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from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Type
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import torch
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from torch import nn
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from ultralytics.nn.modules import MLP, LayerNorm2d
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class MaskDecoder(nn.Module):
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"""
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Decoder module for generating masks and their associated quality scores using a transformer architecture.
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This class predicts masks given image and prompt embeddings, utilizing a transformer to process the inputs and
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generate mask predictions along with their quality scores.
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Attributes:
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transformer_dim (int): Channel dimension for the transformer module.
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transformer (nn.Module): Transformer module used for mask prediction.
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num_multimask_outputs (int): Number of masks to predict for disambiguating masks.
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iou_token (nn.Embedding): Embedding for the IoU token.
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num_mask_tokens (int): Number of mask tokens.
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mask_tokens (nn.Embedding): Embedding for the mask tokens.
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output_upscaling (nn.Sequential): Neural network sequence for upscaling the output.
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output_hypernetworks_mlps (nn.ModuleList): Hypernetwork MLPs for generating masks.
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iou_prediction_head (nn.Module): MLP for predicting mask quality.
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Methods:
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forward: Predicts masks given image and prompt embeddings.
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predict_masks: Internal method for mask prediction.
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Examples:
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>>> decoder = MaskDecoder(transformer_dim=256, transformer=transformer_module)
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>>> masks, iou_pred = decoder(
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... image_embeddings, image_pe, sparse_prompt_embeddings, dense_prompt_embeddings, multimask_output=True
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... )
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>>> print(f"Predicted masks shape: {masks.shape}, IoU predictions shape: {iou_pred.shape}")
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"""
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def __init__(
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self,
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transformer_dim: int,
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transformer: nn.Module,
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num_multimask_outputs: int = 3,
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activation: Type[nn.Module] = nn.GELU,
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iou_head_depth: int = 3,
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iou_head_hidden_dim: int = 256,
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) -> None:
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"""
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Initializes the MaskDecoder module for generating masks and their quality scores.
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Args:
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transformer_dim (int): Channel dimension for the transformer module.
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transformer (nn.Module): Transformer module used for mask prediction.
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num_multimask_outputs (int): Number of masks to predict for disambiguating masks.
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activation (Type[nn.Module]): Type of activation to use when upscaling masks.
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iou_head_depth (int): Depth of the MLP used to predict mask quality.
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iou_head_hidden_dim (int): Hidden dimension of the MLP used to predict mask quality.
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Examples:
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>>> transformer = nn.TransformerEncoder(nn.TransformerEncoderLayer(d_model=256, nhead=8), num_layers=6)
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>>> decoder = MaskDecoder(transformer_dim=256, transformer=transformer)
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>>> print(decoder)
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"""
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super().__init__()
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self.transformer_dim = transformer_dim
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self.transformer = transformer
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self.num_multimask_outputs = num_multimask_outputs
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self.iou_token = nn.Embedding(1, transformer_dim)
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self.num_mask_tokens = num_multimask_outputs + 1
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self.mask_tokens = nn.Embedding(self.num_mask_tokens, transformer_dim)
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self.output_upscaling = nn.Sequential(
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nn.ConvTranspose2d(transformer_dim, transformer_dim // 4, kernel_size=2, stride=2),
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LayerNorm2d(transformer_dim // 4),
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activation(),
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nn.ConvTranspose2d(transformer_dim // 4, transformer_dim // 8, kernel_size=2, stride=2),
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activation(),
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)
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self.output_hypernetworks_mlps = nn.ModuleList(
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[MLP(transformer_dim, transformer_dim, transformer_dim // 8, 3) for _ in range(self.num_mask_tokens)]
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)
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self.iou_prediction_head = MLP(transformer_dim, iou_head_hidden_dim, self.num_mask_tokens, iou_head_depth)
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def forward(
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self,
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image_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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image_pe: torch.Tensor,
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sparse_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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dense_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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multimask_output: bool,
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) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
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"""
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Predicts masks given image and prompt embeddings.
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Args:
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image_embeddings (torch.Tensor): Embeddings from the image encoder.
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image_pe (torch.Tensor): Positional encoding with the shape of image_embeddings.
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sparse_prompt_embeddings (torch.Tensor): Embeddings of the points and boxes.
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dense_prompt_embeddings (torch.Tensor): Embeddings of the mask inputs.
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multimask_output (bool): Whether to return multiple masks or a single mask.
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Returns:
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(Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]): A tuple containing:
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- masks (torch.Tensor): Batched predicted masks.
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- iou_pred (torch.Tensor): Batched predictions of mask quality.
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Examples:
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>>> decoder = MaskDecoder(transformer_dim=256, transformer=transformer_module)
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>>> image_emb = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> image_pe = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> sparse_emb = torch.rand(1, 2, 256)
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>>> dense_emb = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> masks, iou_pred = decoder(image_emb, image_pe, sparse_emb, dense_emb, multimask_output=True)
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>>> print(f"Masks shape: {masks.shape}, IoU predictions shape: {iou_pred.shape}")
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"""
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masks, iou_pred = self.predict_masks(
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image_embeddings=image_embeddings,
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image_pe=image_pe,
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sparse_prompt_embeddings=sparse_prompt_embeddings,
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dense_prompt_embeddings=dense_prompt_embeddings,
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)
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mask_slice = slice(1, None) if multimask_output else slice(0, 1)
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masks = masks[:, mask_slice, :, :]
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iou_pred = iou_pred[:, mask_slice]
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return masks, iou_pred
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def predict_masks(
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self,
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image_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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image_pe: torch.Tensor,
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sparse_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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dense_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
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"""Predicts masks and quality scores using image and prompt embeddings via transformer architecture."""
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output_tokens = torch.cat([self.iou_token.weight, self.mask_tokens.weight], dim=0)
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output_tokens = output_tokens.unsqueeze(0).expand(sparse_prompt_embeddings.shape[0], -1, -1)
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tokens = torch.cat((output_tokens, sparse_prompt_embeddings), dim=1)
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src = torch.repeat_interleave(image_embeddings, tokens.shape[0], dim=0)
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src = src + dense_prompt_embeddings
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pos_src = torch.repeat_interleave(image_pe, tokens.shape[0], dim=0)
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b, c, h, w = src.shape
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hs, src = self.transformer(src, pos_src, tokens)
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iou_token_out = hs[:, 0, :]
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mask_tokens_out = hs[:, 1 : (1 + self.num_mask_tokens), :]
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src = src.transpose(1, 2).view(b, c, h, w)
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upscaled_embedding = self.output_upscaling(src)
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hyper_in_list: List[torch.Tensor] = [
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self.output_hypernetworks_mlps[i](mask_tokens_out[:, i, :]) for i in range(self.num_mask_tokens)
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]
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hyper_in = torch.stack(hyper_in_list, dim=1)
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b, c, h, w = upscaled_embedding.shape
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masks = (hyper_in @ upscaled_embedding.view(b, c, h * w)).view(b, -1, h, w)
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iou_pred = self.iou_prediction_head(iou_token_out)
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return masks, iou_pred
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class SAM2MaskDecoder(nn.Module):
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"""
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Transformer-based decoder for predicting instance segmentation masks from image and prompt embeddings.
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This class extends the functionality of the MaskDecoder, incorporating additional features such as
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high-resolution feature processing, dynamic multimask output, and object score prediction.
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Attributes:
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transformer_dim (int): Channel dimension of the transformer.
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transformer (nn.Module): Transformer used to predict masks.
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num_multimask_outputs (int): Number of masks to predict when disambiguating masks.
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iou_token (nn.Embedding): Embedding for IOU token.
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num_mask_tokens (int): Total number of mask tokens.
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mask_tokens (nn.Embedding): Embedding for mask tokens.
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pred_obj_scores (bool): Whether to predict object scores.
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obj_score_token (nn.Embedding): Embedding for object score token.
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use_multimask_token_for_obj_ptr (bool): Whether to use multimask token for object pointer.
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output_upscaling (nn.Sequential): Upscaling layers for output.
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use_high_res_features (bool): Whether to use high-resolution features.
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conv_s0 (nn.Conv2d): Convolutional layer for high-resolution features (s0).
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conv_s1 (nn.Conv2d): Convolutional layer for high-resolution features (s1).
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output_hypernetworks_mlps (nn.ModuleList): List of MLPs for output hypernetworks.
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iou_prediction_head (MLP): MLP for IOU prediction.
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pred_obj_score_head (nn.Linear | MLP): Linear layer or MLP for object score prediction.
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dynamic_multimask_via_stability (bool): Whether to use dynamic multimask via stability.
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dynamic_multimask_stability_delta (float): Delta value for dynamic multimask stability.
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dynamic_multimask_stability_thresh (float): Threshold for dynamic multimask stability.
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Methods:
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forward: Predicts masks given image and prompt embeddings.
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predict_masks: Predicts instance segmentation masks from image and prompt embeddings.
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_get_stability_scores: Computes mask stability scores based on IoU between thresholds.
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_dynamic_multimask_via_stability: Dynamically selects the most stable mask output.
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Examples:
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>>> image_embeddings = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> image_pe = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> sparse_prompt_embeddings = torch.rand(1, 2, 256)
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>>> dense_prompt_embeddings = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> decoder = SAM2MaskDecoder(256, transformer)
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>>> masks, iou_pred, sam_tokens_out, obj_score_logits = decoder.forward(
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... image_embeddings, image_pe, sparse_prompt_embeddings, dense_prompt_embeddings, True, False
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... )
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"""
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def __init__(
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self,
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transformer_dim: int,
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transformer: nn.Module,
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num_multimask_outputs: int = 3,
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activation: Type[nn.Module] = nn.GELU,
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iou_head_depth: int = 3,
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iou_head_hidden_dim: int = 256,
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use_high_res_features: bool = False,
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iou_prediction_use_sigmoid=False,
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dynamic_multimask_via_stability=False,
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dynamic_multimask_stability_delta=0.05,
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dynamic_multimask_stability_thresh=0.98,
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pred_obj_scores: bool = False,
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pred_obj_scores_mlp: bool = False,
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use_multimask_token_for_obj_ptr: bool = False,
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) -> None:
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"""
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Initializes the SAM2MaskDecoder module for predicting instance segmentation masks.
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This decoder extends the functionality of MaskDecoder, incorporating additional features such as
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high-resolution feature processing, dynamic multimask output, and object score prediction.
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Args:
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transformer_dim (int): Channel dimension of the transformer.
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transformer (nn.Module): Transformer used to predict masks.
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num_multimask_outputs (int): Number of masks to predict when disambiguating masks.
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activation (Type[nn.Module]): Type of activation to use when upscaling masks.
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iou_head_depth (int): Depth of the MLP used to predict mask quality.
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iou_head_hidden_dim (int): Hidden dimension of the MLP used to predict mask quality.
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use_high_res_features (bool): Whether to use high-resolution features.
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iou_prediction_use_sigmoid (bool): Whether to use sigmoid for IOU prediction.
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dynamic_multimask_via_stability (bool): Whether to use dynamic multimask via stability.
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dynamic_multimask_stability_delta (float): Delta value for dynamic multimask stability.
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dynamic_multimask_stability_thresh (float): Threshold for dynamic multimask stability.
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pred_obj_scores (bool): Whether to predict object scores.
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pred_obj_scores_mlp (bool): Whether to use MLP for object score prediction.
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use_multimask_token_for_obj_ptr (bool): Whether to use multimask token for object pointer.
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Examples:
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>>> transformer = nn.TransformerEncoder(nn.TransformerEncoderLayer(d_model=256, nhead=8), num_layers=6)
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>>> decoder = SAM2MaskDecoder(transformer_dim=256, transformer=transformer)
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>>> print(decoder)
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"""
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super().__init__()
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self.transformer_dim = transformer_dim
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self.transformer = transformer
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self.num_multimask_outputs = num_multimask_outputs
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self.iou_token = nn.Embedding(1, transformer_dim)
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self.num_mask_tokens = num_multimask_outputs + 1
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self.mask_tokens = nn.Embedding(self.num_mask_tokens, transformer_dim)
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self.pred_obj_scores = pred_obj_scores
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if self.pred_obj_scores:
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self.obj_score_token = nn.Embedding(1, transformer_dim)
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self.use_multimask_token_for_obj_ptr = use_multimask_token_for_obj_ptr
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self.output_upscaling = nn.Sequential(
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nn.ConvTranspose2d(transformer_dim, transformer_dim // 4, kernel_size=2, stride=2),
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LayerNorm2d(transformer_dim // 4),
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activation(),
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nn.ConvTranspose2d(transformer_dim // 4, transformer_dim // 8, kernel_size=2, stride=2),
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activation(),
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)
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self.use_high_res_features = use_high_res_features
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if use_high_res_features:
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self.conv_s0 = nn.Conv2d(transformer_dim, transformer_dim // 8, kernel_size=1, stride=1)
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self.conv_s1 = nn.Conv2d(transformer_dim, transformer_dim // 4, kernel_size=1, stride=1)
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self.output_hypernetworks_mlps = nn.ModuleList(
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[MLP(transformer_dim, transformer_dim, transformer_dim // 8, 3) for _ in range(self.num_mask_tokens)]
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)
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self.iou_prediction_head = MLP(
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transformer_dim,
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iou_head_hidden_dim,
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self.num_mask_tokens,
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iou_head_depth,
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sigmoid=iou_prediction_use_sigmoid,
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)
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if self.pred_obj_scores:
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self.pred_obj_score_head = nn.Linear(transformer_dim, 1)
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if pred_obj_scores_mlp:
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self.pred_obj_score_head = MLP(transformer_dim, transformer_dim, 1, 3)
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self.dynamic_multimask_via_stability = dynamic_multimask_via_stability
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self.dynamic_multimask_stability_delta = dynamic_multimask_stability_delta
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self.dynamic_multimask_stability_thresh = dynamic_multimask_stability_thresh
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def forward(
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self,
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image_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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image_pe: torch.Tensor,
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sparse_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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dense_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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multimask_output: bool,
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repeat_image: bool,
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high_res_features: Optional[List[torch.Tensor]] = None,
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) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
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"""
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Predicts masks given image and prompt embeddings.
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Args:
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image_embeddings (torch.Tensor): Embeddings from the image encoder with shape (B, C, H, W).
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image_pe (torch.Tensor): Positional encoding with the shape of image_embeddings (B, C, H, W).
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sparse_prompt_embeddings (torch.Tensor): Embeddings of the points and boxes with shape (B, N, C).
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dense_prompt_embeddings (torch.Tensor): Embeddings of the mask inputs with shape (B, C, H, W).
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multimask_output (bool): Whether to return multiple masks or a single mask.
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repeat_image (bool): Flag to repeat the image embeddings.
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high_res_features (List[torch.Tensor] | None): Optional high-resolution features.
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Returns:
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(Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]): A tuple containing:
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- masks (torch.Tensor): Batched predicted masks with shape (B, N, H, W).
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- iou_pred (torch.Tensor): Batched predictions of mask quality with shape (B, N).
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- sam_tokens_out (torch.Tensor): Batched SAM token for mask output with shape (B, N, C).
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- object_score_logits (torch.Tensor): Batched object score logits with shape (B, 1).
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Examples:
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>>> image_embeddings = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> image_pe = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> sparse_prompt_embeddings = torch.rand(1, 2, 256)
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>>> dense_prompt_embeddings = torch.rand(1, 256, 64, 64)
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>>> decoder = SAM2MaskDecoder(256, transformer)
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>>> masks, iou_pred, sam_tokens_out, obj_score_logits = decoder.forward(
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... image_embeddings, image_pe, sparse_prompt_embeddings, dense_prompt_embeddings, True, False
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... )
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"""
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masks, iou_pred, mask_tokens_out, object_score_logits = self.predict_masks(
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image_embeddings=image_embeddings,
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image_pe=image_pe,
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sparse_prompt_embeddings=sparse_prompt_embeddings,
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dense_prompt_embeddings=dense_prompt_embeddings,
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repeat_image=repeat_image,
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high_res_features=high_res_features,
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)
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if multimask_output:
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masks = masks[:, 1:, :, :]
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iou_pred = iou_pred[:, 1:]
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elif self.dynamic_multimask_via_stability and not self.training:
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masks, iou_pred = self._dynamic_multimask_via_stability(masks, iou_pred)
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else:
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masks = masks[:, 0:1, :, :]
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iou_pred = iou_pred[:, 0:1]
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if multimask_output and self.use_multimask_token_for_obj_ptr:
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sam_tokens_out = mask_tokens_out[:, 1:]
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else:
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sam_tokens_out = mask_tokens_out[:, 0:1]
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return masks, iou_pred, sam_tokens_out, object_score_logits
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def predict_masks(
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self,
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image_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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image_pe: torch.Tensor,
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sparse_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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dense_prompt_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
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repeat_image: bool,
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high_res_features: Optional[List[torch.Tensor]] = None,
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) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
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"""Predicts instance segmentation masks from image and prompt embeddings using a transformer."""
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s = 0
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if self.pred_obj_scores:
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output_tokens = torch.cat(
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[
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self.obj_score_token.weight,
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self.iou_token.weight,
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self.mask_tokens.weight,
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],
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dim=0,
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)
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s = 1
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else:
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output_tokens = torch.cat([self.iou_token.weight, self.mask_tokens.weight], dim=0)
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output_tokens = output_tokens.unsqueeze(0).expand(sparse_prompt_embeddings.size(0), -1, -1)
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tokens = torch.cat((output_tokens, sparse_prompt_embeddings), dim=1)
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|
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if repeat_image:
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src = torch.repeat_interleave(image_embeddings, tokens.shape[0], dim=0)
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else:
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assert image_embeddings.shape[0] == tokens.shape[0]
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src = image_embeddings
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src = src + dense_prompt_embeddings
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assert image_pe.size(0) == 1, "image_pe should have size 1 in batch dim (from `get_dense_pe()`)"
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pos_src = torch.repeat_interleave(image_pe, tokens.shape[0], dim=0)
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b, c, h, w = src.shape
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|
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hs, src = self.transformer(src, pos_src, tokens)
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iou_token_out = hs[:, s, :]
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mask_tokens_out = hs[:, s + 1 : (s + 1 + self.num_mask_tokens), :]
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|
|
|
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src = src.transpose(1, 2).view(b, c, h, w)
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if not self.use_high_res_features:
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upscaled_embedding = self.output_upscaling(src)
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else:
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|
dc1, ln1, act1, dc2, act2 = self.output_upscaling
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feat_s0, feat_s1 = high_res_features
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upscaled_embedding = act1(ln1(dc1(src) + feat_s1))
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upscaled_embedding = act2(dc2(upscaled_embedding) + feat_s0)
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|
|
|
hyper_in_list: List[torch.Tensor] = [
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self.output_hypernetworks_mlps[i](mask_tokens_out[:, i, :]) for i in range(self.num_mask_tokens)
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|
]
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|
hyper_in = torch.stack(hyper_in_list, dim=1)
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|
b, c, h, w = upscaled_embedding.shape
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|
masks = (hyper_in @ upscaled_embedding.view(b, c, h * w)).view(b, -1, h, w)
|
|
|
|
|
|
iou_pred = self.iou_prediction_head(iou_token_out)
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|
if self.pred_obj_scores:
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|
assert s == 1
|
|
object_score_logits = self.pred_obj_score_head(hs[:, 0, :])
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|
else:
|
|
|
|
object_score_logits = 10.0 * iou_pred.new_ones(iou_pred.shape[0], 1)
|
|
|
|
return masks, iou_pred, mask_tokens_out, object_score_logits
|
|
|
|
def _get_stability_scores(self, mask_logits):
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|
"""Computes mask stability scores based on IoU between upper and lower thresholds."""
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|
mask_logits = mask_logits.flatten(-2)
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|
stability_delta = self.dynamic_multimask_stability_delta
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|
area_i = torch.sum(mask_logits > stability_delta, dim=-1).float()
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|
area_u = torch.sum(mask_logits > -stability_delta, dim=-1).float()
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|
return torch.where(area_u > 0, area_i / area_u, 1.0)
|
|
|
|
def _dynamic_multimask_via_stability(self, all_mask_logits, all_iou_scores):
|
|
"""
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|
Dynamically selects the most stable mask output based on stability scores and IoU predictions.
|
|
|
|
This method is used when outputting a single mask. If the stability score from the current single-mask
|
|
output (based on output token 0) falls below a threshold, it instead selects from multi-mask outputs
|
|
(based on output tokens 1-3) the mask with the highest predicted IoU score. This ensures a valid mask
|
|
for both clicking and tracking scenarios.
|
|
|
|
Args:
|
|
all_mask_logits (torch.Tensor): Logits for all predicted masks, shape (B, N, H, W) where B is
|
|
batch size, N is number of masks (typically 4), and H, W are mask dimensions.
|
|
all_iou_scores (torch.Tensor): Predicted IoU scores for all masks, shape (B, N).
|
|
|
|
Returns:
|
|
(Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]):
|
|
- mask_logits_out (torch.Tensor): Selected mask logits, shape (B, 1, H, W).
|
|
- iou_scores_out (torch.Tensor): Selected IoU scores, shape (B, 1).
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
>>> decoder = SAM2MaskDecoder(...)
|
|
>>> all_mask_logits = torch.rand(2, 4, 256, 256) # 2 images, 4 masks each
|
|
>>> all_iou_scores = torch.rand(2, 4)
|
|
>>> mask_logits, iou_scores = decoder._dynamic_multimask_via_stability(all_mask_logits, all_iou_scores)
|
|
>>> print(mask_logits.shape, iou_scores.shape)
|
|
torch.Size([2, 1, 256, 256]) torch.Size([2, 1])
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
multimask_logits = all_mask_logits[:, 1:, :, :]
|
|
multimask_iou_scores = all_iou_scores[:, 1:]
|
|
best_scores_inds = torch.argmax(multimask_iou_scores, dim=-1)
|
|
batch_inds = torch.arange(multimask_iou_scores.size(0), device=all_iou_scores.device)
|
|
best_multimask_logits = multimask_logits[batch_inds, best_scores_inds]
|
|
best_multimask_logits = best_multimask_logits.unsqueeze(1)
|
|
best_multimask_iou_scores = multimask_iou_scores[batch_inds, best_scores_inds]
|
|
best_multimask_iou_scores = best_multimask_iou_scores.unsqueeze(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
singlemask_logits = all_mask_logits[:, 0:1, :, :]
|
|
singlemask_iou_scores = all_iou_scores[:, 0:1]
|
|
stability_scores = self._get_stability_scores(singlemask_logits)
|
|
is_stable = stability_scores >= self.dynamic_multimask_stability_thresh
|
|
|
|
|
|
mask_logits_out = torch.where(
|
|
is_stable[..., None, None].expand_as(singlemask_logits),
|
|
singlemask_logits,
|
|
best_multimask_logits,
|
|
)
|
|
iou_scores_out = torch.where(
|
|
is_stable.expand_as(singlemask_iou_scores),
|
|
singlemask_iou_scores,
|
|
best_multimask_iou_scores,
|
|
)
|
|
return mask_logits_out, iou_scores_out
|
|
|