Model Card for NoShuffle GPT-2 (without Positional Encodings)

This is one model in a collection of models trained on the impossible languages of Kallini et al. 2024.

This model is a GPT-2 Small model trained without positional encodings from scratch on the NoShuffle language. We include a total of 30 checkpoints over the course of model training, from step 100 to 3000 in increments of 100 steps. The main branch contains the final checkpoint (3000), and the other checkpoints are accessible as revisions.

Model Details

Developed by: Julie Kallini, Isabel Papadimitriou, Richard Futrell, Kyle Mahowald, Christopher Potts
Model type: Causal Language Model
Language(s) (NLP): English
GitHub Repository: https://github.com/jkallini/mission-impossible-language-models
Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.06416

Uses

This artefact is solely intended for the study of language learning and acquisition in computational models. It should not be used in any production setting.

How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model.

Important: This will download our modified GPT-2 code that does not have absolute positional encodings. If using this model in the same environment as another GPT-2 model with positional encodings, load the second model as a GPT2Model explicitly.

from transformers import AutoConfig, AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

# Load model and tokenizer
model_id = "mission-impossible-lms/no-shuffle-gpt2-no-pos"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, trust_remote_code=True)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)

# Set up the prompt and encode it
prompt = "He clean"
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt")

# Generate text
output = model.generate(inputs.input_ids, max_length=20)

# Decode and print the generated text
generated_text = tokenizer.decode(output[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(generated_text)

By default, the main branch of this model repo loads the last model checkpoint (3000). To access the other checkpoints, use the revision argument:

model = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained(model_id, revision="checkpoint-500")

This loads the model at checkpoint 500.

Training Details

Training Data

This model was trained on the 100M-word BabyLM dataset. Before training, we first transform the dataset into the corresponding impossible language, as described in our paper.

Training Procedure

This model was trained for 3,000 gradient steps with a batch size of 2^19 tokens. We train with a learning rate that linearly warms up from 0 to 6e-4 over 300 steps.

Environmental Impact

Hardware Type: NVIDIA RTX 3090 (24GB) + NVIDIA RTX A6000 (48GB) GPUs.
Hours used: ~24 hours.

Citation

@inproceedings{kallini-etal-2024-mission,
    title = "Mission: Impossible Language Models",
    author = "Kallini, Julie  and
      Papadimitriou, Isabel  and
      Futrell, Richard  and
      Mahowald, Kyle  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    editor = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Martins, Andre  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Bangkok, Thailand",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.787",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.787",
    pages = "14691--14714",
}

Model Card Authors

Julie Kallini

Model Card Contact

[email protected]

mission-impossible-lms
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no-shuffle-gpt2-no-pos