was sure, for this reason, that he himself was the ideally balanced animal, kindred spirit of the celestial bodies. Apparently, he was a species set apart from all other animal species, created for a different end than all the rest, dedicated to a great task which no animal could undertake. Sufficient to establish his superiority was the fact that even his lower, bodily half bore the closest resemblance to those heavenly star substances that lived beyond the world of generation and decay, far beyond all change and want.
ูˆุฃู…ุง ุฃุดุฑู ุฌุฒุฃูŠู‡ ูู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจู‡ ุนุฑู ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุนุงุฑู ุฃู…ุฑ ุฑุจุงู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุญูŠู„ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู„ุญู‚ู‡ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ูˆู„ุง ูŠูˆุตู ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู…ุง ุชูˆุตู ุจู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠูุฏุฑูƒ ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุชุฎูŠู„ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฑูุชู‡ ุจุขู„ุฉ ุณูˆุงู‡ุŒ ุจู„ ูŠูุชูˆุตู‘ูŽู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุจู‡ุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงุฑู ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุนู„ู…ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุชุจุงูŠู† ููŠ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุ› ุฅุฐ ุงู„ุชุจุงูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุงู†ูุตุงู„ ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูˆู„ูˆุงุญู‚ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุฌุณู… ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูˆู„ุง ุตูุฉ ุฌุณู… ูˆู„ุง ู„ุงุญู‚ ุจุฌุณู….
As for his nobler part, it was by this that he knew the Necessarily Existent Being. This conscious part was something sovereign, divine, unchanging and untouched by decay, indescribable in physical terms, invisible to both sense and imagination, unknowable through any instrument but itself, yet self-discovered, at once the knower, the known and knowing, the subject and object of consciousness, and consciousness itself. There is no distinction among the three, for distinction and disjunction apply to bodies. But here there is no body and physical predicates and relations do not apply.
ูู„ู…ุง ุชุจูŠู† ู„ู‡ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุฎุชุตู‘ูŽ ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุณุงุฆุฑ ุฃุตู†ุงู ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุจู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ ุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ูˆูŠุญุงูƒูŠ ุฃูุนุงู„ู‡ุง ูˆูŠุชุดุจู‡ ุจู‡ุง ุฌู‡ุฏู‡.
Seeing that what made him different from all other animals made him like the heavenly bodies, Hayy judged that this implied an obligation on his part to take them as his pattern, imitate their action and do all he could to be like them.
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุฃู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฌุฒุฆู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดุฑู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจู‡ ุนุฑู ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ ุดุจู‡ ู…ุง ู…ู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุฒู‘ูŽู‡ ุนู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ู†ุฒู‘ูŽู‡ ุนู†ู‡ุง.
By the same token, Hayy saw that his nobler part, by which he knew the Necessarily Existent, bore some resemblance to Him as well. For like Him it transcended the physical.