Dataset Viewer
id
stringlengths 5
7
| url
stringlengths 57
59
⌀ | title
stringlengths 4
855
| abstract
stringlengths 258
12k
| __index_level_0__
stringlengths 1
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
2804000 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2804000 | Self-Deception in Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel | This research paper attempts to underscore the growth of the Canadian personality reflected in The Stone Angel. The Canadians' psychological sufferings are largely caused by their country's subordinate position under the imperial power of America. In Canada, the citizen who is trapped between the American technological superpower with its spiritual poverty on the one hand and his own psychological unrest on the other fails to establish a workable balance between his needs and interests and the society's values and expectations. This "colonial mentality" prevents the Canadians from valuing themselves. They withdraw from reality into their inner world and cannot act because they see themselves as acted upon. Consequently, they accept to play the passive role which is extended by their self-conceit. The Canadian citizen who is victimized by different visible and invisible forces is psychologically disturbed, insecure and frustrated. In The Stone Angel, Margaret Laurence tries to diagnose and analyze the Canadian characters' psychic conflicts within their social and political framework. Furthermore, she investigates in the consciousness of the characters' personal life to study their relations to each other and to examine their potentiality. Laurence tries to help Canadians create a more positive identity, for she strongly disapproves of the negative destructive self-image created by the Canadians themselves and tries to rediscover their authentic selves. | 1 |
2893470 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2893470 | Do Standardized Tests Hurt Student Learning? Causal Evidence from a Natural Experiment | This paper estimates the causal effect of testing on student educational outcomes. Standardized testing has become pervasive in the American schooling system as a means of measuring the performance of students and educators. Parents and other stakeholders often raise concerns that testing has negative psychological and educational consequences for students. Focusing on how testing affects learning, I use participation in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) tests as the treatment in a natural experiment. Treatment is randomly assigned because NAEP's sampling procedure randomly selects schools across the United States for testing. Schools not selected into the NAEP sample serve as the control group. To measure educational outcomes, I use school-level results from subsequent state-wide tests in which all schools take part. I find that testing has no statistically meaningful impact on subsequent educational outcomes, suggesting that apprehensions related to students being over-tested are not as worrying as espoused. | 2 |
3525026 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3525026 | Kunstliche Intelligenz, Roboter und Grosse Daten (Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Big Data) | German Abstract: Potentiale von Artificial Intelligence (AI), Roboter und Großen Datenanalysen in der Medizin sind:(1) Große Daten und computerbasierte Ergebnisse haben unwahrscheinlichen wissenschaftlichen und finanziellen Wert. Um Große Daten Erkenntnisse auszunützen, sollte aber gleichzeitig auch auf höchste ethische Standards wertgelegt werden. Die Europäische Union (EU) könnte eine fünfte Datenfreiheit definieren, um AI und Große Datenergebnisse innerhalb der EU zu bündeln. Während in den US Große Datenergebnisse vor für KonsumentInnen und zur Generierung von gezieltem Kaufverhalten verwendet werden, könnte sich Europa darauf spezialisieren, Große Daten für Präventivmedizinerkenntnisse auszunützen. Europa könnte Präventivmedizin Marktführerschaft wirksam der Welt zur Verfügung stellen, aber auch auf Rücksichtnahme von ethischen Imperativen in der Verwendung von PatientInnen-Information in der Medizin aufmerksam machen. Eine EU-geleitete fünfte Datenfreiheit könnte auf positive Marktmechanismen zur Förderung von Informationsaustausch innerhalb der EU fokussieren. Notwendige Anti-Diskriminierungs- und Menschenrechtsverletzungs-Maßnahmen sollten auch in Bezug auf Privatsphären-Übertritte durch Große Daten-Gewinne diskutiert werden. (2) Große Datengewinne sollten nur für das allgemeine Wohlbefinden und den Nutzen der Bevölkerung eingesetzt werden. Information aus Großen Daten sollte niemals gegen den Menschen verwendet werden. Im medizinischen Sektor sollte kategorisierende Information mit Vorsicht kommuniziert werden, um Diskriminierung zu vermeiden. Zum Beispiel sollten nur anonymisierte Daten öffentlich zugänglich sein, um Stigmatisierung, Gentrifizierung und Diskriminierung aufgrund von vorhersehbaren Prävalenzen von bestimmten Personengruppen und bestimmten Herkunftsorten entgegenzuwirken. Datenschutz sollte durch technologische Weiterentwicklungen vorangetrieben werden, aber auch Selbstbestimmung durch mündige und informierte PatientInnen, die durch Ausbildung auf Datenschutzaufmerksamkeit sensibilisiert wurden. Steuereinnahmen von Datengewinnen könnten diese PatientInnen- und KonsumentInnen-Schutz-Maßnahmen finanzieren. Steuern könnten den fiskalen Spielraum erweitern, um Verluste und Risiken durch den Einsatz von AI, Robotern und Große Datenerkenntnisse in der Arbeitswelt zu vermindern. Vor allem die Marktdisruption, die durch das Verdrängen von menschlichen Arbeitskräften im Ersatz durch AI, Robotern und Großen Daten liegt, sollte durch Steuereinnahmen aus Großen Datengewinnen, abgefedert werden. (3) Sich erhöhende Alterspyramiden in Europa lassen Roboter als wertvolle Hilfen in der Altenpflege, aber auch als Unterstützung bei chronischen Erkrankungen erscheinen, um langfristige medizinische Versorgung zu gewährleisten. Roboter haben vor Kurzem Staatsbürgerschaft erlangt. In der Vergabe von quasi-menschlichen Rechten an Roboter stellen sich kritische Fragen. Beispielsweise ist ungeklärt, wie eine Gesellschaft sich hierarchisch orientieren wird, wenn Roboter als StaatsbürgerInnen eingegliedert werden. Die Frage der Nachhaltigkeit von ewig-lebenden StaatsbürgerInnen-Roboter auf einem überbevölkerten Planeten mit begrenzten Ressourcen muss noch geklärt werden. Roboter sollten nur zum Nutzen und der Sicherheit von Menschen eingesetzt werden. Gegenüber Robotern sollten menschliche soziale Normen eingehalten werden, um nicht negative gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen zu konditionieren. Roboter sollten eingeschränkte Staatsbürgerschafts-Rechte haben wenn es um Wahlprivilegien, Besitztum und öffentliche Ämter geht. Die Kompatibilität zwischen Mensch und Roboter wird zunehmend wichtiger werden. Daher sollten Ausbildung, Persönlichkeitstrainings im Beruf und Intelligenzmessungen sowie Aufnahmeverfahren in Arbeitssituationen auf neue Technologien abgestimmt werden. Menschlichkeit wird voraussichtlich ein wichtiger Faktor zur Abgrenzung von AI und Robotern. Menschliche Grundzüge, wie wahre Zuneigung, Empathie und menschliche Fortpflanzung, werden immer wertvoller erscheinen, je mehr Roboter am menschlichen Leben teilnehmen. Der Verlust von Menschlichkeit und menschliche Austauschbarkeit durch Maschinen, AI und Roboter sollte sozio-psychologische Studien inspirieren, die die Essenz von menschlicher Sorgfalt im medizinischen Bereich festzumachen. Diversitätsmanagement auch in bezug auf Roboter in der Gesellschaft sowie Stakeholder-Engagement sind im digitalen Zeitalter gefragt.English Abstract: Potentials of AI in healthcare comprise of:(1) Big data and computational power hold unprecedented scientific and financial opportunities. In order to enable a big data capitalization coupled with upholding highest ethical standards, the European Union should foster a fifth trade freedom of data to bundle AI and big data gains large scale. While big data is primarily used in the US to offer more targeted consumerism, Europe should aim for building a data stock to retrieve information for preventive care leading the world with ethical imperatives in big data insight-driven medicine. A fifth data freedom should focus on setting positive market incentives for sharing information within the European compound, but also provide the necessary tools for anti-discrimination and human rights violations stemming from big data and robotics.(2) Data insights should only be used for the benefit of people but not be turned against human beings. Big data in the healthcare sector should only be used with caution and targeted particular information release to avoid discrimination. For instance, only anonymized data slices should be made available to the public in order to avoid stigmatization, gentrification and discrimination based on predictable prevalences within population groups or certain districts. Data protection through technological advancement, self-determined privacy attention through education as well as discrimination alleviation through taxation of data transfer values are recommended. Taxation of data transfer revenues will grant the fiscal space to offset losses and the social costs of market distortions caused by robots and algorithms taking over human tasks and entering the workforce in the medical marketplace. (3) As for the tipping age pyramid, robots are expected to become vital parts of our healthcare community in elderly care and care with people with chronic diseases in need for long-term medical attention. Robots have recently gained citizenship. With attributing quasi-human rights to robots, ethical questions arise of a stratified population and sustainability when considering the eternal character of robots. Robots may only be citizens for their protection and upholding social norms towards human-like creatures but may not have full citizen privileges such as voting, property rights of possession and holding a public office. Compatibility with AI will become key and should be integrated into educational curricula, personality trainings and intelligence scores in admission acceptance testings. Humanness will become more precious in the future, such as true care, empathy, procreation etc. Loss of humanness and human replacement as well as dependence leads to the necessity for psychological studies of the value of true care and long-term studies are needed. Diversity in AI based on stakeholder engagement. | 3 |
3561560 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3561560 | Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu | We study the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on mortality and economic activity across U.S. cities during the 1918 Flu Pandemic. The combination of fast and stringent NPIs reduced peak mortality by 50% and cumulative excess mortality by 24% to 34%. However, while the pandemic itself was associated with short-run economic disruptions, we find that these disruptions were similar across cities with strict and lenient NPIs. NPIs also did not worsen medium-run economic outcomes. Our findings indicate that NPIs can reduce disease transmission without further depressing economic activity, a finding also reflected in discussions in contemporary newspapers. | 4 |
3472028 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3472028 | Who Should See the Patient? On Deviations from Preferred Patient-Provider Assignments in Hospitals | In various organizations including hospitals, individuals are not forced to follow specific assignments, and thus, deviations from preferred task assignments are common. This is due to the conventional wisdom that professionals should be given the flexibility to deviate from preferred assignments as needed. It is unclear, however, whether and when this conventional wisdom is true. We use evidence on the assignments of generalist and specialists to patients in our partner hospital (a children's hospital), and generate insights into whether and when hospital administrators should disallow such flexibility. We do so by identifying 73 top medical diagnoses and using detailed patient-level electronic medical record (EMR) data of more than 4,700 hospitalizations. In parallel, we conduct a survey of medical experts and utilize it to identify the preferred provider type that should have been assigned to each patient. Using these two sources of data, we examine the consequence of deviations from preferred provider assignments on three sets of performance measures: operational efficiency (measured by length of stay), quality of care (measured by 30-day readmissions and adverse events), and cost (measured by total charges). We find that deviating from preferred assignments is beneficial for task types (patients' diagnosis in our setting) that are either (a) well-defined (improving operational efficiency and costs), or (b) require high contact (improving costs and adverse events, though at the expense of lower operational efficiency). For other task types (e.g., highly complex or resource-intensive tasks), we observe that deviations are either detrimental or yield no tangible benefits, and thus, hospitals should try to eliminate them (e.g., by developing and enforcing assignment guidelines). To understand the causal mechanism behind our results, we make use of mediation analysis and find that utilizing advanced imaging (e.g., MRIs, CT scans, or nuclear radiology) plays an important role in how deviations impact performance outcomes. Our findings also provide evidence for a "no free lunch" theorem: while for some task types deviations are beneficial regarding some performance measures, they can simultaneously degrade performance in terms of other dimensions. To provide clear recommendations for hospital administrators, we also consider counterfactual scenarios corresponding to imposing the preferred assignments fully or partially, and perform cost-effectiveness analyses. Our results indicate that enforcing the preferred assignments either for all tasks or only for resource-intensive tasks is cost-effective, with the latter being the superior policy. Finally, by comparing deviations during weekdays and weekends, early shifts and late shifts, and high congestion and low congestion periods, our results shed light on some environmental conditions under which deviations occur more in practice. | 5 |
3522256 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3522256 | Adjusting for Peer-Influence in Propensity Scoring When Estimating Treatment Effects | Analyses of treatments, experiments, policies, and observational data, are confounded when people's treatment choices and/or outcomes are influenced by those of their friends and acquaintances. This invalidates standard matching techniques as estimation tools. For instance, the vaccination decisions of a person's peers affect the person's choice to vaccinate as well as the probability that the person is exposed to a disease (violating the usual Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption). We account for these interferences by explicitly modeling peer interaction in treatment choices and then balance matchings accordingly. We incorporate this approach into one of the most common techniques used to evaluate treatment effects - propensity score matching. Empirical illustrations show that peer-influenced propensity score matching gives more accurate results than standard propensity score matching in the estimation of the effectiveness of vaccinations as well as the impact of exercise participation on depression. | 6 |
3358694 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3358694 | How a User Innovation Origin Affects Firms’ Subsequent Innovation Performance: The Case of Japan’s Fishing Tackle Industry | In user innovation theory, a user-founded firm is based on a product that was originally developed by a user for the user's private need. In this study, we refer to the startup characteristic of user-founded firms as the firms' user innovation origin. We developed hypotheses to shed some initial light on the question of how a user innovation origin affects a firm's subsequent innovation. Using survey data and expert ratings of 62 small- and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in the fishing tackle industry, we found several interesting relationships. First, a firm's user innovation origin strengthens the current owner-manager's intention to use the class of products produced by the firm and its competitors. This motivation in turn predicts the owner-manager's product usage behaviour, which directly increases the firm's frequency of introducing new products. We provide theoretical explanations for this serial multiple mediator model and also discuss their implications and limitations. | 7 |
3493059 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3493059 | The Affordable Care Act and Women’s Self-Employment | The United States' Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 improved and expanded availability of non-group health insurance. Previous studies have shown that women in the US workforce value health insurance more highly than men do. Because prior to the ACA self-employed individuals did not have guaranteed access to affordable health insurance coverage, women's relatively lower rate of self-employment may partly have reflected their greater 'job lock' due to employer-based health insurance. This paper employs nationally-representative survey data for 2009-2018 and a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference modeling approach and finds that unmarried women's probability of self-employment increased by 1.2 percentage points in 2015-2018, after the ACA's expansion of non-group health insurance came into effect. Among women who have never married, overall probability of self-employment increased by 1.2-1.5 percentage points versus trend, and the probability of transitioning into full-time self-employment increased by 0.9 percentage points. | 10 |
3185659 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3185659 | The Chhooi-Mooi Girl Vs Heer: The Politics of Gender Quality and Identity In Pakistani Commercial Film | This article examines Pakistani commercial film as setting for the explication of women, gender and Islamic culture. It analyzes the form and content of the films in the light of feminist theoretical insights about voyeurism and the politics of the "gaze". It examines the films in their socio-historical and political contexts. It examines how the popular genre of Pakistani song and dance formula films depicts what is important between 'living' and 'dying' if 'loving' replaces the virtuous circle of family support with the vicious circle of rejection by the community. Focusing on the 'ideal' chhooi-mooi girl, a popular jutty, Heer, and dirty dancer, the article demonstrates why the aura of the 'ideal' serenity does not require a folklore to distinguish a chhooi-mooi girl from Heer who is equipped with defiance, tenacity, and decision power. Examining the politics of quality and identity, the entry examines their conditions. It finds that the chhooi-mooi girl is a quality while Heer is an identity. Real Pakistani women oscillate between the conditions of these two women. The oppressor uses religion or culture as a tool to create the 'ideal' chhooi-mooi girl that every jutty even Heer should aim to be, compromising their agendas in his own favor, and eliminating a gender from the power struggle. | 11 |
3602751 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3602751 | The Role of Euphemisms Activating the Frame DEFENCE in Modern British and American Political Media Discourse: Cognitive Approach | Cognitive modelling strategies applied to the study of euphemisms in modern political media discourse open up new opportunities to better understand the role of euphemisms as a persuasive tool since euphemistic expressions allow naming things without calling up mental pictures of them and, as a result, they can be used in the media to manipulate public opinion, construct people's beliefs about politics and influence political attitudes.This paper seeks to address the role of euphemisms as a tool of persuasion in modern political media discourse. The material for research has been taken from national quality papers in the USA and Great Britain and covers the period from January 2019 till January 2020. Certain cognitive models are believed to be used in order to construct euphemisms and the analysis has revealed the cognitive model - frame DEFENCE, which is activated in political discourse in the British and American media. In addition, its subframes and their slots represented by euphemisms have been reconstructed. The study of euphemisms that activate the frame DEFENCE in modern media discourse, has proved that euphemisms can be used to describe less pleasant notions in more pleasant or discreet ways thus cushioning the potentially negative impact of the expression or they can perform the covering up function in order to deliberately disguise actual meanings of words in political discourse. The research has also demonstrated that the use of euphemisms activating the frame DEFENCE contributes to the intended positive selfrepresentation in media discourse that is characteristic of the coverage of the actions and decisions taken by the USA and its allies in relation to a number of modern-day conflicts. The use of euphemisms activating the above-mentioned frame is aimed at ensuring that the actions and decisions of the United States and its allies are perceived as an act of protecting their respective countries from extremists or potential aggression from unfriendly countries. | 13 |
3244207 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3244207 | Impact of Ride-Hailing Services on Transportation Mode Choices: Evidence from Traffic and Transit Ridership | The rise of technology-enabled ride-hailing services has affected individuals' transportation-related decisions. The impact of these ride-hailing services likely varies across traveler segments who differ in their usage of various modes of transportation. In this paper, we develop and leverage a framework that allows us to examine the impact of ride-hailing services on the transportation mode choice for three traveler segments: drivers (who primarily use a personal automobile to travel), riders (who primarily take public transit to travel) and walkers (who primarily take non-motorized modes of transport). We first develop a framework outlining how the behavior of different traveler segments will be impacted by the presence of ride-hailing services, and these changes will be manifested in traffic congestion and public transportation ridership. To test the framework, we compile a rich dataset, combining data on public transportation ridership, traffic congestion, and individual transportation mode choice. Employing a difference-in-difference methodology, we show that Uber entry enables those who were walkers and riders prior to the entry of Uber to travel more conveniently as reflected in an increase in traffic congestion, while inducing drivers to substitute their use of private automobiles with a combination of Uber and public transit. We introduce urban compactness to assess the heterogeneous impact of ride-hailing services for cities that differ in their distribution of traveler segments. We find that Uber entry increases traffic congestion and reduces public transit demand more in cities with higher urban compactness, i.e., where the proportion of riders and walkers is higher than that of drivers. This work provides a holistic framework to understand the mechanism underlying the impact of ride-hailing services on public transit and traffic congestion. Urban planners and policymakers can leverage this framework, methodology, and empirical results to guide city planning decisions that have implications for sustainability. | 14 |
2918364 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2918364 | OPORTUNITĂŢI ONLINE ŞI TIPURI DE UTILIZATORI ONLINE ÎN RÂNDUL TINERILOR DIN ROMÂNIA (Online Opportunities and User Types among Romanian Young People) | Romanian Abstract: Scopul studiului este de a analiza modelele de utilizare a Internetului de către adolescenții români cu vârste cuprinse între 9 și 16 ani și de a defini principalele tipuri de utilizatori online în rândul acestora. Am conturat tipurile de utilizatori luând în considerare diferențele dintre repertoriile media online individuale. Premisa studiului este că tinerii români nu sunt omogeni în ceea ce privește repertoriile lor media online, și putem identifica mai multe tipuri de utilizatori în rândul acestora. Am căutat factorii individuali și sociali care influențează modelele de utilizare a Internetului de către tinerii români. Studiul se bazează pe analiza datelor empirice din cadrul proiectului EU Kids Online II (2010) privind tinerii români.English Abstract: The aim of the study is to analyze patterns of online usage of Romanian teenagers aged 9-16 years old, and to define the main online user types among them. We outlined user types taking into consideration differences of individual online media repertoires. The premise of the study is that Romanian young people are not omogeneus regarding their online media repertoires, but we can identify several user types among them. We looked for individual and social factors which influence patterns of online use of Romanian young people. We base our study on the analysis conducted on the empirical data of the EU Kids Online II (2010) project regarding Romanian youth. | 15 |
3203978 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3203978 | Waste Makes Haste: How a Campaign to Speed Up Nuclear Waste Shipments Shut Down the WIPP Long-Term Repository | What happened, in the years leading up to Valentine's Day 2014, that made a canister of nuclear waste burst open and spew out fire underground at a US facility for the long-term disposal of radioactive military waste? According to one widely publicized scenario, a simple run-of-the-mill typo led to organic kitty litter mistakenly being used to soak up liquid in the drum instead of another kind of absorbent material. This ultimately led to a reaction that made heat and pressure build up in the drum, causing it to erupt. But was that "simple" clerical error symptomatic of a much deeper, system-wide problem - involving a US Energy Department plan to rush the pace of nuclear waste disposal? What were the political, social, and financial elements involved in making Los Alamos' waste drum #68660 erupt that February night? What can be done to prevent similar accidents - which can have price tags of hundreds of millions of dollars or more - from happening again in the future? A cultural anthropologist spent 10 weeks onsite after the event, logging 43 interviews and trying to answer these questions. Here is what he found. | 16 |
2898052 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2898052 | Adjustment Problems of Kashmari Graduate Students in Relation to Their Gender and Educational Stream | The responsibility of making history rests on the shoulders of the young generation known as youths. But now wide spread frustration has been found in the youths of society which is decreasing their work efficiency. The present study was focus on adjustment problems of Kashmari graduate students in relation to their gender and educational stream. The sample consists of 300 graduate students with 158 male and 142 female, which were selected randomly from different colleges of Kashmir valley, H. M. Bells adjustment inventory was used to collect the data from the students. The study revealed that male and female graduate students differ significantly with regards to their home adjustment, emotional adjustment and overall adjustment, however, do not differ significantly with regard to their social adjustment. Whereas, science and arts students do not differ significantly with regards to their home adjustment, social adjustment, emotional adjustment and overall adjustment. | 17 |
3444009 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3444009 | Police Violence as Organizational Crime | This paper argues that patterns of pervasive police violence can and should be treated as organizational crime in Canada. It uses the documented events of police violence in Val d'Or, Quebec, that emerged in 2015 to show how a similar fact pattern might fit all of the elements of organizational crime as defined in the Criminal Code. The article also suggests that this is an example where legal imagination is important, in order to shift our collective understanding of what organizational crime is and where it occurs.Cet article soutient que les schémas de violence policière répandue peuvent et devraient être traités comme des crimes d'organisation au Canada. Il utilise les événements documentés de violence policière à Val-d'Or, une ville située au Québec, qui ont émergé en 2015, pour illustrer comment un schéma d'actions similaires pourrait correspondre à tous les éléments du crime d'organisation tels que définis dans le Code criminel. Cet article suggère également qu'il s'agit d'un exemple où l'imagination juridique est importante afin de modifier notre compréhension collective de ce que constitue le crime d'organisation et dans quels endroits il peut se produire. | 18 |
1408440 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1408440 | Does it Matter Who Cares? A Comparison of Daughters Versus Daughters-in-Law in Japanese Elder Care | Japan's mass longevity has led to significant changes regarding the care of frail older people. In 2000, the state created a mandatory Long-Term Care Insurance program designed to provide home-based and institutional services. It has not, however, eliminated the centrality of family assistance and the question for many families remains: who will do what for frail elderly relatives? This paper examines the widespread notion that caregiving by a daughter is a better option for family care than caregiving by a daughter-in-law. As part of a larger study of family care under the new long-term care insurance system, we interviewed 14 caregiver-care recipient pairs in which the caregiver was a daughter or a daughter-in-law. In this paper, we compare the two groups regarding how they became the caregiver, their use of long-term care services and the difficulties and positive outcomes of caregiving they have experienced. We find that what the caregivers do and the difficulties of providing support to their relative are largely similar, but that they differ in the emotional and relational aspects of the caregiving experience. | 19 |
2781808 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2781808 | The Effects of European Integration on European Identity | On November 13, 2015 a handful of terrorists unleashed a barrage of coordinated attacks at public gathering spots in Paris, France, followed by Belgium twin bombings on 22 March 2016. As the casualty figures climbed and investigators swung into action, news reports were filled with grim comparisons. Some calling it the worst night of violence in France since World War II (1939-1945), and others saying it could be Europe's most horrific terrorist attack in history. Cutting past any hysteria or hyperbole, it is clear that the Nov. 13 and March 22 attacks have brought to a head the conversation on a number of difficult, overlapping questions facing both Europe and the Middle East. It raised critical European identity. The writer attempt to examine European integration impacts on its identity in descriptive analytical research, and founded that, it might be triggered 4 (four) main strategic issues surrounding the European decision makers, including: First, how might European states shift their stance toward the influx of migrants and refugees coming from war zones in the Middle East?; Second, are the capabilities of the Islamic State truly expanding, as recent claims suggest? What are its actual strengths and weaknesses?; Third, what options does Paris have in responding to the Nov. 13 attacks? As France steps up the tempo of airstrikes in Syria, will the Vienna talks on Syria's conflict be radically reshaped?; Fourth, what does the future hold for the Schengen Agreement, and would its unraveling lead the European Union itself closer to dissolution? While investigators are busy piecing the story of what happened together and the mainstream media report their publicly announced findings. However, still attractive for those scholars who want to elaborate the European integration progress, as how to predict what's likely to happen next. | 20 |
3309115 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3309115 | 'Cognitive Robotics’: A Convergent Evolution? | It has been an ongoing societal quest to collect more and more data; generation of knowledge from it, however, has been very disproportionate. Even massive amount of collected data is no indication that their understanding is a simple process of calculating probabilities; selection of what to collect must be proactive and done by the 'best minds' because what follows has been already set in motion; the 'best minds' should also be engaged at the end of the entire course of processing change, where understanding of meaning is mined. With an infinite amount of recordable data in the world, a fundamental question exists and offers a path for any sustainable system: how did evolution solve the problem of the 'first' and the 'last mile' of data acquisition, processing, and 'wisdom-creating' for living systems?The use of systems science approach has been selected for this study as its principles are universal in ecology; this science is also able to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy systems, those with the highest capacity to adapt and evolve with change, and those with the least.The purpose of this study is to identify principles of biologic systems, considered axiomatic and extracted from observations of life; such knowledge could be explored for possible application in robotic sciences, accomplishing some meaningful similarities with biologic systems.Living systems employ choices at the initial capture/coding of signals/data and also during the creation of its end product/emergence/meaning interpretation; the middle processing sequence resembles filtration, compression, range limitations, etc.In comparison, non-living systems are passive and resemble more the 'middle' processing sequence of living systems; the 'Pandora box' of choices is not employed, hence there is the need for a lengthy instructional code.Healthy cognition is required to be engaged at the 'beginning' and the 'end' of any meaningful sensory processing as both stages need, not pre-set, but real time selection of optimizing choices of what to select and what it means; and that ability comes from life. A bridge, between mechanical and biologic systems, could be explored through a field of 'cognitive robotics', extracting key benefits of both. | 21 |
3458841 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3458841 | Influence of Demographic and Psychological Factors on Attitudes Toward Sport Betting Among Young Adults in Southwest Nigeria | Prediction and wager on the outcome of games/matches are known as sports betting. Positive attitudes toward sports betting may, in the long run, predict sports betting behavior and gambling-related problems. This study, therefore, examined the influence of gender, age, sports betting knowledge and peer-based gambling on attitudes toward sports betting among young adults in Nigeria. The ex-post facto design was adopted in this cross-sectional survey. The participants were 749 students (42.9% females) of a large tertiary institution in southwest Nigeria. A standardized questionnaire comprising demographics and measures of attitudes toward sports betting, sports betting knowledge and perception of peer gambling behavior was utilized in the study. Results revealed that attitudes toward sports betting are positive for older males who are knowledgeable about sports betting and have friends who gamble. Sports betting knowledge and peer-based gambling stood out as significant predictors of attitudes toward sports betting. The social circles of young adults may be the starting points for initiatives to develop healthy attitudes toward sports betting and preventing gambling-related problems. | 22 |
3420207 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3420207 | Justice that Heals | About four months ago, when news about a district court in Madhya Pradesh sentencing a person to death under the POCSO (Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences) Act was doing the rounds, research conducted by the Counsel to Secure Justice (CSJ) and National Law University Delhi (NLUD) offered significant insights.AdvertisingDrawing from a survey conducted with the survivors and family members, as well as the accused, in child sexual assault cases in areas in and around Delhi, this study revealed that the meanings of "justice" tend to vary for the victim, offender, family, and community. The survivors or their families did not necessarily want the death penalty - or even strict punishment - for the accused. Rather, in many cases, they wanted the offenders to acknowledge their wrongdoing or tender an apology for their act.These ideas are a part of "restorative justice", which is emerging as a powerful tool in the criminal justice process, especially with regard to conciliation and mediation. The concept involves bringing the victim and offender together to remedy the harm - it makes the offender accept his/her offence. Criminologist Howard Zehr notes that crime violates both people and relationships. Restorative justice involves the victim, offender and the community in its quest for solutions, which are about repairing, reconciliation, and reassurance.Punitive options, including the death penalty, are not the product of the concerns of victims or their families - they are notions of the state and therefore, driven by political considerations. Punishment seldom matches with the idea of justice held by the victims, their families or the community. Victimisation leads to trauma, shame, insecurity, and several other social and emotional consequences.For fulltext visit https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/justice-that-heals-pocso-act-5781491/?fbclid=IwAR3ZqtY_cK68uQW8qYrp4D7o5BBp_enJYVzN9zA9oXIZGL_wPGdsd1a6Njc | 23 |
2999142 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2999142 | Portuguese Version of the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS). Preliminary Study of Adaptation to a Portuguese Sample (Versão Portuguesa Da Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (Ddis), Estudo Preliminar De Adaptação a Uma Amostra Da População Portuguesa) | English Abstract: Objective: The aims of this study were the adaptation of an interview designed to evaluate dissociative disorders, the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), and the investigation of its psychometric features. Method: DDIS was translated and back-translated to ensure its semantic equivalence. The target sample included 61 patients with dissociative, conversive, and somatization disorder and other pathologies. Convergent validity was studied by comparing to Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20), and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Cohen's Kapa coefficient of the agreement was computed. Results: Moderate correlations were found with DES and SDQ. The coefficient of the agreement was high (0.83). The analysis yielded a sensitivity rate of 69% and a specificity rate of 91%. Conclusions: This work offers the first adaptation of a specific instrument to detect dissociative pathologies in the Portuguese background. This transient version seems useful to identify and distinguish dissociative patients from other patients. The Portuguese version of the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule has promising psychometric characteristics.Portuguese Abstract: Os objectivos deste estudo foram a adaptação de uma entrevista destinada a avaliar os distúrbios dissociativos, o Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), e a investigação das suas características psicométricas. Método: O DDIS foi traduzido e retrovertido para assegurar a sua equivalência semântica. A amostra alvo incluiu 61 pacientes com distúrbios dissociativos, conversivos, e de somatização e outras patologias. A validade convergente foi estudada por comparação com o Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20) e a Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). O coeficiente de concordância Kapa de Cohen foi calculado. Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações moderadas com DES e SDQ. O coeficiente de concordância foi elevado (0,83). A análise produziu uma taxa de sensibilidade de 69% e uma taxa de especificidade de 91%. Conclusões: Este trabalho oferece a primeira adaptação de um instrumento específico para detectar patologias dissociativas no contexto português. Esta versão transitória parece útil para identificar e distinguir pacientes dissociativos de outros pacientes. A versão portuguesa do Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule tem características psicométricas promissoras. | 24 |
3538136 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3538136 | EVALUATING THE “DYNAMICS” OF A METAPHOR CLUSTER THROUGH THE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS OF INDIVIDUAL METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS | The paper aims to explore the dynamics of a metaphor cluster by assessing the levels of metaphoricity, familiarity, contextual aptness, and importance for text comprehension for each of the individual metaphorical expressions from the cluster. The cluster was comprised of 3 CONFLICT, 3 JOURNEY, and 4 CONTAINMENT metaphors. The research was conducted in two stages which involved (i) a quantitative analysis of a small specialized corpus, and (ii) a questionnaire-based study in which participants rated each of the target items along the four relevant dimensions on 6-point Likert scales. Quantitative corpus analysis showed the highest frequency for JOURNEY, CONTAINMENT, and CONFLICT metaphors, and this tendency was preserved in clusters. One-way repeated measures ANOVA showed significant effects for all four dimensions (p<.0005), while subsequent pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences between all items (p<.05), the only exception being ratings of contextual aptness between JOURNEY and CONFLICT metaphors (p=.381). A multiple linear regression model (metaphoricity, familiarity, importance for comprehension) was used to predict the variance in ratings of contextual aptness. The model was significant for all three groups of metaphors (p<.0005), accounting for 39.5% of variance in contextual aptness for CONFLICT metaphors, 33.7% for JOURNEY metaphors, and 25% for CONTAINMENT metaphors. The obtained results reveal a high degree of dynamics in the analyzed cluster. | 25 |
3538144 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3538144 | Testing the Psychological Reality of Parallel Structure with Serbian Efl Students: A Case Study of “Not Only … But Also” | The paper aims to explore the cognitive status of the correlative conjunction 'not only … but also' on a sample of advanced Serbian EFL students. The experiment is based on grammaticality judgments, and it utilizes a reaction time (RT) study, coupled with the moving screens paradigm. Stimuli (sentences) have been constructed based on the most frequent errors identified in students' exams. Sentences containing errors related to faulty parallelism are presented word-by-word, with a mask, using the Open Sesame software. Increased RTs are understood as correlates of processing difficulties, and in addition to RTs, response accuracy was also recorded. The results show that in the majority of cases a lag in RT occurred precisely in the error position, and such delays were directly connected to sudden drops in the number of accurate responses. | 26 |
3536357 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3536357 | Lost Opportunities: Work During High School, Establishment Closures and the Impact on Career Prospects | Relying on Swedish linked employer-employee data over a 30-year period, I study the importance of market work during high school for graduates' school-to-work transition and career prospects. I show that market work during school provides students with an important job-search channel, accounting for 30 percent of direct transitions into regular employment. I use the fact that some graduates are deprived of this channel due to establishment closures just prior to graduation and labor market entry. I compare classmates from vocational tracks with the same field of specialization to identify the effects of the closures and show that lost job-finding opportunities due to an establishment closure lead to an immediate and sizable negative effect on employment after graduation. The lost employer connections have also persistent, but diminishing negative effects on employment and earnings for up to 10 years, but are not permanent. Parts of the effect appear to be driven by a process where graduates who are subject to a closure of a relevant employer before graduation have to find employment in an industry which is less relevant to their education. | 27 |
3519024 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3519024 | Validação da PANAS numa amostra portuguesa de pessoas idosas em resposta social (PANAS validation in a Portuguese sample of older adults supported by social institutions) | Portuguese Abstract: Introdução: O afeto positivo e negativo são duas dimensões psicobiológicas do bem-estar subjetivo (BES) relevantes para a forma como é experienciada a circunstância da recurso a apoio institucional na vida de muitas pessoas idosas. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi validar, no contexto de resposta social, uma versão breve da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), um questionário que permite avaliar o afeto positivo e negativo. Métodos: Numa amostra de 389 idosos (61 - 100 anos; M = 80,89; DP = 7,48 anos), avaliados através da PANAS, da Satisfaction With Life Scalee da Geriatric Depression Scale-8, testaram-se as propriedades psicométricas e realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória da PANAS. Numa segunda amostra de 383 sujeitos (60 - 99 anos; M = 80,27; DP = 7,87 anos) efetuou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória. Resultados: Obteve-se uma versão reduzida da PANAS, com 14 itens, estrutura bidimensional, adequadas consistências internas, validade convergente e divergente para o Afeto Positivo/AP e Afeto Negativo/AN. A estabilidade temporal (intervalo = 1,44 meses) foi igualmente adequada para o AP e para o AN (p < 0,001). A análise fatorial confirmatóriarevelou um ajustamento adequado para a estrutura bidimensional da PANAS-14 (AGFI = 0,91; CFI = 0,93; SRMR = 0,05; RMSEA = 0,06; PCLOSE = 0,12). Conclusão: A PANAS-14 é um instrumento breve psicometricamente adequado para a avaliação do PA e do NA em pessoas idosas em resposta social.English Abstract: Background: Positive and negative affect are two psychobiological dimensions of subjective wellbeing (BES) relevant to the way institutional support is experienced in the lives of many older people. Aim: The study aimed to validate, in the context of institutional support, a brief version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), a questionnaire that allows us to evaluate positive and negative affect.Methods: A sample of 389 old adults (61 - 100 years; M = 80.89; SD = 7.48 years) was assessed with the PANAS, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale-8. In this sample, the psychometric properties of the PANAS were tested, and an exploratory factor analysis was performed. In the second sample of 383 subjects (60 - 99 years; M = 80.27; SD = 7.87 years), confirmatory factor analysis was executed. Results: A reduced version of PANAS was obtained, with 14 items, a two-dimensional structure, adequate internal consistency, convergent, and divergent validity for the Positive Affect/PA and Negative Affect/NA. Temporal stability (interval = 1.44 months) was equally adequate for PA and NA (p < 0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an adequate adjustment for the two-dimensional structure of PANAS-14 (AGFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 0.06; PCLOSE = 0.12). Conclusion: The PANAS-14 is a brief psychometrically suitable tool for the assessment of PA and NA in institutionalized older adults supported by social institutions. | 28 |
3519201 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3519201 | Validação da versão portuguesa de Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire em idosos institucionalizados [Validation of the Portuguese Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire in institutionalized older adults] | Portuguese Abstract: Contexto e Objetivo: É incontornável a importância que o conceito de bem-estar espiritual assume nos dias de hoje. A investigação é escassa na população idosa institucionalizada, sendo assim importante o desenvolvimento de instrumentos no âmbito do bem-estar espiritual validados para esta população. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo a análise das qualidades psicométricas e a validação da versão portuguesa do Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ). Método: A amostra incluiu 101 pessoas idosas institucionalizadas da zona de Coimbra (n = 51; 50,5%) e Aveiro (n = 50; 49,5%), com idades compreendidas entre os 65 e os 96 anos, 33 (32,7%) eram do sexo masculino e 68 (67,3%) do sexo feminino. Para além do SWBQ, foram administrados a Escala sobre a Esperança, a Escala de Otimismo, o Geriatric Anxiety Inventory e a Geriatric Depression Scale. Resultados: O SWBQ apresentou uma estrutura fatorial de três fatores (ambiental, transcendental e humanitário), diferente da versão original cuja estrutura fatorial apontava para quatro fatores. A consistência interna foi adequada e a validade convergente e divergente não atestaram a sua validade de constructo. O bem-estar espiritual foi diferente de forma estatisticamente significativa a nível do sexo (p < 0,01), estado civil (p < 0,05) e profissão (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Este estudo contribuiu para a disponibilização de um novo instrumento para a avaliação do bem-estar espiritual nas pessoas de idade avançada institucionalizadas, tendo evidenciado características psicométricas razoáveis, devendo, no entanto, ser replicado em amostras com outras características para a confirmação destes dados.English Abstract: Aims: It is undeniable the importance that the concept of spiritual well-being takes today. Research is scarce in the institutionalized older population, and it is therefore important to develop validated tools on spiritual well-being for this population. The main objective of the present study is the analysis of the psychometric properties and the validation of the Portuguese version of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ). Methods: The sample included 101 institutionalized older people from the Coimbra area (n = 51, 50.5%) and Aveiro (n = 50, 49.5%), aged 65-96, 33 (32.7%) were male and 68 (67.3%) were female. In addition to SWBQ, the Hope Scale, the Optimism Scale, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, and the Geriatric Depression Scale were administered. Results: The SWBQ presented a factorial structure of three factors (environmental, transcendental, and humanitarian), different from the original version whose factor structure pointed to four factors. The internal consistency was adequate and the convergent and divergent validity did not confirm its construct validity. Spiritual well-being was statistically different in terms of gender (p < 0.01), marital status (p < 0.05) and occupation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study contributed to the provision of a new instrument for the evaluation of spiritual well-being in institutionalized older people, showing reasonable psychometric characteristics, but should be replicated in samples with other characteristics to confirm this data. | 29 |
3492830 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3492830 | The Drivers of Mothers’ Parental Leave Decisions: Evidence from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal survey | In this paper we compare mothers' preferred leave, anticipated leave, and realised leave toshed light on how well different types of mothers are able to predict the parental leave theywill take, and the factors that drive them to deviate from their plans. We use data from theGrowing Up in New Zealand longitudinal survey on mothers' preferred and anticipated leavereported antenatally, their realised leave, and the reasons they give for their leave-relatedchoices to better understand the drivers of mothers' leave decisions. We find mothers tend toanticipate substantially less leave than they prefer, but end up taking more leave on averagethan they anticipate. They have a moderate ability to take their preferred leave up to a year,but very little ability to take more than a year of leave. The 52 weeks of job-protected leavespecified by law may play a role in this. Financial constraints are the most important factordriving mothers back to work. Certain types of mothers, such those with low income, areparticularly prone to shocks that cause them to return to work earlier than anticipated,whereas as first-time mothers who plan a longer period of leave are vulnerable to shocks thatcause them to delay their return to work. | 30 |
3492838 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3492838 | Is the Pay of Medical Specialists in New Zealand Gender Biased? | We use individual-level data from the 2013 New Zealand Census combined with administrative income data from the tax system to estimate the gender gap in hourly pay for the population of medical specialists employed in the New Zealand public health system. Unionisation of these doctors is 90 percent, and their union's MECA specifies their pay rates, which should limit the opportunities for a gender pay gap to arise. Nevertheless, we find that in their public health system employment female specialists earn an average of 12.5 percent less than their male counterparts of the same age, with the same specialty, and who work the same number of hours each week. This wage gap is larger for older ages, among those who work fewer hours each week, and for parents. Controlling for gender differences in experience at the same age decreases the estimated gender wage gap by no more than 20 percent. Our findings are consistent with male medical specialists being placed on higher salary steps than equally experienced female specialists, or males disproportionately receiving additional payments beyond the MECA minimum. | 31 |
3181035 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3181035 | Violence: Some Implications of Development | Existence of violence in society is as old as human being himself. Violence as a concept has been interpreted differently. A school of thought mainly developed by Lorenz (1966) ascribed violence to the basic instinct of human nature, while a few interpreted violence as a matter of social learning (Bandura, 1975), pathological deviation (Smelser, 1962), as a reflector of a particular sub-culture (Wolfgang and Ferracuti, 1968), a result of relative deprivation (Gurr, 1970), or a consequence of change or development (Rao. 1987, Shaha, 1990). | 32 |
3181059 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3181059 | Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships: The British Experiences | Crime reduction partnership in the UK is a programme symbolising the joint efforts of community agencies and law enforcement agencies in their fight against crime. This programme is distinct from the rest in the sense that it places the partnership on a legal footing. The community agencies have a legal obligation to contribute in this pursuit. A case study of this partnership conducted in the county of Leicestershire has been reported in the present paper. The paper depicts the structural and performance related aspects of this crime reduction initiative. | 33 |
2411761 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2411761 | Communication in Collective Bargaining | We analyze how institutions shape communication incentives in a Romer-Rosenthal agenda-setting model with private information and private values. An agenda setter faces multiple voters who are privately informed about their ideal points in a one-dimensional policy space. We consider two institutions. In one setting, cheap-talk communication precedes a take-it-or-leave-it agenda-setting game. The second involves sequential agenda setting where the setter can revise the proposal only when the first one fails to gain enough support. The latter institution requires the setter to commit to a policy as a screening technology. The commitment fosters information disclosure from strategic voters and thus results in efficiency gains over straw polls, where the setter is not constrained in how she reacts to revealed information. In addition, we also find voters' sabotage incentive that may discount the informativeness of political communication. Specifically, when a voter preferring the status quo cannot directly block less preferred policies, he could have an incentive to induce an extreme reform proposal and expect it to fail. With numerical examples, we identify the sabotage phenomenon in non-monotonic equilibrium, where the types of voters that sufficiently prefer and dislike the status quo send one signal, and the intermediate types send another one. | 34 |
2138527 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2138527 | Feeling Grounded: A Gendered View of Population Control | Professor Spahn explores current prospectives on controlling birth rates as a means of affecting population control. Through a comparison of China's decision to build the controversial Three Gorges Dam and China's one child policy, Professor Spahn explores the use of control methodology in population control strategies.This Article argues for a departure from the position held by many controlistas which views controlling female fertility as the panacea for the population control problem. An alternative approach emphasizing the empowerment of women rather than seeking to control them is presented as being more protective of women and the environment, as well as being more likely to succeed. Professor Spahn argues that controlling female fertility should be abandoned while calling for a more contextual analysis of the factors affecting population control. In particular, Professor Spahn advocates for women's reproductive lives and for equality in the roles men and women play in population control. | 35 |
3419034 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3419034 | How Effective Is Inclusive Innovation without Participation? | The last few years have seen an upsurge in the field of innovation studies especially 'inclusive innovation', aiming not only at economic but social development. In developing countries, like India, inclusive innovation must incorporate governance and for governance to be inclusive, it should encompass participation by all, especially the marginalized, to make public policies efficacious and deliverable. I argue that any model of inclusive innovation needs to take cognizance of participation by all stakeholders.The objective of innovation must be to enable and empower people at the periphery through awareness, accessibility and democratic deliberations rather than solely aiming at economic outcomes. There is a need to debate on the 'inclusiveness' of innovation and make it more participative. Such an endeavour may help promote United Nation's sustainable development goals by making governance participatory and expediting the process of social justice. | 36 |
3417161 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3417161 | Derechos sociales y justicia transicional: experiencias internacionales y el caso colombiano (Social Rights and Transitional Justice: International Experiences and the Colombian Case) | Spanish Abstract: La superación de un conflicto armado no sólo debe ir acompañada de un proceso de entrega de las armas y juicio a los perpetradores de los delitos; también supone identificar y corregir las causas estructurales de la violencia. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar la inclusión de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales (DESC) en la justicia transicional. La hipótesis desarrollada es que, a pesar de las di-ficultades para dar eficacia plena a los DESC, la justicia transicional, como un escenario político en disputa, puede permitir la construcción de memoria histórica en torno al desconocimiento de los derechos sociales, juzgar estas violaciones y adoptar políticas públicas. Para dar respuesta a esto, en un primer momento se aborda la relación entre desigualdad social y el conflicTo colombiano. Posteriormente, a través de las experiencias de otros países, se expone cómo influye la justicia social y redistributiva sobre la justicia transicional. Por último, se retoma el caso de Colombia para explicar la convergencia entre el reconocimiento legislativo y judicial, centrando el estudio en la justicia transicional como escenario que puede promover las demandas de DESC.English Abstract: Overcome an armed conflict must not only be accompanied by a process of abandonment of arms and prosecution for perpetrators of crimes, but also involves identifying and correcting the structural causes of the violence. Thus, the objective of this article is to analyze the inclusion of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) in transitional justice. The hypothesis developed is that, although the difficulties to thoroughly endorse the escr, transitional jus-tice, as a disputed political scenario, can allow the construction of historical memory around the ignorance of social rights, to judge these violations and adopt public policies. In order to give an answer, the article elaborates on the relationship between social inequality and the Colombian conflict. Subsequently, through the experiences of other countries, the influence of social and redistributive justice on transi-tional justice is presented. Finally, the case of Colombia is taken up to explain the convergen-ce between legislative and judicial recognition, focusing the study on transitional justice as a scenario that can promote the demands related to the guarantee of ESCR. | 37 |
1331925 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1331925 | Plebeians and Repression of Crime in the Roman Empire: From Torture of Convicts to Torture of Suspects | The purpose of this article is to trace the development of judicial torture in Rome from the time of Augustus to the Severan age particularly from the point of view of the lower classes, the ordinary plebeian citizens. This development becomes much more intelligible once it is fully realized that in case of Roman citizens the torture of convicted criminals to make them reveal accomplices was traditionally the only legal form of torture known to the Romans. Torture was considered no different from corporal punishment, so in the Roman mind to put a citizen to torture before condemnation would have been equivalent of condemning a formally innocent person to potentially lethal penalty. Nevertheless, the rule forbidding the torture of a Roman citizen was no longer valid if he was condemned as a result of a fair trial to corporal capital punishment, consequence of which was a slave-like exclusion from the civic community, technically known as a servitus poenae. Because the guilt of the convict was already established in the trial, the torture after condemnation could have as its sole formaland logical purpose the exposure of accomplices, although this is not to deny that in practice posthumous confessions helped to release the judges from any lingering doubt and responsibility. The main purpose of the lex Iulia de vi (publica) was to halt torture (and any other acts leading to execution of punishment) as long as an appeal to the Emperor was pending, not to absolutely ban it.When the Romans considered it necessary to overcome these strictures governing the use of torture, they did not proceed arbitrarily but introduced legal categories of offenders not protected by the lex Iulia. Introduction of these categories was prompted by the imperial criminal policy that required provincial governors to repress ex officioactivities, including violent upheavals and organized crime,considered most harmful to public order. The wide range of discrimination allowed to the governors in deciding the nature of crime and criminal ensured that the have-nots rather than the haves were assigned to the disadvantageous categories of offenders. Indeed, the torture after condemnation was effectively restricted to plebeian convicts, as the decurions were protected against torture and corporal punishments by the imperial pronouncements. In order to effectively implement the imperial criminal policies, the governors were more and more inclined to bend the rule of law prohibiting torture of freemen before condemnation by readily condemning suspects in order to have them formally tortured to reveal accomplices but so also to make them confess their own crimes. As the governors had all the power to decide when a person was sufficiently hard-pressed to merit a condemnation, also the distinction between a suspect and a convict, and between torture before and after condemnation, slowly eroded but was not lost to the Romans until the Severan period. The principle that a strong suspect can be tortured about his own crime is based on a decision of Caracalla in 216, but it seems to be known already to Callistratus who wrote before 211 when Severus was still alive.In conclusion, I argue that the formal and logical distinction in the eyes of the law between innocent and condemned persons is necessary to explain the historical development of use of torture in the Roman law and practice. Before the Severan age, a Roman citizen could not in legal principle be tortured but to reveal accomplices after his condemnation to capital punishment and reduction to the servitus poenae. The uses and abuses of this principle studied in this paper document the great extent to which the Roman legal administration was rule oriented even in regard to plebeian offenders. Even if due allowance is made to error and maladministration, this should be a warning against a too generous presumption that the Roman Empire deprived in the normal run of events its plebeian subjects of legal protection afforded by their citizenship. | 39 |
3545996 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3545996 | Does National Culture Impact Pay-for-Performance and Gender Pay-Gap in Executive Compensation? | The paper examines the impact of culture on executive compensation. Using a sample of 8025 firms from 17 countries and employing GLOBE cultural dimensions, we find that culture has a significant explanatory power in cross-country executive compensation practices. We contribute to the existing literature by demonstrating how culture affects the relationship between performance and compensation as well as compensation disparity in the boardroom. In particular, we find that in assertive and individualistic societies, compensation is closely related to performance and that compensation disparity is lower among the top management team. Our results reveal more insights on the relationship between culture and compensation practices. | 40 |
3264864 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3264864 | The Early Eight and the Future of Consumer Legal Activism to Fight Modern-Day Slavery in Corporate Supply Chains | In 2015, California consumers filed eight consumer-protection class actions against corporations (including Nestlé USA, Hershey, Mars, and Costco) for alleged abuses within their supply chains. All eight were dismissed. This Note analyzes these cases and labels them "the Early Eight." This Note argues that consumers should use existing legal mechanisms to hold corporations accountable. However, consumers should only do so when there is a cognizable harm, which has not yet occurred. | 41 |
3575699 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3575699 | On Trust, Law, and Expecting the Worst | This Review examines the theme of trust in response to Jill Hasday's Intimate Lies and the Law, which won the Scribes Award for the best work of legal scholarship published in 2019.I distinguish two forms of trust: affective and cognitive. Affective trust is emotional trust-a feeling of safety. Cognitive trust is belief in the facts or statements presented. The feeling of trust is foundational to loving relationships, yet trusting can also be dangerous, as Hasday shows, with significant consequences for those who are duped by their intimates. In an ideal world, I therefore argue that individuals in intimate relationships could develop a combination of affective trust and cognitive distrust. In other words, they would have an ability to feel safe while suspending cognitive trust long enough to test the facts as presented-for instance, to find out whether a new partner is already married. Holding trust and distrust simultaneously may be too difficult, so I turn to the growing literature on curiosity-especially epistemic curiosity, the drive to know-to serve similar goals of supporting inquiry alongside affective trust. I then consider several ways that law could help to enable this combination in intimate relationships. First, the framework of affective trust and epistemic curiosity builds a firmer foundation for some of Hasday's proposals, while offering a basis for improving upon others. For instance, she argues for greater parity in legal treatment of intimate and non-intimate lies, which would create a stronger financial safety net for those whose trust in their intimates is disappointed (supporting emotional trust); and she argues for multistate registries of public marriage records (supporting the drive to know). Moreover, the framework I offer exposes an overlooked dimension of a recent development in the law of evidence: New Mexico's elimination of the marital confidences privilege in 2019, which made it the only state with no form of spousal privilege. This privilege scaffolds the feeling of safety, by permitting spouses to rely on one another not to betray crucial confidences, and thus enables curiosity, by creating a condition for it to be satisfied. Finally, my framework supports a novel approach to prenuptial agreements that I term prenup wrappers-non-enforceable documents in which parties can set out expectations and intentions, to learn about one another and build emotional safety at a critical juncture in formalizing their intimate relationship. | 42 |
3402523 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3402523 | Fodor's Challenge to the Classical Computational Theory of Mind | In The Mind Doesn't Work that Way, Jerry Fodor argues that mental representations have context sensitive features relevant to cognition, and that, therefore, the Classical Computational Theory of Mind (CTM) is mistaken. We call this the Globality Argument. This is an in principle argument against CTM. We argue that it is self-defeating. We consider an alternative argument constructed from materials in the discussion, which avoids the pitfalls of the official argument. We argue that it is also unsound and that, while it is empirical whether context sensitive features of mental representations are relevant to cognition, it is empirically implausible. | 43 |
3517018 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3517018 | The Secret to Finding a Match: A Field Experiment on Choice Capacity Design in an Online Dating Platform | Online matching platforms require new approaches to market design, because firms can now control many aspects of the search and interaction process through various IT-enabled features. Although choice capacity-the number of candidates a user can view and select-is a key design feature of online matching platforms, its effect on engagement and matching outcomes remains unclear. We examine the effect of different choice capacities on the number of choices and matches made on a platform by conducting a randomized field experiment in collaboration with an online dating platform. Specifically, we 1) select users who are of a similar age and live in the same geographical location, 2) design four treatment groups with different choice capacities in which users can only interact with other users in the same group, and 3) randomly assign the users to the treatment groups. We find that providing more choice capacity to male and female users has different effects on choice behaviors and matching outcomes. Although increasing the choice capacity of male users yields the highest engagement, increasing the choice capacity of female users is the most effective method to increase matching outcomes. We posit and empirically demonstrate four mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of different choice capacity designs. Furthermore, we generalize our findings to other online matching platforms and discuss how choice capacity can be designed to increase engagement and matching outcomes. | 44 |
3602452 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3602452 | Foreign Language and Education of Ecological-Oriented Personality of University Students (Иностранный Язык и Воспитание Эколого-Ориентированной Личности Студентов Вузов) | English Abstract: The environmental situation in the world is exacerbated by the desire for economic profit and the low level of environmental culture. Modern society needs to train a generation with a high ecological culture. Ecological culture is formed in the process of professional training of specialists. Future economists should learn to carefully manage natural resources, acquire practical skills in environmental management, and intolerance of acts that harm nature.The report examines the role of foreign languages in shaping the ecological culture of economic students. The educational and educational possibilities of this subject are enormous. A foreign language textbook plays a special role in environmental education. The purpose of the training defines the thematic and methodological content of the textbook. Examples of study by students of economic universities of various economic topics related to environmental problems are given, concrete pedagogical material on their use in classes with students is presented. Familiarity with environmental problems in Germany makes it possible to see significant achievements of this country in the field of preservation and maintenance of ecological balance. A holistic view of the environmental problems of individual countries is emerging.Russian Abstract: Экологическая ситуация в мире обостряется из-за стремления получения экономической прибыли и низкого уровня экологической культуры. Современное общество нуждается в подготовке поколения с высокой экологической культурой. Экологическая культура формируется в процессе профессиональной подготовки специалистов. Будущие экономисты должны учиться бережно обращаться с природными ресурсами, получать практические навыки рационального природопользования, нетерпимо относится к поступкам, которые наносят ущерб природе.В докладе рассматривается роль иностранных языков в формировании экологической культуры студентов экономических специальностей. Воспитательные и образовательные возможности этого предметы огромны. Особую роль в экологическом воспитании играет учебник иностранного языка. Цель обучения определяет тематическое и методическое наполнение учебника. Даны примеры изучения студентами экономических вузов различных экономических тем, которые связаны с проблемами экологии, представлен конкретный педагогический материал по их использованию на занятиях со студентами. Знакомство с экологическими проблемами в Германии позволяет увидеть значительные достижения этой страны в области сохранения и поддержания экологического равновесия. Формируется целостный взгляд на экологические проблемы отдельных стран. | 45 |
3274802 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3274802 | Imagining Violent Criminals: An Experimental Investigation of Music Stereotypes and Character Judgments | Objectives: In criminal cases, prosecutors treat defendant-authored rap lyrics as an admission of guilt rather than as art or entertainment. Do negative stereotypes about rap music shape jurors' attitudes about the defendant, unfairly influencing outcomes? Replicating and extending previous research (Fischoff Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 795-805, 1999; Fried Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(23), 2135-2146, 1996; Dunbar et al. Public Policy, and Law, 22(3), 280-292, 2016), the current study begins to address these questions.Methods: Using an experimental approach, participants were presented with music lyrics and asked to make judgments about the person who wrote the lyrics. All participants read the same lyrics but were told they were from a country, heavy metal, or rap song, depending upon the condition into which they were randomly assigned. Again using random assignment, participants were provided with information about the race of the songwriter in a photo of a young man. Finally, participants were tasked with judging the character of the songwriter, including traits such as his violent nature and criminal disposition.Results: We find that writers of violent "rap" lyrics are perceived more negatively than writers who pen identical country and heavy metal lyrics. We also find that songwriter race matters; no differences in judgments were detected between the White and Black songwriters; however, when race information was not provided, participants who inferred the songwriter was Black judged him more negatively than participants who inferred he was White.Conclusions: These findings have implications for racial disparities in the criminal justice system. | 46 |
3573427 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3573427 | Addiction Treatment in the Sunnah | Alcohol addiction is a general phenomenon that affects communities as a whole and is one of the intractable problems that governments and institutions are trying to address. The Arabs' minds were inclined towards drinking wine until when Islam came and brought solutions in a way that made them shun away the practice according to the teaching of Islamic law. This study used an analytical method based on qualitative data collection and analysis. The researchers tried to explain the concept of addiction and alcohol, and the role of the Sunnah in the treatment of addiction to alcohol through Islamic laws that prevent Muslims from approaching intoxicants. One of the most interesting findings of this study is that differences in the names of alcohol do not negate its prohibition; the little of what intoxicates in large quantity is also haram (forbidden). Before punishment, Islam has certainly established rules to prevent people from approaching alcohol. Islam did not begin to resolve the problem of alcohol addiction through punishment, but identified the causes that lead Muslims to alcohol addiction, and then addressed those causes to prevent Muslims from being addicted to alcohol. | 47 |
3573470 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3573470 | Measuring Readers' Satisfaction with Online Newspaper Content: A Study of Daily Trust | As a result of advances in technology particularly new media via which information can be instantly disseminated, many newspapers are realizing they need to tailor their news-delivering techniques to be quicker and more accessible. Therefore, this study attempts to determine the extent to which online newspapers satisfy the readers' need for information compared to their print counterparts. Many studies conducted revealed differences in content between print and online newspapers, but there is still a need to determine the level of readers' satisfaction with the contents. The study employed a quantitative approach in which a descriptive survey method was used to gather and analyze the data. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from the readers' perspective. Also, a critical review of the literature was done to determine the readers' satisfaction from other related studies conducted in different countries of the world. The questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected sample of 330 newspaper readers. The findings revealed a moderate (Mean=3.36) level of readers' satisfaction with the contents of online newspapers. Further analysis of the findings revealed that the majority (mean=3.45) of the readers agreed that the contents of online newspapers satisfy their need for information. The majority (mean=3.39) of the readers like reading online newspapers more than their print counterparts, while the majority (mean=3.33) of the readers feel better informed by reading the online version of newspapers. The study concludes that online newspapers give certain values to the readers which their print counterparts do not. | 48 |
2770729 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2770729 | Belief States in Criminal Law | Belief-state ascription - determining what someone "knew," "believed," was "aware of," etc. - is central to many areas of law. In criminal law, the distinction between knowledge and recklessness, and the use of broad jury instructions concerning other belief states, presupposes a common and stable understanding of what those belief-state terms mean. But a wealth of empirical work at the intersection of philosophy and psychology - falling under the banner of "Experimental Epistemology" - reveals how laypeople's understandings of mens rea concepts differ systematically from what scholars, courts, and perhaps legislators, have assumed. As implemented, mens rea concepts are much more context-dependent and normatively evaluative than the conventional wisdom suggests, even assuming that jurors are following jury instructions to the letter. As a result, there is less difference between knowledge and recklessness than is typically assumed; jurors consistently "over"-ascribe knowledge to criminal defendants; and concepts like "belief," "awareness," and "conscious disregard" mean different things in different contexts, resulting in mens rea findings systematically responsive to aspects of the case traditionally considered irrelevant to the meaning of those terms. This Article provides the first systematic account of the factors driving jurors' ascriptions of the specific belief states criminal law invokes. After surveying mens rea jury instructions, introducing the Experimental Epistemology literature to the legal literature on mens rea, and examining the implications of that literature for criminal law, this Article considers ways to begin bridging the surprisingly large gap between mens rea theory and practice. | 49 |
3525113 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3525113 | Trauma and the Construction of Suffering in Irish Historical Child Sexual Abuse Prosecutions | Adopting the special issue's broad definition of criminal law reform, this article explores some of the ways the Irish criminal process is grappling with the demands for justice of adults who report childhood sexual abuse. In particular, it shows how the cultural notion of trauma is bound up with the construction of victims' suffering. In historical child sexual abuse prosecutions, trauma is shown to be an effect of the abuse on the victim/survivor; a site of mediation of the relationship between the state and victims; and a site of mediation of the relationship between the state and its past. The article first explores these insights in relation to the law's approach to questions of alleged procedural unfairness to defendants flowing from the passage of time. Trauma is exposed as both legitimating some forms of suffering, and disqualifying others. The article then employs the trope of trauma to expose the problems with current approaches to cross‐examination of vulnerable victims and recent reforms of the rules on disclosure of victims' counselling records. Finally, the article explores the possibilities of trauma discourse in thinking anew about how to address the suffering of victims of historical child sexual abuse. | 50 |
3583597 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3583597 | A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude of Adults Regarding Yoga in Stress Management in a Selected Urban Community at Bangalore with a View to Develop an Information Booklet | Introduction: Yoga is a science of right living and it works when integrated in our daily life. It works on all aspects of person: the physical, mental, emotional, psychic and spiritual. The word yoga means 'unity' or 'oneness' and is derived from the Sanskrit word 'yuj' which means 'to join'. Material & Methods: The research approach adopted for the study was descriptive in nature. Descriptive survey aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of adult's regarding yoga in stress management. 100 urban community adults were selected as the sample for the study by using convenient sampling technique methods. The tool used for data were closed ended questionnaire and attitude scale to assess the knowledge and attitude of adult's in the aspect of coping skills of the adult's, yoga information normal stress management, and habits and life style of the adult's.Results: major findings of the study were that the overall mean score knowledge of adults is 14.34, on an average adults having 51.2% knowledge. Mean attitude score is 108.78,on an average adults having 77.7% of attitude.Conclusion: The research reveals that there is a significant association in knowledge and attitude of adults regarding yoga in stress management in a selected urban community at Bangalore.Key words:-Knowledge, Attitude, Adult,Yoga, Stress, | 51 |
3599241 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3599241 | Community-Based Alternatives for Justice-Involved Individuals with Severe Mental Illness: Review of the Relevant Research | Community-based alternatives to conviction and imprisonment for adult offenders with severe mental illness are receiving increasing attention from researchers and policy makers. After discussing the justifications that have been offered in support of community-based alternatives, this article reviews the current empirical evidence relevant to such alternatives. The authors use the sequential intercept model as a guide and summarize the existing research at several points along the criminal justice continuum. They conclude by highlighting the gaps in existing research and discussing the need for further research in several key areas. | 52 |
3599206 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3599206 | The LSI-R and the COMPAS: Validation Data on Two Risk-Needs Tools | Over the past two decades, the role of risk-needs assessment in the criminal justice system has increased substantially. This study provides validation data on the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) and the Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS) using a large male cohort (N = 975) with a substantial proportion of ethnic minority offenders. In comparing the predictive validity of these tools, the authors employed a retrospective, archival, known-groups design to study outcomes of offenders released into the community from New Jersey prisons between 1999 and 2002, with a post-release outcome period of 12 months. The results indicate that both the LSI-R composite score and the COMPAS recidivism score have inconsistent validity when tested on different ethnic/racial populations. Furthermore, the results suggest that different ethnic/racial groups have varying risk and needs factors that predict recidivism. | 53 |
3593776 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3593776 | A National Survey of State Legislation Defining Mental Retardation: Implications for Policy and Practice after Atkins | In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits executing offenders who are mentally retarded. Rather than adopting a uniform definition of mental retardation, the court charged each state with defining mental retardation in a manner that enforces the constitutional restriction. An unanswered question is how states define mental retardation after Atkins, which has implications for capital defendants and forensic evaluators who conduct capital mitigation evaluations. This project identified the statutory definitions of mental retardation in each state, and grouped the definitions based on consistency with accepted clinical criteria for mental retardation. Results show that definitions of mental retardation vary considerably by state. The large majority of states, both overall and specifically among death penalty states, use criteria for mental retardation that are not entirely consistent with accepted clinical standards. As such, it is not clear whether the majority of states are effectuating the intent of Atkins. The implications of these findings for both policy and practice are discussed. | 54 |
3594805 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3594805 | How 'Specific' Are Gender-Specific Rehabilitation Needs?: An Empirical Analysis | There has been relatively little empirical research on the distinctive characteristics and needs of female offenders that could help guide rehabilitative approaches that are gender specific. This study considered a sample of female offenders (N = 886) and male offenders (N = 1,435) who had been released from incarceration and provided with assessment services as part of the community reentry process. Comparisons were conducted using the employment, companions, and financial domains of the Level of Service Inventory (LSI-R and LS-CMI). Female offenders received significantly higher ratings in companion and financial deficits, consistent with some prior research suggesting that social and financial risk factors for offending may be more substantial in women. Implications for research and the practice of gender-specific rehabilitation approaches are discussed. | 55 |
3599119 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3599119 | The Impact of DSM-5's Alternative Model for Personality Disorders on Criminal Defendants | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) workgroup on personality disorders initially proposed several revisions to diagnostic criteria and disorder labels, some of which could have had a direct impact on the perception and sentencing of criminal defendants. The recent publication of the DSM-5 included these revisions in an appendix for future research, indicating that the revised criteria require additional research before implementation. This study examined how the proposed changes, if implemented, might affect jury members' sentencing recommendations and perceptions of the defendant. Participants read vignettes in which diagnostic label (antisocial personality disorder vs. dyssocial personality disorder vs. psychopathy) and crime type (white collar vs. violent crime) were manipulated. Results suggest that participants perceived white collar offenders more negatively than violent offenders, and were generally more influenced by crime type than diagnosis. The diagnostic label was most influential on recidivism ratings and participants' perceptions of violent offenders. | 56 |
3595276 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3595276 | Applying the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model to Juvenile Justice | Application of the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) model in adult correctional research and practice is well developed, but remains underway in the juvenile justice system. The RNR model may facilitate a shift from punitive practices in the juvenile justice system toward individualized assessment and treatment of youth fostering rehabilitation and reintegration. This article reviews the history of the RNR model in adult correctional settings, its theoretical application to the juvenile justice system, and available tools and literature utilizing RNR principles in juvenile justice settings. Criticisms of applying the RNR model to the juvenile justice system and future research directions are addressed. | 57 |
3599029 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3599029 | Introduction to the Special Issue on Diversion from Standard Prosecution | Over the past two decades, there has been a paradigm shift in how the criminal justice system handles specific types of offenders. The initial impetus for this shift was the long-overdue recognition that standard criminal justice processing was not resulting in meaningful reductions in drug use and criminal recidivism among drug-involved offenders. As a result, courts across the United States began developing specialized dockets designed to address the specific criminogenic risk factors of drug-involved offenders. The advent of drug treatment courts was the beginning of a new generation of specialty courts and other community-based efforts to deal with specific types of offenders. Although these efforts began with a focus on drug-involved offenders, community-based alternatives to standard prosecution were soon developed for other subsets of offenders, including those with mental health problems.Drug courts and mental health courts have received a good deal of attention, but specialty courts are only one type of community-based diversion program. Indeed, there are a range of community-based alternatives to standard prosecution that span the entire criminal justice continuum. In this regard, the Sequential Intercept Model developed by Munetz andGriffin (2006) provides a useful organizing framework. This model describes five points at which standard criminal justice processing can be interrupted (or intercepted) and individuals can be diverted from standard prosecution: (1) law enforcement and emergency services; (2) post-arrest: initial detention/hearing and pre-trial services; (3) post-initial hearings: jails/prisons, courts, forensic evaluations, and commitments; (4) re-entry from jails, prisons, and forensic hospitalization; and (5) community corrections and community support. Each of these intercepts provides an opportunity to intervene with offenders andpotentially break the costly and ineffective cycle of arrest, incarceration, release, and re-arrest that has often characterized the criminal justice system's response to certain types of offenders.This special issue presents the most up-to-date research on diversion from standard prosecution. | 58 |
3599046 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3599046 | Book Review: The Mentally Disordered Inmate and the Law | Criminal offenders with serious mental health disorders are inundating the correctional system at an alarming rate, and the scope and complexity of legal issues that affect prison inmates with serious mental health disorders have increased considerably in recent years. As such, there is a palpable need for a comprehensive yet accessible explanation of the legal issues that are directly relevant to the sizeable portion of prison inmates with serious mental health disorders. The second edition of Fred Cohen's The Mentally Disordered Inmate and the Law (2008), published by Civic Research Institute, effectively fills this need. This two-volume set, which is a revised and expanded version of the first edition,published in 1998, provides comprehensive coverage of the rights of prison inmates with mental disorders and the legal issues that most directly affect these inmates. And it does so in a straightforward, accessible, and practical manner. In the 10 years between the publication of the first and second editions of this book, the laws affecting prison inmates with mental disorders have changed considerably, and it should be no surprise to anyone familiar with Cohen's substantial body of impressive scholarship that he does a masterful job in the second edition of keeping pace with the rapidly changing legal landscape. | 59 |
3599064 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3599064 | Juvenile Decertification: Developing a Model for Classification and Prediction | This study considers the impact of data from the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (MAYSI), and the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) on the court's decision whether to decertify an adolescent defendant back to juvenile court or keep the defendant in criminal court. There are significant positive relationships between certification status and age; number of violent charges; total charges; PCL:YV, YLS/CMI, and MAYSI total scores; and select subscales of the MAYSI and the YLS/CMI. Significant differences are found between those who remained in the adult criminal justice system and those who were decertified to the juvenile justice system for age, YLS/CMI total score, and the Prior and Current Offenses and Dispositions and Personality and Behavior subscales of the YLS/CMI. The combination of PCL:YV total score and select subscales from the MAYSI and YLS/CMI provided the most accurate model for predicting certification status. | 60 |
3355028 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3355028 | Social Proximity and the Erosion of Norm Compliance | We study how compliance with norms of pro-social behavior is influenced by peers' compliance in a dynamic and non-strategic experimental setting. We show that social proximity among peers is a crucial determinant of the effect. Without social proximity, norm compliance erodes swiftly because participants only conform to observed norm violations while ignoring norm compliance. With social proximity, participants conform to both types of observed behaviors, thus halting the erosion of compliance. Our findings stress the importance of the broader social context for norm compliance and show that, even in the absence of social sanctions, norm compliance can be sustained in repeated interactions, provided there is group identification, as is the case in many natural and online environments. | 61 |
3510214 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3510214 | Teaching Styles | No two teachers teach in the same way even if they were using the same method to teach. Students taught by different teachers are likely to come out of each of the teaching encounters with varying experiences with regard to the tone of the teaching, personality attributes, and behavioral patterns of each teacher. In many cases, these teacher-bound characteristics are likely to be enduring over time irrespective of what or whom the teacher teaches. These distinct qualities constitute the style of a teacher, or "who a teacher is," since these qualities are what a teacher displays that are consistent from situation to situation irrespective of the content that is being taught. Therefore, teaching style uniquely defines teachers, guides and directs their instructional thoughts and practices. | 62 |
3339259 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3339259 | Scaling Up Analogical Innovation with Crowds and AI | Analogy-the ability to find and apply deep structural patterns across domains-has been fundamental to human innovation in science and technology. Today there is a growing opportunity to accelerate innovation by moving analogy out of a single person's mind and distributing it across many information processors, both human and machine. Doing so has the potential to overcome cognitive fixation, scale to large idea repositories, and support complex problems with multiple constraints. Here we lay out a perspective on the future of scalable analogical innovation and first steps using crowds and artificial intelligence (AI) to augment creativity that quantitatively demonstrate the promise of the approach, as well as core challenges critical to realizing this vision. | 63 |
3542550 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3542550 | Genetic Villains | When a little boy's doctors relied on his genetic test results to guide their treatment, they opted for medicines that eventually killed him. The lab that generated the genetic test results knew, at the time of the report, that these results might have meant something other than what was communicated to the doctors. Had his doctors known what the lab knew, their course of treatment would have certainly changed. Whether we see the lab as this narrative's villains depends on our perspective. And though, of course, it is tempting to name a villain under these circumstances, doing so leaves the problem unsolved. This Article proposes that the best way to prevent outcomes like this in the future is not by punishing the labs' conduct but by properly incentivizing them to perform efficiently. Class action theory and economics help us think of genetics labs as DNA aggregators, free to benefit from their work. And, with this framework in mind, incentivizing labs to reorganize as benefit corporations and adopt contracts and practices that protect their business will lead to the implementation of more effective reclassification and recontacting procedures. | 64 |
3090658 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3090658 | Trends of Age of Consent Legislation in Europe: A Comparative Study of 59 Jurisdictions on the European Continent | Over the past few decades, many national jurisdictions on the European continent have revised their age of consent legislation. A comparison of the age of consent laws of 59 jurisdictions in 2004 and 2016 revealed three important developments to have taken place during the past 12 years. The first trend - to raise the general age of consent and abolish very low ages of consent (<14 years) - signals that nowadays much greater emphasis is placed on the protection of children against negative and premature sexual experiences. This protectionist approach, however, comes at a cost: A higher statutory age of consent can restrain children in their sexual autonomy. The second trend emerging from the comparison was the full and complete equalization of the age of consent for homosexual and heterosexual relations. While in 2004, one-third of the studied jurisdictions still had discriminatory provisions for homo- or heterosexual sex, all of them have now adopted laws that are neutral regarding the sexual orientation of the partners involved. The third trend is to create a higher age limit for sexual behaviours in relationships of authority or dependence. This acknowledgement of the need for increased protection of minors in relationships characterized by a power imbalance deserves following by jurisdictions that have not distinguished a different age of consent for authority relations (yet). | 65 |
3500193 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3500193 | At the Heart of Youth’s Access to Justice in the Child Welfare System: The Stakeholders Brought Together (Au cœur de l’accès à la justice des jeunes en protection de la jeunesse : les acteurs rassemblés) | English Abstract: This article is part of a research project on youth's access to justice that focuses on youth's participation in legal proceedings in Quebec. The lack of legal and interdisciplinary perspectives in youth protection justified the organization of a round-table discussion in order to address the challenges, experiences and lessons to foster in the Child Welfare System in Quebec. This article presents the key deficiencies that restrict youth's access to justice as well as lessons to foster intervention in support of children's rights. The discussions emphasized in particular the need to create a space for dialog between stakeholders. These discussions also considered different pathways to improve access to justice for the youth in Quebec and socio-legal practices.French Abstract: Cet article s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une recherche sur l'accès à la justice des jeunes qui explore la participation des jeunes au système québécois de protection de la jeunesse. Face au manque d'attention flagrant de la communauté scientifique sur cette question, les auteures décidèrent d'organiser une table-ronde interdisciplinaire pour discuter des défis, des expériences et des leçons à partager entre les divers acteurs présents sur la scène de la protection de la jeunesse. L'article expose les principales pistes de réflexion émergeant de cette discussion, joignant les lacunes aux ouvertures pour améliorer l'accès des jeunes à la justice. La nécessité flagrante d'offrir des espaces de dialogue entre les différents professionnels du système, principalement les intervenants sociaux et judiciaires, se fait toujours plus pressante. Une approche collaborative, intersectionnelle et interdisciplinaire, non seulement centrée sur les jeunes mais également inclusive des jeunes, semble ainsi se dégager tant des échanges de la table-ronde que du peu d'écrits portant sur le sujet. | 66 |
3408769 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3408769 | Ground Theory: A Focus Group Study on Bullying and the Political Process (Summer 2019) | Workplace bullying is an ongoing topic of discussion which surfaces in conversations surrounding bullying. Bullying is not only a workplace issue but more seriously concerning, it is a problematic issue in the school systems across the United States. Cyberbullying has now replaced face to face bullying for American citizens both young and old. In cyberbullying, the bully can disguise themselves behind a cyber wall versus targeting an individual in person and doing so by just a few clicks of a button. With one push of the button, the bullying message containing derogatory and humiliating words are displayed to millions of people at one time. Similarly, bullying at the political realm has risen to a new level whereby the victims are being targeted in front of millions of viewers, I wish to explore the effects here through a focus group study. | 67 |
3081980 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3081980 | Why Silence? Reporting Internal Conflict in Ethiopian Newspapers | Ethiopia and its people have been experiencing internal conflicts that have caused many deaths, destruction of property, as well as other tragedies. The main causes of these internal conflicts were the country's internal political instability and scarce resources, its historical paths, its geographical location, and the current religious fundamentalism in the Horn of Africa. In this research, these internal conflicts were classified into four groups: ethnic, religious, National Power \ Regional Predominance (NP\RP), and Other more minor incidents, based on their formation, intensity, and nature. This dissertation's overarching purpose is to examine how these internal conflicts were reported in selected Ethiopian local newspapers, namely, Addis Admas, Reporter, The Daily Monitor, and The Ethiopian Herald in the period 2005-2013. The sampled newspapers were deliberately selected since they have been published for many years, are interested in dealing with critical issues and current affairs, and have relatively large circulations within the country. Similarly, the period (2005-2013) was intentionally chosen, since there were several conflicts during that particular period. With the purpose of meeting the main objectives of the dissertation, three main research questions were set. These are: To what extent do the selected newspapers cover the internal conflicts? How they do frame the stories, and what are the challenges they face during reporting on these cases. The study answered these major questions by using content analysis, textual analysis, and interview data collection and analysis instruments. The content analysis was used to consider the extent of the internal conflict stories that appeared in the selected newspapers. The textual analysis was also employed so as to discover how the newspapers frame the internal conflicts. The interviews were added to the study to make sense of the reasons for which the selected newspapers reported in the way they did. The study was supported by agenda setting, framing, and symbolic annihilation theories. The former two theories were employed to develop the tools of the study, to identify the problems and to support the discussions. The latter, however, was merely used to discuss the data.The study reveals that the internal conflict reporting in the selected Ethiopian newspapers was not only minimal in its number but also tended to silence cases, by ignoring some of the issues or facts of the events in their stories. The frame analysis also reflects that the texts try to hide some of the important elements of the events relating to the internal conflicts. Two frames, the annihilation frame and the attribution of responsibility, are identified in the study. The study also identifies that the Ethiopian local newspapers and their journalists in general, and in those selected newspapers, in particular, have been facing challenges, mainly in relation to ownership, fear, self-censorship, and pressures, which lead the reporters to compromise their professional integrity while reporting on cases of internal conflicts. By looking at the overall findings, the study also outlines the possible practical and theoretical implications in the Ethiopian media, and the media and conflict reporting, more generally. | 68 |
3274969 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3274969 | Regional Conflict and Cooperation: The Case of Southeast Asia | This case study examines Southeast Asian states' transition from conflict to cooperation during and after the Cold War. Our objective is to dissect this particular case in order to understand in more general terms the conditions that can turn a regional order around, in either a cooperative or conflictive direction. The case is important because of the dramatic economic rise of Southeast Asia in the midst of national, ethnic, religious, and linguistic heterogeneity, the wide diversity in power attributes and socio-economic development, the severe economic and political crisis that afflicted the region in the late 1990s, and the remaining unresolved disputes within the region. The case draws special attention to the impact of both internationalization and domestic politics on the way these states managed their regional relations. These two forces - internationalization and domestic politics - seemingly operate from above and below the level of the region, respectively. Yet they are strongly related.Southeast Asian leaders chose to integrate their countries into the global economy at a time when most other industrializing states resisted it. The strategy of export-led industrialization was expected to improve living standards, providing leaders with a means to enhance political control at home. Accordingly, their domestic political economies had to be adjusted to facilitate accelerated economic growth. Preventing extensive military investments was one important requirement for avoiding governmental and payments deficits, high interest rates, inflation, and other such effects detrimental to growth and foreign investment. A related prerequisite was stability - domestic and regional, political and economic - that would provide a secure environment for such investments. Regional cooperation can thus be interpreted as a natural choice when seeking to enhance stability and investments, and to prevent a harmful arms race. | 69 |
3090859 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3090859 | How Neo-Marxism Creates Bias in Gender and Migration Research: Evidence from the Philippines | The paper analyses migration flows from the Philippines in two gendered occupations: domestic helpers and computer programmers. The international division of labor theory claims that foreign investment determines migration from developing countries, especially of women, towards low-skilled gendered occupations in developed countries. This paper shows that the division of labor is neither gendered nor international in the predicted sense. For instance, data from Philippines Overseas Employment Agency shows that the theory is Eurocentric as Northern America and Europe are destinations for only 3 percent of domestic workers' flows. The paper argues that neo-Marxism creates bias in gender and migration research and hinders understanding of important gendered effects concerning migrants. Two examples of such gendered effects are highlighted here: the higher vulnerability to legislative change of migrant men employed as domestic workers in Italy and the higher penetration of women into computer programming in the migrant flows to the U.S. | 70 |
3603328 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3603328 | Caranteen-2020 in German Print Editions (Карантин 2020 года через призму немецких печатных СМИ | English Abstract: In 2020, humanity has had to face the threat of global scale - coronavirus infection. It was characterized by a wide speed of distribution and the lack of drugs to combat it. All residents of Russia and most European countries, including Germany, were subjected to self-isolation. In many countries where it has manifested itself, restrictive measures have been introduced to prevent the spread of infection. One such measure was the self-isolation of citizens for quite a long period of time. Under these conditions of the company. Almost every major media outlet has raised this topic. The media sanctiored various aspects of self-isolation and remote work: from measures of psychological assistance, to those who began to transfer employees en masse to a remote form of work. The changes affected everyone was forced to limit their communication and movement, to economic calculations on various scales.RussianAbstract: В 2020 году человечеству пришлось столкнуться с угрозой глобальных масштабов - коронавирусной инфекцией. Её отличало широкая скорость распространения и отсутствие лекарств для борьбы с ней. Самоизоляции были подвергнуты все жители России и большинства европейских стран, в том числе Германии. Во многих странах, где она проявилась были введены ограничительные меры, направленные на социальное дистанцирование людей, для предотвращения распространения инфекции. Одной из такой меры явилось самоизоляция граждан на довольно длительный период времени. В данных условиях компании. Практически в каждом крупном СМИ была затронута данная тема. СМИ освящали разные аспекты самоизоляции и дистанционной работы: от мер психологической помощи, тем, кто стали массово переводить сотрудников на дистанционную форму работы. Изменения коснулись каждого оказался вынужденным ограничить свое общение и передвижение, до экономических расчетов в различных масштабах. | 71 |
3593447 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3593447 | The Effect of the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised in Capital Cases: Mock Jurors' Responses to the Label of Psychopathy | Despite mixed empirical evidence regarding the ability of the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R) to predict violence among incarcerated inmates, it continues to be used to address such questions, even in the context of capital cases. The purpose of this study was to examine if the PCL-R has a prejudicial effect on mock jury members during the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial. Results indicated that participants were more likely to sentence the defendant to death when the defendant exhibited a high likelihood to commit future violence, whether or not the diagnostic label "psychopath" was present. Interestingly, when asked to rate the defendant's likelihood for future violence and murder, the defendant who was a high risk for future violence and not labeled a psychopath received the highest rating. These results suggest an absence of juror bias as it pertains to the label "psychopath" when sentencing a defendant in a capital murder case. | 72 |
3088712 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3088712 | Shale Gas Development and Infant Health: Evidence from Pennsylvania | This research exploits the introduction of shale gas wells in Pennsylvania in response to growing controversy around the drilling method of hydraulic fracturing. Using detailed location data on maternal addresses and GIS coordinates of gas wells, this study examines singleton births to mothers residing close to a shale gas well from 2003-2010 in Pennsylvania. The introduction of drilling increased low birth weight and decreased term birth weight on average among mothers living within 2.5 km of a well compared to mothers living within 2.5 km of a future well. Adverse effects were also detected using measures such as small for gestational age and APGAR scores, while no effects on gestation periods were found. These results are robust to other measures of infant health, many changes in specification and falsification tests. In the intensive margin, an additional well is associated with a 7 percent increase in low birth weight, a 5 gram reduction in term birth weight and a 3 percent increase in premature birth. These findings suggest that shale gas development poses significant risks to human health and have policy implications for regulation of shale gas development. | 73 |
3584109 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3584109 | Delving the Sentiments to Track Emotions in Gender Issues: A Plutchik-Based Sentiment Analysis in Students’ Learning Diaries | Several emotional obstacles are known to obstruct learner's academic development, however, learners will be able to accomplish well if they feel positive emotions towards a lesson. This research aimed to explore the views of students towards gender issues based on the learning diaries of the students. The students are required to write their reactions to the topics discussed, their feelings and other thoughts that relate to the topic. This study used the sequential exploratory design utilizing content and sentiment analysis. The use of sentiment analysis was to extract emotions from the students' learning diaries based on Plutchik's eight-wheel of emotions. Fifteen diaries selected based on the contents that fit on the rubrics. The results revealed various emotions expressed in the students' learning diaries over time such as joy, trust, anger, sadness, and fear. There has been a major shift of emotions throughout the the period, from positive to negative emotions. It was found out that the emotions of the students expressed during classroom discussions were influenced by the topic and will depend on the teaching strategy. Overall, this study will improve the teaching and learning in the classroom by analyzing the sentiments, emotions in students' learning diaries to help administrators especially teachers address problems and take corrective actions. | 74 |
3384569 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3384569 | Big Data from the South(s): Beyond Data Universalism | This article introduces the tenets of a theory of datafication of and in the Souths. It calls for a de-Westernization of critical data studies, in view of promoting a reparation to the cognitive injustice that fails to recognize non-mainstream ways of knowing the world through data. It situates the "Big Data from the South" research agenda as an epistemological, ontological, and ethical program and outlines five conceptual operations to shape this agenda. First, it suggests moving past the "universalism" associated with our interpretations of datafication. Second, it advocates understanding the South as a composite and plural entity, beyond the geographical connotation (i.e., "global South"). Third, it postulates a critical engagement with the decolonial approach. Fourth, it argues for the need to bring agency to the core of our analyses. Finally, it suggests embracing the imaginaries of datafication emerging from the Souths, foregrounding empowering ways of thinking data from the margins. | 76 |
3374864 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3374864 | Role of Family-Business in Women Empowerment | Family is central to the founding of society and society completes nation. Family enterprise is an influential element in commencing and nourishing socio-economic development. Family enterprise has been active around the world for centuries and also accounts for a large share of economic activity in the contemporary period. No nation, society and family can bourgeon and be prosperous if women, who represent half of the human force, are not treated equally. In many parts of India, the participation of women in decision making is inexcusably low, and they are marginalized and play a secondary role. Gender equality and women empowerment are essential for the development and wellbeing of family, society and to a nation. Gender inequality in India is because of the existence of the patriarchal structure of the family system. Empowerment of women must be accomplished at all levels to enable them to make decisions about themselves and also family matters. Education is believed to be one of the most fundamental components of Empowerment. Education enables women to have an analytical and scientific approach and recognize the realities around them. This paper is an attempt to discuss the role of family business in the empowerment of women, identifying the role of education as a reliable energy booster for the development and empowerment of women in a developing country like India | 77 |
2927911 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2927911 | Stored Stories: How Body-Based Work Changes Old Narratives | Work in diverse global organizations has demonstrated how conflict is carried in our bodies, and documented multiple ways that curating and deepening physical wisdom is vital in shifting workplace conflict. Our research explores how emotional and physical work can help shift rigid stories. As narratives become more nuanced, conflict can be transformed-literally released from physical tissues. Increased physical suppleness yields more constructive choices about our internal and shared stories; we literally learn how to extend mobility into narrative realms. In addition, a physical focus imports sensory, aesthetic vocabularies into organizational settings, resourcing richer engagement. This presentation focuses on how kinaesthetic intelligence enhances organizational effectiveness, both individual and collective, yielding increased:• proprioception and awareness of self and others; • capacity to notice and regulate emotions;• mobility in the midst of impasse;• abilities to work effectively across cultures and with worldview differences;• possibilities for surfacing and processing charged memories;• understandings of subtle nuances and interactional textures that signal shifts;• expertise in process designs that foster health; and• creativity in conflict. | 78 |
3572347 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3572347 | Evaluating Police Uses of Force: Table of Contents & Introduction | Police violence has historically played an important role in shaping public attitudes toward the government. Community trust and confidence in policing have been undermined by the perception that officers are using force unnecessarily, too frequently, or in problematic ways. The use of force, or harm suffered by a community as a result of such force, can also serve as a flashpoint, a spark that ignites long-simmering community hostility.In Evaluating Police Uses of Force, legal scholar Seth W. Stoughton, former deputy chief of police Jeffrey J. Noble, and distinguished criminologist Geoffrey P. Alpert explore a critical but largely overlooked facet of the difficult and controversial issues of police violence and accountability: how does society evaluate individual use-of-force incidents? By leading readers through four different answers to this question - constitutional law, state law, administrative regulation, and community expectations - and by providing critical information about police tactics and force options that are implicated within those frameworks, Evaluating Police Uses of Force helps situate readers within broader conversations about governmental accountability, the role that police play in modern society, and how officers should go about fulfilling their duties. | 79 |
3558851 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3558851 | КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТНАЯ МЕТОДИКА ОБУЧЕНИЯ УСТНОМУ РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЮ (Cognitive and Activity Approach to Teaching Text Reviewing) | Russian abstract: В данной статье рассмотрена когнитивно-деятельностная методика обучения устному реферированию иноязычного текста студентов, обучающихся по программам бакалавриата и магистратуры. Умение ориентироваться в современной многоязычной информационной среде представляет собой неотъемлемый составной элемент профессиограммы управленца, политолога, международника. В статье предложено определение реферирования, описана психолингвистическая модель данной деятельности, на основе которой разработан алгоритм практических действий студентов при реферативном чтении иноязычного текста, переработки и компрессии его содержания с учётом требований, предъявляемых к рефератам, и последующем устном изложении на английском языке полученного в результате смысловой компрессии текста. Предлагается краткая инструкция на английском языке по устному реферированию для студентовEnglish Abstract: The article considers a cognitive and activity approach to teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students text reviewing. The competence to navigate the modern multilingual information environment is integral to the job profile of a manager, political scientist, international relations expert. The article defines what oral reviewing of a literary and newspaper text is. It presents the psycholinguistic model and the practical algorithm of oral reviewing. Concise practical guidelines for students on delivering oral reviews of texts compiled by the authors are described. | 80 |
3596556 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3596556 | When One Innocent Suffers: Phillip James Tallio and Wrongful Convictions of Indigenous Youth | This paper examines the causes - sociological, psychological, and legal - for the wrongful conviction of Indigenous persons, and in particular, Indigenous youth, in Canada. The paper includes an overview of research on causes of wrongful conviction, as well as background on the systemic over-incarceration of Indigenous persons in Canada. The paper also includes recommendations on reducing wrongful conviction risk factors, including, inter alia, false confessions, plea bargaining, bias and "tunnel vision" by police and other state actors, the overlap between the child welfare and criminal justice systems, the prevalence of mental illness and disabilities in the criminal justice system, the legacy of Residential Schools and ongoing marginalization of Indigenous persons, and the evolving philosophy of youth criminal justice. The experience of one Indigenous youth, Phillip James Tallio, is situated against this backdrop. | 81 |
3607526 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3607526 | Platform Structures, Homing Preferences, and Homophilous Propensities in Online Social Networks | This study investigates how the attributes of online social platforms (e.g., open vs. closed, symmetric vs. asymmetric social networks) and user preferences regarding platform diversity (e.g., single-homing vs. multi-homing) moderate the influence of homophily on user behaviors across varied social segments. On the basis of panel data, we delve into the interplay among homophily, structural diversities across various online social networking services (SNSs), and users' homing preferences in such social platforms. The data feature of the SNS consumption behaviors of 10,172 individual users are obtained over a period of 134 days. An agent-based simulation model is developed to further validate and generalize the empirical findings. The simulation and empirical results consistently indicate that propensity toward homophily differs significantly across platform types and users' channel adoption behaviors. Online homophily is more pronounced in closed, private social networks than in open, public social networks. Users of asymmetric and symmetric SNSs exhibit weak and strong homophily, respectively. Moreover, whereas users who adopt a single SNS channel tend toward homophily, those who subscribe to multiple SNSs confirm the idea that "opposites attract." These findings suggest that users of online SNS channels manifest complex human interactions typified by the combination of homophily, heterophily, and asymmetric social preference, although homophily is the most prominent disposition. Our findings suggest that homophily should be considered a dynamically changing human characteristic rather than a static attribute, and stakeholders should exploit the complex nature of users' homophilous behaviors to address social problems in online SNSs and to enhance the effectiveness of social advertising. | 82 |
3496510 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3496510 | When Team Identity Helps Innovation and When It Hurts: Team Identity and its Relationship to Team and Cross-team Innovative Behavior | Although the success of team-based organizations requires innovative behavior within and across teams, little research has considered how to foster both types of activity. This is problematic as strong team attachments such as team identification may have mixed effects on team innovative behavior, and may even negatively impact cross-team innovative behavior. We explain these mixed effects through intra- and intergroup aspects of social identity theory and the concept of team reflexivity. We propose that effects of team identification on team innovative behavior are contingent upon team reflexivity, such that team identification is positively related to team innovative behavior only when team reflexivity is high. We also propose that where a team's innovative behavior involves working across team boundaries with other teams, i.e. cross-team innovative behavior, this interaction between team identification and reflexivity is further qualified by perceived interdependence with another team. In a sample of 61 Turkish research and development (R&D) teams comprising 305 employees and 61 team leaders, we find that the association between team identity and team innovative behavior was moderated by team reflexivity as predicted. Further, team identity was positively associated with cross-team innovative behavior only when reflexivity and perceived interdependence between teams were both high, and negatively associated when reflexivity was low and perceived interdependence between teams was high. | 84 |
3555469 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3555469 | Experimental Philosophical Bioethics | There is a rich tradition in bioethics of gathering empirical data to inform, supplement, or test the implications of normative ethical analysis. To this end, bioethicists have drawn on diverse methods, including qualitative interviews, focus groups, ethnographic studies, and opinion surveys to advance understanding of key issues in bioethics. In so doing, they have developed strong ties with neighboring disciplines such as anthropology, history, law, and sociology. Collectively, these lines of research have flourished in the broader field of "empirical bioethics" for more than 30 years.More recently, philosophers from outside the field of bioethics have similarly employed empirical methods - drawn primarily from psychology, the cognitive sciences, economics, and related disciplines - to advance theoretical debates. This approach, which has come to be called experimental philosophy (or x-phi), relies primarily on controlled experiments to interrogate the concepts, intuitions, reasoning, implicit mental processes, and empirical assumptions about the mind that play a role in traditional philosophical arguments. Within the moral domain, for example, experimental philosophy has begun to contribute to long-standing debates about the nature of moral judgment and reasoning; the sources of our moral emotions and biases; the qualities of a good person or a good life; and the psychological basis of moral theory itself.We believe that experimental philosophical bioethics - or "bioxphi" - can similarly contribute to bioethical scholarship and debate. Here, we introduce this emerging discipline, explain how it is distinct from empirical bioethics more broadly construed, and attempt to characterize how it might advance theory and practice in this area. | 85 |
3120956 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3120956 | National Security and the Right to Liberty in Armed Conflict: The Legality and Limits of Security Detention in International Humanitarian Law | This paper examines the legality and limits of security detention in armed conflict situations. It particularly investigates the issues of whether the protection of national security is a legitimate ground to restrict the right to liberty of persons in situations of international or non-international armed conflict, and if so, what are the limits to a State's prerogative to restrict the right to liberty of individuals suspected of threatening its national security. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the relevant extant rules of international law regulating warfare, the paper concludes that security detention is permissible in armed conflict situations regardless of whether the nature of the conflict is international or non-international. However, the prerogative of a State to impose security detention is circumscribed by a plethora of fundamental substantive and procedural safeguards against arbitrariness that are provided in the different rules of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. | 86 |
3444878 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3444878 | The Making of a Mobile Caliphate State in the African Sahel | The goal of this chapter is to thoroughly understand the context of the dominant jihadist narratives and the nature of their appeal in the Sahelian region. All these jihadist ideologies are based on a peculiar Salafi Radicalism that aimed to transform the state and society by methods of preaching and violence. Therefore, studying and analyzing the principles of the Salafist discourse as a political project helps us to understand its points of strengths and weaknesses. In addition, we can better look at the future trends and prospects of violent jihadist groups in the African Sahel. The roots of this Islamic discourse as a political project may be attributed to what Lunay and Suarez call the "Islamic domain." The rise of violent radical Islamism represents drive from the internal political and socioeconomic dynamics evolving in each Sahelian state. However, the struggle and rivalry of jihadist ideologies after the military defeat of Daesh in Mosul is important at a time when thousands of fighters who have survived the civil wars in Iraq, Syria, and Libya are looking for new jihadist fields. | 87 |
3459826 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3459826 | Staying Engaged on the Job the Role of Emotional Labor, Job Resources, and Customer Orientation | Purpose - Frontline employees face constant emotional demands in the course of providing services totheir customers, which can impact job engagement. This study aims to investigate the influence of emotional labor (surface and deep acting) and job resources (having a mentor and availability of expressive emotional network resources) on employees' customer orientation and their relationship to three dimensions of job engagement: vigor, absorption and dedication. Design/methodology/approach - Using data collected from food service providers, a conceptual model based on the job demands-resources theory is developed and tested. Findings - Findings show that having a mentor and expressive emotional network resources increases customer orientation, which in turn increases vigor, absorption and dedication. However, surface acting negatively affects customer orientation, which indirectly reduces job engagement. Originality/value - Consistent with the main tenet of the job-demands and resources theory, it was found that surface acting reduces engagement, whereas job resources (expressive emotional network resources and mentorship) boost engagement. Moreover, the results suggest that the commercialization of human feelings still remains an important topic for service providers to consider during service interactions because its presence affects frontline service employee engagement levels. | 88 |
3626074 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3626074 | Indigenous Economies, Theories of Subsistence, and Women. Exploring the Social Economy Model for Indigenous Governance | The significance of traditional economies in indigenous communities goes beyond the economic realm-they are more than just livelihoods providing subsistence and sustenance to individuals or communities. The centrality of traditional economies to indigenous identity and culture has been noted by numerous scholars. However, today one can detect a certain degree of cynicism when discussing traditional indigenous economies. The continued significance of subsistence economies is either downplayed or dismissed. Many have also internalized the tenet that there are no alternatives (often dubbed as the TINA syndrome) for global capitalism. | 91 |
3619822 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3619822 | Peran Wisata Kuliner Sebagai Bentuk Pengembangan Citra Destinasi Kota Bandung (Culinary Tourism Role as a Form of Destination Image Development in Bandung) | Indonesian Abstract:Bandung memiliki potensi wisata kuliner karena memiliki daftar kuliner tradisional yang beragam dan unik. Selain itu dari segi pariwisata secara umum, Bandung dengan berbagai tempat wisatanya selalu dapat mendatangkan wisatawan dari berbagai daerah dan negara, yang secara tidak langsung akan mencicipi atau mengonsumsi makanan dan minuman yang ada di kota ini. Karena pada dasarnya makanan dan minuman merupakan kebutuhan pokok yang harus dipenuhi oleh setiap orang. Oleh karena itu kemampuan mengolah, menyajikan, menampilkan, mempromosikan makanan dan kuliner tradisional dengan baik akan menambah nilai kunjungan, terutama mampu berperan positif dalam membangun citra sebuah kota, dan secara umum sangat menentukan pendapatan masyarakat. sektor pariwisata secara keseluruhan.English Abstract: Bandung has great potential in food tourism because it has a diverse and unique list of traditional culinary delights. In addition, in the aspect of tourism in general, Bandung with its various tourist attractions can always bring tourists from various regions and countries, which will indirectly taste or consume food and drinks in this city. Because basically, food and drinks are basic needs that must be met by everyone. Therefore the ability to process, present, display, promote food and traditional culinary well will add to the value of the visit, especially being able to play a positive role in building the image of a city, and in general greatly determines the income of the tourism sector as a whole. | 92 |
3517660 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3517660 | Destination Image and Loyalty: Comparison between Asia Pacific and European Tourists in Sri Lanka | Destination Image (DI) and tourists' Destination Loyalty (DL) have been attractive topics in tourism discourse though comparisons of different tourist groups are dearth. It is questionable whether DI and behavioral intentions remain same within different groups from different regions. Tourism is a booming industry and plays a crucial role in Sri Lankan economic growth. Western Europe has been the traditional source market for the post-colonial Sri Lankan tourism industry. The emerging trends display that tourists from Asia Pacific region overtake the traditional markets. Amidst this background, this study attempts to explore the difference between Sri Lankan Destination Loyalty among Asia Pacific and European tourists. It is expected to clarify the knowledge and empirical gaps in the destination loyalty discourse while providing recommendations to direct destination marketing efforts of post-war growing tourism industry in Sri Lanka. Study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire using convenience sampling of 286 tourists; 143 from each region. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling in Smart PLS3. Tourists were highly satisfied with the existing level of cognitive destination image and affective destination image though significant differences are observed in specific features between two regions. The study argues that the destination marketers have to customize their plans and approaches to be more effective in different tourist markets. | 93 |
3617953 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3617953 | Leading the Fight Against the Pandemic: Does Gender ‘Really’ Matter? | Since the start of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, the relationship between national female leaders and their effectiveness in handling the COVID-crisis has received a lot of media attention. In this paper we scrutinise this association more systematically. We ask if there is a significant and systematic difference by gender of the national leader in the number of COVID-cases and deaths in the first quarter of the pandemic. We also examine differences in policy responses by male vs. female leaders as plausible explanations for the differences in outcomes. Using a constructed dataset for 194 countries, a variety of socio-demographic variables are used to match nearest neighbours. Our findings show that COVID-outcomes are systematically better in countries led by women and, to some extent, this may be explained by the proactive and coordinated policy responses adopted by them. We use insights from behavioural studies and leadership literature to speculate on the sources of these differences, as well as on their implications. Our hope is that this article will serve as a starting point to illuminate the discussion on the influence of national leaders in explaining the differences in country COVID-outcomes. | 94 |
3461230 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3461230 | Women's Ownership and Access: Effects on Intra-Household Decisions | We examine the effect of women's ownership of, and access to resources (economic autonomy) on their relative decision-making power in households using an Instrumental Variable/Fixed effects approach. Neighboring women's exposure to different forms of media is utilized as a source of exogenous variation to identify this effect. While we find strong causal impacts of greater economic autonomy on their relative position in decision-making, there is evidence of a diminishing marginal effect of autonomy. Exploring the components of relative decision-making power and autonomy further, we suggest that sole ownership of financial assets rather than physical assets are the main drivers of economic autonomy for women, resulting in changes in their bargaining positions. These effects are highlighted for older women; unemployed women; women more educated than their husbands; and in rural areas. Our results are robust to a number of econometric concerns. | 95 |
3556125 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3556125 | 'Let the Music Play' – Experimental Study on Background Music and Time Preference | Music plays a significant role in human life. Background music surrounds us in many places, in restaurants, shopping centers and even at work. The literature suggests that background music can influence an individual's decision-making process. In the current study we asked participants to complete a questionnaire about their time preference, while listing to background music. There were three different treatments (fast music, slow music and no music), and our findings indicate that participants exposed to a faster tempo have a higher present preference than those exposed to slow music or none at all. Our analysis showed that although impulsiveness is related to time preference and was affected by the music, it was not a mediator between background music and time preference. We suggest that time preference changes due to cognitive processes and decision avoidance. | 96 |
3460200 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3460200 | Women’s Political Leadership Participation around the World: An Institutional Analysis | Understanding institutional systems is critical for the advancement of women's participation in leadership in varying contexts. A unique and global analysis of the contextual factors that affect women in political leadership, this paper extends prior research in the field. This is a cross-country study where we ask, "How are societal-level institutional forces related to women's participation in political leadership?" We collected data from 8 secondary sources on 181 countries and conducted linear regression analyses with six institutional influences: the business environment, societal development, the economic environment, physical and technological infrastructure, political freedom, and culture. Results indicate that to increase the political leadership participation of women, we need to evaluate the following: customs and trade regulations, graft, the gender gap in political empowerment, public spending on education, the economic viability of the country, access to power and the internet, political freedom, and cultural variables like performance orientation, collectivism, and power distance. | 97 |
3534696 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3534696 | Guided Inquiry-Based Learning of Trigonometric Identities | The implementation of K-12 basic education curriculum brought some concerns in the educational sector of the Philippines such as shortage in teaching and learning materials, and the required teaching-learning approach that would cater for the development of 21st century skills among learners. This study developed and validated guided inquiry-based learning materials in understanding the trigonometric identities in Grade 11 Pre-calculus to promote self-directed, independent, and inquiry- based learning, and to verify its effects in student learning. The guided inquiry-based learning materials underwent evaluation and validation, and were evaluated as Highly Acceptable to teachers and students. This study utilized the descriptive method using the 7-point scale. Quasi-experimental design was adopted to measure the effects of the validated learning materials and the use of inquiry- based learning in student's performance. Results confirmed that students are equally able to develop cognitive skills in trigonometric identities through IBL and conventional learning modality. Thus, the validated guided inquiry-based materials developed and used in this study can be adopted in its original form to promote 11th graders' self-directed, independent, and inquiry learning necessary for developing 21st century skills such as critical thinking. | 98 |
3246314 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3246314 | The Power of a Financially Literate Woman in Intra-Household Financial Decision-Making | Using India's national benchmark survey for financial literacy and inclusion, we observe a step change in financially literate women, who possess higher levels of sole and joint responsibility with their spouse to manage their households' finances. Considering ownership information in eighteen different financial products, alternative investments (such as gold, property) and informal banking (such as savings at home, loans from moneylenders), we find that household product holdings are greatest where the husband and wife are jointly responsible for financial decision-making, and in particular where the wife is financially literate. Such households benefit from men's preference for higher risk-return products, whilst also holding security-focused products, such as savings and insurance products, favored by women. The findings emphasize the importance of financial literacy and spousal teamwork in intra-household financial decision-making. | 99 |
3606369 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3606369 | Diagnostic Inflation for the People | Taking workers' mental health seriously requires reexamining work as we know it. I examine this through a discussion of mental-mental workers' compensation claims. Insurers, defense attorneys, and many legislatures have tried to curtail these claims, alleging, without justification, that mental injuries are less valid, more likely to be fraudulent, or less scientifically grounded than other workplace injuries. The root of their objection is a desire to defend a system that makes work miserable for most people. | 100 |
3326124 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3326124 | Law's Enchantment: The Cinematic Jurisprudence of Krzysztof Kieslowski | Mythos begets nomos. In myth begins the normative universe in which we live. Law emerges to maintain that universe, and to foreclose others. Law polices the normative reality through the official stories that it tells, for these are the stories whose meanings are backed by the force of the state. But law's stories are often shaped and informed by popular narratives from the culture at large. This shared process of narrative production, adaptation, and critique attests to law's deep entanglement in the meaning-making function of culture. | 101 |
3444731 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3444731 | Coping Strategies Predicting Quality of Life among People Living with HIV/AIDS | Sub-Saharan Africa still been prevailed with a pandemic health and development problem known to be HIV/AIDS with the prevalence well noted in Nigeria. Immediately after been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS patients begin to experience poor quality of life. Coping strategies is identified as an influencing factor predicting quality of life (QoL) of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study examines coping strategies predicting quality of life of PLWHA attending antiretroviral therapy at the Hematology and Pathology Clinic, State Specialist Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Using multiple regression analysis, a cross sectional design and a purposive sampling method was employed to sample two hundred and ten PLWHA. A structured questionnaire focusing on socio-demographic profile, coping strategies and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire for HIV-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) instrumentwas administered to the participants. The results showed that coping strategy significantly predict physical (R=0.41;R2=0.17; p<.05), psychological (R=0.55;R2=0.28; p<.05), social relationship (R=0.50;R2=0.25; p<.05), environment (R=0.55;R2=0.31; P<.05), spirituality (R=0.51;R2=0.26; p<.05) domains and overall WHOQOL-BREF (R=0.58;R2=0.21; p<.05) of PLWHA. However, coping strategy didn't significantly predict level of independence domain (R=0.25;R2=0.06; p>.05) of quality of life. Specifically, self-distraction (B=0.11;β=0.21;p<.05), active (B=-0.14;β=-0.21; p<.05), acceptance (B=0.12;β=0.19; p<.05) and religion (B=0.08;β=0.15; p<.05) coping strategies independently predict overall WHOQOL-BREF of PLWHA. Also, highest and lowest mean score was recorded in environment and spirituality domains of WHOQOL-BREF respectively. Among PLWHA, coping strategy is essential indicator for the improvement of QoL. Coping strategy plays an important role in the determinant of domains and overall quality of life of PLWHA. | 102 |
3076284 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3076284 | Hot Literacy in Cold Societies: A Comparative of the Sacred Value of Writing | The argument that the presence or absence of widespread literacy constitutes the central criterion to distinguish "savage" from "domesticated" society, presented by Goody in a number of works (1968, 1977, 1986, 1987), makes close associations between alphabetic literacy and the growth of knowledge and between restricted literacy and traditional societies. In this essay, I will challenge these associations by presenting material from medieval Europe, in which the milieu of restricted literacy is creative, and from Muslim Africa, in which widespread literacy does not lead to criticism or the revision of basic religious tenets. Second, I will deal with some of the reasons for the vitality of Islamic reform in West Africa, concerning myself principally with the impact of Western education on village society and the response of reformers through the promotion of Arabic literacy. A consideration of Western education and acculturation is vital for an understanding of scriptural reformed Islam's appeal. The latter issue will emerge from the material to be presented, but I will deal exclusively with the literacy debate for the moment. | 103 |
3594405 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3594405 | An Empirical Investigation of Psychopathy in a Noninstitutionalized and Noncriminal Sample | This study examined the construct of psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in 54 participants from the general population. To obtain a sample of community participants with psychopathic characteristics, participants were recruited using advertisements for a "personality study" that incorporated the characteristics of psychopathy in a nonpejorative manner. The methodology successfully recruited community participants with moderately elevated PCL-R scores. Participants exhibited the personality features of psychopathy (Factor 1) to a greater extent than the behavioral features (Factor 2), which is consistent with the results obtained with the PCL-R normative samples. Roughly 40% of the sample reported no history of involvement with the criminal justice system, yet these participants exhibited moderately elevated PCL-R scores. Moreover, a sizeable portion of the noncriminal participants reported a substantial history of violent behavior. Comparisons of PCL-R scores between participants with and without a criminal history suggest that these two groups differ in ways unrelated to criminal justice system involvement. | 104 |
3617367 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3617367 | Law Enforcement As Disease Vector | As the outbreak of the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") wears on throughout the United States, state and local governments are left to determine-with very little, if any-helpful direction from the federal government, how to proceeding with protecting the health and safety of their residents while also trying to determine if or how to start "opening up" their respective economies. Some of this confusion includes the implementation of a pastiche of executive orders issued by governors around the country, as well as how to enforce such orders.Some jurisdictions have approached the issue of implementation by aggressively policing populations, arresting individuals for failing to maintain social distancing, failing to wear cloth masks, or flouting quarantine orders. In New York City, as of May 18, 2020, 125 people were arrested for coronavirus-related offenses, while 374 summonses were issued: The vast majority of those arrested or receiving summons were either black of Latinx. The perverse irony of such aggressive policing tactics enforcing practices such as social distancing and wearing masks arises given that such tactics do nothing to encourage the public health mission whatsoever; not only are people faced with the threat of being sent to carceral institutions where conditions allow Covid-19 to run rampant, but the police themselves serve as a vector by which the disease spreads. Police interact very closely and physically in the communities they occupy, often rendering their own infection rates much higher than their jurisdiction's general population. In turn, because they are more concentrated in both minority and lower-SES neighborhoods, those same officers pose a greater risk, once more, to those communities.The public health risks posed by the police have been thrown into even starker relief since the beginning of protests across the country since George Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin on May 25 of this year. Though many people throughout the country on that date were continuing to shelter at home in an effort to avoid contracting or spreading COVID-19, many decided that the public health risk of protesting police brutality was worth it: Protestors have, in essence, made the decision that the police pose a greater public health risk to their communities than a pandemic. They are, very likely, right. At the very least, violent tactics on the part of police have only compelled people to stop social distancing, while the use of tactics such as tear gas can aggravate respiratory systems, resulting in a lessened ability to fight off the virus and increased coughing by affected protestors. We should not forget, however, that even before the outbreak of COVID-19, police violence has posed mental health threats and risks to poor and minority communities. In this sense, police cause and spread illness, undermining their supposed goal of ensuring public safety. In the same vein, prosecutors who continue to do nothing to address or stop police misconduct and violence only allow it to spread, rending law enforcement a disease vector.A number of tools are at the disposal of governors, mayors, and other heads of local government to protect their citizens from public health threats. It is now time that they recognize police as the public health threat that they really are, especially in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, and take measures to assure the health and safety of their communities against epidemic of police abuse and violence. | 105 |
2697490 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2697490 | Bilateral Home Bias: A New Measure of Proximity | This paper applies a recent technology grounded in cognitive neuroscience and psycho-linguistics to introduce a new measure of proximity to the set of typical gravity variables in a model for bilateral home bias. Given the 'weightlessness' of financial assets, gravity variables (among which geographical distance is the most prominent) are meaningful only as proxies for information or familiarity. The new measure of country similarity aims to directly capture the conceptual closeness of countries by quantifying the similarity of country descriptions. An AI solution which emulates the way the human brain learns and establishes associations among concepts, called the Retina engine, makes it possible to analyse text with human-level accuracy and to extract its "semantic fingerprint" (a numerical representation of meanings associated with a given term or text). This provides empirical researchers with the opportunity to quantify and compare texts of any length, with extreme efficiency. In a model for bilateral home bias, measures of country similarity (based on the overlap of semantic fingerprints of economic descriptions of country pairs) appear informative above and beyond distance and other gravity variables (common language, border, colonial link etc.). At its best, country similarity outperforms distance both in terms of statistical significance and impact on the dependent variable. | 106 |
3215096 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3215096 | Who Opts In? | Payments and discounts incentivize participation in many transactions about which people know little, but can learn more - payments for medical trial participation, signing bonuses for job applicants, or price rebates on consumer durables. Who opts into the transaction when given such incentives? We show theoretically and experimentally that increasing participation payments disproportionately attracts individuals for whom learning about the transaction is harder. These participants decide based on worse information and are more likely to regret their decision ex post. The learning-based selection effect is stronger when information acquisition is more costly. Moreover, it outweighs selection on risk preferences in many of our treatments. | 107 |
3256050 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3256050 | Impact of Gamification on Perceptions of Word-of-Mouth Contributors and Actions of Word-of-Mouth Consumers | Gamification has been shown to encourage contributions of user-generated reviews (word-of-mouth, WOM) in various domains, including travel and leisure related platforms (Foursquare, TripAdvisor), e-commerce (Amazon), and auctions (eBay). WOM contributors write reviews about products/services provided by business venues and WOM consumers read reviews and use them to form attitudes and make purchase decisions. Gamification elements such as points and badges, awarded to WOM contributors for various reasons, and displayed to WOM consumers, have a dual role in WOM context. First, points awarded for user contributions help motivate WOM contributors to increase their participation. Second, badges awarded to users for visiting business venues signal prior experience or competence, and they help determine how WOM consumers perceive WOM contributors and form their judgments based on the reviews. While the first role of gamification (i.e., motivating users) has been widely studied, the impact of WOM presented along with gamification elements on the perceptions and behavior of the target audience, WOM consumers, has not been examined. This is important to businesses that are looking to attract customers. Drawing on social psychology literature, we show that gamification symbols signaling experience that accompanies WOM leads to perceptions of positive WOM contributors as more competent. This leads to important changes in behavioral outcomes such as willingness to visit/buy and willingness to recommend the reviewed outlets. | 108 |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 14