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A 42-year-old woman is enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to study cardiac function in the setting of several different drugs. She is started on verapamil and instructed to exercise at 50% of her VO2 max while several cardiac parameters are being measured. During this experiment, which of the following represents the relative conduction speed through the heart from fastest to slowest? | {
"A": "AV node > ventricles > atria > Purkinje fibers",
"B": "Purkinje fibers > ventricles > atria > AV node",
"C": "Purkinje fibers > atria > ventricles > AV node",
"D": "Purkinje fibers > AV node > ventricles > atria"
} | Purkinje fibers > atria > ventricles > AV node | C |
A 9-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with a fever and a change in her behavior. She presented with similar symptoms 6 weeks ago and was treated for an Escherchia coli infection. She also was treated for a urinary tract infection 10 weeks ago. Her mother says that last night her daughter felt ill, and her condition has been worsening. Her daughter experienced a severe headache and had a stiff neck. This morning she was minimally responsive, vomited several times, and produced a small amount of dark cloudy urine. The patient was born at 39 weeks and met all her developmental milestones. She is currently up to date on her vaccinations and did not have infections during early childhood. Her parents are divorced and her father has noted she does not seem to get sick when he takes care of her. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 60/35 mmHg, pulse is 190/min, respirations are 33/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient is started on intravenous fluids, vasopressors, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Which of the following is the most appropriate underlying explanation for this patient's presentation? | {
"A": "Gastroenteritis",
"B": "Intentional contamination",
"C": "Meningitis",
"D": "Urinary tract infection"
} | Intentional contamination | B |
A 1-year-old girl is brought to a neurologist due to increasing seizure frequency over the past 2 months. She recently underwent a neurology evaluation which revealed hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalography (EEG) with a mix of slow waves, multifocal spikes, and asynchrony. Her parents have noticed the patient occasionally stiffens and spreads her arms at home. She was born at 38-weeks gestational age without complications. She has no other medical problems. Her medications consist of lamotrigine and valproic acid. Her temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 90/75 mmHg, pulse is 94/min, and respirations are 22/min. Physical exam reveals innumerable hypopigmented macules on the skin and an irregularly shaped, thickened, and elevated plaque on the lower back. Which of the following is most strongly associated with this patient's condition? | {
"A": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma",
"B": "Glaucoma",
"C": "Optic glioma",
"D": "Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia"
} | Cardiac rhabdomyoma | A |
A 17-year-old boy presents to his primary care physician with a chief concern of "bad" skin that has not improved despite home remedies. The patient has had lesions on his face that have persisted since he was 13 years of age. He has a diet high in refined carbohydrates and has gained 20 pounds since starting high school. Physical exam is notable for the findings in Figure A. The patient is started on benzoyl peroxide and topical retinoids. He returns 1 month later stating that his symptoms are roughly the same. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Continue current therapy for 1 more month",
"B": "Dietary intervention",
"C": "Isoretinoin",
"D": "Topical antibiotics"
} | Topical antibiotics | D |
A 55-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband with a 1 hour history of an unremitting headache. The headache started suddenly while she was eating dinner and she says it feels like the “worst headache of my life.” An emergent CT scan of the head without contrast confirms the diagnosis, and a CT angiogram identifies the source of bleeding. The patient undergoes surgical management of her condition. On hospital day 3, she is found to be disoriented to person, place, and time. She also develops nausea and vomiting. Her medical problems consist of heart failure for which she takes furosemide, spironolactone, and metoprolol, which were continued at admission. Her temperature is 99.6°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination shows poor skin turgor. Capillary refill time is 4 seconds. Serum laboratory results are shown below: Na+: 120 mEq/L Cl-: 92 mEq/L K+: 3.9 mEq/L HCO3-: 26 mEq/L BUN: 32 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Serum osmolality is 265 mEq/L and urine osmolality is 340 mEq/L. Urine sodium is 44 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Cerebral salt wasting",
"B": "Diuretic overuse",
"C": "Primary polydipsia",
"D": "Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone"
} | Cerebral salt wasting | A |
A 2-week-old boy is evaluated by his pediatrician for abnormal feet. The patient was born at 39 weeks via vaginal delivery to a G1P1 29-year-old woman. The patient has been breastfeeding and producing 5 stools/day. He is otherwise healthy. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 60/38 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. A cardiopulmonary exam is notable for a benign flow murmur. A musculoskeletal exam reveals the findings shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Botulinum toxin injections",
"B": "Reassurance and reassessment in 1 month",
"C": "Serial casting",
"D": "Surgical pinning"
} | Serial casting | C |
A 1-month-old girl presents to her pediatrician with her mother. The patient was born at 38 weeks gestation via Caesarean section for cervical incompetence. The patient’s mother has no complaints. The child had a runny nose and cough for a few days last week. The patient’s mother endorses decreased appetite during the aforementioned illness which has now returned to baseline. The patient’s family history is significant for an older brother with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and a maternal uncle with cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis B. On physical exam, the patient has scleral icterus and dark urine staining her diaper. Laboratory testing reveals the following: Serum: Na+: 137 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L K+: 4.2 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L Urea nitrogen: 12 mg/dL Glucose: 96 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.36 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase: 146 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 86 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 76 U/L Total bilirubin: 4.6 mg/dL Direct bilirubin: 3.8 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Decreased metabolism of bilirubin",
"B": "Increased enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin",
"C": "Obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree",
"D": "Obstruction of the intrahepatic biliary tree"
} | Obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree | C |
A newborn boy is evaluated in the hospital nursery 2 hours after birth. The patient was born at 39 weeks of gestation to a 30-year-old primigravid via vaginal delivery. The patient’s mother received routine prenatal care and the pregnancy was uncomplicated. The patient’s anatomy ultrasound at 20 weeks of gestation was unremarkable. The patient’s mother denies any family history of genetic diseases. The patient’s APGAR scores were notable for poor muscle tone at both 1 and 5 minutes of life. The patient’s birth weight is 2.6 kg (5 lb 11 oz), which is at the 5th percentile. His height and head circumference are in the 15th and 3rd percentile, respectively. His temperature is 97.1°F (36.2°C), blood pressure is 57/42 mmHg, pulse is 140/min, and respirations are 38/min. On physical exam, the patient has a wide nasal bridge, down slanting palpebral fissures, and widely spaced eyes. He has good respiratory effort with a high-pitched cry. This patient is most likely to have experienced a deletion on which of the following chromosomes? | {
"A": "4p",
"B": "5p",
"C": "7q",
"D": "15q"
} | 5p | B |
A 55-year-old male bodybuilder presents to the emergency department with weakness of his right arm. The patient states he has experienced these symptoms for a few weeks; however, today his hand felt so weak he dropped his cup of tea. The patient has a medical history of diabetes. He drinks 2-7 alcoholic drinks per day and has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day since he was 25. The patient uses anabolic steroids. He has lost 17 pounds since he last came to the emergency department 1 month ago. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 177/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals decreased sensation in the right arm and 2/5 strength in the right arm and 5/5 strength in in the left arm. The patient states that he is experiencing a dull aching and burning pain in his right arm during the exam. Symptoms are not changed with changes in head and neck position. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Apical lung tumor",
"B": "Brachial plexopathy",
"C": "Cerebral infarction",
"D": "Scalenus anticus syndrome"
} | Apical lung tumor | A |
A 55-year-old male bodybuilder presents to the emergency department with weakness of his right arm. The patient states he has experienced these symptoms for a few weeks; however, today his hand felt so weak he dropped his cup of tea. The patient has a medical history of diabetes. He drinks 2-7 alcoholic drinks per day and has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day since he was 25. The patient uses anabolic steroids. He has lost 17 pounds since he last came to the emergency department 1 month ago. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 177/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals decreased sensation in the right arm and 2/5 strength in the right arm and 5/5 strength in in the left arm. The patient states that he is experiencing a dull aching and burning pain in his right arm during the exam. Symptoms are not changed with changes in head and neck position. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Apical lung tumor",
"B": "Cerebral infarction",
"C": "Scalenus anticus syndrome",
"D": "Subclavian steal syndrome"
} | Apical lung tumor | A |
A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department for shortness of breath. He was riding the train home from a business conference when his symptoms began. The patient has a medical history of obesity, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and a 40-pack-year smoking history. His current medications include atorvastatin, lisinopril, insulin, metformin, and nicotine gum. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 130/87 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 93% on room air. An ECG is ordered as seen in Figure A. A chest radiograph is ordered as seen in Figure B. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below: Serum: Na+: 137 mEq/L Cl-: 105 mEq/L K+: 4.1 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 22 mg/dL Glucose: 129 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL AST: 11 U/L ALT: 12 U/L On physical exam, the patient appears to be in distress. His cardiac exam is notable for tachycardia. Pulmonary exam reveals bilateral air movement without any wheezes or crackles. The patient's right lower extremity appears mildly inflamed, and palpation of the calf elicits pain. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Aspirin",
"B": "Cardiac troponins",
"C": "Heparin",
"D": "Ventilation perfusion scan"
} | Heparin | C |
A 39-year-old man presents to his doctor for a wellness checkup. He is concerned about a rash that does not seem to be improving. He was recently exposed to his grandfather who has vesicular lesions on his skin and is being treated. He has a family history of skin cancer, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer. The patient has a medical history of asthma and seasonal allergies. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 137/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals the finding in Figure A. Which of the following describes this patient's most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Benign capillary proliferation",
"B": "Edema of the epidermis",
"C": "Healthy dermatologic development",
"D": "Viral infection"
} | Benign capillary proliferation | A |
An 84-year-old man presents to the physician with numbness and tingling in the right hand for the last 6 months. He reports these symptoms started intermittently in the middle finger after returning from a golfing trip but has progressed to being nearly constant. The thenar eminence, thumb, and other digits are spared. He reports no other symptoms. His medical problems include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, and chronic neck pain for which he takes amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, atorvastatin, levothyroxine, and duloxetine. Surgical history consists of posterior lumbar fusion and elective left total hip arthroplasty. He has a 90-pack-year smoking history and quit 10 years ago. The patient’s temperature is 99.6°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 134/80 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical exam reveals 4/5 strength in elbow extension and wrist flexion on the right. He has 5/5 strength in the remainder of the motor exam on the right upper extremity and on the left upper extremity. The triceps reflex is 1+ on the right compared to 2+ on the left. There is no spasticity. His neck pain, which radiates down his right arm, is reproduced with axial loading during neck extension with simultaneous rightward rotation and lateral bending. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? | {
"A": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
"B": "Carpal tunnel syndrome",
"C": "Cervical spondylosis",
"D": "Syringomyelia"
} | Cervical spondylosis | C |
A 55-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband with a 1 hour history of an unremitting headache. The headache started suddenly while she was eating dinner and she says it feels like the “worst headache of my life.” An emergent CT scan of the head without contrast confirms the diagnosis, and a CT angiogram identifies the source of bleeding. The patient undergoes surgical management of her condition. On hospital day 3, she is found to be disoriented to person, place, and time. She also develops nausea and vomiting. Her medical problems consist of heart failure for which she takes furosemide, spironolactone, and metoprolol, which were continued at admission. Her temperature is 99.6°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination shows poor skin turgor. Capillary refill time is 4 seconds. Serum laboratory results are shown below: Na+: 120 mEq/L Cl-: 92 mEq/L K+: 3.9 mEq/L HCO3-: 26 mEq/L BUN: 32 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Serum osmolality is 265 mEq/L and urine osmolality is 340 mEq/L. Urine sodium is 44 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Addison disease",
"B": "Cerebral salt wasting",
"C": "Diuretic overuse",
"D": "Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone"
} | Cerebral salt wasting | B |
A 51-year-old man presents for his annual wellness visit with his primary care physician. His wife has noticed a tremor while he is working on his car and knows that his father died of Parkinson disease. He says that the tremor is nothing to worry about and only occurs during a few activities such as pouring drinks, pointing the remote at the television, or fixing his car. The patient states his wife is just overreacting. His medical problems include hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia for which he takes lisinopril, metformin, and atorvastatin. He has 3-5 drinks of scotch per night before working on his car. On physical exam, the tremor is replicated during finger to nose testing. Romberg sign is negative. Cranial nerves II-XII are intact. The rest of the exam is benign. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's tremor? | {
"A": "Alcoholics anonymous",
"B": "Aripiprazole",
"C": "Phenobarbital",
"D": "Propranolol"
} | Propranolol | D |
A 70-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. She was found on the floor of her apartment after her neighbor called 911. She is confused and is unable to provide any history, but complains of generalized pain. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 129/64 mmHg, pulse is 63/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals, a confused, ill-appearing woman. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. An electrocardiogram is obtained as shown in Figure A. Dipstick urinalysis is notable for 4+ blood and dark colored urine. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Albuterol and IV fluid resuscitation",
"B": "Calcium gluconate",
"C": "IV fluid resuscitation",
"D": "Sodium polystyrene sulfonate"
} | Calcium gluconate | B |
A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a general checkup. The patient works as a farmer and has no concerns about his health. He has a medical history of hypertension and obesity. His current medications include lisinopril and metoprolol. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 177/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a murmur after S2 over the left sternal border. The patient demonstrates a stable gait and 5/5 strength in his upper and lower extremities. Which of the following is another possible finding in this patient? | {
"A": "Audible click heard at the cardiac apex",
"B": "Femoral artery murmur",
"C": "Murmur that radiates to the carotids during systole",
"D": "Wedge pressure lower than expected"
} | Femoral artery murmur | B |
A 39-year-old man presents to his doctor for a wellness checkup. He is concerned about a rash that does not seem to be improving. He was recently exposed to his grandfather who has vesicular lesions on his skin and is being treated. He has a family history of skin cancer, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer. The patient has a medical history of asthma and seasonal allergies. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 137/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals the finding in Figure A. Which of the following describes this patient's most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Benign capillary proliferation",
"B": "Edema of the epidermis",
"C": "Healthy dermatologic development",
"D": "Viral infection"
} | Benign capillary proliferation | A |
A 15-year-old girl is brought to the clinic because her mother is worried the patient has not yet had her period. The patient’s older sister had her first period at age 14. The mother had her first period at age 13. The patient reports she is doing well in school and is on the varsity basketball team. Her medical history is significant for asthma and atopic dermatitis. Her medications include albuterol and topical triamcinolone. Her temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 111/72 mmHg, pulse is 65/min, and respirations are 14/min with an oxygen saturation of 99% on room air. Her body mass index (BMI) is 19 kg/m^2. Physical exam shows absent breast development and external genitalia at Tanner stage 1. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level is measured to be 38 mIU/mL. Which of the following is the most appropriate next diagnostic step? | {
"A": "CYP17 gene work-up",
"B": "Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation test",
"C": "Karotype",
"D": "Luteinizing hormone levels"
} | Karotype | C |
A 37-year-old machinist presents to his primary care physician with eye problems. He has felt a mass in his eye that has persisted for the past month. The patient has a medical history of blepharitis treated with eye cleansing and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin treated with Mohs surgery. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/102 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a firm and rubbery nodule palpable inside the patient's left eyelid. Physical exam does not elicit any pain. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Chalazion",
"B": "Foreign body",
"C": "Hordeolum",
"D": "Meibomian cell carcinoma"
} | Chalazion | A |
A 59-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for fatigue. In general, he has been in good health; however, he recently has experienced weight loss, abdominal pain, and general fatigue. He has a medical history of anxiety, diabetes, a fracture of his foot sustained when he tripped, and a recent cold that caused him to miss work for 1 week. His current medications include metformin, insulin, buspirone, vitamin D, calcium, and sodium docusate. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 150/100 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals a calm gentleman. A mild systolic murmur is heard in the left upper sternal region. The rest of the physical exam is within normal limits. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Hematocrit: 36% Leukocyte count: 66,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 177,000/mm^3 Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase: elevated Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 120 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.9 mEq/L AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia",
"B": "Chronic myeloid leukemia",
"C": "Leukemoid reaction",
"D": "Multiple myeloma"
} | Leukemoid reaction | C |
A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency room with difficulty speaking for the past 1 hour. He was having dinner at home with his wife when he suddenly noticed he had difficulty eating and speaking. He also noticed a new-onset weakness on his left side. His medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. His current medications include metformin, atorvastatin, and lisinopril. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 15/min. On examination, strength is 5/5 in the right upper and lower extremities and 3/5 in the left upper and lower extremities. On cranial nerve examination, his tongue deviates to the right side. There is also decreased sensation to light touch and vibration on the left side of his body. Which of the following arteries is most likely involved in this patient’s presentation? | {
"A": "Anterior spinal artery",
"B": "Lenticulostriate branches of the middle cerebral artery",
"C": "Pontine perforators of the basilar artery",
"D": "Posterior inferior cerebellar artery"
} | Anterior spinal artery | A |
A 15-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician after an appendectomy 1 week ago. The patient denies any abdominal pain, fevers, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. He eats solids and drinks liquids without difficulty. He is back to playing basketball for his school team without any difficulty. His urine appears more amber than usual but he suspects dehydration. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 15/min. His physical exam is unremarkable. The laparoscopic incision sites are all clean without erythema. The pediatrician orders a urinalysis, which is notable for the following. Urine: Epithelial cells: Scant Glucose: Negative Protein: 3+ WBC: 3/hpf Bacteria: None Leukocyte esterase: Negative Nitrites: Negative The patient is told to return in 3 days for a follow-up appointment; however, his urinalysis at that time is similar. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "CT scan abdomen and pelvis with contrast",
"B": "Renal biopsy",
"C": "Repeat urinalysis",
"D": "Urine dipstick in the morning and in the afternoon"
} | Urine dipstick in the morning and in the afternoon | D |
A 37-year-old man presents to the emergency department for a persistent fever. The patient has felt unwell for the past week and has felt subjectively febrile. The patient has a medical history of a suicide attempt and alcohol abuse. He is not currently taking any medications. The patient admits to using heroin and cocaine and drinking 5-8 alcoholic drinks per day. His temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 92/59 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, and oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. Cardiopulmonary exam is notable for a systolic murmur heard best along the left sternal border. Dermatologic exam reveals scarring in the antecubital fossa. IV fluids are administered and the blood pressure is subsequently 120/70 mmHg. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management for the most likely underlying diagnosis? | {
"A": "Blood cultures",
"B": "CT scan",
"C": "Ultrasound",
"D": "Vancomycin and gentamicin"
} | Blood cultures | A |
A 27-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a checkup. He has no health concerns and has not seen a physician in years. The patient has a medical history of depression treated with fluoxetine and lithium. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 122/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A. Which of the following represents the most likely risk factor for this patient's presenting condition? | {
"A": "Alcohol consumption",
"B": "Antibiotic use",
"C": "Intravenous drug use",
"D": "Sexual intercourse"
} | Alcohol consumption | A |
A 32-year-old man presents to the emergency department for evaluation of headache. His symptoms started last night and have persisted. He occasionally has migraine headaches, but he has not had a headache like this in the past. He reports associated nausea, vomiting, fevers, and neck pain. He has a medical history of asthma. His temperature is 100.4°F (38.0°C), blood pressure is 110/60 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, he appears uncomfortable. Neurologic exam reveals no focal deficits. There is pain with passive neck flexion. No edema or rashes are noted. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Lumbar puncture is performed and CSF results are obtained as shown below. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Cell count: 175/mm^3 RBCs: 0/mm^3 Cl-: 119 mEq/L Glucose: 49 mg/dL Pressure: 150 mmH2O Total protein: 55 mg/dL Based on these results, which of the following is the most appropriate treatment regimen for this patient? | {
"A": "Acyclovir",
"B": "Ceftriaxone and vancomycin",
"C": "Ceftriaxone, vancomycin and steroids",
"D": "Supportive care and monitoring"
} | Supportive care and monitoring | D |
A 23-year-old woman presents to her psychiatrist concerned about her mood. She has felt tired and unwilling to engage in any activities lately. She states that her limbs feel heavy all the time and that completing any activity takes tremendous effort. She no longer finds any happiness in activities that she previously enjoyed. She struggles to sleep and at times can't sleep for several days. The patient is started on appropriate first-line therapy and sent home. She returns 1 week later stating that her symptoms have not improved. She is requesting help as her performance at work and school is suffering. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 115/72 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Add lithium to treatment regimen",
"B": "Change treatment to duloxetine",
"C": "Change treatment to lithium",
"D": "Continue current therapy"
} | Continue current therapy | D |
A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency department for altered mental status after a finishing a marathon. He has a medical history of obesity and anxiety and is not currently taking any medications. His temperature is 104°F (40°C), blood pressure is 147/88 mmHg, pulse is 200/min, respirations are 33/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals dry mucous membranes, hot flushed skin, and inappropriate responses to the physician's questions. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL Hematocrit: 44% Leukocyte count: 8,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 199,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 165 mEq/L Cl-: 110 mEq/L K+: 4.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 20 mEq/L BUN: 30 mg/dL Glucose: 133 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Dextrose solution",
"B": "Hypotonic saline",
"C": "Lactated ringer",
"D": "Normal saline"
} | Lactated ringer | C |
A 70-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. She was found on the floor of her apartment after her neighbor called 911. She is confused and is unable to provide any history, but complains of generalized pain. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 129/64 mmHg, pulse is 63/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals, a confused, ill-appearing woman. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. An electrocardiogram is obtained as shown in Figure A. Dipstick urinalysis is notable for 4+ blood and dark colored urine. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Albuterol and IV fluid resuscitation",
"B": "Calcium gluconate",
"C": "IV fluid resuscitation",
"D": "Sodium polystyrene sulfonate"
} | Calcium gluconate | B |
A 51-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for intermittent shaking of his hands. For the last several years he has noticed this "shaking" when he brushes his teeth and prepares a cup of coffee in the morning. The shaking then gradually improves over the course of the day. His medical history is otherwise notable for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. His only home medication is pravastatin. The patient smokes half a pack per day of cigarettes and drinks 2-3 beers throughout the day. His family history is significant for Parkinson disease in his father. On physical exam, his temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 159/84, pulse is 74/min, and respirations are 12/min. He has a high-frequency bilateral hand tremor elicited on finger-to-nose testing. His neurological exam is otherwise unremarkable. Which of the following medications should this patient be started on? | {
"A": "Alprazolam",
"B": "Primidone",
"C": "Propranolol",
"D": "Topiramate"
} | Propranolol | C |
A 29-year-old woman comes to the emergency department complaining of painful genital ulcers that have been present for 4 days as well as low-grade fever and malaise. She denies any recent travel, new sexual partners, or antibiotic use. Physical examination reveals multiple clustered vesicles and shallow ulcers in the vulvar region. A Tzanck smear shows multinucleated giant cells. Which of the following medications is most appropriate for treating her condition? | {
"A": "Acyclovir",
"B": "Amoxicillin",
"C": "Fluconazole",
"D": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole"
} | Acyclovir | A |
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for evaluation. He has had headache and fever for the last 2 days, and this morning he was confused and had difficulty answering questions. He also developed a rash this morning. He recently returned from summer camp. He has no significant medical history and takes no medications. His temperature is 104°F (40°C), pulse is 120/min, blood pressure is 105/60 mmHg, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees. Fundoscopic exam reveals no papilledema. Examination of the patient's rash is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Lumbar puncture, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and methylprednisolone",
"B": "MRI brain",
"C": "Vancomycin and ceftriaxone",
"D": "Vancomycin, ceftriaxone, and dexamethasone"
} | Lumbar puncture, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and methylprednisolone | A |
A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with weakness. He has felt very weak every morning with his symptoms persisting throughout the day. He notes minor improvement when he rides his bike but otherwise has not noticed any change in his symptoms with rest or ibuprofen use. The patient has lost 12 pounds recently and has had a chronic cough. The patient lives alone and drinks 7 alcoholic beverages per day and smokes 1-2 packs of cigarettes per day for the past 40 years. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 177/108 mmHg, pulse is 93/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 92% on room air. A chest radiograph is ordered as seen in Figure A. Which of the following diagnostic tests would most likely elucidate the cause of this patient's weakness? | {
"A": "CT scan of the chest",
"B": "Electromyography",
"C": "Lung biopsy",
"D": "Muscle biopsy"
} | Electromyography | B |
A 10-year-old girl is admitted to the medical floor for a respiratory infection. The patient lives in a foster home and has been admitted many times. Since birth, the patient has had repeated episodes of pain/pressure over her frontal sinuses and a chronic cough that produces mucus. She was recently treated with amoxicillin for an infection. The patient is in the 25th percentile for height and weight which has been constant since birth. Her guardians state that the patient has normal bowel movements and has been gaining weight appropriately. The patient has a history of tricuspid stenosis. She also recently had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her chest which demonstrated dilation of her airways. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/58 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. Physical exam is notable for bruises along the patient's shins which the guardians state are from playing soccer. The rest of the exam is deferred because the patient starts crying. Which of the following findings is associated with this patient's most likely underlying diagnosis? | {
"A": "Diastolic murmur best heard along the right lower sternal border",
"B": "Hypocalcemia",
"C": "Increased chloride in the patient's sweat",
"D": "Repeat sinus infections secondary to seasonal allergies"
} | Diastolic murmur best heard along the right lower sternal border | A |
A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with chest pain and shortness of breath. He has a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 177/118 mmHg, pulse is 127/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. An ECG is performed and notable for ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. The patient is treated appropriately and transferred to the medical floor. On the 2nd day of his hospitalization, the patient has abdominal pain. His serum lipase is 272 U/L and his creatinine is 1.6 mg/dL. A physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A. He is requesting pain medication for his abdominal pain. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis? | {
"A": "Cholesterol embolism",
"B": "Heart failure and reinfarction",
"C": "Pancreatitis",
"D": "Renal failure"
} | Cholesterol embolism | A |
A 31-year-old man presents to the emergency department for fever, malaise, and cough. For the last week, his cough has been progressively worsening, and he has been noticing blood in his sputum. He denies any recent travel or sick contacts and infrequently smokes cigarettes. Approximately 5 weeks ago, he presented with similar symptoms and was found to have a right upper lobe lung infiltrate, a CD4 count of 40/mm^3, and an HIV viral load of 115,000 copies/mL. He was appropriately treated and discharged home. Four weeks after initiation of treatment, his CD4 count was over 400/mm^3 and HIV viral load was negligible. His temperature today is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. A radiograph of the chest demonstrates new nodules in the left upper lobe and hilar adenopathy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Continue current anti-retroviral treatment, antimicrobial, and anti-tuberculoid therapies",
"B": "Determine drug sensitivities against the patient’s pulmonary infection",
"C": "Discontinue antimicrobial treatment",
"D": "Obtain a D-dimer level"
} | Continue current anti-retroviral treatment, antimicrobial, and anti-tuberculoid therapies | A |
A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with chest pain and shortness of breath. He has a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 177/118 mmHg, pulse is 127/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. An ECG is performed and notable for ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. The patient is treated appropriately and transferred to the medical floor. On the 2nd day of his hospitalization, the patient has abdominal pain. His serum lipase is 272 U/L and his creatinine is 1.6 mg/dL. A physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A. He is requesting pain medication for his abdominal pain. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis? | {
"A": "Cholesterol embolism",
"B": "Medication side effect",
"C": "Pancreatitis",
"D": "Renal failure"
} | Cholesterol embolism | A |
A 23-year-old woman is admitted to the inpatient psychiatry unit after her boyfriend reported she was “acting funny and refusing to talk.” The patient’s boyfriend states that he came home from work and found the patient sitting up in bed staring at the wall. When he said her name or waved his hand in front of her, she did not respond. When he tried to move her, she would remain in whatever position she was placed. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 122/79 mmHg, pulse is 68/min, and respirations are 12/min with an oxygen saturation of 98% on room air. The patient is lying on the bed with her left arm raised and pointing at the ceiling. She resists any attempt to change her position. The patient remains mute and ignores any external stimuli. The patient’s medical history is significant for depression. She was recently switched from phenelzine to fluoxetine. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial therapy? | {
"A": "Benztropine",
"B": "Electroconvulsive therapy",
"C": "Haloperidol",
"D": "Lorazepam"
} | Lorazepam | D |
A 59-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for trouble sleeping. When she goes to bed at night, she has an urge to get up out of bed and walk around. The patient often wakes her husband when she does this which irritates him. There is a perpetual uneasiness and feeling of a need to move at night which is relieved by getting up and walking around. The patient denies symptoms during the day. She works as a mail carrier and is nearing retirement. She has a medical history of anxiety, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, and dysmenorrhea. She is not currently taking any medications. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/98 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals 5/5 strength in the upper and lower extremities, 2+ reflexes in the upper and lower extremities, a stable gait pattern, and normal sensation. Cardiopulmonary and abdominal exams are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management? | {
"A": "Alprazolam",
"B": "Iron studies",
"C": "Pramipexole",
"D": "Supportive therapy and an exercise routine"
} | Iron studies | B |
A 24-year-old man with epilepsy refractory to valproic acid, phenytoin, and levetiracetam undergoes magnetic resonance imaging of his brain while monitored by anesthetic care. He wakes up screaming in pain due to an electrocardiogram lead having caused a significant thermal burn circumferentially around his left leg. He is admitted to the medical intensive care unit for continuous electroencephalogram monitoring while on a midazolam infusion for seizure suppression and supportive care for his burn. Overnight, the nurse continued to increase the patient's midazolam infusion rate, but she also noticed that his left toes were cold to the touch with significant edema. His temperature is now 100°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 110/75 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 10/min and oxygen saturation is 95% on 2 liters nasal cannula. No dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial pulses are detected on the left lower extremity. A delta pressure of 25 mmHg is obtained in the left leg. What is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Amputation",
"B": "Escharotomy",
"C": "Fasciotomy",
"D": "Intravenous fluid infusion based on Parkland formula"
} | Escharotomy | B |
A 35-year-old man presents to the emergency department for evaluation of chest pain. The pain starts in his chest and moves into his back, arms, and abdomen. He describes the pain as tearing. He has no known medical history and takes no medications. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 130/min, blood pressure is 210/145 mmHg, respirations are 22/min, and pulse oximetry is 98% on room air. Exam reveals a diaphoretic, anxious-appearing man. Pulses are diminished over the left wrist when compared to the right. A chest radiograph is obtained as shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Aspirin",
"B": "CT angiography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis",
"C": "Echocardiography",
"D": "Lorazepam"
} | CT angiography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis | B |
A 55-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for evaluation of headache. She had a headache that was present for a few hours before subsiding 2 days ago, and then today she developed a headache that was sudden in onset and at maximal intensity within minutes. She has never had a headache like this in the past. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 157/99 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On exam, she has pain with passive and active movement of the neck. No focal neurologic deficits are appreciated. A non-contrast head CT is obtained as shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely underlying etiology of this patient's headache? | {
"A": "Dehydration and stress",
"B": "Hypersensitivity of the trigeminal nerve",
"C": "Muscular pain and strain",
"D": "Rupture of a berry aneurysm"
} | Rupture of a berry aneurysm | D |
A 1-year-old girl is brought to a neurologist due to increasing seizure frequency over the past 2 months. She recently underwent a neurology evaluation which revealed hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalography (EEG) with a mix of slow waves, multifocal spikes, and asynchrony. Her parents have noticed the patient occasionally stiffens and spreads her arms at home. She was born at 38-weeks gestational age without complications. She has no other medical problems. Her medications consist of lamotrigine and valproic acid. Her temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 90/75 mmHg, pulse is 94/min, and respirations are 22/min. Physical exam reveals innumerable hypopigmented macules on the skin and an irregularly shaped, thickened, and elevated plaque on the lower back. Which of the following is most strongly associated with this patient's condition? | {
"A": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma",
"B": "Glaucoma",
"C": "Optic glioma",
"D": "Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia"
} | Cardiac rhabdomyoma | A |
A 55-year-old man presents to urgent care for weakness and weight loss. For the past several months, he has felt progressively weaker and has lost 25 pounds with intermittent abdominal pain. The patient has not seen a physician in 30 years and recalls being current on most of his vaccinations. A few years ago, he went to the emergency department due to abdominal pain and was found to have increased liver enzymes due to excessive alcohol use and incidental gallstones. The patient has a 50 pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 161/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical exam reveals an emaciated man. The patient has a negative Murphy sign and his abdomen is non-tender. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis",
"B": "CT scan of the chest",
"C": "HIDA scan",
"D": "Smoking cessation advice and primary care follow up"
} | CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis | A |
A 32-year-old man presents to the emergency department for evaluation of headache. His symptoms started last night and have persisted. He occasionally has migraine headaches, but he has not had a headache like this in the past. He reports associated nausea, vomiting, fevers, and neck pain. He has a medical history of asthma. His temperature is 100.4°F (38.0°C), blood pressure is 110/60 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, he appears uncomfortable. Neurologic exam reveals no focal deficits. There is pain with passive neck flexion. No edema or rashes are noted. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Lumbar puncture is performed and CSF results are obtained as shown below. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Cell count: 175/mm^3 RBCs: 0/mm^3 Cl-: 119 mEq/L Glucose: 49 mg/dL Pressure: 150 mmH2O Total protein: 55 mg/dL Based on these results, which of the following is the most appropriate treatment regimen for this patient? | {
"A": "Acyclovir",
"B": "Ceftriaxone and vancomycin",
"C": "Ceftriaxone, vancomycin and steroids",
"D": "Supportive care and monitoring"
} | Supportive care and monitoring | D |
A 31-year-old man presents to the emergency department for fever, malaise, and cough. For the last week, his cough has been progressively worsening, and he has been noticing blood in his sputum. He denies any recent travel or sick contacts and infrequently smokes cigarettes. Approximately 5 weeks ago, he presented with similar symptoms and was found to have a right upper lobe lung infiltrate, a CD4 count of 40/mm^3, and an HIV viral load of 115,000 copies/mL. He was appropriately treated and discharged home. Four weeks after initiation of treatment, his CD4 count was over 400/mm^3 and HIV viral load was negligible. His temperature today is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. A radiograph of the chest demonstrates new nodules in the left upper lobe and hilar adenopathy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Continue current anti-retroviral treatment, antimicrobial, and anti-tuberculoid therapies",
"B": "Determine drug sensitivities against the patient’s pulmonary infection",
"C": "Obtain a D-dimer level",
"D": "Start high-dose glucocorticoid treatment and discontinue antiretroviral therapy"
} | Continue current anti-retroviral treatment, antimicrobial, and anti-tuberculoid therapies | A |
A 57-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with weakness for the past 6 months with symptoms that have worsened recently. She feels fatigued, depressed, and has gained 10 pounds which she attributes to feeling too weak to go to the gym. She was recently treated for an ear infection with an antibiotic which she completed 3 weeks ago, and experienced a rash which she believes was an allergic reaction to her treatment. The patient has a medical history of diabetes mellitus that is well-controlled with insulin and metformin. She has been admitted multiple times for hypoglycemia secondary to missing meals. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for 2/5 strength in the patient's upper and lower extremities, sparse fine hair on her body, and a rash on her face and arms. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L K+: 3.3 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 70 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L A muscle biopsy is obtained as seen in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's presentation? | {
"A": "Dermatomyositis",
"B": "Hypothyroidism",
"C": "Inclusion body myositis",
"D": "Polymyositis"
} | Inclusion body myositis | C |
A 6-month-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her father for a scheduled check-up. She was in her usual state of health until 6 weeks ago when she was hospitalized for bacterial pneumonia. She received amoxicillin and had a resolution of her symptoms. Her father reports that she seems “back to normal.” She can roll over by herself and can sit up without support. She often babbles but sometimes does make identifiable sounds like “dada” and “baba.” They recently started feeding her mushy cereal, which she seems to like but occasionally spits up. She has started teething and sometimes becomes “fussy.” Vital signs are within normal limits. A physical examination is unremarkable. The patient’s father brought a 4-week follow-up chest radiograph taken at the hospital, as shown in Figure A. Which of the structures labeled in Figure A would be most likely to change in response to another infectious illness? | {
"A": "A",
"B": "B",
"C": "C",
"D": "D"
} | A | A |
A 24-year-old man presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The symptoms began towards the end of running a marathon and persisted after finishing the race. The patient is otherwise healthy and has no other medical problems. His temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 105/71 mmHg, pulse is 113/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals a distended and tender abdomen. A radiograph is performed as seen in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Cecal volvulus",
"B": "Ileus",
"C": "Sigmoid volvulus",
"D": "Small bowel obstruction"
} | Cecal volvulus | A |
A 57-year-old man is brought to a neurologist by his wife for abnormal behavior. He was normal until around 3 months ago when he started forgetting important meetings and misplacing items around the house. One month ago, the patient was fired from his job as a software engineer after attempting to grope a coworker. The patient expresses frustration that he is no longer able to concentrate enough to enjoy his hobby of solving puzzles. His medical history is significant for gastroesophageal reflux disease for which he takes omeprazole. He has no family history of neurologic disease. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 120/75 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 16/min. During the examination, the patient’s cell phone rings unexpectedly causing the patient to suddenly jerk his arms and legs. Further diagnostic investigation is performed which reveals an elevated 14-3-3 protein on cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Alzheimer disease",
"B": "Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease",
"C": "Frontotemporal dementia",
"D": "Subcortical leukoencephalopathy"
} | Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease | B |
A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting for the past week. He decided to come in when his symptoms worsened. He feels that his symptoms are exacerbated with large fatty meals and when he drinks alcohol. His wife recently returned from a cruise with symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea. The patient has a medical history of poorly managed diabetes, constipation, anxiety, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 197/128 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical exam reveals a systolic murmur heard loudest along the left upper sternal border. Abdominal exam reveals an obese, tympanitic and distended abdomen with a 3 cm scar in the right lower quadrant. Vascular exam reveals weak pulses in the lower extremities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying etiology of this patient's symptoms? | {
"A": "Adhesions",
"B": "Enteric nervous system damage",
"C": "Impacted stool",
"D": "Twisting of the bowel"
} | Adhesions | A |
A 37-year-old machinist presents to his primary care physician with eye problems. He has felt a mass in his eye that has persisted for the past month. The patient has a medical history of blepharitis treated with eye cleansing and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin treated with Mohs surgery. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/102 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a firm and rubbery nodule palpable inside the patient's left eyelid. Physical exam does not elicit any pain. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Chalazion",
"B": "Foreign body",
"C": "Hordeolum",
"D": "Ingrown eyelash follicle"
} | Chalazion | A |
A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department 1 hour after sudden-onset weakness and double vision. His medical history is significant for hyperlipidemia and poorly controlled hypertension. His current medications include atorvastatin and amlodipine. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 175/95 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min. On cranial nerve exam, his left pupil is 6 mm in diameter compared to 3 mm on the right. His left eye is displaced laterally and downward and he also has left-sided ptosis. Strength is 2/5 in the right upper and right lower extremities and 5/5 in the left upper and left lower extremities. He has marked right-sided dysdiadochokinesia. Sensation is intact throughout. Which of the following regions of his brain is most likely affected? | {
"A": "Lateral medulla",
"B": "Lateral pons",
"C": "Posterior limb of internal capsule",
"D": "Midbrain"
} | Midbrain | D |
A 27-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for an abnormal vaginal discharge. The patient has engaged in unprotected intercourse with 12 different partners. She has a medical history of asthma, IV drug abuse, and depression. She has 1 to 2 alcoholic drinks per day. She feels ashamed of her behavior and is requesting treatment for her condition and advice for safe sex. The patient is given antibiotics and is advised on safe sex practices. The patient presents to the emergency department 3 days later with a complaint of a rash. She states that every time she has sex a rash has emerged on her skin. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 91/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. A physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? | {
"A": "Photosensitivity",
"B": "Antigen exposure",
"C": "IV drug use",
"D": "Infection"
} | Antigen exposure | B |
A 22-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. She was hiking when she suddenly felt unable to breathe and had to take slow deep breaths to improve her symptoms. The patient is a Swedish foreign exchange student and does not speak any English. Her medical history and current medications are unknown. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 90% on room air. Physical exam is notable for poor air movement bilaterally and tachycardia. The patient is started on treatment. Which of the following parameters including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) most appropriately describes this patient's underlying pathology? | {
"A": "Increased FVC",
"B": "Decreased airway tone",
"C": "Normal DLCO",
"D": "Increased FEV1/FVC"
} | Normal DLCO | C |
A 27-year-old man presents for an appointment to establish care. He recently was released from prison. He has felt very fatigued and has had a cough. He has lost roughly 15 pounds over the past 3 weeks. He attributes this to intravenous drug use in prison. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. QuantiFERON gold testing is positive. The patient is started on appropriate treatment. Which of the following is the most likely indication to discontinue this patient's treatment? | {
"A": "Peripheral neuropathy",
"B": "Red body excretions",
"C": "Hyperuricemia",
"D": "Elevated liver enzymes"
} | Elevated liver enzymes | D |
A 27-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with pain in her hands, shoulders, and knees. The pain has lasted for several months but seems to have worsened recently. Any activity such as opening jars, walking, or brushing her teeth is painful. The patient has a medical history of a suicide attempt in college, constipation, anxiety, depression, and a sunburn associated with surfing which was treated with aloe vera gel. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 137/78 mmHg, pulse is 92/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are obtained and shown below. Hemoglobin: 9 g/dL Hematocrit: 33% Leukocyte count: 2,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 107,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L K+: 4.4 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 21 mg/dL Glucose: 90 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following findings is the most likely to be positive in this patient? | {
"A": "Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies",
"B": "Degenerated cartilage in weight bearing joints",
"C": "Anti-dsDNA antibodies",
"D": "Anti-histone antibodies"
} | Anti-dsDNA antibodies | C |
A 6-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for abnormal movements. Several times a day, he experiences paroxysmal episodes of crying, bending at the waist, and jerking of the arms and legs. These episodes last 1-2 seconds, but occur in clusters every 20-30 seconds for several minutes. His mother's pregnancy, labor, delivery, and his neonatal course have been unremarkable. He is rolling over less frequently than before, has worse head control, and no longer smiles socially. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 92/46 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 34/min. On examination, no dysmorphic features are noted. A 24-hour electroencephalography (EEG) is performed, during which the patient has one of these spells. A chaotic pattern of slowing and multifocal epileptiform charges is seen. Which of the following is the pathophysiology of this patient's condition? | {
"A": "Decreased gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels",
"B": "Vitamin B6 deficiency",
"C": "Excess of corticotropin releasing hormone",
"D": "Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies"
} | Excess of corticotropin releasing hormone | C |
A 55-year-old man presents with a 2-day history of mono-articular joint pain. He is otherwise healthy and denies fever, chills, or recent trauma. His medical history is notable for a kidney stone 6 months ago. He underwent a dental procedure to extract an infected wisdom tooth 3 weeks ago. The patient does not take any medications. He is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol or use recreational drugs. His family history is significant for osteoarthritis in his father who is 78. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 133/84 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, and respirations are 15/min. His body mass index is 27 kg/m^2. Physical examination shows a swollen and tender joint with overlying erythema. Diagnostic arthrocentesis is performed and shows a leukocyte count of 30,000/mm^3 with 85% neutrophils. Polarized microscopy of the synovial fluid is shown in Figure A. Which of the following would most likely be found on this patient’s radiograph? | {
"A": "Tophi",
"B": "Heberden nodes",
"C": "Juxta-articular osteoporosis",
"D": "Chondrocalcinosis"
} | Chondrocalcinosis | D |
A 45-year-old man presents to a physician due to difficulty swallowing and slurred speech. For the past 3 months, the patient has been coughing when he drinks liquids. His speech also sounds different according to his wife. The patient has no significant medical history. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 110/80 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 12/min. On physical exam, he is unable to fully extend his tongue, and there are fasciculations on his tongue. When tapping the mandible at the chin while the mouth is held open, there is pronounced upward movement of the lower jaw. Sensory exam reveals no deficits. Which of the following therapies is most likely to improve survival for this patient's disease process? | {
"A": "Dextromethorphan and quinidine",
"B": "Tizanidine",
"C": "Riluzole",
"D": "Edaravone"
} | Riluzole | C |
A 47-year-old man is brought in after a motor vehicle accident. He was driving under the influence of alcohol when he sustained a crash against a pole. His medical history is significant for hypertension but he does not take any medications. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 110/80 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 12/min on a ventilator. His Glasgow coma score (GCS) on presentation is 6. Initial urine toxicology is negative. The patient is admitted to the intensive care unit and appropriate care is initiated. One week later, the patient’s GCS score is now 3. Laboratory studies do not show significant electrolyte, acid-base, or endocrine disturbances. Sedative and paralytic agents are withdrawn. Which of the following findings on physical exam would be compatible with brain death? | {
"A": "Conjugate eye movement to the left with rotation of the head to the right",
"B": "Grimacing after noxious stimulus to the arm",
"C": "Flexion of the thigh, leg, and foot upon noxious stimulation of the foot",
"D": "Spontaneous respiration 1 minute after disconnection from a ventilator"
} | Flexion of the thigh, leg, and foot upon noxious stimulation of the foot | C |
A 14-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with a 2-month history of intermittent arm and leg spasms. He says that the spasms usually occur after he wakes up as he is getting ready for school, and consist of disorganized jerking motions that stop after a few minutes. He has also noticed that they occur when he stays up late to cram last minute for exams. He has not noticed any other symptoms. He has no medical history and takes no medications. He recently started experimenting with alcohol and marijuana that one of his friends has been stealing from their parents. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 12/min. Physical exam reveals a healthy child. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? | {
"A": "Alcohol intoxication",
"B": "Cannabinoid use",
"C": "Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy",
"D": "Absence seizures"
} | Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy | C |
A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department with low back pain. The pain started 6 hours ago when he was gardening and carrying a heavy bag. The pain is rated as 10/10 in severity and radiates down the posterior aspect of the right thigh. He reports no fevers or chills. His only medical problem is hypertension for which he takes amlodipine. The patient is a non-smoker, uses alcohol infrequently, and has never used illicit drugs. His temperature is 99.6°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 140/70 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals 3/5 strength to hip extension, knee flexion and extension, and plantar flexion bilaterally. Sensation to pinprick is diminished over the posterolateral legs and lateral aspects of both feet. Ankle and knee reflexes are absent bilaterally. The patient’s underwear is wet and a bladder scan reveals 800 mL of urine. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis? | {
"A": "Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy",
"B": "L5/S1 disc herniation",
"C": "Spinal stenosis",
"D": "Cauda equina syndrome"
} | Cauda equina syndrome | D |
A 65-year-old woman presents to her family doctor to reestablish care since losing her insurance. She has not had time for regular check-ups. She exercises 3-4 times a week and consumes red meat sparingly. She drank and smoked cigarettes socially with coworkers but never at home or on vacation. She wakes up with achy wrists and elbows that she suspects is from years of using a computer keyboard. She completed menopause at age 52. Her family history is notable for coronary artery disease on her father's side and colon cancer on her mother's side. She last had a colonoscopy 5 years ago that revealed no abnormal findings. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 125/83 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Her physical exam is grossly unremarkable. What diagnostic test should this patient receive? | {
"A": "Chest radiograph",
"B": "Mammography",
"C": "Colonoscopy",
"D": "Vitamin D level"
} | Mammography | B |
A 25-year-old man presents to his gastroenterologist for trouble swallowing. Whenever he eats solids, he regurgitates them back up. Given this patient's suspected diagnosis, the gastroenterologist performs a diagnostic test. Several hours later, the patient presents to the emergency department with chest pain and shortness of breath. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On physical exam, the patient demonstrates a normal cardiopulmonary exam. His physical exam demonstrates no tenderness of the neck, a normal oropharynx, palpable crepitus above the clavicles, and minor lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Barium swallow",
"B": "Urgent surgery",
"C": "Magnetic resonance imaging",
"D": "Gastrografin swallow"
} | Gastrografin swallow | D |
A 60-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with back pain after gardening. Her pain is 7/10 in severity, non-radiating, and not relieved by rest. She has never experienced this pain in the past and denies fever, night sweats, unintentional weight loss, and bowel or bladder incontinence. She has hypertension for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide and had a recent asthma flare requiring a prednisone taper. She does not drink alcohol or smoke. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical exam reveals an uncomfortable middle-aged woman in no acute distress. There is no tenderness to palpation of the spinous processes. Flexion of the hip with the knee extended while the patient is supine does not elicit any pain, nor does forced dorsiflexion of the foot at terminal hip extension. She has 5/5 strength to hip flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; knee flexion and extension; and ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion bilaterally. Bilateral patellar and Achilles reflexes are 2+. Serum laboratory results are as follows: Hemoglobin: 12.0 g/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.6 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Spondylolisthesis",
"B": "Lumbosacral strain",
"C": "Herniated disc",
"D": "Multiple myeloma"
} | Lumbosacral strain | B |
A 30-year-old man is evaluated in the post-anesthesia care unit for neck pain. He underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy and was treated for post-operative nausea and vomiting with metoclopramide. Approximately 20 minutes after receiving the medication, he developed pain and stiffness in his neck and eventually was unable to move his neck. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Examination reveals an uncomfortable appearing man. His neck is rotated to the right and is unable to return to midline. Examination of the patient is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Botulinum toxin injection",
"B": "Ondansetron",
"C": "Diphenhydramine",
"D": "Observation"
} | Diphenhydramine | C |
A 27-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. Her boyfriend found her at home next to a suicide note and brought her into the emergency department. According to her boyfriend, the patient has a medical history of bipolar disorder for which she takes lithium, as well as chronic lower back pain for which she sees a pain specialist. Her temperature is 100.5°F (38.1°C), blood pressure is 102/78 mmHg, pulse is 127/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. An ECG is performed as seen in Figure A. Which of the following findings is also likely to be present at some point in this patient’s course? | {
"A": "Miosis",
"B": "Diaphoresis",
"C": "Urinary retention",
"D": "Wheezing"
} | Urinary retention | C |
A 35-year-old man presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. He was found by his roommate to be disoriented this morning. He had complained of a right-sided headache for the past 5 days. He has a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection being treated with bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir. His last CD4 cell count was 500/mm^3. He does not smoke tobacco and drinks alcohol socially. His temperature is 104.2°F (40.1°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. Examination reveals 3/5 strength to right shoulder abduction and elbow flexion/extension and 4/5 strength to right hip flexion/extension. The remainder of the strength exam on the right and left sides is normal. Neck flexion does not elicit pain, and there are no tongue lacerations. During the exam, the patient’s eyes are seen to roll backward with repeated flexion/extension of his extremities and loss of urine. This stops after 1 minute. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Bacterial meningitis",
"B": "Fungal meningitis",
"C": "Brain abscess",
"D": "Epilepsy"
} | Brain abscess | C |
A 33-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with muscle spasms. She has noticed "twitching" in both her upper and lower extremities over the past 3 days that have interfered with her training for a marathon. She has felt more fatigued over the past month. She has no significant medical history. She takes no medication other than whey protein supplements, a multivitamin, and fish oil. Her temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 103/71 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. Physical exam reveals a thin woman with thinning hair. She appears pale and her mucous membranes are dry. Her neurological and cardiac exams are unremarkable. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 6,100/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 187,500/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 130 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 2.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 28 mEq/L BUN: 40 mg/dL Glucose: 79 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.9 mg/dL Ca2+: 8.2 mg/dL Mg2+: 1.8 mg/dL Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): 4.0 mIU/L Free T4: 0.4 ng/dL (normal: 0.7-1.53 ng/dL) The patient is given 4 liters of lactated ringer solution and 40 mEq of potassium. Her repeat whole blood potassium 3 hours later is 2.4 mEq/L, and her repeat BUN is 20 mEq/L. Another 40 mEq of potassium is administered. Another repeat whole blood potassium is 2.5 mEq/L. The patient’s muscle spasms persist. Which of the following is the most likely underlying etiology for this patient’s chief concern? | {
"A": "Hypocalcemia",
"B": "Hypothyroidism",
"C": "Hyponatremia",
"D": "Hypomagnesemia"
} | Hypomagnesemia | D |
A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his father for elbow pain. He was riding his bicycle when he fell onto his outstretched right hand. He immediately clutched his right elbow in pain and began crying. He refuses to move his elbow. He has no medical problems and takes no medications. His temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 108/64 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, the boy is holding his right wrist with his left hand and cries upon palpation of a region that is 2 cm proximal to his elbow. The radial head is palpated just distal to the lateral epicondyle. He is unable to make a pincer with his right thumb and index finger. When asked to hold a pen between his right thumb and index fingers, he drops it. The radial pulse is diminished on the right. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Distal radius fracture",
"B": "Both bone forearm fracture",
"C": "Supracondylar humerus fracture",
"D": "Olecranon fracture"
} | Supracondylar humerus fracture | C |
A 23-year-old woman presents with a 7-day history of abdominal pain, and now bloody diarrhea that brings her to her primary care physician. Review of systems is notable for a 12-pound unintentional weight loss and intermittent loose stools. She has a family history notable for a father with coronary artery disease and a mother with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Her temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F), blood pressure is 100/72 mmHg, pulse is 72/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. Her abdomen is soft, mildly diffusely tender to deep palpation, and non-distended. She is found to have the finding on colonoscopy in Figure A. Serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) are positive. Which of the following is most likely to be present in this patient? | {
"A": "Continuous lesion beginning in the rectum",
"B": "Fistulae and stricture formation",
"C": "Worse disease severity near the ileocecal valve",
"D": "Perianal disease"
} | Continuous lesion beginning in the rectum | A |
A 3-week-old boy presents to the emergency department with vomiting. His parents report that he suddenly started vomiting this morning and has shown no interest in feeding since then. They describe the vomitus as green and without any traces of blood. Prior to today, the patient was feeding, voiding, and stooling well. He was noted to have surpassed his birth weight at his last office visit 1 week ago. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 78/56 mmHg, pulse is 148/min, and respirations are 44/min. On physical exam, the patient is in mild distress. He has no dysmorphic features, and his mucous membranes are dry. His abdomen is soft and distended. Bowel sounds are hypoactive. An abdominal radiograph is performed as in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the diagnosis of this condition? | {
"A": "Upper gastrointestinal contrast series",
"B": "Contrast enema",
"C": "Abdominal CT",
"D": "Rectal suction biopsy"
} | Upper gastrointestinal contrast series | A |
A 66-year-old woman presents to the emergency room after experiencing a tonic-clonic seizure. She has been having worsening headaches and intermittent nausea over the past 5 months. The headaches are constant and dull, and they typically worsen when she sneezes or laughs. Recently, she has become increasingly nauseous and has vomited twice in the past 10 days. Her medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension for which she takes metformin and losartan. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 12/min. She is noted to have papilledema on fundoscopy, but physical exam is otherwise normal. Her CT scan findings are presented in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Glioblastoma multiforme",
"B": "Cerebral toxoplasmosis",
"C": "Neurosarcoidosis",
"D": "Hemorrhagic stroke"
} | Glioblastoma multiforme | A |
A 62-year-old woman is brought to a physician by her husband for fluctuating changes in behavior and hallucinations over the past 2 years. On occasion, she becomes difficult to understand and her speech becomes disorganized. She also frequently sees "small people" and animals on the dining room table, which is disturbing to her. Her medical problems include hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for which she takes amlodipine, albuterol, ipratropium, and a fluticasone inhaler. She was formerly an executive at a software company but had to retire due to frequent memory lapses. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 12/min. Physical exam is notable for slowed movements and difficulty with balance at rest, which were not present at her wellness visit 1 year ago. Which of the following pathological findings (Figures A-E) would most likely be seen if a brain biopsy were performed? | {
"A": "Figure D",
"B": "Figure E",
"C": "Figure B",
"D": "Figure C"
} | Figure C | D |
A 69-year-old woman presents with pain in her hip and groin. The pain is present in the morning but is nearly unbearable by the end of the day. Her medical history is notable for a treated episode of acute renal failure, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension. Her current medications include losartan, metformin, insulin, and ibuprofen. The patient recently started taking high doses of vitamin D as she believes that it could help her symptoms. She also recently fell off the treadmill while exercising at the gym. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 135/91 mmHg, pulse is 72/min, and respirations are 12/min. On exam, an obese woman in no distress is noted. There is pain, decreased range of motion, and crepitus on exam of her right hip. The patient points to the areas that cause her pain stating that it is mostly over the groin. Which of the following is most likely to be found on plain radiographic imaging of this patient? | {
"A": "Femoral neck fracture",
"B": "Posterior displacement of the femoral head",
"C": "Loss of joint space and osteophytes",
"D": "Hyperdense foci in the ureters"
} | Loss of joint space and osteophytes | C |
A 30-year-old man presents to the emergency room with a laceration over the 4th metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of his right hand. He reports that he is a mailman, and his closed fist was bitten by a dog while he was delivering mail yesterday. He reports pain but denies fevers, chills, drainage, or any other symptoms. The dog is up to date on vaccinations. His last tetanus vaccine was 3 years ago. He has no medical history and takes no medications. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 80/min, blood pressure is 125/75 mmHg, and respirations are 16/min. Examination of the patient's right hand is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Clindamycin",
"B": "Amoxicillin-clavulanate",
"C": "Clindamycin plus doxycycline",
"D": "Wound closure and amoxicillin-clavulanate"
} | Amoxicillin-clavulanate | B |
A 2-year-old girl presents to the pediatrician with her mother for a routine well-child visit. Her mother is concerned that the patient is a picky eater and refuses to eat vegetables. She drinks milk with meals and has juice sparingly. She goes to sleep easily at night and usually sleeps for 11-12 hours. The patient has trouble falling asleep for naps but does nap for 1-2 hours a few times per week. She is doing well in daycare and enjoys parallel play with the other children. Her mother reports that she can walk downstairs with both feet on each step. She has a vocabulary of 10-25 words that she uses in the form of 1 word commands. She is in the 42nd percentile for height and 48th percentile for weight, which is consistent with her growth curves. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 92/56 mmHg, pulse is 106/min, and respirations are 23/min. On physical exam, she appears well nourished. She can copy a line and throw a ball. She can follow the command to “give me the ball and then close the door.” Which of the following is abnormal in this patient? | {
"A": "Fine motor skills",
"B": "Social and receptive language skills",
"C": "This child is developmentally normal",
"D": "Expressive language skills"
} | Expressive language skills | D |
A 36-year-old man presents to the office for follow up after initiating antidepressant therapy. Two months ago, he was started on citalopram after several weeks of depressed mood, loss of interest in activities, depressed appetite, and inability to sleep. Today, he reports minimal improvement in his symptoms. He had some nausea after starting the medication, but this has resolved. He denies thoughts of suicide or self-harm. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 80/min, blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Exam reveals a depressed, tired appearing man. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Switch to paroxetine",
"B": "Switch to phenelzine",
"C": "Electroconvulsive therapy",
"D": "Add mirtazapine"
} | Add mirtazapine | D |
A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by helicopter after a high speed motorcycle crash. He was intubated and 2 large bore IVs were placed in the field with administration of 2 liters of lactated ringer's solution while en route. On arrival to the emergency department, his temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 130/min, blood pressure is 80/50 mmHg, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 97%. Examination reveals an ill-appearing intubated patient. Endotracheal tube placement is confirmed with end tidal CO2, and bilateral breath sounds are present. No external bleeding or wounds are noted on exam. Pulses are present in all extremities but are weak and rapid. Significant bruising is noted over the abdomen. The pelvis is stable. Infusion of packed red blood cells is initiated. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast",
"B": "FAST exam",
"C": "Norepinephrine infusion",
"D": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage"
} | FAST exam | B |
A 4-day-old girl presents with her parents to the pediatrician for a routine visit. She was feeding well until this morning when she had several episodes of vomiting. The parents describe the vomitus as “bright green” and the patient has shown little interest in feeding since then. She was born at 36 weeks gestation to a 37-year-old G2P2 mother. The pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes, and all prenatal testing was unremarkable. The patient has not yet regained her birth weight and is in the 46th percentile for height and the 36th percentile for weight. The patient’s temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 68/46 mmHg, pulse is 132/min, and respirations are 32/min. On physical exam, the patient is in mild distress. She has no dysmorphic features. Her abdomen is distended and firm without guarding. Bowel sounds are hypoactive. The patient’s abdominal radiograph can be seen in Figure A and the patient’s upper gastrointestinal series can be seen in Figure B. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s condition? | {
"A": "Hirschsprung disease",
"B": "Duodenal atresia",
"C": "Meconium ileus",
"D": "Intestinal malrotation"
} | Intestinal malrotation | D |
A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for a routine appointment. He feels well and has no complaints. His medical and surgical history is significant for the reconstruction of a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee. His family history is significant for a mother with “thyroid problems” and a father with coronary artery disease. The patient is an information technology specialist at a local company. He is sexually active with men. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 124/82 mmHg, pulse is 71/min, and respirations are 12/min. On physical exam, the patient is tall and slender with a BMI of 21 kg/m2. A single nodule can be palpated on the patient’s thyroid. He has palpable cervical lymphadenopathy. On cardiac exam, he has a normal S1/S2 with no murmurs, rubs, or gallops, and his lungs are clear bilaterally. His abdomen is soft and non-tender without hepatosplenomegaly. A physical exam of the perioral region can be seen in Figure A. Which of the following additional findings is most likely to be found in this patient? | {
"A": "Elevated serum prolactin level",
"B": "Elevated serum calcium level",
"C": "Elevated plasma metanephrines",
"D": "Fasting hypoglycemia"
} | Elevated plasma metanephrines | C |
A 27-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with new hair growth on her face and lower abdomen over the last month. She has started to develop pimples on her face and back over the last several months. Her last menstrual period was over 3 months ago and her periods have been irregular over the last year. She has been gaining weight recently. The patient has a medical history of obesity and prediabetes with a hemoglobin A1c of 6.0% last year. Her temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), pulse is 80/min, blood pressure is 139/88 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Cardiopulmonary exam is unremarkable, and the patient’s abdomen appears slightly distended but exhibits no tenderness to palpation. The patient’s face has coarse stubble along the jawline and on the upper lip, and there is similar hair along the midline of her lower abdomen. A pelvic exam reveals mild clitoromegaly, a normal anteverted uterus, and a large left adnexal mass that is mildly tender. Her laboratory test results are shown below:
Hemoglobin: 13.9 g/dL
Leukocyte count: 8,000 cells/mm^3
Platelet count: 142,000/mm^3
DHEAS: 73 ug/dL (Normal: 145-395 ug/dL)
Testosterone: 256 ng/dL
17-hydroxyprogesterone: 214 ng/dL (Normal: < 200 ng/dL)
Ultrasound findings are shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? | {
"A": "Polycystic ovary syndrome",
"B": "Adrenal tumor",
"C": "Ovarian tumor",
"D": "Ovarian hyperthecosis"
} | Ovarian tumor | C |
A 59-year-old man presents accompanied by his wife with nausea and dizziness. He is unsure when his symptoms started, but they have been affecting him for “a while.” It began as episodes of “unsteadiness” that progressed to a feeling of “spinning.” He cannot tell if his symptoms change with position but reports that if he does not lie down he will become nauseous. He also has worsening hearing loss worse on his right side. The patient’s medical history is significant for hypertension, alcohol use disorder, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His medications include aspirin, amlodipine, and fluticasone-salmeterol. He drinks a glass of red wine every night with dinner and smokes a cigar on the weekends. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 135/91 mmHg, pulse is 72/min, and respirations are 12/min. Examination shows delayed horizontal nystagmus. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition? | {
"A": "Low-salt diet",
"B": "Thiamine",
"C": "Epley maneuver",
"D": "Meclizine"
} | Low-salt diet | A |
A 35-year-old G0P0000 woman presents to her gynecologist with complaints of irregular menstruation. She has had only 2 periods in the last year. She feels flushed without provocation and is experiencing occasional dyspareunia with post-coital spotting. She has also had more frequent headaches than usual. The patient has a medical history of Hashimoto thyroiditis and takes levothyroxine daily. Her mother has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Her temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), pulse is 70/min, blood pressure is 118/76 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Cardiopulmonary and abdominal exams are unremarkable. The patient has Tanner 5 breasts and pubic hair. A pelvic exam reveals a normal cervix, an anteverted uterus without tenderness, and no adnexal masses. The following laboratory studies are performed: Serum: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): 28 µIU/mL (9-30 µIU/mL) Cycle day 3 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): 49 mIU/mL (4.7-21.5 mIU/mL) Cycle day 3 estradiol: 8 pg/mL (27-123 pg/mL) Prolactin: 14 ng/mL (4-23 ng/mL) Testosterone: 42 ng/dL (15-70 ng/dL) Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Combined oral contraceptive",
"B": "Increase levothyroxine dose",
"C": "Brain MRI",
"D": "Estradiol patch with oral medroxyprogesterone"
} | Estradiol patch with oral medroxyprogesterone | D |
A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with right knee pain. He woke last night with sudden-onset, sharp, 10/10 non-radiating pain in his right knee. He denies recent trauma and he has no known medical problems. He denies tobacco use and will often drink 6-8 beers or spirits on weekend nights. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Physical exam reveals an erythematous, edematous right knee. Passive extension of the knee is limited by pain. Synovial fluid aspiration is performed and sent for analysis, which reveals 20,000 leukocytes/mm^3, and no organisms visualized. Microscopic examination of synovial fluid is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Gout",
"B": "Septic arthritis",
"C": "Lyme arthritis",
"D": "Pseudogout"
} | Gout | A |
A 57-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for a headache. She was at home when a sudden headache began with greater severity than she had experienced in the past. She presented within 30 minutes of symptom onset. The patient has a medical history of sinusitis, constipation, diabetes, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Her current medications include fexofenadine, oral contraceptive pills, and metformin. She is currently taking amoxicillin for a sinus infection. She smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day and drinks 2-3 alcoholic beverages daily. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 187/118 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient is noted to be uncomfortable with the appearance shown in Figure A. Neurological exam reveals a confused woman who is now complaining of "seeing double." Cardiopulmonary exam reveals mild bibasilar crackles and tachycardia. Abdominal exam is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management? | {
"A": "MRI of the head",
"B": "Piperacillin-tazobactam",
"C": "Dexamethasone",
"D": "Amoxicillin-clavulinic acid"
} | Piperacillin-tazobactam | B |
A 29-year-old woman is recovering on the obstetrics floor after the vaginal delivery of 8-pound twin boys born at 42 weeks gestation. The patient is fatigued but states that she is doing well. Currently, she is complaining that her vagina hurts. The next morning, the patient experiences chills and a light red voluminous discharge from her vagina. She states that she feels pain and cramps in her abdomen. The patient's medical history is notable for diabetes which was managed during her pregnancy with insulin. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 107/68 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are obtained and shown below. Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Hematocrit: 36% Leukocyte count: 9,750/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 197,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 101 mEq/L K+: 4.2 mEq/L HCO3-: 23 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 111 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment for this patient? | {
"A": "Supportive therapy only",
"B": "Vancomycin and clindamycin",
"C": "Cefoxitin and doxycycline",
"D": "Vancomycin and gentamicin"
} | Supportive therapy only | A |
A 68-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider for dizziness. She often feels lightheaded and like she may “pass out” but never actually loses consciousness. She denies dyspnea on exertion or orthopnea. The patient had a myocardial infarction 6 months ago, and she now has multiple drug-eluting stents. Her ECG upon discharge from that hospitalization was normal. The patient has been taking all of her medications as instructed. Her medical history is otherwise significant for rheumatoid arthritis and migraines. Her home medications include methotrexate, atorvastatin, clopidogrel, and aspirin. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 118/75 mmHg, pulse is 92/min, and respirations are 12/min. On physical exam, she has an irregular heartbeat with normal cardiac sounds. Her abdomen is non-distended and she has mild lower extremity edema. Her current ECG can be seen in Figure A. Which component of the cardiac conduction system is most likely affected in this patient? | {
"A": "Bundle branches",
"B": "Bundle of His",
"C": "Atrioventricular node",
"D": "Sinoatrial node"
} | Atrioventricular node | C |
A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with increased fatigue and changes in his vision. For the past month, he has felt abnormally tired and today noticed his vision is blurry. The patient also endorses increased sweating at night and new-onset headaches. He currently feels dizzy. The patient has a medical history of diabetes and hypertension. His current medications include insulin, metformin, and lisinopril. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. A cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. HEENT exam reveals non-tender posterior and anterior chain lymphadenopathy. Abdominal exam reveals splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. There are large, non-tender palpable lymph nodes in the patient's inguinal region. A neurological exam is notable for decreased sensation in the patient's hands and feet. He also complains of numbness and tingling pain in his extremities that has been persistent during this time. The dermatologic exam is notable for multiple bruises on his upper and lower extremities. Which of the following is most likely to be abnormal in this patient? | {
"A": "IgA and IgG",
"B": "Calcium",
"C": "T-cells",
"D": "IgM"
} | IgM | D |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician’s office for a well-child visit. The parents have no concerns at this time and note he is starting to run around and speak in 3-word sentences. He has no remarkable medical history and his mother had an uncomplicated full-term pregnancy and delivery. He is appropriately meeting the developmental milestones for his age. The patient’s temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 96/52 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 25/min. He is in the 55th percentile for height and 62nd percentile for weight, which is consistent with his documented growth curves. Fundoscopic exam shows the finding in Figure A. His pediatrician continues the ocular examination and further notes that the pupils are equal, round, and reactive, extraocular movements are full, and ocular alignment appears normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Reevaluation at the next well-child visit",
"B": "Biopsy",
"C": "Genetic testing",
"D": "Ophthalmology referral"
} | Ophthalmology referral | D |
A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department after he developed pain in his right leg after landing off a ski jump. The patient is otherwise healthy and does not take any medications. He states his pain is 10/10. He is requesting medications and is crying out in pain. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 149/85 mmHg, pulse is 103/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals swelling over his right leg and knee. The patient cries out in pain with passive motion of the foot at the ankle. A radiograph is performed as seen in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Patellar fracture",
"B": "Apophysitis of the tibial tubercle",
"C": "Posterior dislocation of the knee",
"D": "Tibial plateau fracture"
} | Tibial plateau fracture | D |
A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with skin lesions. He felt itchy recently, then noticed skin lesions that broke out prompting him to come to the emergency department. He recently went camping and hiking in the woods. The patient drinks 1-2 beers per day and smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day. He is currently sexually active with multiple partners and does not use condoms. The patient was discharged 1 week ago for pneumonia which was treated with azithromycin; however, he feels that his symptoms may be returning. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals the findings in Figure A on the patient's arm. The skin lesions are thick and do not break when pressure is applied. Which of the following most appropriately describes the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "IgG in a fish-net pattern",
"B": "Type IV hypersensitivity reaction",
"C": "Linear IgG along the basement membrane",
"D": "Multi-nucleated giant cells"
} | Linear IgG along the basement membrane | C |
A 37-year-old woman presents to her physician for mood changes and recent falls over the course of 3 months. She feels more irritable with her husband and children and does not find pleasure in creating art anymore. Over the last 2 weeks, she has been sleeping approximately 5 hours a night and had a fall while walking in her home with the lights off. She denies any head trauma or loss of consciousness associated with the fall. She has a medical history of generalized anxiety disorder and hypothyroidism for which she takes escitalopram and levothyroxine. She had a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 5 years ago. She has been in a monogamous relationship with her husband for the last 15 years and uses a copper intrauterine device. Physical examination is notable for a depressed affect. Pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation. She has 4/5 strength in the bilateral lower extremities and brisk patellar reflexes. Which of the following is most likely the cause of this patient's symptoms? | {
"A": "Subtherapeutic levothyroxine dose",
"B": "Reduced functional parietal cell count",
"C": "Reduced central nervous system dopamine and serotonin",
"D": "Poor iron absorption"
} | Reduced functional parietal cell count | B |
A 51-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of fever and a cough with yellow-green sputum for the past 3 days. He denies any hemoptysis, facial pain, rhinorrhea, or night sweats. The patient reported similar symptoms 2 months ago. Chest radiograph performed at the time was notable for a right middle lobe consolidation. He was diagnosed with lobar pneumonia and completed a 7-day course of antibiotics with complete resolution of his symptoms. He has no other significant medical history and does not take any medications. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes a day for 35 years and drinks 3 beers per week. He is sexually active with his wife. His temperature is 101.7°F (38.7°C), blood pressure is 127/85, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 22/min. Physical exam is notable for decreased breath sounds on the right side without wheezing and increased dullness to percussion on the right side. A chest radiograph is ordered and reveals a consolidation in the right middle lobe. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | {
"A": "Interferon-gamma release assay",
"B": "CT of the chest without contrast",
"C": "Barium swallow",
"D": "Serum immunoglobulin levels"
} | CT of the chest without contrast | B |
A 33-year-old man presents to the emergency department after slamming his finger in the car door 5 hours ago. He initially experienced pain which is currently well controlled with acetaminophen. The patient is otherwise healthy and does not take any medications. His temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 123/79 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A. A radiograph of the affected digits shows a smooth cortex without disruption of the bone. Which of the following is the most appropriate management for this patient? | {
"A": "Fingernail removal",
"B": "Trephination",
"C": "Excision and histological examination",
"D": "Operative repair"
} | Trephination | B |
A 69-year-old man presents to clinic due to shortness of breath, worsening pain in his right shoulder, and episodes of hemoptysis. His symptoms began 3 months ago. He has also lost 18 pounds. He has a history of coronary artery disease and underwent an uncomplicated coronary angioplasty with stent placement 2 years ago. He routinely travels both domestically and internationally as a senior shipyard worker and has a 30-pack-year smoking history. He used to drink 4 cocktails a week. He has not smoke or drank alcohol in over 7 years. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.7°C), blood pressure is 140/60 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, and respirations are 13/min. Physical exam is notable for right pupillary constriction as well as paresthesias in his right fourth and fifth digits. There is no pain with active shoulder rotation. His chest imaging is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the patient’s symptoms? | {
"A": "Lung adenocarcinoma",
"B": "Mesothelioma",
"C": "Rotator cuff tendinopathy",
"D": "Tuberculosis"
} | Lung adenocarcinoma | A |
A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. He was running a marathon but became confused halfway through the race. He arrives unable to coherently answer questions and is not sure where he is. He has a history of a seizure disorder. His temperature is 105°F (40.6°C), blood pressure is 116/68 mmHg, pulse is 167/min, respirations are 29/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals a confused man who is moving all 4 extremities and is protecting his airway. During the exam, he develops a tonic-clonic seizure, which lasts 1 minute and then terminates on its own. The patient is given intravenous fluids, and basic laboratory studies are drawn and pending. A urine dipstick is positive for red blood cells. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on laboratory testing? | {
"A": "Hyponatremia",
"B": "Hyperkalemia",
"C": "Hyperuricemia",
"D": "Hypocalcemia"
} | Hypocalcemia | D |
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for worsening symptoms of previously diagnosed acute sinusitis. Initially, the pediatrician prescribed decongestants and sent the patient home. Since then, the patient has developed a nasal discharge with worsening pain. The patient has a medical history of asthma which is well-controlled with albuterol. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/48 mmHg, pulse is 124/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. Inspection of the patient's nose reveals a unilateral purulent discharge mixed with blood. The rest of the patient's exam is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | {
"A": "Foreign body obstruction",
"B": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma",
"C": "Bleeding and infected vessel of Kiesselbach plexus",
"D": "Septal perforation"
} | Foreign body obstruction | A |
A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department for weight loss and abdominal pain. The patient has felt steadily more fatigued over the past month and has lost 22 pounds without effort. Today, he fainted prompting his presentation. The patient has no significant medical history. He does have a 33-pack-year smoking history and drinks 4 to 5 alcoholic drinks per day. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 100/58 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient is very thin and appears pale. Stool fecal occult blood testing is positive. A CT scan of the abdomen is performed demonstrating a mass in the colon with multiple metastatic lesions scattered throughout the abdomen. The patient is informed of his diagnosis of metastatic colon cancer. When the patient conveys the information to his family, he focuses his efforts on discussing the current literature in the field and the novel therapies that have been invented. He demonstrates his likely mortality outcome which he calculated using the results of a large multi-center study. Which of the following is this patient most likely demonstrating? | {
"A": "Intellectualization",
"B": "Pessimism",
"C": "Rationalization",
"D": "Optimism"
} | Intellectualization | A |
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