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13920882

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%3A%20A%20Legendary%20Performer%20Volume%204

Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 4

Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 4 is a compilation album featuring recordings by American singer Elvis Presley. It was the last in a series of albums that began with Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1 in 1974, and the first since Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 3 in 1979. It was also the final album by any artist in the RCA A Legendary Performer series to be issued. This album was made up entirely of heretofore unissued recordings by Presley, with the exception of one track that was previously released in the Elvis Aron Presley boxed set in 1980. Content This album marked the first official release of the version of "When it Rains, It Really Pours" that Presley recorded in November 1955 at Sun Records (he later rerecorded the song for RCA Victor). Also included was an alternate version of his 1958 hit, "One Night" entitled "One Night of Sin" which featured raunchier lyrics than the version RCA Victor released in the 1950s. A much-bootlegged song cut from the soundtrack of Presley's 1962 film Girls! Girls! Girls!, "Plantation Rock" is included as well, as is "The Lady Loves Me", a previously unreleased duet between Presley and Ann-Margret which had been featured in the 1964 film, Viva Las Vegas but never released by RCA Victor until this album. Also making its album-debut in this release is Elvis' late-1960s rerecording of the song "Swing Down, Sweet Chariot", previously performed on his 1960 Gospel LP, His Hand In Mine. This new rendition was featured in the 1969 movie The Trouble with Girls. Plus, there is an alternate take of "Wooden Heart", a song from the film G.I. Blues, which has a false start due to Elvis messing up part of the lyrics and subsequently laughing. At the time of the album's release, the origin of two informal recordings released here for the first time: "I'm Beginning to Forget You" and a cover of Nat King Cole's "Mona Lisa" was marked as unknown, with the notation that the two recordings had been discovered at Graceland, Presley's mansion. Later, it was learned that the two recordings were among a number that Presley made informally in April 1959 while he was stationed in Germany. This collection is rounded off by a quartet of live performances: a previously unissued performance of "That's All Right" from the 1968 NBC Comeback Special, a 1969 Las Vegas outtake performance of "Are You Lonesome Tonight" in which Elvis begins laughing during the song (this is the album's sole previously released track, having appeared in the 1980 Elvis Aron Presley box set and previously marketed as "Are You Lonesome Tonight (The Laughing Version)"), and two performances from a 1972 appearance at Madison Square Garden in New York City (later reissued as part of the album An Afternoon in the Garden). An excerpt from a 1956 interview recording rounds out the collection. Track listing Track listing with details from the liner notes References External links Elvis Presley compilation albums 1983 compilation albums RCA Records compilation albums Compilation albums published posthumously

13920895

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additron%20tube

Additron tube

The Additron was an electron tube designed by Dr. Josef Kates, circa 1950, to replace the several individual electron tubes and support components required to perform the function of a single bit digital full adder. Dr. Kates developed the Additron with the intention of increasing the likelihood of success and reliability while reducing the size, power consumption and complexity of the University of Toronto Electronic Computer, (UTEC) The Additron neither went into production at the Canadian Rogers Vacuum Tube Company, where the prototypes were built, nor was it used in the UTEC machine. It did make a widely publicized appearance at the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition operating an electronic game of Tic-Tac-Toe, dubbed Bertie the Brain, to show the marvels of electronic computing. The tube was registered with the Radio Television Manufacturing Association on 20 March 1951 as type 6047. Patents References Adders (electronics) Digital electronics Vacuum tubes History of computing hardware 1950s introductions

13920912

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee%20of%20Sixty

Committee of Sixty

The Committee of Sixty or Committee of Observation was a committee of inspection formed in the City and County of New York (Manhattan, New York City), in 1775, by rebels to enforce the Continental Association, a boycott of British goods enacted by the First Continental Congress. It was the successor to the Committee of Fifty-one, which had originally called for the Congress to be held, and was replaced by the Committee of One Hundred. Committee of Fifty-one In response to the news that the port of Boston would be closed under the Boston Port Act, an advertisement was posted at the Coffee-house on Wall-street in New York City, a noted place of resort for shipmasters and merchants, inviting merchants to meet on May 16, 1774 at the Fraunces Tavern "in order to consult on measures proper to be pursued on the present critical and important situation." At that meeting, with Isaac Low as chair, they resolved to nominated a fifty-member committee of correspondence to be submitted to the public, and on May 17 they published a notice calling on the public to meet at the Coffee-house on May 19 at 1:00 pm to approve the committee and appoint others as they may see fit. At the meeting on May 19, Francis Lewis was also nominated and the entire Committee of Fifty-one was confirmed. On May 23, the committee met at the Coffee-house and appointed Isaac Low as permanent chairman and John Alsop as deputy chairman. The Committee then formed a subcommittee which reported a letter in response to the letters from Boston, calling for a "Congress of Deputies from the Colonies" to be assembled (which became known as the First Continental Congress), which was approved by the committee. On May 30, the Committee formed a subcommittee to write a letter to the supervisors of the counties of New York to extort them to also form similar committees of correspondence, which letter was adopted at a meeting of the Committee on May 31. On July 4, 1774, a resolution was approved to appoint five delegates contingent upon their confirmation by the freeholders of the City and County of New York, and request that the other counties also send delegates. Isaac Low, John Alsop, James Duane, Philip Livingston, and John Jay were then appointed, and the public of the City and County was invited to attend City Hall and concur in the appointments on July 7. This caused friction with the more radical Sons of Liberty (Committee of Mechanics) faction, who held the Meeting in the Fields on July 6. Three counties (Westchester, Duchess, and Albany) acquiesced to the five delegates, as did Ulster County but this was unrecognized by the congress, while three counties (Kings, Suffolk, and Orange) sent delegates of their own, and six counties were unresponsive. Albany County had appointed delegates of its own, but the New York County delegates were ultimately authorized to act in their stead. In Westchester County, meetings were held in the towns of Bedford, Mamaronee, Rye, and Westchester, and on August 22 a general county meeting at White Plains authorized the New York County delegates to act for the county. The action of Duchess County is not very clear. Henry Wisner and John Haring were appointed on August 16 by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange. As told by Joseph Galloway, a delegate from Pennsylvania, the appointment for the Kings County (now Brooklyn) delegate was made thusly: two persons assembled; one was made chairman, the other clerk; and the latter certified to the congress that the former, Simon Boerum, was unanimously chosen for the county of Kings. For Suffolk County, less is known about the appointment of William Floyd. In three meetings held in Ulster County, the New York County delegates were authorized to act for those present, if not the whole county; it's not usually included with Albany, Duchess, and Westchester because congress received no credentials from that county authorizing the New York County delegates to act for it. The First Continental Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. Previous to this committee's formation, opposition to the British was organized through the informal leadership of the Sons of Liberty. From late 1774, the Committee exercised effective control of New York City, and declared that Boston was "suffering in defence of the rights of America". Committee of Sixty On November 22, 1774 the Committee of Fifty-One and the Committee of Mechanics nominated a committee of inspection that was approved by the freeholders and freemen of the city at City Hall (about 30-40 people showed, according to Lt. Gov. Cadwallader Colden), known variously as the Committee of Sixty and/or the Committee of Observation, to carry the measures of the First Continental Congress into effect, i.e. the Continental Association, pursuant to the 11th resolution of the Congress. This Committee issued a call to the counties of New York on March 15, 1775 to send delegates to a Provincial Convention in New York City on April 20, to elect delegates to the Second Continental Congress. On April 23, news of the battle of Lexington and Concord arrived. On April 26, Isaac Low called for the dismissal of the Committee of Sixty and the convening of a Provincial Congress, as well as a Committee of One Hundred to perform the function of the Provincial Congress until it was convened. On April 29, 1775 a mass meeting of residents signed a "General Association" whereby they agreed to obey the Continental Congress, the Committee of Sixty, and New York's Provincial Convention. Committee of One Hundred The Committee of Sixty was replaced by a more representative Committee of One Hundred on May 1, 1775. By May 4, the city had four companies of volunteers. On May 15, the Continental Congress ordered the construction of a fort at Kings Bridge, the construction of batteries in the Highlands, and the arming and training of a militia. The Committee of One Hundred still considered itself loyal to the British Crown, but was instead opposed to the laws of the Parliament of Great Britain which they considered unconstitutional because they had no representation in it. The committee wrote to Governor Cadwallader Colden in May, 1775 "that though they are arming with the greatest diligence and industry; it is not with design to oppose, but to strengthen government in the due exercise of constitutional authority". In May, all inhabitants were asked to sign an Association. Anyone who refused to sign were to be called "enemies of this country". Some of the Loyalists were tarred and feathered. The committee disarmed all loyalists within its jurisdiction. The Committee of One Hundred was officially replaced by the New York Provincial Congress which first convened on May 23, 1775, but the committee continued to meet for a while. See also Committee of safety Committee of correspondence Committee of inspection Footnotes References Launitz-Schurer, Leopold, Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries: The Making of the Revolution in New York, 1765-1776, 1980, Ketchum, Richard, Divided Loyalties, How the American Revolution came to New York, 2002, Political history of New York City New York (state) in the American Revolution

13920913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus%20Magazine

Stylus Magazine

Stylus Magazine was an American online music and film magazine, launched in 2002 and co-founded by Todd L. Burns. It featured long-form music journalism, four daily music reviews, movie reviews, podcasts, an MP3 blog, and a text blog. Additionally, Stylus had daily features like "The Singles Jukebox", which looked at pop singles from around the globe, and "Soulseeking", a column focused on personal responses in listening. Even though they never reached the readership of other music magazines such as PopMatters or Pitchfork, they still had a very consistent and fired-up audience. In 2006, the site was chosen by the Observer Music Monthly as one of the Internet's 25 most essential music websites. Stylus closed as a business on 31 October 2007. The site remained online for several years, but did not publish any new content. On 4 January 2010, with the blessing of former editor Todd Burns, Stylus senior writer Nick Southall launched The Stylus Decade, a website with a new series of lists and essays reviewing music from the previous ten years. It is now also defunct. The Singles Jukebox relaunched with many of the same writers as a stand-alone website in March 2009 and continues today. Stylus Magazine adopted its name from the part of a record player which makes contact with a vinyl record, called a stylus or a needle. References External links – official site Online music magazines published in the United Kingdom Magazines established in 2002 Magazines disestablished in 2007 Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom

13920919

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robar%20RC-50

Robar RC-50

The Robar RC-50 is a bolt-action anti-materiel rifle chambered in .50 BMG (12.7×99 mm NATO) manufactured by Robar Companies, Inc. The RC-50 is found in two variants—the original RC-50 (RC-50 Standard) and the side-folding buttstock RC-50F. Description The RC-50 is based on it with the factory's SR-60D development, it is specifically for the special forces set up manual sniper rifle. Like many anti-materiél rifles, the RC-50 can be used to perform anti-sniper missions, destroy enemy light vehicles, radar, aircraft, and annihilate enemy personnel. The sniper rifle is available in two versions, the standard and RC-50F with foldable buttstock, which is folded left and made of fiberglass. In order to reduce the recoil, the RC-50 is equipped with a muzzle brake, with a cushioning stock. It is equipped with a bipod. The rifle's detachable magazines have a capacity of five rounds of .50 BMG. The RC-50's bolt is similar to the Remington 700 long action, but scaled up to use the larger cartridge. Users can also choose their own preferences to rifle color or coating, the current optional black, gray and camouflage. The RC-50 and its special accessories are housed in a fiberglass case for easy carrying. The dedicated sight is a 16x optical sight, mounted through a bracket at the top of the rifle casing. And taking into account the different operational needs, this gun can also use other sight. See also Barrett M95 References .50 BMG sniper rifles Bolt-action rifles of the United States Sniper rifles of the United States Anti-materiel rifles

13920922

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Civil%20Code

California Civil Code

The Civil Code of California is a collection of statutes for the State of California. The code is made up of statutes which govern the general obligations and rights of persons within the jurisdiction of California. It was based on a civil code originally prepared by David Dudley Field II for the state of New York (but which was never enacted in that state). It is one of the 29 California Codes and was among the first four enacted in 1872. Organization Though the Code is organized in a manner similar to the inherited Colonial Spanish and Mexican Civil Law civil codes, many of its provisions are codifications of well-established American common law principles. For example, it contains a definition of consideration, a principle in the common law of contracts which has no direct equivalent in civil law systems. Similarly, it codifies the mailbox rule that communication of acceptance is effective when dropped in the mail, which is a feature unique to the common law. First adopted in 1872 and signed into law by then Governor Newton Booth, the Civil Code is divided – similarly to its civil law analogues – into four divisions: "the first relating to persons"; "the second to property"; "the third to obligations"; "the fourth contains general provisions relating to the three preceding divisions." Division One contains laws which govern personal rights while Division Two contains laws which govern property rights. Division Three codifies the substantive contract law of the State of California as well as various regulations relating to agency, mortgages, unsecured loans, extensions of credit, and other areas of California law. Division Four defines remedies available in lawsuits, what constitutes a nuisance, various maxims of jurisprudence, and other miscellaneous provisions which relate "to the three preceding divisions." Although revolutionary for its time, the California Civil Code was actually the third successfully enacted codification of the substance of the common law. The first was the Code of Georgia of 1861 (largely based on the work of Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb independent of Field), which is the ancestor of today's Official Code of Georgia Annotated. Then Dakota Territory beat California to the punch by becoming the first jurisdiction to enact Field's civil code in 1866. Reaction David Dudley Field II's audacity in trying to codify all of the general principles of the common law (including the law of property, domestic relations, contracts, and torts) into general statutory law in the form of a civil code was extremely controversial in the American legal community, both in his time and ever since. Most U.S. states (as well as most other common law jurisdictions) declined to pursue such an aggressive codification. The Restatements of the Law were developed in the 20th century as a compromise between those who felt the common law was a disorganized mess and those who valued the flexibility and richness of the common law. Only California, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana enacted virtually all of Field's civil code, while Idaho partially enacted the contract sections but omitted the tort sections. Later, Guam borrowed much of the California Civil Code for its own legal system. Justice Stephen Johnson Field (who was David Field's brother and was largely responsible for introducing his work to California), praised the California Codes (including the Civil Code) as "perfect in their analysis, admirable in their arrangement, and furnishing a complete code of laws," while English jurist Sir Frederick Pollock attacked the Civil Code as "about the worst piece of codification ever produced" and called it "the New York abortion" (since it was never enacted in that state). Subsequent developments Over the years, the Civil Code has been repeatedly amended by legislation and initiative measures. A very significant change to the Civil Code occurred in June 1992 when nearly all of the Civil Code's provisions relating to marriage, community property, and other family law matters were removed from the Civil Code (at the suggestion of the California Law Revision Commission) and re-enacted in the form of a new Family Code. The California Family Code went into effect on January 1, 1994. Most statutes that deal with civil procedure are codified in a separate code, the California Code of Civil Procedure. See also California Code of Civil Procedure Law of California References External links California Civil Code Civil Code Civil Code Civil Code Civil codes

13920923

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop%20W.%20Aldrich

Winthrop W. Aldrich

Winthrop Williams Aldrich (November 2, 1885February 25, 1974) was an American banker and financier, scion of a prominent and powerful political family, and U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Early years Aldrich was born in Rhode Island in 1885, to Rhode Island Senator Nelson W. Aldrich and the former Abigail Pearce Truman Chapman. He attended Harvard University, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1907 and a J.D. degree in 1910. Among his ten siblings was brother Richard S. Aldrich, who served in Congress from 1923 to 1933, and sisters Lucy Aldrich, an art collector, and Abby Aldrich, who became the wife of financer and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. Career During the First World War Aldrich had built, at his own expense, the patrol boat USS Herreshoff No. 309 which was leased by Aldrich to the U.S. Navy and patrolled the waters off of Rhode Island from November 15, 1917, to December 31, 1918, when it was returned to Aldrich. Aldrich had been commissioned a lieutenant (junior grade) in the Naval Reserve and was called to active duty on April 8, 1917, and was assigned to the Naval Training Station in Newport, Rhode Island. He transferred to the in September and was assigned as the ship's navigator. He was reassigned to the in June 1918 and served on convoy duty. He was promoted to lieutenant on June 1 of the same year and, after the armistice, was released from active duty in December. Business career Aldrich served as president and chairman of the board of Chase National Bank from 1930 to 1953. He served as commodore of the New York Yacht Club from 1932 to 1934. In 1946, his nephew David Rockefeller joined Chase National Bank and would later become the chairman. During and after World War II, as president of the British War Relief Society and the National War Fund Inc., he supported relief efforts and financial assistance to the United Kingdom and Europe. For this work he received the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom and in 1947 was invested by King George VI as an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire (GBE). U.S. Ambassador to the U.K. On February 2, 1953, he was appointed the US Ambassador to the United Kingdom under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He presented his credentials on February 20, 1953, and remained in London while Winston Churchill was Prime Minister and Queen Elizabeth II was the reigning monarch, until his mission was terminated on February 1, 1957. He belonged to and served on the boards of many charitable organizations. Personal life In 1916, Aldrich was married to Harriet Alexander at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. Guests at their wedding included "representatives of the Astor, Fish, Harriman, Rockefeller, Crocker, Webb, Rhinelander, Cutting, Vanderbilt, Bacon and other well-known families." Harriet was the eldest daughter of Harriet (née Crocker) Alexander and Charles Beatty Alexander of New York City and Tuxedo Park, New York and the granddaughter of railroad executive Charles Crocker. Her younger sisters were Jannetta and Mary Crocker Alexander, who married Sheldon Whitehouse in 1920. Together, they were the parents of: Mary Aldrich (b. 1921), who married Robert Homans, a lawyer with the San Francisco law firm of Morrison, Holloway, Schuman & Clark. Harriet Aldrich (1922–2014), who married Dr. Edgar A. Bering Jr. Lucy Truman Aldrich, who married David Wetmore Devens, a son Arthur Lithgow Devens III, in 1945. They divorced and she remarried to her first cousin, George Davenport Aldrich, in 1971. After his death, she married lawyer Francis Hooks Burr in 1979. Alexander "Sam" Aldrich (1928–2017), who married Elizabeth Hollins Elliott and, later, Phyllis Williamson and served as the Commissioner of the Office of Parks and Recreation of New York State. Elizabeth Brewster "Liberty" Aldrich, who married J. Woodward Redmond in 1946. He was an amateur musician and an artist whose specialty was watercolor seascapes. As a yachtsman he was navigator, under skipper Harold S. Vanderbilt, of the 1930 America's Cup J Class defender Enterprise. He built a 40-room manor on 108 acres in Brookville on Long Island. Aldrich died at his home, 960 Fifth Avenue in New York City, on February 25, 1974. Honors In 1947, he was appointed an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire by King George VI. This entitled him to use the postnominal letters GBE, but not to the prenominal title "Sir" as he was not a British subject. He was a member of the New York Young Republican Club and the exclusive and prestigious Pilgrims Society. References Further reading Winthrop W. Aldrich: Lawyer, Banker, Diplomat by Arthur M. Johnson. 1968. Harvard University. External links Winthrop W. and Harriet A. Aldrich Papers at the Rhode Island Historical Society. Winthrop W. Aldrich papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School Winthrop W. Aldrich Collection at Harvard Business School 1885 births 1974 deaths 20th-century American lawyers Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom Businesspeople from Providence, Rhode Island America's Cup sailors People from Brookville, New York Harvard Law School alumni People from Islesboro, Maine Recipients of the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom Lawyers from Providence, Rhode Island Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island 20th-century American diplomats Winthrop family

13920949

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%20Weekly

Orlando Weekly

Orlando Weekly is a liberal progressive alternative newsweekly distributed in the Greater Orlando area of Florida. Every Thursday, 40,000 issues of the paper are distributed to more than 1,100 locations across Orange, Osceola and Seminole counties. Orlando Weekly organizes an annual feature Best of Orlando issue that features the best Orlando has to offer in dining, music and nightlife, arts and culture, goods and services. Each year readers vote in the paper's poll to vote for their favorite Orlando restaurants, bars, boutiques, museums, local celebs and more. The paper also publishes an annual dining guide called BITE, which features capsule reviews of hundreds of area restaurants, and an Annual Manual, an insider's guide to the region. History The paper was founded in the 1980s as the Orange Shopper. It was purchased by the Toronto Sun, which changed its name to the Weekly and transformed it into a tabloid publication. The Weekly was later sold to the Detroit-based Alternative Media Inc., a publisher of alternative newsweekly Detroit Metro Times. Co-founder of Alternative Media Inc., Ron Williams, transformed the paper into not just a tabloid but an alternative news source dedicated to investigative journalism. In 1997, Alternative Media Inc. also purchased the San Antonio Current; by 1998, the company was entertaining multiple offers for its stable of weeklies. In 1999, the papers were purchased by Times-Shamrock Communications. In 2013, Times-Shamrock sold the paper to Euclid Media Group. Association of Alternative Newsmedia Awards 2018 AAN LGBT Coverage 1st PLACE: Orlando Weekly: By night, Orlando's drag queens entertain the masses. By day, they lead the fight for LGBTQ rights by Monivette Cordeiro Arts Criticism 2nd PLACE: Orlando Weekly: (I; II; III) by Jessica Bryce Young, Richard Reep INNOVATION / FORMAT BUSTER 1st PLACE: Orlando Weekly: Florida Film Fest/420 Issue by Chaya Av, Chris Tobar Rodriguez, Jessica Bryce Young 2017 AAN LGBT Coverage 2nd PLACE: Orlando Weekly: Pulse In Memoriam: Remembering the Orlando 49 (I; II; III; IV; V) by Monivette Cordeiro Film Criticism 1st PLACE: Orlando Weekly: Film Criticism (I; II; III) by Thaddeus McCollum Illustration 1st PLACE: Orlando Weekly: Heavy is the Head by Samantha Shumaker Photography 2nd PLACE: Orlando Weekly: Pulse Photographs by Monivette Cordeiro 2014 AAN Arts Criticism 1st Place: Malick Sidibé; I Believe in You; and And Every Day Was Overcast by Jessica Bryce Young, Orlando Weekly 2013 AAN Breaking News 3rd Place: Sick of It (Part 1; Part 2; Part 3; Part 4; Part 5) by Billy Manes, Orlando Weekly 2012 AAN Special Topic: Economic Equality 2nd Place: Bare Minimum by Jeff Gore, Orlando Weekly 2010 AAN Illustration First Place: Orlando Weekly, Fringe Free-For-All by Jeff Drew Arts Criticism Third Place: Orlando Weekly, Ecstatic Transformations and Summer Studies by Jessica Bryce Young 2009 AAN First Place: Orlando Weekly, Might Makes Right by Jeffrey C. Billman Controversies The paper has been historically critical of anti-homeless laws passed in Orlando, including a controversial city law that prohibits advocates for the homeless from feeding large groups of people in public spaces within two miles of Orlando's City Hall without a permit. Orlando Weekly has also taken a decidedly critical stance on controversial Republican Florida Gov. Rick Scott who took office in 2011, as well as recent legislative efforts to pass laws that infringe on women's rights. In 2007, the paper ran afoul of Orlando's Metropolitan Bureau of Investigation when they staged a raid on the publication and arrested three of its advertising representatives for allegedly supporting prostitution. Daniel Aaronson, a longtime Fort Lauderdale criminal defense lawyer and First Amendment specialist, called the arrests and police actions "incredibly repugnant." Aaronson said the Weekly did nothing wrong if they simply took and ran adult-oriented advertisements."The papers aren't doing anything illegal. They're taking ads. If an ad uses suggestive language, the stopping of these ads threatens the First Amendment," said Aaronson, who has represented adult entertainment clubs, bookstores, and swinger clubs. The paper considers this act retaliation for past negative coverage of the agency. On February 27, 2008, the Metropolitan Bureau of Investigation dropped all charges in the criminal case. References External links Official site Newspapers published in Florida Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States Mass media in Orlando, Florida 1990 establishments in Florida Newspapers established in 1990

13920987

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806%20in%20New%20Zealand

1806 in New Zealand

Sealing continues at Bass Strait and the Antipodes Islands. At the end of the year there is a new sealing rush to the Bounty and Auckland Islands. Few sealers, if any, are known to have visited the Foveaux Strait area at this time, although this may be due in part to the secrecy of the captains and owners in reporting where they operate and/or the existence of the Strait not yet being widely known. Whaling continues off the east coast of the North Island. Ships are now visiting the Bay of Islands on a reasonably regular basis. The first reports about the poor behaviour of ships crews are sent to the Church Missionary Society in London. Between 1800 and 1806, £200,000 worth of whale oil is taken from the New Zealand area by British whaling ships operating from Sydney. Incumbents Regal and viceregal Head of State – King George III. Governor of New South Wales – William Bligh arrives on 6 August to take over from Philip Gidley King. King does not leave until 10 February the following year. Events 25 February – The Lady Nelson leaves Port Jackson to return Te Pahi and his sons to the Bay of Islands. Te Pahi has been given bricks and a frame for a European house, and other goods. During the journey Te Pahi becomes ill and is nursed by ex-convict George Bruce. 18 March – The Argo, Captain John Bader, again visits the Bay of Islands but Te Pahi is still absent. Ruatara (and possibly the two other Māori) remain with the ship. (see 1805) 20 April – The Lady Nelson stops near North Cape where George Bruce jumps ship after being flogged a week earlier. He begins to make his way south to the Bay of Islands. 27 April – The Ferret arrives in London with Te Mahanga (Moehanga) aboard. He is the first Māori known to have visited England. In London he is rejoined by John Savage who left the ship at Cork. While in London Te Mahanga meets King George III and Queen Charlotte. Late April – The Lady Nelson arrives in the Bay of Islands returning Te Pahi and his sons. The ship's carpenter begins (and finishes?) erecting Te Pahi's house. 12 June – The Alexander arrives at Portsmouth with Teina and Maki aboard. 13 June – The Ferret leaves London for Port Jackson with Te Mahanga aboard. 17 June – The Venus, Captain Samuel Chace, is taken piratically at Port Dalrymple (Launceston) and sails for New Zealand. There are two women, Charlotte Badger and convict Catherine Hagerty, among those who take over the ship. 27 June – The Alexander arrives in London. Teina and Maki come under the care of Reverend Joseph Hardcastle of the London Missionary Society who tries to arrange for their return to New South Wales. However, before he can do so Teina dies and Maki is kidnapped by a crimp, his later fate unknown. July/August – The Venus arrives at the Bay of Islands. Two men, convicts Richard Evans and John Lancashire, the two women Badger and Hagerty, and two children, Badger's young daughter and possibly the aboriginal cabin boy William Evans, are left at Rangihoua Bay. Hegarty and Badger are the first pākehā women to stay voluntarily in New Zealand. The two men are returned to Port Jackson by visiting ships, possibly before the end of the year. The Venus with its six remaining crew then travels down the east coast of the North Island, kidnapping several Māori women along the way and selling them to rival tribes who eventually kill them. These women included the sister and niece of Te Morenga and a relative of Hongi Hika’s. Their deaths are the cause of the retaliatory raids by these two chiefs in 1818. 6 August – The new Governor of New South Wales, William Bligh, arrives. 18 August – The Ocean, Captain Abraham Bristow, discovers the Auckland Islands. August/September – November/December – Te Aara (George) joins the Star on a sealing voyage to the Antipodes Islands and is returned again to Whangaroa. 8 September – The Richard and Mary, Captain Leikins leaves Port Jackson for England with (Maa-)Tara, son of Te Pahi, aboard. September – The Argo returns to Port Jackson. Captain Bader discharges Ruatara without pay. Ruatara meets Samuel Marsden for the first time. 12 October – The whaling ship Albion, Cuthbert Robertson, leaves Port Jackson. Ruatara joins the crew. December – The Ferret returns to Port Jackson from England with Te Mahanga. Undated In the latter half of the year the Pākehā Māori George Bruce marries Te Pahi's youngest daughter, Te Atahoe, and is tattooed as a warrior. He later (his memoirs are dictated in England about 1818) becomes one of the earliest sources of insight into Māori culture at that time. Births Deaths See also History of New Zealand List of years in New Zealand Military history of New Zealand Timeline of New Zealand history Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica Timeline of the New Zealand environment References

13921019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%3A%20A%20Legendary%20Performer%20Volume%203

Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 3

Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 3 is a compilation album featuring recordings by American singer Elvis Presley. It was the third in a series of albums that began with Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1 in 1974, the first to be released since Presley's death in 1977, and the last edition until Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 4 in 1983. Following the format of the series, the album was a mixture of previously released recordings and tracks that, as of the date of this album's release, had never been issued on an official RCA album release. It was certified Gold in December, 1978 by the RIAA. Content Included in this instalment of the Legendary Performer series is "Danny", a previously unissued recording from 1958 of what was at one point to be the theme song for Presley's film King Creole (when the film still retained the title of the novel upon which it was based, A Stone for Danny Fisher). "Britches", a song recorded for but dropped from the music-lite western Flaming Star makes its debut, as do two production number recordings cut from the 1968 NBC Comeback Special - remakes of Presley movie songs "It Hurts Me" and "Let Yourself Go". A previously unreleased live performance from Las Vegas in 1970, two alternate takes from movie soundtracks, and an alternate take from Presley's first post-Army single from 1960 round out the set, along with an interview recording from 1956 and several previously released numbers. RCA issued two versions of this album: one in standard black vinyl, and another as a picture disc. Track listing *Parts of this interview were released as a promotional record in 1956 References External links Elvis Presley compilation albums 1979 compilation albums RCA Records compilation albums Compilation albums published posthumously

13921045

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Marie%20Ivars

Ann-Marie Ivars

Ann-Marie Ivars is a Swedish-speaking Finnish writer, who focuses on studies of the Swedish dialects in Finland. Urban Colloquial Swedish in Finland Urban Colloquial Swedish in Finland is a sociolinguistically oriented project, financed by the Academy of Finland from 1990 to 1995. The aim of the project has been to "describe the local language of a number of towns with a Swedish-speaking population, and to analyze the forces behind the rise and the preservation of local urban varieties". The main results of the project are a dissertation (unpublished), "" ("Morphological variation in Finland Swedish urban colloquial language") by Marie-Charlotte Gullmets (1994), and a monograph, "" ("Town and rural surroundings") by Ann-Marie Ivars (1996). In 1994–1995 the funding was Mk320,000. The leader of the project was Professor Ann-Marie Ivars. Uppslagsverket Finland Ivars has also been a member of the editorial board of Uppslagsverket Finland, a Swedish-language encyclopedia covering Finnish, and particularly Finland-Swedish subjects. References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Linguists from Finland Swedish-speaking Finns

13921051

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyu-shuku

Goyu-shuku

was the thirty-fifth of the fifty-three stations of the Tōkaidō. It is located in Goyu-chō in the city of Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. A pine tree colonnade, one of the few remnants from the Edo period post town, is a well-known tourist spot. It was approximately from Yoshida-juku, the preceding post station. History Goyu-shuku was established in 1601, at the behest of Tokugawa Ieyasu. At its most prosperous, there were four honjin in the post town, though there were never less than two at any point. The classic ukiyo-e print by Andō Hiroshige (Hōeidō edition) from 1831 to 1834 depicts the main street of the post town at dusk, with aggressive female touts (for which the post station was infamous) attempting to drag travellers into teahouses and inns for the night. During the Meiji Restoration, the central office for the Hoi District, making it the center of the district. However, when the Tōkaidō Main Line was laid down and bypassed Goyu-shuku, it did not receive the same prosperity as Mito and Gamagōri. Later, when Nagoya Railroad laid down what was to become the Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line, a train station was opened in former Goyu-shuku. The prosperity that the town had before the Meiji Restoration, however, did not return, because express trains did not stop at the station. This eventually led to the district's offices and police stations being moved to the nearby Kō-chō area of Toyokawa. In 1959, the former town of Goyu merged with the city of Toyokawa. Neighboring post towns Tōkaidō Yoshida-juku - Goyu-shuku - Akasaka-juku Further reading Carey, Patrick. Rediscovering the Old Tokaido:In the Footsteps of Hiroshige. Global Books UK (2000). Chiba, Reiko. Hiroshige's Tokaido in Prints and Poetry. Tuttle. (1982) Taganau, Jilly. The Tokaido Road: Travelling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. RoutledgeCurzon (2004). References Stations of the Tōkaidō Stations of the Tōkaidō in Aichi Prefecture

13921056

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation%20Hopeless...%20But%20Not%20Serious

Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious

Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious is a 1965 oddball comedy film shot in black and white directed by Gottfried Reinhardt and starring Alec Guinness, Mike Connors and Robert Redford. It is based on the 1960 novel The Hiding Place by Robert Shaw. The title is a derived from Viennese Alfred Polgars quip, "The situation is desperate but not serious." Plot On 27 November 1944, during World War II, two American fliers, Captain Hank Wilson and Sergeant Lucky Finder, have to bail out over Germany. They land in the small town of Altheim, where Wilhelm Frick reads his horoscope and it says an exciting change will happen that day. In town, the fliers hide in Frick's cellar. He initially locks them in and is going to inform the authorities when one claims German descent and he softens. They sing German songs together. Frick decides to hide them from the authorities. He leaves them locked there and goes to his job as the pharmacist's assistant at Drogerie Neusel. His boss listens to the radio regarding the Allied advance: the Germans have lost Aachen ... the end of the war is close. American troops march through Altheim outside Frick's work. The two Americans (Finder and Wilson) share the cellar with Frick's cats. They get hobbies: one sketching cartoons while the other does metalwork, which enables him to make a lockpick and they unlock themselves just as Frick returns. Finder has Frick's gun and turns it on him. They debate what will happen if they leave. He convinces them to stay. To ensure they stay, he puts them in shackles while they sleep. He tells them they must stay until the end of the war. He gives them the key to unlock themselves. He brings them a very pretty little Christmas tree. The story then jumps to VE Day (May 1945) with Frick listening to the radio announcement regarding the end of the war. The two have to reshackle themselves when Frick brings them food. On VE Day, he brings a large bottle of 10 year old Swiss kirsch and is about to tell them the news. By the third tumbler of kirsch, Frick is spilling as he pours and all are singing. Frick offers to give them cushions, books... and sunshine. Frick's boss is arrested as a Nazi sympathiser. Finder grows a long beard. Outside, this part of Germany comes under American occupation. Frick tries to barter for extra supplies from the local American quartermaster. In his struggle to keep them entertained, Frick lets slip some Americanisms and Finder queries how he knows them. Frick gives them a false history of the war and simply says that the Americans have captured Strasbourg. He gives them an orange stamped with the word California and they become suspicious. Struggling to explain, he distracts them by saying Paris is totally destroyed. Finder demands a woman and Frick starts to search. He peers in the window of the Daffodil Club and gets invited inside. Inside, he meets Lissie, a madam, who offers him a choice of girls at the bar. He prefers to use her and starts to explain things to her. His conversation in her back office worries her so much that she presses her silent alarm and he gets thrown out. Frick seems to go a bit crazy and is put in a hospital, but security is lax and he steals a bike and goes home. His house is dilapidated... it is unclear how long he has been gone. He unlocks the men. Two police appear outside (for the stolen bike). They ask if Switzerland is still neutral. Finder steals Frick's luger pistol and runs off into the night. The police pursue him presuming he is a robber. In daylight, the two men end in an old ruined castle above a river. The police still pursue them. Frick appears and stops a shooting. Next, the two Americans are hiding in large pipes. They find a scrap of newspaper discussing President Truman and the Iron curtain. The authorities investigate Frick's house and conclude he has had two people imprisoned. The two men try to steal a small boat and are spotted by Wanda, the daughter of the owner. She presumes they have escaped from the American stockade. She invites them in for a "crazy time". They pay $750 to be taken over the Rhine and offer $1000 for a telephone. A boat of SS troops appears - but they are making a movie. They start to realise things are not as they think. A fist fight starts and spreads through the crowd. The game is up and the two fly back to San Francisco. It is Christmas and they are in a bar getting drunk. Frick appears at the window. Frick ends serving drinks at their party. Cast Alec Guinness as Wilhelm Frick Mike Connors as Sgt. Lucky Finder Robert Redford as Captain Hank Wilson Paul Dahlke as Herr Neusel Frank Wolff as Randall the Quartermaster Sergeant Anita Höfer as Edeltraud Mady Rahl as Lissie Elisabeth von Molo as Wanda John Briley as Sergeant (uncredited) Carola Regnier as Senta (uncredited) See also List of American films of 1965 Wake Me When the War Is Over, a 1969 TV film with a similar plot References External links 1965 films 1965 comedy films American black-and-white films American comedy films Films about shot-down aviators Films based on British novels Films directed by Gottfried Reinhardt Films set in Germany Films set in West Germany Films shot at Bavaria Studios Films shot in Bavaria Military humor in film Paramount Pictures films American World War II films 1960s English-language films 1960s American films

13921110

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikr%20Taunsvi

Fikr Taunsvi

Fikr Taunsvi real name Ram Lal Bhatia (7 October 1918 – 12 September 1987) was an Urdu poet, born in a village of Taunsa Sharif, then part of India. He was famous for his satires and was a Hindu by religion. He wrote twenty books in Urdu and eight in Hindi. Personal life His father, Dhanpat Rai, was a shopkeeper in the Baloch tribal area of Taunsa Sharif. village name was Mangrotha which is about 04 km from Taunsa Sharif. Taunsvi married Shrimati Kailashwati, in 1944. He has three children Rani, Phool Kumar and Suman. He studied up to higher secondary school at Taunsa Sharif and higher education from Lahore. He migrated to Delhi after partition of the sub-continent. His favorite city was Lahore which according to him was attached to his soul. The decision of partition dejected him a lot. He died on 12 September 1987. His works He wrote many books, and the daily column Pyaz ke Chhilke in Urdu Milap for about 27 years. His journal written during the partition of India, Chhata Darya (published in Lahore in 1948), has been translated into English by Dr Maaz Bin Bilal as The Sixth River: A Journal from the Partition of India (published by Speaking Tiger Press in 2019). Recognition He was awarded with Soviet Land Nehru award. References Hindu poets Urdu-language poets from India 1986 deaths 1918 births 20th-century Indian poets Indian male poets 20th-century Indian male writers People from Dera Ghazi Khan District

13921115

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20agonist

Functional agonist

Functional agonist may refer to: functional selectivity Physiological agonism

13921138

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KACT

KACT

KACT may refer to: KACT (AM), a radio station (1360 AM) licensed to Andrews, Texas, United States KACT-FM, a radio station (105.5 FM) licensed to Andrews, Texas, United States the ICAO code for Waco Regional Airport

13921150

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%3A%20Greatest%20Hits%20Volume%201

Elvis: Greatest Hits Volume 1

Released in October 1981, Elvis: Greatest Hits Vol. 1 was an attempt by RCA Records at launching a new series of reissues featuring American rock and roll singer, Elvis Presley. Ultimately, however, only this single volume was released in this particular series. Despite its title, the album is thematically similar to the Elvis: A Legendary Performer series of albums RCA issued between 1974 and 1983, in that it consisted of a mixture of previously released recordings and previously unissued performances. In this case, the unreleased material consisted of live performances from Las Vegas and Nashville. The collection received mixed reviews, with Roy Carr and Mick Farren, in Elvis: The Illustrated Record, a book released the following year, calling the album title misleading: "Predictable Las Vegas standards hardly fall under the category of 'Greatest Hits,'" they write. "One seriously wonders exactly who records like this are aimed at," they continue, wondering if RCA did indeed have anymore notable material from Elvis that had yet to be released (as subsequent releases proved, the label did possess many more previously unreleased recordings). Besides the aforementioned unreleased live recordings, this album also includes the true stereo debut of the songs "Suspicious Minds" (previously issued only in mono), and "The Sound Of Your Cry" (which was released for the first time on an Elvis album). Track listing All previously released unless noted: Chart performance References Albums produced by Felton Jarvis Elvis Presley compilation albums 1981 compilation albums Compilation albums published posthumously RCA Records compilation albums

13921160

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%20cases%2C%20volume%20547

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 547

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 547 of the United States Reports: External links 2006 in United States case law

13921186

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%20cases%2C%20volume%20548

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 548

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 548 of the United States Reports: External links 2006 in United States case law

13921201

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefield%20International%20Academy

Bluefield International Academy

Bluefield International Academy was a residential boarding school located in Bluefield, West Virginia. The school occupied an area of and used the ancient Indian Gurukulam system. The admission of international students from 4th to 8th grade was approved in 2007 by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The school was a division of the International Education and Research Foundation, Inc. According to the West Virginia Secretary of State, the foundation running the school was voluntarily dissolved in December, 2017. References Gurukulam model school in the US Schools in Mercer County, West Virginia Private high schools in West Virginia International schools in the United States Private middle schools in West Virginia Private elementary schools in West Virginia Boarding schools in West Virginia Buildings and structures in Bluefield, West Virginia

13921207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadda%20Kundalakesa

Bhadda Kundalakesa

Bhadda Kundalakesa was a former Jain ascetic who was converted to Buddhism by Sariputra, one of the two chief disciples of Gautama Buddha. She attained arahantship faster than any other nun and lived in the 6th century BCE in what is now Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India. Early years She was born "Bhadda" in Rajagaha, the capital city of the kingdom of Magadha of King Bimbisara. Bhadda's well-heeled parents were very protective of her, because she had a passionate nature and they were afraid that she end up hurt due to her strong attraction to men. One day, she saw a thief being led to the place of his execution through the window of her home. He was the son of a Brahmin, but had a long history of theft. Bhadda fell in love with him at first sight. She was able to convince her father that she could not live without him, and so he bribed the jail wardens who let the condemned man break out of the prison. The couple were married, and soon after, the groom became strongly preoccupied with acquiring his wife's jewelry. He told Bhadda that he had vowed to make offerings to a certain mountain deity if he could avoid the death penalty. He managed to get Bhadda away from his home using this pretext. He wanted to push her over a high cliff to steal her valuable ornaments. When they arrived at the precipice, he told her about his intention. In her distress, Bhadda resolved to a ruse that enabled her to push him to his death. Jain ascetic Weighed down from the guilt arising from the murder of her husband, Bhadda did not want to return to lay life. Sensual pleasures and possessions no longer captured her attention and she became a wandering ascetic. She entered the order of Jains as an ascetic. As a special penance, her hair was torn out at the roots when she was ordained. Her hair grew again and it was very curly, giving her the name Kundalakesa (Curly-hair). Bhadda Kundalakesa was not satisfied by the Jain doctrine, so she became a solitary wandering ascetic. For fifty years she traveled throughout Ancient India and visited many spiritual teachers, thereby accruing a wide-ranging knowledge of religious scriptures and philosophies. With her knowledge, she became one of the foremost debaters of her time. Whenever she entered a town, she would make a sand-pile and stick a rose-apple branch into it. This would challenge whoever was interested in a debate to trample upon the sand-pile. Debate with Sariputra One day she visited Savatthi and again erected her sand pile. At the time, Sariputra, one of the two chief disciples of the Buddha, and the disciple with the greatest power of analysis, was staying at the Jetavana monastery in the city. He heard of Bhadda's arrival, and as a sign of his willingness to debate, he sent several children to trample on the sand-pile. Bhadda then went to Jetavana, Anathapindika's monastery, followed by a large throng of spectators. She was supremely confident of victory, since she had become accustomed to winning all debates as a matter of course. Bhadda posed a number of questions to Sariputra. He answered all of them until she could not think of any more questions. Then it was Sariputra's turn to question her. His first question affected Bhadda profoundly, which was "What is the One?" Bhadda remained silent, intrigued by what he was inquiring about. She could have answered "God" or "Brahma" or "the Infinite", which would have been the good answer. But Bhadda decided not to formulate an answer and thereby lost the debate, because she knew that she had found what she had been searching for half a century of wandering around India. She chose Sariputra as her teacher, but he referred her to Gautama Buddha. He expounded the dharma to her at Mount Vulture Peak and finished with the following verses: Just as the wanderer Bahiya was the bhikkhu who attained arahantship faster than anyone else, Bhadda was the fastest among the bhikkhunis. Both grasped the essence of the Buddha's teaching so quickly and so deeply that their ordination in the sangha came after their attainment of arahantship. Their mind and emotional self-control had long been trained and prepared, so their attainment came very quickly. References Arhats Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha Converts to Buddhism 6th-century BC women Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown Former Jains Indian Buddhist nuns Indian Jain nuns Ancient Indian women 6th-century BC Indian people

13921233

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%20cases%2C%20volume%20549

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 549

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 549 of the United States Reports: External links 2006 in United States case law 2007 in United States case law

13921234

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireshadow

Fireshadow

Fireshadow (2004) is a novel written by Australian writer Anthony "Tony" Eaton and first published by University of Queensland Press. It is set in two timelines, flashing between them and following a character in each. One timeline is set between 1941 and 1949, and follows a young German man "Erich Peiters". The other timeline follows an Australian boy named Vinnie Santani, and is set in the present day. Plot introduction Taking place during World War II, Fireshadow follows two seventeen-year-old boys. Erich Pieters joins the German Wehrmacht to fight for Chancellor Adolf Hitler in 1941, and winds up in an Australian Prisoner of War camp after fighting in North Africa. Half a century later, Vinnie Santiani flees into the remote Australian Bush in an effort to cope with the death of his sister. Despite the fact that they live in different times, the boys' lives intertwine in the novel with haunting results. A reviewer for Magpies commented that the award-winning book's "language is exceptional throughout ... while the author's insights into the emotional lives of the young people are sensitively conveyed." The main character is Erich Pieters who is only 17 years of age. The novel doesn't provide much of a physical description of him but it does provide a good description of his personality. Erich grew up in a small family of a mother, father and younger sister. His father wasn't around much when he was younger as he was an army officer who worked for Hitler. When the war started (Erich was only 17 at the time) Erich signed up for the army to the disapproval of his mother and sister but not his father. His father was a very proud man and Erich took after him. Soon after Erich went to war, he was captured and sent to Australia to a prisoner of war camp. As he developed into a man, he became less proud and his personality developed as he tried to overcome his adversity of adapting to such different surroundings and treatment. As Erich aged he became wiser and more caring for those around him. As shown at the end of the novel, Erich is a gentle caring man who as he says “I may be sick, but my eyesight, hearing and memories are as strong as ever!” 2004 Australian novels Novels set during World War II

13921256

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll%20Never%20Be%20Lonely

I'll Never Be Lonely

I'll Never Be Lonely is a song written by Mary Tarver in 1958 and published by Ted Music, BMI. It was first recorded by Gene Summers and His Rebels in 1958 and issued by Jan/Jane Records that same year. "I'll Never Be Lonely" was recorded at Master Recorders in Los Angeles, California in 1958 during the "School of Rock 'n Roll"/"Straight Skirt" sessions. Musicians featured were the original Rebels: Gene Summers on vocals and guitar, James McClung on lead guitar, Gary Moon on drums, and Benny Williams on slap bass. The flipside of "I'll Never Be Lonely" was "Twixteen". Reviews BILLBOARD MAGAZINE - January 26, 1959 Reviews of New Pop Records, page 48 GENE SUMMERS I'll Never Be Lonely *** JANE 106 - Gene Summers sells this rockaballad with warmth, helped by a chorus and a big beat from the combo. It's in the current groove and has a chance. (Ted, BMI) References Gene Summers discography from Rocky Productions, France Gene Summers discography from Wangdangdula Finland Gene Summers session data from Tapio's Fin-A-Billy, Finland Sources Billboard (magazine) - January 26, 1959 Reviews of New Pop Records, page 48 United States Liner notes "The Ultimate School Of Rock & Roll" 1997 United States "Cover Versions Of The Songs Made Famous By Gene Summers" 2007 United States Article and sessionography in issue 15 (1977) of New Kommotion Magazine UK Article and sessionography in issue 23 (1980) of New Kommotion Magazine UK Feature article and sessionography in issue 74 (1999) of Rockin' Fifties Magazine Germany Feature article with photo spread in issue 53 (2000) of Bill Griggs' Rockin' 50s Magazine United States Feature Article with photo spread in issue 54 (2000) of Bill Griggs' Rockin' 50s Magazine United States See also Rockin' Country Style 1958 singles 1958 songs Songs written by Mary Tarver American rock songs Rock ballads Gene Summers songs

13921260

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Fox%20%28rugby%20league%29

Neil Fox (rugby league)

Neil Fox MBE (born 4 May 1939) is an English former professional rugby league footballer and player-coach who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and coached in the 1970s and 1980s. A left-footed goal-kicking , he set rugby league's all-time points record, scoring 6,220 points during his career. The brother of fellow rugby league players, Peter and Don Fox, Neil played for Yorkshire clubs Wakefield Trinity (two spells), Bradford Northern (two spells), Hull Kingston Rovers, York, Bramley and Huddersfield. Background Fox was born in Sharlston, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He grew up supporting Huddersfield, and went on to sign for Wakefield Trinity at 16 years of age. Playing career 1950s In 1956, Fox became the joint fifth youngest player to make his début for Wakefield Trinity, aged 16 years and 3 months. Fox was selected for Yorkshire County XIII whilst at Wakefield Trinity during the 1958–59 and 1959–60 seasons. Fox played as a in Wakefield Trinity's 17–12 victory over Australia in a 1956–57 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France match at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Monday 10 December 1956. Fox scored 2 goals in Wakefield Trinity's 20–24 defeat by Leeds in the 1958–59 Yorkshire Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 18 October 1958 during the 1958–59 season. He made his international début in 1959, playing for Great Britain. 1960s Fox played at and scored two tries, and 7 goals in Wakefield Trinity's 38–5 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1959–60 Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, London on 14 May 1960 in front of a crowd of 79,773. This was a new record for most points in a Challenge Cup Final. This feat was equalled by Iestyn Harris (1 try and 8 goals) in Leeds Rhinos' victory over the London Broncos in the 1999 Challenge Cup Final. The next week, Fox played as a in Wakefield Trinity's 3–27 defeat by Wigan in the 1959–60 Championship final at Odsal Stadium on Saturday 21 May 1960. Fox played , and scored two tries and two goals, in the 16–10 victory over Huddersfield in the 1960–61 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1960–61 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 29 October 1960. The following year, he again played at and scored 5 goals, in the 19–9 victory over Leeds in the 1961–62 Yorkshire Cup Final at Odsal Stadium on Saturday 11 November 1961. Fox won the Lance Todd Trophy as man of the match in the 1961–62 Challenge Cup Final. He scored a try and kicked 3 drop-goals in the 12–6 victory over Huddersfield at Wembley Stadium on Saturday 12 May 1962, in front of a crowd of 81,263. In 1962, Fox played in his only appearance for England. Fox played as a , and scored 5 goals in the 25–10 victory over Wigan in the 1962–63 Challenge Cup Final on Saturday 11 May 1963, in front of a crowd of 84,492. Fox played as a and scored 2 tries and 3 goals in the 18–2 victory over Leeds in the 1964–65 Yorkshire Cup Final at Fartown, Huddersfield on Saturday 31 October 1964. Fox played at and scored 3 goals in the 21–9 victory over St. Helens in the 1966-67 Championship Final replay during the 1966–67 season at Station Road, Swinton on Wednesday 10 May 1967, scored a try and 2 goals the 17–10 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the Championship Final during the 1967-68 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 4 May 1968. 1968 was the final year Fox played for Yorkshire, having made 17 appearances since his début in 1958. Off the field, circa-1968, Fox owned a Turf accountant's business in Goldthorpe. He left Wakefield Trinity for the first time in 1969, joining Bradford Northern. In 1969 he played in his final international match for Great Britain. 1970s Fox returned to Wakefield Trinity in 1970, where he moved to and became the coach. He scored a goal in Wakefield Trinity's 11–22 defeat by Halifax in the 1971–72 Player's No.6 Trophy Final at Odsal Stadium on Saturday 22 January 1972. Fox coached Wakefield Trinity to a 2–7 defeat by Leeds in the 1973–74 Yorkshire Cup Final at Odsal Stadium on Saturday 20 October 1973. He played second row in Wakefield Trinity's 13–16 loss to Hull in the 1974–75 Yorkshire Cup Final at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 26 October 1974. He was substituted during the match, despite scoring 2 goals. For the 1974–75 season, Fox joined Hull Kingston Rovers. He won the White Rose Trophy as man of the match in Hull KR's 11–15 defeat by Leeds in the 1975–76 Yorkshire Cup on Saturday 15 November 1975. Playing at right second row, Fox scored a try and kicked two goals during the match at Odsal Stadium. Fox then briefly joined York in 1976, before playing with Bramley in 1976–77. He then spent the 1977–78 season with Huddersfield before rejoining Bradford Northern. During the 1978–79 season, Fox played as a , and scored 3 goals in Bradford Northern's 18–8 victory over York in the 1978–79 Yorkshire Cup Final at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 28 October 1978. Fox holds the most goals in RFL Yorkshire Cup Finals with 19, and the most points with 53 points. Fox, Alex Murphy and Mark Forster are the only British rugby league footballers to have had two Testimonial matches. Fox's were both at Wakefield Trinity, in 1966 and 1979. He was player-coach of Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, and achieved a Holliday Cup and promotion double in 1981–82. Fox retired with the record for most points scored in Anglo-Australian test match history until overtaken by Mal Meninga in 1992. Post playing In the 1983 Birthday Honours, Fox was made a member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to rugby league. Fox was inducted into the Rugby League Hall of Fame in 1989. On 30 August 2005 Fox, along with Billy Boston and Mick Sullivan, opened the Rugby League Heritage Centre. In 2005 his autobiography was published by London League Publications Ltd. On Thursday 20 August 2009, at a ceremony at Wheldon Road, the home of Castleford, Fox was named as part of the "Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team" and had a bus named after him by Arriva Yorkshire. In 2010 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Wakefield. The Wakefield Eastern Relief Road, opened in 2017, was named Neil Fox Way in his honour. Sources External links (archived by web.archive.org) Neil Fox at rugbyleaguehistory.com Rugby League Cup Final 1960 Wakefield Win Cup 1962 Rugby League Final 1963 1939 births Living people Bradford Bulls players Bramley RLFC players England national rugby league team players English rugby league coaches English rugby league players Great Britain national rugby league team captains Great Britain national rugby league team players Huddersfield Giants coaches Huddersfield Giants players Hull Kingston Rovers players Lance Todd Trophy winners Members of the Order of the British Empire People from Sharlston Rugby league centres Rugby league players from Wakefield Wakefield Trinity players Wakefield Trinity coaches York Wasps players Yorkshire rugby league team players

13921274

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%20cases%2C%20volume%20550

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 550

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 550 (2006–2007) of the United States Reports: External links 2007 in United States case law

13921289

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Navy%20of%20Oman

Royal Navy of Oman

The Royal Navy of Oman (), abbreviated RNO, is the maritime component of the Royal Armed Forces of the Sultanate of Oman. Given its long coastline and strategic location along the Indian Ocean, as well as being close to the Strait of Hormuz, the Royal Navy is one of the priorities of the government of Oman. It has a fleet of gunboats, fast missile boats and support, training, cargo and hydro-graphical survey vessels, which can be deployed to defend the territorial waters and coastline of Oman as well as protect tankers passing through the Strait of Hormuz. The Royal Navy's headquarters are in Seeb, near the Muscat International Airport. A modernization program is ongoing, with the objective of creating a first rate fleet. Similarly, the Royal Oman Police's fleet, which operates smaller range boats and patrol crafts, is being updated due to raising tensions in the region. The origin of the Royal Navy of Oman is traceable to the reign of Imam Ghassan bin Abdullah (807–824 CE). He was the first ruler of Oman to possess a Navy, with a standing royal navy of Oman being formally established in 1650. History The origin of the Royal Navy of Oman can be traced to the reign of Imam Ghassan bin Abdullah (807–824 CE). He was the first ruler of Oman to possess a Navy. He commissioned ships in order to fend off pirates operating along the western shores of the Indian Ocean who were conducting raids along the coast of the Arabian Peninsula. The Omani Navy dominated the Western Indian Ocean for many years thereafter until the arrival of the Portuguese that changed the balance of sea power in the region. Beginning in 1508 with the invasion of Oman by the Portuguese the conflict came to end in 1515 with the loss of Oman’s maritime trade routes. Beginning in 1624, Oman started to recover its lost naval ports under Imam ‘s Nasir bin Murshid (1624–1649), and Sultan bin Saif (1649–1688) the objective of the Omani navy's role was force out the Portuguese from their bases in Oman that was achieved by 1650. The Royal Oman Navy fell into another period of neglect until the reign of Ahmed bin Said. (1749–1783). He began to rebuild the Omani Navy and had commissioned a fleet of four ships, that were equipped with 40 guns, additionally, he had 25 coastal boats built. A stronger navy was rebuilt between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Its main purpose was to then protect Oman’s overseas territories. During the reign of Sultan Said bin Sultan (1806–1856) the navy grew larger. The Sultan had sent several Royal Omani Navy ships on specific commercial and diplomatic visits, first to New York in 1840 the Al Sultanah transported Ahmed bin Al-Noman Al-Ka’abi who was the first Arab envoy sent to the United States. From 1862, the Sultanate of Oman lapsed again into a period of steady decline due to internal political wrangling’s and along with it the Royal Oman Navy. In 1888 Oman became a protectorate of the British Empire, which it would remain for almost 100 years. In 1962, the Dhofar Rebellion erupted, pitting communist insurgents against the Omani government. Although small, the Omani Navy undertook an important role in this conflict by providing naval gunfire support and bombarding insurgent positions inland. During the late 1960s, the Royal Oman Navy existed as the naval branch of the Sultan’s Armed Forces (SAF) instead of as a separate standing navy. In 1971 the British Protectorate of Oman came to an end, and following the discovery of oil fields leading to the sale of oil abroad, that provided much-needed investment in modernizing the navy and growing the existing fleet. The main naval base moved from Sultan Bin Ahmed Naval Base in Muscat to Said bin Sultan Naval Base in Wudam Al Sahil, near Al-Musannah, which opened in 1988. One of the largest engineering projects in Oman, it serves as a homeport for the fleet and includes training facilities as well as repair bays. The Sultan Qaboos Naval academy, located at the base, provided instruction for officers and enlisted personnel, as well as specific branch training. Originally, most of the officers were British, with non-commissioned officers being mostly Pakistani. However, by 1980, most of the officers were Omani, though British and Pakistani technicians remained. In 1992, the Royal Oman Navy had a strength of 3,000 personnel. The Royal Oman Navy does not have a marine corps or any naval infantry formations, though it has multiple amphibious warfare ships. A modernization program is ongoing in order to protect the coastline as well as the strategically important Strait of Hormuz. The British Royal Navy, in 2011, helped train corvette crews with its Flag Officer Sea Training. Ships Missiles 50 VT-1 Crotale NG SAMs 162 Exocet MM-40 (122 Block-1+ 40 Block-2) Exocet MM-38 Harpoon Block-II VL Mica-SAM Electronics MASS Ship protection system 3 x SMART-S MK-II Ship sensors 2 x MW-8 Air search radar 5 x Sting fire control radar 2 x DRBV-51C fire control radar 3 x RA-20S air search radar 4 x 9LV radar 3 x CEROS-200 radar Future Procurement New Research Vessel The Royal Navy of Oman (RNO) has contracted with the US Pentagon through a Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program to provide a new research vessel based on the RV F.G. Walton Smith, a University of Miami vessel. DeJong & Lebet, Naval Architects, provided the US Navy with Contract Drawings and Engineering. Thoma-Sea Shipbuilders of Lockport, Louisiana reportedly won a $7.3m contract to build a Catamaran Hull Hydrographic Survey Vessel for the government of Oman, according to a report. This vessel will be built by Thoma-Sea. Thoma-Sea’s partner in this proposal is Technology Associates Inc. (TAI) of New Orleans in Louisiana. TAI prepared the proposal for Thoma-Sea and will be in charge of performing the Design, Program Management and Integrated Logistics Support (ILS) functions for Thoma-Sea. The Sultanate of Oman will receive this 90-foot vessel, which is designed to conduct hydrographic and environmental surveys of harbors and bays, and will work in Oman’s territorial waters, according to the release. Oman has also issued RFI for a new ‘hydrographic survey vessel’. US Naval Sea Systems Command is promoting ship design based on the Walton Smith Catamaran design. In Oman, South Korean defence minister Song Young-moo met with his counterpart Sayyid Badr bin Saud bin Harib Al Busaidi. They spoke highly about the South Korean destroyers, Oman signed a deal in 2018 for an unknown number of ships and other arms including tanks. South Korean Navy to receive refurbished KDX-I destroyer Eulji Mundeok. Former ships Four Brooke Marine patrol craft See also Qahir Al Amwaj References Military units and formations established in the 1950s Military of Oman Navies by country

13921293

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20US%20mutual%20funds%20by%20assets%20under%20management

List of US mutual funds by assets under management

This is a list of mutual funds and ETFs in the United States ordered by assets under management as of 28 March 2019. The numbers listed below are from the Lipper Performance Report. References

13921304

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Millward

Roger Millward

Roger Millward (16 September 1947 – 2 May 2016) was an English rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s, and coached in the 1980s and 1990s. A goal-kicking , he gained a high level of prominence in the sport in England by playing for Hull Kingston Rovers (captain) and Castleford, as well as representing Great Britain. Millward was awarded the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1983. Nicknamed “Roger the Dodger” for his elusive running, he was inducted into the Rugby League Hall of Fame in 2000. Millward’s ability placed him in the top bracket of rugby league halves to have ever played the game. Early life Millward was born in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. Domestic career Millward began his professional career in September 1964, signing for his home town club Castleford. He made his début on 3 October 1964 against Dewsbury Celtic, and won his first domestic honours in 1965 with Castleford picking up the Floodlit Trophy. Millward played in the position of and, due to the importance of such a position in rugby league, and due to the fact there were many more experienced players in the Castleford side at that time (such as Alan Hardisty and Keith Hepworth) Millward found it hard to break into the first team for any length of time. Millward played in Castleford's victory in the Yorkshire League during the 1964–65 season. Despite his lack of game experience, the international selectors were interested in Millward and picked him to play for the Great Britain team in March 1966 against France at the age of 18 and one of Great Britain's youngest players. Millward played in Castleford's 4–0 victory over St. Helens in the 1965 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1965–66 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Tuesday 14 December 1965. On 8 August 1966 Millward was transferred from Castleford to Hull Kingston Rovers for a fee of £6,000, (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £185,900 in 2013) and he made his début for Hull Kingston Rovers at Hunslet on 15 August 1966 and helped the club win the Yorkshire County Cup, and retain it in the 1967 season. In the 1968 season Millward finished as the top try scorer for Hull Kingston Rovers with a total of 38 tries in that season, picking up the supporters' player of the year award. Due to his good form he was awarded a call up to the Great Britain squad for the 1968 World Cup which Britain lost to Australia. In 1969 at the age of 21 Millward was given the captaincy of Hull Kingston Rovers, and was also voted the supporters' player of the year for the second time as well as being honoured with the title of Rugby League Players No 6 "Player of the Year". In the mid-1970s Hull Kingston Rovers had become a dominant force in the world of rugby league thanks in part to Millward's playmaking abilities. Although Hull Kingston Rovers were now one of the top clubs in British rugby league the major awards eluded Millward during his career at Hull Kingston Rovers with just two more Yorkshire Cup winner's medals (1971–72, 1974–75) and a runner's up medal (1975–76) along with two more supporters' player of the year awards (1974–75, 1975–76). In Millward's testimonial year he managed to set a new record for Hull Kingston Rovers with the most tries scored in a season, scoring 160 tries in total. In the 1976 close season Millward decided to go and play for an Australian club, Cronulla-Sutherland. Millward made 14 appearances during his time in Sydney, and scored one try as well as kicking 17 points for the then struggling club before returning to Hull. In 1977 Millward was named as player-coach of Hull Kingston Rovers after the unfortunate death of the club's former manager Harry Poole. Millward played , and was the coach in Hull Kingston Rovers' 26–11 victory over St. Helens in the 1977 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1977–78 season at Craven Park, Hull on Tuesday 13 December 1977. He was again voted the supporters' player of the season. This then started a period of total domination for Hull Kingston Rovers. In the 1978–79 season Hull Kingston Rovers were crowned Division One Champions (the first since 1925). In the 1979–80 season Millward and his Hull Kingston Rovers side made it to Wembley to play cross-city rivals Hull F.C. in the Challenge Cup Final, despite breaking his jaw midway through the first half, Millward continued and was awarded the trophy at the end of the game. Roger Millward played , and was the captain and coach in Hull Kingston Rovers' 10–5 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1979–80 Challenge Cup Final during the 1979–80 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 3 May 1980, in front of a crowd of 95,000. Roger Millward played in Hull Kingston Rovers' 25–12 victory over Featherstone Rovers in the 1966–67 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1966–67 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 15 October 1966, played in the 8–7 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1967–68 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1967–68 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 14 October 1967, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 11–7 victory over Castleford in the 1971–72 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1971–72 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 21 August 1971, played , and was man of the match winning the White Rose Trophy in Hull Kingston Rovers' 16–13 victory over Wakefield Trinity in the 1974–75 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1974–75 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 26 October 1974, and played , and scored a drop goal in the 11–15 defeat by Leeds in the 1975–76 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1975–76 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 15 November 1975. Millward retired from rugby league a year after the historic challenge cup victory whilst playing for Hull Kingston Rovers' A Team against a Batley A Team. This was Millward's return to action after sustaining a broken jaw in the Challenge Cup Final victory but he was hit by a Batley player and sustained another broken jaw, his fourth in ten months. It was his last game. Millward's Testimonial match at Hull Kingston Rovers took place in 1977. International career By 1969, Millward had established himself as a full Great Britain international after his début at 18 years of age playing , in the 4–8 defeat by France at Central Park, Wigan on 5 March 1966, he went on to make 47 appearances for Great Britain, including 29 Tests. Millward went on tour with Great Britain a total of five times and also toured with the England National Team on one occasion, captaining in both World Cup tournaments. Millward’s international career was important as he was an integral member of Great Britain’s last Ashes winning Tour to Australia in 1970 and the last time any series was won against the Australians. Millward played in the 1967 Test Series against the Kangaroo tourists in Britain, and the 1968 World Cup, both campaigns being unsuccessful. However, his finest hour as an international came in the Great Britain touring party of 1970. He was overlooked in favour of former Castleford club mate Alan Hardisty for the first Test against the Australians. The Great Britain team was heavily beaten 37–15 and wholesale changes were made for the 2nd Test. Millward was drafted into the side, where he gave a superb match winning performance scoring 20 points (2 tries, 7 goals) in a 28–7 win to square the series. This equalled the match points record for an individual against the Australians, which had previously been set by Lewis Jones. The third Test decider was also successful and the Ashes regained. The 21–17 score did not reflect Great Britain’s superiority as they scored five tries to one, but were heavily penalised by the referee. Again, Millward rose to the occasion: with approximately five-minutes to go he scored the match and series winning try on the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG). The try resulted from a thrust through the middle by the second rows, first by Jimmy Thompson, and then a bust by Doug Laughton, who then delivered a brilliant pass to Millward in space; Millward took the pass at pace and in turn then outstripped the opposition defence in an arcing run of over 40-yards to score. He also kicked three goals in the game. Thereafter, Millward played with distinction for Great Britain in various internationals against the other nations, but a winning series against the Australians proved elusive. Millward missed the 1970 Rugby League World Cup due to a broken fibula in his left leg. He was named in the Great Britain squad for the 1972 Rugby League World Cup, but later withdrew. During the 1978 Kangaroo tour Millward captained Great Britain from in all three Test matches of the Ashes series which Australia won 2–1. Coaching After retiring, Millward stayed on the coaching staff at Hull Kingston Rovers throughout the 1980s, and early 1990s, and guided his team to another Challenge Cup Final and the Yorkshire Cup Final in the 1980–81 season, losing both matches but they did manage a Premiership trophy. Millward coached Hull Kingston Rovers to the John Player Trophy Final which they lost and second in the Division One Championship. Millward was later awarded an MBE by the Queen for services to rugby league and sport in Great Britain. Roger Millward was the coach in Hull Kingston Rovers' 9–18 defeat by Widnes in the 1980–81 Challenge Cup Final during the 1980–81 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1981, in front of a crowd of 92,496, and was the coach in the 14–15 defeat by Castleford in the 1983–84 Challenge Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Wembley Stadium, London, on Saturday 3 May 1986, in front of a crowd of 82,134. Roger Millward was the coach in Hull Kingston Rovers' 3–13 defeat by Hull F.C. in the 1979 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1979–80 season at the Boulevard, Hull on Tuesday 18 December 1979. Roger Millward was the coach in Hull Kingston Rovers' 7–8 defeat by Leeds in the 1980–81 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1980–81 season at Fartown, Huddersfield on Saturday 8 November 1980, and was the coach in the 12–29 defeat by Hull F.C. in the 1984–85 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Boothferry Park, Hull on Saturday 27 October 1984. During the 1983–84 season Hull Kingston Rovers dominated the scene with Millward's leadership, winning the League Championship as well as the Premiership to be the first team to complete the double and were rightfully crowned the 'Rugby League Team of the Year'. The 1984–85 season was almost as historic with victories in the John Player Trophy Final and being crowned Division One Champions for the fifth time, but lost out on the Premiership Final . In 1984–85 Millward coached his side to the last major final of his tenure. The club were victorious in the Yorkshire Cup Final but were defeated in the John Player Trophy and Challenge Cup Finals which consequently saw the end of Hull Kingston Rovers' domination of English rugby league. Millward left the club after its relegation to Division Two. By 2009 Hull Kingston Rovers had revived its fortunes, riding high in 4th place in the Super League, and regularly fills the new Craven Park, and the Roger Millward Stand. In 1991 Roger, took the coaching job at Halifax, but was only there 17 months before resigning. Personal life Roger Millward's marriage to Carol A. (née Bailey) was registered during the third quarter of 1968 in Barkston Ash district, they had children; Kay Millward (birth registered in late in Barkston Ash district), and they lived in Kippax, near Leeds. Millward was most recently employed as a Premises Manager by Royds Specialist Language College, near Rothwell Sports Centre. Despite removing all ties from rugby league after leaving Hull Kingston Rovers he attended rugby league matches, mainly those involving his home town club Castleford. Roger Millward was son of William Millward, and Ivy Lockwood (marriage registered early in 1939 in Pontefract district), was the younger brother of Roy Millward (birth registered in late 1939 in Pontefract district), and was the cousin of the rugby league footballer, and coach, Brian Lockwood. In 2007 Millward had an operation to remove a cancerous growth in the jaw. Legacy Millward made 406 appearances for Hull Kingston Rovers in total, with 207 tries, over 600 goals and a grand total of 1,825 points making him the third highest points scorer in Hull Kingston Rovers' history. Millward holds the club's record of 207 tries (which beat the previous record set in the 1920s by Gilbert Austin by nearly 50 tries) and has also scored a total of eleven hat tricks for Hull Kingston Rovers, with one for Castleford and two for Great Britain as well as kicking more than ten goals per match. Following his death Hull Kingston Rovers retired the number 6 from the team jersey. A jersey bearing the number was presented to his family at the game against Widnes on 15 May 2016. In 2016, it was announced that Hull's Garrison Road would be renamed Roger Millward Way, and a renaming ceremony was held in January 2018. Honours MBE -1983 Rugby League Ashes Winner - 1970 Rugby League World Cup R/Up - 1977 Challenge Cup Winner - 1979/80 - Player-Coach (R/Up - 1980/81 - Coach, 1985/86 - Coach) Rugby League Championship Winner 1978/79 - Player-Coach, 1983/84 - Coach, 1984/85 - Coach (R/Up - 1967/68, 1982/83 - Coach) John Player Trophy Winner 1984/85 - Coach (R/Up 1981/82 - Coach, 1985/86 - Coach) Rugby League Premiership Trophy - 1980/81 - Coach, 1983/84 - Coach (R/Up - 1984/85 - Coach) BBC2 Trophy - 1965/66, 1977/78 - Player-Coach (R/Up - 1979/80 - Player-Coach) Yorkshire Cup - 1966/67, 1967/68, 1971/72, 1974/75, 1985/86 - Coach (R/Up- 1975/76, 1980/81 - Coach, 1984/85 - Coach) Division Two Championship - 1989/90 - Coach (R/Up - 1974/75) Rugby League Hall of Fame - 2000 Rugby League Coach of The Year - 1985 Players No.6 RL Player of The Year - 1969 Hull KR Player of The Year - 1968, 1969, 1975, 1976, 1978 White Rose Trophy - 1975 Hull KR Record Try Scorer (1966-1980) 207 Tries List of Hull Kingston Rovers players - Heritage No 700 Accolades Open Rugby inaugural World XIII The Open Rugby inaugural World XIII was revealed in June 1978, it was; Graham Eadie, John Atkinson, Steve Rogers, Jean-Marc Bourret, Green Vigo, Roger Millward, Steve Nash, Jim Mills, Keith Elwell, Steve Pitchford, Terry Randall, George Nicholls and Greg Pierce. Honoured by Arriva Yorkshire Arriva Yorkshire honoured 13 rugby league footballers on Thursday 20 August 2009, at a ceremony at Wheldon Road, the home of Castleford. A fleet of new buses were named after the 'Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team'. Members of the public nominated the best ever rugby league footballers to have played in West Yorkshire, supported by local rugby league journalists; James Deighton from BBC Leeds, and Tim Butcher, editor of Rugby League World. The 'Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team' is; Trevor Foster MBE, Neil Fox MBE, Albert Goldthorpe, Alan Hardisty, Stan Kielty, Lewis Jones, Roger Millward MBE, Malcolm Reilly, Garry Schofield, Keith Senior, David Topliss, Dave Valentine and Adrian Vowles. References External links (archived by archive.is) Roger Millward at rugbyleaguehistory.co.uk (archived by web.archive.org) Roger Millward at rlhalloffame.org.uk (archived by web.archive.org) Roger Millward at eraofthebiff.com (archived by web.archive.org) Kangaroos beat Lions at Wilderspool (archived by web.archive.org) Hull Kingston Rovers ~ Captains 1947 births 2016 deaths Castleford Tigers players Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players England national rugby league team captains England national rugby league team players English rugby league coaches English rugby league players Great Britain national rugby league team captains Great Britain national rugby league team players Halifax R.L.F.C. coaches Hull Kingston Rovers captains Hull Kingston Rovers coaches Hull Kingston Rovers players Members of the Order of the British Empire People from Kippax, West Yorkshire Rugby league five-eighths Rugby league halfbacks Rugby league wingers Rugby league players from Castleford York Wasps coaches Yorkshire rugby league team players

13921309

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Wild%20Air

Camp Wild Air

Begun in 1882, Camp Wild Air was the first permanent camp on Upper Saint Regis Lake, in the town of Brighton, Franklin County in New York's Adirondacks. The camp was built by New York Herald Tribune publisher Whitelaw Reid on a peninsula accessible only by water. It presently consists of 12 buildings, 10 of which were built before 1931. The camp was originally designed by Reid's niece, Ella Spencer Reid, who also named the camp. It was begun on land that was leased; Mildred Phelps Stokes Hooker (1881–1970), daughter of Anson Phelps Stokes, in her Camp Chronicles, sniffs that "she seems to have built before she owned." The land was purchased by the Reids in 1890. The main lodge of unpeeled cedar logs, called the Living Room, was designed by McKim, Mead and White, and is the only known example of a rustic design from that firm. It was added in 1917 after a fire damaged earlier structures; it features sitting and billiard rooms overlooking the lake. The "Bishop's Palace", a small log octagon set at the water's edge with a massive fireplace and chimney, was named for its occasional use by Episcopalian clerics; there are two other, similar buildings at the camp, all designed by William Rutherford Mead. There is also a guest cottage with eight bedrooms, two boathouses and a recreation hall. The main buildings are connected by stone walkways. Many of the furnishings are original. The camp is still owned by descendants of the original owners. It was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and was listed in 1986. References Sources Gilborn, Craig. Adirondack Camps: Homes Away from Home, 1850-1950. Blue Mountain Lake, NY: Adirondack Museum; Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000. Kaiser, Harvey. Great Camps of the Adirondacks. Boston: David R. Godine, 1982. Hooker, Mildred Phelps Stokes, Camp Chronicles, Blue Mountain Lake, NY: Adirondack Museum, 1964. . External links New York Times, GUESTS AT ADIRONDACK CAMPS; Governor General of Canada and Lady Minto to be Entertained by Owners of Summer Homes on Upper St. Regis Lake -- Many House Parties.", August 9, 1903 Adirondack Great Camps Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Buildings and structures in Franklin County, New York National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, New York

13921318

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%20cases%2C%20volume%20551

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 551 of the United States Reports: References External links 2007 in United States case law

13921325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo%20Camp

Echo Camp

Echo Camp is an Adirondack Great Camp on the tip of Long Point adjacent to Camp Pine Knot on Raquette Lake. It was used as a private girls' camp from the mid-1940s to the mid-1980s. It was sold in 1986, and is now a privately owned summer residence. Built for Connecticut governor Phineas C. Lounsbury in 1883, its design bears the influence of William West Durant. Its main buildings were nearly identical with those of two other nearby camps built in 1880, Camp Fairview, built on Osprey Island by cousin C. W Durant Jr., and The Cedars, built by cousin Frederick Durant on nearby Forked Lake. Neither is still standing, though they are preserved in photographs by Seneca Ray Stoddard and Edward Bierstadt (elder brother of Albert Bierstadt). Like other Durant camps, Echo Camp is built of locally felled logs, with separate buildings for each function. The main lodge consists of a one-floor log hall flanked by twin two-story log towers, giving a villa-like appearance. Interiors are sheathed in polished planks and narrow wainscoting, rooms are lightened by large, half-round clerestory windows, and twig work decorates verandas and eves. Some buildings have applied cedar bark sheathing, still remarkably intact. The camp was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and was listed in 1986. References Sources Gilborn, Craig. Adirondack Camps: Homes Away from Home, 1850–1950. Blue Mountain Lake, NY: Adirondack Museum; Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000. Kaiser, Harvey. Great Camps of the Adirondacks. Boston: David R. Godine, 1982. Adirondack Great Camps Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Buildings and structures in Hamilton County, New York National Register of Historic Places in Hamilton County, New York

13921336

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20in%20Wonderland

Christmas in Wonderland

Christmas in Wonderland is a 2007 comedy film about three children who move with their father from Los Angeles to Edmonton, Alberta, where they catch a group of counterfeiters while Christmas shopping. Plot The Saunders family has just moved from Los Angeles to Edmonton right before Christmas leaving them with no Christmas spirit with the exception of the bright eyed 6-year-old Mary. They go to the majestic West Edmonton Mall for Christmas shopping. 16-year-old Danny and 12-year-old Brian find out that their father, Wayne, had been fired from his job and Christmas might not happen this year. He leaves Danny in charge of Brian and Mary. Mary tells Santa that she wants a million dollars for Christmas for Wayne, although she doesn't know he was fired. She also says the same thing to "Rudolph" the reindeer and Brian tells her that if she wanders off again, the "Mall Ghost" will eat her. They then go to the ice rink. Meanwhile, Leonard and Sheldon Cardoza are talking about using counterfeit money to get real money in exchange. In an argument, Leonard accidentally knocks it off the ledge and onto the ice rink. Brian and Mary find it and not knowing that it's counterfeit money, leave to go on a shopping spree. Mary thinks Santa gave it to her as an early present. Ginger Peachum goes to Leonard and Sheldon and gets mad at them for losing it. They go to the ice rink to find Brian and Mary, but they have already left. They buy a motorcycle while Wayne is having a tough time buying a gift for his wife, Judy, who is still in Los Angeles after getting bumped. In the backroom, Gordon McLoosh from the RCMP comes to investigate the case of how counterfeit money is appearing all over the mall with the story of two kids claiming that they won the lottery. They find the address where they want the motorcycle to be delivered. They go there and, seeing all the unpacked boxes everywhere, think they are going to move (which is odd, considering they just got there). They find a family photo and use it as evidence. They then search the mall for Wayne, thinking he is the one behind all the counterfeit money. Brian and Mary are spending the counterfeit money, Wayne is having troubles buying a gift for Judy, Danny can't find Brian or Mary at Santa's Village, and Leonard and Sheldon are looking for them. However, he goes to the amusement park to find them and finally meets the girl from the water park, who invites him to some Booster Juice. They learn they have everything in common such as both being from Los Angeles, both hating Edmonton, her name is Shane (which was his girlfriend's name in Los Angeles), and missing younger siblings. At LAX Airport, Judy is stuck waiting for her plane. There, she meets Kristopher Kringle who informs her that he got bumped too and that she shouldn't worry because "things always work themselves out one way or another". He then leaves to board his plane and shocks her after he knows her name. After leaving the bar, Wayne gets arrested by Gordon, but he explains that he is innocent. Brian and Mary witness this and after he explains what happened to them, Leonard and Sheldon finally catch up to and chase them. They bump into Ginger, but Brian finds out that Leonard and Sheldon work for her and run away again. Elsewhere, Wayne is getting interrogated but still has no idea what is going on. Just when they find out that the money is counterfeit, mall security bring Leonard and Sheldon to Gordon. The Saunders family gets released and Wayne is very upset at Danny for accidentally leaving Brian and Mary at Santa's Village. On their way out, they walk into Sam Nichols, who owns the mall. He says that he is willing to give Wayne a job. At home, they forgot about getting a tree, presents, or anything. The next morning, Judy is able to get home before Christmas and the kids marvel as they see a tree and presents. The turkey is even ready. Mary gets a letter from Santa saying that he is the one responsible for everything. Cast Production The film is largely set and mostly filmed in West Edmonton Mall. Secrecy before it was announced led many Edmontonians to wonder why Christmas decorations were still in place long after Christmas had passed. Release The film was exhibited theatrically in Canada in 2007, but it premiered on television in the United States in 2008 as part of ABC Family's 25 Days of Christmas programming block. It was poorly received by the public. See also List of Christmas films References External links 2007 films 2007 comedy films 2000s children's comedy films ABC Family original films American children's comedy films American Christmas comedy films Canadian children's comedy films Canadian Christmas comedy films English-language Canadian films 2000s English-language films Films set in Edmonton Films shot in Edmonton 2000s Christmas comedy films Films directed by James Orr (filmmaker) 2000s American films 2000s Canadian films English-language Christmas comedy films

13921338

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Gallery%20of%20Armenia

National Gallery of Armenia

The National Gallery of Armenia (, Hayastani azgayin patkerasrah) is the largest art museum in Armenia. Located on Yerevan's Republic Square, the museum has one of the most prominent locations in the Armenian capital. The NGA houses significant collections of Russian and Western European art, and the world's largest collection of Armenian art. The museum had 65,000 visitors in 2005. History The National Gallery of Armenia (NGA) was founded in 1921 under the decree of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Armenian SSR) and represents the artistic section of the State museum. Upon its establishment the NGA's art section encountered difficulties, largely because Yerevan lacked state owned and private art collections to form the core of the collection. The first works to enter the collection where the dozens of works purchased from an Armenian painters' exhibition in August 1921. A decisive factor in the founding of the NGA's art collection was the transfer of the renowned collection of The Armenian Cultural Center (the former Lazarian Seminary, Moscow) and also the donations made by Armenian artists to the NGA. By 1925, 400 pieces by Armenian, Russian and European artists were on display throughout the six halls which compose the museum's art section. By 1935, the state art section, which had undergone many refurbishments, became a separate Art Museum. In 1947 the gallery was re-dubbed the State Picture Gallery of Armenia and subsequently renamed the National Gallery of Armenia in 1991. The picture gallery's large collection of works are on display thanks to the efforts of many dedicated compatriots and friendly donations from foreign associates. The NGA currently houses around 40,000 works of art, many of which are permanently displayed in the museum's 56 galleries and halls. Description The first part of Classic Armenian art brings light to Ancient and Medieval art including Urartu frescoes and copies of Garni Temple's mosaics, as well as Medieval wall-paintings and miniatures, such as a 7th-century fresco of "Christ Enthroned" from St. Stephanos Church (Lmbatavank), a 10th-century fresco fragment of "The Last Judgment" from St. Poghos-Petros (Tate (Akhtala). Around 700 items of Armenian art make up the majority of the collection. The museum houses a large collection of paintings relating to the Armenian Apostolic Church dating from the 17th to the 19th centuries, as well as silver book covers, crosses, and 18th-century altar curtains from all across Asia. The collection of historic Armenian art is the largest in the world. There are particularly strong collections of work by Hakob Hovnatanyan, Hovhannes Aivazovsky, Gevorg Bashinjaghian, Panos Terlemezian, Vardges Sureniants, Vartan Mahokian, Martiros Saryan, Hakob Kojoyan, Hakob Gyurjian, Edgar Chahine, Grigor Khanjyan, Minas Avetisyan, and many more. There is a particular strength in the field of art by diasporan Armenians, and it includes works by Zakar Zakarian (Paris), Edgar Chahine (Paris), Hovsep Pushman (New York), Jean Carzou (Paris), Jean Jansem (Paris), Gerardo Oragyan (Rome), and Paul Guiragossian (Beirut). Russian art is also extensively present in the NPGA's collection. These include religious icons and images from the 16th and 17th centuries and works of well-known Russian artists from the 18th–20th-century, including F. Rokotov, I. Argunov, F. Shubin, Ilya Repin, Valentin Serov, Ilya Mashkov, Sergey Konenkov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Vassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Marc Chagall, and others. NPGA has also incorporated many examples of "foreign art" (predominantly Western) into their collection, many of which were originally part of the 'Armenian Cultural Center' (the former Lazarian Seminary, Moscow), which was nationalized during the Soviet period and moved to Yerevan. The ancient collections include examples of ancient art from Egypt (New Kingdom, Greco-Roman, Coptic), Greece (Corinth, Attica), Rome, and Iran. The Decorative Arts department has ceramic and porcelain collections of Chinese, Iranian, Italian, Japan, German, Austrian, Danish, and an extensive collection from the 18th–19th-century Tsarist Imperial Porcelain Factory in Russia. There are also a small collection of bronze items from 18th-century China (Qing dynasty) and 16th–17th-century Western European wooden furniture. There are a number of European Old Master works in their holdings, including works by well-known artists from Italy, Holland, Belgium and French art movements, including significant works by Donatello, Tintoretto, Antonio Canova, Joos de Momper, Caspar Netscher, Matthias Stomer, Jan van Goyen, P. Claesz, E. M. Falconet, Carle Vanloo, J. B. Greuze, Joseph Vernet, Robert Hubert, Théodore Rousseau, Adolphe Monticelli. In 2008, a pavilion was opened specifically for Hakob Gyurjian's works. The NPGA building also houses the restoration and conservation studios affiliated with the museum. The complex also has a moderately sized library and archive, a small cafeteria, a souvenir and book store, and a hall used for film screenings and lectures. The NPGA also lends to international exhibitions with works from her collection, helping to organizize exhibitions of Armenian art in different countries to see that Armenia's works are appreciated by citizens around the world. Armenian art Armenian art makes up a large part of the collection – around 700 pieces. Exposition of classic Armenian art begins with ancient and Medieval art: Urartu frescoes and copies of Garni Temple's mosaics and Medieval wall-paintings and miniatures, including a 7th-century fresco of "Christ Enthroned" from St. Stephanos Church (Lmbatavank), a 10th-century fresco fragment of "The Last Judgment" from St. Poghos-Petros (Tatev), and a 13th-century fresco depicting the Nativity from St. Astvatsatskin (Akhtala). The museum has an extensive collection of Armenian Apostolic Church-related paintings ranging from the 17th-19th centuries, as well as, silver book-covers of manuscripts, crosses, and 18th-century altar curtains from across Asia. Collection of Armenian paintings of the 17th century consists mostly of the artistic heritage of the Hovnatanian's dynasty. Beside works of Hovnatan Hovnatanian, strong collection of pieces by Hakob Hovnatanyan, founder of portrait genre in Armenian painting, is displayed in the Gallery. The Gallery stores more than 62 canvases of Ivan Aivazovsky, Russian painter of Armenian background, who wrote a lot of paintings on Armenian motifs. The largest part of the Armenian collection is dedicated to the work of classical Armenian painters of the 19th and 20th century – Vardges Sureniants, Stepan Aghajanian, Yeghishe Tadevosyan, Panos Terlemezian, Gevorg Bashinjaghian, Martiros Saryan, Hakob Kojoyan, Arshak Fetvadjian and others. There is a particular strength in the field of art by diasporan Armenians, and it includes works by Zakar Zakarian (Paris), Edgar Chahine (Paris), Hovsep Pushman (New York), Jean Carzou (Paris), Jean Jansem (Paris), Gerardo Oragyan (Rome), and Paul Guiragossian (Beirut). In 2008, a pavilion was opened specifically for Hakob Gurjian's works. Western art Western art collection totals around 170 pieces and consists of 4 major sections – Italian, Flemish, Dutch and French art, but also includes works of Spanish, German and other artists. There are a number of European Old Master works in their holdings, including works by well-known artists from Italy, Holland, Belgium and French art movements, including significant works by Donatello, Tintoretto, Antonio Canova, Joos de Momper, Caspar Netscher, Matthias Stomer, Jan van Goyen, P. Claesz, E. M. Falconet, Carle Vanloo, J. B. Greuze, Joseph Vernet, Robert Hubert, Théodore Rousseau, Adolphe Monticelli. There are more than 180 sheets of European graphics of the 16th and 17th century. Italian art The Italian collection starts with the works of the 14th century. One of the most remarkable ones is "Christmas", canvas of an unknown artist of the Botticelli circle. "Apollo and Pan" by famous Tintoretto is a prominent example of High Renaissance. Portrait genre of the 17th century is represented by the work of Bernardo Strozzi "Portrait of Nikola Kuchi" and 2 portraits by Guercino, member of the Bolognese School. Pontormo's canvas illustrate earlier period of portrait genre. The museum has an extensive collection of Biblical art – "The birth of Jesus and Adoration of the Shepherds" by Jacopo Bassano (recently the gallery received one more canvas by Bassano), "Good Samaritan" by Leandro Bassano, works of Luca Giordano, Pietro da Cortona, Sebastiano Ricci, Luca Signorelli, Pompeo Batoni, Bernardino Luini, Paolo Farinati, Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato, Alessandro Turchi, Giacomo Cavedone. There are a number of noteworthy Theotokos portraits by Benvenuto Tisi, Sebastiano Conca, Elisabetta Sirani and others. Landscape art of the 18th century is represented by Francesco Guardi, Francesco Zuccarelli, Gisolphi and several unknown artists. The collection includes graphic works of Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, Giovanni Paolo Panini, Federico Zuccari, Jacopo da Empoli, Luca Cambiasi, Stefano della Bella. Flemish and Dutch art According to the 1982 survey, around 30 works of Flemish and 60 works of Dutch art were exhibited in the gallery. Most of them belong to the 17th century. The Flemish art school is represented by remarkable pieces including "Procession of Silenus" by Peter Paul Rubens, "Descent from the Cross" by Anthony van Dyck, outstanding still-life paintings by Verbruggen and Jan Fyt and "Mountain landscape" by Joos de Momper. Portrait genre is represented by several canvases, most notable ones are woman portrait by Pieter Pourbus and portrait by unknown artist of the 17th century. Two works of David Teniers the Younger disclose genre painting. Work of comparatively little-known artist Jan Cossiers "Faun visiting peasants" is an example of realism art. The Dutch collection includes works of famous artists of the Dutch Golden Age painting. The section contains "Singing lesson" by Caspar Netscher, "Company at the Table" by Pieter Codde, "Holiday" Joost Cornelisz Droochsloot, piece by Cornelis Dusart, and paintings depicting tavern motifs etc. It is worth mentioning the work "War and Peace" by Hendrick Goltzius. "Birth of Christ" by Joos van Cleve is based on the Biblical plot. Canvases of several landscape artists are exhibited in the gallery including "View of Dordrecht" by Jan van Goyen, "Landscape with a Broken Tree" by Allaert van Everdingen and sea landscape by Ludolf Bakhuizen. At that time in Holland the so-called "Italianate landscape" became widely popular. In the gallery "Italianate landscape" is represented by the works of Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, Cornelis van Poelenburgh, Karel Dujardin and Frederik de Moucheron. The gallery holds works of such Dutch still life artists as Pieter Claesz, Jan Weenix and Abraham van Beijeren. Dutch portrait genre is represented by Stom's "The Money-changer" and woman's portrait by Caspar Netscher. The Dutch collection include works of military art, for example "Poles in the battle against the Swedes" by Philips Wouwerman and "Battle" by Esaias van de Velde. The collection includes graphic works of Adriaen van Ostade, Jan Lievens, Jan van der Heyden, Maerten van Heemskerck, Godfried Schalcken, Abraham van Diepenbeeck, Adriaen van de Velde, Jan Dirksz Both and others. French art The collection of French paintings is the largest in quantity among other western collections. Section starts with works of remarkable artists of the 17th century including "Rinaldo and Armida" by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, "Head of a Young Woman" by Jean-Baptiste Greuze and works of Jean-Marc Nattier, Nicolas de Largillière, François-Hubert Drouais, Charles-André van Loo, Jacques Courtois etc. Recently the gallery received a canvas "Young woman with a flower" by one of the most prominent representatives of rococo - François Boucher. There are other works within the same style – "The Italian actors" by Nicolas Lancret and "Sleeping child with angels" by François Lemoyne. Sentimentalism and classicism are represented by portraits of Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun. The development of the landscape genre in French painting can be traced back to the 17th century with the work of Gaspard Dughet. Landscape genre of the 18th century is represented by three pieces of Hubert Robert and three works of Claude-Joseph Vernet. The gallery holds works of Barbizon school artists, which heavily influenced development of realistic traditions in the French art of the 19th century, - Théodore Rousseau "Dusk in a forest", 2 paintings of Narcisse Virgilio Díaz and seascape by Félix Ziem. The Gallery exhibits "Portrait of a girl" by the leader of the realism movement in 19th-century French painting Gustave Courbet. French collection of that period includes works of Horace Vernet, Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps, Théodore Gudin and others. Works of Eugène Boudin, Louis Anquetin, Bernard Buffet and Adolphe Monticelli give a brief overview of the later development of the French art. The collection includes graphic works of Jean-Antoine Watteau, Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Jacques Bellange, Jules Pascin, Auguste Rodin and others, sculptures of Antonio Canova and Étienne Maurice Falconet. Spanish, German and other artists The Spanish art school is represented by several works, one of them is The Descent from the Cross, painting of the prominent representative of Spanish mannerism – Luis de Morales. The collection includes etching "Bulls" by the outstanding master of romantic period - Francisco Goya, "The Moment of Lecture" by Marià Fortuny, one of the leaders of romantic orientalism. Recently the Gallery received 4 graphic works of Salvador Dalí. German art is represented by landscape painters Jacob Philipp Hackert, Johann Heinrich Roos and others. Collection also includes 9 graphics of the outstanding German painter Albrecht Dürer, engraining "Christ presented to the people" by Sebald Beham, graphic work of Franz Stuck and others. Beside works of Spanish and German artists, the Gallery owns paintings of Swiss artists Alexandre Calame, Louis Léopold Robert, paintings of Daniel Chodowiecki, January Suchodolski, Ion Andreescu, Ștefan Dimitrescu and others. Russian art Russian art is also extensively present in the NPGA's collection. Around 230 works of art are exhibited in the gallery. Russian secular art is represented from the middle of the 18th century. Collection of the gallery encompasses portraits and sculptures from the end of XVIII – beginning of XIX centuries including works of Ivan Argunov, Dmytro Levytsky, Fyodor Rokotov, Vladimir Borovikovsky, Ivan Martos and Fedot Shubin. Russian landscape art of the 18th century is represented by several canvases by Fyodor Matveyev and Mikhail Ivanov. Russian painting of the first half of the 19th century is represented by works of Orest Kiprensky, 4 canvases of Vasily Tropinin, 3 works of Sylvester Shchedrin, works of Karl Bryullov, Pyotr Basin and others. Art works of Henryk Siemiradzki, Sergey Zaryanko, Ivan Khrutsky and Vasily Serebryakov depict the second half of the 19th century. The turn of the XIX-XX centuries is presented by works of Alexandre Benois, artists of the symbolism movement Boris Anisfeld and Victor Borisov-Musatov, and works of Russian avangard. Collection of that period includes such masterpieces as "Summer residence" by Marc Chagall and 2 works of Wassily Kandinsky. There are also 5 works of Ivan Shishkin, 10 works of Isaac Levitan, multiple works of Vasily Surikov, Ilya Repin, Valentin Serov, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Vasily Vereshchagin, Konstantin Makovsky, Vladimir Makovsky, Vasily Polenov, Mikhail Vrubel, Mikhail Nesterov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin and others. The museum holds the most complete collection of paintings of Ivan Aivazovsky - around 60 paintings. Directors In the years prior the gallery was directed by: Marina Hakobyan (2020) Arman Tsaturyan (2015-2020) Pharaon Mirzoyan (2002–2015) Shahen Khachatryan (1991–2002) Alexandr Ter-Gabrielyan (1987–1990) Eduard Isabekyan (1967–1987) Armen Chilingaryan (1962–1967) Ruben Parsamyan (1952–1962) Ruben Drampyan (1925–1951) See also List of national galleries Lydia Durnovo, art historian and restorer References External links Art museums and galleries in Armenia Museums in Yerevan Art museums established in 1921 1921 establishments in Armenia Armenia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confronted%20animals

Confronted animals

Confronted animals, or confronted-animal as an adjective, where two animals face each other in a symmetrical pose, is an ancient bilateral motif in art and artifacts studied in archaeology and art history. The "anti-confronted animals" is the opposing motif, with the animals back to back. Bilateral symmetry is a dominant aspect of our world and strong representation of it with matching figures often creates a balance that is appealing in artwork. In ancient art, confronted-animal motifs often involve the Master of Animals, a central human figure between two confronted animals, often grasping them, and are probably part of a unified socio-cultural motif. A related motif in ancient art is known as the Mistress of Animals. It is thought that the iconography sometimes has ritual and religious associations; for example, the Lion Gate of Mycenae has a column between the protective, surmounted and confronted lionesses standing with two feet on the ground and two on the same base on which the column rests. The column is thought to represent a goddess, abstracted to avoid tabooed direct representation. Alternatively, the column has also been interpreted as symbolizing the entrance to the palace. The lions are thus guarding the entrance to the palace and the walled fortification simultaneously. The motif called the Tree of Life, where two confronted animals graze on a shrub or tree, is also very ancient. Gebel el-Arak Knife The reverse side of the Gebel el-Arak Knife handle, displayed at the top of the article, shows two powerful confronted lions, separated by a figure who is grasping them. Of note, the knob on the reverse shows the top end of the hole for a cord or rope, on the suspension lug; this knife may have been worn around the neck ceremonially. Examples from archaeology Cylinder seals Examples of confronted animals exist on Cylinder seals from Mesopotamia. Deities, or heroes grasping lionesses, cattle, griffins, or other, imaginary creatures are sometimes found. Many cylinder seals involving confronted goats surrounding a central Tree of life on a 'cone' or 'mountain' platform share one common theme. Others may be thought of as deities holding the animals under their control. Because cylinder seals are numerous and also come from pre-historical periods, back to the fourth or 5th millennium BC, themes are varied. Another Tree of life type of confronted animals cylinder seal has a "hero grasping water buffalo" and a "bull-man grasping lions", each between the animals; again, the central figure is the "Tree-of-Life" that often is interpreted as representing a goddess. Confronted snakes Confronted snakes are frequent images in many cultures from ancient times to historical periods. Often associated with religious ceremonies and deities, perhaps the most familiar figure known popularly from ancient times is the deity or priestess of Crete depicted holding up two confronted snakes on either side of her. A chlorite vessel from the area of contemporary Baghdad, Iraq is displayed at this link. It depicts three pairs of confronted animals. Two confronted snakes are being held in the hands of the central figure; below the snake-pair are a pair of anti-confronted-lionesses (although they turn their heads to face each other their hind quarters are closely confronted), recumbent. The third similar pair of animals on this item are two anti-confronted bovines with a human or deity between also. Two tumbling lions and other animals are depicted to the right. Narmer Palette The Narmer Palette, used to mix cosmetics in the receptacle on one side, has two confronted felines, sometimes called serpopards (because of their exaggerated long necks which look snakelike to some researchers) forming the receptacle. Close examination of the animals with the exaggerated, long necks supports identification as lionesses. The entire theme of the Narmer Palette, is about the pharaoh of the newly unified Ancient Egypt represented in two scenes, (palette obverse, palette reverse). On one side the pharaoh wears the crown of Upper Egypt and on the other, the pharaoh wears the crown of Lower Egypt. Thus, it is thought that the lionesses with their intertwining necks are representing two kingdoms, once separate, but now unified under one pharaoh. The lioness Bast had been the protective deity of one kingdom and the lioness Sekhmet of the other kingdom, equally important deities in each of the early Egyptian pantheons. Respectively, they were the special protectors of the pharaoh in each kingdom, who persisted as deities throughout the long history of unified Ancient Egypt. Eventually their roles diverged, however, with one becoming less of the protector and warrior deity and assigned other roles. Typically, many similar deities in the two kingdoms soon were merged, so the retention of both is thought to be the result of the long and strong tradition of each. Examples of other confronted animals exist on many cosmetic palettes of Ancient Egypt that have been discovered. One palette has confronted-hippopotamuses; others include giraffes, geese, and other animals familiar to the Egyptians. Bilaterally depicted palm trees also are known as well on palettes. Mycenae Lion Gate The gate to the citadel of Mycenae is shown to the right. It crowned the major entrance gateway to the ancient citadel that was the centre of the culture, Mycenaean Greece, that predated that of Greece, and is a well-known example of two confronted lionesses. Debate exists in research of this image, questioning whether these are leopards or lionesses confronted with a column between them that represents the deity, but the characteristic tufts at the end of the tails confirm the species. Many images of lioness related deities are depicted with heavier manes than typical for lionesses, but that may have been the result of attempts to interpretation of the species or, unfamiliarity with the atypical dimorphic differences within this feline species. Alternatively, George Mylonas believed lions were depicted, not lionesses. Ancient Greek herald's staffs (kerykeia) In ancient Greece, heralds functioning as private messengers or public criers were referred to as kerykes. The keryx has functions in political, military, judicional and religious matters. He was identified by his attribute, the herald's staff or kerykeion, in Latin caduceus. The attribute also offered him protection. Hermes, the messenger of the gods, also carries a kerykeion. Kerykeia were often donated to temples by private persons and on state occasions. They are also found in herald's graves, and identify the profession of the buried person. Etruscan tomb mural Confronted leopards appear in a tomb found in Tarchuna (Tarquinia), or Tarchna Tarchnal, the chief of the twelve cities of Etruria, a district in what is described as the Etruscan civilization that existed in Italy from 1200 BC through the 100 BC. It appears in the earliest history of Rome, which was dominated by it until early in the 330s BC. This mural features confronted leopards providing protection for a banquet in the afterlife. Frequently felines, lionesses and leopards such as these are confronted with a tree, shrub, or column between them in murals from this culture. The Etruscans are thought to have migrated from the area of Troy, through Greece where they absorbed many cultural elements, to Italy where they founded their culture in prehistoric times. European art In Europe, confronted animals are an important motif in animal style, or zoomorphic decoration, Insular art, and the Romanesque. In these contexts there may be little or nothing between the two animals, and the emphasis is on the pair themselves. Human figures are often treated in the same way, often mixed in with animals in decorative schemes - archers were especially popular in the Romanesque period. The early Anglo-Saxon ship burial found in contemporary Great Britain at Sutton Hoo, from the seventh century AD, contains famous examples of Migration Period art. The Sutton Hoo purse-lid has three stylized confronted-animal pairs; the two side pairs, left and right, are identical, and have the animals in the person's clutched grasp. The central confronted animals are even more complex in theme. Opposed animals are used in Insular art, the style of which is derived from a mixture of Celtic and northern European design traditions. Confronted animals, or animals intertwined in very intricate patterns, often depicted grabbing at each other to form the "gripping beast" pattern, are a main feature of some periods of Viking art. So intertwined are the animals, they are dissolved into pure ornament, and the individuals are barely discernable from each other. Confronted animals are also frequently seen in European Romanesque art, for example as decorative patterns in Romanesque architecture. Supporters in heraldry, not always a matched pair, continue the theme, as do arms presented 'in courtesy' (with charges regarding each other). Asian art Luristan bronzes, Anatolian "animal" carpets Confronted-animal motifs are found extensively in Asian art and in textiles, including rugs, across Eurasia. Few examples still exist of a special type of Oriental carpet, termed "animal carpets" because their main feature are confronted animals. Dated to the 13th–16th century, they represent carpets woven during the transition period between the late Seljuq and the early Ottoman empire. Parallels were shown between the "opposed animal" and "latch-hook" motifs from woven pile rugs and the Lorestān bronzes. These are Early Iron Age bronze artifacts of various individual forms which have been recovered from Lorestān and Kermanshah areas in west-central Iran. Carpet fragments discovered in Konya and Beyşehir in Turkey, and Fostat in Egypt were dated to the 13th century, which corresponds to the Anatolian Seljuq Period (1243–1302). Rows of horned quadrupeds placed opposite to each other, or birds beside a tree can be recognized on some of these fragments. A traditional Chinese motif, the fight between phoenix and dragon, is seen in an Anatolian carpet now displayed at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin, and radiocarbon dated to the mid 15th century. The Chinese motif was probably introduced into Islamic art by the Mongols during the thirteenth century. Another animal carpet showing two medallions with two birds besides a tree was found in the Swedish church of Marby. Since 1988, seven more carpets of the animal type have been found. They survived in Tibetan monasteries and were removed by monks fleeing to Nepal during the Chinese cultural revolution. One of these carpets was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art which parallels a painting by the Sienese artist Gregorio di Cecco: "The Marriage of the Virgin", 1423. It shows large confronted animals, each with a smaller animal inside. An almost complete animal carpet is now at the Museum of Islamic Art, Doha. "Animal carpets" were also depicted in Italian paintings of the 14th and 15th century, and thus represent the earliest Oriental carpets shown in Renaissance paintings. Native North American Art "Powhatan's Mantle" is a cloak of deerskin, which originally belonged to a Native American of high social status. Its decoration consists of shell beadwork, depicting a central standing human figure flanked by two upright, opposed quadrupeds and surrounded by 34 discs. The two animals resemble one another in terms of their overall outline, but their tails and paws differ. The left-hand animal has a long tail and round paws with five articulated digits. The right-hand animal has a shorter tail, and its legs end in cloven hoofs. Historically, this artwork was believed to have belonged to Powhatan, who was the paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, an alliance of Algonquian-speaking Virginia Indians in the Tidewater region of Virginia at the time English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607. "Powhatan's Mantle" is one of the earliest North American artifacts to be collected by Europeans that still survives today. See also Book of Kells Tierwirbel Attitude (heraldry) Master of Animals Supporter References External links Cylinder seal: confronted-animals Photo--Cylinder Seal-High Res – Two animals, each held by a deity or priest; Center Motif: Tree of life Photo--variation of Tree of life confronted-animals; Article – One figure is facing toward the observer. Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on confronted animals Confronted snakes Photo--confronted snakes; Article Iconography Animals in art Symmetry Visual motifs

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20Rock%20Camp

Flat Rock Camp

Flat Rock Camp is an Adirondack Great Camp in Willsboro, New York. It is located on Willsboro Point on Lake Champlain. History In 1885, Augustus G. Paine, Jr. (1866–1947) moved to Willsboro to manage a local pulp mill, and began buying land in the area, eventually amassing about , including of Lake Champlain shoreline. Flat Rock Camp, which was named after the flat shelf of Potsdam sandstone the house is built on, was constructed according to Paine's designs as a summer retreat for himself and his family. Work began in 1890 and continued in stages over roughly the next 20 years. It was largely built by Lyman Smith, Paine's immediate neighbor to the north. The numerous stone chimneys were erected by Peter Lacey, a stonemason from Keeseville, New York. As originally constructed, the camp consisted of numerous buildings, including the main house, two cabins, a chapel, an icehouse, servant's quarters, and other service outbuildings, many of which were demolished after Paine's death. The main house, which still survives, is a single story building, with seven bedrooms, a dining room and a large living room with a vaulted ceiling. In its heyday, up to thirty guests could be accommodated at the compound, along with the staff. The camp was supported by orchards, a dairy farm, and a vegetable garden. The compound also featured extensive gardens, planted on topsoil laid over the sandstone, which were maintained under the guidance of Paine's first wife, Maud Eustis Potts, and, after her death, his second wife Francisca Machado Warren and their daughter, Francisca Warren Paine. The gardens are listed in the Smithsonian Archives of American Gardens. The camp and its surrounding property, which includes wetlands, farmland, orchards and forests, are still owned by the Paine family, but in 1978 they were placed under the stewardship of the Adirondack Nature Conservancy to ensure that the land will not be developed in the future. References Notes Adirondack Great Camps Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Buildings and structures in Essex County, New York National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York 1890 establishments in New York (state)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjin%20Progoni

Gjin Progoni

Gjin Progoni () was an archon (or lord) of Kruja, located in present-day Albania, from c. 1198 until his death in 1208. He succeeded his father, Progon of Kruja, becoming the second ruler of the House of Progon. Gjin was succeeded by his younger brother Dhimitër Progoni. See also History of Albania Monarchs of Albania References Citations Sources 12th-century births 1208 deaths Gjin Gjin Gjin Medieval Albanian nobility 12th-century Albanian people 13th-century Albanian people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss%20Ledge

Moss Ledge

Moss Ledge is an Adirondack Great Camp designed by William L. Coulter in 1898 for Isabel Ballantine of New York City. Ballantine was the granddaughter of Newark beer baron, John Holmes Ballantine. The camp was one of Coulter's first commissions after moving to Saranac Lake in hope of a cure for his tuberculosis. The camp is located on Upper Saranac Lake near two other Coulter Great Camps, Prospect Point Camp and Eagle Island Camp. The name is taken from a nearby rocky, moss-covered ledge that still is a notable feature of the shoreline. The camp consists of a main lodge, guest house, dining hall, boat house, and, some distance from the rest, a tea house built on a promontory overlooking the lake. The buildings are constructed of unpeeled logs; some are notched-corner style log cabins, others are shingles over plank walls. The style is similar to nearby Camp Pinebrook, another Coulter design. The camp was given to Syracuse University in 1948. It is now in private hands. The camp was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and was listed in 1986. References Sources Kaiser, Harvey. Great Camps of the Adirondacks. Boston: David R. Godine, 1982. Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Adirondack Great Camps National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, New York

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui-shuku

Yui-shuku

was the sixteenth of the fifty-three stations of the Tōkaidō. It is located in the Shimizu-ku area of Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is one of four former post stations located in Shimizu-ku. Area information At the Tōkaidō Yui-shuku Omoshiro Shukubakan, visitors can experience various aspects of life in the Edo period shukuba, ranging from schooling and lodging, to working and socializing. The area is known for its sakura ebi, a type of small shrimp. In the classic ukiyo-e print by Andō Hiroshige (Hōeidō edition) from 1831–1834, Hiroshige chose not to depict the post station at all, but instead shows travelers climbing a very steep mountain pass. Neighboring post towns Tōkaidō Kanbara-juku - Yui-shuku - Okitsu-juku Further reading Carey, Patrick. Rediscovering the Old Tokaido:In the Footsteps of Hiroshige. Global Books UK (2000). Chiba, Reiko. Hiroshige's Tokaido in Prints and Poetry. Tuttle. (1982) Taganau, Jilly. The Tokaido Road: Travelling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. RoutledgeCurzon (2004). References Stations of the Tōkaidō Stations of the Tōkaidō in Shizuoka Prefecture

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect%20Point%20Camp

Prospect Point Camp

Prospect Point Camp (now known as Saranac Village - A Young Life Camp) is an Adirondack Great Camp notable for its unusual chalets inspired by hunting lodges. William L. Coulter's design is a significant example of the Adirondack Rustic style. It is located on a bluff overlooking the northern reaches of Upper Saranac Lake, near Eagle Island Camp and Moss Ledge, two other Coulter designs. Its grand scale is typical of the opulent camps of the area in the great camp era. The camp was built for New York copper magnate and financier Adolph Lewisohn. In a departure from the tendency of camps to be sheltered in the woods, Prospect Point Camp towers over its shoreline, approached by several broad flights of steps from the water. The main lodge is a three-story chalet with a half-timbered effect, with birch bark filling the role usually played by brick or stucco. Birch bark is also used as a ceiling treatment between the beams. Interior walls were finished with local spruce, but also with southern pine, stained green or tan. The boathouse was the largest on the lake. The camp had a gasoline-powered generator, and telephones throughout. In the 1940s, the camp was sold, and had a brief career as a lodge, Sekon in the Pines. It was sold again in 1951, and used as a summer camp for young Jewish girls. In 1969, it was purchased by Young Life, a Christian non-denominational ministry based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, who use it for one-week-long educational camping sessions. Saranac Village celebrated its 50th Anniversary of Young Life camping in August 2020. The camp was included in a multiple property submission of 10 camps for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, and was itself listed in 1986. References Sources Gilborn, Craig. Adirondack Camps: Homes Away from Home, 1850-1950. Blue Mountain Lake, NY: Adirondack Museum; Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000. External links A History of Sekon and its Surroundings New York Times, "RUFFED GROUSE ABOUND." July 15, 1906 Young Life Saranac Village Adirondack Great Camps Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Buildings and structures in Franklin County, New York National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, New York

13921400

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Garling

Frederick Garling

Frederick Garling (17 February 1775 – 2 May 1848) was an English attorney and solicitor, and was one of the first solicitors admitted in Australia and was regarded as the first senior solicitor of the second Supreme Court established in the colony of New South Wales. Garling is recognised as being one of the first Crown Solicitors in Australia. Early years He was born in London, the son of Nicholas Garling, a London mantua maker. His paternal grandfather was Nicolaus Garling, a German who migrated to the UK in the 18th century. He was admitted at Westminster, England as an attorney in 1795 in the Court of King's Bench and also as a solicitor in the Court of Chancery. Garling is recorded as being a "certificated" attorney. He married Elizabeth (née Spratt) in London on 14 April 1801. Elizabeth and Garling had five children prior to her death. After Elizabeth's death, he married Sarah Oliver White on 15 September 1835. Sarah died in September 1840 without having children. Peter Garling is one of his descendants. Immigration to Australia In February 1814 Garling and another English attorney William Moore were induced to travel to New South Wales by the Colonial Office in the United Kingdom to begin life as a solicitor in that colony. He was offered the sum of £300 to undertake the journey. Both Moore and Garling were first called 'stipendiary Solicitors', and then were later called 'Crown or Government Solicitors'. Although they were referred to as crown solicitors, they were not considered to be professionally retained by the Crown and were independent of it. At the time in New South Wales, the only legally trained persons were those with criminal backgrounds who had been transported to Sydney as convicts. Attorneys such as George Crossley and others while permitted to appear in court as agents (and not lawyers), were not allowed to be admitted due to the English laws which precluded the admission of legal professionals with criminal backgrounds. Garling left the United Kingdom on 20 October 1814 with his wife Elizabeth and five children. They sailed on the Francis and Eliza. The ship was captured by an American privateer off the island of Madeira. Garling did not arrive in Sydney until 8 August 1815 ostensibly because of this. Historian John Bennett notes that this was unlikely as the cause of the delay, and that in fact, the delay was due to Garling not wishing to leave earlier. The other lawyer Moore arrived seven months earlier. The biographers for both Garling and Moore note that on 11 May 1815, Moore was the first attorney admitted to the first Supreme Court (being the Supreme Court of Civil Judicature and Garling was the second. It is probable that Garling was the first solicitor admitted to the second Supreme Court which was opened by the first Chief Justice of New South Wales Francis Forbes in May 1824. Forbes formally re-admitted all existing practitioners in the colony. While Garling appears first on the roll, it is claimed that the roll dates from no earlier than 1828. Whatever the merits of the argument, both Moore and Garling can be jointly considered as the first solicitors of New South Wales being appointed at the same time by the Colonial Office prior to their embarkation to Sydney. Acting deputy judge advocate The post of Deputy Judge Advocate became vacant after the death of Ellis Bent on 10 November 1815. Governor Macquarie offered Garling the office of Deputy Judge Advocate on an acting basis from 12 December 1815. Garling held this office until the arrival of John Wylde on 5 October 1816. Garling was progressive in that he apparently allowed emancipist solicitors to practise in the courts over which he presided. Macquaire also appointed Garling a justice of the peace. This was an important appointment in the colony, as at the time, a justice of the peace was in effect a local authority governing planning, liquor trading and employment regulation. Additionally, one of the functions of the Deputy Judge Advocate as a justice of the peace was to sit as a court of petty sessions hearing less serious criminal charges. Post Supreme Court era Garling and Moore's appointments as "Crown Solicitors" were abolished in 1828. The office was revived in 1829 but neither Garling nor Moore were reappointed. Until 1832 Garling received an allowance for being the Crown Solicitor notwithstanding that his appointment was no longer valid. Garling was appointed as the Clerk of the Peace for the County of Cumberland. Today, this comprises the whole of the land area into which modern Sydney now has transformed. However, at the time, the county only comprised various townships including Sydney, Parramatta and Windsor. The role of the clerk of the peace is as the registrar of the Court of Quarter Sessions. Apparently Garling was also empowered to file informations in the name of the attorney-general, although it is not clear whether this involved actually prosecuting criminals. In 1830 he was appointed as a crown prosecutor and held this role until 1837. He continued as clerk of the peace until 1839 when he could no longer perform both role as crown prosecutor and clerk of the peace. Garling was recommended for the post of attorney-general in Van Diemen's Land, now the State of Tasmania in Australia. Garling died on 2 May 1848 aged 73 years. He was buried in Devonshire Street cemetery in Sydney. Practice Garling's biographer describes him as "generous and public-spirited" and a member of many benevolent institutions in New South Wales. Garling appears to have done well as a lawyer in Sydney. Commissioner John Thomas Bigge was commissioned to report on the state of the New South Wales colony to the Colonial Office. In his report on the legal affairs of the colony, Bigge reported that Garling and Moore had been 'very fully remunerated' for the expense of moving to the colony. Author Forbes observes that Garling and Moore were both unremarkable "men of their day". This has to borne in mind with the background of New South Wales at the time. The colony was still considered a backward outpost of the British Empire consisting largely of convicts and ex-convicts. The legal work of the colony largely comprised defamation and debt recovery claims. Forbes notes that some commentators have suggested that Garling and More were "not particularly good ". Forbes also notes that the first chief justice, Francis Forbes, observed that if Moore and Garling had remained in England as attorneys, they "would have been fortunate to be allowed to sit at the same dining table in an hotel as the circuit barristers". This is a reference to the fact that at that time, most junior barristers earned their living in unfashionable circuits in country areas of England. Support for fusion of the legal profession The colony of New South Wales did not have a split legal profession like that in England. Legal practitioners were admitted as both advocates and attorneys. After the second Supreme Court started business, barristers moved for the court to formally split the profession into barristers and into solicitors. Garling, along with other practitioners, opposed the splitting of the bar in this manner when it was first mooted in 1824 by newly arrived barristers in the colony. Chief Justice Francis Forbes upheld the fusion of the bar and the legal profession. While Garling opposed the notion, author Forbes notes that Garling knew his place. Garling was quoted in the Sydney Gazette on 16 September 1824 as observing that his instinct was to defer to gentlemen with the "higher duties of barrister". See also Jean Garling Frederick Garling Jr. References Sources External links Colonial Secretary's papers 1822-1877, State Library of Queensland- includes digitised letters to Garling as Clerk of the Peace in the New South Wales Colony 1775 births 1848 deaths British emigrants to Australia English solicitors Colony of New South Wales judges Judge Advocates of New South Wales 19th-century Australian public servants 19th-century Australian judges British people of German descent Australian people of German descent

13921421

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Center%20Theater

Rose Center Theater

The Rose Center Theater is a performing arts theater within the Westminster Rose Center located in Westminster, California. It is part of the larger Rose Center complex that includes multiple ballrooms and banquet facilities. It is the home of the Vietnamese American Philharmonic Orchestra, TNT Productions, and the Westminster Chorale. It has also served as the host to many touring Broadway productions, dance companies, opera troupes, and was the temporary home of the Academy for the Performing Arts during the renovations of Huntington Beach High School. History Groundbreaking for the center occurred in April, 2001 with the official grand opening on July 21, 2006. Originally named 'Westminster Community Cultural Center' on all city filed paperwork prior and during construction. Operation The Rose Center Theater is operated by The Rose Center Foundation, a non-profit community volunteer group organized in 1999. Technical services for theatrical productions and banquet events is provided by The Backstage Supply Co. with offices on-site. Theater The state of the art theater seats 419 plus disabled seating and provides a universal venue for every type of entertainment. By use of the curtains, the stage can be altered for solo performances, town hall meetings, large scale musical comedy productions, choral, orchestra, ballet and on stage weddings. The versatile design features excellent acoustics and sight lines. Boxes on both sides of the stage on both upper and lower levels are utilized for musicians or for VIP seating. The backstage areas are fully equipped with lockers, showers, makeup and dressing areas. Theatrical entertainment equipment includes modern lighting, audio, and video systems. The theater is a Proscenium style stage with traveling curtains and no vertical fly system. Over stage and above audience lighting and rigging positions are accessed through a stretch wire grid system. The lighting system encompasses 192 dimming circuits, networked wired and wireless DMX512-A data connections, ETC and Altman lighting instruments, Strand dimming and control systems. The audio system includes JBL and EAW speakers arranged in a left-right-center orientation, Allen and Heath mixing console, Shure wireless microphones, and a Peavey Media Matrix DSP. Video systems currently consist of LCD projection screen located upstage of the main curtain with VHS, DVD, VGA, Betacam SP, High-8, Mini-DV and universal BNC inputs. Two box office windows with electronic ticketing system allow guests to pick up or pay for tickets in person or over the phone. Backstage areas include first-floor box office, office manager, technical office, tool and maintenance areas, men and women's dressing rooms, makeup room, green room, actors' entrance, and loading area capable of unloading any sized cargo truck or flatbed. Second-floor areas include auxiliary cast member rooms, dimming room, teledata room, audio control booth, lighting control booth, and a stage manager booth. Third floor, also known as the 'grid level,' areas include large sets storage, props and costume storage, lighting storage, lighting position access, curtain maintenance areas, and follow spot booth. Building facts $19 million construction cost land parcel 16,000 gross square feet () 419-seat theater 8 disabled seats proscenium stage grid Theater staff Current members of the Theater staff include: Theater Manager, Tim Nelson Box Office Manager, Ryan Salazar Technical Director, Chris Caputo Graphic Designer, Dana 'D' Pull Head Lighting Designer, Max Weisenberger Head Sound Engineer, Matthew White Former staff Technical Director, Cameron Rawls 2008-2011 Technical Director, David Kile 2006-2008 Senior Technician, David May 2006-2008 Senior Stage Manager, Katharine Kimura 2006-2008 See also List of concert halls Westminster Rose Center References External links Rose Center Theater The Backstage Supply Co Theatres in Orange County, California Orange County, California culture Music venues in California Theatres completed in 2006 Westminster, California

13921427

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowbari

Chowbari

Chowbari is a village of Kamarkhanda Upazilaof Sirajganj District in the Division of dhaka, Bangladesh. It stands on the river Hura-shagar. Many of the villagers are service-holders and have migrated to towns for that. There are a number of educational institutions here. References Populated places in Rajshahi Division Sirajganj District

13921433

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio%20Progoni

Demetrio Progoni

Demetrio Progoni () was an Albanian leader who ruled as Prince of the Albanians from 1208 to 1216 the Principality of Arbanon, the first Albanian state. He was the successor and brother of Gjin Progoni and their father, Progon of Kruja. His father was Progon of Kruja. Following the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade, he managed to further secure the independence of Arbanon and extended its influence to its maximum height. Throughout much his rule he was in struggle against the Republic of Venice, Zeta of Đorđe Nemanjić and later the Despotate of Epiros and inversely, maintained good relations with their rivals, the Republic of Ragusa, and at first Stefan Nemanjić of Raška, whose daughter Komnena he married. The Gëziq inscription found in the Catholic church of Ndërfandë (modern Gëziq) shows that by the end of his life he was a Catholic. In Latin documents, of the time, he is often styled as princeps Arbanorum (prince of the Albanians) and in Byzantine documents as megas archon and later as Panhypersebastos. Under increasing pressure from the Despotate of Epiros, his death around 1216 marks the end of Arbanon as a state and the beginning of a period of autonomy until its final ruler Golem of Kruja joined the Nicaean Empire. The annexation sparked the Rebellion of Arbanon in 1257. He didn't have any sons to continue his dynasty, but his wealth and a part of his domain in Mirdita passed after Demetrio's death to his underage nephew, Progon (son of Gjin), whom he named protosevastos. The Dukagjini family which appeared in historical record 70 years later in the same region may have been relatives or direct descendants of the Progoni. In historical record, Demetrio Progoni is the first ruler to call himself Prince of the Albanians and the first to identify his domain as Principatum Albaniae (Principality of Albania/Arbanon). Many later feudal rulers of Albania would lay claim to the same title and present their rule as the continuation of this state. The first to do so was Charles I of Anjou who sought to legitimize the Kingdom of Albania as a descendant state of the Principality of Arbanon about 60 years later, in 1272. Background Progon of Kruja, father of Dhimitër Progoni formed the first Albanian state during the Middle Ages. Little is known about archon Progon who ruled Krujë and its surroundings at least since the era between 1190 and 1198. The Krujë castle and other territories remained in the possession of the Progoni family, and Progon was succeeded by his sons Gjin, and later Demetrio. Before 1204, Arbanon was an autonomous principality of the Byzantine Empire. The fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, had two main political consequences for the region of Albania. The first was that Byzantine overlordship had crumbled, which allowed for the local rulers to seek independence. The second was that in accordance to the agreements about the partition of the Byzantine Empire, control of Albania had been awarded to the Republic of Venice. In this geopolitical environment, Dhimitër Progoni assumed power in 1207-08. In primary sources of the period, he is mostly referred to as Demetrius (Demetrius, Progoni archontis filius et successor) or Demetrio Progoni. Rule Since the beginning of his rule, Progoni sought out to create friendly networks in foreign policy in order to preserve the sovereignty of Arbanon against external threats, the most important of whom were for much of his reign the Republic of Venice and later the Despotate of Epiros. In 1208-09, he considered conversion to Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy for the first time in order to obtain support against his Venetian rivals. As Venice had been given the nominal rights to control Albania, conversion to Catholicism would nullify Venetian claims over territory controlled by another Catholic state, the Principality of Arbanon. It would also protect him from expansion by post-Byzantine successor states like the Despotate of Epiros. In his preserved correspondence with Pope Innocent III, Progoni as leader of the iudices of Arbanon, who signed as his followers, asked the Pope to send missionaries to spread Catholicism in his land. The Pope responded that Nicolaus, the Catholic archdeacon of Durrës had been instructed to make preparations for the mission. Shortly after, however, Demetrio stopped the process because he didn't consider it important any longer. He had defeated Đorđe Nemanjić, a Venetian vassal whom he bordered to the north and thus felt less threatened by Venice. Nemanjić had previously promised military support to Venice if Progoni attacked Venetian territory, in a treaty signed on 3 July 1208. He also had secured a marriage with Komnena Nemanjić, who was both the daughter of Stefan Nemanjić, rival of Đorđe Nemanjić and grand-daughter of the last Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos. In this context, because of the relation of his consort to the Byzantine imperial family, he was recognized by the title of panhypersevastos. After the death of the Catholic archbishop of Durrës, the Venetians and Progoni - each in their respective territories - seized church property. For his actions against church property, he was excommunicated. He used the title princeps Arbanorum ("prince of the Albanians") to refer to himself and was recognized as such by foreign dignitaries. In the correspondence with Innocent III, the territory he claimed as princeps Arbanorum was the area between Shkodra, Prizren, Ohrid and Durrës (regionis montosae inter Scodram, Dyrrachium, Achridam et Prizrenam sitae). In general, Progoni brought the principality to its climax. The area the principality controlled, ranged from the Shkumbin river valley to the Drin river valley in the north and from the Adriatic sea to the Black Drin in the east. In Latin documents, he was is also referred to as iudex. In Byzantine records, he is titled as megas archon and after the consolidation of his rule as panhypersebastos. In search for allies, he also signed a treaty with the Republic of Ragusa which allowed for free passage of Ragusan merchants in Albanian territory. In 1210, an agreement was concluded between the Republic of Venice and Michael I Komnenos Doukas of the Despotate of Epiros under which Doukas would become a vassal of Venice, if the republic recognized his claims up to the Shkumbin river valley, a core area of Arbanon. In 1212, Venice also allowed for the possession of the coastal duchy of Durrës to pass to Michael and abandoned its direct control of central Albania. The agreement had dire consequences for the principality, which surrounded by hostile forces, seems to have been reduced by the end of the life of Dhimitër Progoni to the area north of Shkumbin and south of Drin. Evidence for this period has been provided by the foundational inscription of the Catholic church of Gëziq in the Ndërfandë near modern Rreshen in Mirdita. The inscription is written in Latin and has been produced after Progoni's death. The inscription shows that Progoni, who had been reaccepted in the Catholic Church, had provided funds for the building of the church, which he might have planned to become the seat of the Diocese of Arbanum or a new diocese in the centre of his remaining domain. This is indicated by the fact that the new church was built on the site of an older church dedicated to St. Mary but Progoni dedicated the new church to Shën Premte, the patron saint of Arbanum. He had maintained the semi-independence of this area under an agreement in which he accepted the high suzerainty of Zeta and the rulers of Zeta didn't get involved in internal affairs of the region in return. In the inscription which also serves as the last will of Progoni, the church is dedicated to his people (nationi obtulit) and his successor is designated, Progon - son of Gjin Progoni - as protosevastos. Death and legacy He died around 1215-16. His wife was soon married off to Gregory Kamonas who needed the wedding to happen in order legitimize succession of power. After he took control of Kruja, strengthening relations with Grand Principality of Serbia, which had weakened after a Slavic assault on Scutari. Komnena had a daughter with Kamonas that married Golem, who continued to rule as a semi-independent ruler in Arbanon under Theodore Komnenos Doukas of the Despotate of Epiros (until 1230) and then Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria until his death in 1241. He then oscillated between Doukas and the Nicaeans until he was finally annexed by the Nicaeans in the phase of reconstitution of the Byzantine Empire in 1252-56. The events prompted the Rebellion of Arbanon in 1257. The Principality of Arbanon is the first Albanian state that emerged in the Middle Ages. Under Progoni, it reached its maximum extent. Progoni was the first to use the terms Princeps Arbanorum and Princeps Albaniae. The legacy of a local, independent power center in Albania was used by future rulers to legitimize their power by presenting their realms as its successors. The first to do so was Charles I of Anjou with the creation of Kingdom of Albania around 70 years later. In Albanian historiography, his attempt has been assessed negatively as an "Anjou invention" which sought to turn Albania into an armed base for Angevin campaigns in contrast to the Principality of Arbanon, which was an attempt of local unification and independence from the Byzantines. Progoni didn't have any sons. His successor was his nephew, Progon. The rule of this Progon in the Mirdita area, the many similarities between the emblem of the Progoni family in the Gëziq inscription and the coat of arms of the later Dukagjini family and the claim of the Dukagjini that they were the hereditary overlords of Ndërfandë and the abbacy of Gëziq has led historians to consider that the two clans may have been related or even that the Dukagjini were descendants of the Progoni via protosevastos Progon. The connection of the church of Ndërfandë with the Diocese of Arbanum and consequently with the territory of Arbanon led to later disputes. The Dukagjini who held hereditary rights over the region, were in actual control of the abbacy. Gjon Kastrioti who held control of the territory of the diocese of Arbanum claimed that the abbacy should pass into his territory. The dispute was solved with mediation by the Papacy, which transferred it to the Diocese of Lezhë which had been formed in the 15th century and was de jure part of the Dukagjini lands. References Sources 12th-century births 1216 deaths 13th-century monarchs in Europe 12th-century Albanian people 13th-century Albanian people Demetrio Republic of Venice people People from the Despotate of Epirus Demetrio Panhypersebastoi

13921459

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon%20Progressive%20Conservative%20Party

Yukon Progressive Conservative Party

The Yukon Progressive Conservative Party () was a conservative political party in Yukon, Canada. It was succeeded by the Yukon Party. History The Yukon Progressive Conservative Party was founded in April 1978. Long time Yukon legislator Hilda Watson was elected the party's first leader defeating Yukon MP Erik Nielsen by one vote. Watson had been a member of the territorial Legislative Council since 1970, and became the first woman in Canadian history to lead a political party into a general election. However, she was unable to win a seat in the 1978 election, and consequently resigned. Chris Pearson became leader of the party as well as the government. The Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the 1985 election by the Yukon New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Tony Penikett. With Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative federal government's increasing unpopularity, the Yukon Progressive Conservatives decided to sever their relations with the federal Conservatives, and renamed themselves the "Yukon Party" prior to the 1992 election. Election results Leaders Hilda Watson 1978 Chris Pearson 1978-1979 (interim), 1978-1985 Willard Phelps 1985-1991 References See also List of premiers of Yukon List of Yukon Leaders of Opposition Yukon Party Political parties established in 1978 Political parties disestablished in 1992 Territorial political parties in Yukon Conservative parties in Canada 1978 establishments in Yukon Liberal conservative parties Progressive conservatism

13921467

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Orphant%20Annie

Little Orphant Annie

"Little Orphant Annie" is an 1885 poem written by James Whitcomb Riley and published by the Bobbs-Merrill Company. First titled "The Elf Child", the name was changed by Riley to "Little Orphant Allie" at its third printing; however, a typesetting error during printing renamed the poem to its current form. Known as the "Hoosier poet", Riley wrote the rhymes in 19th-century Hoosier dialect. As one of his most well known poems, it served as the inspiration for the comic strip Little Orphan Annie which itself inspired a Broadway musical, several films, and many radio and television programs. The subject was inspired by Mary Alice "Allie" Smith, an orphan living in the Riley home during her childhood. The poem contains four stanzas; the first introduces Annie and the second and third are stories she is telling to young children. Each story tells of a bad child who is snatched away by goblins as a result of his or her misbehavior. The underlying moral and warning is announced in the final stanza, telling children that they should obey their parents and be kind to the unfortunate, lest they suffer the same fate. Background James Whitcomb Riley was a poet who achieved national fame in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th century. "Little Orphant Annie" is one of Whitcomb's most well known poems. Originally published in the Indianapolis Journal on November 15, 1885, under the title "The Elf Child", the poem was inspired by a girl named Mary Alice "Allie" Smith. Mary Alice Smith was born near Liberty, Union County, Indiana, 25 September 1850. She lived on a small farm with her parents until (as one story goes) both parents died when she was about nine years old. Some stories say that Mary's mother died when she was very young and her father, Peter Smith, died when she was ten. Other evidence points to her father's being incarcerated at the time. Whatever the cause, she was considered an orphan. Mary's uncle, a John Rittenhouse, came to Union County and took the young orphan to his home in Greenfield where he "dressed her in black" and "bound her out to earn her board and keep". Mary Alice was taken in by Captain Reuben Riley as a "bound" servant to help his wife Elizabeth Riley with the housework and her four children: John, James, Elva May and Alex. As was customary at that time, she worked alongside the family to earn her board. In the evening hours, she often told stories to the younger children, including Riley. The family called her a "Guest" not a servant and treated her like she was part of their family. Smith did not learn she was the inspiration for the character until the 1910s when she visited with Riley. Riley had previously presented a fictionalized version of Mary Alice Smith in his short story "Where Is Mary Alice Smith?," published in The Indianapolis Journal of 30 September 1882. In it, Mary Alice arrives at her benefactor family's home and wastes no time before telling the children a grisly story of murder by decapitation and then later introduces them to her soldier friend Dave who is soon killed upon going off to war. The plot of this short story was heavily incorporated into the 1918 movie adaptation as well as Johnny Gruelle's 1921 storybook. Both "The Elf Child" and "Where Is Mary Alice Smith?" were printed in book form for the first time in 1885 in The Boss Girl. "The Elf Child" kept its original title in its first two printings, but Riley decided to change its title to "Little Orphant Allie" in an 1889 printing. The printing house incorrectly cast the typeset during the printing, unintentionally renaming the poem to "Little Orphant Annie". Riley at first contacted the printing house to have the error corrected, but decided to keep the misprint because of the poem's growing popularity. When reprinted in The Orphant Annie Book in 1908, the poem was given an additional, introductory verse ("Little Orphant Annie she knows riddles, rhymes and things! ..."). During the 1910s and 1920s, the title became the inspiration for the names of Little Orphan Annie and the Raggedy Ann doll, created by fellow Indiana native Johnny Gruelle. The rhyme's popularity led its to being reprinted many times. It was later compiled with a number of other children's poems in an illustrated book and sold. The verses of the poem detail the scary stories told by Annie when her housework was done, repeating the phrase "An' the Gobble-uns 'at gits you ef you don't watch out!" It was popular among children, and many of the letters Whitcomb received from children commented on the poem. It remains a favorite among children in Indiana and is often associated with Halloween celebrations. Poem Riley recorded readings of several of his poems for the phonograph during the early twentieth century. Only four of the readings were ever released to the public; one was "Little Orphant Annie". Written in nineteenth century Hoosier dialect, the words can be difficult to read in modern times; however, its style helped feed its popularity at the time of its composition. Riley achieved fame not just for writing poetry, but also from his readings. Like most of his poetry, "Little Orphant Annie" was written to achieve the best effect when read aloud. The poem consists of four stanzas, each with twelve lines. Riley dedicated his poem "to all the little ones," which served as an introduction to draw the attention of his audience when read aloud. The alliteration, parallels, phonetic intensifiers and onomatopoeia add effects to the rhymes that become more detectable when read aloud. The exclamatory refrain ending each stanza is spoken with more emphasis. The poem is written in the first person and in a regular iambic meter. It begins by introducing Annie, and then sets a mood of excitement by describing the children eagerly gathering to hear her stories. The next two stanzas are each a story which Annie tells the children. Each story tells of a bad child who is snatched away by goblins and has an underlying moral which is announced in the final stanza, encouraging children to obey their parents and teachers, help their loved ones, and care for the poor and disadvantaged. Little Orphant Annie Little Orphant Annie's come to our house to stay, An' wash the cups an' saucers up, an' brush the crumbs away, An' shoo the chickens off the porch, an' dust the hearth, an' sweep, An' make the fire, an' bake the bread, an' earn her board-an'-keep; An' all us other children, when the supper-things is done, We set around the kitchen fire an' has the mostest fun A-list'nin' to the witch-tales 'at Annie tells about, An' the Gobble-uns 'at gits you Ef you Don't Watch Out! Wunst they wuz a little boy wouldn't say his prayers,-- An' when he went to bed at night, away up-stairs, His Mammy heerd him holler, an' his Daddy heerd him bawl, An' when they turn't the kivvers down, he wuzn't there at all! An' they seeked him in the rafter-room, an' cubby-hole, an' press, An' seeked him up the chimbly-flue, an' ever'-wheres, I guess; But all they ever found wuz thist his pants an' roundabout:-- An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you Ef you Don't Watch Out! An' one time a little girl 'ud allus laugh an' grin, An' make fun of ever' one, an' all her blood-an'-kin; An' wunst, when they was "company," an' ole folks wuz there, She mocked 'em an' shocked 'em, an' said she didn't care! An' thist as she kicked her heels, an' turn't to run an' hide, They wuz two great big Black Things a-standin' by her side, An' they snatched her through the ceilin' 'fore she knowed what she's about! An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you Ef you Don't Watch Out! An' little Orphant Annie says, when the blaze is blue, An' the lamp-wick sputters, an' the wind goes woo-oo! An' you hear the crickets quit, an' the moon is gray, An' the lightnin'-bugs in dew is all squenched away,-- You better mind yer parunts, an' yer teachurs fond an' dear, An' churish them 'at loves you, an' dry the orphant's tear, An' he'p the pore an' needy ones 'at clusters all about, Er the Gobble-uns 'll git you Ef you Don't Watch Out! Film adaptations Little Orphant Annie was made into a silent film in 1918, featuring Colleen Moore as Annie. She had previously been in A Hoosier Romance, also based on Riley's work. Riley also appeared in the film as the silent narrator. A short animated film based on the poem was released by Soyuztelefilm studio in Russia in 1992, directed by Yulian Kalisher. The poem was translated into Russian by Oleg Yegorov. Derivative work In 1911, American composer Margaret Hoberg Turrell published an arrangement of Little Orphant Annie for choir. In The Orphant Annie Story Book (1921), author Johnny Gruelle augments the character's background story and goes to great lengths to soften her image, portraying her as telling pleasant tales of fairies, gnomes and anthropomorphic animals rather than her characteristic horror stories. In popular culture In the TV series Getting On, the character of Birdy Lamb recites part of the poem at the end of Episode 3 of Season 3. The last stanza is also recited by two girls and the character Little Ann Sliger while jumping rope in the movie Texas Killing Fields (2011). In the documentary, Cracking Up: The Darrell Hammond Story, comedian Darrell Hammond relates that his mother would stand in his doorway at night and recite the poem when he was a child. Notes References External links 1885 poems American poems Bobbs-Merrill Company books Indiana culture James Whitcomb Riley Little Orphan Annie Works about orphans

13921468

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis%20Griffith

Ellis Griffith

Ellis Griffith may refer to: Ellis Ellis-Griffith (1860–1926), British barrister and politician Ellis Griffith (priest) (died 1938), Welsh clergyman

13921469

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly%20Dispatch

Weekly Dispatch

Weekly Dispatch may refer to: New York Weekly Dispatch, a New York City paper published 1855–1858, succeeded by the New York Weekly, 1858–1910, and New York Weekly Welcome, 1910–1915 Weekly Dispatch (1801), London, renamed to Sunday Dispatch in 1928 Richmond Weekly Dispatch, Richmond, Virginia South Australian Weekly Dispatch, South Australia

13921475

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundari%20Nanda

Sundari Nanda

Princess Sundarī Nandā of Shakya, also known simply a Sundarī, was the daughter of King Suddhodana and Queen Mahapajapati Gotami.She was the half-sister of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became a Buddha. She became a nun after the enlightenment of her half-brother and became an arhat. She was the foremost among bhikkhunis in the practice of jhana (total meditative absorption). She lived during the 6th century BCE in what is now Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India. Early years When she was born, Princess Nandā was lovingly welcomed by her parents: Her father was King Śuddhodana, also the father of Siddhartha; her mother was Mahaprajapati. Mahaprajapati was the second wife of Suddhodarna and the younger sister of his first wife, the late Queen Maya. Nanda's name means joy, contentment, pleasure, and was named as her parents were especially joyous about the arrival of a newborn baby. Nanda was known in her childhood for being extremely well-bred, graceful and beautiful. To disambiguate her from Sakyans by the same name, she was also known as "Rupa-Nanda," "one of delightful form," sometimes "Sundari-Nanda," "beautiful Nanda." Since Her beauty sparkled day by day she was later named as "Janapada Kalyani". Over time, many members of her family, the family of the Sakyans of Kapilavastu, left the worldly life for the ascetic life, inspired by the enlightenment of their Crown Prince Siddhartha. Amongst them was her brother Nanda, and her cousins Anuruddha and Ananda, who were two of the Buddha’s five leading disciples. According to therigatha she was to get married with her own brother Nanda but before their wedding he had to enter into monastic life. Her mother, was the first Buddhist nun, having asked the Buddha to allow women into the sangha. As a result of this, many other royal Sakyan ladies, including Princess Yasodharā, the wife of Siddhartha became Buddhist monastics. Thereupon, Nanda also renounced the world, but it was recorded that she did not do it out of confidence in the Buddha and the dharma, but out of blood love for her relatives and a feeling of belonging. Renunciation It soon became obvious that Nanda was not fully focused on her life as a nun. Nanda's thoughts were mainly directed centred on her own beauty and her popularity with the people, characteristics which were the karma of meritorious actions in past lives. These karmic traits became impediments to Nanda, since she neglected to reinforce them with new actions. She felt guilty that she was not fulfilling the lofty expectations that others had of her, and that she was far from the objective for which so many of the Sakyan royal family had renounced their worldly life. She was certain that the Buddha would censure her, so she evaded him for a long time. Enlightenment One day, the Buddha requested all the bhikkhunis to come to him individually, to receive his teaching, but Nanda did not obey. The Buddha let her be called explicitly, and then she presented herself, in an ashamed and anxious demeanour. The Buddha addressed her and appealed to all of her positive qualities so that Nanda willingly listened to him and delighted in his words. He knew that the conversation had raised her spirits and had made her joyful and ready to accept his teaching. Since Nanda was so preoccupied with her physical beauty, the Buddha used his psychic powers to conjure the vision of a woman more beautiful than Nanda, who then aged quickly and visibly in front of her own eyes. As a result, Nanda could see, in a short time span, what could otherwise only be noticed in humans in a time span of decades: the recession of youth and beauty, the decay, the appearance of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair. This vision affected Nanda deeply; she was shaken to the core. After having shown Nanda this confronting image, the Buddha could explain the law of impermanence to her in such a manner that she grasped its truth completely, and thereby attained the supreme bliss of nibbana. Later the Buddha recognised his half-sister as being the foremost amongst bhikkunis who practiced Jhana.As she wished it before Padumuttara Buddha. This meant that she not only followed the analytical way of insight, but emphasised the experience of tranquillity. Enjoying this pure well-being, she no longer needed any sensual enjoyments and soon found inner peace, despite having become a member of the sangha out of attachment to her relatives. See also Mahapajapati Gotami Suddhodana Gautama Buddha Nanda Yasodharā References Bibliography External links https://suttacentral.net/thi-ap25/si/zoysa Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha Family of Gautama Buddha Arhats 6th-century BC women Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown Ancient Indian women Buddhist nuns Ancient princesses Indian princesses 6th-century BC Indian people

13921547

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397%20Mexican%20Primera%20Divisi%C3%B3n%20season

1996–97 Mexican Primera División season

The following are statistics of Mexico's Primera División for the 1996–97 season. Overview Teams Torneo Invierno 1996 Primera División de México (Mexican First Division) Invierno 1996 is a Mexican football tournament - one of two short tournaments that take up the entire year to determine the champion(s) of Mexican football. It began on Friday, August 9, 1996, and ran until November 24, when the regular season ended. In the final Santos defeated Necaxa and became champions for the 1st time. Final standings (groups) League table Results Top goalscorers Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name. Only regular season goals listed. Source: MedioTiempo Playoffs Repechage Toros Neza won 4–2 on aggregate. Atlas won 6–3 on aggregate. Bracket Quarterfinals Toros Neza won 9–2 on aggregate. Santos Laguna won 4–2 on aggregate. Necaxa won 3–2 on aggregate. Puebla won 2–1 on aggregate. Semifinals Santos Laguna won 5–2 on aggregate. Necaxa won 7–3 on aggregate. Finals First leg Second leg Santos Laguna won 4–3 on aggregate. Torneo Verano 1997 Primera División de México (Mexican First Division) Verano 1997 is a Mexican football tournament - one of two short tournaments that take up the entire year to determine the champion(s) of Mexican football. It began on Saturday, January 11, 1997, and ran until May 4, when the regular season ended. In the final Guadalajara defeated Toros Neza and became champions for the 10th time. Final standings (groups) League table Results Top goalscorers Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name. Only regular season goals listed. Source: MedioTiempo Playoffs Repechage Morelia won 4–2 on aggregate. Bracket Quarterfinals Guadalajara won 6–1 on aggregate. Atlético Morelia won 4–1 on aggregate. Toros Neza won 4–3 on aggregate. 3–3 on aggregate. Necaxa advanced for being the higher seeded team. Semifinals 1–1 on aggregate. Guadalajara advanced for being the higher seeded team. Toros Neza won 4–3 on aggregate. Finals First leg Second leg Guadalajara won 7–2 on aggregate. Relegation table References External links Mediotiempo.com (where information was obtained) Liga MX seasons Mex 1996–97 in Mexican football

13921561

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sky%20People

The Sky People

The Sky People is an alternate history science fiction novel by American writer S. M. Stirling. It was first published by Tor Books in hardcover in November 2006, with a book club edition co-published with the Science Fiction Book Club following in December of the same year. Tor issued paperback, ebook, and trade paperback editions in October 2007, April 2010, and May 2010 respectively. Audiobook editions were published by Tantor Media in January 2007. The book takes place on Venus in an alternate Solar System in which probes from the United States and the Soviet Union find intelligent life and civilizations on both Venus and Mars. The book is heavily influenced by the works of writers such as Ray Bradbury, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Arthur C. Clarke, and Larry Niven. The sequel, In the Courts of the Crimson Kings, is set on Mars. Plot summary In the alternate universe, life exists on Venus and Mars. Because of the discovery, the United States and the Soviet Union have poured all of their resources into space exploration and sent their best and brightest to colonize Venus and Mars. Although there have been a few outbreaks of hostilities on Earth, an uneasy détente exists in space between the Americans and the Soviets, who are struggling for supremacy and supported by their respective allies. The European Union is also anxious not to be excluded from the neocolonial race but is far behind the other powers. In 1962, the Soviets drop planetary probes on Venus and discover people, both humans and Neanderthals, on the planet. Crewed flights by the Soviets and later by the Americans establish bases on the planet (the American one is named Jamestown, the Soviet one Cosmograd) and find other familiar species, including dinosaurs. Both fauna and flora are strangely similar to those from Earth's past. In 1988, Lieutenant Marc Vitrac, a Ranger in the US Aerospace Force, has been on the planet for a year. Born in a Cajun family amidst the Louisiana bayous, his primary function is exploration of the vast wild lands, but at the beginning of the novel, he is tapped to welcome newcomers to the colony. The new arrivals are somewhat taken back by the ceratopsia used as a shuttle bus. The dinosaur has been "iced" by the insertion of an Internal Control Device into its brain, which allows the creature to be controlled with messages sent directly to the brain. The new arrivals include Cynthia Whitlock, a young African-American specialist, and Wing Commander Christopher Blair, a supposedly-British linguist. As with all the Terrans on the planet, Cynthia and Blair also have other skills. Blair spends most of his time in the nearby town of Kartahown and extends their knowledge of one of the native languages. As the story progresses, many of the characters comment about how similarly evolution has progressed on Venus and on Earth. Naturally, the scientists at the Jamestown base are puzzled by the seeming parallelisms of evolution. Although the base has no means to check DNA (as in the alternate timeline, most research funding has been spent on space travel), other tests indicate that the natives are closely related to Terrans. The fossil record is very spotty, with occasional infusions of new species, but no one has an explanation as to why there are humans and other Earth animals and plants on Venus. On another part of Venus, an unknown external force interferes with the computer on a Soviet shuttle and causes it to crash-land into the unexplored wild lands. The Soviets ask for American assistance to recover the crew. The airship Vepaja, with Captain Tyler commanding, is selected for the rescue attempt, and Marc, Cynthia, and Chris are chosen as the crew. Jadviga Binkis, the wife of the Soviet shuttle commander, is also included in the crew. Marc also takes his Epicyon pup, Tahyo, with them. The weather, animals, mechanical failure, and sabotage from an unknown enemy eventually force the group to abandon the airship. Once it arrives at its destination, it finds itself in the midst of a civil war between the very-human Cloud Mountain People and the Neanderthals. Additionally, an alien AI is annoyed at the Terrans for interfering with the Venusians. The AI is sapient but not sentient and can control both Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis within a short range. Unsure what to do, the AI calls for its creator race to return. Additionally, Blair discovers that the Cloud People speak a Proto-Indo-European language, which indicates that the creator race has taken Homo sapiens from earth and seeded them on Venus within the last several thousand years. The group sides with the Cloud Mountain People, since Marc has fallen in love with their princess, and helps them defeat the Neanderthals. The Cloud Mountain People's lands are destroyed, however, by a biological weapon on board the downed Soviet shuttle. Marc thus leads the Cloud Mountain People on a five thousand mile overland journey back to Jamestown to settle around the base and brings with him an alien artifact, which may be evidence of the alien race that brought life to Venus and Mars. See also A World of Difference Old Venus References 2006 American novels 2006 science fiction novels American alternate history novels Novels set on Venus Novels about ancient astronauts Novels by S. M. Stirling Novels set during the Cold War Planetary romances American science fiction novels Tor Books books Fiction about neanderthals

13921563

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr

Dhimitër

Dhimitër is the Albanian variant of the Greek name Demetrios. It may refer to: Dhimitër Progoni (fl. 1208–1216), Albanian ruler Dhimitër Jonima (fl. 1409), Albanian nobleman Dhimitër Frëngu (1443–1525), Albanian scholar, soldier and Catholic priest Dhimitër Berati (1886–1970), Albanian politician and journalist Dhimitër Pasko (1907–1967), Albanian writer Dhimitër Xhuvani (1934–2009), Albanian writer and screenwriter Dhimitër Anagnosti (b. 1936), Albanian film director Dhimitër Orgocka (1936–2021), Albanian film director and theatre actor and director Dhimitër Zografi (1878–1945), one of the Albanian Independence Declaration signatories Dhimitër Mborja (fl. 1878), one of the Albanian Independence Declaration signatories Dhimitër Ilo (fl. 1878), one of the Albanian Independence Declaration signatories Dhimitër Shuteriqi (1915–2003), Albanian writer, historian and critic Dhimitër Kacimbra, Albanian politician Dhimitër Kamarda, Arbëreshë (Italo-Albanian) linguist Albanian masculine given names Masculine given names

13921586

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender%20Prodigy

Fender Prodigy

The Fender Prodigy is a discontinued model of electric guitar produced by Fender from 1991 to 1993. It is one of Fender's attempts to compete with the superstrat-style guitars produced by Ibanez, Jackson/Charvel, Carvin Corporation and Yamaha. Since the Prodigy series was discontinued after about two and half years of production without a clear reason, it is considered one of Fender's rare models because of its limited production. Fender also produced a Prodigy Bass based on the Precision Bass Plus Deluxe featuring a P/J pickup layout (P as in Fender Precision Bass and J as in Fender Jazz Bass), 2-band active circuitry and a "fine-tuner" Schaller Elite bridge assembly. Design The Prodigy series featured two single coil pickups and one humbucker at the bridge position (sometimes referred to as a Fat Strat configuration). The body shape was similar to that of the Stratocaster; however, it featured an offset body with sharper body edges. The Prodigy was relatively different from the Fender HM Strat since it used Leo Fender's classic Synchronized tremolo system. The Prodigy II was introduced in 1992 which reprised the Kahler locking tremolo and nut system from the HM Strat; this model also featured Fender/Schaller tuners and black hardware. The prodigy neck featured 22 frets and a 12" radius maple or rosewood fretboard. Its headstock was strongly reminiscent of the Stratocaster headstock, but slightly taller and narrower. Prodigy electronics also differed from the Stratocaster in that the Prodigy featured a single volume and only a single tone control. Traditional Stratocasters have a single volume, but have one tone control for the neck and middle pickup and one tone control for the bridge pickup. Stratocasters also have a rout on the face of the guitar for a somewhat large, angled output jack; this is missing from the Prodigy. Instead, it uses a third hole in the pickguard (which would be used for the second tone knob on a Stratocaster) as the mounting position for the output jack. Origin While Tony Bacon's book 50 Years of Fender mentions the Prodigy as being "among the first Fender guitars to receive attention at the company's new factory in Ensenada, Mexico", the headstock is imprinted with "Made in U.S.A." Sources at Fender attribute the majority of manufacture to the Corona, California plant. References Prodigy Musical instruments invented in the 1990s

13921650

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News%20Weekly

News Weekly

News Weekly is an Australian current affairs magazine, published by the National Civic Council, with its main headquarters in Balwyn, Victoria. It also has offices in Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia and South Australia. History and profile News Weekly was founded by B. A. Santamaria and first published in September 1943, under the name Freedom. It later changed its name to Australia's national news-weekly, and adopted its current name in 1946–47. News Weekly adheres to the five primacies of the National Civic Council: "natural family as the basic unit of society", decentralisation, "integrity of the individual", patriotism, and "Judeo-Christian virtues". According to the Kempsey Library listing, News Weekly provides analysis of current cultural, social, political, educational, and economic trends in Australia, focusing on ethics. In 1955, it had a circulation of 30,000 copies. Associated groups include the Thomas More Centre and the Australian Family Association. Controversy and conflict with other political groups prevailed over time. Publication details Frequency: 25 issues per year. Pages: 28 Pricing/Ordering: from $2/day to $120/year. Delivery/Distribution: worldwide. The editor is Peter Kelleher and the publisher is Freedom Publishing Company Pty Ltd. Microform: Online: Printed: References External links Official website 1943 establishments in Australia Biweekly magazines published in Australia Conservative magazines Conservatism in Australia English-language magazines Magazines established in 1943 Mass media in Victoria (state) News magazines published in Australia Weekly magazines published in Australia Conservative media in Australia

13921655

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes%20from%20Goethe%27s%20Faust

Scenes from Goethe's Faust

Scenes from Goethe's Faust (Szenen aus Goethes Faust) is a musical-theatrical work by composer Robert Schumann. The work has been described as the height of his accomplishments in the realm of dramatic music. The work was written between 1844 and 1853 and is scored for SATB chorus, boys' chorus, orchestra, and a number of solo parts which, even with doubling, require seven solo singers, although eight (three sopranos, two mezzos, one tenor, one baritone, and one bass) is the usual number for a performance. Schumann never saw all three parts of the work performed in the same concert, or published together. Eric Sams comments 'There is no coherence in the orchestration, which audibly dates from two different periods (hand-horns in Part III, valve-horns elsewhere)', leading him to conclude that Schumann did not conceive the work as a whole, although late nineteenth-century ideas of performance mean that in the modern era the piece is predominantly heard with all three parts. Schumann's work on what he labeled an oratorio began in 1842. This was just over a decade after the death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who completed Part Two of the dramatic poem Faust in his final year. Many contemporary readers of Faust found Goethe's epic poem daunting and difficult to grasp. Goethe himself declared only Mozart fit to write the music for it (though Mozart died in 1791, almost 20 years prior to the completion of Part One of Faust). Schumann explained the weight of the task before him in an 1845 letter to Felix Mendelssohn: "[A]ny composer would not only be judged by his treatment of one of the seminal and most-widely acclaimed works in German literature, but would also be setting himself up to be compared to Mozart." Yet despite Schumann's expressed reservations about the work, it has been labeled his "magnum opus." Schumann is "[d]eeply sensitive to the all-inclusiveness of Goethe's drama[.]" From the work's dark and tense overture, to its elegant and tranquil conclusion, Schumann opens wide "a manifold musical world" that coherently draws together elements of "lied, horror opera, grand opera, oratorio, and church music." Schumann's music suggests the struggle between good and evil at the heart of Goethe's work, as well as Faust's tumultuous search for enlightenment and peace. After the overture, the music depicts Faust's wooing of Gretchen. For Gretchen's story, Schumann employs operatic music, beginning with a love duet, proceeding to Gretchen's passionate and desperate aria, and concluding with a church scene. The second part of the work opens with stark contrast: on the one hand, the lively, fresh music of Ariel and the spirits calls Faust to savor the beauties of nature; on the other hand, in the scene following, Schumann's restless orchestration brings to the fore Faust's delusions upon hearing of a new world being created and its rapturous promise of an everlasting present. The final scenes, drawing the work to its placid yet unsettled conclusion, hold some of Schumann's best choral writing. Scenes from Goethe's Faust has often been overlooked within Schumann's impressive oeuvre, but has enjoyed a resurgence since the 1970s. The piece has been deemed among Schumann's most moving works, and a pinnacle of his quintessential Romantic concern with the extra-musical (and especially literary) potential of musical expression. Vocal Roles Faust (baritone) Gretchen (soprano) Ariel (tenor) Mephistopheles (bass) Doctor Marianus (baritone) Una poenitentium (soprano) Evil Spirit (bass) Pater Ecstaticus (tenor), Pater Seraphicus (baritone), Pater Profundus (bass), Care (soprano), Need (soprano), Guilt (Alto), Want (alto), Martha (soprano), Magna Peccatrix (soprano), Mulier Samaritana (Alto), Mater Gloriosa (Alto), Maria Aegyptiaca (Alto). Plus 8-part double choir, 4-part children's choir Orchestration 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, bass tuba, timpani, harp and strings Structure Overture in D minor Part One Rendezvous in Martha's Garden - Du kanntest mich, o kleiner Engel (Faust, Gretchen, Mephistopheles) Gretchen’s Address to the Mater Dolorosa - Ach neige, Schmerzenreiche (Gretchen) In the Cathedral - Wie anders, Gretchen, war dir’s (Gretchen, Evil Spirit) Part Two Sunrise - Die ihr dies Haupt umschwebt im luftgen Kreise (Ariel, Spirits, Faust) Midnight - Ich heiße der Mangel (Want, Guilt, Care, Need, Faust) Faust's Death - Herbei herbei! herein herein! (Mephistopheles, Lemurs, Faust) Part Three - Faust's Transfiguration Waldung, sie schwankt Heran (Chorus) Ewiger Wonnebrand (Pater Ecstaticus) Wie Felsenabgrund mir zu Füßen (Pater Profundus, Pater Seraphicus, Chorus) Gerettet ist das edle Glied (Angels, Chorus) Hier ist die Aussicht frei (Doctor Marianus) Dir, der Unberührbaren (Doctor Marianus, Magna Peccatrix, Mulier Samaritana, Maria Aegyptiaca, Penitent, Blessed Boys, Gretchen, Mater Gloriosa) Chorus mysticus - Alles Vergängliche ist nur ein Gleichnis (Chorus) References Music based on Goethe's Faust Compositions by Robert Schumann 1853 oratorios Oratorios

13921661

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halife%20Altay

Halife Altay

Halife Altay (1917 – 15 August 2003 in Almaty) was a Kazakh author and anthropologist. He fled the People's Republic of China during the Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang, and later wrote about the migration and about Kazakh culture. He lived in Turkey for a period, and then moved to Kazakhstan. Works Halife Altay, Anayurttan Anadoluʹya, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı (1981). (Turkish) Halife Altay, Kazak Türklerine aid şecere, Istanbul (1997) (Turkish) External links Page at centrasia.ru 1917 births 2003 deaths Writers from Xinjiang Kazakh-language writers Chinese emigrants to Turkey Turkish emigrants to the Soviet Union

13921677

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Pierre%20Ancillon%20de%20la%20Sablonni%C3%A8re

Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière

In 1745 Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière established the Pechelbronn bitumen mine at Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, Bas-Rhin, Alsace. He was an interpreter with the French ambassador to Switzerland, then the General Treasurer of the Ligues Suisses and Grisons. He learned of Jean Theophile Hoeffel's 1734 thesis "Historia Balsami Mineralis Alsatici sev Petrolei Vallis Sancti Lamperti", which described bitumen springs near Lampertsloch. The farm was later called BächelBrunn/Baechel-Brunn for a "source of a brook" or "Baechelbronner" in 1768 when purchased by the LeBel family. Along with Jean d’Amascéne Eyrénis, the son of physician Eyrini d'Eyrinis, the developer of the La Presta asphalt mine of Val de Travers, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, he obtained permission to start searches around the spring. He created the first oil company in 1740, putting 40 shares on the market. References Further reading Am Beginn des Erdölzeitalters Otto, C.J. and Toth, J. Hydrogeological controls and indicators for oil deposits in rift grabens - An example from the Upper Rhine graben, France (abstract) Scheld, Alfred: Erdöl im Elsass — Die Anfänge der Ölquellen von Pechelbronn, Ubstadt 2012 1745 in France Asphalt French businesspeople Petroleum products 18th-century French people Year of birth missing Year of death missing

13921694

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20%26%20Burnham%20Building

Lord & Burnham Building

The Lord & Burnham Building, located at the corner of Main and Astor Streets in Irvington, New York, United States, is a brick building in the Queen Anne architectural style built in the 1880s. In 1999 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and was added as a contributing property to the Irvington Historic District in 2014. From 1870 on it had been home to Lord's Horticultural Works, a builder of boilers and conservatories that had relocated to Irvington to better serve the owners of the many Hudson Valley estates who were its main clients. A fire destroyed the original building; it was replaced by the current structure. As Lord & Burnham, it continued its business until 1988. The building currently houses condominium apartments and the village's public library. Building The former factory occupies an lot at the southeast corner of the intersection, across Astor Street from the village's train station. At the west end of Irvington's downtown, the surrounding buildings on Main and Astor are primarily two-story commercial structures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To its south is a parking lot; additional spaces are also located along both sides of Astor to serve commuters. Across the railroad tracks are some other large industrial structures once used by Lord & Burnham, now known as the Bridge Street Properties which have also been redeveloped. The terrain is level towards the Hudson River to the west, and rises sharply to the east, reflecting the bluffs of the river. Main block and factory wing Three sections, all of brick laid in common bond, make up the building itself. The main block, originally the company's offices, is the six-by-six-bay four-story portion at the corner, topped by a mansard roof covered in tin shingles. At the very corner is a tower with pyramidal roof similarly clad. It is complemented by a two-bay gabled pavilion on the north facade and a similar-sized stepped-gabled pavilion on the south at the opposite ends of their respective facades. All fenestration has splayed-brick segmental-arched openings. They are mostly set with 16-over-4 double-hung sash windows; on the southernmost bay of the ground floor there is a double window. Patterned brick beltcourses delineate all three stories. Between the pavilion and tower the roof is pierced by two hipped-roofed dormer windows on either facade. The south and east elevations, away from the street, are randomly set with six-over-six double-hung sash. A sympathetic brick set of steps to what is now the library's main entrance, with a wheelchair ramp, is at the juncture between the main block and the former factory wing. It extends to the south, thirteen bays long by five wide and three stories high with a gently pitched gabled roof. Its decorative treatment is a corbelled cornice at the roofline. The modern entrance doors are located in a double-width opening repeated above it and in the third and ninth bays to its south. All windows are six-over-six double-hung sash, with some in the randomly filled bays on the south facade overlooking the parking lot. In the center of its east facade, otherwise similarly treated as the west one, is a modern three-by-three-bay full height projecting pavilion with glass facing on the north and south. Carriage house From the east facade of the main block a modern hyphen, not considered to be contributing to the building's historic character, connects it to the former stable/carriage house. It is a three-story brick Queen Anne structure with a gabled metal roof, stepped on the south (rear) elevation. In the gable field it is faced with scalloped wooden shingle and false half-timbering. The original vehicular entrance, on the east side of the stable's north (front) facade, has been bricked in. A round-arched pedestrian entrance and rectangular window are to the west. In the center of the second story is a projecting oriel window; each of its facets has four-over-four double-hung sash. On the third story is a group of three nine-over-six double-hung sash. The other three elevations have randomly placed windows in their brick. An exposed portion of the basement on the south elevation is concealed by a modern shed. Interior Inside, the building has been extensively modified from its original plan both during its days as a factory and afterwards for conversion into apartments and a library. Some original features remain in the main block. Most significant among them is the stairway at the main entrance. It has pine beadboard walls, chamfered newel posts topped by balls and molded railings. The third-floor door has its original window with 27 small glass panes and three large ones amid three wooden panels, topped by a three-light transom. Original beadboard paneling remains on the second story, along with the original window surrounds and their rosette corners. The original wooden trusses are still visible in the factory wing, making it possible to see that its third floor is carries by suspension rods from the roof trusses. The stable has been extensively modified after its original use was discontinued, but it retains its original stair as well and some of its woodwork. History In 1849 Frederick Lord, a carpenter in the upstate city of Buffalo, began building greenhouses for his customers. It became his full-time business, Lord's Horticultural Works, by 1856. He moved to Syracuse. In 1869 he took in his son-in-law, William Burnham, as a partner. He had also developed new methods of ventilating his buildings, and this led the company to enter the residential boiler market in 1873. It perfected its original cast iron sectional boiler design five years later and it became one of the top-selling models. Seven years later, in 1876, the firm moved to Irvington, close to its largest group of customers, the wealthy owners of large estates along the Hudson River north of New York City. The company worked from an existing building on the current site until it was destroyed in an 1881 fire. The current complex was built very quickly to replace it; it is not known who the architect is but it is likely that it was Frederick Lord himself. A map of the village from that year suggests that the factory wing may incorporate part of the original building. That year, the firm was also working on an important commission from railroad magnate Jay Gould. He, too, was replacing a burnt building, in his case the conservatories at Lyndhurst, his estate in nearby Tarrytown, today a National Historic Landmark (NHL). Lord built the first iron frame greenhouse in the country, revolutionizing the industry. Records from 1890 show that the company complex included a boiler shop, ironworks, carpentry shop and two lumber sheds. An insurance map says it employed 30 people. Shortly before Lord's death that year, the company name was changed to Lord & Burnham. In the years afterward it began filling in the Hudson across the tracks and building on it, expanding its facilities by about four acres () by 1895. This was the period when Lord & Burnham was the market leader in building greenhouses. In addition to Lyndhurst, the company built the Enid Haupt Conservatory at what is now the New York Botanical Garden, another NHL, and the conservatory at the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, listed on the Register today as a contributing property to the Cazenovia Park-South Park System. By 1903 the company's catalog boasted that the Irvington plant was the country's largest greenhouse production facility. Nine years later it claimed to employ 250 there, including a design staff with 18 engineers. Burnham served as an elected village official for short periods, as did Lord's son. Greenhouses were always erected at the factory before being disassembled and shipped for quality assurance purposes. The company claimed several other innovations in addition to the iron framing it had developed for Lyndhurst. It opened factories elsewhere in the country by the 1920s, and by 1930 it held nine patents related to greenhouse manufacture. During this period, greenhouse sales began to decline as only the truly wealthy could afford them. Boiler sales displaced greenhouses as the largest source of the company's profits. By the late 1940s Burnham Boilers had become a separate division headquartered in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with its casting plant in Zanesville, Ohio. The company itself moved there in 1987; by then just 12 people worked in Irvington. All greenhouse production ended the next year and the factory was closed. The village did not want the building to stay empty for long. Its public library needed more space, and plans were soon finalized to convert of the factory wing into the new library, with 22 residential units upstairs. Architect Stephen Tilly of nearby Dobbs Ferry oversaw the $2.4 million project, which was completed in 2000. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York References Notes External links Lord and Burnham Building, at Irvington Historical Society Irvington Public Library Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York Industrial buildings completed in 1881 Queen Anne architecture in New York (state) Historic district contributing properties in New York (state) Buildings and structures in Westchester County, New York Irvington, New York 1881 establishments in New York (state)

13921722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Chess%20Championship

Turkish Chess Championship

Following are the official winners of the national Turkish Chess Championships from 1962 to date. Winners {| class="sortable wikitable" ! Year !! Winner !! Women's winner |- |1962 |||| |- |1963 |||| |- |1964 |||| |- |1965 |||| |- |1966 || || |- |1967 || || |- |1968 |||| |- |1969 |||| |- |1970 || || |- |1971 || || |- |1972 || || |- |1973 |||| |- |1974 || || |- |1975 || || |- |1976 || || |- |1977 || || |- |1978 || || |- |1979 || || |- |1980 || || |- |1981 || || |- |1982 || || |- |1983 || || |- |1984|| || |- |1985 || || |- |1986 |||| |- |1987 || || |- |1988 || || |- |1989 || || |- |1990 || || |- |1991 || || |- |1992 || || |- |1993 || || |- |1994 || || |- |1995 || || |- |1996 || || |- |1997 || || |- |1998 || || |- |1999 || || |- |2000 || || |- |2001 || || |- |2002 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2003 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2004 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2005 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2006 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2007 || || |- |2008 || || Ekaterina Atalik |- |2009 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2010 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2011 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2012 || ||Kübra Öztürk |- |2013 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2014 || || Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2015 || ||Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2016 || Mert Erdoğdu|| Ekaterina Atalik |- |2017 || || Betül Cemre Yıldız |- |2018 ||Cemil Gülbaş|| Ekaterina Atalik |- |2019 || Vahap Şanal|| Betül Cemre Yıldız Kadioglu |- |2020 || Vahap Şanal|| Ekaterina Atalik |- |2021 |Mert Yılmazyerli |Ekaterina Atalık |- |2022 |Mustafa Yılmaz |Ekaterina Atalık |} Notes References Lists of winners from the Turkish Chess Federation (TCF) Chess national championships Women's chess national championships Championship Chess

13921746

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20%26%20Behavior%20Research%20Foundation

Brain & Behavior Research Foundation

The Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (BBRF) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that funds mental health research. It was originally called the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia & Depression or the acronym for that, NARSAD. It received its nonprofit ruling in 1981. Mission and work BBRF states that it is "committed to alleviating the suffering caused by mental illness by awarding grants that will lead to advances and breakthroughs in scientific research." The Foundation focuses its research grants in the following areas: addiction, ADHD, anxiety, autism, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, depression, eating disorders, OCD, PTSD, schizophrenia, as well as research in suicide prevention. Grant applications (943 in 2019) are assessed by the BBRF Scientific Council. This group of 187 prominent mental health researchers, led by Herbert Pardes, M.D., reviews each grant application and selects those deemed most likely to lead to breakthroughs. A total of 150 Young Investigator grants were made in 2022. Research funding awarded From its inception in 1987 through calendar year 2022, BBRF has awarded over $440 million to fund more than 6,400 grants to more than 5,300 scientists around the world. The Foundation states that 100% of every dollar donated for research goes to research. BBRF is able to do this thanks to the support of two family foundations which fully cover its operating expenses. Awards References External links Brain & Behavior Research Foundation website Mental health organizations in New York (state) Medical and health foundations in the United States Non-profit organizations based in New York City Biomedical research foundations

13921752

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanchinbalyn%20Gularans

Vanchinbalyn Gularans

Borjigin Vanchinbalyn Gularans (; 1820–1851) was a Mongolian poet, and the elder brother of the famous poet, novelist and translator Vanchinbalyn Injinash. External links Pre-revolutionary Mongolian literature Mongolian poets 1820 births 1851 deaths 19th-century poets 19th-century Mongol poets

13921756

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many%20a%20Slip%20%28radio%20series%29

Many a Slip (radio series)

Many a Slip is a British panel game created by Ian Messiter which was broadcast from 1964 to 1979. It was chaired by Roy Plomley, with a musical mistakes round supplied by Steve Race. The title of the show is a reference to the English proverb "There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip". The BBC received requests from school teachers and lecturers for transcripts of Ian Messiter's pieces as a fun way of teaching educational subjects to pupils. Contestants For the first couple of series, the contestants were Isobel Barnett and Eleanor Summerfield versus Richard Murdoch and Lance Percival. Temporary replacements for Lance Percival in the first series (each for one show) were Kenneth Horne, Terence Alexander and Jon Pertwee. When the annual radio series returned, magician David Nixon replaced Lance Percival. When Nixon died in 1978, Percival returned to the show, In the early 1970s, Isobel Barnett and Richard Murdoch were replaced by Katharine Whitehorn and Paul Jennings. The new panellists were replaced after only one series by Tim Rice and Gillian Reynolds who remained until the show ended in 1979. Over 250 shows were recorded. Roy Plomley was in every show but Steve Race missed a few shows due to illness and was replaced by pianist Alan Paul. Eleanor Summerfield only missed two shows; her temporary replacement was Andrée Melly. The only other stand-in player for one show was Graeme Garden. Format In a typical round, Plomley read out a piece of text prepared by Messiter, and contestants buzzed in if they detected an error. Correctly identifying an error scored one point and supplying a correction was worth a second; if a contestant buzzed in when there was no error, two points were awarded to the opposing team. Occasionally a third point was awarded when a contestant spotted a mistake Messiter had not intended. Mid-way through each show, for one round, Plomley handed over to "our musical mistakes man, Steve Race", who would play short extracts from well-known pieces of music, each preceded by a spoken introduction, while contestants attempted to detect errors in the introduction, the piece, or both. A regular feature was a memory round: Plomley read a short piece, usually of verse or song lyrics, then read it again later on in the show with funny alterations which the teams scored points for correcting. Other regular features were the Many a Slip library with its books of incorrect titles and authors; a murder mystery round with the Many a Slip detective; travelogues of different countries and the Many a Slip chef and his way of cooking with ingredients that no sane chef would use. For each series, the chairman kept a running total of how many games each team had won and in the last show he announced which team had won the series. Broadcast information From its inception in 1964, Many a Slip was broadcast on the BBC Light Programme, with the programme repeated the same week on the BBC Home Service. In July 1969, this changed, with the original broadcast now on BBC Radio 4 and the repeats on BBC Radio 2. Radio 2 stopped broadcasting the weekly repeats in 1970. The BBC's archive digital radio station, BBC Radio 4 Extra, occasionally broadcasts repeats of the show. The show was played on Saturday nights on RNZ National (then known as National Radio) in New Zealand in the 1980s. Other versions and connections to other shows In the mid-1960s, Many a Slip was tried out on television for one series. Peter Haigh took over as chairman and Steve Race's contribution was replaced by a spot the mistakes in the picture round, but it was deemed too static for TV. Personnel from Many a Slip took part in two special editions of Brain of Britain in which they were pitted against the current year's Brain of Brains. The first, in 1970, featured Eleanor Summerfield, Richard Murdoch and Roy Plomley and was chaired by Franklin Engelmann. The second, in 1976, featured Eleanor Summerfield, David Nixon, Tim Rice and Gillian Reynolds and was chaired by Robert Robinson. In the first series of Just a Minute after Kenneth Williams died in 1988, for a double recording at the Paris Studio in Lower Regent Street (the home of many Many a Slip recordings), Many a Slip one-time team-mates Richard Murdoch and Lance Percival were reunited to do battle against Clement Freud and Wendy Richard in another of Ian Messiter's panel games. Richard Murdoch remained a regular guest on Just a Minute until he died in 1990. In the late 1990s, the BBC recorded a pilot of Many a Slip at the Radio Theatre in Broadcasting House. The show's new host was one-time fill-in panellist Graeme Garden. The teams were Helen Lederer and Lorelei King versus Miles Kington and David Stafford. The show had a new musical mistakes man at the piano. Theme music The theme music for the series was composed by John Baker at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. References Sources BBC Public Archives in Caversham, Berkshire. External links BBC Home Service programmes BBC Light Programme programmes BBC Radio 2 programmes BBC Radio 4 programmes BBC Radio comedy programmes British panel games British radio game shows 1964 radio programme debuts 1964 establishments in the United Kingdom 1979 radio programme endings 1979 disestablishments in the United Kingdom 1960s British game shows 1970s British game shows Radio game shows with incorrect disambiguation

13921762

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsion%20and%20Structural%20Test%20Facility

Propulsion and Structural Test Facility

The Propulsion and Structural Test Facility, also known as Building 4572 and the Static Test Stand, is a rocket testing facility of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Built in 1957, it was the site where the first single-stage rockets with multiple engines were tested. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its role in the development of the United States space program. Description and history Building 4572 is located in the Marshall Space Flight Center's East Test Area. Its frame is of steel, with a concrete foundation and concrete load frame. It is in height, resting on a base that measures . It is surrounded by support facilities, and is accompanied by Building 4573, a gantry crane with a capacity of 45 tons. The stand can be configured to either support solid rocket booster testing, or liquid-fueled rockets powered by liquid oxygen or kerosene up to in height and in diameter. This facility was built in 1957 by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and was the primary center responsible for the development of large vehicles and rocket propulsion systems. The Saturn Family of launch vehicles was developed here under the direction of Wernher von Braun. The Saturn V remains the most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status, from a height, weight and payload standpoint. The facility was planned to undergo modifications in the 2010s in anticipation of its use for testing a new generation of rockets. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama References External links Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Marshall Space Flight Center National Historic Landmarks in Alabama History of spaceflight National Register of Historic Places in Huntsville, Alabama 1957 establishments in Alabama Buildings and structures completed in 1957

13921772

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Phelan

Tony Phelan

Tony Phelan is an American television screenwriter, producer and director. He is married to television producer and screenwriter Joan Rater. Phelan is best known for his work on ABC's Grey's Anatomy, for which he has been nominated for two Emmys and three WGA awards, of which he has won one, shared with the writing team members from the show. On Grey's Anatomy, he has produced two dozen episodes, written five and served as co-executive producer for another eighteen. His wife also works on the show, which they joined at the beginning of the second season. They became executive producers and ran the writers room with show creator Shonda Rhimes. They left the show after the tenth season ended sealing a two-year deal with CBS Television Studios. While at CBS, un her their production company Midwest Livestock the pair created the legal drama Doubtwhich lasted one season. They then signed an overall deal with NBC/Universal and created the family drama Council of Dads which ran for 13 episodes. Most recently Phelan and Rater created the critically acclaimed historical limited series A Small Light for NatGeo and Disney+. They are also the creators and executive producers of Fire Country on CBS. His other work includes producing and writing for Law & Order: Trial by Jury, and writing for the programs Push, Nevada, Threat Matrix, MDs, Haunting Sarah, Fling, Cover Me and Council of Dads. References External links American television writers American male television writers American television producers American television directors Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

13921810

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sword%20Smith

The Sword Smith

The Sword Smith is a low fantasy fiction by American writer Eleanor Arnason, published in 1978 by Condor. The beginning of the story plunged straight into the narration of a smith on the run, named Limper, with a young dragon named Nargri. Almost all explanations about who they were and why they were on the run was revealed through dialogues between the characters. Unlike other fantasy novels where there was a definite plot, this novel subtly examines various themes of prejudice, artistic aspirations versus pragmatism, stoic acceptance of life and the right of a man to enjoy simple freedom, without weaving a grand major plot. Characters Limper was the smith of King of Eshgorin. Dissatisfied with the work assigned to him by the king, he quit. But in his world, quitting is only possible if the king is not able to get his hands on him. Despite being not a fighter and having a limp, Limper demonstrated wit and a strong instinct for survival necessary in his pursuit to follow his own path. Nargri is a young dragon companion of Limper. In this world, adult dragons were the size of adult humans, but were supposedly of more advanced, having built cities when humans were still living in crude mud huts. By the time of the story, dragons were so rare that many thought them as legends. It was revealed that dragons were sophisticated creatures and superior craftsmen compared to humans. But as the human race became dominant, many dragons sought to protect their culture by retreating underground. Nargri descended from the exceptions who believed dragons should remain above ground, to interact with the changing world, while withdrawal from the world would lead to extinction. References Arnason, Eleanor. The Sword Smith. 1978 Condor, New York. () 1978 American novels 1978 fantasy novels American fantasy novels Debut fantasy novels Novels by Eleanor Arnason 1978 debut novels

13921818

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Van%20Dusen

Chris Van Dusen

Chris Van Dusen is an American television producer and screenwriter. He is the creator and executive producer of the television series Bridgerton, and served as showrunner for seasons one and two. Van Dusen worked on Grey's Anatomy from 2005 to 2012, and, although uncredited, assisted in the transformation of Grey's Anatomy into its spin-off, Private Practice. He was also a producer and writer on ABC's The Catch and Scandal. Personal life A native of Maryland, Van Dusen graduated from Emory University before receiving his M.F.A. at the University of Southern California. He and his husband have three daughters. References External links American television writers American male screenwriters Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American male television writers American people of Dutch descent LGBT television producers American LGBT screenwriters

13921828

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrattler%2C%20Edmonton

Skyrattler, Edmonton

Skyrattler is a residential neighbourhood in south west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The neighbourhood is named after Chief Skyrattler of the Winterburn band. Demographics In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Skyrattler had a population of living in dwellings, a -9.1% change from its 2009 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of people/km2 in 2012. Residential development While a portion of the residences (7.1%) in the neighbourhood were built during the 1960s, according to the 2001 federal census, most residential development occurred after 1970 in Canada. Most residential development occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Four out of ten (37.9%) of all residences were built during the 1970s. Just over half (52.7%) were built during the 1980s. By 1990, residential development in the neighbourhood was substantially complete. This neighbourhood is bounded on the north by 23 Avenue, on the east by 111 Street, and on the west and south west by Blackmud Creek. The closest public transit hub is Century Park station. Row houses and low-rise apartments make the majority of housing in Skyrattler. According to the 2005 municipal census, just under half of all residences are rented apartments and apartment-style condominiums in low-rise buildings with fewer than five stories. Row houses account for one in four (23%) residences. One in six (16%) are single-family dwellings and one in eight (12%) are duplexes. Approximately half (53%) of all residences are owner-occupied and half (47%) are rented. The neighbourhood population is fairly mobile. According to the 2005 municipal census, one in five residents (19.7%) had moved within the previous twelve months. Another one in four residents (26.3%). Less than half of all residents (40.4%) had lived at the same address for five years or longer. The Taylor University College and Seminary is located in Skyrattler. Surrounding neighbourhoods References External links Skyrattler Neighbourhood Profile Neighbourhoods in Edmonton

13921837

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostenfeld

Ostenfeld

Ostenfeld may refer to: Ostenfeld, Nordfriesland, a municipality in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Ostenfeld, Rendsburg-Eckernförde, a municipality in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Asger Skovgaard Ostenfeld, a Danish civil engineer Carl Hansen Ostenfeld, a Danish botanist

13921852

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone%20Test%20Stand

Redstone Test Stand

The Redstone Test Stand or Interim Test Stand was used to develop and test fire the Redstone missile, Jupiter-C sounding rocket, Juno I launch vehicle and Mercury-Redstone launch vehicle. It was declared an Alabama Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1979 and a National Historic Landmark in 1985. It is located at NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama on the Redstone Arsenal, designated Building 4665. The Redstone missile was the first missile to detonate a nuclear weapon. Jupiter-C launched to test components for the Jupiter missile. Juno I put the first American satellite Explorer 1 into orbit. Mercury Redstone carried the first American astronaut Alan Shepard into space. The Redstone earned the name "Old Reliable" because of this facility and the improvements it made possible. The Interim Test Stand was built in 1953 by Dr. Wernher von Braun's team for a mere out of materials salvaged from the Redstone Arsenal. In 1957 the permanent test facility called the Static Test Tower was finally finished, but the Army decided to continue operations at the Interim Test Stand rather than move. From 1953 to 1961, 362 static rocket tests were conducted there, including 200 that led directly to improvements in the Redstone rocket for the Mercury manned flight program. Adapted over the years, it never experienced the growth in size and cost that typified test stands in general, remaining a testament to the engineering ingenuity of the rocket pioneers. Background Liquid-propellant rocket development has always proceeded in three steps: Engine testing Static rocket testing Test launches. First, prototype engines are tested in a Rocket engine test facility, where the most promising designs are refined during a period of extensive testing. After an engine has been proven, the complete rocket is assembled. In this second step, the rocket is anchored to a static test stand. With the rocket held down, engineers run the engine at full power and refine the system. The test launch is third, when the missile is fired into the sky. Wernher von Braun and his team used this process to develop the V-2 or A4 missile in Germany during WWII. Von Braun and members of his team decided to surrender to the United States military to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot by the Nazis to prevent their capture. They came to the United States via Operation Paperclip. The Army first assigned the Germans to teach German missile technology, assist with the launching of captured V-2's, and continue rocket research as part of the Hermes project at Fort Bliss, Texas and White Sands Proving Grounds On April 15, 1950, the Army consolidated their far-flung guided missile and rocket research and development efforts into the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC) at Redstone Arsenal. The Army bought the former WWII munitions facility from the Army Chemical Corps. That summer and fall, members of the German rocket team moved from Fort Bliss to Huntsville. They conducted a preliminary study for proposed range missiles and began developing one, called Hermes C-1. The study envisioned warhead payloads of , with the first test launch in 20 months. Cold War tensions escalated by the Korean War drove the payload up to a atomic bomb with a reduced range. The system with its new specifications took the name Redstone, and had to be highly reliable, accurate, and quickly produced, priority 1A. The development program for the Redstone began in earnest on May 1, 1951. Separate from the missile development program, another budget line item was to bear the cost of constructing facilities for research and development at Redstone Arsenal because those facilities could also be used for other projects. However, the construction of facilities was not funded. Early development, 1952–1955 The first twelve missiles were built at Redstone Arsenal. Assembly of the first Redstone began in the fall of 1952. Engineers needed a propulsion test stand to improve the missile, but they were not allowed to spend research and development funds on constructing facilities even for a cause vital to national security. Rather than wait for funding to go through the two-year Congressional appropriation process, then wait further for construction, Fritz A. Vandersee designed an interim test stand for $25,000, the maximum amount allowed. The large concrete foundation cost nearly all of the money. On this base, welders built a small stand with metal salvaged from around the arsenal. Three railroad tank cars that had been used to transport chemicals at the arsenal during the war were cleaned, modified, and buried away to serve as control and observation bunkers. To view the firings, the tanks also contain two periscopes believed to have been from two surplus Army tanks. When workers assembled the first Redstone missile at Redstone Arsenal in spring of 1953, the Redstone Interim Test Stand stood ready. A crane hoisted the missile (without the warhead) onto the stand and placed a frame atop the missile. Cables were attached to the frame to steady the missile. After extensive tests, workers fueled the missile and fired the engine for tests lasting no more than 15 seconds. After several successful test runs, the missile went to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for the test flight. Launches provided valuable information on the guidance system, but most improvements on the propulsion system came from lessons learned at the Interim Test Stand, where engineers could evaluate the internal workings of the propulsion system while it was firmly anchored to the ground. A total of fourteen tests were performed with the first four missiles. Before congressional appropriation and construction of permanent facilities was completed, the engineers used the information gained during static testing at the Interim Stand to steadily improve the Redstone system. The next eight missiles stood for twenty-two tests. The tower to the left of the missile (shown above right) is the Cold Calibration Unit, built in 1954. It held only the Redstone's alcohol and liquid oxygen tanks, pumps, valves and flow meters in various configurations. The liquids flowed into another set of tanks and were used to test and calibrate the valves and flow meters to assure that accurate measurements were made during the static fire testing and to assure a proper alcohol to oxygen mixture ratio. Oxygen-rich propellant mixtures had caused most engine explosions in the early years of liquid rocket development. In the original version of the facility, flames were directed in a trench beneath the rocket in two opposite directions. In December 1955, workers installed a new more durable elbow-shaped flame deflector designed by Rocketdyne engineer Carl Kassner. Water injected through small holes in the elbow quickly turned to steam, keeping the flame away from the metal elbow. Army Ballistic Missile Agency, 1956–1958 The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was established on February 1, 1956 to turn the experimental Redstone rocket into an operational weapon and to develop a new Jupiter Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM). The Redstone missile development continued with routine missile qualification tests and several improvements were made to the Interim Test Stand. A load cell was added to directly measure the thrust of the missile. A cutoff system was added to detect rough combustion in the engine and automatically stop tests. This system prevented engine damage while engineers solved the problem. The first Redstone built by Chrysler was tested at the Interim Stand. Chrysler built thirty-eight developmental Redstone missiles and all sixty-three tactical Redstones in Detroit. In addition, several of the Redstone missiles were modified to aid the Jupiter missile development program. These longer missiles were called Jupiter-C and test fired on the Interim Stand after it was enlarged and strengthened. A series of tests using propellants chilled to established that the Redstone could be deployed in the Arctic. In 1957 the permanent Propulsion and Structural Test Facility was finally completed using the funds appropriated by Congress for the Redstone, but the ABMA decided to continue using the Interim Test Stand for the Redstone. After four years of development, the interim facilities had proven adequate for testing the Redstone and Jupiter-C, and the Army felt that a move to the new facilities would be disruptive to its busy schedule. Dr. von Braun had proposed to Project Orbiter using a Redstone as the main booster for launching artificial satellites on June 25, 1954. The day Sputnik 1 launched, October 4, 1957, von Braun had been showing incoming Defense Secretary Neil McElroy around the Redstone Arsenal. They received the news about Sputnik as they relaxed that afternoon. Von Braun turned to McElroy. "We could have been in orbit a year ago," he said. "We knew they [the Soviets] were going to do it! Vanguard will never make it. We have the hardware on the shelf… We can put up a satellite in 60 days." McElroy was not confirmed until the next week and did not have the power to back their proposal. On November 8, McElroy directed the Army to modify two Jupiter-C missiles and to place a satellite in orbit by March 1958. The first stage was soon test fired. Eighty-four days later, on January 31, 1958, the ABMA launched the first US satellite, Explorer I, into orbit. Following this successful launch, five more of these modified Jupiter-C missiles (subsequently re-designated Juno I) were launched in attempts to place additional Explorer satellites in orbit. During this satellite program, the Department of the Army gathered a great deal of knowledge about space. Explorer I gathered and transmitted data on atmospheric densities and the earth's oblateness. It is primarily remembered, though, as the discoverer of the Van Allen cosmic radiation belt. Because of its proven reliability and accuracy, the Department of Defense decided to use the Redstone missile in tests to study the effects of nuclear detonations in the upper atmosphere, Operation Hardtack I. After being static-fired at the Interim Stand in January 1958, two missiles were shipped to the Pacific Test Range. In July and August, the missiles became the first missiles ever to detonate atomic warheads. In 1958, Redstone development ended and Chrysler began mass production for deployment. Only a few of these missiles were tested at the Interim Test Stand because the propulsion system had become so reliable. Mercury-Redstone, 1959–1960 As the space race continued, the civilian space agency, NASA started on October 1, 1958 but the Army kept von Braun and the ABMA for another year and a half. NASA's Project Mercury chose the "Old Reliable" Redstone, with its unmatched launch record, as America's first manned launch vehicle. Nevertheless, the Army had to make improvements for manned missions. The crew at the Interim Test Stand ran over 200 static firings to improve the Redstone propulsion system. In addition, all eight Mercury-Redstone launch vehicles endured a full duration acceptance test at the interim stand. On July 1, 1960, 4,670 people transferred from the ABMA to NASA forming the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The first test flight, Mercury-Redstone 1, occurred on November 21, 1960. After rising a few inches off the launch pad, electrical cables disconnecting in the wrong order caused the engine to shut down. The launch vehicle sustained minor damage and was returned to MSFC. Static fire testing on the Redstone Test Stand in February 1961 verified that repairs were successful. The second test launch, Mercury-Redstone 1A, was successful on December 19, 1960. On January 31, 1961, a chimpanzee named Ham flew into space on Mercury-Redstone 2. Another test flight, Mercury-Redstone BD, added to evaluate changes, confirmed the system was ready. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. became the first American in space on May 5, 1961. Mercury-Redstone 3 was a suborbital flight to an altitude of 115 miles and a range of 302 miles. This flight demonstrated that man was capable of controlling a space vehicle during periods of weightlessness and high accelerations. The last Mercury-Redstone flight, Mercury-Redstone 4, also a manned suborbital flight, carried Virgil I. Grissom to a peak altitude of 118 miles and safely landed him 303 miles downrange. The Redstone Test Stand contributed to the success of the first two Americans to fly in space. Epilogue The Redstone Test Stand phased out of use in October, 1961. After becoming rundown and littered, the site was restored for the US Bicentennial. A Redstone missile, which US Army Missile Command (MICOM) loaned to NASA, was installed on February 27, 1976. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as being nationally significant on May 13, 1976. Alabama Section, American Society of Civil Engineers declared it an Alabama Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1979. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on October 3, 1985. The Interim Test Stand is in good condition. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama List of German rocket scientists in the United States Sputnik crisis Notes References External links Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal U.S. Space & Rocket Center 'Rocket Engine Test Stands' in Man in Space Marshall Space Flight Center National Historic Landmarks in Alabama History of spaceflight National Register of Historic Places in Huntsville, Alabama Project Mercury 1953 establishments in Alabama

13921854

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe%20Irvin

Moe Irvin

Maurice "Moe" Irvin is an American television and film actor best known for his role as Nurse Tyler Christian in the television medical drama Grey's Anatomy. Aside from his recurring role in Grey's Anatomy, he has had minor appearances in the programs Alias, In Justice and V.I.P., and in the films Killer Weekend, The Human Quality, Con Games, The Helix... Loaded, Hush: A Film by Eva Minemar, Bulldog and Shakedown. Additionally, he appeared on stage in "Our Lady of 121st Street" premier in L.A. 2006–7. Filmography Film Television External links American male television actors American male film actors Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

13921856

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahio%20Trotwood%20Airport

Dahio Trotwood Airport

Dahio Trotwood Airport , also known as Dayton-New Lebanon Airport, is a public-use airport located seven miles (11 km) west of the central business district of Dayton, in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States. It is privately owned by Gary Ridell. The airport is situated between Trotwood to the northeast and New Lebanon to the southwest. Operated as a Drag Strip in the late 1950s. Facilities and aircraft Dahio Trotwood Airport covers an area of which contains one asphalt paved runway measuring 2,900 x 52 ft (884 x 16 m). For the 12-month period ending May 29, 2007, the airport had 1,853 aircraft operations, an average of 5 per day, 100% which were general aviation. There are 27 aircraft based at this airport: 16 single-engine, 10 ultralight and 1 multi-engine. References External links Airports in Ohio Transportation in Montgomery County, Ohio Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Ohio

13921871

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkinorin

Herkinorin

Herkinorin is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the natural product salvinorin A. It was discovered in 2005 during structure-activity relationship studies into neoclerodane diterpenes, the family of chemical compounds of which salvinorin A is a member. Unlike salvinorin A, which is a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist with no significant μ-opioid receptor affinity, herkinorin is predominantly a μ-opioid receptor agonist. Compared to salvinorin A, herkinorin has 47× lower affinity for κ-opioid receptors (Ki ＝ 90 nM vs Ki ＝ 1.9 nM), and at least 25× higher affinity for μ-opioid receptors (Ki ＝ 12 nM vs Ki > 1000 nM), where it acts as a full agonist (IC50 ＝ 0.5 μM, Emax ＝ 130% vs DAMGO). Herkinorin is a semi-synthetic compound, made from salvinorin B, which is most conveniently made from salvinorin A by deacetylation, since, while both salvinorin A and salvinorin B are found in the plant Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A is present in larger quantities. A study in primates showed it to act peripherally as both a μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist with a fast onset of action. The study did not find any evidence of central activity in primates and questions whether herkinorin's effects are due entirely to peripheral binding. Unlike most μ-opioid receptor agonists, herkinorin does not promote the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to the intracellular domain of the μ-opioid receptor, or induce receptor internalization. This means that herkinorin may not produce tolerance and dependence in the same way as other opioids, although some development of tolerance through other mechanisms has been observed, and some other analogues related to herkinorin can recruit β-arrestins. See also Kurkinorin Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether RB-64 References Benzoate esters 3-Furyl compounds Kappa-opioid receptor agonists Methyl esters Peripherally selective drugs Semisynthetic opioids Lactones

13921881

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne%20Intermediate

Gisborne Intermediate

Gisborne Intermediate School is a co-education public intermediate school in Gisborne, New Zealand for students in Year 7 to 8. As of 2016, the school had a roll of 590 students. History Gisborne Intermediate School opened on 20 May 1940 with a school roll of 440 pupils and F. R. Slevin as headmaster. Slevin resigned in 1945 and was succeeded by R. McGlashen. In 2014, the school underwent a $2.3 million upgrade as part of the New Zealand Ministry of Education's Building Improvement Programme which included the construction of a new music suite with an outdoor performance area. School organisation Gisborne Intermediate is divided into four education teams. They each have their own individual colour and are named after local Gisborne rivers. The teams are: Taruheru (Green), Waipoa (Red), Waimata (Yellow) and Turanganui (Blue). These teams each have their own team leader. Gisborne Intermediate also use these teams at school events such as their athletics, swimming sports, cross country etc. Each team gets rewarded a certain number of points for participating, place getting and good behaviour. Notable alumni Alan Thompson – New Zealand Surf Lifesaving representative Graeme Hansen – Olympic Equestrian showjumper Maz Quinn – Professional surfer See also List of schools in the Gisborne District References External links Gisborne Intermediate School official website Intermediate schools in New Zealand Schools in Gisborne, New Zealand

13921905

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inai

Inai

Inai is a village in Saran district of Bihar state, India. It has the Ghaghara River to its south, the Chhapra- Ballia railway line to its north, a small irrigation and flood canal to its west, and Chhapra municipality to its east. It gains significance due to its connection with Ramayana. The present population is dependent on agriculture and the population consists of mainly Hindu Rajputs. Surwar and Chauhan Rajputs are the landed sections while other castes are mainly field hands. The village has two primary and two middle schools, while the nearest high school is 5 km away. The village has produced a few volleyball and cricket players, which are considered the two main sports played in Inai. Villages in Saran district

13921932

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Geiger

Wilhelm Geiger

Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger (; ; 21 July 1856 – 2 September 1943) was a German Orientalist in the fields of Indo-Iranian languages and the history of Iran and Sri Lanka. He was known as a specialist in Pali, Sinhala language and the Dhivehi language of the Maldives. He is especially known for his work on the Sri Lankan chronicles Mahāvaṃsa and Cūlavaṃsa and made critical editions of the Pali text and English translations with the help of assistant translators. Life He was born in Nuremberg, the son of an evangelical clergyman, and was educated especially at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg under the scholar Friedrich von Spiegel. During his studies, he joined the fraternity Uttenruthia. After completing his Ph.D. thesis in 1878, he became a lecturer on ancient Iranian and Indian philology and then a master at a gymnasium. In 1891 he was offered a chair in Indo-European Comparative Philology at the University of Erlangen, succeeding Spiegel. His first published works were on ancient Iranian history, archaeology and philology. He travelled to Ceylon in 1895 to study the language. He died in Neubiberg. Among his children were included the physicist Hans Geiger, inventor of the Geiger counter, and the meteorologist Rudolf Geiger. Works English works and translations The Age of the Avesta and Zoroaster, co-authored with Friedrich Spiegel, translated into English by Dārāb Dastur Peshotan Sanjānā, London 1886 (Google-US) Civilization of the eastern Iranians in ancient times, with an introduction on the Avesta religion, translated into English by Darab Dastur Peshotan Sanjana, London 1885–1886. Zarathushtra in the Gathas, and in the Greek and Roman classics, co-authored with Friedrich Heinrich Hugo Windischmann; translated into English by Dārāb Dastur Peshotan Sanjānā, Leipzig 1897. The Dīpavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa and their historical development in Ceylon, translated into English by Ethel M. Coomaraswamy, Colombo 1908 (Google-US) The Mahavāmsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, English translation assisted by Mabel Haynes Bode, Pali Text Society, London 1912 (Internet Archive) Maldivian Linguistic Studies, Colombo 1919. The Language of the Väddās, Calcutta 1935. A Grammar of the Sinhala language, Colombo 1938. Pali Literature and Language, translated by Batakrishna Ghosh from the German original, Calcutta 1943. Revised by K. R. Norman under the title A Pali Grammar, Oxford 1994. Cūlavamsa : being the more recent part of the Mahāvamsa, English translation assisted by Christian Mabel Duff Rickmers, Colombo 1953. Culture of Ceylon in mediaeval times, edited by Heinz Bechert, Wiesbaden 1960. German works Das Yātkār-i Zarirān und sein Verhältnis zum Šāh-nāme [The Yātkār-i Zarirān and its Relation to the Šāhnāme]. von W. Geiger. München: Druck der Akademischen Buchdrukerei von F. Straub. 1890 Die Pehleviversion des Ersten Capitels des Vendîdâd herausgegeben nebst dem Versuch einer ersten Uebersetzung und Erklärung. Erlangen, 1877 (Google) Handbuch der Awestasprache. Grammatik, Chrestomathie und Glossar. Erlangen, 1879 (Google-US) Etymologie des Balūčī. Aus den Abhandlungen der k. bayer. Akademie der Wiss. I. Cl. XIX. Bd. I. Abth. München, 1890 (Google-US) Etymologie des Singhalesischen. Aus den Abhandlungen der k. bayer. Akademie der Wiss. I. Cl. XXI. Bd. II. Abth. München, 1897 (Google-US) Ceylon. Tagebuchblätter und Reiseerinnerungen. Wiesbaden, 1898 (Google-US) Wilhelm Geiger & Ernst Kuhn (Hrsg.): Grundriß der iranischen Philologie. 1. Bd., 1. Abt., Straßburg 1895–1901 (Google-US, Google-US); Anhang zum 1. Bd., Straßburg, 1903 (Google-US); II. Bd., Straßburg, 1896–1904 (, Google-US) Litteratur und Sprache der Singhalesen. Straßburg, 1900 (Google-US) Dīpavamsa und Mahāvamsa, die beiden Chroniken der Insel Ceylon. Sonderabdruck aus der Festschrift der Universität Erlangen zur Feier des achtzigsten Geburtstages Sr. königlichen Hoheit des Prinzregenten Luitpold von Bayern. Erlangen & Leipzig, 1901 (Google-US) Dīpavaṃsa und Mahāvaṃsa und die geschichtliche Überlieferung in Ceylon, Leipzig, 1905 (Google-US) Wilhelm Geiger & Magdalene Geiger: Pāli Dhamma vornehmlich in der kanonischen Literatur, München, 1920. Wilhelm Geiger: Elementarbuch des Sanskrit, de Gruyter, Berlin und Leipzig, 1923. Wilhelm Geiger: Besprechung zu Heinrich Junker, Arische Forschungen, um 1930. Wilhelm Geiger: Singhalesische Etymologien. Stephen Austin and Sons, 1936. Wilhelm Geiger: Beiträge zur singhalesischen Sprachgeschichte, Bayerischen Akad. der Wiss., München 1942. Wilhelm Geiger: Kleine Schriften zur Indologie und Buddhismuskunde, hrsg. von Heinz Bechert. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1973. Wilhelm Geiger: Die Reden des Buddha: Gruppierte Sammlung, Saṃyutta-nikāya, translation of Saṃyutta-nikāya, Beyerlein-Steinschulte, Stammbach, 1997. Notes Further reading Sudanthaka P. Wijethunga,"Geiger Dutu Lankawa" (2003) Sinhalese translation of "Ceylon Tagebuchblaetter und Reiseerinnerungen" (1898) External links Original English translation of the Mahawamsa, with Geiger's introduction and notes 1856 births 1943 deaths Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy German Indologists German orientalists Iranologists Linguists of Pali Members of the Société Asiatique University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni Writers from Nuremberg

13921943

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorswater%20railway%20station

Moorswater railway station

Moorswater railway station () was the centre of operations for the Liskeard and Caradon Railway and the Liskeard and Looe Railway. The two railways made an end on junction here. It was the site of the lines' engine shed, also a china clay works which is now used as a cement terminal. History The Liskeard and Caradon Railway was opened on 28 November 1844 from quarries on the moors north of Liskeard to Moorswater where goods were transshipped to the Liskeard and Looe Union Canal. At Looe they could then be transhipped again to sea-going vessels for transport further around the coast. The canal was superseded by a railway on 27 December 1860 and passengers were carried on the Moorswater to Looe section from 11 September 1879. The Cornwall Railway, which opened in 1859, had intended to make a junction with the Liskeard and Caradon Railway near Moorswater but a lack of capital saw this scheme abandoned, the line passing high above the goods yard on the Moorswater Viaduct. The new station, which was situated just north of the viaduct, was used by passengers travelling into Liskeard, but from 1896 a platform was provided at Coombe where trains would call to set down passengers going to Liskeard railway station if they notified the guard, as the steep road from there to the station was considerably shorter than the route from Moorswater. On 15 May 1901 passenger trains from Looe were diverted over the new loop line to Liskeard railway station and Moorswater station closed to passengers. Goods traffic has continued – on and off – up to the present day. A siding for the Cheesewring Quarry Company opposite the station was later used by the Cornwall County Council as a road maintenance depot until 1964. Beyond the station another siding lead into the china clay works of the St Neots China Clay Company where china clay was processed that was brought down from Bodmin Moor by pipeline before being dispatched as powder to Looe or, later, Fowey. This was opened in 1904 and closed in the 1990s but the site has since been used as a cement distribution depot and trains are brought in from time to time, the motive power being initially provided by Freightliner but more recently by Colas Rail. Engine shed The engine shed was situated between the Caradon line and the china clay siding. It was inside with a small workshop beyond. On the west side was another workshop that maintained the wagons and carriages before the line was connected to the Great Western Railway, although passenger trains were normally kept in another shed at Looe. In Great Western Railway days the shed was home to two locomotives, normally as an outstation from St Blazey engine shed or, for a few years, Laira TMD. 0-6-0STs of 850 and 2021 classes gave way in 1924 to larger 2-6-2Ts of GWR 4400 Class and then 4500 and 4575 classes. The shed closed on 11 September 1961 after which the branch was worked by DMUs and British Rail Class 22 diesel locomotives. Accident On 15 June 1906 an accident occurred at Moorswater. Six empty carriages from an excursion had been taken up to Liskeard but a mishap during uncoupling the locomotive saw the carriages pushed back onto the branch where they ran away down the steep gradient. At Coombe a collision was avoided by the signalman at Liskeard warning his colleague at Coombe Junction; a passenger train from Looe was stopped at the junction signals. The carriages were estimated to pass through the station at over 60 mph (100 km/h) and ran through to Moorswater, where they collided with other carriages in the shed. All were damaged beyond repair. Cultural impact Moorswater is one of the stations named in Bernard Moore's poem Travelling. References Disused railway stations in Cornwall Former Great Western Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1879 Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1901

13921944

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Hardie-Ferodo%201000

1979 Hardie-Ferodo 1000

The 1979 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 was the 20th running of the Bathurst 1000 touring car race. It was held on 30 September 1979, at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst. The race was open to cars eligible to the locally developed CAMS Group C touring car regulations with four engine capacity based classes. Peter Brock and Jim Richards won their second successive Bathurst 1000 driving a Holden Dealer Team A9X SS Hatchback Torana. Brock and Richards won the race by a record six laps, beating the old winning margin of 2 laps set in 1975 with Brock setting the lap record of 2:21.1 on the last lap of the 6.172 km long circuit. It was Brock's fourth and Richards second win. Brock's win put him equal on most wins with Harry Firth, Bob Jane and his longtime rival Allan Moffat. Toranas swept the podium with Peter Janson and Larry Perkins finishing second ahead of Ralph Radburn and John Smith. With Holden ending production of the Torana, 1979 would be the 5th and last Torana victory in the race (all bar 1976 were won by Brock). From 1980 Holden's flagship would be the European (Opel Senator) based Commodore. Class structure Cars competed in four classes defined by engine capacity. 3001cc - 6000cc The 3001cc - 6000cc class featured the V8 Holden Toranas, Ford Falcons and a pair of Chevrolet Camaros, making their Bathurst debut. Class A cars would fill the first eight positions in the outright results, all of the Holden Toranas. Mirroring the outright result, Brock and Richards took a six lap victory over the similar Torana of Janson and Perkins. Smith and Radburn were two laps further behind. 2001cc - 3000cc The 2001cc - 3000cc class saw the debut of the Mazda RX-7 (13B powered rotaries were rated as 2.292 litres capacity) which raced alongside its predecessor, the Mazda RX-3 and against Ford Capris, a BMW 3.0Si and a largely unmodified Volvo 242GT entered as a publicity exercise by veteran journalist-racer David McKay. Mechanical issues struck this class more than most, with the class winning car finishing in 13th outright, 26 laps behind Brock and Richards. That car was the Mazda RX-3 of Barry Lee and John Gates. Second in class was the Ford Capri of Peter Hopwood and Alan Cant, nine laps behind Lee and Gates. Third in class, finishing on the same lap as Hopwood/Cant was the Mazda RX-3 of Stephen Stockdale and John Duggan. The Volvo of McKay and Spencer Martin finished a creditable fourth in class, just a lap behind second and third. 1601cc - 2000cc The 1601cc - 2000cc class saw a mix Alfa Romeo Alfettas, Ford Escort RS2000s, Toyota Celicas and Triumph Dolomites. Class C outperformed Class B with the Toyota Dealer Team Toyota Celica of Peter Williamson and Mike Quinn winning the class and finishing ninth outright and 17 laps behind Brock and Richards. The Brian Foley Alfa Romeo entered Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV of Phil McDonnell and British sportscar legend Derek Bell finished tenth outright, a lap behind the Celica. Frank Porter and Tony Niovanni were three laps further back in third in another Alfetta. The Celica of Peter Williamson was the first in the world to have an in car race cam. Up to 1600cc The entry in the Up to 1600cc class was dominated by Holden Geminis, but also included an Isuzu Gemini, a 1.6 litre Ford Escort, a Toyota Corolla, and a Volkswagen Golf. The Isuzu Gemini of Garry Leggatt and David Seldon won the class, finishing 21st outright, 36 laps down. Bernie McClure and David Langman's Holden Gemini was second, a lap behind the class winners with the Holden Gemini of Jim Faneco and Gary Rowe two laps further behind. Eight laps behind was the first non-Gemini, the Ford Escort of Bob Holden and David Earle. Hardies Heroes * Allan Moffat only qualified 22nd in his Falcon after engine troubles in qualifying. He was moved into Hardies Heroes by the ARDC at the expense of the HDT Torana SS A9X of John Harvey and ended up starting from 4th on the grid. Apart from race broadcaster Channel 7 wanting Moffat in the runoff for better television ratings, Harvey was bumped to 11th place on the grid due to the ARDC's desire to not have two cars from the same team in the top 10. As the #05 HDT Torana of Peter Brock was the fastest qualifier this saw Harvey the one left out.* After Jack Brabham and Derek Bell in 1978, Larry Perkins became the third ex-Formula One driver to appear in the shootout driving Peter Janson's Torana. While neither Brabham or Bell would again appear in the runoff, Perkins would make another 16 appearances up until 2002 and would claim pole in 1993 (he also sat on pole in 1983 but that time was set by Peter Brock)* Peter Brock claimed his 4th straight front row start at Bathurst (and his 5th in 6 years after starting 3rd in 1975) as well as his 3rd straight pole position. Brock's time was 1.966s faster than Bob Morris' 2nd place time in his ATCC winning A9X Torana. This was despite Brock admitting to making a big mistake at the Cutting on his second lap where his foot slipped off the brake pedal and the car went wide towards the wall forcing him to come to almost a complete stop at the bottom of the steepest part of the circuit. Results References Statistics Provisional Pole Position - #05 Peter Brock - 2:26.8 Pole Position - #05 Peter Brock - 2:20.500 Fastest Lap - #05 Peter Brock - 2:21.1 - Lap 163 (lap record) Average Speed - 152 km/h Race Time - 6:38:15.8 External links CAMS Manual reference to Australian titles www.touringcarracing.net race results Autopics Bathurst images Motorsport in Bathurst, New South Wales Hardie-Ferodo 1000

13921967

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Mallet

Charles Mallet

Sir Charles Edward Mallet (2 December 1862 – 21 November 1947), was a British historian and Liberal politician. He was knighted in 1917. Life He was the only son of the activist Louisa (born Udny) and Charles Mallet, a civil servant. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and was admitted to Middle Temple on 21 May 1886. He was Called to the Bar on 3 July 1889. He first stood for parliament at the 1900 General Election when he was the unsuccessful Liberal candidate for the Conservative seat of Salford West. Mallet was returned to Parliament for Plymouth in 1906. In 1908 he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Walter Runciman who was President of the Board of Education. In February 1910 Asquith was considering him as a possible Chief Whip but was dissuaded by the outgoing Chief Whip Jack Pease who felt he was out of sympathy with many leading Liberals over the Lords. In March 1910 Prime Minister H. H. Asquith appointed him Financial Secretary to the War Office, a position he held until he was defeated in the December general election of the same year. He sought a return to parliament at the 1917 Salford North by-election as a Coalition Liberal candidate but was defeated by an Independent Labour candidate. He did not contest the 1918 General Election. He was Honorary Secretary of the Free Trade Union. He became a supporter of the official Liberal party that opposed the Coalition Government. He sought to make a return to parliament standing as Liberal candidate for South Aberdeen, in 1922 without success. He tried again in 1923 without success. He had published two works on Liberal politicians; Mr Lloyd George, a Study (1930) and Herbert Gladstone, a Memoir (1932). His book on Lloyd George was entirely devoted to the shortcomings of the Liberal Leader. References Links 1862 births 1947 deaths Knights Bachelor Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1906–1910 UK MPs 1910 Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Plymouth Members of the Middle Temple Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford

13921992

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowdeswell%20Reservoir

Dowdeswell Reservoir

Dowdeswell Reservoir and former water treatment works lie below the parish of Dowdeswell in Gloucestershire. They were originally built by Cheltenham Corporation to supply the town of Cheltenham with drinking water (since 1886) and subsequently became part of the Severn Trent network. History It is currently owned and managed by the Environment Agency and is managed as a 'balancing pond' for the water catchment from the east end of the valley. Severn Trent closed the water treatment works with the commissioning of the Mythe Treatment Works on the river Severn, and the reservoir itself became a flood storage reservoir for the River Chelt in an attempt to protect the town of Cheltenham from flooding from the east. The town nonetheless suffered flooding in the July 2007 floods though this was not only from the river Chelt at Dowdeswell, but from all the streams which join the Chelt within the town and its outskirts. The Dowdeswell 'balancing pond' only deals with the Chelt (really a stream at this point in its life), Dowdeswell stream and runoff from the limestone scarp. The Cotswold Way National Trail runs alongside the dam end of the reservoir (below the dam embankment) and alongside the western edge of Dowdeswell Woods. The reservoir and wood are listed in the ‘Cotswold District’ Local Plan 2001-2011 (on line) as Key Wildlife Sites. They are near Arle Grove nature reserve. Dowdeswell Reservoir and Wood nature reserves There is a site management plan from 1975 for the Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve. There are site management plans for the Dowdeswell Wood Nature Reserve for 1993 to 2002 and 2002 to 2011 along with various annual reports. The Reservoir, Residuum and Scobb’s Grove These areas (Reservoir, Residuum, Scobb's Grove) () were established as a nature reserve with the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation (now the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust) in 1973 under agreement with the North-West Gloucestershire Water Board originally. The main body of water supports many resident and wintering wildfowl: Moorhen, Coot, Mallard and Little Grebe and Great Crested Grebes regularly breed. The surrounding habits provide nesting sites. There is a significant aquatic and grassland flora including grassland supporting Common Spotted Orchid, Pyramidal Orchid and Cowslip. The reservoir is a major spawning ground for the Common Toad and there are signs which are opened each year at migration time on the A40 which runs alongside the reservoir. There were originally two toads tunnels from the south side of the A40 into the reservoir grassland, but these have since been removed as a result of roadworks. The reservoir supports the native crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) which is protected on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981. During the engineering works undertaken in 1998 Severn Trent put in place a management programme for the protection of this white-clawed crayfish. The associated water treatment yards historically have supported a significant flowering area of Autumn Lady's Tresses. Scobb’s Grove is a separate copse of damp Ash, Alder, Hazel and Willow woodland containing ferns, Small Teasel and Alternate-leaved Golden-saxifrage. It has an interesting bird life including Owls. There is currently no lease agreement for these areas with the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. Dowdeswell Wood Dowdeswell wood () is a site and lies on the northern slopes of the Chelt valley and one mile east of Charlton Kings. The wood forms part of the gathering grounds for Dowdeswell Reservoir and became an extension to this reserve in 1992 under agreement with Severn Trent. Extensive management work was carried out and a way-marked series of paths were created accessible from the Cotswold Way national trail. The character of this wood was changed dramatically in the 1950s and subsequently by replacing with conifers following felling of mature Oak, Ash, Beech and many diseased Elms. Replanting work has replaced conifers for broad-leaf. A good ground flora is present mostly in the broad-leaved areas. Bluebell, Yellow Archangel, Wood Anemone, Moschatel, Early-purple Orchid and Ramsons (wood garlic). There are Roman Snails in a site of a Roman Settlement in the north of the wood. The Common Dormouse is present as are Roe and Muntjac deer. There is currently no lease agreement for these areas with the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. Publications Atty, D, Haigh, D J R, Holland, Sonia, Long, D C, Porter, Steve (edited Miller, John, illustrated Ball, Arthur), October 1987, 'Plants and Animals of the Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve', Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation Ball, Arthur, Barber, Bruce, undated, 'The Birds of Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve', The Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation Ball, Arthur, 1987 to 2016, Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve Annual Bird Reports Crayfish Consultants International Ltd, 'Conservation of the native crayfish population at Dowdeswell Reservoir during engineering works', March 1998, prepared for Severn Trent Water (Conservation Officer: Jan Phillips) Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation, 'Management Plan for Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve', 1975, commissioned by The North West Gloucestershire Water Board. Gloucestershire Wildlife Management, 'Dowdeswell Wood Nature Reserve - Site Management Plan', 1993-2002 & 2002-2011, commissioned by Severn Trent Water Limited Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al., 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust' (includes Dowdeswell Reservoir and Dowdeswell Wood entries) Reference List External links Environment Agency Severn Trent Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust Cheltenham Cotswold District Reservoirs in Gloucestershire Former drinking water reservoirs in England Cotswolds Nature reserves in Gloucestershire Forests and woodlands of Gloucestershire

13921998

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Hansen%20Ostenfeld

Carl Hansen Ostenfeld

Carl Emil Hansen Ostenfeld (born Carl Emil Ostenfeld-Hansen) (3 August 1873 – 16 January 1931) was a Danish systematic botanist. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen under professor Eugenius Warming. He was a keeper at the Botanical Museum 1900–1918, when he became professor of botany at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. In 1923, by the early retirement of Raunkiær's, Ostenfeld became professor of botany at the University of Copenhagen and director of the Copenhagen Botanical Garden, both positions held until his death in 1931. He was a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and served on the board of directors of the Carlsberg Foundation. Ostenfeld is known as an explorer of the Danish flora, including marine plankton, as well as the flora of Western Australia. Ostenfeld participated in the Ingolf expedition (1885-86) to the waters around Iceland and Greenland, and in 1911 in the International Phytogeographic Excursion to the British Isles. The party studied the flora of parts of Ireland, including Killarney, Connemara and The Burren. In collaboration with O. Rosenberg, he was one of the first to confirm that some plants could form asexual seeds, now called (apomixis). Their experiments repeated those of Gregor Mendel with Hieracium hybrids, showing that Mendel had observed a mixture of sexual recombination and apomixis. Taxon named in his honor About a dozen plant species are named after him. The fish Diaphus ostenfeldi Tåning, 1932, the Ostenfeld's lanternfish, is a species of lanternfish found Worldwide. Honours Also some geographical features in Greenland bear names that commemorate him: C.H. Ostenfeld Land in Northeast Greenland C.H. Ostenfeld Nunatak in Wordie's Glacier, Northeast Greenland C.H. Ostenfeld Glacier in Victoria Fjord, Northwest Greenland The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Prix Desmazières for 1917. Selected scientific works Ostenfeld, C.H. & Johannes Schmidt (1901) Plankton fra det Røde Hav og Adenbugten. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 1901: 141–182. Gelert, O. & Ostenfeld, C.H. (1902) Flora Arctica - containing description of the flowering plants and ferns, found in the Arctic regions, with their distribution in these countries, illustrated by numerous figures in the text. Part 1. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledones. Copenhagen, 1902. Full text Ostenfeld, C.H. (1904) Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fruchtentwicklung bei der Gattung Hieracium. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 22:537–541 Ostenfeld CH, Rosenberg O (1906) Experimental and cytological studies in the Hieracia. I. Castration and hybridization experiments with some species of Hieracia. Botanisk Tidsskrift 27:225–248 Ostenfeld, C.H. (1908) On the immigration of Biddulphia sinensis Grev. and its occurrence in the North Sea during 1903-1907 and on its use for the study of the direction and rate of flow of the currents. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersøgelser: Serie Plankton 1 (6): 1-44. Ostenfeld, C.H. & C.G. Johannes Petersen (1908) On the Ecology and Distribution of the Grass-Wrack (Zostera marina) in Danish Waters. Copenhagen, Centraltrykkeriet, 62 p. Series: The Danish Biological Station vol. 16. Ostenfeld CH (1910) Further studies on the apogamy and hybridization of the Hieracia. Zeitschrif ind Abst und Vererb 3:241–285 Ostenfeld, C.H. & Ove Paulsen (1910–1911) Marine plankton from the East-Greenland Sea (W. of 6° W. Long, and N. of 73° 30’ N. Lat.): collected by the Danmark Expedition 1906–1908. Meddelelser om Grønland bd. 43 (11). I : List of diatoms and flagellates / by C.H. Ostenfeld. 1910 II : Protozoa / by C.H. Ostenfeld. 1910 III : Peridiniales / by Ove Paulsen. 1910 IV : General remarks on the microplankton / by C.H. Ostenfeld and Ove Paulsen. 1911 Ostenfeld, C. E. H. 1912. Some remarks on the International Phytogeographic Excursion in the British Isles. New Phytologist, 11: 114–127. Ostenfeld, C. H. (1912) Experiments on the Origin of Species in the Genus Hieracium (Apogamy and Hybridism). New Phytologist 11 (9): 347-354. Ostenfeld, C. H. (1915) Plants collected during the First Thule Expedition to the northernmost Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 51 (10) Ostenfeld, C. H. (1915) Ruppia anomala sp. nov., an Aberrant Type of the Potamogetonaceae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 42 (12): 659-662 Ostenfeld, C. E. H. (1916) Contributions to West Australian Botany, part I: Introduction, The sea-grasses of West Australia. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv, 2(6): 1-44 Ostenfeld, C. E. H. (1918a) Contributions to West Australian Botany, part II: Stray notes from the tropical West Australia. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv, 2(8) : 1-29 Ostenfeld, C. E. H. (1918b) Contributions to West Australian Botany, part II: A revision of the West Australian species of Triglochin, Crassula (Tillaea) and Frankenia. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv, 2(8) : 30-55 Ostenfeld, C. E. H. (1921) Contributions to West Australian Botany, part III : Additions and notes to the flora of extra-tropical W. Australia. Biologiske Meddelelser, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 3(2): 1-144 Ostenfeld, C. H. (1923) Critical Notes on the Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Some Flowering Plants from Northern Greenland (II Thule Expedition 1916–1918). Meddelelser om Grønland, 64 Ostenfeld, C. H. (1923) Flowering Plants and Ferns from Wolstenholme Sound (ca. 76°30' N. Lat.) and Two Plant Lists from Inglefield Gulf and Inglefield Land (77°28' and 79°10' N. Lat.) (II Thule Expedition 1916–1918). Meddelelser om Grønland, 64: 189-206 Ostenfeld, C. H. (1924) The Vegetation of the North-Coast of Greenland. Based upon the late Dr. Th. Wulff's collections and observations (II Thule Expedition 1916–1918). Meddelelser om Grønland, 64: 221-268 Ostenfeld, C.H. (1925) Vegetation of North Greenland. Botanical Gazette 80 (2): 213-218. Ostenfeld, C. H. (1925) Some Remarks on Species and Chromosomes. American Naturalist 59 (662): 217-218. Ostenfeld, C.H. (1926) The flora of Greenland and its origin. Biologiske Meddelelser, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 6, 1-71 Ostenfeld, C.H. (1931) The distribution within Denmark of the higher plants Results of the topographic-botanical investigation. 1: A brief historical survey of the investigation. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afd., 9. Række, 3(1) Ostenfeld, C.H. & Johannes Grøntved (1934) The Flora of Iceland and the Færoes. Copenhagen, 1934 Sources Botanists active in the Arctic Botanists active in Australia Ostenfeldt, C.H. Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen University of Copenhagen alumni 1873 births 1931 deaths People from Randers

13922009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias%20Nilsson

Mattias Nilsson

Mattias Nilsson (born 19 February 1982 in Brunflo, near Östersund) is a former Swedish biathlete. Nilsson retired after the 2010–11 season, announcing on 27 September 2011 his retirement from the sport due to a heart condition. In May 2018, it was announced that he, from the 2018–2019 season, becomes coach for Team Sweden in men's cross-country skiing together with Johan Olsson and Fredrik Uusitalo. References External links 1982 births Living people Swedish male biathletes Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics Olympic biathletes for Sweden People from Östersund Municipality 21st-century Swedish people

13922011

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Rouse

Russell Rouse

Russell Rouse (November 20, 1913 – October 2, 1987) was an American screenwriter, director, and producer who is noted for the "offbeat creativity and originality" of his screenplays and for film noir movies and television episodes produced in the 1950s. Life and career Rouse was the son of film pioneer Edwin Russell; his great uncle was the 1920s actor William Russell. He was educated at UCLA. His first employment in films was in the prop department at Paramount Studios, where he began writing screenplays. His play, Yokel Boy, was filmed in 1942 and became his first film writing credit. Rouse has 18 credits as a screenwriter between 1942 and 1988. Starting with The Town Went Wild (1944), Rouse co-wrote many stories and scripts with Clarence Greene. The partners are noted for their work on a series of six film noirs, starting with D.O.A. (directed by Rudolph Maté-1949). With the second film in the series, The Well (1951), they also took on directing and producing: Rouse as director, and Greene as producer. This collaboration continued through the noir series (The Thief (1952), Wicked Woman (1953), New York Confidential (1955), and House of Numbers (1957)). In the late 1950s, Greene and Rouse formed Greene-Rouse Productions, which created the television series Tightrope that ran for one season (1959–1960) as well as two films in the 1960s. In addition to their noir work, Rouse and Greene produced two westerns: The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) and Thunder in the Sun (1959). The 1959 film Pillow Talk was based on their story. Their careers drew to a close shortly after the unsuccessful film The Oscar (1966). Rouse and Greene were nominated for the Academy Award for writing The Well (1951). They received the Academy Award for Pillow Talk (1959) (with Maurice Richlin and Stanley Shapiro). D.O.A. has been preserved in the National Film Registry. That film has been remade several times, and they were credited as writers on two of them: the Australian remake Color Me Dead from 1969 and the D.O.A. remake of 1988. In 1957, Rouse married actress Beverly Michaels. Their son Christopher Rouse (b. 1958) is a noted film editor. Rouse died on October 2, 1987, in Los Angeles, California. He was cremated with his ashes scattered at sea. After his death, his wife Beverly Michaels Rouse said: "He worked everything from film props to junior writer to the technical crew. He came up in a classic type way and understood everything you could possibly understand about making the film. He did it all." Filmography Yokel Boy (story; 1942) Nothing But Trouble (writer; 1944) The Town Went Wild (story and screenplay; 1944) D.O.A. (writing; 1949) The Great Plane Robbery (story; 1950) The Well (writing and direction; 1951) The Thief (writing and direction; 1952) Wicked Woman (writing and direction, 1953) New York Confidential (writing and direction; 1955) The Fastest Gun Alive (screenplay and direction; 1956) House of Numbers (screenplay and direction; 1957) Thunder in the Sun (screenplay and direction; 1959) Pillow Talk (story; 1959) A House is Not a Home (screenplay and direction; 1964) The Oscar (screenplay and direction; 1966) The Caper of the Golden Bulls (directed; 1967) Color Me Dead (writer; 1969) D.O.A. (story; 1988) References 1913 births 1987 deaths American male screenwriters Film producers from New York (state) Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners Screenwriters from New York City Film directors from New York City 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American screenwriters 20th-century American businesspeople

13922033

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi%20Gras%20throws

Mardi Gras throws

Mardi Gras throws are strings of beads, doubloons, cups, or other trinkets passed out or thrown from the floats in the New Orleans Mardi Gras, the Mobile Mardi Gras and parades all throughout the Gulf Coast of the United States, to spectators lining the streets. The "gaudy plastic jewelry, toys, and other mementos [are] tossed to the crowds from parading floats". The 'throws', consist of necklaces of plastic beads, coins called doubloons, which are stamped with krewes' logos, parade themes and the year, plus an array of plastic cups and toys such as Frisbees, figurines and LED trinkets. The plastic cups that are used as throws are sometimes referred to as New Orleans dinnerware. Beads used on Mardi Gras (known as Shrove Tuesday in some regions) are purple, green, and gold, with these three colors containing the Christian symbolism of justice, faith, and power, respectively. Traditionally, Mardi Gras beads were manufactured in Japan and Czech Republic, although many are now imported from mainland China. As Fat Tuesday concludes the period of Carnival (Shrovetide), Mardi Gras beads are taken off oneself on the following day, Ash Wednesday, which begins the penitential season of Lent. As such, one of the "solemn practices of Ash Wednesday is to pack all the beads acquired during the parade season into bags and boxes and take them to the attic". The tradition of throwing Mardi Gras throws to spectators during the parade started with the second procession of the Twelfth Night Revelers in the early 1870s, with an individual dressed as Santa Claus passing out gifts to spectators as he passed by. The tradition was then expanded and continued by the Krewe of Rex who began to throw glass beads to spectators in the early 20th century. Spectators have traditionally shouted to the krewe members, "Throw me something, mister!", a phrase that is iconic in New Orleans' Mardi Gras street argot. Some women expose their breasts to invite throws in the French Quarter, although this is not required or even classed as a true Mardi Gras tradition, it is however quite common during French Quarter parades. Some krewes have specialty throws: for example, the Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club hand-painted coconut or the Krewe of Muses hand-decorated glitter shoes. References Mardi Gras in New Orleans

13922036

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark%20%28musician%29

Shark (musician)

Shark (born David Sharkey Shaw) is a Los Angeles-based musician, film composer, radio host, and is a founding member and guitarist for American alternative band Wild Colonials. He also records under the name Shark and Co.. The name Sharkey is an Anglicised form of the Gaelic "O'Searcaigh", composed of the elements "O", male descendant of, with "Searcach", a byname meaning "beloved". The name originated in County Tyrone, and is now to be found located in considerable numbers in various parts of Northern Ireland. Career Big Bam Boo Shark was one-half of the duo Big Bam Boo, that released one album, Fun, Faith, & Fairplay, on MCA Records (Uni Records in US) in 1989. Three singles were released from the album. One single, "Shooting From My Heart", was a Top 40 hit in Canada and entered the UK singles chart on 28 January 1989 and reached number 61; it was in the chart for 2 weeks. An unreleased second album was released digitally in 2008 as The New York Tapes. Wild Colonials Shark founded the alternative rock group Wild Colonials in Los Angeles in 1992, with Angela McCluskey, Paul Cantelon, Scott Roewe, and Ian Bernard. The group released three albums between 1994 and 2000. Their most recent release, an EP titled Life as We Know It, was released in 2007. The band toured internationally, both as a supporting act and as a headliner. Film scoring Shark composed the scores for a number of films, starting with I Shot a Man in Vegas in 1995 and then for Me & Will in 1999, The Spreading Ground in 2000, Frozen Stars in 2003, and 2006's How to Go Out on a Date in Queens. He has also made brief appearances and performed off-screen roles in films including a radio disc jockey's voice in I Shot a Man in Vegas and How to Go Out on a Date in Queens. Solo work In November 2008, a cover version of Peter Gabriel's duet with Kate Bush, "Don't Give Up" was released with Dead Rock West singer Cindy Wasserman. A cover of Pink Floyd's "High Hopes" appears on the 2003 tribute album A Fair Forgery of Pink Floyd. The Shark/Scardanelli penned song "Save Your Dreams" has been covered by nine different artists including gospel act David C. Clarke and The Dynaires and Canadian country singer Justine Stewart, who performed the song at the 2006 World AIDS Day Concert in Beijing, China. The Central China Television (CCTV) primetime special aired throughout Asia and Europe. DJ Shark Shark also appears as DJ Shark, DJing film premieres and other events including ESPN's 2004 Super Bowl party in Houston, The Sopranos private Emmy party and the premiere party for the TV movie Their Eyes Were Watching God. DJ Shark's remix of Rae & Christian's remix of Dinah Washington's "Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" appeared in the Michael Douglas film It Runs in the Family. All Time is Now DJ Shark hosts a weekly two-hour radio show, "All Time is Now" which premiered on July 15, 2011 on the Los Angeles radio station Indie 103.1. The multi-format music featured on the show is connected to events, record release dates, #1 chart placings, birthdays, classic gigs etc. that occurred that week but in different years. The debut show kicked off with The Rolling Stones song, "Happy" which came out that week, July 15 in 1972. The show airs live every Sunday from 5:00pm till 7:00pm Pacific Standard Time and rebroadcast every Wednesday at midnight till 2am to an international audience online. Discography Solo releases "Don't Give Up" single — Shark and Co. with Cindy Wasserman (2008, Magnetic Memories) "Don't Give Up" (Special Mix) single — Shark and Co. with Cindy Wasserman (2010, Magnetic Memories) Europe only release "Secret Santa" single — Shark and Co. (2014, Magnetic Memories Recording Co.) "Dog Park (from The Bandit Hound)" single — Shark and Co. (2016, Magnetic Memories Recording Co.) Movie soundtracks Dead Man's Curve/The Curve soundtrack (1999, Chromatic) Dead Man's Curve/The Curve - song based soundtrack (1999, Toho) (song: "Theme from Dead Man's Curve" (Edit)) Japan only Frozen Stars soundtrack (2004, The Orchard) (song: "Love Theme from Frozen Stars") These soundtracks were not released separately from the films. I Shot a Man in Vegas (1995) The main theme from the film, "Route 15 4:30AM" appeared on the Wild Colonials album Reel Life Vol. 1. How to Go Out on a Date in Queens (2006) At the opening night of the film in Los Angeles, a 14 track soundtrack album was given out to the audience as they left. Album included songs from various artists and three score pieces from composer Shark. The album has never been formally released. Compilation appearances A Fair Forgery of Pink Floyd (2003, Stanley) (as Shark 'n the Smoke) (song: "High Hopes") with Big Bam Boo Fun, Faith, & Fairplay (1989) with Wild Colonials Fruit of Life (1994, DGC/Geffen) This Can’t Be Life (1996, DGC/Geffen) Reel Life vol 1 (2000, Chromatic) Life As We Know It EP 1/4 (2007, Hip-O) Filmography I Shot a Man in Vegas (1995) Dead Man's Curve/The Curve (1998) Me and Will (1999) The Spreading Ground (2000) The Yard Sale (2002) Frozen Stars (2003) How to Go Out on a Date in Queens (2006) References External links Shark and Co. official website DJ Shark official website All Time is Now podcast page All Time is Now FaceBook page American film score composers American male film score composers American rock guitarists American male guitarists Living people Musicians from Los Angeles County, California 20th-century American guitarists 21st-century American guitarists Guitarists from California 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians Year of birth missing (living people)

13922038

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Other%20Side%20%282006%20film%29

The Other Side (2006 film)

The Other Side is a 2007 film written and directed by Gregg Bishop, who also served as the film's editor, cinematographer and visual effects artist. The Other Side follows Samuel North (Nathan Mobley) who escapes from Hell to find the person who murdered him, but a team of invincible bounty hunters called Reapers are sent from the Netherworld to bring him back. After graduating from the University of Southern California filmschool, Bishop took the profits he made from his short film Voodoo and financed his first feature film The Other Side himself with $15,000. The supernatural action/thriller starred Jaimie Alexander in her first leading role and premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival in Park City, Utah where it was acquired for a 2007 theatrical release for an undisclosed amount. In 2019, Bishop began developing the movie as a TV series. Plot Samuel North has returned from college to reunite with his girlfriend Hanna Thompson. On the night he is to have a romantic dinner with her on the banks of a river she does not show up, and he is run into the river by a large white van. His soul goes to Hell, aka "The Pit," where he is tormented by the worst memories of his life, including being bullied, finding his parents murdered, and the regretful taxi ride to college, which took him from Hanna. However, he experiences only a moment of torment before being rescued by other souls who have found a way out. He escapes and wakes up along with the other escapees in a hospital, where he learns that Hanna did not return home the previous night, and he is a suspect for her disappearance. Before he can find out any more, three bounty hunters dispatched from hell to retrieve them appear. Only Sam and two others escape. The duo, Mally and Oz, have both escaped numerous times only to be caught and brought back. They explain that two of the three bounty hunters are "Switchers," who can switch from dead body to body when their host body is killed. However their leader, a "Changer," does not need to change unless into its native demonic form. They escape to a motel filled with escapees, all scarred by the Mark of the Damned, which is how the Reapers track them. Mally and Oz originally plan to escape to Mexico; however, Sam is determined to find Hanna. Mally wants to flee to Mexico, but Oz decides to help Sam find Hanna, believing that helping him may be their ticket to Redemption and out of The Pit for good. Mally relents and the trio go to the bar where Hanna worked. Sam discovers that Hanna was being sexually harassed by a regular named Isaac, and that one of Hanna's friends had told Isaac that Hanna was reporting him to the police. The friend further explains that Isaac followed Hanna out to her car and didn't return home that night. The trio find Hanna's car in the woods near the river and a dead body next to it. Sam's police friend, Peter, informs him the dead body was John Rice, who drove a white van. However, he was pulled over and stabbed to death and his white van was hijacked. Later that night, while picking up a few items from his brother, David, Sam is shot at by a man in the white van and his brother is injured. After dropping David off at the Emergency Room he breaks into Isaac's house and interrogates him, only to receive a truthful answer that Isaac left Hanna alone. Sam returns to the motel just before it is attacked by the Reapers. Although many escapees are killed and sent back to The Pit, they succeed in sending one Switcher back to Hell. Mally and Oz, tired of fighting, decide to leave for Mexico. But before they can leave Sam reveals the sin for which he went to Hell: murder. Despite this, Oz and Mally leave Sam alone to fight the Reapers. Later on Sam is attacked by the Reapers, but manages to send another Switcher back to Hell. Meanwhile, Hanna's body is found in a river, and the search is called off. David, meanwhile, is let out of the hospital, and Peter offers to drive him home. On the way he sees the white van and finds the driver has entered a motel. Before he can call in backup, David shoots and kills him and confronts the man in the white van. It is revealed that David hired the man to kill Hanna and Sam. He berates him for being careless and not burying the body and ditching the van. The man forces David to arrange a meeting at the Church between him and Sam. They meet, and it is revealed the man is William Cain, the man who murdered Sam's parents and who Sam—in revenge—killed as he was trying to escape. William also escaped from Hell and offered to kill Sam and Hanna so that David could claim the inheritance, because their parent's will left everything to Sam, and Sam's will left everything to Hanna. Before Will can kill Sam, the final Reaper—the Changer—arrives and attacks both of them and kills William, but not before he tells Sam that David hired him to kill him. Now in its natural form the Changer nearly kills Sam before being killed by Mally and Oz, who have returned. Oz confesses that Sam didn't escape by accident and was in fact broken out by Oz, who is a Guardian Angel. He offers to take Sam down to Mexico, but Sam stays to confront his brother. David admits not only to having Will kill Sam and Hanna but also having their parents murdered by Will because he was jealous of both his parents' treatment of Sam as well as the inheritance money. Following their argument, Sam is shot by David. In a brief struggle Sam gains the upper hand and spares his brother, only to be shot in the back as he is leaving. As the police arrive to arrest David, Sam has the opportunity to fire back at David; however, he instead spends his final moments staring at a picture of him and Hanna happily together. For this act Sam gains redemption for his previous sin. After he dies, he awakens in heaven with Hanna, where they spend the rest of eternity happily ever after. Cast Nathan Mobley as Samuel North Jaimie Alexander as Hanna Thompson Cory Rouse as Mally Poncho Hodges as Oz Shale Nelson as David North, Sam's brother Stephen Caudill as Pete, Sam's Police Friend Chris Burns as Isaac Vince Canlas as William Cain Blair Redford as Reaper #3 Lucas Till as Young Sam North Production After graduating from USC filmschool, writer/director Gregg Bishop financed The Other Side himself with $15,000, which were the profits made from his short film Voodoo. The movie was shot in Atlanta on Super 16mm with a skeleton crew using borrowed equipment and film gear. Reception The film premiered to mostly positive reviews. Variety called "'The Other Side' a lean, propulsively paced supernatural thriller, packed with pulse pounding excitement” and Scott Weinberg of efilmcritic.com gave the movie a 4/5 and says the movie is "fast-paced, creative, and entertaining. It's like an equivalent of an overstuffed Halloween goody bag that's been spilled all over the carpet. It's colorfully kinetic, strangely engaging, and enjoyable throughout." Chuck Wilson of LA Weekly says that "Bishop has chops; someone give this man a meeting!" and Steve Biodrowski called "'The Other Side' the El Mariachi of horror films" and hailed it as “one of the best films of the year.” David Walker of DVD Talk says the movie is "an incredibly impressive achievement in the world of indie cinema. For die-hard fans of micro-budget independent films, as well as aspiring and established filmmakers, The Other Side verges on being required viewing, standing out as movie that is entertaining, impressive, and most important, inspiring." References External links 2006 films 2006 action thriller films American action thriller films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films

13922073

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Rashad%20Abdulle

Mohammed Rashad Abdulle

Sheikh Mohammed Rashad Abdulle ( – May 25, 2013) was an Oromo scholar. He is known for developing Oromo phonology and translating the Qur'an into the Oromo language. Biography Sheikh Mohammed Rashad was born at Laga Arba village near the town of Gelemso, the son of Kabir Abdulle Kabir Mummaya and Amina Bakar. He learned Qur'an from his father and traveled extensively within the province of Hararghe to acquire further knowledge. His teachers included Sheikh Mohammed Rashid Bilal, Sheikh Hassan Anano, Sheikh Abdullah al-Harari and Sheikh Bakri Sapalo. Finished a postgraduate program at Al Azhar University in Cairo, Rashad was appointed by the University as officer at their Burao branch school in northwestern Somalia in 1963. After three years of working for Al Azhar in Burao, He went to Mogadishu and started working for Front for Somali Galbeed as a communications officer and youth coordinator. He convinced Somali authorities to open a Radio Mogadishu's Afan Oromo program. Sheik Mohammed Rashad Abdulle died at age 79 on May 25, 2013, in Dire Dawa. References 1930s births Ethiopian Muslims 2013 deaths People from Dire Dawa Oromo people Quran translators Translators to Oromo Oromo-language writers 20th-century translators

13922087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha%20Henry%20Buxton

Bertha Henry Buxton

Bertha Henry Buxton (26 July 1844 – 1881) was an English novelist and children's author. Early years Bertha Henry Leupold was born on 26 July 1844, and when only a girl of eleven years amused herself by writing stories for her schoolfellows at Queen's College, Tufnell Park, London. Both her parents were Germans. Her father, William Leupold (sometimes spelt Leopold), was a London merchant, her mother being Madame Therese Leupold, well known in musical circles, and with them she travelled in America, Germany, and Holland during her fourteenth and fifteenth years. Career At sixteen, she married Henry Buxton, club manager and author, but still pursued her literary work as an amusement, translating a German operetta into English, and writing a modest one-volume novel, published at her husband's expense, under the title of Percy's Wife. After fifteen years of marriage he became bankrupt and deserted her and her children. In 1875, she suddenly found herself poverty-stricken, and, becoming entirely dependent on her own exertions, she turned to writing for a living. In 1876 appeared her novel, Jennie of the Prince's, by B. H. B. dealing with theatrical life, which she had studied as a walking lady on the stage at Exeter. The book was a success. She wrote a serial for the World during the following year, bringing out during the same period Won! By the Author of "Jennie of the Prince's", and a story for children entitled Rosabella, published under the name of Auntie Bee. From this period she wrote under her own name, and the following Christmas brought out another child's book, entitled More Dolls, illustrated by Mr. T. D. White, and dedicated to the Princess of Wales. Shortly afterwards, Buxton met with an accident which rendered work impossible. Somewhat recovering, she produced Fetterless though Bound together (1879); Great Grenfell Gardens (1879); Nell—On and Off the Stage; and From the Wings (1880). The last two novels first appeared in Tinsley's Magazine. Her other books were Many Loves (1880), Little Pops, a nursery romance (1881), and Sceptre and King (1881). In collaboration with blind author William Willhem Fenn, she brought out Oliver Gay, a Rattling Story of Field, Fright, and Fight, in 1880, and a tale called A Noble Name in a volume published by him in 1883. She died very suddenly from heart disease, at Claremont Villa, 12 St. Mary's Terrace, Kensington, London, on 31 March 1881. References 1844 births 1881 deaths English people of German descent British children's writers British women children's writers British women novelists 19th-century British novelists 19th-century British women writers

13922090

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Rhenish%20Music%20Festival

Lower Rhenish Music Festival

The Lower Rhenish Music Festival (German: Das Niederrheinische Musikfest) was one of the most important festivals of classical music, which happened every year between 1818 and 1958, with few exceptions, at Pentecost for 112 times. History In the year 1817 Johann Schornstein, the musical director at Elberfeld, organized a music festival in his town, in which he was assisted by the musicians from Düsseldorf under their conductor Friedrich August Burgmüller. During this festival the idea was born by Schornstein and Burgmüller to repeat this event every year alternately between their cities. In the year 1821 the musicians from Cologne and 1825 from Aachen participated, but with the performance 1827 the responsible persons of Elberfeld decided to stop their commitment, because the town was not up to manage the rush of musicians and guests. This festival continued up to 1958 and took place 112 times. Only during the period of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states and the First and Second World War the meeting was interrupted. After the last war in the year 1948 Cologne resigned out of this cycle of the music festival, whereas the cities Wuppertal, a fusion of Elberfeld and Barmen, and Duisburg acceded to this meeting. But in the year 1958 the festival was closed definitely, because in the meantime some other regional music festivals were founded. At the beginning the Lower Rhenish Music Festival continued two days and from the year 1826 one day more, every year during Whitsuntide. Temporary in 1834 the king Frederick William III of Prussia interdicted this performance on Whitsun for religious reasons, but by the intercession of his nephew prince Frederick of Prussia, an art enthusiast and protector of the art societies of Düsseldorf, the festival regained permission with some restrictions. Characteristics From the beginning the Lower Rhenish Music Festival apprehended as a societal and cultural culmination on a highly artistically level. To the home and foreign guests, politicians, business people and members of the high nobility there were presented all the compositions, which played a significant role at that time. In addition to the local music directors many important conductors, composers and soloists were engaged as director of the festivals. Again and again the stage was used for the performance of world and national premieres and also for the presentation of new versions by known or unknown artists. The focus comprised the music of the last epochs of the Baroque music, the Viennese classical as well as the Romantic Music and later of the 20th-century classical music. There were performed the great symphonic poems, mass, oratorios, chorale, cantatas and here and there chamber music. This implicated that sometimes the participation of more than 500 musicians. On one side the high number of musicians and the foreign guests connoted a lucrative revenue stream but on the other side also a logistical challenge and risk for the organization. Chronology The table lists the chronology of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival, compiled from a selection of reliable sources. Literature (selection) Literaturverzeichnis der Rheinischen Musikfeste in der Bibliothek des Beethovenhauses Bonn: Beethoven-Haus Bonn / literature, sheet music, audiovisual media - Short entries of query results Lutz Felbick: Daten der Aachener Musikgeschichte: Chronologie und Bibliographie, Stadt Aachen 1993 (html) Alf, Julius: Geschichte und Bedeutung der Niederrheinischen Musikfeste in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jh.; Nachdruck aus: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch. 42. 1940 und 43. 1941. Düsseldorf, 1978, Dohm, Rudolf: Aachens Beitrag zur Musikgeschichte; in 105. Niederrheinisches Musikfest 1950 in Wuppertal. S. 31–45. Programme sämtlicher in Aachen abgehaltener (Niederrheinischer) Musikfeste (von 1825 - 1879). in: Aachener Calender für das Jahr 1880. S. 107–119. und in: Musik, Theater und Kunst im Jahre 1878/79. S. 97–101. Sietz, Reinhold: Das 35. Rheinische Musikfest 1857 unter dem Dirigenten Franz Liszt; in: Zeitschrift des Aachener Geschichtsverein (ZAGV). 69. 1957. S. 79–110. Sietz, Reinhold: Das Niederrheinische Musikfest 1834 zu Aachen; in: ZAGV. 70. 1958. S. 167–191. Sietz, Reinhold: Die Niederrheinischen Musikfeste in Aachen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jh.; in: ZAGV. 72. 1960. . Julius Alf: Das Niederrheinische Musikfest in Wuppertal. "Moderne Musik" in Geschichte und Gegenwart; in: Beiträge zur Rheinischen Musikgeschichte, Köln/Krefeld 005, 1952 Klaus Wolfgang Niemöller: Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy und das Niederrheinische Musikfest 1835 in Köln; in: Beiträge zur Rheinischen Musikgeschichte, Köln/Krefeld 0625, 1952 Ursula Eckart-Bäcker: Friedrich Nietzsche als Sänger in Köln. Berichte über das 42. Niederrheinische Musikfest 1865; in: Beiträge zur Rheinischen Musikgeschichte, Köln/Krefeld 062, 1952 Julius Alf: Das Niederrheinische Musikfest nach 1945. Ausklang einer Jahrhundert-Tradition, in: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch 57/58, 1980, S. 472–497 Willibald Gurlitt: Robert Schumann und die Romantik in der Musik, 106. Niederrheinisches Musikfest in Düsseldorf, Jahrbuch 1951, S. 13–52. - Nachdruck 1966 Websites DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Heimatverein Düsseldorfer Jonges e. V. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085302/http://www.staedtischermusikvereinduesseldorf.de/lebenslauf/lebenslauf_druck.php Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung – Wikisource Classical music festivals in Germany Defunct music festivals Music in Düsseldorf Music in Cologne Aachen Culture in Wuppertal 1818 in music Festivals established in 1818 Music festivals established in the 19th century 1818 establishments in Prussia 1958 disestablishments in Germany

13922097

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral%20Symphony%20%28disambiguation%29

Pastoral Symphony (disambiguation)

The Pastoral Symphony is Beethoven's Symphony No. 6. Pastoral Symphony may also refer to: Classical music Pastoral Symphony (Vaughan Williams), Symphony No. 3 by Ralph Vaughan Williams A Pastoral Symphony, Symphony No. 2 by Alan Rawsthorne Pastoral Symphony, or Pifa, a movement of Händel's Messiah Symphony No. 7 (Glazunov), by Alexander Glazunov, occasionally called Pastoral Other uses Pastoral Symphony (Australian band) La Symphonie pastorale, a novella by André Gide, 1919 Pastoral Symphony (film), a 1946 film adaptation Symphonie Pastorale (film), a 1958 Australian TV broadcast See also Pastoral (disambiguation) Pastorale (disambiguation) Symphonies

13922113

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day%20Adventist%20education

Seventh-day Adventist education

The Seventh-day Adventist educational system, part of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, is overseen by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists located in Silver Spring, Maryland. The educational system is a Christian school-based system. The Seventh-day Adventist Church has associations with a total of 8,515 educational institutions operating in over 100 countries around the world with over 1.95 million students worldwide. The denominationally-based school system began in the 1870s. The church supports holistic education: Education by level Primary There are 5,915 Primary Schools worldwide (June 2018 report). Enrollment: over 1.2 million students. Secondary There are more than 2,435 Secondary Schools worldwide (June 2018 report). Enrollment: More than 603,000 students. Tertiary The Adventist Church, usually through Union-level administrative units, is associated with post secondary educational institutions around the world, including training institutes, junior colleges and four-year universities, and medical schools, including those associated with Adventist hospitals. Number of Tertiary Institutions (worldwide): 115. Enrollment (worldwide): more than 145,000. Education by area North America The North American Division Office of Education coordinates with 1,049 schools with 65,000 students in the United States, Canada, and Bermuda. See also List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities References Sources Steve Daily, "My Dream for Adventist Higher Education". Adventist Today 8 (Jan–Feb 2000), p18–19 External links Seventh-day Adventist Church Department of Education North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists Office of Education A Statement on Theological and Academic Freedom and Accountability, voted in 1987 History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church

13922115

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Perc%C3%A9e

Pierre Percée

The Pierre Percée () is a natural arch located on a hill of Matheysine, in the Isère département, upon the commune of Pierre-Châtel. It belongs to the Seven Wonders of Dauphiné. Internal gap is 3m. high. Overall aspect evokes the one of a crouching monster and has been the origin of many local legends, where the Devil is usually involved. See also Dauphiné Alps Landforms of Isère Tourist attractions in Isère Natural arches of France Rock formations of France Landforms of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

13922130

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Thomas%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201917%29

Dave Thomas (footballer, born 1917)

David Watkin John Thomas (6 July 1917 – 30 March 1991) was an English footballer who played as a centre forward. He played in the Football League for Plymouth Argyle, Watford and Gillingham, scoring 112 goals in 259 appearances. He also played non-league football for Romford and Sittingbourne. His brother, Bob, played in the Football League for several clubs as an inside forward. Life and career Born in Stepney, Thomas began his career in non-league football with Romford. He joined Football League club Plymouth Argyle in 1938, as manager Jack Tresadern's first signing, and established himself as the club's first choice centre forward after Bill Hullett was transferred to Manchester United. He made 23 appearances in the Second Division before the Second World War put an end to competitive football in September 1939. He continued to play for Argyle in the South West Regional League until December, scoring five goals in six matches, before guesting for Brentford, Clapton Orient, Fulham, Gillingham, Grimsby Town and West Ham United during the course of the war. Thomas returned to Plymouth Argyle after the war had finished to take part in the 1945–46 Football League South. Towards the end of the campaign, his brother Bob joined the club from Brentford and the pair scored 36 goals between them in the 1946–47 season. Thomas lost his place in the team to Maurice Tadman at the beginning of the 1947–48 campaign. He made his final appearance for Argyle in January 1948 before being transferred to Third Division South club Watford. Thomas spent three seasons with Watford and was the club's leading goalscorer twice. He scored 41 league goals in 105 appearances before joining Gillingham in 1950, where he continued to score regularly. He was Gillingham's leading goalscorer in his first season with the club and was tied with Derek Lewis in the 1951–52 campaign. He left the club in 1953 and finished his career back in non-league football with Sittingbourne. He later managed Chatham Town and acted as trainer for Gravesend & Northfleet. Thomas died in Dovercourt on 30 March 1991 at the age of 73. References 1917 births 1991 deaths Footballers from Stepney English men's footballers Men's association football forwards Romford F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Watford F.C. players Gillingham F.C. players Sittingbourne F.C. players English Football League players Brentford F.C. wartime guest players Clapton Orient F.C. wartime guest players Fulham F.C. wartime guest players Gillingham F.C. wartime guest players Chatham Town F.C. managers English football managers

13922141

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Calcraft

William Calcraft

William Calcraft (11 October 1800 – 13 December 1879) was a 19th-century English hangman, one of the most prolific of British executioners. It is estimated in his 45-year career he carried out 450 executions. A cobbler by trade, Calcraft was initially recruited to flog juvenile offenders held in Newgate Prison. While selling meat pies on streets around the prison, Calcraft met the City of London's hangman, John Foxton. After Foxton's death in 1829 the government appointed Calcraft the official Executioner for the City of London and Middlesex. Following this, his executioner services were in great demand throughout England. Nevertheless, some considered Calcraft incompetent, in particular for his controversial use of the short-drop hanging method in which the condemned were slowly strangled to death, instead of having their necks broken. Because with Calcraft's methods the condemned took several minutes to die, to hasten death Calcraft would sometimes dramatically pull on legs or climb on shoulders in an effort to break the victim's neck. It has been speculated that Calcraft used these methods partly to entertain the crowds, sometimes numbering 30,000 spectators or more. Executions in England were public until 1868. That year the law changed, mandating executions would take place privately and inside the prison. In 1868 Calcraft carried out the last public and first private executions. Among his executions were Marie and Frederick Manning, the first husband and wife to be hanged together since 1700. Early life Calcraft was born in Baddow, near Chelmsford, in 1800. He was a cobbler by trade, but had also worked as a nightwatchman at Reid's brewery in Clerkenwell, London. While attempting to earn a living by selling meat pies on the streets around Newgate Prison he made the acquaintance of John Foxton, who was the City of London's hangman for 40 years. That meeting led to his employment at Newgate to flog juvenile offenders, for which he was paid 10 shillings a week. Career as an executioner, 1829–1874 Foxton died on 14 February 1829, and Calcraft was appointed as his successor. He was sworn in as the official Executioner for the City of London and Middlesex on 4 April 1829, a position for which he was paid one guinea a week plus an additional guinea for each execution. He also received an allowance for cats o' nine tails and birch rods, and supplemented his income by selling sections of the rope used to hang his victims, for which he charged between five shillings and £1 per inch. Calcraft's first duty in his new role was the execution of Thomas Lister and George Wingfield, hanged together on 27 March 1829, Lister for burglary and Wingfield for highway robbery. Esther Hibner, known in the press as the "Evil Monster", was the first woman hanged by Calcraft. She was executed on 13 April 1829, having been found guilty of starving to death her apprentice, Frances Colppits. Hibner did not go to the scaffold willingly, but had to be restrained in a straitjacket to prevent her from attacking her executioners. As she was hanged the watching crowd shouted out "Three cheers for the Hangman!" Calcraft was "in great demand" as an executioner elsewhere in the country as well, such as at Reading Gaol. During his tenure of office the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 was passed, requiring that all executions must be conducted in private. Calcraft carried out the last public execution in Britain on 26 May 1868, when he hanged the Fenian Michael Barrett in front of Newgate Prison for his part in the Clerkenwell Outrage. Calcraft also carried out the first private execution in Britain under the new law. Eighteen-year-old Thomas Wells, who had been convicted of the murder of his superior Edward Walshe, the stationmaster at Dover Priory railway station, was hanged on 13 August 1868 in a former timber yard inside Maidstone Gaol. Members of the press were allowed to attend and reported that Wells, who wore his railway porter's uniform, did not die quickly, "struggling on the end of the rope for several minutes". Calcraft's final official duty was the hanging of James Godwin, on 25 May 1874. Reporting on Calcraft's visit to Dundee to perform an execution in that city in April 1873, The Times newspaper observed that "if their visitor had been a Royal personage, or an eminent statesman he could hardly have been treated with greater consideration". They further reported that Calcraft arrived with only one piece of hand luggage, a carpet bag containing "a new rope, a white cap, and some pinioning straps". The number of executions Calcraft carried out is unrecorded, but it has been estimated at 450, of whom 35 were women, making him one of the most active of British executioners. Among his better-known victims was François Courvoisier, executed on 6 July 1840 outside Newgate Prison. Courvoisier had been valet to Lord William Russell, and had murdered his master after being caught stealing silverware from the household. Calcraft officiated at one of the very few executions of a husband and wife, and the first since 1700, when he hanged Marie and Frederick Manning at Horsemonger Lane Gaol on 13 November 1849. The couple had murdered Marie's wealthy lover, Patrick O'Connor, with the aim of stealing his money. Calcraft also officiated at the last public execution of a woman in Britain, Frances Kidder, who was hanged on 2 April 1868. Convicted of drowning her stepdaughter, she was executed in front of a crowd of 2,000, amongst whom was reported to be her husband. After her drop of she struggled for "two or three minutes" before expiring. Technique Although Calcraft's career as a hangman spanned 45 years, he appears to have been "particularly incompetent", frequently having to "rush below the scaffold to pull on his victim's legs to hasten death". Those being hanged had their arms pinioned to their sides with leather straps before being walked to the gallows, where they were placed on a trapdoor and their heads and faces covered with a white cap, or hood. The purpose of the hood was to prevent the prisoner seeing the hangman pull the lever that released the trapdoor – and thus attempting to jump at the critical moment – and to hide from spectators any agony on the dying prisoner's face. After the noose had been secured around each victim's neck and the hangman had retired to a safe distance, the trapdoor was released. The bodies were left hanging for some time to ensure that death had occurred, before being lowered to the ground. Calcraft employed the short-drop method of execution, in which the drop through the trapdoor might be around or so. That was often insufficient to break the prisoner's neck, and therefore death was not always instantaneous, typically occurring slowly by strangulation. Historians Anthony Stokes and Theodore Dalrymple have suggested that Calcraft's "controversial" use of the short-drop allowed him a couple of minutes to entertain the large crowds of 30,000 plus that sometimes attended his public executions. "Renowned for his poor taste", he would sometimes swing from his victim's legs or climb onto their shoulders in an attempt to break their necks. In one of the first executions Calcraft carried out at the new Reading Gaol his victim, Thomas Jennings, took more than three minutes to die. On 31 March 1856, Calcraft executed William Bousfield, but a threat he had received that he would be shot on the scaffold unnerved him. After releasing the bolt securing the trapdoor on which the condemned man was standing, Calcraft ran off, leaving Bousfield hanging; a few moments later Bousfield raised one of his legs to support himself on the platform. Calcraft's assistant tried to push the victim off, but Bousfield repeatedly succeeded in supporting himself. The officiating chaplain forced the frightened Calcraft to return to the scaffold, where he "threw himself around his [Bousfield's] legs and by the force of his weight finally succeeded in strangling him". Calcraft's bungling became the subject of a popular ballad. Calcraft was also reportedly nervous of executing Fenians, because of threats he had received. On 22 November 1867 he officiated at the public execution of William Philip Allen, Michael Larkin, and Michael O'Brien, who became known as the Manchester Martyrs. The three Fenians had been found guilty of the murder of a police officer, and were hanged together. Most accounts claim that Allen died almost instantaneously from a broken neck, but Larkin and O'Brien were not so fortunate. A Catholic priest in attendance, Father Gadd, reported that: Father Gadd refused to allow Calcraft to dispatch O'Brien in the same way, and so "for three-quarters of an hour the good priest [Father Gadd] knelt, holding the dying man's hands within his own, reciting the prayers for the dying. Then the long drawn out agony ended." Towards the end of his career the feeling began to be expressed in the press that Calcraft's age was catching up with him. On 15 November 1869, aged 69, Calcraft executed Joseph Welsh, for murder, at Maidstone Gaol. Reporting on the execution The Times commented that "the adjustment of the rope was slow and bungling, and such as to show that Calcraft's age has unfitted him for his occupation". Later life By 1869 Calcraft's mother, Sarah, was living as a pauper in a workhouse at Hatfield Peverel near Chelmsford. Calcraft was ordered to pay 3 shillings a week towards her upkeep, to which he objected, arguing that his brother and sister should be made to help, and that he had three children of his own to support, although there is no record of his marriage. After reluctantly being forced to retire from office because of old age in 1874, Calcraft received a pension of 25 shillings a week from the City of London and was succeeded as hangman by William Marwood. Although as a younger man Calcraft had been considered to be "genial", with a love of breeding rabbits, in his later years he was described as "surly and sinister-looking, with long hair and beard, in scruffy black attire and a fob chain". Calcraft died at Poole Street in Hoxton, on 13 December 1879 and is buried in Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington. An obituary published in The New York Times on 1 January 1880 reported that "Several so-called biographies of Calcraft were published during his lifetime, but all are notable for a narrow stream of fact meandering through a broad meadow of commentary, and not one may be considered worthy of the subject or to be relied on for a strict accuracy of statement". The earliest of them was an octavo pamphlet published in 1846 entitled The Groans of the Gallows; or; The Past and Present Life of William Calcraft, the Living Hangman of Newgate. References Citations Bibliography External links English executioners People from the City of Chelmsford 1800 births 1879 deaths

13922156

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylocostal%20dysostosis

Spondylocostal dysostosis

Spondylocostal dysostosis, also known as Jarcho-Levin syndrome (JLS), is a rare, heritable axial skeleton growth disorder. It is characterized by widespread and sometimes severe malformations of the vertebral column and ribs, shortened thorax, and moderate to severe scoliosis and kyphosis. Individuals with Jarcho-Levin typically appear to have a short trunk and neck, with arms appearing relatively long in comparison, and a slightly protuberant abdomen. Severely affected individuals may have life-threatening pulmonary complications due to deformities of the thorax. The syndrome was first described by Saul Jarcho and Paul M. Levin at Johns Hopkins University in 1938. Genetics Types include: Diagnosis Subtypes and characteristics In 1968, Dr. David Rimoin and colleagues in Baltimore first distinguished between the two major presentations of Jarcho-Levin. Both conditions were characterized as failures of proper vertebral segmentation. However, the condition within the family described in their article appeared to be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and had a less severe course than that reported by other investigators. They specified their condition as spondylocostal dysplasia, which has since become known as spondylocostal dysostosis. The subtype of Jarcho-Levin with which they contrasted their reported cases to is now known as spondylothoracic dysplasia. Spondylothoracic dysplasia Spondylothoracic dysplasia, or STD, has been repeatedly described as an autosomal recessively inherited condition that results in a characteristic fan-like configuration of the ribs with minimal intrinsic rib anomalies. Infants born with this condition typically died early in life due to recurrent respiratory infections and pneumonia due to their restricted thorax. Recently, a report has documented that actual mortality associated with STD is only about 50%, with many survivors leading healthy, independent lives. Spondylocostal dysostosis In contrast to STD, the subtype spondylocostal dysostosis, or SCD features intrinsic rib anomalies, in addition to vertebral anomalies. Intrinsic rib anomalies include defects such as bifurcation, broadening and fusion that are not directly related to the vertebral anomalies (such as in STD, where extensive posterior rib fusion occurs due to segmentation defects and extreme shortening of the thoracic vertebral column). In both subtypes, the pulmonary restriction may result in pulmonary hypertension, and have other potential cardiac implications. Management Prognosis Babies born with Jarcho-Levin may be very healthy and grow up to lead normal lives. However, many individuals with Jarcho-Levin suffer from problems of respiratory insufficiency secondary to volume-restricted thoraces. These individuals will often develop pulmonary complications and die in infancy or early childhood. The disparity in outcomes of those with the syndrome is related to the fact that Jarcho-Levin actually encompasses two or more distinct syndromes, each with its own range of prognoses. The syndromes currently recognized as subtypes of Jarcho-Levin are termed spondylothoracic dysplasia and spondylocostal dysostosis. The disease is related to the SRRT gene. Epidemiology To date about 20 cases of Spondylocostal dysostosis have been reported in literature. Terminology "Type 1" is also known as "Jarcho-Levin syndrome", or "JLS". While clinicians almost unanimously refer to the syndrome as "Jarcho-Levin", reports have variously labelled or referred to the condition as all of the following: Hereditary malformations of the vertebral bodies, hereditary multiple hemivertebrae, syndrome of bizarre vertebral anomalies, spondylocostal dysplasia, spondylothoracic dysplasia, costovertebral anomalies, costovertebral dysplasia, spondylothoracic dysplasia, occipito-facial-cervico-thoracic-abdomino-digital dysplasia (deemed "ridiculously long" and "unwarranted" by OMIM), and spondylocostal dysostosis. A closely related condition termed "Costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia and peculiar facies", or Covesdem syndrome, was first described in 1978 in India. References Further reading GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Spondylocostal Dysostosis, Autosomal Recessive. External links Genetic disorders by system

13922160

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAn%20B%C3%A1i%20mutiny

Yên Bái mutiny

The Yên Bái mutiny (, "Yên Bái general uprising") was an uprising of Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army on 10 February 1930. This took place in collaboration with civilian supporters who were members of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party). The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial regime and establish independence. The VNQDĐ had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny on their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. Shortly after midnight on 10 February, about 50 Vietnamese soldiers (Tirailleurs indochinois) of the 4th Regiment of Tonkinese Rifles within the Yên Bái garrison turned on their French officers with assistance from about 60 civilian VNQDĐ members who invaded the camp from the outside. The mutiny failed within 24 hours when the majority of the Vietnamese soldiers in the garrison refused to participate and remained loyal to the colonial army. Further sporadic attacks occurred across the Delta region, with little impact. French retribution to the attack was swift and decisive. The main leaders of the VNQDĐ were arrested, tried and put to death, effectively ending the military threat of what was previously the leading Vietnamese nationalist revolutionary organisation. Background and planning Vietnam had gradually become a French colony between 1859 and 1883. The first phase started in 1859, when French and Spanish forces began an invasion of southern Vietnam, leading to the ceding of three southern provinces to form the colony of Cochinchina under the Treaty of Saigon in 1864. In 1867, the French seized three further provinces and by 1883, the process was complete, when northern and central Vietnam were conquered and made into the French protectorates of Tonkin and Annam and incorporated into French Indochina. Initially, military resistance to French rule came through the Cần Vương movement led by Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng, which sought to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent nation. However, with the death of Phùng in 1895, military opposition effectively ended. The only other notable incidents after this came in 1917 with the Thai Nguyen rebellion. The lack of militant activity changed in the late 1920s with the formation of the VNQDĐ, or Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The party began to generate attention among French colonial authorities and was blamed for the assassination of Bazin on 9 February 1929, a French labour recruiter despised among the populace, leading to a heavy French crackdown. The French purges caused considerable detriment to the independence movement in general and the VNQDĐ in particular. Nearly 1000 VNQDĐ members were arrested; the demolition of many of the Party's facilities ensued. The VNQDĐ decided to abandon its clandestine philosophy and engage in open attacks against the French, hoping to foment a general uprising among the people. A minority felt that even though there was a danger that French crackdowns would irreparably weaken the party, they should try and bide their time and go into hiding in the mountainous Hoa Binh Province and focus on writing propaganda books and pamphlets, and take an extended period to prepare a large armed attack. It has also been alleged that Ho Chi Minh had tried to contact the VNQDD leadership to try and advise them to bide their time. Recruitment campaigns and grassroots activist drives were put in place, even though the VNQDD were realistic and understood that their assault was unlikely to succeed. The village elders were used to mobilise neighbours into the political movement. Others travelled to nearby villages and tried to recruit younger members by invoking the success of Japan in militarily defeating Russia in 1905 and Kuomintang in China. The party logic was "Even if victory is not achieved, we will fully mature as human beings with our [heroic] efforts". Since the VNQDĐ was only strong in the northern areas of Vietnam, the attacks were to be staged in the Red River Delta, and the garrison at Yen Bay was identified as a key point. The French authorities used Vietnamese soldiers and VNQDĐ members were among the garrison at Yen Bay; they engaged in cajoling their colleagues with revolutionary rhetoric. Although armed resistance had died down since World War I, the Red River area of northern Vietnam, which included Yên Bái, had been a disproportionate source of nationalist militancy since the French colonisation. However, the preparation for the planned uprising was affected by discoveries of arms caches and propaganda material. In part, this was due to a high-ranking informer, Pham Thanh Duong, who was on the VNQDD's Central Committee as the head of military affairs. A high-level planning meeting was held on 1 November 1929, and this was soon reported in full to local colonial officials and military intelligence. At this meeting, the VNQDD leader Nguyễn Thái Học asked for a map of the French military airfield at Bach Mai and assigned Duong the responsibility of recruiting personnel for an attack. Discussions were also held for the finalisation of plans of attack on Nam Dinh, Lang Son, Haiphong, Bac Ninh and Mong Cai, although an intended assault on the capital Hanoi was still not ready. Hoc told Duong that several hundreds of civilians would be found for the airfield attack, and that sufficient food and weaponry was available for participants. Two days later, at another meeting, the leadership discussed the importance of holding the towns to be attacked for several days so that exiled Vietnamese could arrive from China. The VNQDD leadership also discussed the need to try and widen the attacks to areas in central and southern Vietnam, and to recruit Vietnamese soldiers who were members of the colonial army. On 24 November 1929, in preparation for the attack, the VNQDD formed a provisional government in anticipation of ending French rule. This occurred in the presence of 13 provincial VNQDD leaders. Hoc was elected president, Nhu vice president, Chinh the interior minister, and Duong the military affairs minister. On 25 December 1929, the French authorities made an attempt to arrest the whole VNQDD leadership in a raid on a planning meeting at Vong La, having been tipped off by Duong. The VNQDD leaders narrowly escaped, learning of Duong's role in the process. Duong was later shot in the abdomen by VNQDD members in Hanoi in May 1930, seriously injuring him. Chinh was taken by Nguyen Dac Bang to the latter's village in Son Duong to recover from injuries caused in the raid, and the village turned out to be a focal point for the preparations for the attack, serving as the de facto regional headquarters. Throughout the latter part of 1929, more VNQDD members came to Son Duong to hide and continue preparations. With the knowledge that an attack was going to take place, and due to prior disturbances, French colonial authorities took measures within the colonial forces to try and dilute the effect of any anticipated mutiny. There had been specific concerns about the fidelity of Vietnamese troops in the garrisons located at Hanoi and Nam Dinh, and plans to transfer some troops to remote areas to lower the level of Vietnamese troops in these areas had been discussed. A number of Vietnamese warrant officers, who had been charged with disciplining their Vietnamese enlisted men, had already been transferred away from larger centres, disrupting VNQDD attempts to foment an insurrection within the colonial military. At a more general level, large-scale arrests in the provinces of Kiên An, Hai Duong, Vinh Yên, Bac Ninh and Bac Giang had also compromised the planned military campaigns in those localities. Despite the fact that Duong's cover had been blown, the French authorities still continued to receive some intelligence indicating that attacks were planned for northern Vietnam during the Lunar New Year period in early February. Military and civilian colonial leaders were placed on alert and efforts were made to clamp down on the propagation of any anti-colonial sentiments among Vietnamese soldiers. Having been warned of an impending attack on the town of Hung Hoa in Phu Tho Province, 50 additional soldiers were brought in on the eve of the attack, something the VNQDD was unaware of. On 28 January 1930, a final planning meeting was held in the village of Vong La in Phú Thọ Province. The VNQDĐ leader Nguyễn Thái Học declared that the situation was reaching desperation, and asserted that if the party did not act soon, they would be scattered by French police. Học built up enthusiasm for the revolt, and those who were reluctant to carry through were coerced into complying. The uprising was set for the night of 9 February and the small hours of the following day. Hoc was to command forces in the lower Red River Delta near the city of Haiphong, Nguyen Khac Nhu was assigned the upper delta around Yên Bái and Pho Duc Chinh was to lead an attack on the military post at Sơn Tây. Nguyen The Nghiep, who had split with the main body of the VNQDĐ, led a group who was now across the Chinese border in Yunnan province. He said that he had the support of local soldiers at the Lào Cai garrison and would launch attacks on French border posts, so exiled VNQDĐ members could re-enter Vietnam and join the uprising. The uprisings were supposed to be simultaneous, but Học sent a last-minute order to Nhu to postpone action until 15 February. The messenger was arrested by the French and Nhu was unaware of the change in schedule. Yen Bay was a military post comprising more than 600 troops in four companies of infantry. These were commanded by 20 French officers and non-commissioned officers. VNQDĐ members had been espousing revolutionary sentiment in the area for several months and there was considerable tension in the town leading up to the planned mutiny. The nearby village of Sơn Dương in Phú Thọ was a hotbed of preparations, as many of the bombs and hand grenades used by the VNQDĐ were manufactured there. These were made from cast iron shells or cement opium containers that were then filled with gunpowder. More than 100 bombs by around 20 militants were made at the home of Nguyen Dac Bang, who also organised the drafting and printing of propaganda leaflets—for distribution among soldiers and civilians alike—and led the recruitment of villagers in his area. Over the course of the preparations, the village administrators, who were part of the French regime, joined the movement and did not report the activities to their colonial superiors. It was there that Nhu prepared a command post to coordinate what would be the centrepiece of the attack, the assaults against Yên Bái and Phú Thọ. Bombs and other weapons were also manufactured in Cao Mai and Xuan Lung in the district of Lam Thao. Some VNQDĐ members, villagers from Sơn Dương and other settlements in Lâm Thao District, both male and female, had begun to arrive in Yen Bay with weapons in their baggage. They travelled to the garrison town by train on the pretence of going on a pilgrimage to a noted temple. They carried bombs, scimitars, and insignia, which they hid under religious material, such as incense and fruit and flowers that were to be offered at the altar. The group split into three and disembarked at three different stations in order to avoid raising the suspicion of the police. They were then led to hideouts by those Vietnamese soldiers in the colonial army who were in league with them. Contemporaneous French military reports and a VNQDD member suggested that there were around 200 people from Phu Tho province, but the final French report estimated 60 participants based on the fluctuation in the number of fourth-class train tickets sold for the relevant rail service. On 9 February, the evening before the attacks, back in Sơn Dương, a large contingent of rebels made their final preparations before heading into battle. They met at three points; the homes of Bang and the local Confucian scholar, and in the fields. They then joined together for a final meeting before Nhu divided the combined forces in two groups. Nhu led one towards a barracks in Hưng Hóa, while the other would attack the town facilities in the district capital of Lâm Thao. Some members of the rebels wore khaki uniforms and they departed for their objective after midnight. Nhu was armed with the pistol, while the others were each given a scimitar and two bombs. The groups traversed rivers on boats and arrived outside their attack points, where they were to synchronised their assaults by sending a light signal. The local French commander at Yên Bái had been warned of suspicious circumstances, and although he gave them no credence, he did implement minor precautions. At nightfall, the VNQDĐ conspirators in Yên Bái held a final meeting on a nearby hill. They wore red and gold silk headbands. The red stood for revolution and the gold represented the Vietnamese people. They donned red armbands with the words "Vietnamese Revolutionary Forces". Around forty attended and some wanted to back down, but the remainder threatened to have them shot. Military mutiny At around 1:30 a.m. on Monday, 10 February 1930, approximately 50 indigenous soldiers belonging to the Second Battalion of the Fourth Regiment of Tonkinese Rifles (Régiment de Tirailleurs Tonkinois), stationed at Yên Bái and reinforced by around 60 civilian members of the VNQDĐ, attacked their 29 French officers and warrant officers. The plan was for the rebels to split into three groups. One group was to infiltrate the infantry barracks, kill French NCOs in their beds and raise support amongst the Vietnamese troops; a second, which was to include the external VNQDD members, was to fight its way into the post headquarters, while the third group would enter the officers' quarters. The longer-term goal was to capture the barracks, secure the city, set up anti-aircraft guns in the hills and create a strong point around the railway station. They were to dig trenches around it to defend it from incoming colonial forces. The Frenchmen were caught off guard and five were killed, with three seriously wounded. The mutineers managed to win over a few more tirailleurs from the 5th and 6th companies of the battalion, and raised the flag of the VNQDĐ on top of one of the buildings. They captured the armoury and proclaimed victory. The leaders of the uprising sent a patrol into the centre of the town to exhort the populace to join the insurrection, falsely claiming that they had already eliminated the entire French officer corps. In part, the authorities in Yên Bai did not anticipate the attack as well as they could have, due to a lack of coordination between military and civilian authorities. The garrison commander saw the base as being outside the realm of civilian administration, and the awkwardness between the military and civilian administrators was accentuated by the fact that the civilian résident had previously been an officer with a lower rank than the garrison commander. However, about two hours later, it became apparent that the badly coordinated uprising had failed, as the remaining 550 native soldiers refused to participate in the mutiny, instead helping to quell the rebellion. Some went into the town to protect French civilians and office buildings from attack. Three Vietnamese sergeants were subsequently awarded the Médaille militaire for their role in the suppression of the mutiny, while six other tirailleurs received the Croix de Guerre. The attack initially generated confusion among the French administration. It was widely reported by the French media in Vietnam and Europe that the Indochinese Communist Party had organised the uprising, and this was also relayed by local colonial authorities in Vietnam back to the Minister of Colonies, who still maintained his belief that the communists had been responsible three decades after the event. Due to the failure of their attempt to take control of the barracks, the VNQDĐ leaders did not achieve their goal of seizing the train station. They also failed to cut the telegraph lines, allowing the colonial forces to send a message requesting air support. One reason given to explain the failure of the bulk of the garrison to support the rebels was that a local VNQDĐ leader inside the garrison, Quang Can, had fallen ill in the lead-up and was sent to a hospital in Hanoi. When he heard of the failed uprising, he committed suicide. In addition, the insurrectionists had failed to liquidate the Garde indigène (native gendarmerie) post of Yen Bay town and were unable to convince the frightened civilian population to join them in a general revolt. At 07:30, a counterattack by tirailleurs of the 8th company of the battalion led by their French commander, backed by a single aircraft, scattered the mutineers; two hours later, order was re-established in Yen Bay. VNQDD uprising On the same evening, the two VNQDĐ insurrectionary attempts in the Sơn Dương sector also failed. When Nhu saw the light flashing from Lam Thao, he ordered his men—numbering around 40—to enter Hung Hoa and head for the barracks, to raid the Garde indigène post. Nhu's men traversed the streets and avoided passing the French administrative offices and arrived at the military complex, shouting at the Vietnamese sentries to open the doors and join the revolt. One of the VNQDĐ militants carried a banner saying "Revolutionary Armed Forces: Every Sacrifice for the Liberation of the Fatherland and the Vietnamese People". They had banked on their countrymen joining them, but instead were met with gunfire. The VNQDĐ responded by throwing bombs over the walls and setting fire to a side door. They then forced their way in and focused their attack on the residence of the commanding officer, but he managed to escape. Three of the men penetrated the officers' compound to mount a search. The colonial forces were stronger and easily repelled the VNQDĐ group, who retreated and headed towards the river. However, their three comrades were in the compound searching for the commanding officer and did not hear the signal to retreat. Nevertheless, they were able to escape after the colonial troops had already dispersed their VNQDĐ colleagues. The French captured three other men and 17 unused bombs. It appeared that certain of the Vietnamese soldiers and Garde indigène gendarmes comprising the Hưng Hóa garrison had received prior warning of the insurrection. The VNQDĐ members had done propaganda work in trying to cultivate the Hưng Hóa tirailleurs in the past and were confident of being able to sway them. Possibly wary of the loyalty of the locally recruited tirailleurs and gardes, French officials had brought in 50 troops from another area on the eve of the uprising. Nhu then decided that his men would go to Lâm Thao to reinforce their colleagues. On the way, they stopped at the nearby town of Kinh Khe, where the instructor, Nguyen Quang Kinh, and one of his two wives were slain by VNQDĐ members in an apparent revenge killing. Kinh had previously been affiliated with the VNQDĐ, whose members took him away. His wife had tried to follow him, so the VNQDĐ captured her as well. French intelligence reports speculated that Kinh had been killed because he would not join his former colleagues. Nhu then led his men through Lâm Thao. The plan was that they would help to consolidate the other unit's control on the town until the afternoon. They were hopeful that the attack in Yên Bái would have been successfully completed by then, and that the mutineers and people of Yên Bái would come to Lâm Thao and stage their forces before attacking the barracks at Phu Tho. However, they were not fast enough. Earlier in the night, the VNQDĐ group at Lâm Thao had managed to destroy the Garde indigène post in Lâm Thao and the VNQDĐ briefly seized control of the district seat. They had disarmed the Vietnamese personnel of the Garde indigène detachment in the town and the district chief fled, so the nationalists were able to burn down his quarters. A young VNQDĐ member had rallied the town's population by propounding the plans of the VNQDĐ, and the population in the surrounding areas responded by entering the town shouting nationalist slogans and offering to either volunteer to join the uprising or donate food supplies. The VNQDĐ flag was raised over the town and a proclamation of victory was read out. At sunrise, a newly arrived Garde indigène unit inflicted heavy losses on the insurgent group, mortally wounding Nhu, one of the main leaders of the VNQDĐ. Nhu attempted to commit suicide, finally succeeding on the third attempt. Many of the rebels were captured and the remainder retreated. Aware of what had happened in the upper delta region, Chinh abandoned plans for an attack on the Sơn Tây garrison and fled, but he was captured a few days later by French authorities. The French imposed a curfew on Hanoi, the capital of northern Vietnam for 12 days. French troops were sent to Sơn Tây and Phu Tho where attacks by the VNQDD had been planned, and reinforcements were sent to Tuyên Quang, Nam Định and Hải Dương as well. Garrisons that consisted entirely of Vietnamese were reinforced with French soldiers. A few further violent incidents occurred until 22 February, when Governor-General of French Indochina Pierre Pasquier declared that the insurrection had been defeated. On 10 February, a policeman was injured by a VNQDĐ member at a checkpoint in Hanoi; at night, arts students pelted government buildings with bombs. The buildings were targeted because they symbolised what the students regarded as the colonial state's repressive power. On the night of 15 February and the early morning of 16 February, the nearby villages of Phu Duc in Thái Bình Province and Vĩnh Bảo in Hải Dương Province were seized for a few hours by the leader of the VNQDĐ, Nguyễn Thái Học, and his remaining forces. In the first case, the VNQDD fighters disguised themselves as colonial troops and managed to trick their opponents, before seizing the military post in the town. In the process, they wounded three guards and disarmed the post. In the second village, the local mandarin representing the French colonial government, Tri Huyen, was murdered. After being driven out, the VNQDĐ fled to the village of Co Am. On 16 February, French warplanes responded by bombarding the settlement. It was the first time that air power had been used in Indochina. Five wooden Potez 35 biplanes dropped 60 10 kg bombs on the village and raked machine-gun fire indiscriminately, killing 200, mostly civilians. On the same day, Tonkin's Resident Superior René Robin, ordered a mopping-up operation involving two hundred Gardes indigènes under eight French commanders and two Sûreté inspectors. The insurrection was officially declared over on 22 February, after Hoc and his lieutenants, Pho Duc Chinh and Nguyen Thanh Loi, were apprehended while trying to flee into China. Robin told his officials to publicise the punitive bombing of the village in order to intimidate and dissuade other settlements from supporting the VNQDĐ. In response to the VNQDD attacks, the French engaged in punitive raids into Sơn Dương, burning down 69 homes, forcing the villages to pay extra taxes and perform corvee labour to rebuild the destroyed French property in Lâm Thao. The villagers were then fined and forced at gunpoint to walk 16 km to Lam Thao from their village to deliver bamboo to the French authorities. In Son Duong and other villages, the large bamboo hedge enclosing the settlements were removed in an attempt to "shame" the populace, who were now "exposed" to the outside world. The troops at Yên Bái initiated a security crackdown by banning local boats from travelling along the Red River and preventing the transport of merchandise by other means, resulting in 10,000 piasters of lost revenue in the space of a month. The anthropologist and historian Hy V. Luong said that although the failure of the attack was not unexpected given the imbalance in resources, he also noted that the VNQDD support base was overwhelming restricted to the educated urban class rather than the rural masses, and was thus not suited for a protracted guerrilla given that it had not cultivated the population for that purpose. French reaction Neither the mutiny nor the popular uprising came entirely as a surprise to the French authorities. The colonial government's first large scale crackdown on the VNQDD in 1929 had substantially damaged the party, which had modelled itself on the Chinese Kuomintang of Chiang Kai-shek. The crackdown also had the effect of increasing the violent tendencies within what remained of the VNQDĐ. Its remaining leadership was now willing to intensify preparations for a violent overthrow of colonial rule to create an independent Vietnamese republic. Most of the party's leadership ranks, but not its lower-ranking members and affiliates, seem to have concluded that they were too weak and too closely spied on by the Sûreté to have a meaningful chance of success. At the most optimistic, they could hope to trigger a spontaneous uprising; at the worst, the subsequent French reprisals would transform them into anti-colonial martyrs. Finally, there was disagreement or a communication problem over the timing of the insurrection: after Hoc had ordered the postponement of the mutiny, Nhu still proceeded. Judicial measures One of the first responses taken in the aftermath of Yen Bay mutiny was the "purification of units and the sending of those contaminated into detention or into isolated disciplinary units". This consisted of an internal army purge organised by military authorities, and the prosecution of civilian and military participants in the mutiny and in the VNQDĐ uprising at large by the relevant civilian authorities. The judicial action occurred through the Criminal Commission of Tonkin, created by Governor General Pasquier on 12 February, and presided over by Jules Bride. It convened five times in four different places during 1930. It prosecuted 547 individuals, soldiers and civilians alike, and handed down 80 death sentences (not all of which were enacted), 102 life sentences of forced labour, 243 deportations, 37 sentences of forced labour for 20 years, six shorter sentences of forced labour, two lifelong detentions, and one term detention for 20 years. There were 18 acquittals, and 58 accused individuals could not be prosecuted due to lack of evidence. In addition to the Criminal Commission, provincial tribunals were also involved in the legal procedures. The prisoners who were deported were sent to places such as the island penal colony of Poulo Condore off the coast of southern Vietnam, or to French Guiana to join other prisoners from events such at the Thai Nguyen uprising of 1917, where a prison camp was being used to clear land for economic development. The largest number of death penalties were handed down by the first Criminal Commission, which had convened at Yen Bay on 27 February, just 17 days after the attacks, to try those implicated in the mutiny and nearby insurrections. The Criminal Commission was actually a military court that held proceedings in makeshift chambers in the barracks. Some of the accused military personnel defended themselves on the reasoning that they had been "surprised and forced to take part in the insurrection". The other defendants, military or civilian, accepted full responsibility for all actions, including for those of the men under their command, while some others denied any involvement. Some mid-level leaders admitted to carrying out the actions in question but said that they did not constitute crimes but duties to the country or party and therefore did not constitute personal fault. Alternatively, they submitted that they were following orders and therefore not responsible. In contrast, Hoc described himself as a professional revolutionary and took responsibility for the entire campaign. He presented himself as the VNQDD leader and then gave a political speech about the VNQDD's objectives and why non-violent lobbying was ineffective, before being cut off by the presiding judge. At various times, the high-ranking VNQDD members mixed anti-colonial rhetoric based on anecdotes of prior anti-Chinese and anti-French warriors, with French history and political thought regarding civil rights, which according to Luong, showed the influence of French education on the political base of the VNQDD. He cited the examples of Hoc—who used terms such as equality and liberty repeatedly—and that of the sister of Hoc's fiancée, who said the colonial situation was unjust and inconsistent with the French esteem for Joan of Arc. Among the 87 people found guilty at Yen Bay, 46 were servicemen. Of those convicted, 39 were sentenced to death, five to deportation, 33 to life sentences of forced labour, nine to 20 years, and one to five years of forced labour. Among those condemned to death, 24 were civilians and 15 were servicemen. In a session of the Criminal Commission at Phu Tho, some defendants were sentenced to life exile in other French colonies for donating as little as 100 piasters to the cause, even though in some of these cases, the authorities admitted they could not prove the defendants were members of the VNQDD. Hoc and others in the leadership group—with the exception of Chinh—tried to appeal their death sentences to the Council of the Protectorate, and after this failed, they sought clemency. Immediately after the large number of death sentences were handed down and while the appeals and clemency requests were being considered, there was vigorous debate over the appropriateness of the judicial measures. Those associated with the colonial regime in Vietnam strongly advocated harsh punishments and a further expansion of power, while domestic authorities in France took a more moderate stance in public due to the presence of leftist political movements. In contrast, Vietnamese public servants disagreed with the opinions of their French colonial supervisors. In March 1930, M Borel, the French delegate to the High Council of Colonies from northern Vietnam called a meeting of local officials with the intention of using it as a show of political support for granting wider powers to colonial authorities to crack down on pro-independence activities. However, this backfired, as the Vietnamese bureaucrats had already unanimously agreed beforehand at a meeting of the Tonkin Chamber of Representatives beforehand to raise the issues of the punitive bombing of Co Am and the death penalty. When the meeting occurred with Borel, they opposed a motion to increase the authority of French officials and opposed a motion to endorse the sentences handed down by the military courts, having tried to delay proceedings with time-wasting speeches. They also called for more Vietnamese participation in the colonial army, and the rescission of the blacklisting of various students from serving in government posts in future for past political agitation. Eventually the local bureaucrats walked out and the French officials voted to increase the powers of the Governor-General of Indochina, purportedly allowing him to review capital punishment cases without requiring final approval from Paris. This motion was not binding on the central government in Paris but was reported widely in the media in both France and Vietnam. In France, the severity of the sentences led to a campaign by the French Communist Party, the French Human Rights League (FHRL) and to various demonstrations by Vietnamese expatriates. At the time, more than 1,500 Vietnamese students were resident in France, particularly in Paris. On 22 May 1930, more than 1,000 demonstrated outside Élysée Palace against the French reaction to Yen Bay. The police arrested 47 and eventually deported 17 back to Vietnam, where most of them engaged in communist anti-colonial activities. This occurred in defiance of a court order that deemed the government's charges against them to be unfounded, and led to combative debate in the National Assembly between the Communist and Socialist Parties on one side and the conservative majority on the other. Due to the high number of death sentences handed down, the Minister of Colonies intervened with Governor-General Pasquier, so that no execution could be performed unless the case had been reviewed by a pardoning commission. The presidential pardon reduced the quantity of death penalties pronounced at the first Criminal Commission at Yen Bay from 39 to 13. Pardon was refused only to those who had killed a French officer, warrant officer, or a native soldier. The civilians benefited proportionately more from this intervention, as the enlisted soldiers had been responsible for most of the killings at Yen Bay. Among the 13 who were guillotined on 17 June 1930 were the top VNQDĐ leaders, Hoc and Chinh. The condemned men cried "Viet Nam!" as they were to be executed. Hoc's fiancée committed suicide later on the same day. Hoc made a last plea to the French in the form of a letter. In it, he claimed that he had always wanted to cooperate with the authorities, but that French intransigence had forced him to revolt. He contended that if France wanted to stay in Indochina, then it would have to drop policies that he termed as brutal, and become more amiable towards Vietnamese people. He called for the introduction of universal education, training in commerce and industry and an end to the corruption of the French-installed mandarins. The magazine Phu Nu Tan Van (Women’s News) disseminated pictures of the condemned VNQDĐ members in one of their issues, raising the stature of the revolutionaries in death. The punitive bombing of Co Am also led to criticism of the French government. The central government in Paris defended the actions of their officials in Vietnam, citing prior instances in 1912, 1917 and 1920 when airstrikes were used to suppress anti-colonial revolts while minimising regime casualties. Resident Superior Robin strongly defended his policy of airstrikes, saying that as it was well known that the populace was hostile to French authority, it was pointless to risk French casualties, which he felt would embolden nationalist morale. He said: The FHRL also raised the issue of the punitive house-burning in Son Duong, corresponding with the Ministry of Colonies regarding the legality of the property damage. The FHRL claimed that the burning of dwellings was punishable by death under both Vietnamese and French law. In 1932, the Ministry of Colonies responded and said that the burnings were done with the approval of village elders. The response followed a similar line of deterrence reasoning to the justification for the airstrikes on Co Am. It said "Any other method would have been considered a sign of weakness ... it would have led us not to the destruction of a few thatch houses, but to the use of arms and the sacrifice of a much larger number of people under our protection who might have been drawn into that movement". There were also penalties enacted against the French officers whose neglectful behaviour had contributed to the mutiny at Yen Bay. Resident Superior Robin released Resident Massimi from his duties immediately after the mutiny. No punishment was handed down to Commandant Le Tacon, the main person responsible for the security at Yen Bay which had failed to stop the mutiny. Neither Robin nor General Aubert, who were ultimately accountable for the failures of their subordinates, were punished. The former remained in Indochina as Governor General until retiring in 1936. Aubert returned to France when his three-year term ended in the autumn of 1930. General Commandant Superior Aubert, who had been so lenient towards Le Tacon, organised an internal army purge in parallel with the trials of the Criminal Commissions. Its objectives were to reassert control over the native armed forces in Tonkin by identifying, penalising, isolating, and re-educating disloyal troops, thereby setting an example to the others. According to Patrice Morlat, "545 tirailleurs and warrant officers were the object of sanctions: 164 were transferred into disciplinary companies in Tonkin, 94 to Africa..., 57 were handed over to the civilian jurisdiction, and 160 were reduced to the ranks and put on leave without pay." Such remedial actions demonstrated the level of infiltration of the army, and clearly showed that the predominant culpability for the mutiny was seen to be placed squarely on the Vietnamese. In contrast with the first phase of suppression of the VNQDD in 1929, when 121 soldiers suspected of having VNQDĐ membership were punished and 40 put under investigation by the Sûreté, the measures taken after Yen Bay were far more extensive and harsh. More than 500 out of Tonkin's 12,000 indigenous soldiers, a percentage of 4.5%, were punished by the military, demonstrating the extent to which Vietnamese soldiers in the north were seen to be involved in activities contrary to their military duty. At a more general social level, French authorities took a more stringent line towards any activities that could be considered pro-independence. The writing of pro-VNQDD songs were met with detention orders, and many village-level associations were banned due to fears they could be used for political organising. Many villages heavily affected by the mutiny and the subsequent crackdown saw a sudden increase in conversions to Catholicism, as many hoped that French priests would lobby the authorities for the sentences imposed on their friends and relatives to be reduced. Over the following decade, the proportion of Catholics in Phu Tho Province rose to 14%. In 1936, the leftist Popular Front came to power, resulting in a wave of sentence reductions, albeit with parole conditions that forced them to stay in their villages and periodically report to local authorities. There was also an increase in attempts to deter nationalist activists by attempting to give them low-level jobs in the administration, but this policy was not very successful. Impact on colonial rule The impact of the mutiny on French rule was minimal, in the short and long term. The military casualties inflicted on the French army in the attack were in single figures and the attack did not generate widespread awareness among the populace, as the intended popular uprising did not occur. Instead, the attack backfired and saw a large number of VNQDĐ members killed, captured or executed. The subsequent French military and civilian crackdown saw military security increase and the VNQDĐ's ability to threaten French authority in Vietnam was extinguished. The vast majority of the leadership were killed or sentenced to death, and the remnants of the VNQDĐ fled to China, where several factions emerged under disparate leadership. In the long run, Yên Bái allowed the Indochinese Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh to inherit the VNQDĐ's status as the leading anti-colonial revolutionary movement. After the Second World War, an opportunity to fight for Vietnamese independence arose, and this allowed the communists in the Viet Minh to dictate the platform of the independence movement. As a result, the communists were able to position themselves to become the dominant force in Vietnam post-independence. Military reforms precipitated by the mutiny The mutiny refocused attention on the long term tension over the use of Indochinese soldiers, and on the ways in which it could be resolved. The tension could be traced back to the creation of French Indochina. Cochinchina, the European term for southern Vietnam, had been colonised in 1867 and the remaining parts of Vietnam, Tonkin and Annam, the northern and central regions were conquered in 1883. Nominally, only Cochinchina was a colony, while Tonkin, Annam, Cambodia and Laos were protectorates which together comprised French Indochina. The problem centred around the French reliance on native soldiers to maintain colonial control. This need was problematic because Indo-Chinese soldiers were both enforcers of colonial order and colonial subjects. This created constant French concerns about their loyalty. Despite several attempts to deal with the issue, the basic tension between the need for and suspicion of native troops could never be entirely resolved. The need for forces to pacify the countryside was too pressing to do without them. As a result, the tension resurfaced at regular intervals, either due to proposals to improve the position of Indochinese soldiers in the army, or after a mutiny had raised question marks about the loyalty of the soldiers. Background of Vietnamese troops in the French colonial army The demand for Indochinese soldiers, auxiliaries first, and then regular troops, had been present since the beginning of French conquest. French troops were never numerically sufficient to assert control of the populace and then maintain Pax Gallica in the colony, thus requiring local reinforcements. French troops were too expensive compared to the substantially cheaper native troops. A lack of manpower back in Europe caused by other imperial programs and heavy casualties in World War I on the Western Front further caused a need for the recruitment of Indochinese troops. Because French Indochina was a domination and exploitation colony rather than a settler colony, there were insufficient local Frenchmen to build a settler-army. Native troops generally knew local conditions better, and could be used in terrain on which foreign troops were disadvantaged. Particularly after 1915, French Indochina was expected to financially contribute to the defence of the colony and even to send native troops to France. The indigenous soldiers fulfilled a number of different purposes. Initially they were collaborators in the conquest of Indochina, helping to defeat the forces of the Nguyễn dynasty and then in its pacification. After the pacification campaign was officially completed in 1897, the two main functions of the colonial army were the maintenance of internal peace and external security. Both these tasks were fulfilled in conjunction with other armed institutions, such as the Garde indigène (later indochinoise), the gendarmerie, the police, and the irregular partisans in the border regions. The Garde indigène, a paramilitary force, was primarily responsible for dealing with disturbances of the peace and thus played an important role in the repression of public demonstrations and popular unrest. The participation of native soldiers in the colonial forces was used as political symbolism, proof that the Union's five territories were rightfully under French tutelage. This was the "blood toll" to be paid for the Pax Gallica. In their position as colonisers and colonial subjects, the native colonial troops were also buffers between the French and the unarmed populace. Their presence demonstrated French control and power to the ordinary population, deterring those who intended to violently overthrow French rule. The dilemma was that the French needed local soldiers to maintain their authority, but could not rely on them too deeply because of an innate fear that they would rebel or desert. This concern was deeply institutionalized in the army in the form of "safe" ratios of "white" and "yellow" soldiers, the segregation of the army, and barriers excluding Vietnamese from becoming officers until 1929. The mutiny triggered the long existing fears about the loyalty of native soldiers, as well as many traditional French responses. Transfer of soldiers In addition to the individual military punishments, the army took further internal measures to lower the risk of another insurrection. According to Maurice Rives, 10,000 Vietnamese troops were given transfers to different zones. This meant that more than 80% of Tonkin's approximately 12,000 Tirailleurs Tonkinois were moved, a transfer of enormous proportions, indicating the extent of insecurity among French commanders towards Vietnamese troops, and the extent to which they were willing to go to make future Yên Báis impossible. One possible rationale for this measure was to break up any undiscovered VNQDĐ cells and to sever personal ties, within units and between soldiers and civilians in their local district. The mass transfer of soldiers also had the effect of creating a state of constant mobilisation, denying troops the time and opportunity for anti-colonial organisation. Aside from measures in Vietnam, 2,000 Indochinese soldiers returning from service in France were sent on indefinite leave and were not replaced with new recruits from Vietnam. The reason is put down by historians to be due to the fact that military discipline in France was less regimented than in Indochina and other colonial garrisons. In colonial units, the colonial military and social order with Frenchmen above their colonised troops was more easily reproduced. Metropolitan officers also treated their Vietnamese subordinates on a more equitable basis, making the Vietnamese less likely to accept the discrimination upon return to Vietnam. Overseas Vietnamese soldiers could become so alienated with their experiences that they became soft targets for communist propaganda. Upon returning home, they attempted to indoctrinate other troops with their Marxist doctrine. This train of thought further reinforced French perception that subversive ideas came from the outside rather than domestically: of the 57 soldiers involved in the mutiny, 17 had served abroad. On the other hand, according to the Thiry report, the proportion of soldiers with foreign service at Yên Bái did not exceed that in other garrisons, so this was not abnormal. Military intelligence reforms In addition to punishing soldiers, tightening dismissal regulations and reducing the number of Vietnamese servicemen in France, the French decided to improve the military intelligence service. This was to be achieved by strengthening military intelligence through closer coordination with the Sûreté, and by raising internal standards. An inquiry into the mutiny at showed that cooperation between Resident Massimi and Commandant Le Tacon did not exist despite multiple requests, and that it was partly responsible for the uprising. The relationship between the civilian and military authorities were traditionally poor, but Yên Bái stood out in the total lack of military-civilian cooperation. Further VNQDĐ conspiracies to foment mutinies in other garrisons, such as Kiến An, were detected and scotched at late notice. It was decided that the teamwork with the Sûreté had to be raised to greater heights to prevent future Yên Bái style rebellions. The rebellion allowed the civilian authorities an opportunity to involve themselves in military matters. The Sûreté's indirect penetration of military affairs involved linking the military intelligence service (SRM) to the Sûreté and the information provided by it, thereby making itself dependent on the political information and even political judgement and agenda of the civilian authorities. The central SRM then relayed this information to its local branches as part of its SRM Bulletin. As a result of the uprising, the SRM became more closely linked to the Sûreté and its methodology and philosophy in of analysing Vietnamese anti-colonial activity. It was further resolved to have all officers involved in studying revolutionary parties. The focus widened from observing only internal army activities to include developments among Vietnamese anti-colonial organisations at large. General Aubert cited complacency and laziness as a factor in the ineffectiveness of the officers in implementing French intelligence strategy. He further asserted that the flow of intelligence between French officers and Vietnamese warrant officers was not as smooth as desired. He felt that his men were often not tactful and discreet enough; citing a lack of language skills or interest in talking to their Vietnamese colleagues in an attempt to extract information. Aubert also believed that the Vietnamese troops were effective in hiding their anti-colonial sentiments from their French colleagues. In addition to the measures intended to help identify, isolate or eliminate soldiers of suspect loyalty, the regulations for dismissal were liberalised. A decree of 8 April 1930 permitted the General Commandant Superior "to discharge those soldiers who had been the object of convictions in excess of three months imprisonment by a military tribunal, or who would have rendered themselves guilty of activities contrary to military duty". Vietnamese language skills of French officers Aubert's notice stressed the importance of close contact between French officers and their Vietnamese warrant officers in order to improve the quality of intelligence, but did not discuss whether this also required French officers to improve their Vietnamese language skills. The annual report of 1930 considered the language barrier was a problem. The report mentioned creating a Vietnamese studies centre in France to increase the proportion of Vietnamese-speaking French officers to enhance direct communication with their Vietnamese subordinates. However, the report principally had in mind the use of language skills as a tool of command to reinforce hierarchical relationships. The report also considered using specialised Vietnamese language skills as a means of gathering intelligence and to control the minds of Vietnamese troops, but discarded it, citing that infiltration and clandestine anti-colonial techniques were rendering them irrelevant. The report thus concluded that deeper specialisation would not improve intelligence, and that a degree of expertise – to improve command skills – was all that one would need. The report further argued that excessive specialization would be counterproductive and thus detrimental because it required long tours in Indochina, which was deemed to be detrimental to the health of the specialist. It also aired suspicions that specialists became too trusting towards their Vietnamese subordinates, to the extent of becoming indigenophiles. Finally, specialisation was said to be detrimental because it would not only make Vietnamese troops more secretive, but would very likely improve their organisational abilities, since they would need to "take even more precautions". Decrease in the proportion of Vietnamese troops The French reaction to the mutiny included military punishments, new regulations, SRM institutional reform, reductions in the numbers of Vietnamese serving or working in France and increased specialisation amongst the units making up the garrison of Indochina. While these were wide-ranging changes, the military and civilian authorities did not judge them sufficient for the reassertion of control over their colonial troops. A further four decisions were implemented, aimed at establishing a stable racial balance amongst the troops in French Indochina. The number of ethnic Vietnamese soldiers was perceived as being too great. A change in recruitment and retention numbers was introduced, aimed at altering the overall ratios of troops in Indochina to a roughly equivalent proportion of one ethnic Vietnamese to each European regular or indigenous ethnic minority (Montagnards) soldier. The first of the four measures aimed at increasing the dependability of Vietnamese soldiers was intended to revise the ethnic proportions of the troops making up each garrison. The lack of European troops at Yên Bái had been cited as a factor in the mutiny (although it had been suppressed by Vietnamese tirailleurs who remained loyal to their French officers). The decision reversed a major reorganisation of the army that had been initiated by General Aubert in 1928. The most sweeping proposal was that made by Resident Superior Robin who wanted to "completely and radically abolish all regiments of Tirailleurs tonkinois (Vietnamese infantry) serving in the delta and the middle regions" and replace them with "white [Foreign] Legion or even North African battalions". This proposal was rejected by General Aubert, and eventually Governor General Pasquier adopted a compromise arrangement, which saw the disbandment of one regiment of Tirailleurs Tonkinois. Policy strategists calculated that this reduction in Vietnamese troops could be made up by a concomitant increase in the number of European and ethnic minority troops. The third decision involved the "[r]einforcement of the occupation corps by three white battalions: one Foreign Legion battalion, [and] two Colonial Infantry battalions". Since it was decided that the overall number of troops in Indochina could not be reduced for external defence reasons, this necessitated the replacement of at least the two disbanded Vietnamese battalions. Prior to the mutiny, the Department of War in Paris had clearly indicated that it would not be able "to provide for one more European battalion in Indochina under the 1931 Budget" due to fiscal constraints, manpower shortages and organisational problems. The unrest generated by the Yên Bái mutiny motivated the political will to send more European (French and Foreign Legion) troops to French Indochina. Aside from replacing two Vietnamese battalions with three European battalions, the French authorities also increased the number of ethnic minority soldiers serving in the locally recruited colonial regiments. As such, the "[i]ntensification of recruitment of non-Annamite indigenous people: Thos, Laotians, Mois, Cambodians was decided." The aim was to increase the non-Vietnamese percentage to 50% of the total of locally recruited troops. Gallery Notes References 1930 in France 1930 in Vietnam Conflicts in 1930 French Indochina Military history of France Military history of Vietnam Mutinies Vietnamese independence movement Wars involving France Wars involving Vietnam February 1930 events Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng Tonkin (French protectorate) History of Thái Bình Province History of Hải Dương Province History of Yên Bái Province History of Phú Thọ Province

13922168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20Delivery%20%281922%20film%29

Special Delivery (1922 film)

Special Delivery is a 1922 American comedy film directed by Roscoe Arbuckle. It was Arbuckle's first film as a director, albeit uncredited, following his acquittal of the manslaughter of Virginia Rappe. A print of the film survives in the film archive of the Museum of Modern Art. Plot As described in a film magazine, Al is told to deliver a radiophone message to a certain businessman. A gang of wicked looking plotters endeavor to capture him and steal the message. After a long chase involving Al's trick bicycle, the Sunshine lions of Fox studios, and scenes at the top of a tall building, Al safely delivers the message and the thugs are arrested. Cast Al St. John Vernon Dent Billy Engle Tiny Ward See also Fatty Arbuckle filmography References External links 1922 films Films directed by Roscoe Arbuckle 1922 comedy films 1922 short films American silent short films American black-and-white films Silent American comedy films American comedy short films 1920s American films

13922182

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Morris%20%28politician%29

Peter Morris (politician)

Peter Frederick Morris (born 29 July 1932) is a former Australian politician. Morris was born in Sydney and was an alderman on the Newcastle City Council from 1968 to 1974. He won the House of Representatives seat of Shortland in 1972. He was appointed Minister for Transport in the first Hawke Ministry in March 1983. In December 1984, he assumed the additional portfolio of aviation. In 1987, he became Minister for Resources and then was briefly Minister for Housing and Aged Care in early 1988. In February 1988, he became Minister for Transport and Communications Support, but was appointed to Cabinet as Minister for Industrial Relations in September 1988. After the 1990 election he was not re-elected to the ministry, due to the formalisation of Labor's faction system and the fact that he did not belong to a faction. Morris did not stand for re-election at the 1998 election. Allan Morris, Member of the House of Representatives for the neighbouring seat of Newcastle from 1983 to 2001, is his younger brother. Matthew Morris, the former member for Charlestown in the New South Wales Parliament, is his son. Notes 1932 births Living people Members of the Cabinet of Australia Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Shortland Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia People educated at Newcastle Boys' High School 20th-century Australian politicians

13922206

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Clarkson

Ian Clarkson

Ian Stewart Clarkson (born 4 December 1970) is an English former professional footballer who made nearly 400 appearances in the Football League playing as a defender for Birmingham City, Stoke City, Northampton Town and Kidderminster Harriers. Playing career Ian Clarkson was born in Solihull, West Midlands. He began his football career as a YTS trainee with Birmingham City, the club he had supported since childhood, in 1987. He made his first team debut as a 17-year-old in the League Cup against Aston Villa in September 1988, and his Football League debut a few days later. He signed his first professional contract in December 1988. In 1991, he played in Birmingham's winning side in the Associate Members' Cup final at Wembley. The following season, he captained the side to promotion from the Third Division while still only 21, an achievement which he considers to be the highlight of his career. Former Birmingham manager Lou Macari brought Clarkson to First Division side Stoke City in September 1993 for a fee of £40,000. He spent three seasons at Stoke, and played in the First Division play-offs, in which Stoke lost to Martin O'Neill's Leicester City side in the 1996 semi-final. When his contract expired he rejected Stoke's offer of renewal terms, and left for Third Division side Northampton Town. At Northampton, he linked up with former Birmingham City teammates John Gayle, Dean Peer and manager Ian Atkins, soon to be joined by John Frain. In his first season, he helped them to promotion via the play-offs, and the next year played in the Second Division play-off final, but lost 1–0 to Grimsby Town. In August 1998, he suffered a badly broken tibia in a match against Lincoln City. Though he made a couple of appearances for Northampton at the start of the 1999–2000 season, it appeared that he was no longer fit enough to compete at that level, and that his league career was over at the age of 28. Clarkson went to train at Kidderminster Harriers, which was then a Conference club, and regained sufficient fitness to be able to play regularly at that level. Kidderminster made him club captain, and of his first 30 games for the club they lost only one; at the end of the season the club were promoted to the Football League as Conference champions. They repaid the insurance payout that Clarkson had received on his retirement due to injury, so that he was able to play for them in the Football League. When Jan Molby resigned as manager of Kidderminster in March 2002, Clarkson acted as assistant to caretaker manager Ian Britton. The club released him at the end of that season for financial reasons. He joined Nuneaton Borough of the Conference, and was released in December again on financial grounds. He then registered for short periods with Stafford Rangers, Leamington and, from March 2003, Forest Green Rovers, finally retiring at the end of the season. In 2012, he returned to football to sign for Alvechurch in September 2012 at the age of 41. Life after football Clarkson qualified as a coach and coach educator, and worked for Birmingham City's Football in the Community programme. During the later years of his playing career he was keen to get involved in media work; from 2002 he was employed as a football reporter and journalist by the Birmingham Post and Sunday Mercury newspapers and by the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA)'s website. In 2006, he was appointed to manage a scheme designed to involve young people in sport and physical activity, as part of a wider programme of regeneration of the deprived areas of North Solihull. Clarkson now works as a PE Teacher at Repton Prep School in Derbyshire, where he has been based since 2010. Career statistics Honours Birmingham City Football League Trophy : 1991 Football League Third Division runner-up: 1991–92 Northampton Town Football League Third Division play-offs: 1997 Kidderminster Harriers Conference National: 1999–2000 References External links Guardian article on Clarkson's change of career Birmingham Post article by Clarkson on how sport can make a difference 1970 births Living people Footballers from Solihull English men's footballers Men's association football defenders Birmingham City F.C. players Stoke City F.C. players Northampton Town F.C. players Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players Nuneaton Borough F.C. players Stafford Rangers F.C. players Leamington F.C. players Forest Green Rovers F.C. players Alvechurch F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players

13922209

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Uniques%20%28Jamaican%20group%29

The Uniques (Jamaican group)

The Uniques were a Jamaican rocksteady and reggae vocal group, formed in 1966 and active with varying line-ups until the late 1970s. History The Uniques originally formed as a vocal harmony trio of Roy Shirley, Slim Smith, and Franklyn White, (the latter two from The Techniques) releasing a few singles in 1966 including the R&B influenced "Do Me Good" for Ken Lack's (Keith Calneck) Caltone imprint. The group then disbanded, until late 1967 when Smith formed a new version of the group with Jimmy Riley and Lloyd Charmers. The new line-up debuted with "Watch This Sound", a cover version of Stephen Stills's "For What It's Worth", which was a hit along with a string of subsequent singles, many produced by Bunny Lee, including "My Conversation", which Lee sold to Rupie Edwards, who used the rhythm to create the first one-rhythm album, Yamaha Skank. Bunny Lee issued a showcase album in the 1970s, and the group name was briefly revived by Riley and Cornell Campbell in 1977 for the album Give Thanks, and again in 1997 with Al Campbell joining Cornell and Riley on the album The Uniques. Discography Albums Absolutely The Uniques (1969) Trojan Showcase vol. 1 (1978) Third World/Jackpot Give Thanks (1979) Plant (recorded 1977) The Best of The Uniques (1994) Trojan Watch This Sound (1998) Pressure Sounds The Uniques (1999) Charm Singles "The Journey" (1966), Rio (B-side of Tommy McCook's "Jerk Time"), Caltone "Do Me Good" (1966), Rio (B-side of Tommy McCook's "Out of Space"), Caltone "Dry the Water" (1967), Collins Downbeat "People Rock Steady" (1967), Island "Gypsy Woman" (1967), Island "Never Let Me Go" (1967), Island "Let Me Go Girl" (1967), Island "Speak No Evil" (1968), Island "Lesson of Love" (1968), Island "Build My World Around You" (1968), Island "Give Me Some More of Your Loving" (1968), Island "My Conversation" (1968), Island "The Beatitude" (1968), Island "Girl of My Dreams" (1968), Island "Girls Like Dirt" (1968), Blue Cat (B-side of Glen Adams' "She Is Leaving") "More Love" (1968), Trojan (B-side of Race Fans' "Bookie Man") "Little Boy Blue" (1968), Giant (credited to Pat Kelly & The Uniques) "Facts of Life" (1968), Island (credited to Roy Shirley & The Uniques) "Watch This Sound" (1968), Trojan (credited to Slim Smith & the Uniques) "My Woman's Love" (1969), Crab (B-side of The Melodians' "When There Is You") "Forever" (1969), Duke (B-side of Lloyd Tyrell's "Cooyah") "Secretly" (1969), Dr. Bird "Too Proud to Beg" (1969), Gas "Crimson & Clover" (1969), Nu-Beat "I'll Make You Love Me" (1969), Nu-Beat "A-Yuh" (1969), Trojan "The Beatitude"/"My Conversation" (1969), Trojan References Jamaican ska groups Jamaican reggae musical groups Rocksteady musical groups Trojan Records artists Musical groups established in 1966 Musical groups disestablished in 1997

13922213

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Mauritius

List of newspapers in Mauritius

www This is a list of local newspapers in Mauritius in alphabetical order. Mauritius Local newspapers Defunct These newspapers are no longer published. Online news Rodrigues Island See also Media of Mauritius Lists of newspapers List of magazines in Mauritius List of radio stations in Mauritius Newspaper circulation List of newspapers in the world by circulation References Bibliography External links Mauritius Lists of mass media in Mauritius