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I am a high school student and am not able to understand the reason behind the direction of deflection of the needle of a compass due to electric current.
When the compass is placed over the current-carrying wire which is going from south to north, the magnetic field lines because of the wire would be from west to east(According to the right hand thumb rule). So the north pole would be towards the west and south pole would be towards the east. A compass always points towards the geographic north pole i.e the magnetic south pole. So, the compass should point towards the south pole of this magnetic field i.e east. But according to the "Ampere's swimming rule/SNOW rule" the magnetic needle should point towards the west.
Can someone explain the reason behind this? Or in general, the reason behind the deflection of a compass? | <urn:uuid:707cb3f8-ee5b-48be-bb31-4ee7a5239286> | {
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Python string definition
A string in Python is a sequence of characters. It is a derived data type. Strings are immutable. This means that once defined, they cannot be changed. Many Python methods, such as replace(), join(), or split() modify strings. However, they do not modify the original string. They create a copy of a string that they modify and return to the caller.
Python string literals
Python strings can be created with single quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes. When we use triple quotes, strings can span several lines without using the escape character.
#pythonprogrammingforbeginners #pythonprogrammingintroandadvanced#pythonlanguageintroduction#pythontutorialforbeginners #pythontutorialtelugu#pythontutorial #pythontutorials #pythontutorialforbeginners #pythontutorialsroadtounover3 #pythontutorialvideos | <urn:uuid:07efa015-d34b-4b0c-8ea4-f78515b6a79a> | {
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A comparative Review of the Shinto and Buddhist Architectural Model
The important characteristics of civilization as regards historical evaluation of any region in the world can be shown to have a strict close relation with the architectural ideologies peculiar to that region. On the other hand, these ideologies are based on religious as well socioeconomic factors. These factor are the only required parameters for the adequate demonstration of cultural interactions, shared social values, and common political beliefs. A good instance of these facts and findings is portrayed in the Japans religious architectures such as the Buddhist temple architecture.
The Buddhist temples were built in a manner that depicts some sort of comprehensive interaction between Japan and the East Asian mainland. Thus, one can easily notice some striking similarities in the temple designs of China and Japan. Buddhism was inherited from India during the 6th century BCE ( Before Common Era ). It first gained popularity into multi-ethnic populations in China and was widely revered owing to its appealing virtue to which carried along the entire populace.
Its doctrine stresses that personal salvation is ultimately attainable if one can afford to deny himself some strong materialistic desires in oder to attain a strong interpersonal relationship with the deity. Furthermore, the influence of Buddhist structural designs to Japanese architecture can be traced to the 6th century Korean and Chinese temple design. These temples were built in dedication to the worship of Buddha. The compounds are characterized by several buildings, which were built for the sole purpose of housing Buddhist monks and so on. These buildings include the main hall or pagoda as well as the lecture hall.
It also exists in a bell tower, the dormitory, the dining hall and a storehouse for sutras. Japanese architecture is essentially categorized into four basic architectural modeling foundations influenced by the Buddhist architecture, the Shinto architecture, the Design concept and Modern architecture. The Shinto architecture whose traditional purpose was to serve as a shrine for “Shinto” is characterized by the presence of a shinden popularly known as “honden” or sanctuary. The Japanese national spirit (i. e. ancestral worship) is believed to be symbolically attached to this architectural model.
Thus, the number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be about one hundred thousand. The Shinto architecture in greatly characterized by a common belief, based upon the existence or presence of deities. “Shintoism is the belief that a kami (deity) lives in practically every natural object ranging from volcanoes and mountains, to waterfalls, rocks and trees. The kami is kept in Shinto shrines and are where people can worship”. 1 The organization of Shinto shrines is a direct function of the nature of the surroundings in which it is to be located.
Pairs of lion-like statues known as komainu in front of the main halls or the gates are very common features of these shrines. Traditional and General Perception of the Buddhist and Shinto Architecture Japanese locals are commonly known as faithful observers of the traditional rites of both the Shinto and Buddhist religions. Thus, the Shinto shrines for instance, are very common sites for hosting local festivals such as traditional wedding and funeral ceremonies, even if the couple were basically a Christians. This is the Japanese spirit as was earlier mentioned.
The above fact reveals that Shinto and Buddhist beliefs are no doubt a general way of life among Japanese and consequently influence their judgments as well as ideologies in all aspects of life, including their contemporary belief system, arts, traditional architecture, and garden design (including flower arrangements or ikebana). Other instances of the above facts are evident in such common Japanese practices as the use of wooden chopsticks for eating food, removing shoes before the entrance of buildings, and cultural festivals such as traditional wrestling ceremonies.
Thesis Statement The average contemporary Japanese architecture can be shown to derive its basic structural designs from the fifteenth century Buddhist designs that created delicate residential places, which include a complex roof structure and timber frame built to span large spaces thereby creating the physical framework for simple clean floor plans. This is a direct derivation of the both Shinto and Buddhist beliefs, which demands the reverence of nature. Thus, the contemporary Japanese home have certain peculiarity in terms of interior architectural decorations.
Hence, they are always found to have tatami mats, shoji panels and small private garden, which came partly from the architectural patterns of the Daimyo rulers in designing spaces for enjoying nature and the simple pleasure of sharing a bowl of tea. As a statement of thesis, one can therefore infer that these homes and their surroundings are basically designed to accommodate social gatherings of various kinds. Thus, it can easily be noted that the traditional Japanese architectural design have little or no provision for private spaces.
This aspect of the design is in fact a unique identity that is championed by most of Japan’s traditional architects. Conceptual Evaluation of the Buddhist and Shinto Models of Architecture With the introduction of Buddhism which basically had its origin in India and china, Japan adopted an architectural pattern which owes its peculiarity to the Chinese religious temple designs. This pattern of architecture was used widely and the emulation continued throughout the eight century. This Chinese pattern of architecture also has a lot of influence on Shinto shrine architecture.
Thus it used the Gardner Chinese styles of the Buddhist temples. Eventually the integration of Shinto and Buddhist temples were introduced into one complex architectural design. Thus, the architectural designs found in today’s Japanese homes reveal some elements of Buddhist and Shinto architectural patterns. Historical Evaluation After the introduction of Buddhism in Japan in the year 538, there came an influx of architects based in the Korean peninsula. These architects uniquely demonstrated new techniques that reflected Buddhist architectural style of designs.
The influence of such foreign architectural ideologies continued and is usually categorized into various eras including Nara period (710-794), and Muromachi period (1333-1573). These are discussed in greater details below. Common Norms and Values correlating the Structural Designs It was mentioned earlier that both Buddhism and Shintoism share a common value for nature. Thus, their architectural designs are both characterized by the provision of gardens and other nature outfits. Thus the temples are always characterized by the a remarkable display of natures beauty.
Both religions also tries to covey several messages of spirituality to both members and prospective members. These messages are often portrayed using various artifacts which in most case are statues. The status may be used to convey various messages about the deities or about the holy sites and so on. Influences on the contemporary Japanese Architecture Architecture influences of the Nara period (710-794) are characterized by the Tang style whose basic nature included stable and balanced proportions. The design laid much emphasis on structure than ornamentation.
The lecture hall of Toshodaiji, a temple in Nara, is one of the finest representations of this style. The perfection of the shoin-zukuri style as a domestic architecture was witnessed during the Muromachi period (1333-1573). The style is the predecessor of the style of the contemporary Japanese architectural designs, which are characterized by tatami mats forming floor coverings. Japan is the one of the world’s leading economies and many who have no yet visited the region may start to wonder if modernization has left any visual remains of the traditional architectural design for which it is usually known for.
It is thus interesting to know that In spite of vast modern transformation, Japanese architectural traditions are far from being completely eradicated. Thus , there is are still preserved culture s such as those which are typical of most Asian countries and which include the removal shoes before the entrance of a home. This practice is widespread even to some Westernized homes. “The Meiji Restoration in 1868 introduced modern architectural techniques to Japan, but there was a reversal in this trend in the 1880’s with an outcry for more Asian models.
Change was reiterated after World War I, when architects like Frank Lloyd Wright and Bruno Taut came to Japan, a reassessment of traditional Japanese architecture took place”. 2 Efforts to unite traditional and contemporary architectural ideologies continued after World War II, thus, there were such designs as those of Tange Kenzo’s design of the Yoyogi National Stadium Located in Tokyo. Kenzo who is considered one of Japans greatest pioneer of modern architecture, managed to blend traditional architecture with advances scientifically and technologically.
Japan today faces huge architectural challenges. The biggest challenge has now shifted from the mere struggle to preserve its architectural traditions in the face of modernity to the preservation of massive infrastructural destruction such as those caused by earthquake and other natural disasters. Thus trying to raise buildings that will resist these constraints is a steady challenge. However, the technological advancements for which Japan is known for has afforded it the ability to overcome most of these challenges.
Thus, Japan is Known to have used the latest earthquake technology at the time they built their first skyscraper in 1968, the Kasumigaseki Building. After this successful feat, other skyscrapers soon followed. Critical Analysis and Conclusion As mentioned earlier, Japanese architecture is essentially categorized into four basic architectural modeling foundations influenced by the Buddhist architecture, the Shinto architecture, the Design concept and Modern architecture.
The modern design concept seems to be faced with the stiffest challenges as compared to the previous eras of architectural development. This is because it fights several wars which include; efforts to preserve the cultural norms and values entailed in the traditional architectural designs of the Buddhist and Shinto religion, efforts to preserve nature which is a common reverence of an average Japanese society, and finally efforts to apply the best scientific approach to erect structures that will not be prone to attack from natural forces of disaster such as earthquakes.
End Notes 1. http://www. asianinfo. org/asianinfo/japan/architecture. htm 2. Ibid. Bibliography Hartz, P. Shinto; World Religions Facts on File. 1997 Picken, D. B. Japan’s Spiritual Roots. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 1980 Reader, I. Simple Guide To Shinto. England: Global Books, Ltd. 1998 Sokyo, O. Shinto, The Kami’s Way. Rutland, V. T: Charles E. Tuttle. 1995Sample Essay of PaperDon.com | <urn:uuid:79c2f18f-2a1a-4292-8ba0-25a607679f5f> | {
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On June 17, 1890, Emile Kinst patented the ball-bat, or banana bat. The bat is shaped with a curve, hence the name banana bat. The creator of the bat, Kinst wrote: "The object of my invention is to provide a ball-bat which shall produce a rotary or spinning motion of the ball in its flight to a higher degree than is possible with any present known form of ball-bat, and thus to make it more difficult to catch the ball, or if caught, to hold it, and thus further to modify the conditions of the game".
Fungo bats are typically only used by coaches, to consistently place grounders and pop flies to their fielders for practice purposes. And with a fungo bat in their hands, some coaches can pull off wicked accuracy – as one story goes, the late California Angels player and coach Jimmie Reese once shot an 82 on an 18-hole golf course using nothing but a putter and a fungo bat.
If your high school or travel team has at least two coaches, you can use what Bates calls a two-fungo drill. One coach can hit to third and second, while the other hits to short and first. If catchers are finished working with the pitchers, they can feed balls to the fungo hitters. The idea is for the third baseman to practice turning a 5-4-3, with the first baseman moving up toward second base about 60 feet instead of 90, with a net behind him to catch overthrows. The shortstop works on throwing across on 6-3s.
Many players "bone" their bats, meaning that before games, they rub their bats repeatedly with a hard object, believing this closes the pores on the wood and hardens the bat. Animal bones are a popular boning material, but rolling pins, soda bottles and the edge of a porcelain sink have also been used. Pete Rose had his own way of hardening his bats: he soaked them in a tub of motor oil in his basement then hung them up to dry.
There are limitations to how much and where a baseball player may apply pine tar to a baseball bat. According to Rule 1.10(c) of the Major League Baseball Rulebook, it is not allowed more than 18 inches up from the bottom handle. An infamous example of the rule in execution is the Pine Tar Incident on July 24, 1983. Rules 1.10 and 6.06 were later changed to reflect the intent of Major League Baseball, as exemplified by the league president's ruling. Rule 1.10 now only requires that the bat be removed from the game if discovered after being used in a game; it no longer necessitates any change to the results of any play which may have taken place. Rule 6.06 refers only to bats that are "altered or tampered with in such a way to improve the distance factor or cause an unusual reaction on the baseball. This includes, bats that are filled, flat-surfaced, nailed, hollowed, grooved or covered with a substance such as paraffin, wax, etc." It no longer makes any mention of an "illegally batted ball". In 2001, MLB approved the use of Gorilla Gold Grip Enhancer in major and minor league games as an alternative to pine tar.
Prepping for baseball season requires not only discipline and hard work, but also the right gear. Because there are multiple parts to the game in fielding, pitching and batting, using the right equipment is vital to finding success within them all. In order to help you find success in every facet of the game, we select the best brands to carry including, but definitely not limited to Easton, Rawlings, Wilson, Louisville Slugger, and Mizuno. Every player has his own preferences when it comes to a glove, bat, and cleats and that's why it's so important to have not only a vast array of brands and styles within each piece of equipment, but also a Guide on How to Shop for Baseball that helps players or parents discover which glove, bat, and other equipment is the right choice.
As to who created the first ever fungo, baseball fans may never know. The word fungoes and fungo batting have been referenced since the early 1800's, but nobody has been able to pinpoint the original source. Baseball fans and historians both agree that the creator of the first ever fungo is somewhat of a mystery. Here at JustBats, we may not know who created the first ever fungo, but we are sure glad that they did!
First-base coach Daryl Boston has been working Palka with fungo drills. — Phil Thompson, chicagotribune.com, "Yoan Moncada has untapped power from right side, Rick Renteria says," 23 May 2018 While the Angels took infield before the Texas finale Wednesday, Ohtani stood by the cage with a bat in his hand waiting for BP near where Scioscia was hitting fungo to some infielders. — Stephen Hawkins, chicagotribune.com, "Shohei Ohtani eager for more as Angels balance work for 2-way star," 12 Apr. 2018 And dad liked to take us to Lincoln Park and hit fungos to my twin brother, Javier, and me. — John Hickey, The Mercury News, "Adam and Will Rosales proselytize for baseball," 11 Apr. 2017 Since then, his only baseball activity has been hitting one-handed fungos to teammates in ground ball practice. — Nick Groke, The Denver Post, "Colorado skipper Bud Black faces the Padres with a new perch; Rockies still scanning Desmond, Dahl and Murphy," 10 Apr. 2017
Fungo bats are, simply put, a long, skinny, and lightweight baseball bat used for fielding practice. Typically, they are around 34 to 37 inches in length and between 17 and 24 ounces in weight, give or take a couple of ounces. They will also almost always feature a 2 1/4 inch barrel diameter to allow for more control during a swing. As you can tell, fungo bats are longer than a normal baseball bat and much more lightweight in comparison. Most fungo bats are going to be made up of ash wood while there are some maple and bamboo wood fungo bats, some composite wood fungo bats, and very few aluminum alloy fungo bats. Almost all of these designs will be under $100 with very few eclipsing that mark.
As I had previously mentioned, the amount of teaching points is limitless. The length of the game will really depend on how often you stop the action in order to discuss points related to base running, backing up throws, fielding techniques, and etc. If you have assistant coaches, have them distributed throughout the field in order to help with certain teaching points on the spot, thus eliminating full stoppages of the game. Now get out there and start putting the “FUN” back into fungo. I know that’s pretty corny, but I couldn’t help myself 🙂
It is not clear why pregame infield fell out of favor in the majors. Today, coaches hit balls to infielders and outfielders during batting practice. Most players go at it leisurely, lobbing balls back in or across the diamond. That rankles old-school players like Jerry Kindall, a former major league infielder who coached Arizona to three N.C.A.A. titles before retiring in 1996.
Even without a 100-mile per hour fastball barreling toward you, safety is paramount. Our helmet selection offers a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and colors to choose from. We also offer catcher’s gear, knee pads for home plate umpires, and other products to alleviate fatigue or the risk of injury. Our baseball equipment selection includes excellent training aids, such as batting tees, batting cages, pop-up hitting systems, professional pitching rubbers, mounds, contact training balls, pocket radars, and more.
Chris Coste, a former catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies who coaches at Division III Concordia, in Moorhead, Minn., agreed. “When baseball is every single day, you’ve got to do things differently,” he said. “In the big leagues, they get so many ground balls during batting practice that infield is more for the fans and more for the scouts and things like that. At this level, we need it, and we love doing it.”
The origin of the word "fungo" is unknown and argued upon as there are many possible options as to the origins of this unique word. It is assumed by many to be derived from the Scottish word fung meaning to pitch, toss, or fling. This would make sense, as fungo bats are designed to do just that. Or, the alternative to this origin is that fungo comes from 1937 where David Shulman, writer for the American Speech, said, "My guess is that the word, which is baseball slang, may be explained through the elements of a compound word, fun and go." Lastly, a third belief is that the word fungo comes from an old game, similar to that of baseball, where the players used to chant, "One go, two goes, fun goes." | <urn:uuid:251b93cc-c39e-4aca-83e0-d8dd4572efab> | {
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The natural world is a source of wonder and inspiration for children, providing countless opportunities for exploration, discovery, and learning. Montessori education recognizes the importance of connecting children with nature, and nature-inspired toys play a significant role in this endeavor.
From animal puzzles to plant-growing kits, Montessori toys celebrate the beauty and diversity of the natural world while fostering a deeper connection with nature.
In this blog post, we will explore the benefits of nature-inspired toys in Montessori play and how they can spark a lifelong appreciation for the wonders of nature.
Animal Puzzles: Discovering the Animal Kingdom
Montessori animal puzzles introduce children to the fascinating world of wildlife. These puzzles often feature realistic animal figures that children can fit into corresponding spaces on puzzle boards.
By manipulating the puzzle pieces, children engage with different animal species, develop spatial awareness, and learn about the characteristics and habitats of various animals.
Benefits of Animal Puzzles
Animal puzzles stimulate cognitive skills such as problem-solving, visual-spatial awareness, and logical thinking as children complete the puzzles.
Animal puzzles offer opportunities for language development as children learn the names of different animals, their features, and associated vocabulary.
Fine Motor Skills
Manipulating puzzle pieces and fitting them into the correct spaces enhances fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and dexterity.
Animal puzzles foster a sense of wonder and curiosity about the animal kingdom, encouraging children to appreciate and respect the natural world.
Plant-Growing Kits: Nurturing a Green Thumb
Montessori plant-growing kits provide children with hands-on experiences in cultivating and caring for plants. These kits typically include seeds, pots, soil, and gardening tools, allowing children to observe the growth process and learn about plant life cycles. By nurturing plants, children develop responsibility, patience, and a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of nature.
Benefits of Plant-Growing Kits
Plant-growing kits introduce children to basic scientific principles as they observe and experiment with plant growth, soil, and environmental factors.
Children engage their senses by touching the soil, feeling the texture of plant leaves, and observing the colors and scents associated with different plants.
Responsibility and Empathy
Caring for plants in a plant-growing kit fosters a sense of responsibility and empathy towards living organisms, teaching children the importance of nurturing and respecting nature.
Plant-growing kits promote awareness of the environment, sustainability, and the role of plants in our ecosystem.
Patience and Delayed Gratification
Growing plants requires patience and an understanding of delayed gratification, as children observe and wait for the plants to grow and flourish.
Nature-inspired toys in Montessori play provide children with an opportunity to connect with the natural world, fostering a sense of wonder, curiosity, and respect for the environment. Animal puzzles introduce children to the diversity of wildlife, while plant-growing kits nurture their understanding of plant life cycles and the importance of caring for living organisms.
By incorporating nature-inspired toys into playtime, parents and educators can cultivate a deep appreciation for the natural world in children. As children engage with animal puzzles and plant-growing kits, they develop cognitive skills, fine motor abilities, scientific inquiry, environmental awareness, and a lifelong love for nature.
Let the wonders of the natural world come alive through the joy of Montessori play. Explore animal habitats, witness the growth of plants, and foster a deeper connection with the beauty and diversity of nature. Embrace the transformative power of nature-inspired toys and nurture a generation of children who appreciate, respect, and protect our precious natural resources. | <urn:uuid:548d57b2-416c-4edf-bae0-2fa4987bfb3f> | {
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A group of raccoons is commonly referred to as a "gaze" or a "nursery." The term "gaze" comes from the fact that raccoons are curious creatures that often gaze around their surroundings to investigate new things. A "gaze" of raccoons can consist of several individuals, and they may gather together for various reasons, such as foraging or mating.
The term "nursery" is used to describe a group of female raccoons that are raising their young together. Raccoons are known for their maternal instincts and will often form these groups to help care for their young. A "nursery" of raccoons can consist of several females and their young, and they may stay together until the young are old enough to fend for themselves.
Raccoons are social animals that often form groups, although they are generally not as social as other animals such as wolves or primates. In addition to gazes and nurseries, raccoons may also form temporary groups when they gather together to forage for food in a particular area.
While raccoons may be cute and curious animals, it's important to remember that they are wild animals and should be treated with caution. Raccoons can carry diseases such as rabies and may become aggressive if they feel threatened or cornered.
In summary, a group of raccoons is commonly referred to as a "gaze" or a "nursery." The term "gaze" comes from their curious nature, while "nursery" is used to describe a group of females raising their young together. Raccoons are social animals that may form temporary groups when foraging for food, but they should always be approached with caution as they are wild animals. | <urn:uuid:8d4d4a73-6827-4835-87b6-e8835490997a> | {
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Dysfunction in sociology refers to a situation when something does not contribute positively to the maintenance of society and instead causes disharmony.
For example, when a family becomes abusive (instead of providing love & care), then it is said to be dysfunctional. Social dysfunctions can have various causes, but they primarily arise because society is unable to fulfill the needs of all its members.
This may be because of a lack of resources, unequal distribution, and unawareness about members’ issues. Let us discuss the concept in more detail and look at some examples.
Definition of Dysfunction in Sociology
John Scott defines dysfunction as a term used to:
“deal with tensions in the social system. Something is dysfunctional if it inhibits or disrupts the working of the system as a whole or another part of the system.”
Scott gives the example of teenage anomie disrupting the labor and education markets. The concept of functions & dysfunctions was popularized by Robert K. Merton as part of his functional analysis.
As per Merton, each system in a society has a specific function and is associated with other systems—all of these rely upon each other. When these systems work together properly, it leads to social stability.
In contrast, dysfunction refers to a situation when one or more systems do not function properly, leading to social instability. Merton made a distinction between manifest and latent functions/dysfunctions, deriving the adjectives from Freud.
Manifest functions/dysfunctions are deliberate and known, that is, they have intended consequences. On the other hand, latent functions/dysfunctions are unintended and may go unnoticed by many.
For example, poor urban planning may lead to manifest dysfunction of overcrowding and sanitation problems. However, it can also lead to latent dysfunction, such as an increased crime rate due to higher population density (which gives more opportunities for crime).
Examples of Social Dysfunction
- Domestic Abuse: The family is the basic unit of society, but it can become dysfunctional due to various reasons such as domestic abuse, alcoholism, etc. Children from such families are more likely to face difficulties at school, engage in substance abuse, and suffer from mental health issues. They are also more prone to committing crimes (Bertrand, 1962). Such families not only impact their members but also the larger society by putting greater strain on other institutions (social welfare, law enforcement, etc.). So, it is crucial for a society to deal with family dysfunction.
- Inefficient Bureaucracy: Although bureaucracy helps to ensure accountability & fairness in decision-making, it often leads to inefficiency. Bureaucracy is an organization characterized by a well-defined hierarchy & procedures. The purpose of a government bureaucracy is to enable people to gain access to essential services. However, the strict formality of bureaucracy may make this process incredibly long and difficult, making it almost impossible for people to acquire the services (Fallding, 1963).
- Shortage of Jobs: A poor job market is a dysfunction that affects the entire society. People who are unable to find work will face financial difficulties, and their poverty will lead to other consequences like hunger, homelessness, etc. This also increases the crime rate, as unemployed people may also resort to criminal activities for making ends meet (Fallding). A poor job market also affects those who have jobs: they may be inadequately paid and overworked, which can lead to significant stress.
- Poor Urban Planning: Poor urban planning can lead to latent dysfunctions such as increased crime rates. Urban planning refers to the process of designing the physical and social aspects of cities. When done improperly, it can lead to several problems. For example, urban sprawl occurs when cities expand outward into semi-urban areas; this increases transportation costs & may make essential services unavailable for many. Poor urban planning can also lead to overcrowding, and denser populations are more prone to criminal activities.
- Closing of Small Businesses: The closing of small businesses is another example of a latent dysfunction. Suppose a major shopping mall opens in an area. Now, the surrounding small businesses may not be able to compete with the strong brands of the mall and may be driven out of business (Merton, 1968). This also demonstrates how, even though some dysfunctions may benefit a few (the shopping mall stores in this case), they are usually quite harmful to a large part of society (the numerous small businesses).
- Crime: Crime is a type of societal dysfunction, meaning that it affects the entire society. Victims of crime may face physical harm, trauma, or financial losses, which can have long-lasting impacts on their life. Moreover, crime makes people feel unsafe in their communities, and this fear can undermine social cohesion. It also leads to latent dysfunctions, such as higher pressure on social institutions (law enforcement, victim support services, etc.) and decreased property values. Besides crime, poverty, and substance abuse can also hurt communities on a large scale.
- social dysfunction examples and definitionBullying and racism are examples of interpersonal dysfunctions, meaning that they are problems occurring in the relationships between people. It is quite a common phenomenon in schools, where it can range from social (say, spreading rumors) bullying to physical violence. Racism is another widespread evil, with about 80% of African students experiencing racism in school (NASP). Both bullying and racism are built on power imbalances, and schools can tackle them through policy interventions and awareness programs.
- Lack of Community Relationships: While crime and substance abuse are serious large-scale issues, even without them, communities may be dysfunctional. Many people who live in suburban areas that are sparsely populated have lower levels of interaction with their neighbors, which leads to a lack of belongingness. Robert Putnam argues that social capital (network of relationships with people) is necessary for a community, but it has slowly been decreasing. As such, Americans are disengaging from civic & political participation, which is making the nation’s democracy weaker.
- Corruption: Corruption is a type of organizational dysfunction, meaning that it occurs due to the malfunctioning of an organization. It can occur in both government institutions and business organizations, taking various forms like bribery, embezzlement, extortion, etc. Brazil’s “Operation Car Wash” (2014) is a good example of a corruption scandal; it was a major bribery scheme that involved many high-ranking officials and ultimately led to the impeachment of the president. Corruption diverts resources away from productive uses, harms marginalized communities (by denying them services), and erodes public trust in government institutions.
- Ineffective Education: Education is the most important part of children’s lives, but when it is ineffective, it can lead to many negative impacts. Underfunding, overcrowding, and lack of resources (both teachers & physical equipment) can lead to dysfunctional schools. These schools fail to properly educate children, who, in the future, will struggle to get good jobs. Moreover, students studying here are more likely to engage in criminal activities and face mental health issues. Dysfunctional schools also exacerbate social inequality, as students from wealthy families move to private schools and get a competitive advantage in the future.
Types of Dysfunction
Dysfunctions can exist within intimate relationships or cover entire societies; their evaluation also depends on one’s perspective.
H.M. Johnson identified four types of dysfunctions:
- Societal Dysfunction: These issues affect the entire society. For example, war, poverty, crime, etc.
- Organizational Dysfunction: It occurs when an organization does not function properly. Examples include government inefficiency and corrupt business practices.
- Maladaptive Dysfunction: This dysfunction stops individuals and groups from adapting to their environments. They include crime, poverty, poor health, etc.
- Interpersonal Dysfunction: These take place on a smaller scale, within the personal relationships of people. They include domestic abuse, bullying, racism, etc.
It is important to recognize that social functions/dysfunctions are relative, meaning that their evaluation may depend on one’s perspective (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2009). Suppose a large mall opens in a neighborhood and drives out small businesses.
The retailers in the mall will enjoy more profits. However, this social dysfunction still harms more people than it benefits. By driving out small businesses, it leads to unemployment. Moreover, it also leads to homogenization, as customers now have fewer choices for shopping.
Conversely, social functions (which seem positive) may also hurt select groups. If the government decides to ban woodcutting, it may be beneficial for the environment. However, it may harm the poor inhabitants who depend on forest resources.
Social Dysfunction occurs when social institutions do not function properly and lead to the weakening of social stability.
Like functions, social dysfunctions can also be manifest (deliberate & known) or latent (hard to identify). An example of the former is an increased crime rate, which can cause physical harm and create fear. Latently, it will also lower property prices and pressurize social services.
Dysfunctions can be of various types, ranging from interpersonal to societal. Functions and dysfunctions can either be beneficial or harmful to specific groups.
Bertrand, A. L. (1962). “School attendance and attainment: Function and dysfunction of school and family social systems”. Social Forces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fallding, H. (1963). Functional analysis in sociology. American Sociological Review. London: SAGE Publications.
Johnson, H. M. (2013). Sociology: a systematic introduction. New York: Routledge.
Merton, R. K., & Merton, R. C. (1957). Social theory and social structure. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. E. (2009). Income inequality and social dysfunction. Annual review of sociology. Annual Reviews. | <urn:uuid:ae4c4343-e806-4563-a007-9544d874ee9d> | {
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Lake Washington is a large freshwater lake adjacent to the city of Seattle. It is the largest lake in King County and the second largest natural lake in the state of Washington, after Lake Chelan. It borders the cities of Seattle on the west, Bellevue and Kirkland on the east, Renton on the south and Kenmore on the north, and encloses Mercer Island. The lake is fed by the Sammamish River at its north end and the Cedar River at its south.
Lake Washington received its present name in 1854 after Thomas Mercer suggested it be named after George Washington, as the new Washington Territory had been named the year before. Prior names for Lake Washington have included the Duwamish name Xacuabš (Lushootseed: literally great-amount-of-water), as well as Lake Geneva, Lake Duwamish, and the Chinook jargon name, "Hyas Chuck," meaning, "Big Lake."
The lake provides great sport fishing opportunities. Some species found in this lake are Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Rainbow Trout, Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Yellow Perch, and Black Crappie.
A ribbon lake, Lake Washington is long, narrow and finger-like. Ribbon lakes are excavated by glaciers. As the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet flowed south near the end of the Late Pleistocene, it met bands of harder and softer rock. Erosion of the softer rock was faster and a linear depression was created in the flow direction. When the glacier melted, the lake filled with the meltwater, which was retained by moraine deposits. A dam can also be created by the bands of harder rock either side of the softer rock. There is usually a river at both ends of a ribbon lake, one being the inlet, and the other, the outlet—though in the case of present-day Lake Washington, inlet rivers are located at both ends, with a man-made outlet in the middle.
The main inflowing rivers are the Sammamish and Cedar Rivers. Prior to the construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916, the Sammamish was the primary source of water for Lake Washington. The creation of the ship canal lowered the water level of Lake Washington by 8 feet (2.5 m), which slightly increased the flow of the Sammamish River (seasonal changes in river flow were moderated by a weir at the Lake Sammamish outlet in 1964). As part of the ship canal project, the Cedar River was diverted into Lake Washington, and it is now the primary source of water for Lake Washington.
In addition, there are numerous small creeks and rivers which feed the lake, including:
Before construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916, Lake Washington's outlet was the Black River, which joined the Duwamish River and emptied into Elliott Bay. When the canal was opened the level of the lake dropped nearly nine feet (2.7 m). The canal to the Puget Sound became the lake's sole outlet, causing the Black River to dry up and disappear.
Concrete floating bridges are employed to span the lake because Lake Washington's depth and muddy bottom prevented the emplacement of the pilings or towers necessary for the construction of a causeway or suspension bridge. The bridges consist of hollow concrete pontoons that float atop the lake, anchored with cables to each other and to weights on the lake bottom. The roadway is constructed atop these concrete pontoons. Three floating bridges cross Lake Washington: the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (officially the SR 520 Albert D. Rosellini Evergreen Point Floating Bridge) carries State Route 520 from Seattle's Montlake neighborhood to Medina while the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and the Third Lake Washington Bridge (officially the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge) carry Interstate 90 from Seattle's Mount Baker neighborhood to Mercer Island. The East Channel Bridge carries Interstate 90 from Mercer Island to Bellevue. The Evergreen Point, Lacey V. Murrow, and Third Lake Washington bridges are the longest, second longest, and fifth longest floating bridges in the world, respectively.
Many questioned the wisdom of concrete floating bridge technology after the sinking of a portion of the Lacey V. Murrow bridge on November 25, 1990. However, a Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) investigation revealed that that incident resulted from the improper handling of hydrodemolition water being used during bridge renovations, rather than in any basic flaw in the bridge's concept or design. Concrete floating bridges continue to remain a viable means for the conveyance of vehicle traffic over Lake Washington.
In 1950, approximately one year after the tolls were removed from the Murrow bridge, the inland ferry system on the lake came to an end, having operated since the 1880s.
The cities and towns bordering the lake, going clockwise from the west, are Seattle, Lake Forest Park, Kenmore, Kirkland, Yarrow Point, Hunts Point, Medina, Bellevue, Beaux Arts Village, and Renton. The city of Mercer Island occupies the island of the same name, in the southern half of the lake.
Kenmore Air operates passenger seaplane service at Kenmore Air Harbor at the northern end of the lake.
Around 1900, Seattle began discharging sewage into Lake Washington. During the 1940s and 1950s, eleven sewage treatment plants were sending state-of-the-art treated water into the lake at a rate of 20 million gallons per day. At the same time, phosphate-based detergents came into wide-use. The lake responded to the massive input of nutrients by developing unpleasant blooms of noxious blue-green algae. The water lost its clarity, the desirable fish populations declined, and masses of dead algae accumulated on the shores of the lake. After significant pollution, the October 5, 1963 issue of the Post Intelligencer referred to the lake as "Lake Stinko". Citizen concern led to the creation of a system that diverted the treatment-plant effluents into nearby Puget Sound, where tidal flushing would mix them with open-ocean water. The diversion was complete by 1968, and the lake responded quickly. The algal blooms diminished, the water regained its clarity, and by 1975, recovery was complete. Careful studies by a group of limnologists from the University of Washington showed that phosphate was the culprit. Since then, Lake Washington has undergone major improvements, drastically improving the ecology and water quality, making the water twice as clear as it was in 1950. | <urn:uuid:d58241de-b974-4f3c-8bb4-b231fbbf1f81> | {
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by Staff Writers
Southampton UK (SPX) Apr 12, 2013
The first study of its kind to calculate the amount of nutrients entering and leaving the Arctic Ocean has been carried out by scientists based at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.
Their results, which are published this month in the Journal of Geophysical Research, show that there is a mismatch between what goes into the Arctic Ocean and what comes out.
This is the first study to look at the transport of dissolved inorganic nutrients nitrate, phosphate and silicate together, all of which are essential for life in the ocean. The study combined measurements of nutrient concentrations with measurements of how much water was transported across the main Arctic gateways - Davis Strait, Fram Strait, the Barents Sea Opening and Bering Strait - in summer 2005.
Growth of the tiny plants at the base of marine food chains, microalgae, in the Arctic Ocean is fuelled by nutrient inputs from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and from rivers around the Arctic Ocean rim.
These riverine inputs are increasing as a result of increasing temperatures, because nutrients previously locked up in frozen soils - or 'permafrost' - are being released as the permafrost thaws.
While scientists are trying to understand how this increase in nutrients is influencing the growth of Arctic microalgae, the final fate of the nutrients is also of interest because they may support marine ecosystems elsewhere, carried there by ocean currents.
In the study, the researchers looked at all oceanic inputs and outputs of the three nutrients. They found that the nitrate coming into the Arctic Ocean balanced how much goes out. But for silicate and phosphate, more goes out into the North Atlantic than comes into the Arctic Ocean.
"These findings have important implications," says Dr Sinhue Torres-Valdes of the National Oceanography Centre, lead author of the paper.
"Firstly, the imbalances indicate that the Arctic Ocean is an important source of phosphate and silicate to the North Atlantic. Secondly, while nitrate transports are balanced, in the Arctic large amounts of nitrogen are lost to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas through a process called denitrification."
So where do the extra nutrients come from?
"Data suggest that rivers can provide most of the silicate that is transported to the North Atlantic, which implies that further alterations on Arctic river nutrient loads will have a direct impact on nutrient transports to the Atlantic.
"In the case of nitrate and phosphate, no obvious sources seem to provide enough to offset the imbalance. We are therefore investigating the possibility that the extra nitrate and phosphate comes from dissolved organic matter - the decaying remains of microorganisms in the ocean and decaying remains from soils in river loads.
"We suggest that this work can serve as a baseline for monitoring how nutrient availability varies as the Arctic continues to respond to the changing climate," says Dr Torres-Valdes.
The study, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council as part of the International Polar Year project 'Arctic Synoptic Basin-wide Oceanography', was a collaboration between the National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Ocean and Earth Science, Institute of Ocean Sciences Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, and University of Alaska Fairbanks.
The paper 'Export of nutrients from the Arctic Ocean' was featured in Research Spotlight of EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union. Reference: Torres-Valdes, S., T. Tsubouchi, S. Bacon, A. C. Naveira-Garabato, R. Sanders, F. A. McLaughlin, B. Petrie, G. Kattner, K. Azetsu-Scott, and T. E. Whitledge (2013), Export of nutrients from the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans, 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20063
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (UK)
Beyond the Ice Age
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:ecd1b21d-0017-40d8-b22d-11e578978ac5> | {
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ASIA NEWS NETWORK
WE KNOW ASIA BETTER
Anne Frank and the Japanese psyche
Publication Date : 09-03-2014
In Fukuyama city, Hiroshima prefecture, stands the Holocaust Education Centre, the only such facility in this region and a place where Japanese children can find out about Jewish teenage war diarist Anne Frank.
In the centre stands a statue of Frank, one of two in Japan. Both are said to be the only ones in East Asia erected in the memory of the girl who became famous through a diary she kept while hiding from the Nazis in an attic in German-occupied Amsterdam during World War II.
She was later captured and died in a Nazi concentration camp.
Just how large Anne Frank looms in the Japanese psyche was highlighted last month when more than 300 copies of her diary and related books were found defaced in public libraries across Tokyo and nearby Yokohama, causing a public outcry and prompting government spokesman Yoshihide Suga to label the act "disgraceful".
The motive for the crime is unclear. Japan has no large Jewish settlement or any history of anti- Semitism.
The Tokyo police department has put its top investigators on the case but the criminal or criminals have yet to be found.
Some observers see the vandalism as a manifestation of the right-wing drift in Japanese society.
Perhaps it was not by coincidence that the bulk of the books were defaced around the time that officials of one southern Japanese city applied to Unesco (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) to place on the World Heritage list more than 200 farewell letters written by World War II kamikaze pilots before their suicide missions.
China has slammed the bid which, if accepted, would place the letters alongside other world heritage documents, including Anne Frank's diary.
Among the books with pages ripped out or sliced with a box cutter are a few about Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese diplomat also known as Japan's Schindler who helped 3,000 Jews to flee Lithuania, where he was based, to Japan during World War II.
But it is the destruction of books depicting the life of Anne Frank - the most famous of an estimated 1.5 million Jewish children who died in the Holocaust - that has shocked the public.
Even though many Japanese these days, especially the younger generation, know little about their country's wartime history, it is said that almost all Japanese have read about Anne Frank at some point in their lives.
The first Japanese translation of her diary appeared in 1952, after the end of the Allied Occupation, and even a year before it was published in Hebrew.
In 1953, the diary, originally written in Dutch, topped Japan's best-sellers' list.
Over the years, the country has produced many popular comic books and animated movies about Anne Frank.
Her popularity remains undiminished.
Every year, about 30,000 tourists from Japan visit the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam - her hiding place in World War II and now turned into a museum - outnumbering Israeli visitors.
One reason for the Japanese fascination with Anne Frank is that her story is taught in school.
As part of Japan's post-war "peace education", Japanese children were introduced to Anne Frank in civics classes as part of an attempt by the then powerful left-wing teachers' union to instil in children an opposition to war and violence.
Part-time college lecturer Yoshitaka Komatsu, 41, said: "I remember being made to write a book report after having to read her diary. I felt teachers were trying to make us see ourselves as victims of World War II just like Anne.
"There was little discussion in class of Japan as the aggressor. The lessons focused on the misery of atomic bomb victims, the tragedy of the air raids over Tokyo and stuff like that."
Surveyor Koichi Ito, 35, first learnt about Anne Frank through a comic book on world history.
He believes many Japanese feel a strong empathy for Anne Frank because they see themselves as victims of the war.
"But just because we do not see ourselves as aggressors, it does not necessarily mean that we support the war either," he stressed.
Yuzu Katane, 16, who first read about Anne Frank when she was nine years old, admires the Jewish girl's sensitivity to her surroundings. "Like me, she is also curious about things," said the high school student, who also hopes to visit the museum.
But experts say the story of Anne Frank resonates with the Japanese people because they have difficulty perceiving themselves as aggressors in the war although Japan was the invader that overran much of East Asia.
If anything, they see themselves as victims, particularly because of the two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki towards the end of the war. It is no accident that the Holocaust Centre is just 80km from the site where one of the bombs landed.
The difficulty Japan has in seeing itself as the aggressor is said to stem from the country's failure to pin the blame for the war on its leaders at the time.
Scholars said from the late wartime Emperor Hirohito, all the way down to the bureaucrats, no one admitted responsibility for the war.
Social scientist Kiyobumi Matsuo, who teaches at Aoyama Gakuin University, said: "Ordinary Japanese also believed that their loving fathers, husbands or sons who carried out atrocities in Asia were only performing their duty as citizens of Japan.
"They therefore could not see themselves as aggressors."
The fact that Anne Frank's story was set in Europe is believed to have helped secure her popularity in Japan.
"If her story had taken place in, say, Japan-occupied Singapore, even if her diary came to be widely read in the West after the war, a Japanese translation would probably not have appeared in Japan," said Professor Matsuo. | <urn:uuid:5a162358-b892-48b9-ad27-9b8076e59a75> | {
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By Lynne Ryder
Australian Apple Review Vol 4 No 3 PP32-33
Another topic which often causes difficulty for students, yet lends itself elegantly to the computer, is number bases. I am
including two short programs – the first written by one of my students, Sandi Steeple which generates numbers for bases less than 10, while the second comes from an old, but still very useful book, ‘Fifty Basic Exercises’ by Jean-Pierre Lamoiter (published by Sybex) and generates numbers for bases greater than 10. Both demonstrate how an understanding of computers and Basic can add clarity to some otherwise tedious topics.
Number systems are built upon some base number. For us this happens, by chance or by the fact that we are pentadactyl and have two hands, to be the number 10.
Counting in base ten requires little thought for most of us. We know that there are units, tens, hundreds and so on, but we don’t need to make the mental effort to think that the integer following 99will sequential- ly have a one, a zero and a zero – that it will no longer be in the tens and units, but now will spill over into hundreds.
This should have been instilled back in kindergarten but what we may not have learnt at the time is that units represent numbers multiplied by 10 to the power of zero, tens represent numbers multiplied by 10 to the power of 1, hundreds represent numbers multiplied by 10 to the power of 2, and so on again. For example, the number six thousand seven hundred and eighty nine is (and I’ll use A to signify ‘to the power of’ and * to signify ‘multiplied by’) 6*10^3plus 7*10^2 plus 8*10^1 plus 9*10^0.
When we look at other bases other than ten, our minds are less flexible. This is understandable because we need to make some translations. The common question such as ‘What is 51 base 5?’,requires thought in base 5 while working with base 10 conventions. A more fruitful method is to first introduce counters of some description, physically set up ‘columns’ and then share the counters into the columns. Following some hands on, the same logic can be applied as for the base 10 numbers; 51 in base 5 equals, 2*5^2 plus0*5^1 plus 1*5^0, or put another way, it equals (201) base 5.
But why look at bases in the first place? Obviously a knowledge of bases is not essential to count in our number system. But, unlike subjects such as ancient history, different base number systems reused all around us in everyday life. The nearest example is the Apple in front of me. The machine works in binary (base 2) for all its processing, while if I were to go into the monitor and enter machine code, it would be in hex or base 16. If you have access to an Apple now and have the ] prompt, type CALL -151 and hit RETURN several times. What you see is hex.
The two programs following considerably simplify the thought processes when determining what decimal numbers will be in a number of different bases. This is a very interesting area, so let your students have a try at programming before showing them these two of the many alternatives possible.
10 HOME : VTAB 4 20 PRINT "This program will convert a range of" 30 PRINT "numbers to base N, where 2 <=N< 10" 40 DIM A(15) 50 B$ = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMN" 60 PRINT "The new base"; 70 INPUT B 80 PRINT "First and last number to convert" 90 INPUT F, L 100 FOR I = F TO L 110 PRINT 120 GOSUB 210 130 REM PRINT A TABLE ENTRY 140 PRINT I; TAB (6); 150 FOR D = J TO 1 STEP -1 160 PRINT MID$ (B$, A (D) + 170 NEXT D 180 NEXT I 190 STOP 200 REM BASE CONVERSION SUBROUTINE 210 I1 = I 220 J = 1 230 Q = INT (I1/B) 240 R = I1 - Q * B 250 I1 = Q 260 A (J) = R 270 J = J + 1 280 IF Q > = B THEN 230 290 A (J) = Q 300 RETURN 310 END | <urn:uuid:cccbbdf2-c10f-4d1f-94cd-fc66a366cb2f> | {
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What is the smallest living thing in the ocean?
The smallest living things from the plant kingdom living in our oceans are single-celled green algae. These tiny cousins of the redwood tree can be measured at 5 micrometers or less, about five times larger than marine bacteria but still quite small.
What is the smallest living animal on earth?
The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), also known as the Etruscan Pygmy Shrew and the White-toothed Pygmy Shrew, weighs only 0.04–0.1 oz (1.2–2.7 g). That makes it the world’s smallest mammal when measured by weight, but, at 1.4–2 in (36–53 mm), it loses out to the bumblebee bat for smallest in length.
What’s the rarest sea animal?
The vaquita is the world’s rarest sea mammal and one of the most endangered animals in the world. Their name means ‘little cow’ in Spanish, and they are a unique species of porpoise, with a small, chunky body and a round head.
Is the water near the smallest animal?
Tardigrades are one of nature’s smallest animals. They are never more than 1.5 mm long, and can only be seen with a microscope. They are commonly known as “water bears”.
What is the deadliest animal in the ocean?
From the poisonous to the just outright vicious, here’s a look at ten of the most deadly creatures you may encounter in the ocean.
- Pufferfish. …
- Blue-ringed octopus. …
- Stonefish. …
- Great white shark. …
- Lionfish. …
- Box jellyfish. …
- Tiger sharks. …
- Sea snakes.
18 окт. 2017 г.
What’s the smallest thing in the world?
Protons and neutrons can be further broken down: they’re both made up of things called “quarks.” As far as we can tell, quarks can’t be broken down into smaller components, making them the smallest things we know of.
What is the deadliest animal in the world?
|Animal||Humans killed per year|
|2||Humans (homicides only)||475,000|
What’s the smartest animal in the world?
The Smartest Animals In The World
- Chimpanzees are better than humans in some memory tasks.
- Goats have excellent long-term memory.
- Elephants can work together.
- Parrots can reproduce sounds of the human language.
- Dolphins can recognize themselves in the mirror.
- New Caledonian crows understand cause-and-effect relationships.
- Scrub jays plan for the future.
23 апр. 2014 г.
What animal does not age?
To date, there’s only one species that has been called ‘biologically immortal’: the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii. These small, transparent animals hang out in oceans around the world and can turn back time by reverting to an earlier stage of their life cycle.
What is the nicest sea animal?
Dolphins. The most popular of all marine species of the Gulf Coast is the bottlenose dolphin! Not only are dolphins one of the most intelligent and happy creatures in the world, they are also among the friendliest towards humans.
What is a bloop animal?
The Bloop has been catalogued alongside other weird sounds. The blue whale is the biggest animal on the planet. … But the longest the world spent without an explanation for a sound was when underwater sensors placed by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration detected what’s known as the Bloop — in 1997.
What is the rarest fish in the world?
Devils Hole pupfish are likely the world’s rarest fish, and their population dropped to 35 in 2013. Researchers have since made a breakthrough in their captive breeding. | <urn:uuid:e8afca0f-b976-4ee1-95f1-a78b4c94f4fb> | {
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- 1 What does the mirror represent in Jekyll and Hyde?
- 2 What does the moon represent in Jekyll and Hyde?
- 3 What was the purpose of a mirror in Dr Jekyll’s cabinet?
- 4 How are darkness and light used in Jekyll and Hyde?
- 5 What did Mr Enfield call the house and why?
- 6 Why did Jekyll buy a mirror?
- 7 What does the front door represent in Jekyll and Hyde?
- 8 What was the setting of the Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr Hyde?
What does the mirror represent in Jekyll and Hyde?
Mirrors are a key element of the Gothic, symbolising: identity, sense of self, vanity, worldliness, sensuality – or an ethereal, ghostly other-world. For the Lady of Shallott they symbolise her isolation – cursed, she can only see the real world through a mirror which she weaves in a web.
What does the moon represent in Jekyll and Hyde?
Utterson began to haunt [Hyde’s] door… in the morning before office hours, at noon when business was plenty, and time scarce, at night under the face of the fogged city moon. This symbolises the narrative as a whole – only part of the truth can be seen at one time. “Haggard” meaning to look exhausted or unwell.
What do windows represent in Jekyll and Hyde?
There are many symbols of secrecy throughout the novel for example “the windows are always shut” which suggests that Mr Hyde likes to keep everything in, and this could symbolise his soul, in the way that when he conceals his true character from the outside world.
What is the significance of the cheval glass in Jekyll and Hyde?
cheval-glass: The mirror found in Dr. Jekyll’s laboratory, it was used to verify whether the transformations worked.
What was the purpose of a mirror in Dr Jekyll’s cabinet?
There is a cheval glass in Jekyll’s cabinet. This is a mirror that pivots in a frame so that it can swing vertically. When Utterson and Poole find it, the mirror is tilted towards the ceiling so that the reflection of someone in the room would not be seen.
How are darkness and light used in Jekyll and Hyde?
The darkness of the “black” morning connotes a sense of evil, which foreshadows Mr. Hyde’s evil crime. In indicating the presence of light, which connotes good, Mr. Jekyll attempts to separate his polar personalities of Jekyll, the good, and Hyde, the …show more content…
How is Hyde presented in chapter4?
And in murdering the innocent and noble Sir Danvers, Hyde is described as having an “ape-like fury,” one who is maddened with rage to the point of committing the most unspeakable horror against innocence.
What does the door symbolize?
Doors, Transitions and Passageways A door or doorway symbolizes the transition and passageway from one place to another. A door is often used to symbolize the passage from one world to another in religion, mythology, and literature.
What did Mr Enfield call the house and why?
What did Mr. Enfield call the house, and why? He called it the blackmail house because the satanic man went into it and brought out another man’s check for the child’s family.
Why did Jekyll buy a mirror?
Jekyll believes the good that can come out of his experiment and how it benefits society is to separate people from their good and bad sides of their personality. The purpose the mirror serves in his experiment is to watch the transformation between Jekyll and Hyde.
What does the cane symbolize in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?
In this novella Enfield uses his cane to point out the door associated with Mr. Hyde in the first chapter. But whereas Enfield’s cane remains intact, Hyde breaks his when he beats Sir Danvers Carew to death. This symbolizes the break in Jekyll’s identity and in his use of Hyde as a cover story.
How is Hyde different from Dr.Jekyll and mr.hyde?
Hyde is not as mature or fully developed as Jekyll. He’s not a complete human. Jekyll is a composite of good and evil, whereas Hyde is just evil, and so some of the original self is missing. Have study documents to share about Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde?
What does the front door represent in Jekyll and Hyde?
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, doors represent both good and evil, as well as points of access and barriers. The front door to Jekyll’s home, like his character, is described in wholesome, desirable terms. Conversely, the door to Hyde’s hideout, like Hyde himself, is described in sinister, undesirable terms.
What was the setting of the Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr Hyde?
Setting: The setting for The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr, Hyde, includes Jekyll’s nice home in a formerly big neighborhood, which is now in decay, Lanyon’s comfortable home is located in Cavendish Square, this is where many distinguished doctors live. | <urn:uuid:cd334d2e-51a5-4632-b223-4bea56f01d2c> | {
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Fundamentally Maxwell’s equations describe the origins of electric and magnetic fields. Given a set of conditions on the right hand side of the equations, you’ll have fields described by the left hand side. Between the four equations the fields are uniquely specified, and there is nothing more to include. Thus far we’ve seen electric fields generated by electric charge, electric fields generated by changing magnetic fields, and magnetic fields not generated by magnetic charge because there isn’t any. Conspicuously absent is any way to generate magnetic fields. It is this fourth equation that closes the circle and describes the origin of the magnetic field.
The left hand side is the curl of the magnetic field, precisely analogous to yesterday’s curl of the electric field. The right hand side contains two terms, for there are two ways to generate magnetic field circulation. The first is via an electric current, with current density given by J. The electromagnets that heft huge piles of metal scrap at junkyards work on this principle. Run current through a wire, and the wire will develop a magnetic field surrounding it. Via Wikipedia:
The second term on the right is of the same type as in the equation for the curl of the electric field. In this equation, a changing electric field produces a magnetic field of specified curl. This is entirely without reference to any charge. While the J term creates a magnetic field in the presence of flowing charge, it’s not required. So long as there’s a changing electric field, the derivative on the right will be nonzero and you have yourself a magnetic field.
Historically the equation with only the first term on the right is called Ampere’s Law. This limited equation turned out to fail in explaining a large number of physical phenomena, such as the magnetic field between plates of a charging capacitor. Between the plates there is no current, but there is a field. It was Maxwell who first correctly accounted for this, wrote the complete equation, and worked out the consequences of the four combined equations that now bear his name.
The four equations are almost symmetric in their form, with the symmetry broken only by the absense of magnetic charge. If it existed a magnetic charge density in the magnetic divergence equation and a magnetic current density in the electric curl equation would complete the symmetry. This sat as a somewhat aesthetically unsatisfactory condition for many years, despite the fantastic explanatory power of the theory of electromagnetism. It took another brilliant physicist to (mostly) put this enduring question to bed. Though the classical mechanics of Newton required relativistic correction, Einstein showed that Maxwell’s theory was already consistent with the theory of special relativity. Electricity and magnetism turn out to be literally the same phenomenon in different reference frames. Rewritten in a relativistically natural way (the term of art is covariant), the broken symmetry vanishes and the slight lopsidedness of the equations as we’ve seen them vanish into the ether. Well, as it were.
All the countless thousands of pages of classical electromagnetism textbooks are lagniappe following from these four equations. The consequences of those equations are numerous and profound, and of course those textbooks are indispensable as no one is clever enough to find all of their subtleties for themselves. In fact, we have four equations and five days in the working week. It would be a shame to waste the last. Tomorrow we’ll look at the most profound of the implications of these equations; the one Maxwell is most famous for discovering, the one we see every time we see. | <urn:uuid:373f9dc8-a504-4f70-bb7b-c9e4971b4ac2> | {
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Video: symbols & symbolism in the scarlet letter: examples & analysis symbolism is used throughout literature and has been for centuries 'the scarlet letter' by nathaniel hawthorne demonstrates this, and in this lesson, we'll examine a few of those symbols. The scarlet letter: a romance, an 1850 novel, is a work of historical fiction written by american author nathaniel hawthorne it is considered his masterwork set in 17th-century puritan massachusetts bay colony , during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of hester prynne , who conceives a daughter through an affair and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. The scarlet letter review study judge john hathorne, one of nathaniel hawthorne's descendants, was know for presided over the salem witch trials of 1692 what part of the novel is the custom-house the introduction to the scarlet letter what did the practical founders of the new colony first establish.
Symbol and interpretation in hawthorne's scarlet letter by dr stephanie carrez paper delivered at the conference of the nathaniel hawthorne society, celebrating the hawthorne bicentennial in salem, ma, july 1-4. The scarlet letter, nathaniel hawthorne essay sample symbolism of the scarlet letter ain nathaniel hawthorne’s the scarlet letter, the meaning of the letter a changes throughout the novel.
Throughout the novel, the scarlet letter, the author, nathaniel hawthorne uses a few key symbols to represent major themes in the book the most obvious and well known, as it is in the title, is the scarlet letter hester is forced to wear three other symbols are the scaffold, the sun, and the forest. Every chapter in the scarlet letter has symbols displayed through characterization, setting, colors, and light perhaps the most dramatic chapters using these techniques are the chapters comprising the three scaffold scenes and the meeting in the forest between hester and dimmesdale. The scarlet letter: a romance, an 1850 novel, is a work of historical fiction written by american author nathaniel hawthorne it is considered his masterwork. A summary of symbols in nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of the scarlet letter and what it means perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans.
Symbols and symbolism in nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter 1178 words | 5 pages symbolism in the scarlet letter nathaniel hawthorne isn't noted for perfecting any famous literary style, for writing multiple best sellers, or even for contributing largely to classic american literature. A summary of themes in nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of the scarlet letter and what it means perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Hawthorne has a perfect atmosphere for the symbols in the scarlet letter because the puritans saw the world through allegory for them, simple patterns, like the meteor streaking through the sky, became religious or moral interpretations for human events.
The scarlet letter by nathaniel hawthorne home / literature / the scarlet letter / analysis / symbolism, imagery, allegory analysis / symbolism, imagery, allegory shmoop premium summary shmoop premium shmoop premium. The following are symbols that are embedded in the scarlet letter: the scarlet letter a: in the beginning of the novel hester's letter a is a representation of her sin and adultery however, as time progresses, the meaning of the letter changed. Hawthorne's ability to introduce these symbols and change them through the context of his story is but one of the reasons the scarlet letter is considered his masterpiece and a peerless example of the romance novel.
Get an answer for 'why does nathaniel hawthorne use symbolism in the novelwhy does he use symbolism instead of other literary devices' and find homework help for other the scarlet letter. The scarlet letter study guide contains a biography of nathaniel hawthorne, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
The scarlet letter, by nathaniel hawthorne nathaniel hawthorne's background influenced him to write the bold novel the scarlet letter one important influence on the story is money. The scarlet letter, nathaniel hawthorne essay sample symbolism of the scarlet letter ain nathaniel hawthorne’s the scarlet letter, the meaning of the letter a changes throughout the novel this change is significant as it indicates the personal growth of the characters as well as the enlightenment of the townspeople. | <urn:uuid:35b1e7fb-cb7b-46ef-bec1-c3d4a102d546> | {
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The Kepler Space Telescope has spotted a curious cluster of objects in space that look something you’d ‘expect an alien civilisation to build’. English Literature students can consider the way that alien life is portrayed in literature and film, and how this influences our expectations.
Astronomer Jason Wright from Penn State University has said that although aliens should always be the last hypothesis considered by astronomers, these objects are so unlike anything they have seen before, and seems to make no logical sense.
The star, KIC 8462852, first attracted the attention of astronomers in 2009, when it was identified by the Kepler’s Space Telescope as a candidate for having orbiting Earth-like planets. But the star was emitting a stranger light patters than any other stars the telescope has identified.
The telescope works by analysing light from distant places in the universe and considering the changes when the planets move in front of their stars. Physics students should look more into how this telescope works.
Analysts found the star interesting because it was surrounded by a mass of matter in tight formation, which is consistent with the mass of debris that surrounds a young star, just as it did with our sun. However, unlike our sun before the planets formed, this star is not young, and scientists are sure that the debris must have been deposited recently or it would have been swallowed by the star.
All the possible natural explanations of this phenomenon have been found to not be possible, except one – which is that another star pulled in a string of comments- but even this theory is incredibly improbable.
It is this that has piqued the interest of Jason Wright and his colleague Andrew Siemion. The scientists want to point a radio dish at the star to look for wavelengths which may indicate a technological civilisations. They are hoping to begin observation for extra-terrestrial life in January. Students applying for Anthropology or HSPS should consider the affects that the discovery of such an extra –terrestrial civilisations may have on our society. | <urn:uuid:8dad3c95-385b-4e65-aa65-a6334949a6a8> | {
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An insulated metal substrate (IMS) is a circuit board comprised of an insulating layer on a metal base plate. The insulating layer is made from epoxy resin incorporating dense inorganic fillers with high thermal conductivity. Because the substrates have high thermal conductivity, they have been used in electrical products that generate intense heat, such as inverters, amplifiers, motor drivers and so on. For using a high power semiconductor, thick copper pads are used on IMSs. In many times, aluminum plates are used for metal base plates in IMSs. The substrates are repeated heating and cooling in ordinary usage. So cracks of solder joints between ceramic chip resistors and IMSs often occur because of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between ceramic and aluminum. Moreover, SnAgCu solder used to replace eutectic Sn/Pb solder as the joint has become major trend from a viewpoint of earth environmental protection. Finite element analysis was used for development of a high reliable IMS to meet these demand for the IMSs. The accelerated temperature cycling test on IMS was simulated by finite element method. The influence of the CTE of metal base plate and the influence of the modulus of insulating layer were studied. The reliability of solder was predicted to increase with CTE reduction of metal base plate. The modulus of insulating layer must be reduced sharply for a high reliable IMS. However, the insulating layer is difficult to be realized by using the epoxy resin. So the effect by fixing the chip resistor on a IMS using resin was calculated. When the space between the bottom of a chip resistor and the copper pads were filled up with resin such as underfill resin in ball grid array (BGA) mounting, it was predicted that the stress of solder decreased. The effect was confirmed by experiment. Solder joint fracture life of accelerated temperature cycling test on IMS was improved more than three times longer by using the underfill resin.
- Heat Transfer Division and Electronic and Photonic Packaging Division
Reliability Improvement of Solder Joints Between Ceramic Chip Resistors and Insulated Metal Substrates With Thick Copper Pads
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Monden, K. "Reliability Improvement of Solder Joints Between Ceramic Chip Resistors and Insulated Metal Substrates With Thick Copper Pads." Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. Advances in Electronic Packaging, Parts A, B, and C. San Francisco, California, USA. July 17–22, 2005. pp. 1833-1840. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/IPACK2005-73176
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Due to their omnivorous diet, opossums can live and survive in many human environments. But while their presence in human spaces can be beneficial as they provide natural pest control, opossums can also become a nuisance.
If you have opossums living around you, and they have become a disturbance, you will want to remove them for sure. But before you can get them out, you have to find their nesting spots.
Below, we mention various interesting spots where opossums nest. We also talk about finding an opossum nest while answering other questions.
Where Do Opossums Nest?
Opossums generally nest in dry shelters. Having a dry den is essential for opossums since they do not get sufficient insulation from their fur.
Living in moist spaces leaves opossums prone to frostbite when the temperature drops. Their tails, toes, and ears, which are hairless, are more likely to feel the effects of cold temperatures.
Opossums do not build their own nests. Instead, they live in nests created by other animals or natural shelters. You may find opossums nests in the following interesting spots:
- Rock Crevices
- Wood Piles
- Hollow Logs
- Hollow Trees
- Burrows/Holes dug by other animals
- Crawl Spaces
- Backyard Steps
- Dark, Hidden Building Spaces
Do Opossums Nest in the Same Place?
Opossums typically avoid nesting in the same place every time. They move across multiple nests periodically to prevent encounters with predators.
Opossums do not really have effective defense mechanisms. Besides that, they are slow runners with poor vision, and all these qualities leave them prone to predation.
True, opossums show their teeth or play dead to keep predators at bay. But then, these are not always effective. So, to reduce the chances of a predator finding them, they do not stay in the same nest for long.
So, even if a predator spots them in one nest, they may have moved to another when the predator attacks.
A study by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife revealed that a male opossum, which had a tracking device on it, moved across 19 different dens in 5 months.
Movement across nests is more flexible for single male opossums than females with young. Females with young ones typically spend more time in the same den before moving. Also, during a cold spell, opossums spend longer times in one nest.
How Do You Find a Opossum Nest?
If you intend to find an opossum nest on your own, you must go prepared. For one, you must wear protective clothing. Before you try to find an opossum nest, do the following:
- Wear a long-sleeved shirt.
- Wear a long pair of pants.
- Wear closed-toe shoes.
- Get a pair of gloves.
- Get a good, bright flashlight.
- Wear a face mask.
Once you have done the above, follow these steps to find an opossum nest:
Step 1: Look For Clues
Go around your property and look for signs of an opossum infestation. Examine your trash cans for signs of tampering. Check for scratches on the trash can. Also, check to see if some of its contents are missing. If any of these signs are present, possums most likely have been eating from the trash can.
After examining the trash can, look for scratches on your house. Opossums sometimes leave scratch marks while trying to enter people’s homes. While looking out for these scratches, watch closely for droppings as big as cat droppings.
Also, you may hear noises in your basement or attic if opossums nest in either of these places. So, listen out for that.
Step 2: Find the Nest
You most likely have opossums around once you find the clues above. The opossums’ nest may be around the places you found the clues. So, start your search around those places.
The best time to find opossums’ nests is during the day. Remember, they are nocturnal. So, at night, they leave their nests in search of food.
When searching for opossum nests, look into various covered spaces around the clues you found. Check holes and crevices near your house and look into hollow logs. If the places you are looking into are dark, use the flashlight during your search.
If you’ve been hearing noises in your attic or basement, check them carefully.
Once you find the nest, you may choose to remove the opossum yourself. Alternatively, you can get a professional animal removal service to help you with the process.
Do Opossums Dig Under Houses?
Opossums do not dig under houses. Opossums may dig into the ground searching for worms, slugs, and insects, but these types of holes are usually shallow. Opossums do not burrow large holes.
While it is true that opossums can get a lot of insulation in deep underground holes, they cannot create one themselves. They rely on existing burrows or wait for another animal to dig one.
What Attracts Opossums to Your Yard?
The primary thing that attracts opossums to your yard is food. If you have a garden in your home, the fruits, flowers, and vegetables may attract opossums.
Besides attracting opossums directly, the garden will attract small animals like worms, snails, slugs, and insects. Since opossums feed on these animals, they will fancy dwelling in your compound.
Apart from a garden, if you leave food scraps lying in or around your trash can, they may attract opossums. Also, if your trash can is not well-covered or is too full, it may draw opossums to your yard.
The smell of food scraps in and around trash cans plays a crucial role in drawing opossums to your yard.
While opossums live in dry shelters, they fancy living in places close to water. So, if your yard is close to a pond, ditch, or sewer, you may get visits from opossums.
Possums like concealing themselves. So, if your yard provides many hiding spots, opossums may just find their way in.
If you have clumps of tall grasses or low-lying shrubs in your yard, opossums can move about with some stealth.
Apart from concealment, if you have trees or vines around your fence, they can serve as a means of entry for opossums. The opossums will climb the trees or vines and make their way into your yard via low-hanging branches.
Lastly, an extra dark yard may attract possums. Opossums are nocturnal animals, so obviously, they will thrive better in the darkness of your yard.
Opossums nest in dry spaces which provide insulation and safety from predators. Their nesting areas are typically close to food sources, but interestingly, they do not dig their own burrows.
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The main Pc networks were being focused special-function devices like SABRE (an airline reservation technique) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-Handle technique), the two built and executed during the late fifties and early sixties. With the early sixties Pc producers had started to make use of semiconductor technology in commercial solutions, and the two traditional batch-processing and time-sharing devices were being set up in several significant, technologically advanced companies. Time-sharing devices allowed a computer’s sources to generally be shared in fast succession with multiple users, cycling with the queue of users so promptly that the computer appeared devoted to Every single person’s duties Regardless of the existence of many Other individuals accessing the technique “at the same time.” This led for the Idea of sharing Pc sources (known as host computer systems or just hosts) about a complete community. Host-to-host interactions were being envisioned, together with use of specialized sources (like supercomputers and mass storage devices) and interactive obtain by remote users for the computational powers of your time-sharing devices Situated somewhere else. These Tips were being very first realized in ARPANET, which established the 1st host-to-host community relationship on Oct 29, 1969. It absolutely was established with the Highly developed Analysis Tasks Company (ARPA) from the U.S. Division of Defense. ARPANET was among the very first common-function Pc networks. It linked time-sharing computer systems at govt-supported study internet sites, principally universities in the United States, and it shortly grew to become a crucial bit of infrastructure for the computer science study Local community in the United States. Instruments and purposes—like the very simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP, frequently generally known as e-mail), for sending quick messages, plus the file transfer protocol (FTP), for for a longer period transmissions—promptly emerged. In order to realize Expense-efficient interactive communications involving computer systems, which generally communicate in short bursts of information, ARPANET utilized the new technology of packet switching. Packet switching usually takes significant messages (or chunks of Pc data) and breaks them into smaller, workable items (generally known as packets) that could journey independently about any readily available circuit for the concentrate on destination, where the items are reassembled. Therefore, contrary to regular voice communications, packet switching would not need a single focused circuit involving Every single pair of users. Professional packet networks were being released during the seventies, but these were being built principally to provide effective use of remote computer systems by focused terminals. Briefly, they replaced extensive-distance modem connections by a lot less-high-priced “Digital” circuits about packet networks. In the United States, Telenet and Tymnet were being two this sort of packet networks. Neither supported host-to-host communications; during the seventies this was however the province from the study networks, and it could remain so for quite some time. DARPA (Defense Highly developed Analysis Tasks Company; previously ARPA) supported initiatives for floor-primarily based and satellite-primarily based packet networks. The bottom-primarily based packet radio technique presented cell use of computing sources, while the packet satellite community linked the United States with many European nations and enabled connections with commonly dispersed and remote regions. With the introduction of packet radio, connecting a cell terminal to a computer community grew to become feasible. Having said that, time-sharing devices were being then however as well significant, unwieldy, and dear to generally be cell or simply to exist outdoors a weather-controlled computing environment. A solid enthusiasm So existed to attach the packet radio community to ARPANET so that you can allow cell users with very simple terminals to obtain some time-sharing devices for which that they had authorization. Similarly, the packet satellite community was employed by DARPA to link the United States with satellite terminals serving the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and Italy. These terminals, nevertheless, had to be connected to other networks in European nations so that you can get to the conclude users. Therefore arose the need to join the packet satellite net, along with the packet radio net, with other networks. Basis of the online market place The net resulted from the hassle to attach numerous study networks in the United States and Europe. To start with, DARPA established a application to analyze the interconnection of “heterogeneous networks.” This application, known as Internetting, was determined by the recently released notion of open architecture networking, where networks with outlined typical interfaces could be interconnected by “gateways.” A Operating demonstration from the notion was prepared. In order for the notion to operate, a fresh protocol had to be built and designed; in fact, a technique architecture was also essential. In 1974 Vinton Cerf, then at Stanford College in California, and this creator, then at DARPA, collaborated with a paper that very first explained this type of protocol and technique architecture—specifically, the transmission Handle protocol (TCP), which enabled differing types of devices on networks everywhere in the world to route and assemble data packets. TCP, which at first included the online market place protocol (IP), a worldwide addressing mechanism that allowed routers to have data packets to their supreme destination, formed the TCP/IP typical, which was adopted with the U.S. Division of Defense in 1980. With the early 1980s the “open architecture” from the TCP/IP technique was adopted and endorsed by all kinds of other researchers and sooner or later by technologists and businessmen around the globe. With the 1980s other U.S. governmental bodies were being seriously involved with networking, such as the Countrywide Science Basis (NSF), the Division of Strength, plus the Countrywide Aeronautics and Place Administration (NASA). When DARPA had played a seminal job in making a smaller-scale Edition of the online market place between its researchers, NSF worked with DARPA to extend use of the entire scientific and academic Local community and to create TCP/IP the typical in all federally supported study networks. In 1985–86 NSF funded the 1st five supercomputing centres—at Princeton College, the College of Pittsburgh, the College of California, San Diego, the College of Illinois, and Cornell College. While in the 1980s NSF also funded the event and Procedure from the NSFNET, a countrywide “backbone” community to attach these centres. With the late 1980s the community was operating at a lot of bits per next. NSF also funded numerous nonprofit community and regional networks to attach other users for the NSFNET. A handful of commercial networks also began during the late 1980s; these were being shortly joined by Other individuals, plus the Professional Internet Trade (CIX) was formed to allow transit targeted traffic involving commercial networks that otherwise wouldn’t are actually allowed to the NSFNET backbone. In 1995, soon after substantial review of the problem, NSF decided that support from the NSFNET infrastructure was not essential, since a lot of commercial vendors were being now ready and capable to meet the needs from the study Local community, and its support was withdrawn. In the meantime, NSF had fostered a competitive collection of economic Internet backbones connected to one another by way of so-known as community obtain details (NAPs). | <urn:uuid:814a4ab5-6dd8-4557-b74c-8b3fc01f7e00> | {
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Coping with stress
by Sally Colby
Stress is a normal part of life, and there’s simply no way to eliminate every bit of stress. However, understanding the basis for stress and adopting coping mechanisms can greatly alleviate the way in which the human body responds when presented with stress.
Dr. Michael Bailey, physician and researcher at The Ohio State University College of Medicine, said the stress response occurs when a stimulus is perceived to be threatening and when the things we perceive as threatening are things we can’t predict or control.
In most individuals, inflammatory and other chronic disease issues such as inflammatory bowel disease, gum disease (periodontitis), autoimmune disease (MS, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus), cancer, anxiety and depression tend to become worse during periods of heightened stress. However, stress isn’t always immunosuppressive, and Bailey said in some cases, the stress response can increase immune system activity rather than suppress it.
Responses to stressful stimuli are highly individual, and are often unpredictable and uncontrollable. Bailey said in general, the initial stress response tends to be adaptive. However, as the stress response becomes prolonged, maladaptive effects begin to disrupt the sleep cycle, leading to disruptions in brain biology. These changes can alter mood, and often have a widespread effect on the immune system that can change susceptibility to various diseases.
It isn’t surprising that the volatility in the dairy industry has been quite stressful for dairy farmers who live with uncertainty about the future and who have no control over market prices. “Our ability to control a stressor and to predict its outcome has a significant effect on whether a stimulus will lead to a stress response,” said Bailey, referencing classic stress studies conducted in the 1960s. “We no longer need experiments to determine that stimuli are stressful when we are not able to predict the outcome and unable to control.”
Bailey categorizes the two major ways in which the stress response can be managed: emotion-based coping mechanisms and problem-based coping mechanisms.
“Emotion-based coping mechanisms are focused on managing the emotional response to a stressor,” said Bailey. “Some of these things we do subconsciously. We tend to distance ourselves when things don’t go well, or when things don’t go well, we blame it on something else to distance ourselves from it. We can also engage in prayer and meditation to deal with the emotional component of stress.” Bailey added that one approach that many people find effective is emotional disclosure, or talk therapy. Many people find writing out thoughts in a journal helps them sort out feelings.
Problem-based coping mechanisms deal directly with stressors, and such mechanisms usually include avoiding those stressors. “If jumping out of an airplane is stressful to you, don’t jump out of an airplane,” said Bailey. “A lot of our ability to overcome stressors is focused on our ability to predict outcomes and the ability to control outcomes.”
For example, Bailey works with graduate students who often experience stress when faced with having to give a presentation in front of a large group. “One way to help them get over that is to make them do it over and over again until they learn they can control, or at least predict the outcome of speaking,” he said.
While coping mechanisms work well for some, they aren’t the answer for everyone. Bailey encourages farmers to practice positive, healthy behaviors that suppress nervous system activity and subsequently reduce stress. “One of the best things we can do is exercise,” he said. “We know exercise activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which suppresses the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. As a result, the fight or flight response becomes more regulated. We also know that exercise releases of endorphins, the ‘feel good’ hormones, and improves the mood. Exercise has also been shown to help regulate the immune response and can reduce the susceptibility to stressors.”
There’s increased interest in the role of nutrition in promoting a healthy gut biome, and how good nutrition can help balance some of the negative effects of stress. “Some of the new research shows that what we really need to do is feed our microbiome through the consumption of fruits and vegetables,” said Bailey. “Take in a lot of fiber that we know helps promote a healthy microbiome and helps regulate the sympathetic nervous system. A healthy microbiome also helps regulate the immune response.”
Bailey said foods high in Omega-3 fatty acids such as fish and nuts are can reduce inflammatory responses and support brain health, and the oligosaccharides in milk support beneficial bacteria. Reducing the intake of stimulants (caffeine) and reducing depressants (alcohol) can significantly aid in maintaining health.
“Perhaps one of the most important things is sleep,” said Bailey, adding that ample sleep helps maintain the glucocorticoid rhythm, which reduces inflammation. “We’re learning more and more that maintaining a regular sleep cycle helps regulate hormone responses, which helps regulate emotions and functioning of the immune system.” | <urn:uuid:2acedfbc-05eb-4673-a1b3-7db373e106c5> | {
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Lines Circles Squares
Lines, circles and squares make up the basic components of how we communicate visually; the visual grammar of design.
This publication explores the fundamentals of visual language through written and spoken words such as metaphors, names and symbols.
The publication is divided into three chapters. Each reference has a visual alongside, illustrated both by hand and on Illustrator. | <urn:uuid:e7e9db0a-66e9-4c71-b004-f168f8254f1f> | {
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In accordance with the scientists, neutron imaging is right for trying to find water and different hydrogen-bearing compounds as a result of neutrons readily ricochet off hydrogen. In distinction, X-ray imaging is finest for locating deposits of heavy parts, corresponding to iron and nickel, as a result of X-rays are primarily scattered by the big variety of electrons in heavy-weight atoms.
Neither imaging method considerably harms or alters meteorites, in contrast to different strategies of analyzing the chemical composition of the rocks, which require reducing skinny slices of the meteorites. Though every imaging technique has been used individually previously, the workforce is among the many first to make use of the 2 strategies concurrently to create X-ray and neutron-beam snapshots.
Within the pilot research, the group examined two meteorites whose mineral and water contents have been already well-known in order that they might assess the accuracy of the mixed imaging strategies. One of many rocks, dubbed EET 87503, is a fraction from the floor of the big asteroid Vesta but additionally incorporates materials from a unique, water-rich number of asteroid.
The opposite meteorite, GRA 06100, wealthy in iron and nickel, is classed as a chondrite—a rock that has not been altered by melting or different processes because the early days of the photo voltaic system. It additionally has a big quantity of hydrogen-bearing silicates shaped by previous publicity to water.
To create three-dimensional views of the meteorites, the researchers used the X-ray and neutron beams to picture cross-sections of the rocks. Particular person photos of various cross sections have been then mixed to create a 3D picture, a method generally known as tomography or CT scan.
The imaging strategies precisely revealed the places of metal-rich minerals, silicate minerals, water and different hydrogenated compounds within the two meteorites. Neutron imaging pinpointed and characterised the chondrite grains inside GRA 06100, which might then be extracted for additional research. The 3D imaging can check theories of how water entered the rock and what pathway the liquid took to change the composition of minerals and develop into sure within the pattern.
Though water accounts for 70% of earth’s floor, precisely how the substance arrived on our planet stays the topic of a longstanding debate. Some planetary scientists recommend that meteorites and comets—icy relics from the frigid, outer photo voltaic system—delivered the water, together with the constructing blocks of proteins important for all times, after our planet’s core had shaped. Others recommend that earth acquired the water throughout its formation 4.5 billion years in the past from bits of fuel and mud that swaddled the toddler solar and glommed collectively to kind our planet.
Water is available in two kinds: odd water, consisting of hydrogen and oxygen, and heavy water, consisting of deuterium (hydrogen with an added neutron) and oxygen. One option to decide if meteorites have been a major supply of terrestrial water is to match the relative abundance of those two varieties within the rocks to the relative abundance of the water on and beneath the earth’s floor. Planetary scientists have measured the abundance in some meteorites however want to look at a bigger quantity.
The neutron and X-ray photos can help in these research. By pinpointing the situation of mineral, steel and water deposits locked inside meteorites, the pictures might information researchers on the way to finest slice sections of the rocks to allow them to measure these abundances in addition to the composition of different compounds.
Following this preliminary trial, the workforce now plans to make use of its twin imaging method to check much less acquainted meteorites in order that their water and mineral content material will be mapped intimately for the primary time. | <urn:uuid:f2794ec2-2b26-48f7-95cd-b65ebbf4c68f> | {
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Math::PlanePath::Staircase -- integer points in stair-step diagonal stripes
use Math::PlanePath::Staircase; my $path = Math::PlanePath::Staircase->new; my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
This path makes a staircase pattern down from the Y axis to the X,
8 29 | 7 30---31 | 6 16 32---33 | | 5 17---18 34---35 | | 4 7 19---20 36---37 | | | 3 8--- 9 21---22 38---39 | | | 2 2 10---11 23---24 40... | | | 1 3--- 4 12---13 25---26 | | | Y=0 -> 1 5--- 6 14---15 27---28 ^ X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The 1,6,15,28,etc along the X axis at the end of each run are the hexagonal numbers k*(2*k-1). The diagonal 3,10,21,36,etc up from X=0,Y=1 is the second hexagonal numbers k*(2*k+1), formed by extending the hexagonal numbers to negative k. The two together are the triangular numbers k*(k+1)/2.
Legendre's prime generating polynomial 2*k^2+29 bounces around for some low values then makes a steep diagonal upwards from X=19,Y=1, at a slope 3 up for 1 across, but only 2 of each 3 drawn.
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::Staircase->new ()
Create and return a new staircase path object.
($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number
$n on the path.
$n < 0.5 the return is an empty list, it being considered the path begins at 1.
$n = $path->xy_to_n ($x,$y)
Return the point number for coordinates
$y are rounded to the nearest integers, which has the effect of treating each point
$n as a square of side 1, so the quadrant x>=-0.5, y>=-0.5 is covered.
($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->rect_to_n_range ($x1,$y1, $x2,$y2)
The returned range is exact, meaning
$n_hi are the smallest and biggest in the rectangle.
Within each row increasing X is increasing N, and in each column increasing Y is increasing pairs of N. Thus for
rect_to_n_range() the lower left corner vertical pair is the minimum N and the upper right vertical pair is the maximum N.
A given X,Y is the larger of a vertical pair when ((X^Y)&1)==1. If that happens at the lower left corner then it's X,Y+1 which is the smaller N, as long as Y+1 is in the rectangle. Conversely at the top right if ((X^Y)&1)==0 then it's X,Y-1 which is the bigger N, again as long as Y-1 is in the rectangle.
Copyright 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | <urn:uuid:e1ca4934-1caf-445e-a561-eac42bc8a3c3> | {
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) is a cancer of the urinary bladder. Transitional cells are the cells that line the bladder wall, TCC is a cancer that arises from these cells. The exact cause is unknown, however, an increased risk of this cancer is found in certain breeds of dogs. Shetland sheepdogs, West highland terriers, Scottish terriers and Beagles are breeds predisposed to TCC.
- Blood in the urine
- Straining to urinate
- Frequent or unexplained bladder infections
The diagnosis of TCC is often made after ruling out more common causes of the above list of symptoms (such as bladder stones, infections or other benign causes of blood in the urine and straining to urinate). Several diagnostic tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis of TCC.
- Urinalysis – will reveal blood and sometimes abnormal cancer cells can be seen.
- Urine culture – allows for infection secondary to the tumors to be treated with appropriate antibiotics.
- Radiographs – rules out stones in the bladder
- Ultrasound – will show abnormal masses in the bladder wall, but can also show us crystals, stones or polyps in the bladder
- Cystoscopy – A tiny flexible camera that can be inserted like a catheter through the urethra into the bladder to help visualize and biopsy bladder masses
- Catheterization – in some cases a urinary catheter can be placed in male dogs that helps collect a small sample of cells for cytology
- Cytology — evaluation of cells by a pathologist
- Chemotherapy – available through veterinary oncologists.
- Surgical removal – possible only if mass is in a location favorable for surgery.
- Conservative/palliative care – piroxicam is an oral medication often used due to its anti-inflammatory properties and possible anti-tumor activity.
Your veterinarian will help formulate a diagnosis and treatment plan best suited for your pet’s needs. | <urn:uuid:e63a7dba-94c0-4d64-985c-fc2828737e7b> | {
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Clone this wiki locally
A graph database represents a collection of vertices (nodes, dots) connected to each other by edges (arcs, lines). Some graph database vendors provide data schema functionality. In such databases, vertices and edges are typed and there are notions of data restrictions—e.g. subclassing, data validation, rules of inference, etc. Other graph database are “schema-free” in that there is no notion of a type system—only vertices, edges, and their adjacencies. When modeling worldly objects (people, places, things) and their relationships to each other, schema-based graph databases are handy. When modeling graphical data structures such as arbitrary topologies, a schema is somewhat less important. In general, as the complexity of the the domain model increases, the need for a schema system increases.
The purpose of Frames it to provide a data schema layer to Blueprints enabled graph databases. With Blueprints, there are simply vertices, edges, and key/value properties. Frames is used to represent (or frame) aspects of the underlying graph in terms of domain objects and their relationships to one another. As such, the developer can work in terms of real-world objects instead of vertices and edges. | <urn:uuid:dc960454-000c-4a0d-a278-ef0b4b8347df> | {
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I run workshops on the following techniques -Batik on tissue, Batik on fabric, on a range of themes.
Landscapes in batik
Landscape will be used as inspiration to create batiks on tissue or fabric. Working with hot wax as a resist we will work with dyes on cotton, and inks and bleach on tissue to create imaginative interpretations of the theme
Batik for collage
Learn the exciting art of batik – hot wax resist – on paper and tissue paper creating interesting marks and textures, which we will then cut and tear to create collages, landscape is a good theme for this.These will be suitable for stitching into at a later date.
Birds and beautiful creatures
Create realistic or fantastic creatures using the technique of batik(hot wax resist) on tissue. Bring some images to inspire you and translate these ideas in to beautiful pieces of art suitable for framing.
Gardens and allotments
Using the technique of batik, hot wax resist, and the theme of gardens and allotments as our inspiration we will use different approaches to batik working on coloured tissue or white cotton. Pieces will be created suitable for further development with stitch and also for framing.
Patterns from the East
Using patterns, textures and colours from the East we will use the exciting technique of batik on tissue to create beautiful pieces suitable for further embellishment with stitch or print. We will use wooden stamps and various tools to create exciting effects. Fabric pieces could be used at a later date for cushions, book covers or bags.
Seedpods and natural forms
The beautiful shapes of seedpods and various plant forms will be used as inspiration to create batiks on tissue paper. Working with hot wax and resist we will use bleach and inks to create a selection of imaginative interpretations of the theme
Trees – an exploration through batik
You will use the technique of batik (hot wax resist) to create pieces of work inspired by trees – the structure, leaves, shape, seasons and topiary – and working on different surfaces such as tissue, paper and fabric, separately and in combination. You will work with wax, bleach, inks and dyes to create fabulous textures and effects. An exciting course allowing for exploration and discovery. The work will be suitable for further development in many different ways.
Batik inspired by John Piper
The artist John Piper created atmospheric images of the English landscape and its architecture. Using his work as inspiration students will use the technique of batik – hot wax resist. They will work on tissue paper, paper and fabric and use bleach and inks on assorted papers and dyes on cotton to create atmospheric textures and effects. An exciting course allowing for exploration and discovery. The work will be suitable for further development with stitch. No experience is necessary as the technique will be taught from scratch. A number of samples will be created during the workshop.
Using the exciting art of batik – hot wax resist – on paper and tissue paper with inks and bleach we will create exciting batiked papers , which we will then cut and fold to create folded books.
Create a unique bag using batik – hot wax resist and dyes. Landscapes, flowers, birds, abstract designs, it’s possible to have a different design on each side.
Hot & Cold wax resists
Explore the exciting marks and effects created by using different forms of resist- Batik – hot wax, brushable wax resist, oil pastels, candles, acrylic paint and stencils.
With tissue, paper and fabric as the base you will work with the resists, inks and bleach and dyes. You will explore the use of a wide range of traditional and non traditional tools to apply the hot wax. From potato mashers and loofahs to tjantings and brushes.Many samples will be developed as well larger pieces.. Some of the papers can be used to develop collaged images and designs by cutting, tearing, selecting and composing. The theme will be of your choice, landscape, architecture, natural forms, figures, abstract forms. | <urn:uuid:08bc0ae8-5bf7-4f44-a08c-294b32499b12> | {
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“The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of
thinking we were at when we created them.” — Albert Einstein
Problem Solving: A mental process that involves anticipating, diagnosing, analyzing and resolving problems.
Problem solving is one of the most important contributions people make in their organizations, communities and homes. In its broadest sense, problem solving is all about progress. It includes anticipating changes that need to be made in the future and addressing challenges that exist today. All continuous improvements, innovations and products/services emerge from problem solving. Since problem solving is a critical skill across all areas of life, we need to understand its four important components:
- Problem Solving Methodology
- Problem Solving Skills
- Problem Solving Tools
- Problem Solving Obstacles
Problem Solving Methodology
The initial stages of problem solving can be frustrating. Uncovering, defining and getting agreement about the core problem often create the most frustrations in problem solving. So, to avoid addressing the wrong problem or diverse problems, it is essential to establish a problem solving methodology. Good problem solving methodologies include the following steps:
- Problem Finding: Seeking, anticipating and investigating constraints, improvements, changes and trends within or outside your organization/home.
- Problem Definition: Defining the core problem your team hopes to solve.
- Problem Evaluation: Analyzing causes and interdependencies.
- Develop Strategies: Generate a variety of ways to address the problem and convert those into practical and actionable solutions
- Implement Actions: Take action steps, continually revising and adapting as learning takes place until the solution is successfully implemented
- Evaluation and Measure: Put objective measures in place to test and evaluate on-going success.
Problem Solving Skills:
Some people are naturally gifted in skills like logic, reasoning, and systematic analysis, but these skills can be learned. This is also one of the greatest benefits of working within teams, because even in a small group most likely someone will be strong in these skills so that the whole group can benefit. As your team works together, you will quickly see the strengths of each individual contribute toward the solution. Helpful problem solving skills will:
- Utilize logic and systematic processes to analyze and solve problems.
- Define the causes, effects, impact and scope of problems.
- Identify the multiple components of problems and their relationships.
- Prioritize steps to achieving a solution.
- Develop criteria for optimum solutions.
- Evaluate the potential impact of possible solutions and selects the best one.
Problem Solving Tools:
Multitudes of problem solving tools exist and can be obtained through an Internet search, but there are even more fabulous tools readily available to you. Mindtools at www.mindtools.com provides a broad range of helpful tools. We provide five of the better ones here:
- Five Whys. This tool requires you to ask “WHY” five times (or to the extent it makes sense) as a means to identify the root cause of a problem. Continue to ask “WHY” until you arrive at your root cause. This method is simple and easy to learn and apply.
- Affinity Diagram. An affinity diagram helps to synthesize large amounts of data by finding relationships between ideas. Its purpose is to synthesize divergent thoughts into categories that make sense. With this tool, you generate ideas through brainstorming (writing ideas on sticky notes works well) and then you categorize the ideas into natural themes. Once a consensus is reached, you create a category card that summarizes the major themes.
- Fishbone Diagram (Ishikawa Diagram). This is a graphical tool for identifying the relationship between a problem and its potential causes. It is called a fishbone because of the shape it takes. The issue (problem or process condition) is recorded on the right side of the diagram (at the head of the fish). A straight line (backbone) is drawn which leads to the head. The team identifies as many major causes for the problem as possible, which become the major bones of the fish. As sub-causes or contributors to those major categories are identified, the fish bone diagram is expanded. This provides a visual graphic of major and sub-category causes of the problem.
- Mind Mapping. A mind map is a non-linear diagram that collects information around a central subject. It incorporates words, images, colors and whatever else people dream up. It is helpful in retaining information because people remember better when images and color are incorporated. To begin you create an image of your central problem. Use your problem solving methodology steps as the main branches of your mind map. In the end, you’ll have a colorful mind map of your entire problem solving process.
- Appreciative Inquiry. This tool starts with an appreciation for what is good and beneficial. It takes a very positive approach to problem solving and usually includes 5 D’s: Define, discovery, dream, design and deliver. In the Define stage, you record your opportunity (positive outcome). In the discovery phase, you identify past successes. In dream, you imagine what “could be” if all those best outcomes were achieved. In Design, you generate strategies. In deliver, you design action plans to implement strategies and measures to evaluate your plan. This is an optimistic and fun tool for problem solving.
Problem Solving Obstacles:
As we said, it is crucial to institute problem solving methodology and utilize a variety of state of the art problem solving tools. However, no system or set of implementation skills work effectively unless team members have the right attitude and perspective. Here are some common inhibitors to effective problem solving.
- Denial: People don’t want to acknowledge the problem is significant enough to be addressed.
- Lack of accountability: People believe that the problem should be solved by someone else.
- Superficial problem solving: People work on symptoms or create quick fixes that don’t address the root cause problem.
- Motivational deficiency: People are not invested in the customer, organizational mission or outcomes of their organization.
- Assumptions: People often make assumptions about the constraints and obstacles that prevent creative solutions.
- Functional constraint: People tend to view problems in traditional ways, which prevents open-mindedness to other options and solutions.
- Finger-Pointing: While accountability must be genuine, people will be much more willing to address problems when they know they will be considered part of the solution, instead of pigeon-holed as part of the problem.
Problems are to be expected; they are a normal and healthy part of growth. If we learn to handle problems correctly, they will cease being problems and become transformed into gateways of opportunity.
“Problems are only opportunities in work clothes.”—Henri Kaiser
Worldwide Copyright TJ Associates, LLC Diane Kucala, October 2013 | <urn:uuid:c431290b-bc1c-480c-8c9e-5f1f88affb5b> | {
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Thanks to popular movies such as Madagascar and Happy Feet, penguins have become one of the most popular exhibits at both zoos and aquariums all over the world. In honor of Penguin Awareness Day, check out some fun facts about one of our favorite flightless friends.
Penguins are primarily found in the southern hemisphere. Although they are mostly associated with Antarctica, they can also be found in parts of South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Galapagos penguins actually live in a tropical environment near the equator.
Penguins are commonly recognized for their stylish ‘tuxedo appearance’, but this coloring actually serves a survival purpose. The black of their back disguises them from above using the murky water while their white bellies hide them from predators below.
While most birds have hallowed bones enabling flight, penguins have very heavy bones which make them quick swimmers. Some species of penguins can swim up to 22 MPH.
Penguins can drink salt water and not get sick. They have a small gland just above their eye that filters the salt from their bloodstream. However, they will usually seek out fresh water for drinking purposes and only consume salt water if that’s their only option or inadvertently while swimming. They expel the salt from their bodies by sneezing.
Happy Penguin Appreciation Day! | <urn:uuid:405d9f01-2964-48f1-860f-b2fbeb070369> | {
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Brazen, a name given by Hezekiah king of Judah to the brazen serpent that Moses had set upon the wilderness, Nu 21:8, and which had been preserved by the Israelites to that time. The superstitious people having made an idol of this serpent, Hezekiah caused it to be burned, and in derision have it the name of Nehushtan, a mere piece of brass, 2Ki 18:4. Memorials, relics, and other outward aids to devotion which men rely upon, have the opposite effect; and visible emblem hides the Savior it ought to reveal, Joh 3:14-16.
of copper; a brazen thing a name of contempt given to the serpent Moses had made in the wilderness (Nu 21:8), and which Hezekiah destroyed because the children of Israel began to regard it as an idol and "burn incense to it." The lapse of nearly one thousand years had invested the "brazen serpent" with a mysterious sanctity; and in order to deliver the people from their infatuation, and impress them with the idea of its worthlessness, Hezekiah called it, in contempt, "Nehushtan," a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass (2Ki 18:4).
("brazen"). 2Ki 18:4, "a piece of brass." The contemptuous name (so the Septuagint, Vulgate, etc.) given to the brazen serpent when Hezekiah broke it in pieces because it was made an idol of, Israel burning incense to it because of its original use in the typical miracle (Nu 21:8-9; Joh 3:14). The Targum of Jonathan, the Peshito Syriac, and Buxtorf less forcibly make Nehushtan the name by which the brass serpent had been generally known. A prescient protest against relic worship.
Name of contempt given by Hezekiah to the brazen serpent, when he destroyed it because the Israelites burnt incense to it. He called it a 'piece of brass,' as in the margin. 2Ki 18:4.
(a thing of brass), the name by which the brazen serpent made by Moses in the wilderness,
was worshipped in the time of Hezekiah.
It is evident that our translators by their rendering "and he called it Nehushtan" understood that the subject of the sentence is Hezekiah and that when he destroyed the brazen serpent he gave it the name Nehushtan "a brazen thing" in token of his utter contempt. But it is better to understand the Hebrew as referring to the name by which the serpent was generally known, the subject of the verb being indefinite-- "and one called it 'Nehushtan.'" | <urn:uuid:10d7bab5-eb03-4322-aad1-51797e3972cb> | {
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The Pulaar (or Tukulor) are thought to have descended from the Fulani and the Wolof or Serere tribes. The name "Tukulor" is derived from the word Takrur. This term was used by Arab geographers to describe an eleventh century realm near the middle Senegal River Valley. Today, the Tukulor are known by a number of names, including Pulaar and Haal. They have retained their respective languages, and many are also bilingual in Arabic. While the majority of Pulaar Fulani live in Senegal, another significant group lives in Guinea, where they comprise a very small percentage of the population. There are also small numbers of Pulaar Fulani in Mali and Mauritania.
What Are Their Lives Like?
Most Pulaar live a rural life. They raise livestock, farm, and fish. They live in small villages in round huts made of clay or rough bricks, with straw roofs. Their dietary staples include rice, millet, sorghum, fish, nuts, and fruit. A steadily rising population and an unequal distribution of land have resulted in the emigration of large numbers of Pulaar (particularly youth) to the cities in search of better job opportunities. Traditional Pulaar society is divided into four main social classes, each having twelve "castes. " Their social life is a mixture of local customs and Islamic traditions. Neither Islam, the effects of colonization, nor the goals of various national leaders have been able to erase the old social divisions. The torobe are the aristocratic class. Villages are governed by a group of elders from this caste. The middle class, or rimbe, is made up of fishermen, farmers, tradesmen, and administrators. The middle class includes the craftsmen, and the lower class includes the freed slaves and the slaves. Social status rarely changes. The Pulaar marry within their class divisions, women usually between the ages of 16 and 18, and men between the ages of 25 and 30. Although it is uncommon, a man may have up to four wives. Families are generally large, with an average of six children per family. Pulaar women often wear large embedded pieces of wood in the soft lobes of their ears and have two small facial slits near the outside corners of both eyes. Although female genital mutilation is becoming increasingly illegal, over half of Pulaar girls from the ages of three to nine undergo ritual genital circumcision in order to be considered "clean" and worthy of marriage.
The Pulaar proudly acknowledge themselves as the first black Africans to convert to Islam although spiritism and magic play a significant role in daily life
What Are Their Beliefs?
The Pulaar Fulani first accepted Islam in the eleventh century. Traditional Muslim beliefs such as the nature of man and his destiny after death play a significant role in the people's outlook on life. Muslim brotherhoods teach a mystical approach to Islam: the people seek closer relationships to God through rituals, prayer and other techniques. Islam has not brought any major changes to Pulaar attitudes toward spiritism and magic. The people use charms, amulets and witchcraft. The Pulaar attribute supernatural powers to various Muslim clerics who practice divination, the use of supernatural powers.
What Are Their Needs?
Islam has enormous penetration into every aspect of Pulaar life. A somewhat isolated people with minimal exposure to other religious ideas, the Pulaar view the world and gain their personal identities from their rigid beliefs in the Islamic family and community. They are extremely reluctant to leave the world they know. Decreasing income from the sale of agricultural products, encroachment by the Sahara Desert on farmland, deforestation and increasing population are resulting in extreme financial concerns for the Pulaar Fulani. Nearly all village water sources are polluted. Malaria and infectious diseases inflict a heavy toll each year. Although there is some literacy among the aristocracy, most of the Pulaar are illiterate.
Pray for the Lord to provide for the Pulaar Fulani so well that they acknowledge his goodness and power. Pray for the Lord to intervene among the Pulaar Fulani in Guinea and Mali in such a way that they will become open to accepting the lordship of Christ. Pray for workers to go to the Pulaar Fulani. Pray for a Disciple Making Movement among the Pulaar that will spread to other Fulani groups.
Joshua Project data is drawn from many sources and of varying accuracy depending on source and editorial decisions. Populations are scaled to the current year. Other data may have varying ages. We welcome updates.
Joshua Project occasionally adjusts profile text from third party sources. This is done to avoid confusion regarding the current reality of a people group, to fix grammar and spelling and to avoid potentially offensive wording.
A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. Blanks mean an unknown value.
Data is not as precise as it appears. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. We recommend against using %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical to calculate absolute numbers.
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Joshua Project may be able to provide more information than what is published on this site. Please contact us.
On-the-ground reality may vary from what is presented here. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. | <urn:uuid:058e44b2-be3e-4788-a69b-42f04cbbaa93> | {
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Hemorrhoids are called vascular disease of the rectum veins, which is accompanied by inflammation, stretching, swelling and prolapse. Due to this pathological process, the development of so-called hemorrhoids (cones) develops, which bulge outward, delivering tremendous discomfort to the patient.
Varicose veins of the anus are among the most common diseases of the 21st century, affecting people from the most developed countries. According to statistics, the most reported cases of the disease occur in the United States, Canada, and the European Union. While in the territory of Africa and Malaysia hemorrhoids practically does not occur. Such an uneven distribution of morbidity is due to the way of life of these two categories of people. People who lead an active lifestyle, follow the correct diet, do not abuse alcohol and junk food (fast foods, food on the go, dry rations), do not suffer from obesity, practically do not undergo the development of this pathology. In economically developed and successful countries, the lifestyle of a person is significantly different from this, and this is what affects the onset of hemorrhoids. There are other reasons for the development of this disease. The risk group includes women during pregnancy, hereditary predispositions, those who enjoy spicy, salty and spicy dishes, suffering from frequent constipation or diarrhea.
Why can develop hemorrhoids in women
Features of the acute process
Some doctors claim that once a hemorrhoid manifests itself, it automatically becomes chronic with periodic exacerbations and periods of remission. Others are confident that the disease can be defeated, it is enough to diagnose it in time and find the right treatment. Despite this, everyone agrees on the consensus that it is much easier to treat the identified pathology in time than a neglected form, often accompanied by complications.
One way or another, a person notices the disease only in the acute period, when the symptoms are most pronounced. In this case, the features of the disease can manifest themselves in different ways, depending on the degree of the disease, its course, and the presence or absence of complications. With exacerbation of hemorrhoids, the following symptoms are observed:
- severe acute pain in the rectum, aggravated by bowel movements;
- drop out of painful blue-colored hemorrhoids;
- sore inflamed venous cones can be so severe that a person cannot walk or sit on a hard surface;
As a rule, during exacerbation of hemorrhoids, a person experiences severe pain.
Exacerbation of hemorrhoids is dangerous development of complications. In the absence of timely treatment, paraproctitis (purulent inflammation of the adrectal tissue), sepsis, and necrosis of the anus tissue may develop. In this case, the person is in great danger, the pathological process can be fatal. An urgent surgical intervention is required.
Causes of acute hemorrhoids
So why does hemorrhoids escalate? What causes the sudden deterioration of the patient’s condition? The main reasons for the development of an acute process are not previously treated hemorrhoids, as well as non-compliance with the recommendations of the doctor to prevent the recurrence of inflammation. The most common exacerbation of hemorrhoids occurs for the following reasons:
- thrombosis of inflamed hemorrhoids;
- cessation of blood circulation in the prolapsed venous lump, the reason for which may be its infringement by muscle fibers;
- errors in nutrition, addiction to spicy, spicy, salty dishes;
- drinking alcoholic beverages;
- constipation or diarrhea;
Causes of hemorrhoids in men and women
In addition, exacerbation of hemorrhoids may develop due to strong straining, weight lifting, prolonged static loads, during pregnancy. In order to quickly and effectively relieve inflammation and eliminate all symptoms of the disease, it is important to diagnose rectal disease in time. At the reception, the doctor will conduct an external examination, after which he will use the finger method to determine possible internal nodes. If necessary, he will send you to undergo additional instrumental examination: rectal ultrasound or rectoromanoscopy. After confirmation of the diagnosis, appropriate treatment will be assigned, based on the features of the course of the disease in a particular patient.
Methods of treatment of varicose veins of the anus
In this section of the article you will learn what to do during the next exacerbation of the disease, how to help get rid of all its manifestations. There are three ways to treat this vascular pathology of the anus:
- During exacerbation of hemorrhoids, a mandatory conservative treatment is carried out, the action of which is aimed at eliminating the existing symptoms of the disease, namely: relieving the inflammatory process, reducing the pain of the nodes, as well as improving blood circulation in the rectal area. With conservative treatment, various ointments, gels, rectal suppositories for local use, which have anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, wound healing and anesthetic effects, are taken. The dosage and duration of the course is determined by the doctor in a strictly individual manner. In most cases, the symptoms of the disease can be removed after 10-14 days of active therapeutic procedures.
Methods and means of treating hemorrhoids
To prevent the recurrence of the disease, the main emphasis should be placed on adhering to the correct lifestyle. Move more, do not abuse harmful foods, alcohol, exercise, adjust static loads. Always remember that your health is in your hands, therefore you are responsible for it. If you follow all the recommendations of the doctor, the disease will never return, and you will again feel the former comfort of life. | <urn:uuid:b24d2536-afe3-4da5-bf54-6e1fc36f689f> | {
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If you’re a first time parent, it can be overwhelming for so many reasons. One being… how the heck are you supposed to interact with this tiny person?? Playing with a baby seems easy on paper, but when confronted with an entire day stretched ahead of you with a little human, it can feel daunting. Signing up for parenthood has a learning curve, and engaging with your child from day 1 is part of it. One approach to developmentally appropriately entertaining your baby all day is sensory play.
Sensory play is a vital activity specially designed to stimulate one or more of the senses. Sensory play provides feedback to the sensory systems, and satiates sensory needs. It is easy to create sensory activities using different objects already in your possession at home. This includes any activity that stimulates the baby’s senses.
The development of touch sense through tactile play governs the ability to recognize different textures, object shape, material, and safeness through contact with the body. A keen sense of smell is critical for recognizing and identifying different foods, plants or materials in the surrounding environment and is facilitated by scented play. Taste play is associated with the ability to distinguish different food. Visual play, tied to sight perception, teaches us to recognize different colors, shapes, and body language. And audio play tied to auditory perception governs the ability to understand and produce meaningful sounds.
In addition to the classical five senses, sensory play addresses three perceptual systems that are often overlooked: proprioceptive, interoceptive and vestibular systems. Proprioception refers to the awareness one has for their own body as it relates to the surrounding environment. It helps us know where our body parts are relative to each other and how much force is required to complete a task or maneuver. Walking, climbing, and other mundane tasks would be impossible without a developed sense of proprioception.
The interoceptive sense helps us understand our body’s internal sensations. This is the sense that helps us know if we’re hungry, thirsty, hot, cold, or any other feeling that begins within our bodies. It also helps with emotional regulation, as some of our emotions are linked to physical sensations. For example, think about how feeling anxious can cause a racing heart, a dry mouth, sweating, tingling, and other physical sensations. Interoception helps you understand these physical signs and regulate emotions.
Vestibular sense refers to the ability to maintain balance in concert with coordinated movement and spatial orientation. The term comes from the vestibule of the ear, which is where our sense of balance and orientation is physically instantiated. If a child can't process vestibular input effectively, they may be gravitationally insecure –– AKA afraid to let feet leave the ground and avoid the playground.
Sensory play includes any type of game or toy that engages children’s senses to promote healthy development. It is intrinsically motivated, requires active engagement, and results in joyous discovery. It is usually voluntary and has no extrinsic goals, rather, the spontaneous fun of sensory play is enough instant gratification to justify it in the mind of a child.
Sensory play is a fundamental part of early childhood development. It encourages children to explore and investigate the world around them. Sensory play can even resemble a form of scientific inquiry, as they form assumptions about sensory information, experiment with various conditions, and make conclusions about what they perceive.
Sensory play also helps babies to refine their thresholds for different sensory information, and helps their brains learn how to filter between useful information and that which can be filtered out. Sensory play promotes important cognitive growth: nerve connections in the brain, the development of fine and gross motor skills, linguistic development, and later social interaction. Engaging in sensory play comes naturally for most children. It should be supported by parents and educators so these sensory systems can reach their full potential.
Engaging in sensory play strengthens the connections in developing brains and develops complex learning skills. Unique textures, tastes, sounds and experiences foster cognitive growth and give immediate gratification, while providing unconscious lessons critical to interacting with the world.
Sensory play also develops and enhances children’s memories, by providing stimulation that is linked to their innate senses. Think of how many strong sense-memory associations you’ve formed based on smell alone! Sense stimulus employed in concert with playful learning can help new information stick on a much deeper level than teaching in the absence of sensory play will.
Encouraging adaptability is key. Sensory play helps children adapt to new textures, tastes, and experiences. Infants can react negatively to unfamiliar stimuli, even when the same stimuli are viewed quite positively by others. Adding a dimension of play to new stimuli can make the process fun and associate a new thing with good memories, but don’t push it. It’s important to always respect your child’s boundaries.
Additional benefits of sensory play includes the promotion of safe, stable and nurturingrelationships, encouraging the development of competent executive function, and improves life course trajectories.
Though it can seem intimidating, there are many ways to play with your baby that promote healthy sensory development. Human infants are born immature (at least compared to the newborns of other species), which makes the substantial brain development occurring after birth even more important. Infants are utterly reliant on their parents or guardians to regulate sleep rhythms, feeding cycles, and interactions. Sensory play, as with general playtime, facilitates the progression from dependence to independence, and from parental regulation to self-regulation. In the first 3 months of life, parents interact with their babies in a reciprocating pattern wherein nonverbal cues are read by the parent and responded to contingently. Sensory play instills a sense of agency in the child.
Hanging a mobile over a crib can provide an infant with an early source of visual stimulation. Giving a resting child something interesting to look at provides elements of color discernment, motion and reflection. Parents and caregivers are encouraged to replace the mobile every few months and to facilitate attentive sensory play by touching or moving the mobile.
As newborns, high contrast imagery –– particularly in black and white –– can be especially stimulating as they acclimate to the world. As they grow more aware and develop a better sense of sight and detail, show your child pictures of smiling faces (e.g. relatives in a photo album) to provide important visual stimulation. Point to the faces in each picture so your child can note the smiles. Learning to recognize smiling faces in their environment helps infants develop a sense of security and belonging before they’re old enough to understand words. Playing with them in front of a mirror can also develop self-awareness.
Singing songs to your infant child helps to develop listening skills. Babies develop their listening skills by hearing their parents and trying to mimic what they hear. They also unconsciously adopt concepts like tone and rhythm, which are critical aspects of linguistic development. Baby rattles, musical instruments, or mild percussive taps on different objects to hear their resulting sounds, all constitute examples of audio play.
Patty-cake is one example of a physical, locomotive sensory game and is tied to the acquisition of foundational motor skills later on. The development of these skills is essential to promoting an active lifestyle and the prevention of obesity. Peekaboo, on the other hand, depends entirely on the lack of object permanence at this developmental stage. It resembles a dialogue wherein the parent and infant engage in a protoconversation, and teaches infants the timing and structure of social exchanges. Learning to cooperate and negotiate personal interactions promotes critical social skills.
Sensory play with infants is completely informal and is up to your creative discretion. Even having your baby watch bubbles float and feel them land on their skin, or scrunching colored paper to hear the noise, feel the contours and see the shapes change, provides nurturing tactile play. And, dancing with them to your favorite tunes can be a fun and entertaining way to engage their vestibular sense.
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The Illustrated History of World War One: An Authoritative Chronological Account of the Military and (BOK)
Sendes vanligvis innen 7-15 dager
This title includes special features on all of the key battles and engagements on land and at sea, detailing military strategies, successes and failures. It chronicles the course of each year of the war, and details the major events, including the battle of the Marne, the first day of the Somme, the race to the sea, and the stalemate on the Italian front. It offers fascinating fact boxes that highlight the lives of important political leaders and generals, such as Alexei Brusilov, Henri-Philippe Petain, Douglas Haig, David Lloyd George and President Woodrow Wilson. It is illustrated with over 350 compelling and evocative photographs taken during World War One, and featuring informative maps and battle plans. World War One was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers. This engaging and poignant book is divided into seven chapters, one on each of the five years of the war, plus an introductory chapter on its origins, and a concluding chapter on its aftermath and legacy. Special feature boxes cover key personalities and points of significant interest. The first battle of Ypres, battles in Champagne and Artois, the winter offensive against Russia, and the breaking of the Hindenburg line are all discussed in detail. The history of World War One is told here through an expert but accessible text, making this a fascinating reference book ideal for both general and specialist readers.
Andre produkter med samme artist(er)/medvirkende | <urn:uuid:2419b341-61c4-4633-a863-b16e2e88080d> | {
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Welcome to Teacherplanet.com
This Week's Featured Resources
Students learn about the Mayflower, Pilgrims and the origin of Thanksgiving.
Worksheet:Thanksgiving Turkey Tails
Students make words out of the letters that are written on the turkey’s feathers.
Thanksgiving is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November with family gatherings and an abundance of food.
Template:Weekly Thematic Unit Planner
Use this Weekly Thematic Unit Planner for Elementary Studies.
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The first thing we did was to identify the fingerprints left at the scene. We also took our own finger print and worked out what type of finger print we had.
We then used blotting paper and water to find out whose pen had been used to write the note left at the scene. This is called chromatography.
We compared the mud left at the crime scene with mud taken from the suspects' boots. The evidence showed that the mud was magnetic and sunk in water.
For the next testing process we needed to wear safety glasses to stop any of the liquid splashing into our eyes.
We tested the liquid found at the scene. We used the pH scale and discovered that the liquid was acidic.
The last test involved using a reacting agent and a catalyst to check the liquid found at the scene of the crime.
At the end the evidence pointed to Mercedes as the person who had committed the crime.
We recorded our results as we completed each test.
We all had a great time with Rebecca and learnt lots of new things. A special thanks to Pania and Sophie for helping us. | <urn:uuid:6e7f7e0e-8198-4edc-ae47-7a9db287e3ad> | {
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Cuphea is a new crop of temperate regions that produces seed oil that can substitute for imported coconut and palm kernel oils. Only four herbicides are known to be tolerated by cuphea to date. More herbicides, especially POST products, are needed for continued commercialization. In Minnesota and North Dakota, where cuphea currently is grown, greater control of Canada thistle and biennial wormwood is needed in cuphea. Because clopyralid is effective on both of these species, it was tested at rates ranging from about 25 to 850 g ae ha−1 in greenhouse and field trials. Visual assessment of injury, height, growth, and seed yield of cuphea were not reduced significantly in field-grown plants when clopyralid was applied at rates up to 400 g ae ha−1. Thus, at the rate commonly used in other crops, 200 g ae ha−1, clopyralid can be applied safely to cuphea.
Nomenclature: Clopyralid; biennial wormwood, Artemisia biennis Willd.; Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.; cuphea, Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton. | <urn:uuid:156223de-ab53-40ed-bae8-5313c2403bb7> | {
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The fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, known as the Triangle Fire, occurred in 1911 due to poor working conditions. The fire engulfed the entire factory, and helpless workers could not leave it because employers had locked them in. About 150 women were killed in the fire.
Recommended textbook solutions
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Winter 2011 - Volume 40, Number 1
Table of Contents
Galaxies Outside the Atlas, Trevor Quirk
There are uncounted billions of galaxies in the universe. As Indiana University astronomer John Salzer well knows, not all of them are easy to classify, and a few even appear to be relics from a bygone age.
Kepler and Galileo: Messengers From the Stars, Erik Stengler
Thanks to his telescopic observations of the sky in 1609, Galileo gets all the glory. But at the same time, Johannes Kepler made a fundamental contribution to astronomy.
A Messenger to Mercury, Paul Deans
On March 18, a spacecraft named MESSENGER will attempt to swing into orbit around Mercury. Planetary scientists can hardly wait.
Astronomy in the News
ESA makes the Sun available to all, red dwarf stars are plentiful (and pack a punch), and a standard cosmological candle isn’t so standard after all -- these are some of the discoveries that recently made news in the astronomical community.
Editorial, Paul Deans
First Word, James G. Manning
Living with Extremes
Echoes of the Past, Katherine Bracher
80 Years Ago: The Mass of Pluto
Annals of Astronomy, Clifford J. Cunningham
The Toledo Letter
Astronomer's Notebook, Jennifer Birriel
Teaching Astrobiology Without a Textbook
Planetary Perspectives, Daniel D. Durda
The End of an Era
Education Matters, David Bruning
Creating the New Age of Education
Reaching Out, Bethany Cobb
Risk and Reward
Society Scope/ASP Supporters
Thank You to our Supporters
Sky Sights, Paul Deans
Saturn Comes into View
Reflections, Robert Gendler
Galaxies Outside the Atlas
by Trevor Quirk
Soft clouds of grey pitch silently thicken the sky, still lit from below by the sinking sun. The upward veins and creases of the clouds are illuminated by an apricot fire, as a young, eager John Salzer buries his eyes and mind in an atlas under the mellow electric light of a library.
He's lost — surrounded by towering cases and shelves of hardcover books printed on manila, edge-stained pages. There's that
distinct smell of library dust, the floating accumulation of disintegrated paper, ancient ink, and binding glue through static air. It's The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies he's lost in. He turns the pages slowly, in pensive movement, taking note of the fact that every galaxy is different. Salzer knows that the initial ensemble of hydrogen and helium is essentially the same for each galaxy, yet somehow — and this is what allures him — this endless catalog of images contains no congruencies. Not a single repetition or suspected duplicate. Shape, color, stellar distribution, and size — all different.
That was the childhood scene John Salzer, an astronomer at Indiana University, described to me when I had the opportunity to speak with him about his recent work.
Kepler & Galileo: Messengers from the Stars
by Erik Stengler
The 2009 International Year of Astronomy celebrated the 400th anniversary of Galileo's pioneering use of the telescope for astronomical observations. But in the same year, 1609, Johannes Kepler made another fundamental contribution to astronomy and modern science. He published his work Astronomia Nova, in which he described planetary orbits as ellipses for the first time. The departure from the circle as a perfect and natural shape in the universe was a giant leap that has been undervalued.
Following the success of the format used in previous occasions, José Montesinos, from the Fundación Canaria Orotava para la Historia de la Ciencia (Canarian Foundation "Orotava" for the History of Science), and I staged a debate on this issue and tried to bring an underrated Kepler into the picture.
José likes to be seen as an old mathematics teacher who has grown weary of what he considers the blind faith scientists put into numbers and mathematical science, and one who advocates alternative views related to philosophy and history of science. He enjoys debating with me, a younger astrophysicist, who speaks out for the success and achievements of the mathematical approach, based on the equations and geometry that have shaped modern science since the early seventeenth century.
When we get together in front of an audience we play these roles, but our show is especially believable because the roles actually correspond to our real-life attitudes! We previously held debates, with great success, on the foundations of relativity theory and on the consideration of the circle and the straight line in science history. Now we focused our lively discussions on the two great pillars of astronomy -- Galileo and Kepler.
A Messenger to Mercury
by Paul Deans
Scientists involved in the spacecraft exploration of the solar system are patient bunch. They have to be. For instance, after liftoff in August 1977, it took Voyager 2 two years to reach Jupiter; three to get to Saturn; seven to reach Uranus; and more than 10 years to arrive at Neptune.Add on the pre-launch years required for mission concept and development, plus time for spacecraft construction, and it's no surprise that some astronomers devoted most of their career to the Voyager missions. Equally daunting is the New Horizons journey to Pluto. Launched in January 2006, the spacecraft will not fly past this dwarf planet until July 2015 -- a wait of nearly a decade.
By comparison, the MESSENGER mission to Mercury has been a whirlwind of activity. Launched in August 2004, the spacecraft is now on its final approach to an orbital rendezvous with the closest planet to the Sun. But along the way, it flew past Earth once, Venus twice, and Mercury three times.
Those three Mercury flybys helped settle MESSENGER (an acronym for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) into a solar orbit that is conducive to an orbital-insertion maneuver when it approaches the tiny planet for the fourth time.
Astronomy in the News
ESA Makes the Sun Available to Everyone
European Space Agency
New software developed by ESA makes available online to everyone, everywhere, at anytime, the entire library of images from the SOHO solar and heliospheric observatory. Just download the viewer and begin exploring the Sun.
JHelioviewer is new visualisation software that enables everyone to explore the Sun. Developed as part of the ESA/NASA Helioviewer Project, it provides a desktop program that enables users to call up images of the Sun from the past 15 years. More than a million images from SOHO can already be accessed, and new images from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory are being added every day.
Using this new software, users can create their own movies of the Sun, color the images as they wish, and image-process the movies in real time. They can export their finished movies in various formats, and track features on the Sun by compensating for solar rotation.
"We wanted to make it easy to view solar images from different observatories and instruments, and to make it easy to make movies," says Daniel Müller, ESA SOHO Deputy Project Scientist. "Before, it took hours to combine images from different telescopes to make a movie of the Sun for a given period. With JHelioviewer, everyone can do this in minutes. This is an interactive visual archive of the entire SOHO mission."
Accessing Mercury Magazine
Published since 1972, Mercury Magazine is now published four times a year for ASP Members and Institutional Subscribers. The Mercury Archives offer a table of contents for each of the digital issues going back to 2007. Members and Subscribers have access to the complete digital library of the full magazines.
ASP Members simply Log In to access all full digital issues through the MyASP Portal.
Not an ASP Member? Join today to enjoy a full year subscription, an archive of digital issues since 2007, as well as other benefits.
Institutional Subscribers must access the full library of digital issues through your Institution.
Mercury now has a voice beyond its Members as we launch Mercury Online, featuring our recognized columnists, current space news, and more in a new and up-to-date blog format.
"We live in turbulent yet exciting times, so it is our hope that Mercury Online will showcase humanity's drive to explore by delivering high-quality articles for members and nonmembers alike." — Ian O'Neill, Editor, Mercury magazine and Mercury Online | <urn:uuid:450dcda8-2be6-4659-9f1e-269502853720> | {
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Advocates of climate change who have seen the use of motored or engine run vehicles as one of the major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, a simple solution has emerged: get people to ride a bicycle, they not only help conserve energy but they also help themselves to be fit and healthy.
France has led the way with ten thousand bicycles at seven hundred fifty stations throughout downtown Paris.
Rental is about US$ 1.40 for a full day. A year long pass is only US$ 40.00. You don’t have to own the bike, maintain it or even house it which is a problem for apartment dwellers.
You can pick up a bike at the station nearest you and leave it at any of the other stations throughout the city when you have reached your destination.
In Stockholm, Sweden one thousands bikes are made available by the city at eighty stations. In Lyons, France which started the program a year ago, four thousand bikes are available at three hundred fifty stations across the city.
Lyon officials has estimated that three thousand tons of carbon dioxide emissions had been saved since the program was established.
Convincing the public that riding a bike for errands instead of using a car will be a major problem.
In today’s conservation minded world, the bike is the vehicle where you can go anywhere, anytime, and not risk polluting the atmosphere.
Its contribution to the environment is not only to reduce air pollution but to conserve energy as well.
In the US, New York City most probably the next pilot station to try the bicycle idea. It has already run a five day test from Solo in lower Manhattan with twenty bikes that can be borrowed free of charge for half an hour.
Under the conservation plans for the city, New York has already copied Paris’ regulation of charging a fee for private cars entering the congested area of Manhattan.
Holland, Vietnam along with China made the bike as the medium form of public transport by their citizens, notwithstanding, the beneficial contributions that it can bring to the environment and to the well being of the users.
Such program can entice more cyclists, advocates on energy conservation and in the fight of global warming respectively, physical workout enthusiasts and the end users. | <urn:uuid:a9c345d7-cb16-4ed6-b048-0750b0b63552> | {
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Tips to Overcome Educational Obstacles for Children with Special Needs: special children and their needs
150 million of the world’s 1 billion people with special needs are children, and 80 percent of them live in developing nations. One of the most marginalized groups is children with special needs; they start school last, and they are more likely to quit before they finish primary or secondary school.
Children with special needs frequently go unnoticed by the general public. The general public typically has very low expectations when it comes to special needs. Children with special needs should be educated because it is beneficial to their parents. Their acceptance in the family will rise in tandem with the higher expectations. Primary education must be attended by all special children.
Children with special needs face the greatest educational obstacle. Societal stigma, a lack of teacher training, and an inability to comprehend these students’ special needs frequently hinder their access to school. These special children often have to deal with a hostile school environment that doesn’t provide them with classroom support or thematic and methodical learning materials that are tailored to their needs.
Due to several cultural and institutional obstacles, millions of children and adolescents with disabilities, particularly girls with special needs, are excluded from education and workforce development plans. Here, we will talk about how to conquer instructive deterrents for kids with extraordinary requirements to accomplish the objective of generally getting consideration.
Free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of 6 and 14 is a fundamental right under Article 21-A of the Constitution, as stated in the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002. This Act applies to all children, regardless of their gender, caste, creed, or economic status. It also applies to children with special needs, a group that is often overlooked.
TIPS TO OVERCOME EDUCATIONAL OBSTACLES FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
It can be hard to make sure that children and adolescents with disabilities can get an education, give them a place to learn with the right materials, and have teachers who know how to teach well. In addition, efforts to mainstream children and adolescents with disabilities into the educational system are frequently met with active opposition from communities and parents. There is a lack of understanding regarding the various requirements that children and adolescents with disabilities have and the learning environment that is considered to be the least restrictive.
Gathering Information on Kids with Extraordinary Necessities
Kids with extraordinary necessities frequently go unidentified upon entering the world, which adds to their imperceptibility, instructive deterrents, and different administrations. For educational programs to effectively prioritize, plan for, and ensure the best use of resources, as well as appropriately inform programming requirements to provide the best service possible to host-country governments and communities, particularly special children, quality data must be collected.
Addressing Stigma with Parents and Communities to Overcome Educational Obstacles for Children with Special Needs
Stigma is frequently perpetuated when parents are exposed to the opinions of healthcare professionals, who typically discover children and adolescents with disabilities first. The medical model of special needs is used by a lot of practitioners. This model focuses only on the limitations that the person has and tries to fix those limitations so that the person can fit in with society.
Lack of parent and community engagement to overcome educational obstacles
Negative attitudes and stigma against children with special needs are changing, but little is being done to change them with the help of parents and communities of children and adolescents with disabilities. Additionally, little effort is being made to encourage parents to bring their children with special needs to school and become more involved in their children’s education. Students do better in school, stay in school, and develop better social skills and behavior when families and communities collaborate with the education system to help them succeed in school and overcome educational obstacles.
The Public Instruction Strategy 2020 which has been delivered under the administration of State leader Narendra Modi perceives the significance of creating empowering components to give Youngsters Extraordinary Requirements with similar open doors for quality schooling as some other kids assisting with beating instructive impediments.
Special schools run by the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and the idea of inclusive education are two examples of traditional offline methods that have reached their limit in terms of their ability to help special children. Every student learns at their own pace; for instance, special children who have a physical disability and have lost a limb may be able to comprehend concepts more quickly than people with autism or ADHD, who have shorter attention spans. Learning-disabled children frequently struggle to adapt to conventional classroom structures and curricula. | <urn:uuid:b94cc66c-9d2f-4ce4-a431-8bbe06fd1b07> | {
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Freon with formula, types, uses, and characteristics
What is Freon Gas? (Dichlorodifluoromethane)
The answer to the question “what is freon?” is: Freon gas is the trade name of a certain class of organic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (Chydrochlorofluorocarbon – HCF), and some similar compounds. Freon contains mostly hydrogen, bromine, and chlorine, as well as fluorine and carbon.
Freon gas, also known as CFC, is a non-flammable chemical compound, used in air conditioners in cars, buildings, and refrigerators for refrigeration. (What is freon) This gas was invented in the early 20th century as an alternative to toxic gases that were used for various refrigeration processes, and its use greatly expanded In addition, some of its compounds have been banned and manufactured in accordance with international agreements.
The formula of (Dichlorodifluoromethane)
IUPAC ID: Dichlorodifluoromethane
Boiling point: -29.8 °C
Molar mass: 120.91 g/mol
Melting point: -157.7 °C
Density: 1.49 g/cm³
Soluble in: Water
History of freon
CFCs were first manufactured in the 1890s, but they were extremely dangerous and flammable, and in the 1920s another GM team was formed to find a safer, more stable and nontoxic alternative, and Frigidaire, a branch In 1930, GM and DuPont assembled and formed Kinetic Chemicals to produce freon, not only damaging the ozone layer.
But freon manufacturing also releases another product into the atmosphere, this gas, known As HFC-23, it is also harmful and contributes to global warming.
Freon is a non-flammable gas that is colorless, and although Freon is often odorless, some of its types have an ether-like odor. Freon also maintains its gaseous state at room temperature, can be liquefied by compression or cooling, is four times heavier than air, and freon is discharged directly to the ground in the event of any leakage in the container.
Freon gas, also known as CFC, is a non-flammable chemical compound, used in air conditioners in cars, buildings, and refrigerators for refrigeration. (What is freon) This gas was invented in the early 20th century as an alternative to toxic gases that were used for various refrigeration processes, and its use greatly expanded. In addition, some of its compounds have been banned and manufactured in accordance with international agreements.
Types of Freon Compounds (CFC)
There are many types of freon that have different uses:
1. Freon R134A: Tetrafluoroethane, especially used in cars.
Freon R22: Chlorodiofluoromethane (Chlorodiofluoromethane), used in large-capacity air conditioners, in residential and commercial air conditioners, as well as for some means of transport, food services, ice machines, food storage Freon
R410A: An alternative to the previous type (Freon R22), because Freon R22 has been discontinued worldwide because it is a substance that depletes the ozone layer.
R11: Trichloro mono-fluoromethane (in English) Trichloromonofluoromethane), used in air conditioners and refrigerants, is one of the most dangerous types of freon on the ozone layer;
- .The use of this gas has proved to be harmful to the ozone layer, leading to significant damage and depletion.
- Manufacturing refrigeration and air conditioning devices of all kinds.
- Freeze food.
- Sterilization of medical materials.
- Making moisture and heat insulators
Freon hazards to the ecosystem
It has been fully established that chemicals containing chlorine components contribute to a significant destruction of the ozone layer and, consequently, to their depletion. Accordingly, the Montreal Convention provides for the cessation of the use or manufacture of this gas or any of its compounds. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol is therefore considered successful. In reducing the many concentrations of gases that deplete this layer in the atmosphere, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). As a result of the policies and laws of the Montreal Convention, all levels of stratospheric chlorine have been reduced, and the ozone layer is expected to return to its pre-1980 levels. (What is freon) It has recently been observed that the concentration of dichloromethane in the atmosphere depletes the ozone layer and is increasing significantly, a substance not mentioned in the Montreal Convention, and if this increase continues – albeit a slight – it will cause Delayed recovery of the ozone layer. The photochemical separation of freons as well as all related CFCs is one of the main causes of the degradation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Can absorb very harmful ultraviolet rays, because they are a catalyst for skin cancer. The air spray containers are banned in the USA because they contain freon. Many developed countries have prevented the production of almost all types of freons to accumulate evidence that ozone is depleting in the polar regions.
Alternatives to harmful freon gas on the ecosystem
Some cities under the Montreal Convention rely on environmentally friendly refrigerators and refrigerators, which contain Freon R123, which is an alternative to Freon R11 air conditioners.
Dangers of CCI2F2 on the human body
Some studies have been carried out to determine the impact of exposure to CFCs on human health, such as those conducted at the heart clinic in the Suez Canal Authority Hospital in Egypt, where it collected two categories of workers in refrigeration plants.
Half of them exposed to CFCs and the other half is not exposed to these compounds In each group of 23 people, the result of the study concluded that exposure to CFCs causes cardiac problems in the form of irregular beats.
Although it can raise cholesterol and raise beta-2 microglobulin in urine, its role in high blood pressure and coronary heart disease is not yet clear. The photochemical separation of freons as well as all related CFCs is one of the main causes of the degradation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere.
Can absorb very harmful ultraviolet rays, because they are a catalyst for skin cancer.
The contact with freon (chlorofluorocarbons) of the skin leads to minor and superficial burns, but these burns develop spontaneously after several days of completely thick burns if their treatment is neglected. (What is freon) Therefore they require surgical treatment by removing the affected skin and transplanting the skin of others.
The negative effects of freon are based on its risks to the atmosphere, especially the ozone layer of its rich chlorine. Instead of health damage to the skin, it can cause burns.
When inhaled freon in large quantities this in turn negatively affects the lung significantly and the heart and nerves and threaten the kidneys and liver, and can even lead to death.
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