πŸ”Ž KoE5

Introducing KoE5, a model with advanced retrieval abilities. It has shown remarkable performance in Korean text retrieval.

For details, visit the KURE repository


Model Versions

Model Name Dimension Sequence Length Introduction
KURE-v1 1024 8192 Fine-tuned BAAI/bge-m3 with Korean data via CachedGISTEmbedLoss
KoE5 1024 512 Fine-tuned intfloat/multilingual-e5-large with ko-triplet-v1.0 via CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss

Model Description

This is the model card of a πŸ€— transformers model that has been pushed on the Hub.

Example code

Install Dependencies

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Python code

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the πŸ€— Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("nlpai-lab/KoE5")

# Run inference
sentences = [
    'query: ν—Œλ²•κ³Ό 법원쑰직법은 μ–΄λ–€ 방식을 톡해 기본ꢌ 보μž₯ λ“±μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 법적 λͺ¨μƒ‰μ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄',
    'passage: 4. μ‹œμ‚¬μ κ³Ό κ°œμ„ λ°©ν–₯ μ•žμ„œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έ 바와 같이 우리 ν—Œλ²•κ³Ό r법원쑰직 법」은 λŒ€λ²•μ› ꡬ성을 λ‹€μ–‘ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ 기본ꢌ 보μž₯κ³Ό 민주주의 확립에 μžˆμ–΄ 닀각적인 법적 λͺ¨μƒ‰μ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κ·Όλ³Έ κ·œλ²”μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ”μš±μ΄ ν•©μ˜μ²΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ λŒ€λ²•μ› 원리λ₯Ό μ±„νƒν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것 μ—­μ‹œ κ·Έ κ΅¬μ„±μ˜ 닀양성을 μš”μ²­ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„λœλ‹€. 이와 같은 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ³Ό λ•Œ ν˜„μ§ 법원μž₯κΈ‰ κ³ μœ„λ²•κ΄€μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€λ²•μ›μ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 관행은 κ°œμ„ ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀.',
    'passage: β–‘ μ—°λ°©ν—Œλ²•μž¬νŒμ†ŒλŠ” 2001λ…„ 1μ›” 24일 5:3의 λ‹€μˆ˜κ²¬ν•΄λ‘œ γ€Œλ²•μ›μ‘°μ§λ²•γ€ 제169μ‘° 제2문이 ν—Œλ²•μ— ν•©μΉ˜λœλ‹€λŠ” νŒκ²°μ„ λ‚΄λ ΈμŒ β—‹ 5인의 λ‹€μˆ˜ μž¬νŒκ΄€μ€ μ†Œμ†‘κ΄€κ³„μΈμ˜ 인격ꢌ 보호, κ³΅μ •ν•œ 절차의 보μž₯κ³Ό 방해받지 μ•ŠλŠ” 법과 진싀 발견 등을 근거둜 ν•˜μ—¬ ν…”λ ˆλΉ„μ „ μ΄¬μ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ ˆλŒ€μ μΈ κΈˆμ§€λ₯Ό ν—Œλ²•μ— ν•©μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ•˜μŒ β—‹ κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 3인의 μž¬νŒκ΄€μ€ ν–‰μ •λ²•μ›μ˜ μ†Œμ†‘μ ˆμ°¨λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 인격ꢌ 보호의 이읡도 μ—†μœΌλ©°, ν…”λ ˆλΉ„μ „ 곡개주의둜 인해 법과 진싀 발견의 과정이 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ μœ„νƒœλ‘­κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ©΄μ„œ λ°˜λŒ€μ˜κ²¬μ„ μ œμ‹œν•¨ β—‹ μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν–‰μ •λ²•μ›μ˜ μ†Œμ†‘μ ˆμ°¨μ—μ„œλŠ” μ†Œμ†‘λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°€ 개인적으둜 직접 심리에 μ°Έμ„ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬κ°€ μ°Έμ„ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 많으며, μ‹¬λ¦¬λŒ€μƒλ„ μ‚¬μ‹€λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ 법λ₯ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž„ β–‘ ν•œνŽΈ, μ—°λ°©ν—Œλ²•μž¬νŒμ†ŒλŠ” γ€Œμ—°λ°©ν—Œλ²•μž¬νŒμ†Œλ²•γ€(Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz: BVerfGG) 제17a쑰에 따라 μ œν•œμ μ΄λ‚˜λ§ˆ μž¬νŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 방솑을 ν—ˆμš©ν•˜κ³  있음 β—‹ γ€Œμ—°λ°©ν—Œλ²•μž¬νŒμ†Œλ²•γ€ 제17μ‘°μ—μ„œ γ€Œλ²•μ›μ‘°μ§λ²•γ€ 제14절 내지 제16절의 κ·œμ •μ„ μ€€μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, λ…ΉμŒμ΄λ‚˜ μ΄¬μ˜μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μž¬νŒκ³΅κ°œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬μ„œλŠ” γ€Œλ²•μ›μ‘°μ§λ²•γ€κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚΄μš©μ„ κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  있음',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.6721, 0.3897],
#        [0.6721, 1.0000, 0.3740],
#        [0.3897, 0.3740, 1.0000]])

Training Details

Training Data

  • ko-triplet-v1.0
  • Korean query-document-hard_negative data pair (open data)
  • About 700000+ examples used totally

Training Procedure

Evaluation

Metrics

  • Recall, Precision, NDCG, F1

Benchmark Datasets

  • Ko-StrategyQA: ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ODQA multi-hop 검색 데이터셋 (StrategyQA λ²ˆμ—­)
  • AutoRAGRetrieval: 금육, 곡곡, 의료, 법λ₯ , 컀머슀 5개 뢄야에 λŒ€ν•΄, pdfλ₯Ό νŒŒμ‹±ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅¬μ„±ν•œ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ¬Έμ„œ 검색 데이터셋
  • MIRACLRetrieval: Wikipedia 기반의 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ¬Έμ„œ 검색 데이터셋
  • PublicHealthQA: 의료 및 곡쀑보건 도메인에 λŒ€ν•œ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ¬Έμ„œ 검색 데이터셋
  • BelebeleRetrieval: FLORES-200 기반의 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ¬Έμ„œ 검색 데이터셋
  • MrTidyRetrieval: Wikipedia 기반의 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ¬Έμ„œ 검색 데이터셋
  • MultiLongDocRetrieval: λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ„λ©”μΈμ˜ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ μž₯λ¬Έ 검색 데이터셋
  • XPQARetrieval: λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ„λ©”μΈμ˜ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ¬Έμ„œ 검색 데이터셋

Results

μ•„λž˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λͺ¨λΈμ˜, λͺ¨λ“  벀치마크 데이터셋에 λŒ€ν•œ 평균 κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μžμ„Έν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” KURE Githubμ—μ„œ ν™•μΈν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

Top-k 1

Model Average Recall_top1 Average Precision_top1 Average NDCG_top1 Average F1_top1
nlpai-lab/KURE-v1 0.52640 0.60551 0.60551 0.55784
dragonkue/BGE-m3-ko 0.52361 0.60394 0.60394 0.55535
BAAI/bge-m3 0.51778 0.59846 0.59846 0.54998
Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 0.51246 0.59384 0.59384 0.54489
nlpai-lab/KoE5 0.50157 0.57790 0.57790 0.53178
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large 0.50052 0.57727 0.57727 0.53122
jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3 0.48287 0.56068 0.56068 0.51361
BAAI/bge-multilingual-gemma2 0.47904 0.55472 0.55472 0.50916
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large-instruct 0.47842 0.55435 0.55435 0.50826
intfloat/multilingual-e5-base 0.46950 0.54490 0.54490 0.49947
intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct 0.46772 0.54394 0.54394 0.49781
Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base 0.46469 0.53744 0.53744 0.49353
Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct 0.46633 0.53625 0.53625 0.49429
openai/text-embedding-3-large 0.44884 0.51688 0.51688 0.47572
Salesforce/SFR-Embedding-2_R 0.43748 0.50815 0.50815 0.46504
upskyy/bge-m3-korean 0.43125 0.50245 0.50245 0.45945
jhgan/ko-sroberta-multitask 0.33788 0.38497 0.38497 0.35678

Top-k 3

Model Average Recall_top1 Average Precision_top1 Average NDCG_top1 Average F1_top1
nlpai-lab/KURE-v1 0.68678 0.28711 0.65538 0.39835
dragonkue/BGE-m3-ko 0.67834 0.28385 0.64950 0.39378
BAAI/bge-m3 0.67526 0.28374 0.64556 0.39291
Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 0.67128 0.28193 0.64042 0.39072
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large 0.65807 0.27777 0.62822 0.38423
nlpai-lab/KoE5 0.65174 0.27329 0.62369 0.37882
BAAI/bge-multilingual-gemma2 0.64415 0.27416 0.61105 0.37782
jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3 0.64116 0.27165 0.60954 0.37511
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large-instruct 0.64353 0.27040 0.60790 0.37453
Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base 0.63744 0.26404 0.59695 0.36764
Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct 0.63163 0.25937 0.59237 0.36263
intfloat/multilingual-e5-base 0.62099 0.26144 0.59179 0.36203
intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct 0.62087 0.26144 0.58917 0.36188
openai/text-embedding-3-large 0.61035 0.25356 0.57329 0.35270
Salesforce/SFR-Embedding-2_R 0.60001 0.25253 0.56346 0.34952
upskyy/bge-m3-korean 0.59215 0.25076 0.55722 0.34623
jhgan/ko-sroberta-multitask 0.46930 0.18994 0.43293 0.26696

Top-k 5

Model Average Recall_top1 Average Precision_top1 Average NDCG_top1 Average F1_top1
nlpai-lab/KURE-v1 0.73851 0.19130 0.67479 0.29903
dragonkue/BGE-m3-ko 0.72517 0.18799 0.66692 0.29401
BAAI/bge-m3 0.72954 0.18975 0.66615 0.29632
Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 0.72962 0.18875 0.66236 0.29542
nlpai-lab/KoE5 0.70820 0.18287 0.64499 0.28628
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large 0.70124 0.18316 0.64402 0.28588
BAAI/bge-multilingual-gemma2 0.70258 0.18556 0.63338 0.28851
jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3 0.69933 0.18256 0.63133 0.28505
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large-instruct 0.69018 0.17838 0.62486 0.27933
Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base 0.69365 0.17789 0.61896 0.27879
intfloat/multilingual-e5-base 0.67250 0.17406 0.61119 0.27247
Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct 0.67447 0.17114 0.60952 0.26943
intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct 0.67449 0.17484 0.60935 0.27349
openai/text-embedding-3-large 0.66365 0.17004 0.59389 0.26677
Salesforce/SFR-Embedding-2_R 0.65622 0.17018 0.58494 0.26612
upskyy/bge-m3-korean 0.65477 0.17015 0.58073 0.26589
jhgan/ko-sroberta-multitask 0.53136 0.13264 0.45879 0.20976

Top-k 10

Model Average Recall_top1 Average Precision_top1 Average NDCG_top1 Average F1_top1
nlpai-lab/KURE-v1 0.79682 0.10624 0.69473 0.18524
dragonkue/BGE-m3-ko 0.78450 0.10492 0.68748 0.18288
BAAI/bge-m3 0.79195 0.10592 0.68723 0.18456
Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 0.78669 0.10462 0.68189 0.18260
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large 0.75902 0.10147 0.66370 0.17693
nlpai-lab/KoE5 0.75296 0.09937 0.66012 0.17369
BAAI/bge-multilingual-gemma2 0.76153 0.10364 0.65330 0.18003
jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3 0.76277 0.10240 0.65290 0.17843
intfloat/multilingual-e5-large-instruct 0.74851 0.09888 0.64451 0.17283
Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base 0.75631 0.09938 0.64025 0.17363
Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct 0.74092 0.09607 0.63258 0.16847
intfloat/multilingual-e5-base 0.73512 0.09717 0.63216 0.16977
intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct 0.73795 0.09777 0.63076 0.17078
openai/text-embedding-3-large 0.72946 0.09571 0.61670 0.16739
Salesforce/SFR-Embedding-2_R 0.71662 0.09546 0.60589 0.16651
upskyy/bge-m3-korean 0.71895 0.09583 0.60258 0.16712
jhgan/ko-sroberta-multitask 0.61225 0.07826 0.48687 0.13757

FAQ

- Do I need to add the prefix "query: " and "passage: " to input texts?

Yes, this is how the model is trained, otherwise you will see a performance degradation.

Here are some rules of thumb:

  • Use "query: " and "passage: " correspondingly for asymmetric tasks such as passage retrieval in open QA, ad-hoc information retrieval.

  • Use "query: " prefix for symmetric tasks such as semantic similarity, bitext mining, paraphrase retrieval.

  • Use "query: " prefix if you want to use embeddings as features, such as linear probing classification, clustering.

Citation

If you find our paper or models helpful, please consider cite as follows:

@misc{KURE,
  publisher = {Youngjoon Jang, Junyoung Son, Taemin Lee},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://github.com/nlpai-lab/KURE}
},

@misc{KoE5,
  author = {NLP & AI Lab and Human-Inspired AI research},
  title = {KoE5: A New Dataset and Model for Improving Korean Embedding Performance},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Youngjoon Jang, Junyoung Son, Taemin Lee},
  journal = {GitHub repository},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/nlpai-lab/KoE5}},
}

Limitations

Long texts will be truncated to at most 512 tokens.

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