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<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: Which form of PSA is suggestive of prostatic adenocarcinoma when its percentage decreases?[/INST] When the percentage of Free-PSA decreases, it is suggestive of prostatic adenocarcinoma.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the response of juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arterioles to a decrease in renal perfusion pressure?[/INST] Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arterioles secrete renin in response to a decrease in renal perfusion pressure.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the response of the pulmonary vasculature to a decrease in PAO2?[/INST] A decrease in PAO2 causes a hypoxic vasoconstriction that shunts blood away from poorly ventilated regions of the lung.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: How is a decrease in mean systemic pressure reflected in the vascular function curve?[/INST] A decrease in mean systemic pressure is reflected in a shift of the vascular function curve to the left.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the likely diagnosis for a critically ill patient who has gallbladder wall thickening/distention and pericholecystic fluid without gallstones on imaging studies?[/INST] The likely diagnosis is acalculous cholecystitis.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What are the structures that need to be incised during a cricothyrotomy, and in what order (superficial to deep)?[/INST] During a cricothyrotomy, the structures that need to be incised in order from superficial to deep are: 1) skin, 2) superficial cervical fascia, 3) investing and pretracheal fascial layers of the deep cervical fascia, and 4) cricothyroid membrane.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the potential consequence of pressure necrosis caused by a craniopharyngioma?[/INST] The potential consequence of pressure necrosis caused by a craniopharyngioma is hypopituitarism.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a core feature of atypical depression?[/INST] A core feature of atypical depression is mood reactivity.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What pathology is indicated by a continuous, machine-like murmur?[/INST] A continuous, machine-like murmur is indicative of patent ductus arteriosus.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the consequence of pulmonary hypertension, and what condition can it eventually lead to?[/INST] The consequence of pulmonary hypertension is right ventricular hypertrophy, which can eventually lead to cor pulmonale.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the name of the congenital anatomic defect that involves the extension of dura into the sella and leads to hypopituitarism?[/INST] The congenital anatomic defect that involves the extension of dura into the sella and leads to hypopituitarism is referred to as primary empty sella syndrome.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What does a conduction abnormality (e.g. AV block) in the setting of infective endocarditis suggest?[/INST] A conduction abnormality (e.g. AV block) in the setting of infective endocarditis suggests perivalvular abscess.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the condition called when the fetal head is too large for the maternal pelvis, which can result in failure to progress during the second stage of labor?[/INST] The condition is called cephalopelvic disproportion.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the result of p57 immunostaining in a complete hydatidiform mole?[/INST] A complete hydatidiform mole is p57 negative on immunostaining.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a common side effect of pramlintide, which is an amylin analog?[/INST] A common side effect of pramlintide is gastrointestinal upset.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What are some examples of gastrointestinal upset, which is a common side effect of pramlintide, an amylin analog?[/INST] Examples of gastrointestinal upset that may occur as a common side effect of pramlintide include nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a common side effect associated with all alkylating agents?[/INST] Myelosuppression is a common side effect that is associated with all alkylating agents.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In the Ras pathway, what is the result of a common mutation that affects GAP and leads to a lack of inactivation of GTP to GDP?[/INST] A common Ras pathway mutation results in mutations of GAP, which leads to a lack of inactivation of GTP to GDP.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a common cause of Addison's disease, particularly when it is caused by metastatic carcinoma?[/INST] Metastatic carcinoma, especially from the lungs, is a common cause of Addison's disease.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a common adverse effect that is associated with niacin, and what causes this effect?[/INST] Cutaneous flushing and warmth are common adverse effects that are associated with niacin, and they are caused by increased prostaglandin activity.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a Colles fracture, and what bone is typically affected by this type of fracture?[/INST] A Colles fracture is a type of fracture that presents with a "dinner fork deformity", and it refers to a fracture of the distal radius.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: How might a collapsed lung appear on a chest X-ray?[/INST] A collapsed lung may appear as a completely opacified hemithorax on a chest X-ray.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a coagulation factor inhibitor, and how does it affect the function of coagulation factors?[/INST] A coagulation factor inhibitor is an acquired antibody that acts against a coagulation factor, resulting in impaired factor function.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a choristoma, and how is it characterized?[/INST] A choristoma is a type of growth characterized by the presence of normal tissue in a foreign location.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What are some symptoms that may raise concern for gastric cancer in a Chinese patient, and why?[/INST] Persistent mid-epigastric abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, weight loss, and microcytic anemia may raise concern for gastric cancer in a Chinese patient. This is because gastric cancer is more common in certain populations, including Chinese individuals, and these symptoms may be indicative of the disease.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: Are there any vaccines that a child with a history of uncontrolled seizures should not receive?[/INST] Yes, a child with a history of uncontrolled seizures should not receive the pertussis vaccine.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells, and how is it defined?[/INST] A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that they become pleomorphic, which means they exhibit variations in size and shape.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells, and how is it defined?[/INST] A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that there is an increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, which means that the size of the nucleus relative to the size of the cytoplasm is larger than normal.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells, and how is it defined?[/INST] A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that there is a loss of tissue orientation, which means that the cells lose their normal arrangement and alignment in the tissue.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In a cesarean delivery, what is the typical method of separation and which muscle is involved?[/INST] In a cesarean delivery, the typical method of separation is midline vertical separation, and the muscle that is involved is the rectus abdominis.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the term for a cerebroside that is attached to an additional sugar and sialic acid?[/INST] The term for a cerebroside that is attached to an additional sugar and sialic acid is ganglioside.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the term for a ceramide that is attached to phosphate and choline?[/INST] The term for a ceramide that is attached to phosphate and choline is sphingomyelin.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the term for a ceramide that is attached to a sugar such as glucose or galactose?[/INST] The term for a ceramide that is attached to a sugar such as glucose or galactose is cerebroside.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the node that the activity is temporarily inhibited by a carotid massage?[/INST] The node that the activity is temporarily inhibited by a carotid massage is the SA node.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the calcium-phosphorus product level that increases the risk of soft tissue calcification?[/INST] The calcium-phosphorus product level that increases the risk of soft tissue calcification is >55.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of biopsy will reveal granulomas consisting of histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells, and cigar-shaped budding yeast?[/INST] A biopsy of a patient with sporotrichosis (sporothrix schenckii) will reveal granulomas consisting of histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells, and cigar-shaped budding yeast.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What condition is characterized by a bifid carotid pulse with a brisk upstroke?[/INST] A bifid carotid pulse with a brisk upstroke is characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What are the characteristics of the murmur present in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve?[/INST] A bicuspid aortic valve presents with a soft systolic early ejection murmur that radiates to the neck with a high frequency ejection click.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What condition may develop from a Bartholin cyst due to obstruction and inflammation?[/INST] A Bartholin cyst may develop into an abscess secondary to obstruction and inflammation.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a positive Barlow Maneuver and what happens during the maneuver?[/INST] A positive Barlow Maneuver is when the hip dislocates posteriorly during the maneuver. This occurs when pressure is applied to adducted and flexed hips.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What part of a bacteria can be targeted by the immune system and antibiotics?[/INST] The cell wall of a bacteria can be a target for the immune system and antibiotics.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the purpose of a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood test?[/INST] The purpose of a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood test is to diagnose heart failure.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a 4th degree burn and what tissues are affected by it?[/INST] A 4th degree burn is a severe burn that involves damage through the epidermis to the hypodermis, and in some cases, muscle and bone.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In what situation is a 3rd generation cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone) indicated for patients with Lyme disease?[/INST] A 3rd generation cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone) is indicated for patients who have disseminated Lyme disease.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a concerning complication that can occur when a 2nd degree burn progresses to a 3rd degree burn while in the hospital?[/INST] A concerning complication that can occur when a 2nd degree burn progresses to a 3rd degree burn while in the hospital is burn wound sepsis.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the most likely diagnosis for a 23-year-old man who presents with severe headache, seizures, projectile vomiting, low-grade fever, and a recent history of treatment for acute otitis media and mastoiditis?[/INST] The most likely diagnosis for this patient is a brain abscess.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: Which receptor is antagonized by olanzapine that can cause sedation and weight gain in a 22-year-old woman?[/INST] Olanzapine antagonizes the H1 histamine receptor, which can cause sedation and weight gain in a 22-year-old woman.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: Is parental notification required for a 17-year-old girl who is pregnant and requests an abortion?[/INST] Yes, parental notification is required for a 17-year-old girl who is pregnant and requests an abortion.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of glomerular disorder is characterized by hypercellular glomeruli?[/INST] A proliferative glomerular disorder is characterized by hypercellular glomeruli.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of glomerular disorder is characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane?[/INST] A membranous glomerular disorder is characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of glomerular disorder involves less than 50% of glomeruli?[/INST] A focal glomerular disorder involves less than 50% of glomeruli.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of glomerular disorder involves more than 50% of glomeruli?[/INST] A diffuse glomerular disorder involves more than 50% of glomeruli.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What are the common causes of a "steppage gait" secondary to foot drop?[/INST] A "steppage gait" secondary to foot drop is often caused by L5 radiculopathy and common/deep peroneal neuropathy.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What are the common causes of a "steppage gait" secondary to foot drop?[/INST] A "steppage gait" secondary to foot drop is often caused by L5 radiculopathy and common peroneal neuropathy.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the significance of [TF/P]x in relation to solute secretion into the tubular fluid?[/INST] [TF/P]x > 1 indicates that the solute is being secreted into the tubular fluid.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What does [TF/P]x indicate when the solute is reabsorbed in relation to water?[/INST] [TF/P]x > 1 indicates that the solute is being reabsorbed less quickly than water.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the significance of [TF/P]x when the solute and water are reabsorbed at the same rate?[/INST] [TF/P]x = 1 indicates that the solute and water are being reabsorbed at the same rate.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What does [TF/P]x indicate when the solute is reabsorbed in relation to water?[/INST] [TF/P]x < 1 indicates that the solute is being reabsorbed more quickly than water.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is a concerning presentation for a burn wound that covers more than 20% of the body surface area and exhibits color changes, oliguria, or altered mental status?[/INST] A concerning presentation for a burn wound that covers more than 20% of the body surface area and exhibits color changes, oliguria, or altered mental status is burn wound sepsis.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: At how many weeks of gestation is labor considered to be term?[/INST] Labor is considered to be term at greater than 37 weeks of gestation.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In an older patient with an isolated elevation in ALP, what condition should be considered?[/INST] In an older patient with an isolated elevation in ALP, Paget disease of bone should be considered.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: At what age is it expected that a child will have a vocabulary of more than 50 words and use 2-word phrases?[/INST] It is expected that a child will have a vocabulary of more than 50 words and use 2-word phrases by the age of 2 years old.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the recommended management for a patient who has had more than 3 lifetime depressive episodes, suicide attempts, or episodes lasting longer than 2 years?[/INST] The recommended management for a patient who has had more than 3 lifetime depressive episodes, suicide attempts, or episodes lasting longer than 2 years is lifelong antidepressant treatment.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the recommended management for a patient who has had less than 3 lifetime doses of the tetanus vaccine and has a dirty wound?[/INST] The recommended management for a patient who has had less than 3 lifetime doses of the tetanus vaccine and has a dirty wound is TDAP (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccine) and TIG (tetanus immune globulin).</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What condition should be suspected in a child younger than 6 months old who presents with bilateral jerking of the head/extremities, without fever, and with an interictal EEG showing hypsarrhythmia?[/INST] West syndrome (infantile spasm) should be suspected in a child younger than 6 months old who presents with bilateral jerking of the head/extremities, without fever, and with an interictal EEG showing hypsarrhythmia.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In a woman under 30 years old with a breast lump, what is the recommended management if the lump persists after initial reassurance (watch/wait)?[/INST] If a breast lump persists in a woman under 30 years old after initial reassurance (watch/wait), the recommended management is to get an ultrasound.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What condition should be suspected in a child under 2 years old who presents with initial upper respiratory infection symptoms such as fever and stuffy nose, followed by wheezing and cough during the winter season?[/INST] Bronchiolitis should be suspected in a child under 2 years old who presents with initial upper respiratory infection symptoms such as fever and stuffy nose, followed by wheezing and cough during the winter season.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: How soon do 99% of full-term infants typically pass their first stool after birth?[/INST] 99% of full-term infants typically pass their first stool within 48 hours of birth.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the primary mechanism by which 90% of Vancomycin is excreted from the body?[/INST] 90% of Vancomycin is excreted from the body primarily by glomerular filtration.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What pre-existing condition is present in 90% of patients who experience sudden cardiac death?[/INST] 90% of patients who experience sudden cardiac death have pre-existing severe atherosclerosis.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In which part of the kidney does 85% of the filtered phosphate get reabsorbed?[/INST] 85% of the filtered phosphate gets reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the kidney.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of mutation on which chromosome is responsible for 85% of cases of autosomal dominant PKD?[/INST] A PKD1 mutation on chromosome 16 is responsible for 85% of cases of autosomal dominant PKD.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: During which trimester does 80% of placental transmission of rubella occur?[/INST] 80% of placental transmission of rubella occurs during the first trimester.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What substance regulates 7-hydroxylase via negative feedback?[/INST] 7-hydroxylase is regulated via negative feedback by bile salts.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In patients with Riedel's thyroiditis, what is the effect of the anti-thyroid autoantibodies found in 67% of cases?[/INST] In 67% of patients with Riedel's thyroiditis, the anti-thyroid autoantibodies found do not cause disease.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What co-occurring condition is present in 65% of patients with kleptomania?[/INST] Bulimia nervosa is present in 65% of patients with kleptomania.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of malignancies are treated with 6-mercaptopurine?[/INST] Hematologic malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), are treated with 6-mercaptopurine.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the name of the enzyme responsible for bioactivating 6-mercaptopurine into its active metabolites?[/INST] The enzyme responsible for bioactivating 6-mercaptopurine into its active metabolites is called HGPRT.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the name of the enzyme responsible for degrading 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine?[/INST] The enzyme responsible for degrading 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine is called xanthine oxidase.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What condition is suggested by a 6-year-old patient with an antalgic gait and insidious onset of hip/knee pain?[/INST] Legg-Calv-Perthe disease is suggested by a 6-year-old patient with an antalgic gait and insidious onset of hip/knee pain.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the diagnosis for a 6-year-old adopted child who has not formed a relationship with her adoptive parents and exhibits inhibited and hypervigilant behavior?[/INST] The diagnosis for this child is reactive attachment disorder.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the treatment for a 6-month-old boy who presents with a swollen testicle that is worse mid-day and better when he wakes up, and has a positive transillumination on exam?[/INST] The diagnosis is a communicating hydrocele, and initial treatment is reassurance and follow-up as it should resolve by 6 months. If it does not resolve by 1 year, surgical excision of the sac may be necessary.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the management for urinary retention 6 hours after a surgical procedure?[/INST] The management for urinary retention 6 hours after a surgical procedure is re-catheterization.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the chromosomal makeup associated with 5-reductase deficiency?[/INST] 5-reductase deficiency is associated with a 46XY chromosomal makeup.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What percentage of patients with calcaneal apophysitis have bilateral disease?[/INST] 50% of patients with calcaneal apophysitis have bilateral disease.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What does a presentation of 5/9 depressive SIGECAPS lasting more than 2 weeks suggest?[/INST] A presentation of 5/9 depressive SIGECAPS lasting more than 2 weeks suggests major depressive disorder.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is 5-phosphoribosylamine converted to in purine synthesis, which may then be converted to AMP or GMP?[/INST] In purine synthesis, 5-phosphoribosylamine is converted to IMP, which may then be converted to AMP or GMP.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the term used to describe the condition of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, which is known to be caused by 5-fluorouracil?[/INST] Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, also known as hand-foot syndrome, is a condition known to be caused by 5-fluorouracil.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of analog is 5-fluorouracil?[/INST] 5-fluorouracil is a pyrimidine analog.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the active form of the prodrug 5-fluorouracil?[/INST] The active form of the prodrug 5-fluorouracil is 5-fdUMP.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What is the potential gastrointestinal side effect of 5-fluorouracil?[/INST] 5-fluorouracil can cause damage to the rapidly dividing cells of the GI tract, with resultant diarrhea.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What skin condition can be treated with topical use of 5-fluorouracil?[/INST] Basal cell carcinoma can be treated with topical use of 5-fluorouracil.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of analog is 5-Fluorouracil and at which phase of the cell cycle does it prevent progression?[/INST] 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is a cytotoxic pyrimidine analog that prevents cell cycle progression at the S phase.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What medical condition is suggested by the presence of a 5-day history of fever, new systolic murmur, and splenomegaly?[/INST] The presence of a 5-day history of fever, new systolic murmur, and splenomegaly is suggestive of infective endocarditis.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In what percentage of cases of Angelman syndrome is the condition due to paternal uniparental disomy?[/INST] 5% of cases of Angelman syndrome are due to paternal uniparental disomy.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What types of hydatidiform mole are associated with 46 XX or XY mole and 69 XXY mole?[/INST] Complete hydatidiform mole is associated with 46 XX or XY mole, while partial hydatidiform mole is associated with 69 XXY mole.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of history is common in women with chronic pelvic pain, according to research?[/INST] Research suggests that 40-50% of women with chronic pelvic pain have a history of physical or sexual abuse.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: In what age group do 40% of deaths related to child abuse or neglect occur, according to research?[/INST] Research suggests that 40% of deaths related to child abuse or neglect occur in children who are younger than 1 year old.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What genetic abnormality is present in 4% of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma, and what fusion gene does it create?[/INST] Research has shown that 4% of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma have an inversion of chromosome 2 that creates a fusion gene between EML4 and ALK.</s> |
<s>[INST]Answer this question truthfully: What type of genetic abnormality accounts for 4% of cases of Down syndrome?[/INST] Research suggests that 4% of cases of Down syndrome are due to unbalanced Robertsonian translocation.</s> |